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Quarterback U
Quarterback U - wikipedia Quarterback U Jump to : navigation , search Quarterback U is a nickname used by sportswriters to refer to colleges that have trained a series of notable football quarterbacks ( QBs ) . It is a literary device invoked in the individual discretion of sportswriters and does not represent any formal decision - making process or organized sportswriters ' poll . Generally speaking , the term implies that many of the school 's former quarterbacks later had successful careers in professional football , particularly in the National Football League ( NFL ) . A Wall Street Journal article on November 18 , 2012 , pointed out that ' Purdue may be the ultimate Quarterback U . Since the 1970 merger ( between the AFL and NFL ) , quarterbacks from Purdue have started 724 NFL games , easily the most of any major - conference program . ' After Purdue QBs ' 724 NFL games , the next best schools were the University of Washington ( 623 starts ) , Miami ( 573 ) , University of Southern California ( 547 ) and Notre Dame ( 543 ) . In August 2009 , an Altoona Mirror writer sought to name `` Quarterback U '' by player achievements , such as NFL starts , Pro Bowl appearances , and Heisman Trophies won . He noted that , in the Super Bowl era , USC ( 15 ) , Notre Dame ( 13 ) , Washington ( 12 ) , Miami ( 10 ) , Stanford ( 10 ) , and UCLA ( 10 ) produced at least ten starting NFL quarterbacks , while Purdue recorded the most combined NFL career starts ( 704 ) . The article concluded that no single program deserved the title significantly more than others . Contents ( hide ) 1 Examples 1.1 Brigham Young University 1.2 Purdue University 1.3 Stanford University 1.4 Texas Tech University 1.5 University of Maryland 1.6 University of Miami 1.7 University of Michigan 1.8 University of Southern California 1.9 University of Washington 2 References Examples ( edit ) Brigham Young University ( edit ) Sports writers dubbed the BYU as a Quarterback U from the mid-1980s through the 1990s , during which time it produced Jim McMahon , Steve Young , Gifford Nielsen , Robbie Bosco and Ty Detmer . The Deseret News wrote that the last great BYU signal caller was 2001 Heisman Trophy runner - up Brandon Doman , who also later served as the Cougars ' offensive coordinator . It also asserted that , upon Doman 's graduation , head coach Gary Crowton rotated quarterbacks so frequently that it adversely affected their performance . Purdue University ( edit ) In the 1960s , Purdue became known as ' Quarterback U ' and ' Cradle of Quarterbacks ' by media and rivals such as Ohio State and Notre Dame due to its prominent QBs . Between 1967 and 1974 , Purdue QBs Len Dawson and Bob Griese started five Super Bowls , winning three ; Cecil Isbell led the Green Bay Packers to a NFL title in 1939 , Elmer Oliphant led the Buffalo All - Americans to a disputed NFL title in 1921 ; Purdue has produced NFL starting QBs in Mike Phipps , Gary Danielson , Jim Everett , Mark Hermann , and Kyle Orton ; Scott Campbell and Curtis Painter were well - known backup quarterbacks , Joey Elliott is a starting QB in the Canadian Football League . The tradition has continued through to this day with Drew Brees winning the Super Bowl XLIV , in which he was also named MVP. 15 Purdue QBs went on to the NFL ; Purdue is tied for first with Alabama in producing Super Bowl winning quarterbacks . According to ESPN.com , Purdue QBs have won ( and started ) more NFL games than any other school ; thrown for the most touchdowns and yards in the NFL . Purdue QBs have won more League TD titles ( 14 through the 2012 NFL season ) than any other school . Stanford University ( edit ) As early as 1975 , the term Quarterback U had been applied to Stanford University , which had produced such players as Frankie Albert , John Brodie , Jim Plunkett , Don Bunce , and Mike Boryla . This reputation was enhanced when Bill Walsh joined the Cardinal as head coach , and quarterbacks Guy Benjamin , Steve Dils , and Turk Schonert promptly led the NCAA in passing in 1977 , 1978 , and 1979 . They were followed by perhaps Stanford 's best - known quarterback , John Elway , who played at the university from 1979 to 1982 , finishing second in the Heisman voting his senior season . Elway would go on to have a Hall of Fame career with the Broncos and win the Super Bowl in 1997 and 1998 . By 1989 , the San Jose Mercury News surmised that Stanford 's `` once bright legacy '' as Quarterback U appeared `` to be flickering out '' . However , recently Stanford 's quarterback tradition has experienced something of a revival under Andrew Luck . Luck finished second in the voting for the Heisman trophy , the award given to college football 's most outstanding player , in both 2010 and 2011 . When drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 2012 NFL Draft , he became the fourth Stanford quarterback taken with the first overall pick , following Elway , Plunkett and Bobby Garrett , but the first since Elway was taken by the Colts in 1983 . Stanford quarterbacks have started 7 Super Bowls , winning 4 , and garnering two Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Awards . Texas Tech University ( edit ) In 2005 , a Sporting News writer described Texas Tech as Quarterback U in an article that bestowed several positional `` U '' monikers with the criteria being college performance since 2000 . Its author cited head coach Mike Leach 's numerous 4,000 - yard - plus passers . University of Maryland ( edit ) During the 1980s , the term was also applied to Maryland , which produced several NFL - caliber quarterbacks during the tenures of head coach Bobby Ross and offensive coordinator and quarterbacks / receivers coach Joe Krivak . These Maryland quarterbacks included Boomer Esiason , Frank Reich , Neil O'Donnell , Scott Zolak , and Stan Gelbaugh . In 2005 , The Washington Post reapplied the label to the Terrapins under head coach Ralph Friedgen and offensive coordinator Charlie Taaffe , after Sam Hollenbach became the Atlantic Coast Conference 's leading passer . That coaching staff also groomed Shaun Hill and Scott McBrien . University of Miami ( edit ) In the 1980s , the term was often applied to the University of Miami . In 2003 , Tracy Gale , a sport publicist working for the University of Miami , named Fran Curci , who was Miami 's quarterback in 1959 , as the start of what he called `` Miami 's Quarterback U tradition . '' George Mira , Jim Kelly , Bernie Kosar , Vinny Testaverde , Steve Walsh , Ken Dorsey , Craig Erickson , and Gino Torretta are some Hurricanes quarterbacks that influenced his use of the term . The term is still often applied , although Miami currently has fewer quarterbacks starting in the NFL than it has in the past . In 2008 , all three Miami quarterbacks entered the season with no game experience , and pundits charged head coach Randy Shannon with rebuilding the program 's reputation of producing high - quality signalcallers . University of Michigan ( edit ) In recent years , sportswriters have mentioned several schools as being appropriate for the designation . A 2005 ESPN article cited that , since 1988 , Michigan sent as many starting quarterbacks to the NFL as the University of Miami . It argued that `` three yards and a cloud of dust '' is no longer the offensive philosophy at Michigan . A year later , Rivals.com proclaimed that Michigan was `` the new Quarterback U . '' Elvis Grbac , Todd Collins , Tom Brady , Jim Harbaugh , Brian Griese and Chad Henne are some of the Wolverine quarterbacks who have gone on to start in the NFL . University of Southern California ( edit ) After the 2008 season , The Los Angeles Times claimed that USC , more traditionally known as `` Tailback U '' , was the school most deserving of the designation . In 2009 , 4 former USC quarterbacks started in an NFL game : Matt Leinart , Matt Cassell , Carson Palmer , and Mark Sanchez . University of Washington ( edit ) Washington quarterbacks have consistently advanced to the NFL , with 16 of the previous 18 starting quarterbacks as of 2012 having started in the NFL . Washington 's Pro Football Hall of Fame member Warren Moon is fourth in all - time passing yardage , reflecting his CFL and NFL careers . Other notable alumni include Chris Chandler , Mark Brunell , Damon Huard and Jake Locker . ESPN points to the program 's history by the early 1980s . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nick Foles , Philadelphia Eagles : The Great Arizona Wildcats Quarterback Drought Ends - WSJ.com Jump up ^ `` Quarterback U : Which school deserves the title ? '' . Altoona Mirror . Aug 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Tulane 's King steals attention from the original Quarterback U , ; BYU preparing for record - setting QB , The Salt Lake Tribune , December 30 , 1998 . Jump up ^ Back to BYU 's future , Deseret News , March 24 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Brigham Young great gives inside look at Quarterback U , Albuquerque Tribune , October 11 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Star Indianapolis news , community , entertainment , yellow pages and classifieds . Serving Indianapolis , Ind . indystar.com '' . Indy.com. 2012 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Tim . `` Purdue Boilermakers - Big 12 Blog - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - Thru : # 1 Ohio State v. # 10 Purdue , 1969 '' . Our Honor Defend . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame vs. Quarterback U '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue 's quarterback tradition continues to shine brightly '' . American Chronicle. 2010 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue is Quarterback U. - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cradle Of Quarterbacks ' : Revisited - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Cradle Continues To Rock - PURDUESPORTS.COM - Purdue Official Athletic Site '' . Purduesports.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to the 2013 NFL Draft '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Since 1950 , Purdue quarterbacks have compiled 865 NFL starts , more than any other school . Jump up ^ Stanford factory for QBs , The Chicago Tribune , September 17 , 1975 . Jump up ^ p. 35 , `` Annual Champions '' Archived 2012 - 07 - 30 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` John Elway '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Elway '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ QUARTERBACK U. ONCE - BRIGHT LEGACY AT STANFORD APPEARS TO BE FLICKERING OUT , San Jose Mercury News , September 22 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Gemmell , Kevin . `` Luck second in Heisman voting , again '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 8 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom FitzGerald ( 2012 - 04 - 27 ) . `` 2 Stanford players in NFL draft 's 1st round '' . SFGate . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Success is worth waiting for at Quarterback U : forget about pro potential and draft prospects -- I 'm all about the U , The Sporting News , May 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Peter King , Quarterback U Archived August 29 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Sports Illustrated , November 25 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Ken Murray , Ex-Maryland Qbs Not A Passing Fancy , The Baltimore Sun , January 9 , 1993 . Jump up ^ Quarterback U ? Maryland grooms them , then NFL grabs them , The Washington Times , September 22 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Maryland Makes Its Mark as Quarterback U. , The Washington Post , October 25 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Jacory Harris has earned entry into elite club at Quarterback U '' . Sports Illustrated . Oct 7 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Coaching 101 : A Great Program Produces Great Coaches , University of Miami , December 23 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Berlin named Miami 's starting quarterback , USA Today , April 24 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Miami 's Dorsey continues record run , The Seattle Post-Intelligencer , November 3 , 2001 . Jump up ^ This Year , Quarterback U . Is Awaiting a Quarterback , The New York Times , July 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Viv Bernstein , A.C.C. Notebook : Plenty of Competition at Quarterback U , The New York Times , November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Miami 's Randy Shannon will have a tough task to rebuild Quarterback U , Orlando Sentinel , July 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michigan joins the `` Quarterback U '' conversation , ESPN , August 23 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Path to NFL for QBs goes through Michigan Archived September 19 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rivals.com , April 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Position U breakdown Archived May 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rivals.com , May 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ USC lays claim to another title : Quarterback - U , Los Angeles Times , March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Young , Bob ( Aug 25 , 2009 ) . `` Young : USC now ' Quarterback U ' '' . Arizona Republic . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Michael ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` Quarterback U : Top 25 Quarterback Schools in College Football '' . bleacherreport.com . Bleacher Report . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Larry ( December 15 , 1996 ) . `` Ex-Huskies ' Careers Are Part Of Legacy Unmatched At Any Other School '' . Seattle Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Huard , Brock ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Which school is QB U right now ? '' . ESPN Insider . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quarterback_U&oldid=821475985 '' Categories : College football in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 18 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
college that has produced the most nfl quarterbacks
[ "A Wall Street Journal article on November 18, 2012, pointed out that 'Purdue may be the ultimate Quarterback U. Since the 1970 merger (between the AFL and NFL), quarterbacks from Purdue have started 724 NFL games, easily the most of any major-conference program.' After Purdue QBs' 724 NFL games, the next best schools were the University of Washington (623 starts), Miami (573), University of Southern California (547) and Notre Dame (543).[1]" ]
[ "Purdue" ]
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Man of the Woods Tour
Man of the Woods tour - wikipedia Man of the Woods tour 2018 Justin Timberlake tour Man of the Woods Tour Tour by Justin Timberlake Associated album Man of the Woods Start date March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) End date January 31 , 2019 ( 2019 - 01 - 31 ) Legs No. of shows 85 in North America 27 in Europe 112 in total Justin Timberlake concert chronology The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour ( 2013 -- 15 ) Man of the Woods Tour ( 2018 -- 19 ) The Man of the Woods Tour is the sixth and current headlining concert tour by American singer Justin Timberlake . It is in support of his fifth studio album Man of the Woods ( 2018 ) . The tour began on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto , Canada and is scheduled to end January 31 , 2019 , in New York City . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Show 2 Commercial performance 3 Critical reception 4 Setlist 5 Tour dates 6 Notes 7 References Background ( edit ) The tour was first announced in January 2018 , and due to demand additional dates were released soon after . On February 5 , 2018 , the day following Timberlake 's Super Bowl LII halftime show , Timberlake announced European tour dates , as well as second and third North American tour dates . Timberlake will tour Europe after the first North American leg , then will tour North America again starting in the fall . The third North American leg will begin in January 2019 . Show ( edit ) During a portion of the concert , Timberlake and his band the `` Tennessee Kids '' sing around a campfire . The `` Stage Bar '' VIP Experience on the tour includes a bar near the center stage , and a drink ticket . A disco dance floor is near the stage , where Timberlake performs `` Rock Your Body '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In May 2018 , Billboard reported grosses totalling $36.6 million from the first five weeks , with 255,780 attendees at 16 shows , thus reaching number one on the magazine 's weekly ranking Hot Tours . The magazine expects the tour to reach a total of $275 million and 2 million attendees by the time it concludes . Timberlake 's sold - out Orlando concert on May 14 was the highest - grossing , single - day concert in Amway Center history with $2,387,112 and 17,839 attendees . As of August 2018 , The Man of the Woods Tour has grossed over $125 million . Timberlake 's September 20 night concert at Rupp Arena grossed $2 million , making it the highest - grossing one - night concert in the arena 's history , besting the previous record set by the Eagles , which grossed $1.8 million in June 2015 . Critical reception ( edit ) Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids performing in Miami . Toronto Star journalist Nick Krewen , who attended the opening date , gave it a score of four - out - of - four , writing `` ( the ) stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle ... Even with some of the most elaborate , sophisticated visual technology available at his disposal , pop superstar Justin Timberlake managed to have his campfire moment at the Air Canada Centre Tuesday night . With a literal campfire . '' Chicago Tribune 's Bob Gendron , who attended the show at the United Center , praised the spectacle and said `` Parade leader . Spurned lover . Assertive dancer . Down - on - his - knees relationship savior . Bartender who handed shots out to his large ensemble . Outdoors lover who gathered around a campfire to play familiar songs . Timberlake embraced an array of roles , blurring the lines between entertainer , singer and actor . '' Adam Graham of the Detroit News wrote it `` was an engrossing spectacle that turned the arena into his personal wooded playland ; no concert artist has come close to using Little Caesars Arena 's space this creatively , save for perhaps Lady Gaga . ( ... ) Timberlake was cool and commanding , taking the stage in a jean jacket and track pants and still looking like he owned the place . '' Graham also praised Timberlake 's band the Tennessee Kids , `` ( they ) became his own E Street Band -- there were times , especially when the band turned around and played to the fans at the back of the arena , that the show recalled a Bruce Springsteen concert . '' For GQ , Alim Kheraj , after attending the concert at London 's O2 Arena , deemed Timberlake `` one of the greatest live performers of all time . '' He considered `` Timberlake and the Man of the Woods Tour has as its secret weapon : captivation . With more than two decades of experience in the entertainment industry , he knows how to maintain an audience 's attention , how to mould them so they 're pumped at his signals and ( mostly ) when to take his foot off the accelerator . ( ... ) Similarly , unlike a legacy artist , his show is still exciting , carefully crafted to bring fans the best in audio - visual technology while ensuring that , musically , things line up too . '' Timberlake on stage in February 2018 . Franklin Soults of The Boston Globe described the first half of the show as `` ritzy glamour , '' with the `` undercut with casual outfits and attitudes that made the extravaganza feel almost relaxed , like a professional athlete 's seemingly effortless performance during a career - topping late season . '' Despite describing the sing - along around the campfire as `` clumsy , '' he did believe that Timberlake won the crowd back towards the end of the show . The Oakland Press ' Gary Graff said `` You 'd be hard - pressed to find a production that makes full use of an arena in as complete a way as Timberlake is doing '' and opined `` the whole affair was tightly choreographed to appear precision at times , loose and improvisational at others . Timberlake and company were best when they were at their funkiest . '' Peter Larsen in Daily Breeze said in his review that Timberlake delivered `` with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum , '' and noted the opening act The Shadowboxers `` surely won over many with their energetic performance . '' Jimmie Tramel of Tulsa World said Timberlake brought `` cool factor '' to BOK Center , and noted his `` appeal is such that among those spotted walking into the arena was state senator and former University of Tulsa football coach David Rader . '' Ed Masley of The Arizona Republic said `` there were plenty of breathtaking nature scenes projected on the scrims that dotted the arena , '' while `` it felt more like a night at the club in downtown Phoenix than a trip to Payson , '' about Timberlake he commented , `` he 's only gotten better , as he proved repeatedly in the course of a heavily choreographed performance . His sense of showmanship has also gotten stronger through the years . '' Setlist ( edit ) The following set list is from the show on March 13 , 2018 , in Toronto . It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour . `` Filthy '' `` Midnight Summer Jam '' `` LoveStoned '' `` SexyBack '' `` Man of the Woods '' `` Higher Higher '' `` Señorita '' `` Suit & Tie '' ( contains elements of `` Sho Nuff '' ) `` SoulMate '' ( European leg only ) `` My Love '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Mirrors '' `` Drink You Away '' `` Flannel '' ( cut from the set after August 2 , 2018 ) `` Until the End of Time '' `` Dreams '' / `` Ex-Factor '' / `` Come Together '' / `` Thank God I 'm a Country Boy '' ( each sung by a backup singer ) `` Morning Light '' `` What Goes Around ... Comes Around '' `` Say Something '' `` Montana '' `` Summer Love '' `` Rock Your Body '' `` Supplies '' `` Like I Love You '' ( added to the set on March 28 , 2018 ) `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' Notes On May 9 , 2018 , during the concert in Nashville , Chris Stapleton joined Timberlake on stage to perform `` Tennessee Whiskey '' Tour dates ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening act , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue Leg 1 -- North America March 13 , 2018 Toronto Canada Air Canada Centre Francesco Yates 32,142 / 32,142 $3,463,128 March 15 , 2018 March 18 , 2018 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena The Shadowboxers 16,274 / 16,274 $2,809,918 March 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden 17,288 / 17,288 $2,867,064 March 25 , 2018 Newark Prudential Center 15,645 / 15,645 $2,390,462 March 27 , 2018 Chicago United Center 33,006 / 33,006 $5,304,255 March 28 , 2018 March 31 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena 18,237 / 18,237 $2,504,220 April 2 , 2018 Detroit Little Caesars Arena 17,131 / 17,131 $2,246,777 April 4 , 2018 Boston TD Garden 30,976 / 30,976 $4,604,928 April 5 , 2018 April 8 , 2018 Montreal Canada Bell Centre Francesco Yates 29,726 / 29,726 $3,200,799 April 9 , 2018 April 12 , 2018 Salt Lake City United States Vivint Smart Home Arena The Shadowboxers 14,862 / 14,862 $2,098,916 April 14 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena 30,493 / 30,493 $5,113,319 April 15 , 2018 April 24 , 2018 San Jose SAP Center 31,221 / 31,221 $4,385,706 April 25 , 2018 April 28 , 2018 Inglewood The Forum 33,242 / 33,242 $4,901,470 April 29 , 2018 May 2 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena 16,288 / 16,288 $2,319,640 May 5 , 2018 Tulsa BOK Center 17,162 / 17,162 $2,464,710 May 7 , 2018 Columbus Nationwide Arena 17,687 / 17,687 $2,579,208 May 9 , 2018 Nashville Bridgestone Arena 16,055 / 16,055 $2,551,016 May 11 , 2018 Duluth Infinite Energy Arena 12,149 / 12,149 $2,194,486 May 14 , 2018 Orlando Amway Center 16,208 / 16,208 $2,387,113 May 15 , 2018 Tampa Amalie Arena N / A N / A May 18 , 2018 Miami American Airlines Arena 15,126 / 15,126 $2,113,415 May 19 , 2018 Sunrise BB&T Center 16,369 / 16,369 $2,361,871 May 23 , 2018 Houston Toyota Center 29,926 / 29,926 $4,452,950 May 25 , 2018 May 27 , 2018 Dallas American Airlines Center 33,482 / 33,482 $4,898,488 May 28 , 2018 May 30 , 2018 Memphis FedExForum 14,594 / 14,594 $2,148,372 June 1 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena 17,074 / 17,074 $2,340,659 June 2 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center 17,303 / 17,303 $2,668,122 Leg 2 -- Europe July 3 , 2018 Paris France AccorHotels Arena The Shadowboxers 26,047 / 26,047 $2,110,303 July 4 , 2018 July 7 , 2018 Glasgow Scotland SSE Hydro 7,686 / 10,232 $853,601 July 9 , 2018 London England The O Arena 32,312 / 35,322 $3,991,280 July 11 , 2018 July 13 , 2018 Mannheim Germany SAP Arena 10,476 / 10,476 $1,030,776 July 15 , 2018 Amsterdam Netherlands Ziggo Dome 15,064 / 15,064 $1,724,273 July 17 , 2018 Antwerp Belgium Sportpaleis 34,819 / 34,819 $3,191,467 July 18 , 2018 July 21 , 2018 Cologne Germany Lanxess Arena 30,638 / 30,638 $3,333,404 July 22 , 2018 July 31 , 2018 Stockholm Sweden Friends Arena 23,303 / 23,303 $1,818,015 August 2 , 2018 Oslo Norway Telenor Arena 15,409 / 15,409 $1,235,128 August 4 , 2018 Copenhagen Denmark Royal Arena 26,234 / 26,234 $3,307,944 August 5 , 2018 August 8 , 2018 Hamburg Germany Barclaycard Arena 23,654 / 23,654 $2,424,597 August 9 , 2018 August 12 , 2018 Berlin Mercedes - Benz Arena Bazzi 27,022 / 27,022 $2,761,779 August 13 , 2018 August 16 , 2018 Zürich Switzerland Hallenstadion 12,380 / 12,380 $1,622,406 August 18 , 2018 Vienna Austria Wiener Stadthalle 13,363 / 13,363 $1,486,731 August 20 , 2018 Frankfurt Germany Festhalle 22,226 / 22,226 $2,407,113 August 21 , 2018 August 24 , 2018 Arnhem Netherlands GelreDome 34,497 / 34,497 $3,395,152 August 25 , 2018 Amsterdam Ziggo Dome 15,658 / 15,658 $1,711,716 August 27 , 2018 Birmingham England Arena Birmingham 11,383 / 11,383 $965,879 August 29 , 2018 Manchester Manchester Arena 13,859 / 13,859 $1,281,565 Leg 3 -- North America September 19 , 2018 Lexington United States Rupp Arena TBA 17,342 / 17,342 $2,017,287 September 21 , 2018 Milwaukee Fiserv Forum -- -- September 25 , 2018 Pittsburgh PPG Paints Arena -- -- September 28 , 2018 Saint Paul Xcel Energy Center -- -- September 29 , 2018 October 2 , 2018 Cleveland Quicken Loans Arena -- -- October 5 , 2018 Chicago United Center -- -- October 9 , 2018 Toronto Canada Scotiabank Arena -- -- October 11 , 2018 Ottawa Canadian Tire Centre -- -- October 13 , 2018 Quebec City Videotron Centre -- -- October 15 , 2018 University Park United States Bryce Jordan Center -- -- October 18 , 2018 Boston TD Garden -- -- October 20 , 2018 Albany Times Union Center -- -- October 22 , 2018 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- November 4 , 2018 Edmonton Canada Rogers Place -- -- November 5 , 2018 November 8 , 2018 Vancouver Rogers Arena -- -- November 9 , 2018 November 12 , 2018 Tacoma United States Tacoma Dome -- -- November 13 , 2018 November 16 , 2018 Portland Moda Center -- -- November 18 , 2018 Sacramento Golden 1 Center -- -- November 20 , 2018 Anaheim Honda Center -- -- November 27 , 2018 Los Angeles Staples Center -- -- November 29 , 2018 Phoenix Talking Stick Resort Arena -- -- December 1 , 2018 Las Vegas T - Mobile Arena -- -- December 3 , 2018 Fresno Save Mart Center -- -- December 5 , 2018 Oakland Oracle Arena -- -- December 8 , 2018 Omaha CHI Health Center Omaha -- -- December 10 , 2018 Kansas City Sprint Center -- -- December 13 , 2018 St. Louis Enterprise Center -- -- December 14 , 2018 Indianapolis Bankers Life Fieldhouse -- -- December 17 , 2018 Philadelphia Wells Fargo Center -- -- December 19 , 2018 Buffalo KeyBank Center -- -- December 21 , 2018 Uncasville Mohegan Sun Arena -- -- December 22 , 2018 Leg 4 -- North America January 4 , 2019 Washington , D.C. United States Capital One Arena TBA -- -- January 6 , 2019 Raleigh PNC Arena -- -- January 8 , 2019 Charlotte Spectrum Center -- -- January 10 , 2019 Atlanta State Farm Arena -- -- January 12 , 2019 Memphis FedExForum -- -- January 15 , 2019 New Orleans Smoothie King Center -- -- January 17 , 2019 North Little Rock Verizon Arena -- -- January 19 , 2019 San Antonio AT&T Center -- -- January 22 , 2019 Houston Toyota Center -- -- January 24 , 2019 Dallas American Airlines Center -- -- January 26 , 2019 Oklahoma City Chesapeake Energy Arena -- -- January 28 , 2019 Denver Pepsi Center -- -- January 31 , 2019 New York City Madison Square Garden -- -- Total -- -- Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The show on October 11 , 2018 at Canadian Tire Centre in Ottawa was originally scheduled to take place on October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The show on October 22 , 2018 at Madison Square Garden in New York City was originally scheduled to take place on March 21 , 2018 , but was postponed due to severe weather conditions . Jump up ^ The show on December 19 , 2018 at KeyBank Center in Buffalo was originally scheduled to take place on October 28 , 2018 , but was postponed due to Timberlake suffering from bruised vocal chords . Jump up ^ The show on January 28 , 2019 at Pepsi Centre in Denver was originally scheduled to take place on January 29 , 2019 . Jump up ^ The show on January 31 , 2019 at Madison Square Garden in New York City was originally scheduled to take place on October 24 , 2018 , but was postponed due to damaged vocal cords . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nicole Sands , Sarah Michaud . `` Bringing Sexy Back ! Justin Timberlake Announces The Man of the Woods Tour After Releasing New Single -- Get the Dates '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Due To Demand , Justin Timberlake Adds Ten New Dates To The Man Of The Woods Tour '' . Benzinga . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Harding , Laura ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake announces Scottish tour date after Super Bowl performance '' . dailyrecord . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Timberlake Extends was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Five Highlights From Justin Timberlake 's Opening Night of the Man of the Woods Tour '' . billboard . Jump up ^ Allen , Bob ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Man of the Woods Tour : $37 Million Earned , And Counting '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Amway Center makes history with Justin Timberlake concert '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ http://www.venuesnow.com/news/detail/timberlake Jump up ^ Musgrave , Beth ( September 20 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Rupp concert sets one - night record . But he 's about to be beat by a Beatle '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake 's stellar tour kickoff delivers the hits and the spectacle '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake embraces array of roles at United Center '' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ `` Review : Timberlake is the ' Man ' at Little Caesars Arena '' . Detroit News . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake is one of the greatest live performers of all time '' . GQ . Jump up ^ Soults , Franklin ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` JT steps in and out of the woods at the Garden '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Review : Justin Timberlake sets the Woods on fire at Little Caesars '' . The Oakland Press . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake delivers with swagger and style in a terrific night at the Forum '' . Daily Breeze . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake brings cool factor , fans to BOK Center for Man of the Woods tour stop '' . Tulsa World . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake ' Man of the Woods ' tour brings sexy back to downtown Phoenix '' . The Arizona Republic . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Five Highlights From Justin Timberlake 's Opening Night of the Man of the Woods TourT '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ McKenna , Brittney ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` See Justin Timberlake , Chris Stapleton 's Nashville Reunion for ' Tennessee Whiskey ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Boxscore : `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2018 . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . `` Current Boxscore Billboard '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2018 . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shadowboxers Will Open for Justin Timberlake on Select European Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` New Date Alert '' . Canadian Tire Centre . February 13 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Justin Timberlake Awards Discography Songs Performances Videography Studio albums Justified FutureSex / LoveSounds The 20 / 20 Experience The 20 / 20 Experience -- 2 of 2 Man of the Woods Compilation albums 12 '' Masters -- The Essential Mixes The 20 / 20 Experience -- The Complete Experience Video albums Justin Timberlake : Live from London FutureSex / LoveShow : Live from Madison Square Garden Justin Timberlake + The Tennessee Kids Concert tours The Justified World Tour Justified and Stripped Tour FutureSex / LoveShow Legends of the Summer The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour Man of the Woods Tour Related Tennman Records Jessica Biel NSYNC MySpace Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy Super Bowl LII halftime show Spin the Wheel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Man_of_the_Woods_Tour&oldid=866320266 '' Categories : 2018 concert tours 2019 concert tours Justin Timberlake concert tours Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with broken reference names Articles with short description Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 17 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who's opening for justin timberlake in chicago
[ "\nList of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening act, tickets sold, amount of available tickets, and gross revenue\n\n\nDate\n\nCity\n\nCountry\n\nVenue\n\nOpening act\n\nAttendance\n\nRevenue\n\n\nLeg 1 — North America[1][21]\n\n\nMarch 13, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nAir Canada Centre\n\nFrancesco Yates\n\n32,142 / 32,142\n\n$3,463,128\n\n\nMarch 15, 2018\n\n\nMarch 18, 2018\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nUnited States\n\nCapital One Arena\n\nThe Shadowboxers\n\n16,274 / 16,274\n\n$2,809,918\n\n\nMarch 22, 2018\n\nNew York City\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\n17,288 / 17,288\n\n$2,867,064\n\n\nMarch 25, 2018\n\nNewark\n\nPrudential Center\n\n15,645 / 15,645\n\n$2,390,462\n\n\nMarch 27, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n33,006 / 33,006\n\n$5,304,255\n\n\nMarch 28, 2018\n\n\nMarch 31, 2018\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n18,237 / 18,237\n\n$2,504,220\n\n\nApril 2, 2018\n\nDetroit\n\nLittle Caesars Arena\n\n17,131 / 17,131\n\n$2,246,777\n\n\nApril 4, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n30,976 / 30,976\n\n$4,604,928\n\n\nApril 5, 2018\n\n\nApril 8, 2018\n\nMontreal\n\nCanada\n\nBell Centre\n\nFrancesco Yates\n\n29,726 / 29,726\n\n$3,200,799\n\n\nApril 9, 2018\n\n\nApril 12, 2018\n\nSalt Lake City\n\nUnited States\n\nVivint Smart Home Arena\n\nThe Shadowboxers\n\n14,862 / 14,862\n\n$2,098,916\n\n\nApril 14, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n30,493 / 30,493\n\n$5,113,319\n\n\nApril 15, 2018\n\n\nApril 24, 2018\n\nSan Jose\n\nSAP Center\n\n31,221 / 31,221\n\n$4,385,706\n\n\nApril 25, 2018\n\n\nApril 28, 2018\n\nInglewood\n\nThe Forum\n\n33,242 / 33,242\n\n$4,901,470\n\n\nApril 29, 2018\n\n\nMay 2, 2018\n\nPhoenix\n\nTalking Stick Resort Arena\n\n16,288 / 16,288\n\n$2,319,640\n\n\nMay 5, 2018\n\nTulsa\n\nBOK Center\n\n17,162 / 17,162\n\n$2,464,710\n\n\nMay 7, 2018\n\nColumbus\n\nNationwide Arena\n\n17,687 / 17,687\n\n$2,579,208\n\n\nMay 9, 2018\n\nNashville\n\nBridgestone Arena\n\n16,055 / 16,055\n\n$2,551,016\n\n\nMay 11, 2018\n\nDuluth\n\nInfinite Energy Arena\n\n12,149 / 12,149\n\n$2,194,486\n\n\nMay 14, 2018\n\nOrlando\n\nAmway Center\n\n16,208 / 16,208\n\n$2,387,113\n\n\nMay 15, 2018\n\nTampa\n\nAmalie Arena\n\nN/A\n\nN/A\n\n\nMay 18, 2018\n\nMiami\n\nAmerican Airlines Arena\n\n15,126 / 15,126\n\n$2,113,415\n\n\nMay 19, 2018\n\nSunrise\n\nBB&T Center\n\n16,369 / 16,369\n\n$2,361,871\n\n\nMay 23, 2018\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n29,926 / 29,926\n\n$4,452,950\n\n\nMay 25, 2018\n\n\nMay 27, 2018\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n33,482 / 33,482\n\n$4,898,488\n\n\nMay 28, 2018\n\n\nMay 30, 2018\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n14,594 / 14,594\n\n$2,148,372\n\n\nJune 1, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n17,074 / 17,074\n\n$2,340,659\n\n\nJune 2, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n17,303 / 17,303\n\n$2,668,122\n\n\nLeg 2 — Europe[3][22][21]\n\n\nJuly 3, 2018\n\nParis\n\nFrance\n\nAccorHotels Arena\n\nThe Shadowboxers\n\n26,047 / 26,047\n\n$2,110,303\n\n\nJuly 4, 2018\n\n\nJuly 7, 2018\n\nGlasgow\n\nScotland\n\nSSE Hydro\n\n7,686 / 10,232\n\n$853,601\n\n\nJuly 9, 2018\n\nLondon\n\nEngland\n\nThe O2 Arena\n\n32,312 / 35,322\n\n$3,991,280\n\n\nJuly 11, 2018\n\n\nJuly 13, 2018\n\nMannheim\n\nGermany\n\nSAP Arena\n\n10,476 / 10,476\n\n$1,030,776\n\n\nJuly 15, 2018\n\nAmsterdam\n\nNetherlands\n\nZiggo Dome\n\n15,064 / 15,064\n\n$1,724,273\n\n\nJuly 17, 2018\n\nAntwerp\n\nBelgium\n\nSportpaleis\n\n34,819 / 34,819\n\n$3,191,467\n\n\nJuly 18, 2018\n\n\nJuly 21, 2018\n\nCologne\n\nGermany\n\nLanxess Arena\n\n30,638 / 30,638\n\n$3,333,404\n\n\nJuly 22, 2018\n\n\nJuly 31, 2018\n\nStockholm\n\nSweden\n\nFriends Arena\n\n23,303 / 23,303\n\n$1,818,015\n\n\nAugust 2, 2018\n\nOslo\n\nNorway\n\nTelenor Arena\n\n15,409 / 15,409\n\n$1,235,128\n\n\nAugust 4, 2018\n\nCopenhagen\n\nDenmark\n\nRoyal Arena\n\n26,234 / 26,234\n\n$3,307,944\n\n\nAugust 5, 2018\n\n\nAugust 8, 2018\n\nHamburg\n\nGermany\n\nBarclaycard Arena\n\n23,654 / 23,654\n\n$2,424,597\n\n\nAugust 9, 2018\n\n\nAugust 12, 2018\n\nBerlin\n\nMercedes-Benz Arena\n\nBazzi\n\n27,022 / 27,022\n\n$2,761,779\n\n\nAugust 13, 2018\n\n\nAugust 16, 2018\n\nZürich\n\nSwitzerland\n\nHallenstadion\n\n12,380 / 12,380\n\n$1,622,406\n\n\nAugust 18, 2018\n\nVienna\n\nAustria\n\nWiener Stadthalle\n\n13,363 / 13,363\n\n$1,486,731\n\n\nAugust 20, 2018\n\nFrankfurt\n\nGermany\n\nFesthalle\n\n22,226 / 22,226\n\n$2,407,113\n\n\nAugust 21, 2018\n\n\nAugust 24, 2018\n\nArnhem\n\nNetherlands\n\nGelreDome\n\n34,497 / 34,497\n\n$3,395,152\n\n\nAugust 25, 2018\n\nAmsterdam\n\nZiggo Dome\n\n15,658 / 15,658\n\n$1,711,716\n\n\nAugust 27, 2018\n\nBirmingham\n\nEngland\n\nArena Birmingham\n\n11,383 / 11,383\n\n$965,879\n\n\nAugust 29, 2018\n\nManchester\n\nManchester Arena\n\n13,859 / 13,859\n\n$1,281,565\n\n\nLeg 3 — North America[4][21]\n\n\nSeptember 19, 2018\n\nLexington\n\nUnited States\n\nRupp Arena\n\nTBA\n\n17,342 / 17,342\n\n$2,017,287\n\n\nSeptember 21, 2018\n\nMilwaukee\n\nFiserv Forum\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nSeptember 25, 2018\n\nPittsburgh\n\nPPG Paints Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nSeptember 28, 2018\n\nSaint Paul\n\nXcel Energy Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nSeptember 29, 2018\n\n\nOctober 2, 2018\n\nCleveland\n\nQuicken Loans Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 5, 2018\n\nChicago\n\nUnited Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 9, 2018\n\nToronto\n\nCanada\n\nScotiabank Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 11, 2018[a]\n\nOttawa\n\nCanadian Tire Centre\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 13, 2018\n\nQuebec City\n\nVideotron Centre\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 15, 2018\n\nUniversity Park\n\nUnited States\n\nBryce Jordan Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 18, 2018\n\nBoston\n\nTD Garden\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 20, 2018\n\nAlbany\n\nTimes Union Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nOctober 22, 2018[b]\n\nNew York City\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 4, 2018\n\nEdmonton\n\nCanada\n\nRogers Place\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 5, 2018\n\n\nNovember 8, 2018\n\nVancouver\n\nRogers Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 9, 2018\n\n\nNovember 12, 2018\n\nTacoma\n\nUnited States\n\nTacoma Dome\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 13, 2018\n\n\nNovember 16, 2018\n\nPortland\n\nModa Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 18, 2018\n\nSacramento\n\nGolden 1 Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 20, 2018\n\nAnaheim\n\nHonda Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 27, 2018\n\nLos Angeles\n\nStaples Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nNovember 29, 2018\n\nPhoenix\n\nTalking Stick Resort Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 1, 2018\n\nLas Vegas\n\nT-Mobile Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 3, 2018\n\nFresno\n\nSave Mart Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 5, 2018\n\nOakland\n\nOracle Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 8, 2018\n\nOmaha\n\nCHI Health Center Omaha\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 10, 2018\n\nKansas City\n\nSprint Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 13, 2018\n\nSt. Louis\n\nEnterprise Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 14, 2018\n\nIndianapolis\n\nBankers Life Fieldhouse\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 17, 2018\n\nPhiladelphia\n\nWells Fargo Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 19, 2018[c]\n\nBuffalo\n\nKeyBank Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 21, 2018\n\nUncasville\n\nMohegan Sun Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nDecember 22, 2018\n\n\nLeg 4 — North America[4]\n\n\nJanuary 4, 2019\n\nWashington, D.C.\n\nUnited States\n\nCapital One Arena\n\nTBA\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 6, 2019\n\nRaleigh\n\nPNC Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 8, 2019\n\nCharlotte\n\nSpectrum Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 10, 2019\n\nAtlanta\n\nState Farm Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 12, 2019\n\nMemphis\n\nFedExForum\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 15, 2019\n\nNew Orleans\n\nSmoothie King Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 17, 2019\n\nNorth Little Rock\n\nVerizon Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 19, 2019\n\nSan Antonio\n\nAT&T Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 22, 2019\n\nHouston\n\nToyota Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 24, 2019\n\nDallas\n\nAmerican Airlines Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 26, 2019\n\nOklahoma City\n\nChesapeake Energy Arena\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 28, 2019[d]\n\nDenver\n\nPepsi Center\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nJanuary 31, 2019[e]\n\nNew York City\n\nMadison Square Garden\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\nTotal\n\n—\n\n—\n\n\n" ]
[ "The Shadowboxers" ]
-6987080334085320257
2018 Little League World Series
2018 Little League World Series - wikipedia 2018 Little League World Series 2018 Little League World Series Dates August 16 -- August 26 Teams participating 16 Champion Honolulu Little League , Honolulu , Hawaii Runner - up South Seoul Little League , Seoul , South Korea ← 2017 2019 → The 2018 Little League World Series was held from August 16 to August 26 at the Little League headquarters complex in South Williamsport , Pennsylvania . Eight teams from the United States and eight teams from around the world competed in the 72nd edition of the tournament . Honolulu Little League of Honolulu , Hawaii defeated South Seoul Little League of Seoul , South Korea in the championship by a 3 -- 0 score . It was the third championship for a team from Hawaii , having won previously in 2005 and 2008 . Contents 1 Teams 2 Results 2.1 United States bracket 2.2 International bracket 2.3 Consolation games 2.4 Third place game 2.5 World Championship 3 Champions path 4 MLB Little League Classic 5 References Teams ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Little League World Series qualification Regional qualifying tournaments were held between June and August 2018 . United States International Grosse Pointe Woods , Michigan Great Lakes Region Grosse Pointe Woods - Shores Little League Seoul , South Korea Asia - Pacific and Middle East Region South Seoul Little League Staten Island , New York Mid-Atlantic Region Mid-Island Little League Gold Coast , Queensland Australia Region Gold Coast Little League Des Moines , Iowa Midwest Region Grandview Little League Surrey , British Columbia Canada Region Whalley Little League Coventry , Rhode Island New England Region Coventry Little League Guayama , Puerto Rico Caribbean Region Radames López Little League Coeur d'Alene , Idaho Northwest Region Coeur d'Alene Little League Barcelona , Spain Europe and Africa Region Catalunya Little League Peachtree City , Georgia Southeast Region Peachtree City American Little League Kawaguchi , Saitama Japan Region Kawaguchi Little League Houston , Texas Southwest Region Post Oak Little League Arraiján , Panama Latin America Region Vacamonte Little League Honolulu , Hawaii West Region Honolulu Little League Matamoros , Tamaulipas Mexico Region Matamoros A.C. Little League Results ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Little League World Series results The draw to determine the opening round pairings took place on June 14 , 2018 . United States bracket ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 2 New York 5 August 19 -- Game 14 Iowa New York August 16 -- Game 4 Texas Rhode Island August 22 -- Game 24 ( F / 5 ) Texas New York 0 August 17 -- Game 6 Hawaii 10 Michigan 5 August 19 -- Game 16 Idaho Michigan August 17 -- Game 8 ( F / 11 ) Hawaii 8 Georgia 0 Hawaii August 25 -- U.S. championship Hawaii August 18 -- Game 10 Georgia 0 Iowa 9 August 20 -- Game 18 Rhode Island 5 Michigan 5 Iowa August 22 -- Game 22 Michigan August 18 -- Game 12 Georgia Idaho 0 August 20 -- Game 20 ( F / 9 ) Georgia Texas 6 Georgia 7 August 23 -- Game 26 New York Georgia 7 International bracket ( edit ) This template : view talk edit August 16 -- Game 1 ( F / 9 ) Puerto Rico August 19 -- Game 13 South Korea South Korea 5 August 16 -- Game 3 Mexico Mexico August 22 -- Game 23 ( F / 4 ) Australia South Korea 10 August 17 -- Game 5 ( F / 5 ) Japan 0 Spain August 19 -- Game 15 Japan 11 Japan August 17 -- Game 7 Panama Panama 8 Canada August 25 -- International championship South Korea August 18 -- Game 9 Japan Puerto Rico 6 August 20 -- Game 17 Australia 0 Panama Puerto Rico August 22 -- Game 21 Puerto Rico 9 August 18 -- Game 11 ( F / 10 ) Canada Spain August 20 -- Game 19 Canada Mexico Canada 6 August 23 -- Game 25 Japan Puerto Rico 0 Consolation games ( edit ) Teams that lose their first two games get to play a consolation game against a team from the other side of the bracket that also lost its first two games . These games are labeled Game A and Game B . Game A August 20 -- Lamade Stadium ( F / 4 ) Rhode Island 15 Australia 0 Game B August 23 -- Lamade Stadium Idaho 5 Spain 0 Third place game ( edit ) This consolation game is played between the runner - up of the United States championship and the runner - up of the International championship . Third place game August 26 -- Lamade Stadium Georgia Japan 8 World Championship ( edit ) Little League World Championship August 26 -- Lamade Stadium South Korea 0 Hawaii 2018 Little League World Series Champions Honolulu Little League Honolulu , Hawai ʻi Champions path ( edit ) The Honolulu LL reached the LLWS with an undefeated record in seven games . In total , their record was 12 -- 0 . Round Opposition Result Hawai ʻi State Tournament Winner 's Bracket Semifinals Waipi ʻo LL 4 -- 2 ( F / 7 ) Winner 's Bracket Final Hilo LL 5 -- 4 Finals Waipi ʻo LL 11 -- 0 ( F / 4 ) West Regional Tournament Winner 's Bracket Opening Round Sunnyside LL 7 -- 3 Winner 's Bracket Semifinal Dixie LL 8 -- 2 Semifinal Silverado LL 5 -- 1 Finals Tri-City LL 11 -- 2 MLB Little League Classic ( edit ) Main article : 2018 MLB Little League Classic On September 29 , 2017 , Major League Baseball announced that the second MLB Little League Classic would be played on August 19 , 2018 , between the New York Mets and Philadelphia Phillies . The game was again played at BB&T Ballpark at Historic Bowman Field , with the Mets winning , 8 -- 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dates Announced for the 2018 Little League World Series Tournaments '' . littleleague.org . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Honolulu wins 2018 Little League World Series Championship '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser. 2018 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Little League World Series Schedule Announced '' . littleleague.org . Little League International . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ 2018 LLBWS PDF Bracket Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Tournament Results '' . Unpage.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trezza , Joe ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Phils , Mets to play in MLB Little League Classic '' . Major League Baseball . MLB.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mets vs. Phillies '' . ESPN . August 19 , 2018 . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Little League World Series Broadcasters World Series 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2001 2017 2018 2019 Results 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Qualification 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Regions United States Great Lakes Mid-Atlantic Midwest New England Northwest Southeast Southwest West International Asia - Pacific and Middle East Australia Canada Caribbean Europe and Africa Japan Latin America Mexico Middle East - Africa ( defunct ) Venues Howard J. Lamade Stadium Little League Volunteer Stadium Related MLB Little League Classic ( 2017 , 2018 , 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Little_League_World_Series&oldid=856749158 '' Categories : 2018 Little League World Series Little League World Series 2018 in baseball 2018 in sports in Pennsylvania August 2018 sports events in the United States 2018 in sports in Texas 2018 in Japanese sport Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is representing mexico in little league world series
[ "\n\n\nUnited States\n\nInternational\n\n\n Grosse Pointe Woods, MichiganGreat Lakes RegionGrosse Pointe Woods-Shores Little League\n\n Seoul, South KoreaAsia-Pacific and Middle East RegionSouth Seoul Little League\n\n\n Staten Island, New YorkMid-Atlantic RegionMid-Island Little League\n\n Gold Coast, Queensland Australia RegionGold Coast Little League\n\n\n Des Moines, IowaMidwest RegionGrandview Little League\n\n Surrey, British Columbia Canada RegionWhalley Little League\n\n\n Coventry, Rhode IslandNew England RegionCoventry Little League\n\n Guayama, Puerto RicoCaribbean RegionRadames López Little League\n\n\n Coeur d'Alene, IdahoNorthwest RegionCoeur d'Alene Little League\n\n Barcelona, SpainEurope and Africa RegionCatalunya Little League\n\n\n Peachtree City, GeorgiaSoutheast RegionPeachtree City American Little League\n\n Kawaguchi, Saitama Japan RegionKawaguchi Little League\n\n\n Houston, TexasSouthwest RegionPost Oak Little League\n\n Arraiján, PanamaLatin America RegionVacamonte Little League\n\n\n Honolulu, HawaiiWest RegionHonolulu Little League\n\n Matamoros, Tamaulipas Mexico RegionMatamoros A.C. Little League\n" ]
[ "Matamoros, Tamaulipas" ]
7941258809890815276
Premier League
Premier League - wikipedia Premier League This article is about the English association football league . For other uses , see Premier League ( disambiguation ) . Premier League Founded 20 February 1992 ; 26 years ago ( 1992 - 02 - 20 ) Country England ( 19 teams ) Other club ( s ) from Wales ( 1 team ) Confederation UEFA Number of teams 20 Level on pyramid Relegation to EFL Championship Domestic cup ( s ) FA Cup FA Community Shield League cup ( s ) EFL Cup International cup ( s ) UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League Current champions Manchester City ( 3rd title ) ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most championships Manchester United ( 13 titles ) Most appearances Gareth Barry ( 653 ) Top goalscorer Alan Shearer ( 260 goals ) TV partners Sky Sports and BT Sport ( live matches ) Sky Sports and BBC ( highlights ) Website premierleague.com 2018 -- 19 Premier League The Premier League is the top level of the English football league system . Contested by 20 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the English Football League ( EFL ) . The Premier League is a corporation in which the member clubs act as shareholders . Seasons run from August to May with each team playing 38 matches ( playing each other home and away ) . Most games are played on Saturday and Sunday afternoons . It is often known outside England as the English Premier League ( EPL ) . The competition was formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League , founded in 1888 , and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal . The deal was worth £ 1 billion a year domestically as of 2013 -- 14 , with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively . The league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . In 2014 -- 15 , teams were apportioned revenues of £ 1.6 billion , rising sharply to £ 2.4 billion in 2016 -- 17 . The Premier League is the most - watched sports league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people . In the 2014 -- 15 season , the average Premier League match attendance exceeded 36,000 , second highest of any professional football league behind the Bundesliga 's 43,500 . Most stadium occupancies are near capacity . The Premier League ranks third in the UEFA coefficients of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the past five seasons , as of 2016 . Forty - nine clubs have competed since the inception of the Premier League in 1992 . Six of them have won the title : Manchester United ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 5 ) , Arsenal ( 3 ) , Manchester City ( 3 ) , Blackburn Rovers ( 1 ) , and Leicester City ( 1 ) . Following the 2003 -- 04 season , Arsenal acquired the nickname `` The Invincibles '' as they became , and still remain , the only club to complete a Premier League campaign without losing a single game . The record of most points in a season is 100 by Manchester City in 2017 -- 18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Foundation 1.3 `` Top Four '' dominance ( 2000s ) 1.4 Emergence of the `` Big Six '' ( 2010s ) 1.5 Development 2 Corporate structure 3 Competition format 3.1 Competition 3.2 Qualification for European competitions 3.3 Premier League clubs in international competition 3.4 Promotion and relegation 4 Clubs 4.1 Champions 4.2 2018 -- 19 season 4.3 Non-English clubs 4.3. 1 Wales 4.3. 2 Scotland and Ireland 5 Sponsorship 6 Finances 7 Media coverage 7.1 United Kingdom and Ireland 7.2 Worldwide 8 Widening gap with lower leagues 9 Stadiums 10 Managers 11 Players 11.1 Appearances 11.2 Foreign players and transfer regulations 11.3 Player wages and transfer fees 11.4 Top scorers 12 Awards 12.1 Trophy 12.2 Player and manager awards 12.3 20 Seasons Awards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Despite significant European success in the 1970s and early 1980s , the late ' 80s marked a low point for English football . Stadiums were crumbling , supporters endured poor facilities , hooliganism was rife , and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985 . The Football League First Division , the top level of English football since 1888 , was behind leagues such as Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga in attendances and revenues , and several top English players had moved abroad . By the turn of the 1990s the downward trend was starting to reverse : at the 1990 FIFA World Cup , England reached the semi-finals ; UEFA , European football 's governing body , lifted the five - year ban on English clubs playing in European competitions in 1990 , resulting in Manchester United lifting the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1991 , and the Taylor Report on stadium safety standards , which proposed expensive upgrades to create all - seater stadiums in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster , was published in January of that year . The 1980s also saw the major English clubs , led by the likes of Martin Edwards of Manchester United , Irving Scholar of Tottenham Hotspur and David Dein of Arsenal , beginning to be transformed into business ventures that applied commercial principles to the running of the clubs , which led to the increasing power of the elite clubs . By threatening to break away , the top clubs from Division One managed to increase their voting power , and took 50 % share of all television and sponsorship income in 1986 . Revenue from television also became more important : the Football League received £ 6.3 million for a two - year agreement in 1986 , but by 1988 , in a deal agreed with ITV , the price rose to £ 44 million over four years with the leading clubs taking 75 % of the cash . The 1988 negotiations were conducted under the threat of ten clubs leaving to form a `` super league '' , but were eventually persuaded to stay with the top clubs taking the lion share of the deal . As stadiums improved and match attendance and revenues rose , the country 's top teams again considered leaving the Football League in order to capitalise on the influx of money into the sport . Foundation ( edit ) See also : Foundation of the Premier League In 1990 , the managing director of London Weekend Television ( LWT ) , Greg Dyke , met with the representatives of the `` big five '' football clubs in England ( Manchester United , Liverpool , Tottenham , Everton and Arsenal ) over a dinner . The meeting was to pave the way for a break away from The Football League . Dyke believed that it would be more lucrative for LWT if only the larger clubs in the country were featured on national television and wanted to establish whether the clubs would be interested in a larger share of television rights money . The five clubs decided it was a good idea and decided to press ahead with it ; however , the league would have no credibility without the backing of The Football Association and so David Dein of Arsenal held talks to see whether the FA were receptive to the idea . The FA did not enjoy an amicable relationship with the Football League at the time and considered it as a way to weaken the Football League 's position . At the close of the 1991 season , a proposal was tabled for the establishment of a new league that would bring more money into the game overall . The Founder Members Agreement , signed on 17 July 1991 by the game 's top - flight clubs , established the basic principles for setting up the FA Premier League . The newly formed top division would have commercial independence from The Football Association and the Football League , giving the FA Premier League licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements . The argument given at the time was that the extra income would allow English clubs to compete with teams across Europe . Although Dyke played a significant role in the creation of the Premier League , Dyke and ITV would lose out in the bidding for broadcast rights as BSkyB won with a bid of £ 304 million over five years with the BBC awarded the highlights package broadcast on Match of the Day . In 1992 , the First Division clubs resigned from the Football League en masse and on 27 May 1992 the FA Premier League was formed as a limited company working out of an office at the Football Association 's then headquarters in Lancaster Gate . This meant a break - up of the 104 - year - old Football League that had operated until then with four divisions ; the Premier League would operate with a single division and the Football League with three . There was no change in competition format ; the same number of teams competed in the top flight , and promotion and relegation between the Premier League and the new First Division remained the same as the old First and Second Divisions with three teams relegated from the league and three promoted . The league held its first season in 1992 -- 93 . It was composed of 22 clubs for that season . The first Premier League goal was scored by Brian Deane of Sheffield United in a 2 -- 1 win against Manchester United . The 22 inaugural members of the new Premier League were Arsenal , Aston Villa , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Coventry City , Crystal Palace , Everton , Ipswich Town , Leeds United , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Middlesbrough , Norwich City , Nottingham Forest , Oldham Athletic , Queens Park Rangers , Sheffield United , Sheffield Wednesday , Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , and Wimbledon . Luton Town , Notts County , and West Ham United were the three teams relegated from the old first division at the end of the 1991 -- 92 season , and did not take part in the inaugural Premier League season . Results of the ' Big Four ' during the 2000s Season ARS CHE LIV MUN 2000 -- 01 6 2001 -- 02 6 2002 -- 03 5 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 5 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 7 Top four 10 8 7 10 out of 10 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League third qualifying round Champions League first qualifying round Europa League or UEFA Cup `` Top four '' dominance ( 2000s ) ( edit ) One significant feature of the Premier League in the mid-2000s was the dominance of the so - called `` Top Four '' clubs : Arsenal , Chelsea , Liverpool and Manchester United . During this decade , they dominated the top four spots , which came with UEFA Champions League qualification , taking all top - four places in 5 out of 6 seasons from 2003 -- 04 to 2008 -- 09 inclusive , while every season during the 2000s saw the `` Big Four '' always qualifying for European competition . Arsenal went as far as winning the league without losing a single game in 2003 -- 04 , the only time it has ever happened in the Premier League . During the 2000s , only four sides outside the `` Top Four '' managed to qualify for the Champions League : Leeds United ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Newcastle United ( 2001 -- 02 and 2002 -- 03 ) , Everton ( 2004 -- 05 ) and Tottenham Hotspur ( 2009 -- 10 ) -- each occupying the final Champions League spot , with the exception of Newcastle in the 2002 -- 03 season , who finished third . In May 2008 Kevin Keegan stated that `` Top Four '' dominance threatened the division , `` This league is in danger of becoming one of the most boring but great leagues in the world . '' Premier League chief executive Richard Scudamore said in defence : `` There are a lot of different tussles that go on in the Premier League depending on whether you 're at the top , in the middle or at the bottom that make it interesting . '' Between 2005 and 2012 , there was a Premier League representative in seven of the eight Champions League finals , with only `` Top Four '' clubs reaching that stage . Liverpool ( 2005 ) , Manchester United ( 2008 ) and Chelsea ( 2012 ) won the competition during this period , with Arsenal ( 2006 ) , Liverpool ( 2007 ) , Chelsea ( 2008 ) and Manchester United ( 2009 and 2011 ) all losing Champions League finals . Leeds United were the only non - `` Top Four '' side to reach the semi-finals of the Champions League , in the 2000 -- 01 season . Additionally , between the 1999 -- 2000 and 2009 -- 10 seasons , four Premier League sides reached UEFA Cup or Europa League finals , with only Liverpool managing to win the competition in 2001 . Arsenal ( 2000 ) , Middlesbrough ( 2006 ) and Fulham ( 2010 ) all lost their finals . Emergence of the `` Big six '' ( 2010s ) ( edit ) The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the `` Top Four '' with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four places on a regular basis , turning the `` Big Four '' into the `` Big Six '' . In the 2009 -- 10 season , Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton five years prior . Criticism of the gap between an elite group of `` super clubs '' and the majority of the Premier League has continued , nevertheless , due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs . Since the continued presence of Manchester City and Tottenham Hotspur at the top end of the table , no side has won consecutive Premier League titles . Manchester City won the title in the 2011 -- 12 season , becoming the first club outside the `` Big Four '' to win since Blackburn Rovers in the 1994 -- 95 season . That season also saw two of the `` Big Four '' ( Chelsea and Liverpool ) finish outside the top four places for the first time since that season . Results of the ' Big Six ' during the 2010s Season ARS CHE LIV MCI MUN TOT 2010 -- 11 6 5 2011 -- 12 6 8 2012 -- 13 7 5 2013 -- 14 7 6 2014 -- 15 6 5 2015 -- 16 10 8 5 2016 -- 17 5 6 2017 -- 18 6 5 Top four 6 5 8 5 Top six 8 7 5 8 7 8 out of 8 League champions Champions League group stage Champions League play - off round Europa League With only four UEFA Champions League qualifying places available in the league , greater competition for qualification now exists , albeit from a narrow base of six clubs . In the following five seasons after the 2011 -- 12 campaign , Manchester United and Liverpool both found themselves outside of the top four three times while Chelsea finished 10th in the 2015 -- 16 season . Arsenal finished 5th in 2016 -- 17 , ending their record of 20 consecutive top - four finishes . In the 2015 -- 16 season , the top four was breached by a non-Big Six side for the first time since Everton in 2005 . Leicester City were the surprise winners of the league , qualifying for the Champions League as a result . Off the pitch , the `` Big Six '' wield financial power and influence , with these clubs arguing that they should be entitled to a greater share of revenue due to the greater stature of their clubs globally and the attractive football they aim to play . Objectors argue that the egalitarian revenue structure in the Premier League helps to maintain a competitive league which is vital for its future success . The 2016 -- 17 Deloitte Football Money League report showed the financial disparity between the `` Big Six '' and the rest of the division . All of the `` Big Six '' had revenues greater than € 350 million , with Manchester United having the largest revenue in the league at € 676.3 million . Leicester City was the closest club to the `` Big Six '' in terms of revenue , recording a figure of € 271.1 million for that season -- helped by participation in the Champions League . The eighth largest revenue generator West Ham , who did n't play in European competition , had revenues of € 213.3 million , nearly half of the fifth largest club , Liverpool ( € 424.2 million ) . Development ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League seasons The number of clubs was reduced to 20 , down from 22 , in 1995 when four teams were relegated from the league and only two teams promoted . The top flight had only been expanded to 22 teams at the start of the 1991 -- 92 season -- the year prior to the formation of the Premier League . On 8 June 2006 , FIFA requested that all major European leagues , including Italy 's Serie A and Spain 's La Liga , be reduced to 18 teams by the start of the 2007 -- 08 season . The Premier League responded by announcing their intention to resist such a reduction . Ultimately , the 2007 -- 08 season kicked off again with 20 teams . The league changed its name from the FA Premier League to simply the Premier League in 2007 . Corporate structure ( edit ) The Football Association Premier League Ltd ( FAPL ) is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs . Each club is a shareholder , with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts . The clubs elect a chairman , chief executive , and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league . The Football Association is not directly involved in the day - to - day operations of the Premier League , but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league . The current chairman is Sir Dave Richards , who was appointed in April 1999 , and the chief executive is Richard Scudamore , appointed in November 1999 . The former chairman and chief executive , John Quinton and Peter Leaver , were forced to resign in March 1999 after awarding consultancy contracts to former Sky executives Sam Chisholm and David Chance . Rick Parry was the league 's first chief executive . The Premier League sends representatives to UEFA 's European Club Association , the number of clubs and the clubs themselves chosen according to UEFA coefficients . For the 2012 -- 13 season the Premier League has 10 representatives in the Association : Arsenal , Aston Villa , Chelsea , Everton , Fulham , Liverpool , Manchester City , Manchester United , Newcastle United and Tottenham Hotspur . The European Club Association is responsible for electing three members to UEFA 's Club Competitions Committee , which is involved in the operations of UEFA competitions such as the Champions League and UEFA Europa League . Competition format ( edit ) Competition ( edit ) There are 20 clubs in the Premier League . During the course of a season ( from August to May ) each club plays the others twice ( a double round - robin system ) , once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents ' , for a total of 38 games . Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw . No points are awarded for a loss . Teams are ranked by total points , then goal difference , and then goals scored . If still equal , teams are deemed to occupy the same position . If there is a tie for the championship , for relegation , or for qualification to other competitions , a play - off match at a neutral venue decides rank . The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the EFL Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship , together with the winner of play - offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs , are promoted in their place . Qualification for European competitions ( edit ) Arsenal against Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League in 2011 As of the 2009 -- 10 season qualification for the UEFA Champions League changed , the top four teams in the Premier League qualify for the UEFA Champions League , with the top three teams directly entering the group stage . Previously only the top two teams qualified automatically . The fourth - placed team enters the Champions League at the play - off round for non-champions and must win a two - legged knockout tie in order to enter the group stage . The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League , and the sixth and seventh - placed teams can also qualify , depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the EFL Cup . Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament ; if the winner of either the FA Cup or EFL Cup qualifies for the Champions League , then that place will go to the next - best placed finisher in the Premier League . An exception to the usual European qualification system happened in 2005 , after Liverpool won the Champions League the year before , but did not finish in a Champions League qualification place in the Premier League that season . UEFA gave special dispensation for Liverpool to enter the Champions League , giving England five qualifiers . UEFA subsequently ruled that the defending champions qualify for the competition the following year regardless of their domestic league placing . However , for those leagues with four entrants in the Champions League , this meant that if the Champions League winner finished outside the top four in its domestic league , it would qualify at the expense of the fourth - placed team in the league . At that time , no association could have more than four entrants in the Champions League . This occurred in 2012 , when Chelsea -- who had won the Champions League that summer , but finished sixth in the league -- qualified for the Champions League in place of Tottenham Hotspur , who went into the Europa League . Starting with the 2015 -- 16 season , the Europa League champion automatically qualifies for the following season 's Champions League , and the maximum number of Champions League places for any single association has increased to five . An association with four Champions League places , such as The FA , will only earn a fifth place if a club from that association that does not qualify for the Champions League through its league wins either the Champions League or Europa League . In 2007 , the Premier League became the highest ranking European League based on the performances of English teams in European competitions over a five - year period . This broke the eight - year dominance of the Spanish league , La Liga . Premier League clubs in international competition ( edit ) Main article : Premier League clubs in international performance Between the 1992 -- 93 and the 2017 -- 18 seasons , Premier League clubs won the UEFA Champions League four times ( and had six runners - up ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with eleven wins , and Italy 's Serie A with five wins ; ahead of , among others , Germany 's Bundesliga with three wins . The FIFA Club World Cup ( originally called the FIFA Club World Championship ) has been won once by a Premier League club ( Manchester United in 2008 ) , with two runners - up ( Liverpool in 2005 , Chelsea in 2012 ) , behind Spain 's La Liga with six wins , Brazil 's Brasileirão with four wins , and Italy 's Serie A with two wins . Promotion and relegation ( edit ) A system of promotion and relegation exists between the Premier League and the EFL Championship . The three lowest placed teams in the Premier League are relegated to the Championship , and the top two teams from the Championship promoted to the Premier League , with an additional team promoted after a series of play - offs involving the third , fourth , fifth and sixth placed clubs . The Premier League had 22 teams when it began in 1992 , but this was reduced to the present 20 - team format in 1995 . Clubs ( edit ) Main article : List of Premier League clubs See also : All - time FA Premier League table A total of 49 clubs have played in the Premier League from its inception in 1992 , up to and including the 2018 -- 19 season . Champions ( edit ) See also : List of English football champions No . Season Champion 1992 -- 93 Manchester United 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 5 1996 -- 97 Manchester United 6 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 7 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 8 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United 9 2000 -- 01 Manchester United 10 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 11 2002 -- 03 Manchester United 12 2003 -- 04 Arsenal 13 2004 -- 05 Chelsea No . Season Champion 14 2005 -- 06 Chelsea 15 2006 -- 07 Manchester United 16 2007 -- 08 Manchester United 17 2008 -- 09 Manchester United 18 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 19 2010 -- 11 Manchester United 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City 21 2012 -- 13 Manchester United 22 2013 -- 14 Manchester City 23 2014 -- 15 Chelsea 24 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea 26 2017 -- 18 Manchester City Wins by club Club Wins Winning years Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Chelsea 5 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 Manchester City 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 , 2017 -- 18 Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 2018 -- 19 season ( edit ) The following 20 clubs will compete in the Premier League during the 2018 -- 19 season . Club Position in 2017 -- 18 First season in top division Seasons in top division Seasons in Premier League First season of current spell in top division Top division titles Last top division title Arsenal 6th 1904 -- 05 102 27 1919 -- 20 13 2003 -- 04 AFC Bournemouth 12th 2015 -- 16 2015 -- 16 0 n / a Brighton and Hove Albion 15th 1979 -- 80 6 2017 -- 18 0 n / a Burnley 7th 1888 -- 89 56 5 2016 -- 17 1959 -- 60 Cardiff City 2nd in the Championship 1921 -- 22 17 2018 -- 19 0 n / a Chelsea 5th 1907 -- 08 84 27 1989 -- 90 6 2016 -- 17 Crystal Palace 11th 1969 -- 70 19 10 2013 -- 14 0 n / a Everton 8th 1888 -- 89 116 27 1954 -- 55 9 1986 -- 87 Fulham 3rd in the Championship 1949 -- 50 26 14 2018 -- 19 0 n / a Huddersfield Town 16th 1920 -- 21 33 2017 -- 18 1923 -- 24 Leicester City 9th 1908 -- 09 50 13 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Liverpool 4th 1894 -- 95 104 27 1962 -- 63 18 1989 -- 90 Manchester City 1st 1899 -- 1900 90 22 2002 -- 03 5 2017 -- 18 Manchester United 2nd 1892 -- 93 94 27 1975 -- 76 20 2012 -- 13 Newcastle United 10th 1898 -- 99 87 24 2017 -- 18 1926 -- 27 Southampton 17th 1966 -- 67 42 20 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Tottenham Hotspur 3rd 1909 -- 10 84 27 1978 -- 79 1960 -- 61 Watford 14th 1982 -- 83 12 6 2015 -- 16 0 n / a West Ham United 13th 1923 -- 24 61 23 2012 -- 13 0 n / a Wolverhampton Wanderers 1st in the Championship 1888 -- 89 64 5 2018 -- 19 1958 -- 59 Swansea City , Stoke City , and West Bromwich Albion were relegated to the Championship for the 2018 -- 19 season , while Wolverhampton Wanderers , Cardiff City and Fulham , as winners , runners - up and play - off final winners respectively , were promoted from the 2017 -- 18 Championship season . AFC Bournemouth , Brighton and Hove Albion , and Huddersfield Town are the only clubs to have remained in the Premier League since their first promotion , having played 4 , 2 and 2 seasons ( out of 27 ) respectively . : Founding member of the Premier League : Never been relegated from Premier League : One of the original 12 Football League teams : Club based in Wales London Bournemouth Brighton & Hove Albion Burnley Cardiff City Everton Huddersfield Town Leicester City Liverpool Manchester City Manchester United Newcastle United Southampton Wolverhampton Wanderers London teams Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur Watford West Ham United Location of clubs for the 2018 -- 19 Premier League season Arsenal Chelsea Crystal Palace Fulham Tottenham Hotspur West Ham United Watford Greater London Premier League football clubs Non-English clubs ( edit ) See also : List of association football clubs playing in the league of another country Wales ( edit ) In 2011 , a Welsh club participated in the Premier League for the first time after Swansea City gained promotion . The first Premier League match to be played outside England was Swansea City 's home match at the Liberty Stadium against Wigan Athletic on 20 August 2011 . In 2012 -- 13 , Swansea qualified for the Europa League by winning the League Cup . The number of Welsh clubs in the Premier League increased to two for the first time in 2013 -- 14 , as Cardiff City gained promotion , but they were relegated after their maiden season . Cardiff were promoted again in 2017 - 18 but the number of Welsh clubs will remain the same as Swansea City were relegated from the Premier League in the same season . Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales ( FAW ) , the question of whether clubs like Swansea should represent England or Wales in European competitions has caused long - running discussions in UEFA . Swansea took one of England 's three available places in the Europa League in 2013 -- 14 by winning the League Cup in 2012 -- 13 . The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012 , allowing them to participate . Scotland and Ireland ( edit ) Participation in the Premier League by some Scottish or Irish clubs has sometimes been discussed , but without result . The idea came closest to reality in 1998 , when Wimbledon received Premier League approval to relocate to Dublin , Ireland , but the move was blocked by the Football Association of Ireland . Additionally , the media occasionally discusses the idea that Scotland 's two biggest teams , Celtic and Rangers , should or will take part in the Premier League , but nothing has come of these discussions . Sponsorship ( edit ) See also : English football sponsorship From 1993 to 2016 , the Premier League had title sponsorship rights sold to two companies , which were Carling Brewery and Barclays Bank PLC ; Barclays was the most recent title sponsor , having sponsored the Premier League from 2001 through 2016 ( until 2004 , the title sponsorship was held through its Barclaycard brand before shifting to its main banking brand in 2004 ) . Period Sponsor Name 1992 -- 1993 No sponsor FA Premier League 1993 -- 2001 Carling FA Carling Premiership 2001 -- 2004 Barclaycard FA Barclaycard Premiership 2004 -- 2007 Barclays FA Barclays Premiership 2007 -- 2016 Barclays Premier League 2016 -- No Sponsor Premier League Barclays ' deal with the Premier League expired at the end of the 2015 -- 16 season . The FA announced on 4 June 2015 that it would not pursue any further title sponsorship deals for the Premier League , arguing that they wanted to build a `` clean '' brand for the competition more in line with those of major U.S. sports leagues . As well as sponsorship for the league itself , the Premier League has a number of official partners and suppliers . The official ball supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2000 -- 01 season when they took over from Mitre . Finances ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League football club owners The Premier League has the highest revenue of any football league in the world , with total club revenues of € 2.48 billion in 2009 -- 10 . In 2013 -- 14 , due to improved television revenues and cost controls , the Premier League had net profits in excess of £ 78 million , exceeding all other football leagues . In 2010 the Premier League was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in the International Trade category for its outstanding contribution to international trade and the value it brings to English football and the United Kingdom 's broadcasting industry . The Premier League includes some of the richest football clubs in the world . Deloitte 's `` Football Money League '' listed seven Premier League clubs in the top 20 for the 2009 -- 10 season , and all 20 clubs were in the top 40 globally by the end of the 2013 -- 14 season , largely as a result of increased broadcasting revenue . From 2013 , the league generates € 2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights . Premier League clubs agreed in principle in December 2012 , to radical new cost controls . The two proposals consist of a break - even rule and a cap on the amount clubs can increase their wage bill by each season . With the new television deals on the horizon , momentum has been growing to find ways of preventing the majority of the cash going straight to players and agents . Central payments for the 2016 -- 17 season amounted to £ 2,398,515,773 across the 20 clubs , with each team receiving a flat participation fee of £ 35,301,989 and additional payments for TV broadcasts ( £ 1,016,690 for general UK rights to match highlights , £ 1,136,083 for each live UK broadcast of their games and £ 39,090,596 for all overseas rights ) , commercial rights ( a flat fee of £ 4,759,404 ) and a notional measure of `` merit '' which was based upon final league position . The merit component was a nominal sum of £ 1,941,609 multiplied by each finishing place , counted from the foot of the table ( e.g. , Burnley finished 16th in May 2017 , five places counting upwards , and received 5 × £ 1,941,609 = £ 9,708,045 merit payment ) . Media coverage ( edit ) See also : English football on television , List of Premier League broadcasters , and Broadcasting and the foundation of the Premier League United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Matches broadcast in the United Kingdom and Ireland Seasons Sky Others Total 1992 -- 1997 60 -- 60 1997 -- 2001 60 60 2001 -- 2004 110 110 2004 -- 2007 138 138 2007 -- 2009 96 Setanta 42 -- 138 2009 -- 2010 96 ESPN 42 138 2010 -- 2013 115 ESPN 23 138 2013 -- 2016 116 BT 38 154 2016 -- 2019 126 42 168 2019 -- 2022 128 52 Amazon 20 200 A 2012 match between Chelsea and Norwich City . Television has played a major role in the history of the Premier League . The League 's decision to assign broadcasting rights to BSkyB in 1992 was at the time a radical decision , but one that has paid off . At the time pay television was an almost untested proposition in the UK market , as was charging fans to watch live televised football . However , a combination of Sky 's strategy , the quality of Premier League football and the public 's appetite for the game has seen the value of the Premier League 's TV rights soar . The Premier League sells its television rights on a collective basis . This is in contrast to some other European Leagues , including La Liga , in which each club sells its rights individually , leading to a much higher share of the total income going to the top few clubs . The money is divided into three parts : half is divided equally between the clubs ; one quarter is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position , the top club getting twenty times as much as the bottom club , and equal steps all the way down the table ; the final quarter is paid out as facilities fees for games that are shown on television , with the top clubs generally receiving the largest shares of this . The income from overseas rights is divided equally between the twenty clubs . The first Sky television rights agreement was worth £ 304 million over five seasons . The next contract , negotiated to start from the 1997 -- 98 season , rose to £ 670 million over four seasons . The third contract was a £ 1.024 billion deal with BSkyB for the three seasons from 2001 -- 02 to 2003 -- 04 . The league brought in £ 320 million from the sale of its international rights for the three - year period from 2004 -- 05 to 2006 -- 07 . It sold the rights itself on a territory - by - territory basis . Sky 's monopoly was broken from August 2006 when Setanta Sports was awarded rights to show two out of the six packages of matches available . This occurred following an insistence by the European Commission that exclusive rights should not be sold to one television company . Sky and Setanta paid a total of £ 1.7 billion , a two - thirds increase which took many commentators by surprise as it had been widely assumed that the value of the rights had levelled off following many years of rapid growth . Setanta also hold rights to a live 3 pm match solely for Irish viewers . The BBC has retained the rights to show highlights for the same three seasons ( on Match of the Day ) for £ 171.6 million , a 63 per cent increase on the £ 105 million it paid for the previous three - year period . Sky and BT have agreed to jointly pay £ 84.3 million for delayed television rights to 242 games ( that is the right to broadcast them in full on television and over the internet ) in most cases for a period of 50 hours after 10 pm on matchday . Overseas television rights fetched £ 625 million , nearly double the previous contract . The total raised from these deals is more than £ 2.7 billion , giving Premier League clubs an average media income from league games of around £ 40 million - a-year from 2007 to 2010 . Cristiano Ronaldo preparing to take a free kick in a 2009 match between Manchester United and Liverpool . The TV rights agreement between the Premier League and Sky has faced accusations of being a cartel , and a number of court cases have arisen as a result . An investigation by the Office of Fair Trading in 2002 found BSkyB to be dominant within the pay TV sports market , but concluded that there were insufficient grounds for the claim that BSkyB had abused its dominant position . In July 1999 the Premier League 's method of selling rights collectively for all member clubs was investigated by the UK Restrictive Practices Court , who concluded that the agreement was not contrary to the public interest . The BBC 's highlights package on Saturday and Sunday nights , as well as other evenings when fixtures justify , will run until 2016 . Television rights alone for the period 2010 to 2013 have been purchased for £ 1.782 billion . On 22 June 2009 , due to troubles encountered by Setanta Sports after it failed to meet a final deadline over a £ 30 million payment to the Premier League , ESPN was awarded two packages of UK rights containing a total of 46 matches that were available for the 2009 -- 10 season as well as a package of 23 matches per season from 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 . On 13 June 2012 , the Premier League announced that BT had been awarded 38 games a season for the 2013 -- 14 through 2015 -- 16 seasons at £ 246 million - a-year . The remaining 116 games were retained by Sky who paid £ 760 million - a-year . The total domestic rights have raised £ 3.018 billion , an increase of 70.2 % over the 2010 -- 11 to 2012 -- 13 rights . The value of the licensing deal rose by another 70.2 % in 2015 , when Sky and BT paid a total of £ 5.136 billion to renew their contracts with the Premier League for another three years up to the 2018 -- 19 season . UK highlights Highlights programme Duration Channel Match of the Day 1992 -- 2001 , 2004 -- present BBC The Premiership 2001 -- 2004 ITV Between the 1998 -- 99 season and the 2012 -- 13 season , RTÉ broadcast highlights on Premier Soccer Saturday and occasionally Premier Soccer Sunday . During then between the 2004 -- 05 season and the 2006 -- 07 season , RTÉ broadcast 15 live matches on a Saturday afternoon with each match being called Premiership Live . In August 2016 , it was announced that the BBC would be creating a new magazine - style show for the Premier League entitled The Premier League Show . Worldwide ( edit ) The Premier League is the most - watched football league in the world , broadcast in 212 territories to 643 million homes and a potential TV audience of 4.7 billion people , . The Premier League 's production arm , Premier League Productions , is operated by IMG Productions and produces all content for its international television partners . The Premier League is particularly popular in Asia , where it is the most widely distributed sports programme . In Australia , Optus telecommunications holds exclusive rights to the Premier League , providing live broadcasts and online access ( Fox Sports formerly held rights ) . In India , the matches are broadcast live on STAR Sports . In China , the broadcast rights were awarded to Super Sports in a six - year agreement that began in the 2013 -- 14 season . As of the 2013 -- 14 season , Canadian broadcast rights to the Premier League are jointly owned by Sportsnet and TSN , with both rival networks holding rights to 190 matches per season . The Premier League is broadcast in the United States through NBC Sports . Premier League viewership has increased rapidly , with NBC and NBCSN averaging a record 479,000 viewers in the 2014 -- 15 season , up 118 % from 2012 -- 13 when coverage still aired on Fox Soccer and ESPN / ESPN2 ( 220,000 viewers ) , and NBC Sports has been widely praised for its coverage . NBC Sports reached a six - year extension with the Premier League in 2015 to broadcast the league through the 2021 -- 22 season in a deal valued at $1 billion ( £ 640 million ) . Widening gap with lower leagues ( edit ) See also : Premier League -- Football League gulf There has been an increasing gulf between the Premier League and the Football League . Since its split with the Football League , many established clubs in the Premier League have managed to distance themselves from their counterparts in lower leagues . Owing in large part to the disparity in revenue from television rights between the leagues , many newly promoted teams have found it difficult to avoid relegation in their first season in the Premier League . In every season except 2001 -- 02 , 2011 -- 12 and 2017 - 18 , at least one Premier League newcomer has been relegated back to the Football League . In 1997 -- 98 all three promoted clubs were relegated at the end of the season . The Premier League distributes a portion of its television revenue to clubs that are relegated from the league in the form of `` parachute payments '' . Starting with the 2013 -- 14 season , these payments are in excess of £ 60 million over four seasons . Though designed to help teams adjust to the loss of television revenues ( the average Premier League team receives £ 55 million while the average Football League Championship club receives £ 2 million ) , critics maintain that the payments actually widen the gap between teams that have reached the Premier League and those that have not , leading to the common occurrence of teams `` bouncing back '' soon after their relegation . For some clubs who have failed to win immediate promotion back to the Premier League , financial problems , including in some cases administration or even liquidation have followed . Further relegations down the footballing ladder have ensued for several clubs unable to cope with the gap . Stadiums ( edit ) Main article : List of Premier League stadiums As of the 2017 -- 18 season , Premier League football has been played in 58 stadiums since the formation of the division . The Hillsborough disaster in 1989 and the subsequent Taylor Report saw a recommendation that standing terraces should be abolished ; as a result all stadiums in the Premier League are all - seater . Since the formation of the Premier League , football grounds in England have seen constant improvements to capacity and facilities , with some clubs moving to new - build stadiums . Nine stadiums that have seen Premier League football have now been demolished . The stadiums for the 2017 -- 18 season show a large disparity in capacity : Wembley Stadium , the temporary home of Tottenham Hotspur , has a capacity of 90,000 with Dean Court , the home of Bournemouth , having a capacity of 11,360 . The combined total capacity of the Premier League in the 2017 -- 18 season is 806,033 with an average capacity of 40,302 . Stadium attendances are a significant source of regular income for Premier League clubs . For the 2016 -- 17 season , average attendances across the league clubs were 35,838 for Premier League matches with a total aggregate attendance figure of 13,618,596 . This represents an increase of 14,712 from the average attendance of 21,126 recorded in the league 's first season ( 1992 -- 93 ) . However , during the 1992 -- 93 season the capacities of most stadiums were reduced as clubs replaced terraces with seats in order to meet the Taylor Report 's 1994 -- 95 deadline for all - seater stadiums . The Premier League 's record average attendance of 36,144 was set during the 2007 -- 08 season . This record was then beaten in the 2013 -- 14 season recording an average attendance of 36,695 with a total attendance of just under 14 million , the highest average in England 's top flight since 1950 . Managers ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League managers Managers in the Premier League are involved in the day - to - day running of the team , including the training , team selection , and player acquisition . Their influence varies from club - to - club and is related to the ownership of the club and the relationship of the manager with fans . Managers are required to have a UEFA Pro Licence which is the final coaching qualification available , and follows the completion of the UEFA ' B ' and ' A ' Licences . The UEFA Pro Licence is required by every person who wishes to manage a club in the Premier League on a permanent basis ( i.e. more than 12 weeks -- the amount of time an unqualified caretaker manager is allowed to take control ) . Caretaker appointments are managers that fill the gap between a managerial departure and a new appointment . Several caretaker managers have gone on to secure a permanent managerial post after performing well as a caretaker ; examples include Paul Hart at Portsmouth and David Pleat at Tottenham Hotspur . The league 's longest - serving manager was Alex Ferguson , who was in charge of Manchester United from November 1986 until his retirement at the end of the 2012 -- 13 season , meaning that he was manager for all of the first 21 seasons of the Premier League . Arsène Wenger is the league 's longest - serving current manager , having been in charge of Arsenal in the Premier League since 1996 . In the 2017 -- 18 season , 11 managers were sacked , the most recent being Alan Pardew of West Bromwich Albion . There have been several studies into the reasoning behind , and effects of , managerial sackings . Most famously , Professor Sue Bridgewater of the University of Liverpool and Dr. Bas ter Weel of the University of Amsterdam , performed two separate studies which helped to explain the statistics behind managerial sackings . Bridgewater 's study found that clubs generally sack their managers upon dropping below an average of 1 point - per - game . Winning managers Manager Club ( s ) Wins Winning years Alex Ferguson Manchester United 13 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Arsène Wenger Arsenal 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 , 2003 -- 04 José Mourinho Chelsea 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2014 -- 15 Kenny Dalglish Blackburn Rovers 1994 -- 95 Carlo Ancelotti Chelsea 2009 -- 10 Roberto Mancini Manchester City 2011 -- 12 Manuel Pellegrini Manchester City 2013 -- 14 Claudio Ranieri Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Antonio Conte Chelsea 2016 -- 17 Pep Guardiola Manchester City 2017 -- 18 Former Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson was the longest serving and most successful manager in the history of the Premier League . Current managers Nat . Name Club Appointed Time as manager Eddie Howe Bournemouth 12 October 2012 7003210300000000000 ♠ 5 years , 277 days Sean Dyche Burnley 30 October 2012 7003208500000000000 ♠ 5 years , 259 days Mauricio Pochettino Tottenham Hotspur 27 May 2014 7003151100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 50 days Chris Hughton Brighton & Hove Albion 31 December 2014 7003129300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 197 days Jürgen Klopp Liverpool 8 October 2015 7003101200000000000 ♠ 2 years , 281 days David Wagner Huddersfield Town 5 November 2015 7002984000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 253 days Slaviša Jokanović Fulham 27 December 2015 7002932000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 201 days Rafael Benítez Newcastle United 11 March 2016 7002857000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 127 days José Mourinho Manchester United 27 May 2016 7002780000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 50 days Pep Guardiola Manchester City 1 July 2016 7002745000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 15 days Neil Warnock Cardiff City 5 October 2016 7002649000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 284 days Nuno Espirito Santo Wolverhampton Wanderers 31 May 2017 7002411000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 46 days Roy Hodgson Crystal Palace 12 September 2017 7002307000000000000 ♠ 307 days Claude Puel Leicester City 25 October 2017 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 days Javi Gracia Watford 21 January 2018 7002176000000000000 ♠ 176 days Mark Hughes Southampton 14 March 2018 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 days Manuel Pellegrini West Ham United 22 May 2018 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 days Unai Emery Arsenal 23 May 2018 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 days Marco Silva Everton 31 May 2018 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 days Maurizio Sarri Chelsea 14 July 2018 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 days Players ( edit ) See also : Premier League records and statistics § Player records , and List of Premier League winning players Appearances ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League players with 500 or more appearances Most appearances Rank Player Apps Gareth Barry 653 Ryan Giggs 632 Frank Lampard 609 David James 572 5 Gary Speed 535 6 Emile Heskey 516 7 Mark Schwarzer 514 8 Jamie Carragher 508 9 Phil Neville 505 10 Steven Gerrard 504 Rio Ferdinand As of 9 May 2018 . Italicised players still playing professional football . Bolded players still playing in Premier League . Foreign players and transfer Regulations ( edit ) See also : List of foreign Premier League players and List of foreign Premier League goalscorers At the inception of the Premier League in 1992 -- 93 , just eleven players named in the starting line - ups for the first round of matches hailed from outside of the United Kingdom or Ireland . By 2000 -- 01 , the number of foreign players participating in the Premier League was 36 per cent of the total . In the 2004 -- 05 season the figure had increased to 45 per cent . On 26 December 1999 , Chelsea became the first Premier League side to field an entirely foreign starting line - up , and on 14 February 2005 Arsenal were the first to name a completely foreign 16 - man squad for a match . By 2009 , under 40 % of the players in the Premier League were English . In response to concerns that clubs were increasingly passing over young English players in favour of foreign players , in 1999 , the Home Office tightened its rules for granting work permits to players from countries outside of the European Union . A non-EU player applying for the permit must have played for his country in at least 75 per cent of its competitive ' A ' team matches for which he was available for selection during the previous two years , and his country must have averaged at least 70th place in the official FIFA world rankings over the previous two years . If a player does not meet those criteria , the club wishing to sign him may appeal . Players may only be transferred during transfer windows that are set by the Football Association . The two transfer windows run from the last day of the season to 31 August and from 31 December to 31 January . Player registrations can not be exchanged outside these windows except under specific licence from the FA , usually on an emergency basis . As of the 2010 -- 11 season , the Premier League introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 25 - man squad of players aged over 21 , with the squad list only allowed to be changed in transfer windows or in exceptional circumstances . This was to enable the ' home grown ' rule to be enacted , whereby the League would also from 2010 require at least 8 of the named 25 man squad to be made up of ' home - grown players ' . Player wages and transfer fees ( edit ) See also : Progression of British football transfer fee record There is no team or individual salary cap in the Premier League . As a result of the increasingly lucrative television deals , player wages rose sharply following the formation of the Premier League when the average player wage was £ 75,000 per year . The average salary stands at £ 1.1 million as of the 2008 -- 09 season . As of 2015 , average salaries in the Premier League are higher than for any other football league in the world . The record transfer fee for a Premier League player has risen steadily over the lifetime of the competition . Prior to the start of the first Premier League season Alan Shearer became the first British player to command a transfer fee of more than £ 3 million . The record rose steadily in the Premier League 's first few seasons , until Alan Shearer made a record breaking £ 15 million move to Newcastle United in 1996 . All three of the most expensive transfers in the sport 's history had a Premier League club on the selling or buying end , with Juventus selling Paul Pogba to Manchester United in August 2016 for a fee of £ 89 million , Tottenham Hotspur selling Gareth Bale to Real Madrid for £ 85 million in 2013 , Manchester United 's sale of Cristiano Ronaldo to Real Madrid for £ 80 million in 2009 , and Liverpool selling Luis Suárez to Barcelona for £ 75 million in 2014 . Top scorers ( edit ) See also : List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals , Top Premier League goal scorers by season , and Premier League Golden Boot Alan Shearer is the top scorer in Premier League history . As of 13 May 2018 . Rank Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Alan Shearer 1992 -- 2006 260 441 0.59 Wayne Rooney 2002 -- 2018 208 491 0.42 Andrew Cole 1992 -- 2008 187 414 0.45 Frank Lampard 1995 -- 2015 177 609 0.29 5 Thierry Henry 1999 -- 2007 , 2012 175 258 0.68 6 Robbie Fowler 1993 -- 2009 163 379 0.43 7 Jermain Defoe 2001 -- 2003 , 2004 -- 2014 , 2015 -- 162 492 0.33 8 Michael Owen 1996 -- 2004 , 2005 -- 13 150 326 0.46 9 Les Ferdinand 1992 -- 2005 149 351 0.42 10 Teddy Sheringham 1992 -- 2007 146 418 0.35 Italics denotes players still playing professional football , Bold denotes players still playing in the Premier League . The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season . Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260 . Twenty - five players have reached the 100 - goal mark . Since the first Premier League season in 1992 -- 93 , 14 players from 10 clubs have won or shared the top scorers title . Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005 -- 06 season . Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season ( 34 ) -- for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively . Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons , having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league . Awards ( edit ) Trophy ( edit ) The Premier League trophy The gold Premier League trophy awarded to Arsenal for winning the 2003 -- 04 title without defeat The Premier League maintains two trophies -- the genuine trophy ( held by the reigning champions ) and a spare replica . Two trophies are held in the event that two clubs could win the League on the final day of the season . In the rare event that more than two clubs are vying for the title on the final day of the season -- then a replica won by a previous club is used . The current Premier League trophy was created by Royal Jewellers Asprey of London . It consists of a trophy with a golden crown and a malachite plinth base . The plinth weighs 33 pounds ( 15 kg ) and the trophy weighs 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) . The trophy and plinth are 76 cm ( 30 in ) tall , 43 cm ( 17 in ) wide and 25 cm ( 9.8 in ) deep . Its main body is solid sterling silver and silver gilt , while its plinth is made of malachite , a semi-precious stone . The plinth has a silver band around its circumference , upon which the names of the title - winning clubs are listed . Malachite 's green colour is also representative of the green field of play . The design of the trophy is based on the heraldry of Three Lions that is associated with English football . Two of the lions are found above the handles on either side of the trophy -- the third is symbolised by the captain of the title - winning team as he raises the trophy , and its gold crown , above his head at the end of the season . The ribbons that drape the handles are presented in the team colours of the league champions that year . In 2004 , a special gold version of the trophy was commissioned to commemorate Arsenal winning the title without a single defeat . Player and manager awards ( edit ) In addition to the winner 's trophy and the individual winner 's medals awarded to players who win the title , the Premier League also issues other awards throughout the season . A man of the match award is awarded to the player who has the greatest impact in an individual match . Monthly awards are also given for the Manager of the Month , Player of the Month and Goal of the Month . These are also issued annually for Manager of the Season , Player of the Season. and Goal of the Season . The Golden Boot award is given to the top goalscorer of every season , The Playmaker of the Season award is given to the player who make the most assists of every season and the Golden Glove award is given to the goalkeeper with the most clean sheets at the end of the season . From the 2017 -- 18 season , players also receive a milestone award for 100 appearances and every century there after and also players who score 50 goals and multiples thereof . Each player to reach these milestones will receive a presentation box from the Premier League containing a special medallion and a plaque commemorating their achievement . 20 seasons awards ( edit ) Further information : Premier League 20 Seasons Awards and Premier League 10 Seasons Awards In 2012 , the Premier League celebrated its second decade by holding the 20 Seasons Awards : Fantasy Team of the 20 Seasons Panel Choice : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Rio Ferdinand , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Roy Keane , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Public Vote : Peter Schmeichel , Gary Neville , Tony Adams , Nemanja Vidić , Ashley Cole , Cristiano Ronaldo , Steven Gerrard , Paul Scholes , Ryan Giggs , Thierry Henry , Alan Shearer Best Manager : Sir Alex Ferguson Best Player : Ryan Giggs Most Appearances : Gareth Barry ( 652 ) Top Goalscorer : Alan Shearer ( 260 ) Most Clean Sheets : David James ( 173 ) 500 Club : Steven Gerrard , Jamie Carragher , Gareth Barry , Ryan Giggs , David James , Gary Speed , Frank Lampard , Emile Heskey , and Sol Campbell . 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the fa premier league is owned by 20 shareholders who are
[ "The Football Association Premier League Ltd (FAPL)[47][48][49] is operated as a corporation and is owned by the 20 member clubs. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The clubs elect a chairman, chief executive, and board of directors to oversee the daily operations of the league.[50] The Football Association is not directly involved in the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, but has veto power as a special shareholder during the election of the chairman and chief executive and when new rules are adopted by the league.[51]\n" ]
[ "the 20 member clubs" ]
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Greg Finley
Greg Finley - Wikipedia Greg Finley This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Greg Finley Gregory Finley ( 1984 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1984 ( age 33 ) Portland , Maine , United States Occupation Actor Years active 2007 - present Gregory P. Finley II ( born December 22 , 1984 ) in Portland , Maine , is an American actor , best known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed , iZombie and Girder in The Flash . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Finley is best known for his role as Jack Pappas , on The Secret Life Of The American Teenager . In February 2010 , Finley was cast in the Dark Sky Films thriller Hypothermia , directed by James Felix McKenney . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 Graduation Day Ben Chase Short film 2012 Hypothermia Stevie Cote , Jr . Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Office assistant 1 episode : `` Snakes '' Cold Case Grant Hall 1 episode : `` Shuffle , Ball Change '' 2008 -- 13 The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jack Pappas Series regular 2012 House Bobby Hatcher 1 episode : `` Gut Check '' 2013 Emily Owens , M.D. Dan 1 episode : `` Emily and ... the Perfect Storm '' Necessary Roughness Joe Crabchek 1 episode : `` The Game 's Afoot '' 2014 Star - Crossed Drake Series regular Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Eddie Thorpe 1 episode : `` Gridiron Soldier '' The Flash Tony Woodward / Girder 2 episodes 2015 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Scott Hunt / Male superhero 1 episode : `` Hero to Zero '' 2015 iZombie Drake Holloway 6 Episodes 2016 The Flash Tony Woodward / Girder 1 episode : `` The Runaway Dinosaur '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ABC Family : Greg Finley , who plays Jack Pappas on The Secret Life of the American Teenager Jump up ^ Full ' Hypothermia ' Cast , Start of Principal Photography External links ( edit ) Official MySpace Greg Finley on IMDb BNF : cb16675691g ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0004 0327 3418 LCCN : n2013054513 VIAF : 299935549 This article about an American actor or actress is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Finley&oldid=843102212 '' Categories : Male actors from Portland , Maine American male television actors Living people People from Scarborough , Maine 1984 births American actor stubs Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from December 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Lumbaart Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays jack on secret life of the american teenager
[ "Gregory P. Finley II (born December 22, 1984) in Portland, Maine, is an American actor, best known for his role as Jack Pappas in the teenage drama series The Secret Life of the American Teenager as well as Drake in the series Star Crossed, iZombie and Girder in The Flash." ]
[ "Gregory P. Finley II" ]
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Grammy Award records
Grammy Award records - wikipedia Grammy Award records Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Throughout the history of the Grammy Awards , many significant records have been set . This page only includes the competitive awards which have been won by various artists . This does not include the various special awards that are presented by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences such as Lifetime Achievement Awards , Trustees Awards , Technical Awards or Legend Awards . The page however does include other non-performance related Grammys ( known as the Craft & Production Fields ) that may have been presented to the artist ( s ) . All the records are as of the 2017 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Awards 1.1 Most Grammys won 1.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist 1.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist 1.4 Most Grammys won by a group 1.5 Most Grammys won by a producer 1.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer 1.7 Youngest winners 1.8 Youngest artists to win Album of the Year 1.9 Eldest winners 1.10 Most honoured albums 1.11 Most Album of the Year wins 1.12 Most Record of the Year wins 1.13 Most Grammys won for consecutive albums 1.14 Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category 1.15 Artists who have won all four General Field awards 2 Single ceremony 2.1 Most Grammys won in one night 2.2 Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night 2.3 Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night 2.4 Most Grammys won by a group in one night 2.5 Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night 2.6 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night 2.7 Artist who has won all four General Field Awards at a single ceremony 2.8 Artists who have won Record , Album and Song of the Year in one night 2.9 Most Grammys won by an album in one night 2.10 Most posthumous Grammys won in one night 3 Nominations 3.1 Most Grammy nominations 3.2 Most nominations in one night 3.3 Most nominations without winning 3.4 Most nominations in one night without winning 3.5 Grammy nominations in the most categories 3.6 Artists who had been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night 3.7 Youngest nominees 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Awards ( edit ) Most Grammys won ( edit ) The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti , a Hungarian - British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty - two years . He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996 . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Alison Krauss Pierre Boulez 26 5 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 7 John Williams 23 8 U2 22 Chick Corea Beyoncé 11 Jay - Z 21 Kanye West Vince Gill Paul McCartney 15 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt Most Grammys won by a Male artist ( edit ) Georg Solti has won a total of 31 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Georg Solti 31 Quincy Jones 27 Pierre Boulez 26 Vladimir Horowitz 25 Stevie Wonder 6 John Williams 23 7 Chick Corea 22 8 Kanye West 21 Vince Gill Jay Z 11 Henry Mancini 20 Pat Metheny Bruce Springsteen Al Schmitt 15 Jimmy Sturr 18 Tony Bennett Yo - Yo Ma Paul McCartney Most Grammys won by a female artist ( edit ) Alison Krauss has , as a solo artist , collaborator and producer , won 27 Grammy Awards . Rank Artist Awards Alison Krauss 27 Beyoncé 22 Aretha Franklin 18 Adele 15 Alicia Keys 6 Ella Fitzgerald 13 Leontyne Price Emmylou Harris 9 Shirley Caesar 11 10 Chaka Khan 10 Bonnie Raitt Linda Ronstadt Taylor Swift CeCe Winans 15 Mary J. Blige 9 Natalie Cole Sheryl Crow Norah Jones Hillary Scott Most Grammys won by a Group ( edit ) U2 holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a group . They have won 22 awards . Rank Artists Awards U2 22 Alison Krauss and Union Station 14 Dixie Chicks 13 Foo Fighters 11 5 Pat Metheny Group 10 6 The Manhattan Transfer 9 The Beatles Emerson String Quartet Asleep At The Wheel 10 Blackwood Brothers 8 Metallica Santana Take 6 14 Coldplay 7 Kentucky Thunder Lady Antebellum Simon & Garfunkel Los Tigres del Norte Most Grammys won by a producer ( edit ) Quincy Jones with 27 awards holds the record for most Grammy Awards won by a producer ( and eleven of those were awarded for production duties . Jones also received Grammys as an arranger and a performing artist ) . Some producers have also won awards as engineers , mixers and / or mastering engineers . Rank Producer Awards Quincy Jones 27 Kanye West 21 David Foster 16 James Mallinson Steven Epstein 15 David Frost 7 Phil Ramone 14 8 T Bone Burnett 13 Robert Woods Jay David Saks 11 Arif Mardin 11 Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer ( edit ) Al Schmitt , with 20 awards , has won more Grammy Awards than any other engineer or mixer . Youngest winners ( edit ) The Peasall Sisters are the youngest Grammy winners , when they were credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? soundtrack , which won Album of the Year in 2002 . LeAnn Rimes is the youngest individual winner . She was 14 years old when she won her first two awards in 1997 . She was also the first Country artist to win the Best New Artist Grammy . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 9 years Hannah Peasall 13 years Sarah Peasall 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 5 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 6 17 years , 81 days Lorde 7 18 years , 105 days Daya 8 18 years , 123 days Monica 9 19 years , 67 days Christina Aguilera 10 19 years , 112 days LaTavia Roberson Youngest artists to win Album of the Year ( edit ) Taylor Swift is the youngest artist to win Album of the Year . She was 20 years old when she won in 2010 for her album Fearless . Rank Age Artist 20 years , 49 days Taylor Swift 21 years , 242 days Alanis Morissette 22 years , 18 days Barbra Streisand 23 years , 274 days Lauryn Hill 5 23 years , 283 days Adele 6 23 years , 293 days Stevie Wonder 7 23 years , 330 days Norah Jones Eldest winners ( edit ) Pinetop Perkins is the eldest person to win a Grammy . In 2011 he was awarded Best Traditional Blues Album for Joined At The Hip at 97 years of age . Rank Age Artist 97 years , 221 days Pinetop Perkins 95 years , 31 days George Burns 91 years , 137 days Jimmy Carter 90 years , 52 days Elizabeth Cotten 5 90 years , 26 days Betty White Note : Sources vary on the birth year of Elizabeth Cotten , with some stating it as 1893 , while others say 1895 . The above information credits it as 1895 . With either year , Cotten is the oldest female Grammy winner . Most honoured albums ( edit ) Santana 's Supernatural and U2 's How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb hold the record for most honoured album having won nine awards . Supernatural won nine awards in 2000 and How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb won three awards in 2005 and won a further six in 2006 giving it a total of nine awards . Rank Albums and artists Awards How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 9 Supernatural -- Santana Come Away With Me -- Norah Jones 8 Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles Thriller -- Michael Jackson 6 All That You Ca n't Leave Behind -- U2 7 Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones 8 21 -- Adele 6 Back To Black -- Amy Winehouse The Blueprint 3 -- Jay Z Bridge Over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss The Return of Roger Miller -- Roger Miller Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks To Pimp a Butterfly -- Kendrick Lamar Toto IV -- Toto Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole Unplugged -- Eric Clapton Most Album of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most Album of the Year wins is three . Three recording artists , four record producers , two mastering engineers and one engineer / mixer have won the award three times . Frank Sinatra , artist -- Come Dance with Me ! ( 1960 ) , September of My Years ( 1966 ) , A Man and His Music ( 1967 ) Stevie Wonder , artist -- Innervisions ( 1974 ) , Fulfillingness ' First Finale ( 1975 ) , Songs in the Key of Life ( 1977 ) Paul Simon , artist -- Bridge over Troubled Water ( 1971 ) , Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , Graceland ( 1987 ) David Foster , producer -- Unforgettable ... with Love ( 1992 ) , The Bodyguard : Original Soundtrack Album ( 1994 ) , Falling into You ( 1997 ) Phil Ramone , producer -- Still Crazy After All These Years ( 1976 ) , 52nd Street ( 1980 ) , Genius Loves Company ( 2005 ) Daniel Lanois , producer -- The Joshua Tree ( 1988 ) , Time Out of Mind ( 1998 ) , How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb ( 2006 ) Bob Ludwig , mastering engineer -- Babel ( 2013 ) , Random Access Memories ( 2014 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) Tom Coyne , mastering engineer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , Morning Phase ( 2015 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Ryan Tedder , producer -- 21 ( 2012 ) , 1989 ( 2016 ) , 25 ( 2017 ) Most record of the Year wins ( edit ) The record for most wins , three each , is shared by : Paul Simon , artist Tom Elmhirst , engineer / mixer Tom Coyne , mastering engineer Most Grammys won for consecutive albums ( edit ) Pat Metheny and his band the Pat Metheny Group have won 20 Grammy Awards in total , including seven consecutive awards for seven consecutive albums . Metheny held the record for Grammy wins in the most different categories as of the 2005 Grammy Awards : Best Jazz Fusion Performance ( 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1988 , 1990 ) Best Instrumental Composition ( 1991 ) Best Contemporary Jazz Performance / Album ( 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Performance , Individual or Group ( 1998 , 2000 , 2013 ) Best Rock Instrumental Performance ( 1999 ) Best Jazz Instrumental Solo ( 2001 ) Best New Age Album ( 2004 , 2012 ) Most consecutive Grammys won for the same category ( edit ) Aretha Franklin holds the record for winning the most consecutive Grammys in the same category . She won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance every year from 1968 to 1975 , for an eight - year winning streak . She also won in this category in 1982 , 1986 , and 1988 , giving her 11 wins in the category . After Franklin , Jimmy Sturr , Bill Cosby and John Williams are tied for second place for consecutive Grammy wins in the same category : Sturr won six years in a row between 1987 and 1992 for Best Polka Album . He also won for three runs of four consecutive years ( 1996 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2004 , and 2006 -- 2009 . ) He won 18 out of the 24 Best Polka Album Grammys that were awarded since that category was added in 1985 . The award was discontinued in 2009 . Cosby won six years in a row between 1965 and 1970 for Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album . Williams won six years in a row between 1978 and 1983 for Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media . Lenny Kravitz won the Best Male Rock Vocal Performance award four years in a row ( 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 ) . Artists who have won all four general field awards ( edit ) There have been only two artists who have won all four General Field awards . In 1981 , Christopher Cross won Record , Album and Song of the Year as well as Best New Artist . Adele is the second artist to win all four , and the first female to do so . In 2009 , she won Best New Artist and in 2012 and 2017 , she won Record , Album and Song of the Year . Single ceremony ( edit ) Most Grammys won in one night ( edit ) The Record for Most Grammys won in one night is eight . Michael Jackson won eight in 1984 and Santana tied Jackson 's record in 2000 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Santana ( 2000 ) Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Toto ( 1983 ) Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Beyoncé ( 2010 ) Adele ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a male artist in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson won eight awards in 1984 . Rank Artist ( s ) Awards Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) 8 Roger Miller ( 1966 ) 6 Quincy Jones ( 1991 ) Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) Most Grammys won by a female artist in one night ( edit ) The record most Grammys won by a female artist in one night is six . Beyoncé and Adele each won six in 2010 and 2012 , respectively . Rank Artist Awards Beyoncé ( 2010 ) 6 Adele ( 2012 ) Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) 5 Alicia Keys ( 2002 ) Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Beyoncé ( 2004 ) Amy Winehouse ( 2008 ) Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Adele ( 2017 ) Most Grammys won by a Group in one night ( edit ) In 2000 , Santana was awarded a total of 8 awards . They won the awards for Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group With Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Rank Artists Awards Santana ( 2000 ) 8 Toto ( 1983 ) 6 Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) 5 U2 ( 2006 ) Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) Lady Antebellum ( 2011 ) Foo Fighters ( 2012 ) Most Grammys won by a record producer in one night ( edit ) The record for most awards won by a producer in one night is five . Rick Rubin won five awards in 2007 including Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Best Country Album for the Dixie Chicks , Best Rock Album for the Red Hot Chili Peppers as well as Producer of the Year , Non Classical . Most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night ( edit ) The most Grammys won by an engineer or mixer in one night is six . At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards in 2017 , Tom Elmhirst won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Best Pop Vocal Album , Best Engineered Album Non Classical , Best Alternative Music Album and Best Rock Album for his work on Adele 's ' 25 ' , David Bowie 's ' Blackstar ' and Cage The Elephant 's ' Tell Me I 'm Pretty ' . Artist who has won all four general field awards at a single ceremony ( edit ) Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) received all four General Field awards in one night . Cross won the Record of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , Album of the Year ( `` Christopher Cross '' ) , Song of the Year ( `` Sailing '' ) , and Best New Artist Grammys in a single ceremony . Artists who have won record , Album and Song of the Year in one night ( edit ) The three biggest Grammy Awards are Record of the Year , Album of the Year and Song of the Year . Six artists have won all three in one night . Adele is the only artist in Grammy history to accomplish this twice . Year Artist 1971 Paul Simon 1972 Carole King 1981 Christopher Cross 1993 Eric Clapton 2007 Dixie Chicks 2012 Adele 2017 Most Grammys won by an Album in one night ( edit ) The most awards awarded to an album in one night is nine . In 2000 Santana 's Supernatural was awarded nine awards . It won Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year , Best Pop Performance by a duo or Group With Vocals , Best Pop Collaboration with vocals , Best Pop Instrumental Performance , Best Rock Performance by a Duo or group with Vocals , Best Rock Instrumental Performance and Best Rock Album . Most posthumous Grammys won in one night ( edit ) Ray Charles holds the record for most posthumous awards won in one night . He was awarded five Grammy Awards in 2005 including Album of the Year . Nominations ( edit ) Most Grammy nominations ( edit ) Quincy Jones holds the record for the most Grammy nominations with 79 . Rank Artist Nominations Quincy Jones 79 Paul McCartney 78 Georg Solti 74 Stevie Wonder Jay Z 6 Henry Mancini 72 7 Kanye West 68 8 Pierre Boulez 67 John Williams 10 Chick Corea 64 11 Leonard Bernstein 63 Beyoncé 13 Jay David Saks 53 14 Thomas Z . Shepard 50 Bruce Springsteen 16 Willie Nelson 49 James Mallinson Babyface Most nominations in one night ( edit ) Michael Jackson holds the record for most Grammy nominations in one night with 12 nominations . Rank Artist Nominations Year Michael Jackson 12 1984 Kendrick Lamar 11 2016 Lauryn Hill 10 1999 Kanye West 2005 Beyoncé Eminem 2011 7 Roger Miller 9 1966 Paul McCartney 1966 The Manhattan Transfer 1986 Jay Z 2014 Beyoncé 2017 Most nominations without winning ( edit ) The record for most Grammy nominations without a win is 20 , held by Morten Lindberg . Rank Artist Nominations Morten Lindberg 20 Snoop Dogg 17 Brian McKnight Joe Satriani 15 5 Toshiko Akiyoshi 14 Martina McBride Dierks Bentley Björk 9 Katy Perry 13 Nas Spyro Gyra 12 Diana Ross 12 Busta Rhymes Lenny Gomulka Peter Kater 16 Musiq Soulchild 11 Connie Smith Vanessa L. Williams Jazmine Sullivan R. Carlos Nakai Alan Parsons Elly Ameling Most nominations in one night without winning ( edit ) Rank Artist Nominations Paul McCartney ( 1966 ) 9 Kanye West ( 2017 ) 8 Rihanna ( 2017 ) Stevie Wonder ( 1983 ) 7 India. Arie ( 2002 ) Kendrick Lamar ( 2014 ) 7 Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) 6 Mariah Carey ( 1996 ) 50 Cent ( 2006 ) Bruno Mars ( 2012 ) 11 Robert M. Jones ( 1961 ) 5 Elvis Presley ( 1961 ) Frank Sinatra ( 1961 ) James Taylor ( 1971 ) Eugene Ormandy ( 1971 ) Sting ( 1986 ) Joan Osborne ( 1996 ) Avril Lavigne ( 2003 ) 50 Cent ( 2004 ) Alicia Keys ( 2006 ) Gwen Stefani ( 2006 ) Prince ( 2007 ) James Blunt ( 2007 ) Jazmine Sullivan ( 2009 ) B.o.B ( 2011 ) Lil Wayne ( 2012 ) Drake ( 2014 , 2016 ) Grammy nominations in the most categories ( edit ) Bob Dylan has been nominated in more categories than any other musician . He has been nominated in 12 different categories . These were in folk , spoken word , country , general , gospel , historical , rock , music video , visual media , pop , american roots , and traditional . He is followed by Sir Paul McCartney who has received nominations in the general field , pop , arrangement , rock , visual media , music video , spoken word , historical , alternative music and rap . Béla Fleck is the artist with the third most nominations among categories . He has been nominated in the country , pop , jazz , bluegrass , world music , classical , folk , and spoken word , as well as composition and arranging categories . Jack White is the artist with the fourth most nominations among categories . He has been nominated in the rock , general field , alternative , country , pop , package , music video , american roots and production , non-classical categories . Mark Knopfler is the artist with the fifth most nominations among categories . Knopfler has been nominated in the rock , general field , country , music video , music for visual media , surround sound , american roots and production , non-classical categories . Artists who had been nominated for all four general field awards in one night ( edit ) Only ten artists have been nominated for all four General Field awards in one night . Year Artist 1968 Bobbie Gentry 1980 Christopher Cross 1985 Cyndi Lauper 1989 Tracy Chapman 1991 Mariah Carey 1998 Paula Cole 2002 India. Arie 2008 Amy Winehouse 2013 Fun . 2015 Sam Smith Youngest nominees ( edit ) Leah Peasall of the Peasall sisters is the youngest ever Grammy nominee ( and winner ) as one of the credited artists on the O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ( soundtrack ) in 2002 . Deleon Richards is the youngest performer to receive an individual nomination , for Best Soul / Gospel performance . Rank Age Artist 7 years Leah Peasall 8 years , 161 days Deleon Richards 9 years Hannah Peasall 12 years , 126 days Zac Hanson 5 12 years , 155 days Joey Alexander 6 12 years , 199 days Michael Jackson 7 12 years , 273 days Billy Gilman 8 13 years Sarah Peasall 9 14 years , 45 days Chris `` Daddy Mac '' Smith 10 14 years , 182 days LeAnn Rimes 11 14 years , 197 days Chris `` Mac Daddy '' Kelly 12 14 years , 313 days Luis Miguel 13 14 years , 348 days Taylor Hanson See also ( edit ) Latin Grammy Award records List of Academy Award records List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Includes 14 awards as part of Union Station Jump up ^ Includes 3 awards as part of Destiny 's Child Jump up ^ Includes 7 awards as part of Lady Antebellum Jump up ^ Includes 41 nominations as part of The Beatles Jump up ^ Includes 13 nominations as part of Destiny 's Child References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Georg Solti - Biography '' . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHO ARE THE TOP GRAMMY WINNERS OF ALL TIME ? '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U2 dominates Grammy night '' , CBC News , February 9 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past winners search 2001 '' . Grammy.Com . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jazz Legends Pat Metheny Group Improvise on Austin City Limits : : eJazzNews.com : The Number One Jazz News Resource On The Net : : Jazz News Daily Jump up ^ 2003 Grammy Awards Jump up ^ `` A Virtual College of Grammy Knowledge '' , by Wook Kim , Entertainment Weekly , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 NEA Jazz Master : Quincy Jones '' , National Endowment for the Arts , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Artist With The Most Grammy Nominations for 2017 '' . Billboard . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grammy Awards . Official Grammy Awards website ( hide ) Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 2017 2018 Related Grammy Museum Grammy Award Record of the Year Song of the Year Album of the Year Best New Artist The Recording Academy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grammy_Award_records&oldid=815406975 '' Categories : Grammy Awards Records Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Polski Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 17 : 17 . 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who has the most grammys of all time
[ "The record for the most Grammy Awards won in a lifetime is held by Sir Georg Solti, a Hungarian-British conductor who conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for twenty-two years. He has won a total of 31 competitive Grammy Awards out of 74 nominations and was awarded a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1996.[1][2]" ]
[ "Sir Georg Solti" ]
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Forgot About Dre
Forgot About Dre - wikipedia Forgot About Dre Jump to : navigation , search `` Forgot About Dre '' Single by Dr. Dre featuring Eminem from the album 2001 B - side `` Still D.R.E '' Released January 29 , 2000 Format CD Recorded 1999 Genre Hardcore hip hop gangsta rap Length 3 : 42 Label Aftermath Interscope Songwriter ( s ) André Young Melvin Bradford Marshall Mathers Producer ( s ) Dr. Dre Mel - Man Dr. Dre singles chronology `` Still D.R.E. '' ( 1999 ) `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) `` The Next Episode '' ( 2000 ) `` Still D.R.E. '' ( 1999 ) `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) `` The Next Episode '' ( 2000 ) Eminem singles chronology `` Dead Wrong '' ( 1999 ) Dead Wrong 1999 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( 2000 ) Forgot About Dre2000 `` The Real Slim Shady '' ( 2000 ) The Real Slim Shady 2000 Audio sample file help `` Forgot About Dre '' is a Grammy Award - winning single from rapper Dr. Dre 's 2001 , featuring vocals from rapper Eminem . The track reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 , No. 14 on the U.S. R&B chart , No. 32 on the U.S. Pop chart , and No. 7 on the UK Singles Chart . Released as the album 's second single on January 29 , 2000 , like `` Still D.R.E. '' , the song addresses Dre 's critics in a defiant manner , as Dre announces his return to the hip - hop scene and reminds listeners of his significant influence on the genre . `` Forgot About Dre '' won Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2001 Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Music video 3 Critical reception 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Peak positions 5.2 End of year charts 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song is considered to be a response to diss tracks made by Death Row artists on Suge Knight Represents : Chronic 2000 , a compilation released by Suge Knight which takes its title from Dre 's 1992 album The Chronic . The line `` Who you think brought you the oldies , Eazy - E 's , Ice Cube 's , and D.O.C. 's , the Snoop D.O. Double G 's , and the group that said ' Motherfuck the police ' ? '' outlines Dre 's importance in the rap world , the theme of the song . Eminem 's verse features the bizarre violence and aggression typical of his `` Slim Shady '' alter ego . Music video ( edit ) In the music video , a few explicit lines in Eminem 's verse are replaced with a skit in which Eminem is answering reporter Jane Yamamoto 's questions about a fire he and Dre had started . It also features Hittman , who was not in the song . This video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rap Video in 2000 . Critical reception ( edit ) Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic marked it as a stand - out track praising Eminem 's unpredictability . NME described this song : `` In case folks been smoking too much heavy ' chronic ' lately , West Coast rap founder and scary legend Andre Young , aka Dr Dre , jogs their memories on ' Forgot About Dre ' . `` Who you think brought you the OGs , Eazy Es , Ice Cubes and DOCs , the Snoop - D-O-G - Gs and the group that said motherfuck the police ? '' yammers the one - time NWA lynchpin , ex Death Row playa , inventor of - G - Funk and occasional breaker of rival producers ' jaws . Yo , indeed , big bad Dre 's back and , despite a four - year gap since his last hardcore missive , the Doc 's recent collaboration with Eminem on ' The Slim Shady LP ' has kept his legend simmering . '' Chris Massey of PopMatters praised : `` ( ... ) it 's the frantic rap of Eminem that truly stands out , perhaps only because he 's the freshest voice on board . '' Greg Tate of SPIN magazine noted that Dr. Dre uses this song to make sure all recognize his `` majesty '' with Eminem standing by him like a cartoon pitbull . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single # 1 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Video Version ) - 3 : 42 `` Still D.R.E. '' ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) - 4 : 34 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Explicit Music Video ) - 3 : 45 UK CD single # 2 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Clean Version ) - 3 : 42 `` Still D.R.E. '' ( Clean Version ) ( featuring Snoop Dogg ) - 4 : 34 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Clean Music Video ) - 3 : 45 12 '' vinyl `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Director 's Cut Video Version ) - 4 : 28 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( A cappella version ) - 3 : 36 `` Forgot About Dre '' ( Instrumental ) - 3 : 42 `` The Next Episode '' ( Instrumental ) - 2 : 41 Charts ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 ) Peak position Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 20 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 19 New Zealand ( RIANZ ) 26 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 37 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 25 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 32 US Rhythmic Top 40 ( Billboard ) End of year charts ( edit ) End of year chart ( 2000 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 73 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Forgot About Dre : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy awards winners list 2001 '' . Grammy.com . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre lyrics '' . All Music . Jump up ^ DrDreVEVO ( 2010 - 07 - 19 ) , Eminem , Dr. Dre - Forgot About Dre ( Explicit ) ft . Hittman , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine ( 1999 - 11 - 16 ) . `` 2001 - Dr. Dre Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` NME Album Reviews - 2001 '' . Nme.Com. 1999 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Massey , Chris . `` Dr. Dre : 2001 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ SPIN - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Forgot About Dre ( CD 2 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Music '' . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Dr. Dre - Forgot About Dre ( Vinyl ) at Discogs Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem , Forgot About Dre '' ( in German ) . charts.de . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Discography Eminem '' . irish-charts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 21 , 2000 '' . top40.nl . Dutch Top 40 . Archived from the original ( in Dutch ) on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' . charts.org.nz . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' . swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre feat . Eminem - Forgot About Dre '' ( in German ) . hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr Dre '' ( select `` View Singles '' tab ) . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Dre Album & Song Chart History : Rhythmic Top 40 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Forgot About Dre ( explicit version ) '' Official music video on YouTube `` Forgot About Dre ( edited version ) '' Official music video on YouTube Awards and achievements Preceded by You Got Me Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group 2001 Succeeded by Ms. Jackson Dr. Dre songs Discography Production discography The Chronic `` Fuck wit Dre Day '' `` Let Me Ride '' `` Nuthin ' but a ' G ' Thang '' `` Bitches Ai n't Shit '' 2001 `` The Watcher '' `` Still D.R.E. '' `` Xxplosive '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Next Episode '' Compton `` Talk About It '' `` Medicine Man '' `` Talking to My Diary '' Collaborations `` We Want Eazy '' `` U Better Recognize '' `` California Love '' `` No Diggity '' `` Ghetto Fabulous '' `` Guilty Conscience '' `` Hello '' `` Just Be a Man About It '' `` The Knoc '' `` Symphony in X Major '' `` Encore '' `` Crack a Bottle '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` The Recipe '' `` New Day '' `` Stronger '' Other singles `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' `` Deep Cover '' `` Natural Born Killaz '' `` Keep Their Heads Ringin ' '' `` Been There , Done That '' `` Zoom '' `` Bad Intentions '' `` The Wash '' `` Kush '' `` I Need a Doctor '' Other songs `` Put It on Me '' `` Just Dippin ' '' `` Imagine '' `` Under Pressure '' `` 3 Kings '' Eminem songs Discography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Role Model '' `` Guilty Conscience '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` The Way I Am '' `` Stan '' The Eminem Show `` Without Me '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Superman '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Business '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Just Lose It '' `` Mosh '' `` Encore '' `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Ass Like That '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` When I 'm Gone '' `` Shake That '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` Crack a Bottle '' `` We Made You '' `` 3 a.m. '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Not Afraid '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Berzerk '' `` Survival '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` Headlights '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Phenomenal '' `` Kings Never Die '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' Other songs `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Kim '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` White America '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' `` The Warning '' `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Legacy '' `` So Far ... '' `` Campaign Speech '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forgot_About_Dre&oldid=821415282 '' Categories : 2000 singles Aftermath Entertainment singles Dr. Dre songs Eminem songs Hardcore hip hop songs Horrorcore songs Interscope Records singles Song recordings produced by Dr. Dre Songs written by Dr. Dre Songs written by Eminem Gangsta rap songs 1999 songs Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Polski Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 09 : 44 . About Wikipedia
who wrote dr dre verse on forgot about dre
[ "The song is considered to be a response to diss tracks made by Death Row artists on Suge Knight Represents: Chronic 2000, a compilation released by Suge Knight which takes its title from Dre's 1992 album The Chronic. The line \"Who you think brought you the oldies, Eazy-E's, Ice Cube's, and D.O.C.'s, the Snoop D.O. Double G's, and the group that said 'Motherfuck the police'?\" outlines Dre's importance in the rap world, the theme of the song. Eminem's verse features the bizarre violence and aggression typical of his \"Slim Shady\" alter ego.[3]" ]
[ "Eminem" ]
3179882796981281537
Elsa (Disney)
Elsa ( Disney ) - Wikipedia Elsa ( Disney ) Jump to : navigation , search Elsa Frozen character First appearance Frozen ( 2013 ) Created by Chris Buck Jennifer Lee Voiced by Idina Menzel Eva Bella ( 8 years old ) Spencer Lacey Ganus ( 12 years old ) Information Title Queen of Arendelle Princess of Arendelle Family The King and Queen of Arendelle ( parents ) Princess Anna of Arendelle ( younger sister ) Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 53rd animated film Frozen . She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel . At the beginning of the film , she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager . Created by directors Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee , Elsa is loosely based on the title character of `` The Snow Queen '' , a Danish fairytale by Hans Christian Andersen . In the Disney film adaptation , she is introduced as the princess of the fictional Scandinavian kingdom of Arendelle , heiress to the throne and the elder sister of Princess Anna ( Kristen Bell ) . Elsa has the magical ability to create and manipulate ice and snow . She inadvertently sends Arendelle into an eternal winter on the evening of her coronation . Throughout the film , she struggles first with controlling and concealing her abilities and then with liberating herself from her fears of unintentionally harming others , especially her younger sister . The Snow Queen character , neutral but cold - hearted in the original fairytale and villain in numerous adaptations of the character , proved difficult to adapt to film due to her transparent depiction . Several film executives , including Walt Disney , attempted to build on the character , and a number of scheduled film adaptions were shelved when they could not work out the character . Buck and his co-director , Jennifer Lee , were ultimately able to solve the dilemma by depicting Elsa and Anna as sisters . As much as Anna 's struggle is external , Elsa 's is internal . This led to Elsa being gradually rewritten as a sympathetic , misunderstood character . Elsa has received largely positive reception from reviewers , who praised her complex characterization and vulnerability . Menzel was also widely praised for her vocal performance of Elsa , especially that of her performance of the song `` Let It Go '' , with critics frequently calling her a `` powerhouse '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins and concept 1.2 Voice 1.2. 1 Other voices 1.3 Design and characterization 1.3. 1 Abilities 2 Appearances 2.1 Frozen 2.2 Frozen Fever 2.3 Once Upon a Time 2.4 Olaf 's Frozen Adventure 2.5 Miscellaneous 2.5. 1 Merchandise 2.5. 2 Theme parks 2.5. 3 Cosplay 2.5. 4 Broadway musical 3 Reception 3.1 Critical reviews 3.1. 1 `` Let It Go '' 3.2 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Development ( edit ) Origins and concept ( edit ) An illustration of the Snow Queen , the character Elsa is based upon . Attempts were made as early as 1937 by Walt Disney to adapt Hans Christian Andersen 's fairy tale , `` The Snow Queen '' , into a film . The tale focuses on two children , one named Gerda , who served as the basis for Princess Anna , and the other named Kai , who is `` cursed with negativity '' after his heart is pierced with a shard of glass from an enchanted mirror and is later kidnapped by the Snow Queen . However , Disney struggled with creating a believable , multi-dimensional adaption of the fairy tale 's title character , who was intended to be a villain . In the story , she is described as `` a woman , dressed in garments of white gauze , which looked like millions of starry snow - flakes linked together . She was fair and beautiful , but made of ice -- shining and glittering ice . Still she was alive and her eyes sparkled like bright stars , but there was neither peace nor rest in their glance . '' Disney was unable to find a way to make the Snow Queen more real and eventually abandoned film plans . Several film executives later made efforts towards the project , including Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi , Dick Zondag , Glen Keane , and Dave Goetz . In 2011 , director Chris Buck began work on another attempted adaption and also faced challenges with the Snow Queen character . Producer Peter Del Vecho explained that this was primarily because she was not relatable and too isolated , having no personal connections . As a result , they could not explain her motivations . After several changes were proposed , someone on the writing team suggested making the Snow Queen Anna 's sister . `` Once we realized that these characters could be siblings and have a relationship , everything changed , '' Del Vecho relayed . The Snow Queen , now given the name Elsa , continued to be cast as a villain , and Disney released the following synopsis for Frozen in May 2013 : When Anna is cursed by her estranged sister , the cold - hearted Snow Queen , Anna 's only hope of reversing the curse is to survive a perilous but thrilling journey across an icy and unforgiving landscape . Joined by a rugged , thrill - seeking outdoorsman , his one - antlered reindeer and a hapless snowman , Anna must race against time , conquer the elements and battle an army of menacing snowmen if she ever hopes to melt her frozen heart . Earlier manuscripts included more antagonistic actions by Elsa , such as intentionally cursing Arendelle with an eternal winter . Additionally , she is shown creating an army of snowmen similar to the original Snow Queen 's army of snowflakes ; the comedic character of Olaf was at the time written as a smaller snowman who was cast out by Elsa for being too unintimidating . Within two months , however , scripts were altered to give emphasis to her lack of control over her powers . Olaf was reduced to the only snowman created by Elsa , and he instead serves as a reminder of the sisters ' childhood friendship . In the final version , Elsa creates a single giant snow creature that Olaf nicknames `` Marshmallow '' to act as a guard after being branded as a monster for her powers . According to director Jennifer Lee , the character ultimately became more of a composite of both Kai and the Snow Queen , enhancing her increasingly sympathetic portrayal . Del Vecho added , `` There are times when Elsa does villainous things but because you understand where it comes from , from this desire to defend herself , you can always relate to her . '' Voice ( edit ) Idina Menzel provided both the singing and speaking voice of Elsa . Eva Bella and Spencer Lacey Ganus were cast to portray Elsa as a young child and as a teenager , respectively . Actress and singer Megan Mullally was originally cast to voice an adult Elsa . but was replaced by Idina Menzel , a Broadway actress and singer best known for performing as Elphaba in Wicked . Menzel already knew Kristen Bell , who voiced Anna , and had previously auditioned for a lead role in the 2010 Disney film Tangled . She was not cast for the part , but the casting director recorded her singing and later showed the recording to Frozen 's film executives . Menzel was surprised when she was subsequently asked to audition , and she received the role after reading the script out loud . In interviews , she acknowledged similarities between Elsa , her then - current role , and Elphaba , her previous role . Namely , she said , they were both very powerful and very misunderstood individuals . She further said that she related to the characters , having hidden her singing talent from her peers at school . `` I did n't want to alienate anyone , '' she explained . `` If everyone was singing along in the car to a Madonna song , I did n't join in because when we 're younger we 're afraid of sticking out or showing off , when in fact we should own those things that make us really unique . '' Director Chris Buck believed that Menzel 's vocals would help in the portrayal of the character , saying , `` Idina has a sense of vulnerability in her voice . She plays a very strong character , but someone who lives in fear -- so we needed someone who could portray both sides of the character , and Idina was just amazing . '' Menzel was unaccustomed to working with animated films and being required to portray her character 's feelings with her voice alone , though she did not find it particularly challenging . While recording , she was able to `` play '' with her voice , trying various tones to establish the ranges in Elsa 's emotions . For example , Menzel wanted there to be a difference between the ways she sounded when she was being bold and when she was angry . She would also physically restrict her hands from moving as she recorded the film 's early scenes in order to project how her character was `` so afraid to move and feel anything that it would come out and hurt people '' . During production , Menzel and Jonathan Groff , who portrays Kristoff , went to the animation studio to explain to the animators how they were approaching their characters . Animators asked Menzel questions about her singing , observed how she breathed as she sang live , and made videorecordings of her recording sessions ; they then animated Elsa 's breathing to match Menzel 's breathing , for further realism . Her voice supplied inspiration for Elsa 's most prominent song , `` Let It Go '' . According to composer Robert Lopez , Menzel 's vocal range was able to clearly convey Elsa 's `` low , vulnerable , fragile side '' as well as her power and self - realization . Menzel commented that it was `` an honor '' to have the song and that she enjoyed recording it . `` It 's a collision of a bunch of forces that are all coming together in the right way , '' she explained . `` The character , what she is singing and what she is experiencing ; beautiful lyrics , beautiful melody and a little bit of me . '' Buck and Lee were also surprised by how compatible Menzel and Kristen Bell 's voices were . At one point during a table read , they sang a ballad ( later revealed as `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' ) back and forth to one another with so much sentiment that it reportedly left everyone who was present with tears in their eyes . Subsequently , Lee wanted Menzel and Bell to be in the same room when they were recording the important emotional scenes of the film . Other voices ( edit ) All over the world , Elsa was dubbed in 46 languages . Dutch singer and actress Willemijn Verkaik dubbed Elsa in Dutch ( both speaking and singing ) and German ( singing only ) , Spanish singer Gisela sang both for the Castilian Spanish and Catalan versions and French singer Anaïs Delva 's singing lines were also used in the Canadian French version . Both Anaïs Delva ( French ) and Jelena Gavrilović ( Serbian ) had originally auditioned for Anna 's role , but were eventually called back to dub Elsa instead . Just like Idina Menzel , four of Elsa 's dubbers also played the role of Elphaba in the Musical `` Wicked '' , that is : Maria Lucia Rosenberg ( Danish ) , Willemijn Verkaik ( Dutch and German ) , Mona Mor ( Hebrew ) and Hyena Park ( ko ) ( Korean ) . Since 2013 , some local TV stations have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs ( namely : Albanian , Arabic TV , Karachay - Balkar , Persian and Tagalog ) . ( show ) Elsa 's dubbers worldwide Language Dialogues Singing Arabic نسمة محجوب ( Nesma Mahgoub ) Brazilian Portuguese Taryn Szpilman ( pt ) Bulgarian Надежда Панайотова ( Nadezhda Panayotova ) ( bg ) Canadian French Aurélie Morgane Anaïs Delva Cantonese 黃紫嫻 ( `` Wong Ji - Haan '' ; Kitty Wong ) ( zh ) 白 珍寶 ( `` Jan - bo Baak '' ; Jobelle Ubalde ) Castilian Spanish Ana Esther Alborg Gisela Catalan Mar Nicolás Gisela Croatian Kristina Krepela Nataša Mirković Czech Andrea Elsnerová ( cs ; de ) Monika Absolonová Danish Maria Lucia Rosenberg Dutch Willemijn Verkaik English Idina Menzel Estonian Hanna - Liina Võsa ( et ; es ) European French Anaïs Delva European Portuguese Maria Camões ( pt ) Ana Margarida Encarnação Finnish Katja Sirkiä ( fi ) Flemish Elke Buyle German Dina Kürten ( de ) Willemijn Verkaik Greek Σία Κοσκινά ( Sía Koskiná ) ( el ) Hebrew מונה מור ( Mona Mor ) Hindi सुनिधि चौहान ( Sunidhi Chauhan ) Hungarian Réka Farkasházi ( hu ) Nikolett Füredi ( hu ) Icelandic Ágústa Eva Erlendsdóttir Indonesian Lis Kurniasih Mikha Sherly Marpaung Italian Serena Autieri Japanese Takako Matsu Kazakh Айнұр Бермұхамбетова ( Aynur Bermuxambetova ) Korean 안소연 ( Ahn So - Yeon ) ( ko ) 박혜 나 ( Park Hyena ) ( ko ) Latin American Spanish Carmen Sarahí ( es ) Latvian Jolanta Strikaite Lithuanian Girmantė Vaitkutė ( lt ) Malaysian Marsha Milan Londoh Mandarin Chinese ( China ) 周 帅 ( Zhōu Shuài ) 胡 维 纳 ( `` Hú Wéi - Nà '' ; Jalane ) ( cmn ) Mandarin Chinese ( Taiwan ) 刘小芸 ( Liú Xiǎo - Yún ) 林芯儀 ( `` Lín Xīn - Yí '' ; Shennio Lin ) ( cmn ) Norwegian Lisa Stokke Polish Lidia Sadowa ( pl ) Katarzyna Łaska Romanian Adina Lucaciu Dalma Kovács Russian Анна Бутурлина ( Anna Buturlina ) ( ru ) Serbian Jelena Gavrilović Slovak Andrea Somorovská Slovene Alenka Kozolc Gregurić Nuška Drašček Rojko ( sl ) Swedish Annika Herlitz Thai วิ ช ญาณี เปีย กลิ่น ( `` Wichayanee Pia - klin '' ; Gam the Star ) ( th ) Turkish Begüm Günceler Ukrainian Аліна Проценко ( Alina Procenko ) Шаніс ( Shanis ) Vietnamese Đoàn Khánh Ái Dương Hoàng Yến ( vi ; es ) Design and characterization ( edit ) Following the casting of Idina Menzel , Elsa 's characterization underwent several alterations . According to Menzel , she was originally scripted as a one - dimensional antagonist but was gradually revised as a more vulnerable , multifaceted figure . Menzel further described her character as `` extremely complicated and misunderstood '' . Director Jennifer Lee stated that Elsa is largely driven by fear throughout the film , while Menzel added that she was also struggling with her potential to be `` a strong , powerful , extraordinary woman '' . Executive producer and animator John Lasseter became very `` protective of Elsa '' and was adamant about portraying her in a more favorable , sympathetic light . Writer and director Jennifer Lee stated on Twitter that Elsa 's body language and mannerisms were `` intentional to show anxiety and depression '' . In July 2013 , Disney released images of the film 's main characters along with outlines of their roles in the story . Elsa received the following description : From the outside , Elsa looks poised , regal and reserved , but in reality , she lives in fear as she wrestles with a mighty secret -- she was born with the power to create ice and snow . It 's a beautiful ability , but also extremely dangerous . Haunted by the moment her magic nearly killed her younger sister Anna , Elsa has isolated herself , spending every waking minute trying to suppress her growing powers . Her mounting emotions trigger the magic , accidentally setting off an eternal winter that she ca n't stop . She fears she 's becoming a monster and that no one , not even her sister , can help her . Elsa 's supervising animator was Wayne Unten , who asked for that role because he was fascinated by her complexity . Unten carefully developed Elsa 's facial expressions in order to bring out her fear as contrasted against Anna 's fearlessness . For their work on designing and animating Elsa , Unten and three other Disney Animation employees later won an award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards : Joy Johnson , character technical director ( rigging ) ; Alexander Alvarado , look development artist ( Disney 's job title for texture artists ) ; and Chad Stubblefield , modeling supervisor . FX technical director Yoo Jae - hyun worked for a year - and - a-half on creating Elsa 's ice - based special effects , including effects associated with her dress . Producers identified the scene in which Elsa sings `` Let It Go '' as a pivotal point in the character 's development . The scene depicts her choice to `` let go '' of her fear of using her powers . Character design supervisor Bill Schwab said , `` Before ' Let It Go ' , Elsa is really buttoned up , her hair is up -- everything is perfect . During the song , she gives herself permission to be who she is and everything changes -- her hair is more wild , her gown is magical . She 's finally free -- even if she is all alone . '' Animators designed Elsa 's appearance to reflect her metamorphosis ; in the beginning , she is shown primarily in restrictive and confining outfits . Menzel said that , after accepting her abilities , Elsa 's appearance becomes `` very vampy '' , continuing , `` She 's quite sexy for Disney , I have to say -- they 're pushing the limits there a little bit ! But there 's a gleam in her eye and a supermodel walk that goes with it and , for me , it was fun to be a blonde because I 'm not in real life . '' In a January 2014 interview with John August and Aline Brosh McKenna , Lee disclosed that Lasseter personally helped with conceptualizing Elsa 's physical transformation : `` ( M ) y favorite thing about it ... is the actual model for doing it was John Lasseter ... he was a huge help in talking through how we translate that emotional journey ... with the animation ... ( H ) e got up and he 's like , ... ' her hair goes , and she transforms , and she struts , ' and he 's doing it . He 's acting it out . '' `` We imagined what it would be like to be chased out of the kingdom . To have to let go of everything you know and all the people you love . And yet the incredible release you 'd have to finally let go of everything you 've holding back your entire life . '' -- Kristen Anderson - Lopez on writing Elsa 's song , `` Let It Go '' , and the choice to make her a protagonist rather than a villain . The scene was also a pivotal point in the development of Elsa 's character and was initially planned to depict her becoming evil . Robert Lopez , who composed the song with his wife , Kristen Anderson - Lopez , explained , `` Elsa was going to go from being this perfect princess that had tried to keep her personality down her whole life to saying , ' Screw it . I 'm gon na be me . ' '' They had wanted to use the song as a way to gain a better understanding of the character and what she would be like if she was no longer living in fear , which ultimately resulted in her becoming much more complex . The final lyrics and Menzel 's `` ability to be so fragile and vulnerable and then break into this powerhouse voice '' turned the plot around and led to Elsa being revised as a `` good '' character . She initially attempts to suppress her powers in order to avoid hurting others , particularly Anna , and when she is no longer able to do so , she banishes herself from the kingdom to protect those around her . Lead writer Paul Briggs said that Anna 's support is what Elsa needs most when her secret is exposed . `` The strength of the family bond is what makes this story so powerful , '' he explained , `` because it 's her sibling who 's willing to look beyond her powers and stand between her and the world if that 's what it takes . '' Early concept art depicting a darker version of Elsa inspired by Amy Winehouse . Elsa 's appearance had to be redesigned following her transition from antagonist to protagonist . She was originally drawn in a style similar to other Disney villains , with blue skin and spiky black hair . A few months after the film 's release , visual development artist Claire Keane ( the daughter of Disney Legend Glen Keane ) published early concept art of Elsa that was modeled after the singer Amy Winehouse . At the time , she was imagined as having blue `` bouffant '' hair as well as `` a deep , soulful voice and dramatic mood swings '' . Lasseter reportedly influenced the creation of the character 's much softer final appearance , particularly in regards to her very thick platinum blonde hair , which animators found difficult to design . Art director Michael Giaimo said that while a number of strategies were proposed for Elsa 's hair , Lasseter would push the animation team to continue making improvements , saying , `` It 's not aspirational enough . We want people to feel like this hair is a beautiful statement . '' During a research trip , producers found that `` there are lots of braids '' worn by women in Norway ; they then hired a stylist from New York named `` Danilo '' who helped to create a style that would reflect that while still being `` a little different '' . A new animation program called Tonic was invented to assist with the task , and the character 's hair ultimately required 420,000 CGI threads . By contrast , Anna was given roughly 140,000 hairs while Rapunzel from Tangled had only required 27,000 CGI threads for her hair . Abilities ( edit ) Elsa 's ice castle Since Elsa is introduced as a young child at the beginning of the film , animators wanted the first glimpse of her powers to reflect her innocent and fanciful state of mind at the time . This included giving her first snowflakes a simple design . Her snow and ice patterns later become more intricate and complex when she is an adult . Co-effects supervisor Marlon West elaborated , `` When Elsa finally lets go and really starts owning her cryokinetic abilities , we wanted the ice and snow that she make to get across the idea that Elsa has now grown up and become this beautiful , elegant , confident and powerful young woman . '' Her ice castle , which she creates while singing `` Let It Go '' , was designed to illustrate the maturing of her powers as well as to be `` a manifestation of her feelings to the world '' . The palace is initially beautiful ; however , after she is made aware of the destruction she has inadvertently caused , and as she is increasingly vilified and hunted by others , it becomes darker and more distorted , with jagged icicles forming on the walls . The film 's design team was uncertain about how it should look and drew out designs for various ice castles filled with snow . Lasseter suggested basing the structure and patterns on snowflakes . For example , an enormous snowflake would serve as the foundation , and the palace would be hexagon - shaped . Lasseter also wanted snowflake patterns to influence the manner in which Elsa creates the palace . `` Snowflakes are these tiny little ice crystals that form in mid-air . And when there are changes in temperature and humidity , these snowflakes start growing in a pattern that 's known as branching and plating , '' said co-effects supervisor Dale Mayeda . `` ( Lasseter ) said ' You know , when Elsa builds her ice palace , it would be so amazing if -- every step of the way as this castle forms out of thin air -- it 's just branching and plating , branching and plating all along the way . '' Fifty animators worked on the scene in which the castle is built , and one frame required 30 hours to render . They later extended similar techniques to Elsa 's clothing . While the traditional Norwegian rosemaling was the inspiration for her costuming early in the film , her ice gown was designed similarly to her palace , with snowflakes heavily influencing the style . Her cape itself is a large snowflake . Appearances ( edit ) Frozen ( edit ) Main article : Frozen ( 2013 film ) Elsa , princess of Arendelle and heiress to the throne , is born with the ability to create and control ice and snow . As a child , she uses her abilities to create a winter wonderland to play in with her younger sister and best friend , Princess Anna . One night , Elsa accidentally harms Anna with her powers . The king and queen of Arendelle hurriedly take Anna to a tribe of mountain trolls to be healed . While healing Anna , the trolls inform the royals present that Elsa 's abilities will grow , becoming both beautiful and very dangerous so she must learn to control them . While the trolls erase Anna 's memory of the incident and of her elder sister 's powers in general , Elsa is traumatized by the event . The king and queen take steps to control and hide Elsa 's ice powers : the castle gates are locked , Elsa is shut away in her bedroom for most of the time , she is given gloves to help suppress her powers and is told to hold in her emotions as well . Nonetheless her powers continue to grow even stronger and so she becomes fearful of harming those she cares about most . Meanwhile , her sister Anna is less happy and confused by the loss of contact with her elder sister and tries , without success , to coax her out of her room . When the sisters grow into teenagers , the ship in which the king and queen are sailing is capsized in a storm and they drown , leaving Anna and Elsa feeling even more lonely . Three years pass , and Elsa , now of age , is set to formally succeed her father as the monarch of Arendelle . Though she is afraid of opening the castle to the large crowds , her coronation goes on relatively peacefully . However , at the reception party , Anna asks for Elsa 's blessing to marry Prince Hans of the Southern Isles , whom Anna had met earlier that day . Elsa refuses to bless Hans 's offer to marry Anna ; he is someone she barely knows , prompting an argument between the two . Being so upset Elsa accidentally reveals her power . Upon the guests ' and her subjects ' horror and being accused of sorcery and called a monster , Elsa flees the castle and retreats into the icy mountains . In the process , her emotions unleash an `` eternal '' winter throughout Arendelle . While there , she decides to embrace , finally , all her powers and builds an enormous ice palace where she believes she can live freely without fear of hurting people . She also rebuilds her childhood snowman , Olaf , and unknowingly brings him to life . Anna , determined to find Elsa and bring her back , travels through the mountains , encountering Olaf and a mountain man named Kristoff . They reach the ice palace , where Anna attempts to persuade Elsa to return home and mend their relationship . When Elsa ultimately resists ( due to her memory of hurting Anna as a child with her powers resurfacing ) Anna tells her about the state that Arendelle and all its people was left in . Horrified , Elsa lashes out and accidentally freezes Anna 's heart . Now even more horrified at the prospect of hurting her sister and people with her powers , Elsa forces Anna , Kristoff and Olaf out by creating a gigantic snow creature ( called Marshmallow by Olaf ) , that is a symbol of her desire to be alone so as to be able to use her powers without hurting anyone . After this , her ice castle evidently becomes darker and more grotesque , reflecting her torment and re-ignited fears . Meanwhile , Anna becomes weaker day by day and Kristoff takes her back to the trolls , who tell them that only an `` act of true love '' can save her life . Hans and a group of soldiers attack the now ugly ice palace . Elsa seizes two soldiers who attempt to assassinate her . Hans convinces her to spare them to prove that she is not a monster . However , she is knocked unconscious and taken to her castle 's dungeon . Hans visits her and urges her to end the winter ; Elsa admits that she has no idea how to do so . After he leaves , she is able to break free from the chains by freezing them and escapes the cell , though her fears trigger a massive blizzard . Anna returns to the castle , believing that a romantic kiss from Hans will be the `` act of true love '' to save her . Instead , he informs her that his offer of marriage ( engagement ) had been the first step of a plot to get him the throne of Arendelle . Olaf tells Anna that Kristoff is in love with her and she believes that his kiss will cure her . They rush to find Kristoff . Hans confronts Elsa and tells her that she has killed Anna . Devastated , Elsa collapses and the blizzard stops suddenly . Hans approaches her and swings his sword to kill her , but Anna turns away from an approaching Kristoff with her last bit of strength and blocks Hans ' attack as she freezes solid . Moments later , Anna begins to thaw , as her choice to save her sister rather than herself constituted the necessary `` act of true love '' . Elsa realizes that love is the key to controlling her powers and is able to end the kingdom 's eternal winter . Summer returns to Arendelle , Elsa regains the throne and is able to use and safely control her powers , while the sisters ' bond is restored . She exiles Hans back to the Southern Isles to face punishment from his family and cuts off trade with the Duke of Weselton 's town for his earlier behavior towards her . Frozen fever ( edit ) Main article : Frozen Fever Nearly a year after the events of the first film , Elsa tries to make Anna 's 19th birthday as perfect as possible a way of making up for the years they spent apart . To do so , she works heavily with Kristoff , Sven and Olaf to make this a reality . Upon making sure that her surprise party in the palace courtyard is ready , she leaves Kristoff in charge while she goes to get Anna . However , Elsa starts to come down with a cold as she leads Anna on a treasure hunt to find all the gifts that have been made for her . Without realizing it , each sneeze she makes creates small snowmen called `` snowgies '' , which create trouble for Kristoff , Sven and Olaf . As Anna notices Elsa 's cold getting worse , she tries in vain to get Elsa to stop exerting herself , even taking medicine from Oaken in case Elsa gets sicker . Unfortunately , Elsa 's cold cause her to become very tired and behave in a seemingly intoxicated - like manner , and she nearly falls from Arendelle 's clock tower only for Anna to save her . Upon finally admitting to Anna that she is indeed sick after the previous incident , she allows Anna to escort her home feeling she has ruined everything , and finds that the party has gone off successfully for Anna ( as well as discovering her snowgie creations ) , and still slightly intoxicated , she ends the party by accidentally sneezing into the birthday bugle horn , which inadvertently sends a gigantic snowball all the way to the Southern Isles and hits the now - demoted Hans , causing him to fall into a pile of horse manure . Afterwards , Anna tells a now bed - ridden Elsa that she has given her the best birthday ever by letting her take care of her . Once Upon a time ( edit ) Elsa Once Upon a Time character First appearance `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( 3.22 ) Last appearance `` Heroes and Villains '' ( 4.11 ) Created by Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Portrayed by Georgina Haig Information Occupation Queen of Arendelle Family Queen Gerda and King of Arendelle ( deecased parents ) Anna ( younger sister ) Ingrid and Helga ( maternal aunts ) Kristoff ( brother - in - law ) Centric episodes `` There 's No Place Like Home '' ( cameo ) `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' `` White Out '' `` Rocky Road '' `` The Apprentice '' `` Breaking Glass '' `` Family Business '' `` The Snow Queen '' `` Smash the Mirror '' `` Fall '' `` Shattered Sight '' `` Heroes and Villains '' Elsa appears as a recurring character in the fourth season of the television series Once Upon a Time , where she is portrayed by Georgina Haig . At the end of the show 's third season finale , `` There 's No Place Like Home '' , Emma Swan ( Snow White and Prince Charming 's daughter ) and Captain Hook accidentally bring back an urn from Rumplestiltskin 's vault after their excursion into the past . The urn releases a blue liquid that coalesces into Elsa . She takes off her glove and destroys the urn with an icy blast . She strides out of the barn , leaving a trail of frozen ground . In the fourth - season premiere , `` A Tale of Two Sisters , '' Elsa 's story is shown in the present day as well as flashbacks taking place two years after the events of the film . In the past , she discovers that her and Anna 's parents set off not on a diplomatic mission , but on a journey to Misthaven -- the `` Enchanted Forest '' where most of Storybrooke 's fairy - tale residents came from -- to discover more about Elsa 's powers , with Anna 's travelling to Misthaven to find out more about her parents ' voyage . In the present , Elsa is frightened by her sudden exposure into the town of modern - day Storybrooke and re-conjures Marshmallow for protection . Marshmallow is defeated by Regina Mills ( the Evil Queen ) , while Elsa discovers a necklace she gave long ago to Anna in Mr. Gold 's ( Rumplestiltskin 's ) shop , leaving her resolved to learn what happened to her sister . As the season progresses , Elsa befriends series protagonist Emma Swan , Emma and the series ' central cast resolving the help Elsa find Anna . The group eventually discovers that a figure named the Snow Queen ( a more faithful adaptation of the original fairy tale 's character ) is somehow responsible for Elsa 's trapping in her urn , a woman with similar powers to Elsa . They soon discover that the Snow Queen is Elsa 's aunt , Ingrid , who was forgotten from Arendelle when Elsa 's mother , Gerda , used the power of the troll king to erase everyones memory of her , not wishing for the world to remember how Ingrid accidentally killed their third sister , Helga . Ingrid soon discovered a prophecy that stated she would one day have the love of her sisters again . With Ingrid 's sisters dead however , she believed she would be forced to create new sisters . For this , she chose Emma and Elsa . Ingrid had stalked Emma her entire life in preparation for the prophecy to become true , and manipulated events in Arendelle to bring Elsa to her . Being convinced that she could only gain their love when she was the only one left , she obtained a mirror capable of bringing out the worst in people ( the mirror coming directly from The Snow Queen fairy tale ) . If a piece of the mirror were to get in someones eye , they would see nothing but hatred in the world . Ingrid had planned to use this on everyone in Storybrooke ( dubbed the Spell of Shattered Sight ) , forcing all of its citizens to kill each other while she , Emma , and Elsa remained immune . Ingrid had also used this to her advantage on Anna , forcing Anna to trap Elsa in the urn they originally found Elsa in . Back in Arendelle , Anna ( who has woken up from the spell ) tried to track down a device known as a wishing star , which will have the power to bring her and Kristoff to wherever Elsa is . It was apparently the necklace Elsa had given Anna long ago , Elsa using it to bring Anna and Kristoff to Storybrooke . However , the Spell of Shattered Sight had already begun , and the only ones immune to it were Elsa , Emma , and Anna ( Anna because it was already used on her a while ago ) . Tracking down a note written by Elsa and Anna 's mother right before her death , the three bring it to Ingrid . It reads that Gerda forgave Ingrid for all that had transpired and still loved her , Ingrid realizing this was what the prophecy meant by regaining her sister 's love . Realizing there is no point in killing the town now , the Snow Queen kills herself using the mirror , which deactivates the curse , though a bit of it remained in Storybrooke , reinstating the town line , making it impossible to return to town if you are to leave it . With the help of Rumpelstiltskin , they are able to discover a door that will lead back to Arendelle , though they will not be able to return , as the door will disappear after its use . Anna and Kristoff depart , while Elsa and Emma share a tearful goodbye before returning to Arendelle with her little sister to attend the long - awaited wedding between Anna and Kristoff . In `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' , it 's revealed that , when Blackbeard attacked Arendelle , Elsa shrunk and trapped him and the Jolly Roger inside a bottle , unknowingly trapping Ariel inside as well . With the introduction of Frozen characters , the season 4 of Once Upon a Time saw a 31 - percent increase in ratings from the autumn of 2013 ( 9.3 million viewers ) , marking its best ratings in almost two years . Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( edit ) Main article : Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Elsa will appear in a 21 - minute holiday film along with Anna , Kristoff , Sven , and Olaf , which will debut in theaters with Disney Pixar 's Coco on November 22 , 2017 . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In December 2013 , Disney began releasing `` Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' , which played their signature songs that appear in the film . Numerous other doll versions of Elsa were released for purchase , including fashion doll sets , mini dolls , plush dolls , and Elsa - as - a-toddler dolls . A dress up costume for children was modeled after Elsa 's ice gown along with gloves similar to ones she wears in the film . Together with Anna , she was depicted on various Frozen - inspired dishware such as plates and coffee mugs . Other Elsa - inspired merchandise includes luggage , nightgowns , and home décor . Additionally , simplified versions of the film were adapted to children 's storybooks , including one with voice audio and another called A Sister More Like Me that was illustrated by Brittney Lee . Elsa and Anna also both appear as playable characters in Disney Infinity through the use of their corresponding figurines . In early 2014 , most Frozen merchandise , including dolls and dresses , were sold out nearly everywhere , including Disney stores and theme parks . In early November 2014 , Disney announced that it had sold over three million Frozen costumes in North America alone , of which Elsa was the no . 1 best - selling Disney costume of all time , followed by Anna at no . 2 . Hallmark created a Queen Elsa Christmas tree ornament after much interest was expressed when the Olaf ornament was announced in 2014 . Theme Parks ( edit ) Elsa meet - and - greet at Disneyland in California in 2013 . In November , before the release of Frozen , Anna and Elsa began making appearances at Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in Florida and California through meet and greets . In Walt Disney World , the attractions were set up in the Norway Pavilion of Epcot in recognition of the Scandinavian cultural elements that went into the film 's design . In Disneyland , a winter - themed cottage was set up in the Fantasyland section , with a talking audio - animatronic Olaf sitting on the cottage roof . In February 2014 , these meet - and - greet sessions were extended indefinitely , with wait time to meet the princesses frequently exceeding two hours , which is longer than any previous Disney characters . Additionally , Elsa , Anna , and Olaf were given a Frozen - themed float for Disneyland Paris ' Disney Magic on Parade . On March 9 , 2014 , the three made appearances again on their own Frozen parade float in Festival of Fantasy Parade at Magic Kingdom theme park . On April 20 , 2014 , Anna and Elsa moved from Epcot to the Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom , with wait time to see the characters amounted to three hours , compared to Cinderella 's and Rapunzel 's 15 minutes . Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' became the central feature in Disney California Adventure 's Winter Dreams , a 30 - minute , winter - themed adaption of the nighttime show World of Color , which showcases scenes from Disney films . Disneyland Paris ' nighttime spectacular , Disney Dreams ! , also added Elsa 's performance of `` Let It Go '' to their attractions , and she was given a similar role during the Magic Kingdom show , Celebrate the Magic , with her singing interspersed with scenes from the movie . On May 16 , 2014 , it was announced that Disneyland would debut a Frozen pre-parade featuring Elsa , Anna and Olaf . It premiered June 13 , 2014 , and preceded performances of Mickey 's Soundsational Parade . From July 5 to September 1 , 2014 , as part of ' Frozen ' Summer Fun show at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , Anna and Elsa will appear in a horse - drawn sleigh making their way down Hollywood Boulevard , alongside Kristoff and skaters , skiers and ice cutters in the Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome section . The sisters also made appearances in For the First Time in Forever : A `` Frozen '' Sing - Along Celebration , where they were joined by royal historians to retell the history of Arendelle ; and `` Frozen '' Fireworks Spectacular alongside Kristoff and Olaf , a fireworks display set to the music of Frozen . In response to strong demand , Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that Frozen Summer Fun would be extended to September 28 . On August 19 , 2014 , it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna 's Boutique ( replacing Studio Disney 365 ) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort . The opening date was later changed to October 6 , 2014 , and the store name was changed to `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique '' . The location includes products inspired by Anna , Elsa , and Olaf . While there had not been any official announcements from Disney regarding a coronation for Anna and Elsa , it had been announced in late August 2014 that a special character meal would be held by a group of travel agents in the morning of September 24 , 2014 . While not officially organized by Disney , the event , called My Royal Coronation , would feature the official Anna and Elsa characters owned by Disney with assistance from the company . On September 12 , 2014 , Walt Disney World announced that a Frozen attraction was scheduled to open in early 2016 at Epcot 's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion , replacing the park 's Maelstrom ride . The attraction features the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film , as well as meet - and - greets with Anna and Elsa . Anna , Elsa , Kristoff , and Olaf will make appearances in Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmastime Parade , offered during Mickey 's Very Merry Christmas Party at Magic Kingdom in November and December 2014 ( from November 7 to December 31 ) . Also starting from November , every night Elsa will use her powers to transform Cinderella Castle into an ice palace . On November 13 , 2014 , prior to `` A Sparkling Christmas '' Evert , Anna and Elsa began meet - and - greet sessions at Hong Kong Disneyland . Beginning December 20 , 2014 , the Anna and Elsa meet and greet at Disneyland Resort was moved from Disneyland park to a new location in the Disney Animation Building called `` Anna and Elsa 's Royal Welcome '' in Disney California Adventure . In addition , the Storybook Land Canal Boats at Disneyland were updated to include the village of Arendelle from the film , including Anna and Elsa 's castle and Elsa 's ice palace . Officially starting January 7 , 2015 , Elsa began making appearances alongside Anna and Kristoff at Disney California Adventure in `` For the First Time in Forever -- A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration '' in Hollywood Land as part of the park 's `` Frozen Fun '' event . Also starting January 7 , Anna and Elsa made appearances in a Frozen play at the Royal Theatre in Disneyland park . Beginning May 22 , 2015 , Disneyland debuted a new nighttime parade called `` Paint the Night '' , which includes a Frozen float featuring Anna , Elsa , and Olaf , as part of the park 's 60th anniversary celebration . Cosplay ( edit ) Elsa has become very popular in the cosplaying community . Cosplayer Anna Faith is well known for cosplaying as Elsa at charities , comic - cons , and other events . Broadway Musical ( edit ) Caissie Levy will originate the role of Elsa in the Broadway musical , which is scheduled to open spring 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Critical reviews ( edit ) `` Not content to merely turn True Love into a cautionary tale , ( the writers ) doubled down and made Elsa into ( a ) flawed hero warped by her upbringing and parents ' heartfelt but damaging desire to keep their children safe ... Elsa is aloof . And scared . And over-protective . And insecure . And full of guilt . Because people -- even animated people -- are the sum total of their personalities combined with their experiences . Which is something even live action films forget at least 63 % of the time . '' -- Donna Dickens , entertainment editor . The character of Elsa was widely praised by reviewers for her multifaceted , evolving personality . Matt Goldberg of Collider.com commented that she was `` an incredibly sympathetic character '' while Deepanjana Pal of First Post ( India ) praised the decision to rewrite her as a protagonist and said , `` Elsa is no evil , frosty vision of twisted and toxic maternity like the original Snow Queen . She 's a young woman in difficult circumstances , frightened , trying to understand her abilities and burdened by expectation and convention . It 's easy to sympathise with her and marvel at her ability when she builds her spectacular palace in the mountains . Next to her , Anna is very much a child who needs to grow up and she does in the course of the film . '' Stuff.co.nz 's James Croot compared her `` humiliation and exile '' to that of Simba in The Lion King . Katherine Webb , a reviewer for Wall St. Cheat Sheet , said that the scenes depicting Elsa gaining confidence and individuality delivered `` an exciting message to send to young girls looking for a new princess role model '' . Gary Wright of Rotoscopers state `` Her mental anguish and uncontrollable powers define modern feminism . Elsa represents the boundless female spirit - strong and graceful , with the power to change the world . '' Travis Bean of Cedar Falls Times suggested that Elsa 's ice powers , a `` personal oddity '' that made her self - conscious , as well as her selflessness in withdrawing into isolation in order to avoid hurting others allowed children to connect more with the plot of Frozen . Laurie Levy from Chicago Now wrote that her young grandchildren `` admired Elsa for being smart , strong , magical , and powerful '' and did not care that she had no romantic subplot . Magdalena Lachowicz , a film critic for The Heights , opined that Elsa 's relationship with Anna was the most important part of the movie , and Stephen Holden of The New York Times liked that , in departure from traditional Disney formula , it was a sibling 's love rather than romantic love that was able to `` thaw the icy heart of the frightened Elsa '' . Tony Hicks of San Jose Mercury News wrote , `` ( Anna 's ) confusion and Elsa 's anguish as she shuts herself away from the world -- and her sister -- is palatable . '' Emma Koonse of Christian Post opined that together the sisters were Disney 's `` most lovable and charismatic characters yet '' , and Debbie Lynn Elias of Culver City Observer commented , `` Elsa and Anna are like two sides of a coin , both strong , albeit one through power and confidence and the other through clumsy sticktuitiveness and love . '' Several reviewers commented that Elsa was more interesting than Anna , Frozen 's primary protagonist . ABS - CBN writer Fred Hawson described Elsa as `` an incredible character with a unique and interesting predicament because of the powers she possessed '' and expressed the opinion that Frozen should have focused more on her rather than Anna . Samra Muslim of The Express Tribune wrote that it was her presence that kept viewers `` hooked '' throughout the movie , elaborating , `` Her character is complex and sympathetic and deserved to be explored even further . Instead the story revolves more around the relationship of the two sisters and Anna who is the typical , feisty , charming Disney heroine and her love trysts -- instead of the alluring Elsa . '' The character was not devoid of criticism . Charlotte O'Sullivan from the London Evening Standard gave a more negative assessment of Elsa , saying that she `` resembles one of those brittle mentors on The X Factor . Purple eyeshadow , tiny waist , kitten heels '' . Anna Smith of The Guardian disliked that both Elsa and Anna were drawn with slender figures and large eyes as is typical of Disney princesses . Slate 's Dana Stevens wrote that `` it 's impossible not to thrill to Elsa 's surging sense of power '' but criticized the choice to illustrate her growing confidence by changing her appearance ; Stevens further expressed concern that the switch from the character 's modest coronation gown to `` a slinky , slit - to - the - thigh dress with a transparent snowflake - patterned train and a pair of silver - white high heels '' and a hairstyle that suggested `` come - hither bad - girl seduction '' was overly sexual . Christy Lemire compared Elsa to Carrie White , another well - known fictional female who unleashes magical powers when agitated . `` Let it Go '' ( edit ) Main article : Let It Go ( Disney song ) Idina Menzel also received praise for her singing , with Amon Warmann of Cine Vue saying her voice `` positively soars in these musical ballads '' . Reviewers frequently focused on her performance of `` Let It Go '' , described by Entertainment Weekly 's Marc Snetiker as `` an incredible anthem of liberation '' in which Elsa decides to no longer fear her powers . Various critics said that Menzel had been a `` powerhouse '' during the scene ; Linda Barnard from The Star commented that Menzel `` can shatter icicles with her powerful voice '' . Matt DeTruck of The Rochester City Newspaper wrote , `` Menzel should be credited for providing as much power and passion to this performance as she did in her most famous role . '' Donald Clark of Irish Times added , `` Elsa 's flight to the glaciers triggers a song that , in its defiant paean to self - reliance , could play comfortably beside camp showtune anthems such as I Am What I Am and Do n't Rain on My Parade . The opening and closing choruses of Let It Go end with a sly , spat - out refrain : ' The cold never bothered me anyway ! ' You go , girl . '' Nasim Asl of The Oxford Student continued , `` Menzel , especially , steals the show with her performance of ' Let It Go ' . Her Wicked-esque belting out works perfectly with such an incredible animated sequence -- the building of the ice castle really demonstrates the prowess of Disney animation , and results in , arguably , one of the most spectacular power ballads seen by any animated character , ever . '' Accolades ( edit ) In December 2013 , Elsa and Anna were both nominated for Best Animated Female by the Alliance of Women Film Journalists , with only Anna winning the award , a few weeks later . Elsa won all three awards out of three nominations at the 2013 Visual Effects Society Awards , including Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture , Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her ice palace , and Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture for her blizzard . Her signature song , `` Let It Go '' , won Best Original Song at the Academy Awards , the Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards and the Critics ' Choice Awards , and also received Golden Globe Award , the Satellite Awards , the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , and the Houston Film Critics Society Award nominations . Time ranked Elsa as the most influential fictional character of 2014 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jennifer ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 's Final Shooting Draft '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 1 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . ' Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Frozen Musical Magic Elsa and Anna Dolls '' . The Celebrity Cafe . December 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Winter comes early to NYC as the Times Square Disney Store gets `` Frozen '' over `` . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Disney Consumer Products ( November 6 , 2013 ) . `` Press release : Disney Celebrates Family Bonds and Epic Storytelling in New Frozen Product Collection Available at Retail Now '' . Disney Consumer Products . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stradling , Morgan ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` New Disney ' Frozen ' Storybook Images Reveal Juicy Plot Details '' . Rotoscopers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Infinity finally features more female characters in new Toy Box fun with Frozen , Rapunzel , Vanellope von Schweetz '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schuster , Dana ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' merch is making parents do crazy things '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Byron , Ellen ; Paul Ziobro ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa Dominates Anna in ' Frozen ' Merchandise Sales '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company , Inc . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Anna and Elsa to begin `` Frozen '' character meet - and - greets at Walt Disney World and Disneyland in November `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Anna and Elsa joined by animated Olaf for ' Frozen ' character meet - and - greet in Royal Reception at Disneyland '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tully , Sarah ( February 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' characters draw unprecedented lines at Disneyland '' . Orange County Register . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' meet - and - greet at Epcot to continue indefinitely '' . Doctor Disney . February 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Banks ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Day two of filming for the 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade -- Photos / Video '' . Orlando Attractions Magazine . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Festival of Fantasy parade debuts high - energy entertainment at Walt Disney World with ' Frozen , ' ' Tangled ' , among fun floats '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' characters find new home at Walt Disney World as FastPass+ cuts wait to meet Anna and Elsa -- when it works `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fickley - Baker , Jennifer ( April 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Anna & Elsa Arrive at Princess Fairytale Hall Today '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooke ( December 1 , 2013 ) . `` Boys Do n't Run Away From These Princesses '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` World of Color -- Winter Dreams all - new nighttime Disneyland show debuts featuring Frozen , Toy Story , holiday songs '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monti , Andrea ( November 23 , 2013 ) . `` Disneyland Paris : Intervista a Katy Harris '' . Parks Mania . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Frozen ' Segment Added to ' Celebrate the Magic ' '' . Laughing Place . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` More ' Frozen ' Fun at Disneyland Park This Summer '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Get Ready to Experience ' Frozen ' Summer Fun -- Live at Disney 's Hollywood Studios '' . Disney Parks Blog . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brigante , Ricky ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Summer Fun LIVE ! coming to Walt Disney World with royal welcome , stage show , fireworks , and park wide party '' . Inside the Magic . Distant Creations Group , LLC . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wynne , Sharon Kennedy ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' still hot at Disney theme park , celebration extended '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harker , Michelle ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Elsa & Anna 's Boutique and More Thrilling Transformations Coming to the Disneyland Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Disney 365 to Transform into Elsa and Anna 's Boutique '' . LaughingPlace.com . August 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harker , Michelle ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Update : Anna & Elsa 's Boutique in the Downtown Disney District at the Disneyland Resort '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna & Elsa 's Boutique to Open October 6 '' . LaughingPlace.com . September 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anna and Elsa to appear in `` My Royal Coronation '' event at Walt Disney World as travel agents bring `` Frozen '' character meal to Epcot `` . Inside the Magic . August 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Staggs , Tom ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Attraction Coming to Epcot '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brigante , Ricky ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` '' Frozen '' ride announced for Walt Disney World in 2016 to replace Maelstrom at Epcot , `` Frozen '' Christmas also revealed `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sim , Darren ( August 15 , 2014 ) . `` Hong Kong Disneyland launches `` Disney Paint the Night '' Parade from October 2014 `` . darrensim.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Slater , Shawn ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` New ' Frozen Fun ' Opens at Disneyland Resort January 7 '' . Disney Parks Blog . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Adds ' Frozen ' Experiences to Disneyland , California Adventure Theme Parks '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Prepare to be Wowed by Disneyland 's Three New Nighttime Spectaculars '' . Disney Insider. April 14 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arnowitz , Leora ( 18 June 2014 ) . `` ' I want to be a role model for children ' '' . FoxNews.com . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Meet Anna Faith Carlson , the Actress Who Looks Just Like Elsa From ' Frozen ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frozen Musical Announces Full Broadway Lead Casting '' . broadway.com. April 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Donna ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's Frozen : Awful Expectations Vs. Enchanting Reality '' . Hitfix . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` FROZEN Review '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2013 . Retrieved December 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pal , Deepanjana ( November 29 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen review : This modern Snow Queen will melt your heart '' . First Post . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Croot , James ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen is Disney at its best '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb , Katherine ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` 4 Ways ' Frozen ' Flips the Traditional Disney Script '' . Wall St. Cheat Sheet . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Bean , Travis ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen features fantasy , focuses on family values '' . Cedar Falls Times . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levy , Laurie ( December 11 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen -- A Multi-Generational Review '' . Chicago Now . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lachowicz , Magdalena ( December 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animated Film ' Frozen ' Breaks Disney Princess Conventions '' . The Heights . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` From the Heat of Royal Passion , Poof ! It 's Permafrost '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Tony ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Review : ' Frozen ' is Disney at its best '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Elias , Debbie Lynn ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Movie Review -- Frozen '' . Culver City Observer . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hawson , Fred ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Review : Icy sentimentality in ' Frozen ' '' . ABS - CBN . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muslim , Samra ( January 26 , 2014 ) . `` Movie review : Frozen -- winter is coming '' . The Express Tribune . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Charlotte ( December 7 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen 3D -- film review '' . London Evening Standard . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Anna ( November 28 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen in time : when will Disney 's heroines reflect real body shapes ? '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Dana ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` I Ca n't ' Let It Go ' '' . Slate . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen '' Archived March 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Warmann , Amon ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Film Review : ' Frozen ' '' . Cine Vue . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sneitker , Marc ( November 30 , 2013 ) . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' soundtrack : Ranking all nine original songs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Barnard , Linda ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen will warm your heart : review '' . The Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DeTruck , Matt ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` CD Review : Disney 's `` Frozen '' Soundtrack `` . City Newspaper . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clark , Donald ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Film review : Frozen '' . Irish Times . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Asl , Nasim ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Frozen Melts Viewers ' Hearts '' . The Oxford Student . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 EDA Award Nominess '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . December 11 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ S. Cohen , David ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Gravity ' Soars , ' Frozen ' Sparkles '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 2013 Academy Awards Nominations and Winners by Category '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix Film Critics Society 2013 Award Nominations '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Gicas ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2014 : Complete List of Nominations '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Awards Nominations : ' 12 Years A Slave ' & ' American Hustle ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline . December 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ International Press Academy ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` The International Press Academy Announces Nominations For The 18th Annual Satellite Awards TM '' . PR Newswire . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American Hustle , 12 Years A Slave Lead BFCA 's Critics Choice Movie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . December 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 Years a Slave wins Pic , Cuaron Director for Houston Film Critics '' . Awards Daily . December 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` The 15 Most Influential Fictional Characters of 2014 '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 6 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Disney portal Fictional characters portal Official character page Disney 's Frozen `` Let It Go '' Sequence Performed by Idina Menzel on YouTube ( hide ) Disney 's Frozen Films Frozen soundtrack accolades Frozen Fever ( short ) Olaf 's Frozen Adventure ( short ) Frozen 2 Characters Anna Elsa Kristoff Olaf Hans Theatre Frozen ( musical ) Music `` Frozen Heart '' `` Do You Want to Build a Snowman ? '' `` For the First Time in Forever '' `` Love Is an Open Door '' `` Let It Go '' `` Reindeer ( s ) Are Better Than People '' `` In Summer '' `` Fixer Upper '' `` Making Today a Perfect Day '' Attractions Frozen Ever After For the First Time in Forever : A Frozen Sing - Along Celebration Frozen -- Live at the Hyperion Video games Frozen : Olaf 's Quest Frozen Free Fall Related `` The Snow Queen '' The Story of Frozen : Making a Disney Animated Classic Once Upon a Time `` There 's No Place Like Home '' season 4 The Art of Frozen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elsa_(Disney)&oldid=808437216 '' Categories : Disney 's Frozen characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional characters who use magic Fictional orphans Fictional princesses Fictional queens Fictional Scandinavian people Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2015 Use American English from March 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Interlanguage link template link number Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Türkçe Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 21 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who does the voice of elsa on frozen
[ "Queen Elsa of Arendelle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 53rd animated film Frozen. She is voiced primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel. At the beginning of the film, she is voiced by Eva Bella as a young child and by Spencer Lacey Ganus as a teenager." ]
[ "primarily by Broadway actress and singer Idina Menzel" ]
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Hospital emergency codes
Hospital emergency codes - wikipedia Hospital emergency codes Back of a hospital ID badge showing disaster codes . Hospital emergency codes are coded messages often announced over a public address system of a hospital to alert staff to various classes of on - site emergencies . The use of codes is intended to convey essential information quickly and with minimal misunderstanding to staff while preventing stress and panic among visitors to the hospital . Such codes are sometimes posted on placards throughout the hospital or are printed on employee identification badges for ready reference . Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location , even between hospitals in the same community . Confusion over these codes has led to the proposal for and sometimes adoption of standardized codes . In many American , Canadian , New Zealand and Australian hospitals , for example `` code blue '' indicates a patient has entered cardiac arrest , while `` code red '' indicates that a fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility . In order for a code call to be useful in activating the response of specific hospital personnel to a given situation , it is usually accompanied by a specific location description ( e.g. , `` Code red , Second floor , corridor three , room two - twelve '' ) . Other codes , however , only signal hospital staff generally to prepare for the fallout of some external event such as a natural disaster . Contents 1 Color code standardization 2 Codes 2.1 Code Blue 2.1. 1 Medical lockdown 2.1. 2 Variations 2.2 `` Doctor '' Codes 2.3 `` Resus '' Codes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Color code Standardization ( edit ) Australia : Australian hospitals and other buildings are covered by Australian Standard 4083 ( 1997 ) and many are in the process of changing to those standards . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Medical Emergency Code Yellow : Internal Emergency Code Brown : External Emergency ( disaster , mass casualties etc . ) Code Black : Personal Threat Code Black Alpha : Missing or Abducted Infant or Child Code Black Beta : Active Shooter Code Black J : Self - harm Code Purple : Bomb Threat Code Orange : Evacuation Code CBR : Chemical , Biological or Radiological Contamination Canada : Codes used in British Columbia , prescribed by the British Columbia Ministry of Health . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest Code Orange : Disaster or Mass Casualties Code Green : Evacuation Code Yellow : Missing Patient Code Amber : Missing or Abducted Infant or Child Code Black : Bomb Threat Code White : Aggression Code Brown : Hazardous Spill Code Grey : System Failure Code Pink : Pediatric Emergency and / or Obstetrical Emergency Codes in Alberta are prescribed by Alberta Health Services . Code Red : Fire Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency Code Orange : Mass Casualty Incident Code Green : Evacuation Code Yellow : Missing Patient Code Black : Bomb Threat / Suspicious Package Code White : Violence / Aggression Code Brown : Chemical Spill / Hazardous Material Code Grey : Shelter in Place / Air Exclusion Code Purple : Hostage Situation In Ontario , a standard emergency response code set by the Ontario Hospital Association is used , with minor variations for some hospitals . Code Red : Fire Code Silver : Gun Threat / Shooter Code Blue : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency -- Adult Code Orange : Disaster Code Orange CBRN : CBRN ( Chemical , Biological , Radiological , and Nuclear ) Disaster Code Green : Evacuation ( Precautionary ) Code Green STAT : Evacuation ( Crisis ) Code Yellow : Missing Person Code Amber ( code purple ) : Missing Child / Child Abduction Code Black : Bomb Threat / Suspicious Object Code White : Violent / Behavioural Situation Code Brown : In - facility Hazardous Spill Code Grey : Infrastructure Loss or Failure Code Grey Button - down : External Air Exclusion Code Pink : Cardiac Arrest / Medical Emergency -- Infant / Child Code Purple : Hostage Taking / Gang Activity Code Aqua : Flood United States : In 2000 , the Hospital Association of Southern California ( HASC ) determined that a uniform code system is needed after `` three persons were killed in a shooting incident at an area medical center after the wrong emergency code was called . '' While codes for fire ( red ) and medical emergency ( blue ) were similar in 90 % of California hospitals queried , 47 different codes were used for infant abduction and 61 for combative person . In light of this , HASC published a handbook titled `` Healthcare Facility Emergency Codes : A Guide for Code Standardization '' listing various codes and has strongly urged hospitals to voluntarily implement the revised codes . In 2003 , Maryland mandated that all acute hospitals in the state have uniform codes . In 2008 , the Oregon Association of Hospitals & Health Systems , Oregon Patient Safety Commission , and Washington State Hospital Association formed a taskforce to standardize emergency code calls under the leadership of the Dr. Lawrence Schecter , Chief Medical Officer , Providence Regional Medical Center Everett . After both states had conducted a survey from all hospital members , the taskforce found many hospitals used the same code for fire ( code Red ) ; however , there were tremendous variations existed for codes representing respiratory and cardiac arrest , infant and child abduction , and combative person . After deliberations and decisions , the taskforce suggested the following as the Hospital Emergency Code : Code Blue : Heart or Respiration Stops ( An adult or child 's heart has stopped or they are not breathing . ) Code Red : Fire ( alternative : Massive Postpartum Hemorrhage ) Code Pink : Infant abduction Code Orange : Hazardous Spills ( A hazardous material spill or release ; Unsafe exposure to spill . ) Code Silver : Weapon or Hostage Situation Code Grey : Combative Person ( Combative or abusive behavior by patients , families , visitors , staff or physicians ) If a weapon is involved `` CODE SILVER '' should be called . Amber Alert : Infant / Child Abduction Internal Triage : Internal Emergency ( Internal emergency in multiple departments including : Bomb or bomb threat ; Computer network down ; Major plumbing problems ; and Power or telephone outage . ) External Triage : External Disaster ( External emergencies impacting hospital including : Mass casualties ; Severe weather ; Massive power outages ; and Nuclear , biological , and chemical accidents ) Rapid Response Team : Medical Team Needed at Bedside ( A patient 's medical condition is declining and needs an emergency medical team at the bedside ) Prior to heart or respiration stopping Code Clear : Announced when emergency is over In 2015 , the South Carolina Hospital Association formed a work group to develop plain language standardization code recommendations . Abolishing all color codes was suggested . Codes ( edit ) Note : Different codes are used in different hospitals . Code Blue ( edit ) `` Code blue '' redirects here . For other uses , see Code Blue . Medical lockdown ( edit ) `` Code Blue '' is generally used to indicate a patient requiring resuscitation or in need of immediate medical attention , most often as the result of a respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest ( by cardiac arrest is nowadays considered to not just mean asystole , the most severe example , but also pulseless electrical activity ( PEA ) , coarse or fine ventricular fibrillation ( VF or V - fib ) , or unstable irregular ventricular tachycardia ( VT or V - tach ) - some of these lethal , non-circulating arrhythmias are shockable by a defibrillator , some are not and are primarily treated by epinephrine and similar drugs ) . When called overhead , the page takes the form of `` Code Blue , ( floor ) , ( room ) '' to alert the resuscitation team where to respond . Every hospital , as a part of its disaster plans , sets a policy to determine which units provide personnel for code coverage . In theory any medical professional may respond to a code , but in practice the team makeup is limited to those with advanced cardiac life support or other equivalent resuscitation training . Frequently these teams are staffed by physicians ( from anesthesia and internal medicine in larger medical centers or the Emergency physician in smaller ones ) , respiratory therapists , pharmacists , and nurses . A code team leader will be a physician in attendance on any code team ; this individual is responsible for directing the resuscitation effort and is said to `` run the code '' . This phrase was coined at Bethany Medical Center in Kansas City , Kansas . The term `` code '' by itself is commonly used by medical professionals as a slang term for this type of emergency , as in `` calling a code '' or describing a patient in arrest as `` coding '' or `` coded '' . Australian Standard Californian Standard In some hospitals or other medical facilities , the resuscitation team may purposely respond slowly to a patient in cardiac arrest , a practice known as `` slow code '' , or may fake the response altogether for the sake of the patient 's family , a practice known as `` show code '' . Such practices are ethically controversial , and are banned in some jurisdictions . Variations ( edit ) `` Plan Blue '' was used at St. Vincent 's Hospital in New York City to indicate arrival of a trauma patient so critically injured that even the short delay of a stop in the ER for evaluation could be fatal ; the `` Plan Blue '' was called out to alert the surgeon on call to go immediately to the ER entrance and take the patient for immediate surgery . This was illustrated in an episode of Trauma : Life in the ER , entitled `` West Side Stories '' . `` Doctor '' codes ( edit ) `` Doctor '' codes are often used in hospital settings for announcements over a general loudspeaker or paging system that might cause panic or endanger a patient 's privacy . Most often , `` Doctor '' codes take the form of `` Paging Dr. Sinclair '' , where the doctor 's `` name '' is a code word for a dangerous situation or a patient in crisis , e.g. : `` Paging Doctor Firestone , third floor , '' to indicate a possible fire on the floor specified . `` Resus '' codes ( edit ) Specific to emergency medicine , incoming patients in immediate danger of life or limb , whether presenting via ambulance or walk - in triage , are paged locally within the emergency department as `` Resus '' ( ri : səs ) codes . These codes indicate the type of emergency ( general medical , trauma , cardiopulmonary or neurological ) and type of patient ( adult or pediatric ) . An estimated time of arrival may be included , or `` now '' if the patient is already in the department . The patient is transported to the nearest open trauma bay or evaluation room , and is immediately attended by a designated team of physicians and nurses for purposes of immediate stabilization and treatment . See also ( edit ) Inspector Sands , code used over PA system in British public transport to indicate a serious situation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : AS 4083 - 1997 Planning for emergencies - Health care facilities Jump up ^ `` BC Standardized Hospital Colour Codes '' ( PDF ) . Victoria , BC : British Columbia Ministry of Health . 21 January 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AHS Emergency / Disaster Management '' ( PDF ) . Edmonton , AB : Alberta Health Services . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OHA Emergency Management Toolkit '' ( PDF ) . Toronto , ON : Ontario Hospital Association . 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North York General Hospital -- Emergency Preparedness '' . nygh.on.ca . Jump up ^ `` Emergency Codes '' . sunnybrook.ca . ^ Jump up to : `` Hospital Emergency Codes '' . Jump up ^ California Healthcare Association News Briefs July 12 , 2002Vol. 35 No. 27 Archived December 2 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Emergency Codes '' . Jump up ^ DSD.state.md.us Jump up ^ `` Standardization Emergency Codes Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Hospital Association . October 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Standardization Poster Emergency Code Call '' ( PDF ) . Washington State Hospital Association . January 2009 . Retrieved http://www.wsha.org/wp-content/uploads/Standardization_PosterEmergencyCodeCallsAA.pdf . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Plain Language Emergency Codes Implementation Tool Kit '' ( PDF ) . South Carolina Hospital Association . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Unplugged '' . google.com . Jump up ^ `` Slow Codes , Show Codes and Death '' . The New York Times . 22 August 1987 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ DePalma , Judith A. ; Miller , Scott ; Ozanich , Evelyn ; Yancich , Lynne M. ( November 1999 ) . `` ' Slow ' Code : Perspectives of a Physician and Critical Care Nurse '' . Critical Care Nursing Quarterly . Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 22 ( 3 ) : 89 -- 99 . doi : 10.1097 / 00002727 - 199911000 - 00014 . ISSN 1550 - 5111 . External links ( edit ) Codes Listing , Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Stanford Medical Codes ( HASC based scheme ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_emergency_codes&oldid=862480330 '' Categories : Hospitals Medical terminology Emergency communication Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : dates All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2018 , at 17 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what does code red mean in the emergency room
[ "Hospital emergency codes have often varied widely by location, even between hospitals in the same community. Confusion over these codes has led to the proposal for and sometimes adoption of standardized codes. In many American, Canadian, New Zealand and Australian hospitals, for example \"code blue\" indicates a patient has entered cardiac arrest, while \"code red\" indicates that a fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility.\n" ]
[ "fire has broken out somewhere in the hospital facility" ]
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Gnomeo & Juliet
Gnomeo & Juliet - wikipedia Gnomeo & Juliet Jump to : navigation , search Gnomeo & Juliet Theatrical release poster Directed by Kelly Asbury Produced by Baker Bloodworth Steve Hamilton Shaw David Furnish Screenplay by Kelly Asbury Mark Burton Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Emily Cook Kathy Greenberg Steve Hamilton Shaw Story by Kelly Asbury John R. Smith Rob Sprackling Andy Riley Kevin Cecil Steve Hamilton Shaw Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Starring James McAvoy Emily Blunt Michael Caine Jason Statham Maggie Smith Patrick Stewart Ashley Jensen Stephen Merchant Ozzy Osbourne Music by James Newton Howard Chris Bacon Edited by Catherine Apple Production company Touchstone Pictures Rocket Pictures Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Entertainment One Films ( United Kingdom and Canada ) Release date January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) ( Hollywood ) February 11 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 11 ) ( US and UK ) Running time 84 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $36 million Box office $194 million Gnomeo & Juliet is a 2011 3D computer - animated fantasy romantic comedy film loosely based on William Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet and an original screenplay by John R. Smith and Rob Sprackling . Financed by Disney and released through its Touchstone Pictures banner , the film was independently produced by Rocket Pictures and animated by Starz Animation . It was co-written and directed by Kelly Asbury and starring the voices of James McAvoy , Emily Blunt , Michael Caine , Jason Statham , Maggie Smith , Patrick Stewart , Ashley Jensen , Stephen Merchant , and Ozzy Osbourne . The film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom and United States on February 11 , 2011 . Despite mixed reviews , the film earned $194 million on a $36 million budget . The film received nominations for the Satellite Award for Original Song , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , the Critics ' Choice Award for Best Song and the Annie Award for Directing in a Feature Production , Storyboarding in a Feature Production , Voice Acting in a Feature Production and Writing in a Feature Production . A sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was released in 2018 , with Paramount Pictures and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer replacing Touchstone , and was a critical and commercial disappointment in contrast to the original film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Differences from the 1597 Tragedy by William Shakespeare 3 Cast 4 Production 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Musicians 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 7.2 Box office 7.3 Accolades 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In Stratford - Upon - Avon , Miss . Montague ( blue ) and Mr. Capulet ( red ) ( Julie Walters and Richard Wilson ) are two elderly neighbors who despise each other . When they leave their respective gardens , their garden gnomes and other lawn ornaments come alive . The Montague garden is filled with blue - hat gnomes led by Lady Bluebury ( Maggie Smith ) , and the Capulet garden has red - hat gnomes led by Lord Redbrick ( Michael Caine ) . Like their human gardeners , the gnomes also despise each other . The gnomes hold a back alley lawnmower race . Lady Bluebury 's son Gnomeo ( James McAvoy ) and his best friend Benny ( Matt Lucas ) are disappointed to see Mrs. Montague ordering a new `` Kitty Clipper '' lawnmower to replace Gnomeo 's lawnmower . That night , Gnomeo and Benny infiltrate the red garden in black disguise . Benny sprays the reds ' well and accidentally triggers a security light . During the escape Gnomeo ends up in a nearby garden where he bumps into a disguised Juliet ( Emily Blunt ) , the daughter of Lord Redbrick . Juliet is attempting to retrieve a unique orchid , and the two romantically fight over it . They each discover the other 's color before fleeing the garden . When they both go back to their own gardens , Juliet tells her frog - sprinkler friend Nanette ( Ashley Jensen ) about her newfound love . Nanette states that the relationship is romantically tragic . Gnomeo and Juliet have secret meetings in the nearby garden , where they meet a pink plastic flamingo named Featherstone ( Jim Cummings ) who encourages their love . Lord Redbrick pairs Juliet with a Red Gnome named Paris ( Stephen Merchant ) , but Juliet is n't interested in him and distracts him with Nanette who has feelings for him . Lady Bluebury is distraught after the reds infiltrate the garden and destroy the plant nurtured by Gnomeo 's late father . The blues want Gnomeo to take revenge on the reds , and he realizes that he can not refuse unless he tells his secret . Just as he is about to spray the prized tulips of the reds , Juliet sees him and he backs out of the attack . When he and Juliet meet up again , they argue until Featherstone stops them , telling them he lost his wife when the couple living in the house , where the garden is , broke up and never saw each other again . Benny sees them and runs away into the alleyway , where Gnomeo 's rival , Tybalt ( Jason Statham ) , is waiting with his lawnmower , attempting to run Benny down and ends up chops off his hat . Gnomeo intervenes , and he and Tybalt fight on the red lawnmower until the lawnmower runs into the wall . Gnomeo jumps off at the last minute , but Tybalt crashes into the wall , causing him to shatter himself . The reds attempt to attack Gnomeo , thinking that Tybalt died because of him . To the surprise of her clan , Juliet defends Gnomeo , saying that she loves him . Gnomeo ends up on a road , and everyone believes he was run over by a truck . Lord Redbrick has the other red gnomes glue Juliet 's feet to her fountain because he does not want to lose her like he lost her mother . Gnomeo 's mushroom friend , Shroom , finds out that Gnomeo is still alive as blue teapots fell out of the truck that `` ran him over '' , which all the gnomes came to believe was Gnomeo . He and Featherstone eventually reaches a park where Gnomeo climbs onto a statue of William Shakespeare ( Patrick Stewart ) and tells him his story . Shakespeare tells Gnomeo that his story is very similar to another and that it is likely Gnomeo 's will have a sad ending as well . Benny gets onto Miss . Montague 's computer and changes her lawnmower order to a powerful Terrafirminator unit , intending to get revenge on the reds . However , the Terrafirminator goes out of control , destroys most of the two gardens , and gets itself stuck while the gnomes wage a full - scale war . Gnomeo returns to Juliet with the help of Featherstone . However , when he arrives , the Terrafirminator frees itself , sending it flying . Gnomeo tries to un-glue Juliet , but is unable to . She tells him to go , but he refuses . The two share a passionate kiss just as the lawnmower crashes into the fountain , self - destructing in the process . When everyone believes that both are dead , Lord Redbrick and Lady Bluebury decide to end the feud . Miraculously , Gnomeo and Juliet emerge from the ruins and the two clans celebrate . Miss . Montague and Mr. Capulet come home to find their backyards a mess . The film ends happily with an epilogue . The red and blue gnomes finally coming together to celebrate their newfound peace . Benny and Nanette are in love , Lord Redbrick and Lady Blueberry became best friends , Tybalt is revealed to still be alive having been glued back together , Featherstone is reunited with his wife after Benny finds and orders her online , and Gnomeo and Juliet are married on a purple lawnmower , which symbolizes the new union of both gnome clans . Differences from the 1597 tragedy by William Shakespeare ( edit ) In the tragedy the characters live in Verona , Italy , but in the film Stratford upon Avon ( this is also the birthplace of William Shakespeare . ) Tybalt never redeems himself in the tragedy but in the film he does . Count Paris is not a villain . The characters are all gnomes . They do n't meet at a masked party . The two main characters do n't die off . It takes place in the present . It features Dante from the Devil May Cry series . It 's British . It features celebrities . It 's CGI . Cast ( edit ) James McAvoy as Gnomeo , Lady Bluebury 's son , Juliet 's love interest ( later husband ) , and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague . Emily Blunt as Juliet , Lord Redbrick 's daughter , Gnomeo 's love interest ( later wife ) , and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet . Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick , the leader of the red gnomes , Juliet 's overprotective widower father , and counterpart to Lord Capulet . Jason Statham as Tybalt , Gnomeo and Benny 's arch - nemesis , and a red gnome counterpart to Tybalt . Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury , the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo 's widowed mother , and counterpart to Lady Montague . Patrick Stewart as William Shakespeare who wrote Romeo and Juliet . Ashley Jensen as Nanette , a Scottish - accented plastic garden frog , Juliet 's best friend , and Paris ' love interest counterpart to Nurse . Stephen Merchant as Paris , a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet , and Nanette _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Count Paris . Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn , a garden deer and Tybalt 's best friend ; counterpart to Peter . Matt Lucas as Benny , Gnomeo 's impulsive and tall - hatted best friend , and Call Me Doll _́ s love interest ; counterpart to Benvolio . Jim Cummings as Featherstone , a lonely plastic flamingo with a thick Spanish accent ; counterpart to Friar Laurence . Hulk Hogan as Terrafirminator Announcer , an unseen person who promotes the Terrafirminator lawnmower on TV . Julie Walters as Ms. Montague , the elderly owner of the Blue garden whose face is not seen . Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet , the elderly owner of the Red garden whose face is not seen . Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes ; counterparts to Gregory , Sampson , Anthony , and Potpan . Dolly Parton as Dolly Gnome , the lawnmower race announcer , and Mankini Gnome _́ s love interest . Julia Braams as Stone Fish , a stone fish attached to the fishing line of the Fishing Gnome . In the end , it is seen being dragged by Gnomeo and Juliet 's purple lawnmower . James Daniel Wilson as Fishing Gnome , a red gnome . Tim Bentinck as Conjoined Gnome Left , a red gnome . Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome , Dolly Gnome _́ s love interest and a red gnome . Neil McCaul as Conjoined Gnome Right , a red gnome . Maurissa Horwitz as Call Me Doll , Benny 's love interest . John Todd as Dancer . Silent characters include : Shroom , a silent mushroom and Gnomeo 's friend / pet ; counterpart to Romeo 's servant Balthasar . The Bunnies , a group of small , cement bunnies that act as servants for Lady Bluebury and others in the Blue Garden ; counterparts to Abram and other miscellaneous servants of the Montagues . There is no counterpart for Mercutio , as stated by James McAvoy in an interview with NBC , '' Gnomeo in this is a little bit of amalgamation between Romeo and Mercutio . We do n't have that Mercutio character in this . We do n't have that leader of the pack , which Romeo is n't but Gnomeo is a little bit . '' Prince Escalus also does n't have a counterpart . Production ( edit ) The film was the original idea of Sprackling and Smith , who sold the spec script to Disney through Rocket Pictures . Disney studio chairman Dick Cook greenlit the film , under the Disney - owned Miramax Films . Miramax was later sold by Disney in 2010 , but the latter studio retained the rights to the film . Disney then opted to release the film through its Touchstone Pictures banner , when Starz Animation decided to produce and animate the film . Disney Australian director Adam Elliot was approached and asked to direct the film , but he rejected the offer due the film 's incompatibility with his style , as well as his lack of experience with CGI . Starz Animation Toronto ( which also made 9 ) produced all of the animation for the film , including the stereoscopic version . Asbury got on board in 2006 , and was attracted the movie in order to work with Elton John . Asbury and Hamilton Shaw then rewrote the film `` sort of from scratch , '' A particular challenge , according to Asbury was how to differentiate the ending between the original play and the movie in order to `` keep daggers and poison and suicide out '' . Ashbury had free range of the casting and conducted the process only through listening to voices , not knowing which actor was auditioning until he felt they were right for the character . Prior to the casting of James McAvoy and Emily Blunt , the roles of Gnomeo and Juliet were to be voiced by Ewan McGregor and Kate Winslet , respectively . Soundtrack ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Elton John Released February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) Recorded 2009 - 2010 Genre Orchestral , pop , rock Length 60 : 24 Label Buena Vista Producer Elton John and David Furnish Elton John chronology The Union ( 2010 ) The Union 2010 Gnomeo & Juliet Soundtrack ( 2011 ) Good Morning to the Night ( 2012 ) Good Morning to the Night 2012 Gnomeo & Juliet : Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album and was released by Buena Vista Records on February 8 , 2011 . It features music by Elton John ( who was also the film 's executive producer ) , Nelly Furtado , Kiki Dee , and selections from the score composed by Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard ( who played keyboards for Elton John and arranged strings on many previous projects ) . The duet of John and Lady Gaga for `` Hello , Hello '' was featured in the film , released on February 11 , 2011 , but the soundtrack version only features John . Additionally , on May 4 , 2011 the duet was leaked online and available for download on most sharing websites . Track listing ( edit ) `` Hello Hello '' ( Album Version ) -- Elton John `` Crocodile Rock '' -- Nelly Furtado & Elton John `` Saturday Night 's Alright For Fighting '' -- Elton John `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' -- Elton John & Kiki Dee `` Love Builds a Garden '' -- Elton John `` Your Song '' -- Elton John `` Rocket Man '' -- Elton John `` Tiny Dancer '' -- Elton John `` Bennie and the Jets '' -- Elton John `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Dandelions ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Bennie and the Bunnies ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` Terrafirminator ( Score ) '' -- Chris P. Bacon and James Newton Howard `` The Tiki Tiki Tiki Room '' -- Wally Boag , Thurl Ravenscroft , Fulton Burley & The Mellomen Track 1 - 9 : Original lyrics by Bernie Taupin , all music by Elton John & band . Track 10 : Written by James Newton Howard , contains music by Elton John . Track 11 & 13 : Written by James Newton Howard & Chris P. Bacon , contains music by Elton John . Track 12 : Written by James Newton Howard & Stuart Michael Thomas , contains music by Elton John . Track 14 : Written by Robert & Richard Sherman . Musicians ( edit ) Elton John & band : Elton John : Piano , vocals Davey Johnstone : Guitars , backing vocals Bob Birch : Bass , backing vocals Nigel Olsson : Drums , backing vocals John Mahon : Percussion , backing vocals James Newton Howard : Keyboards Release ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet 's worldwide premiere was at El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on January 23 , 2011 . The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the Touchstone Pictures banner on February 11 , 2011 . The film was Touchstone 's first animated film since 1993 's The Nightmare Before Christmas and also Touchstone 's first and , so far , only film to receive a G rating from the MPAA , despite some mild language . The film was distributed in the United Kingdom and Canada by Entertainment One Films . Elton John and director Asbury presented 10 minutes of the film at the Cannes Film Festival . Home Media ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD on May 24 , 2011 . The film was produced as three different packages : a 1 - disc DVD , a 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack , and a 3 - disc Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray , and DVD combo pack . The 3 - disc package also includes access to a digital download of the film . Both the DVD and Blu - ray versions of the release include the music video for Elton John and Nelly Furtado 's version of John 's `` Crocodile Rock '' , as well as the extras `` Elton Builds a Garden '' and `` Frog Talk '' with Ashley Jensen . In addition , the Blu - ray version also has several deleted and alternate scenes , as well as a feature with Ozzy Osbourne called `` The Fawn of Darkness '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Gnomeo & Juliet received generally mixed reviews . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 55 % of professional critics gave positive reviews , based on 121 reviews with an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While it has moments of inspiration , Gnomeo & Juliet is often too self - referential for its own good . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a 53 rating based on 28 reviews on its review scale , meaning `` mixed or average reviews '' . Box Office ( edit ) Gnomeo and Juliet earned about $100,000,000 in North America and $94,000,000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $194,000,000 . Gnomeo & Juliet was ultimately a sleeper hit for Disney , outperforming the much higher - budgeted ( and eventual box office bomb ) Mars Needs Moms the studio released a month following Gnomeo & Juliet . On its first weekend , the film had a worldwide opening of $30,700,000 , finishing in second place behind Just Go with It ( $35,800,000 ) . However , on its second weekend -- Presidents ' Day weekend -- it topped the worldwide box office ( although not being in first place either in North America or overseas ) with $29,800,000 , ahead of Unknown which ranked second ( $26,400,000 ) . It opened in 2,994 theaters in North America on Friday , February 11 , 2011 , grossing $6,200,000 on its first day and ranking third behind Justin Bieber : Never Say Never and Just Go with It . It then finished the weekend with $25,400,000 in 3rd place . However , it scored the largest opening weekend ever for an animated feature released during the winter period ( both January and February ) . It also made the largest debut on record for a minor animated movie ( i.e. , one with little status , expectations and / or built - in audience ) , according to Box Office Mojo . With a $99,970,000 total it became the highest - grossing animated feature among those released in winter , until it was surpassed by The Lego Movie in 2014 . In the United Kingdom , Ireland , and Malta , it topped the weekend box office by earning £ 2,900,000 ( $4,700,000 ) on its opening . In total it has grossed $25,300,000 , making the UK the only market , except North America , where it grossed more than $10,000,000 . Accolades ( edit ) Award Winner / Nominee Result Annie Awards Directing in a Feature Production Kelly Asbury Nominated Storyboarding in a Feature Production Nelson Yokota Voice Acting in a Feature Production Jim Cummings Writing in a Feature Production Andy Riley , Kevin Cecil , Mark Burton , Kathy Greenburg , Emily Cook , Rob Sprackling , John R. Smith , Kelly Asbury , Steve Hamilton Shaw Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Hello Hello , performed by Elton John and Lady Gaga / written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song `` Hello Hello '' Satellite Awards Original Song Sequel ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was reported that a sequel titled Sherlock Gnomes was in development at Rocket Pictures . Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil , two of the nine writers on the first film , are writing the script for the sequel . Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish are producing the film , and Elton John , an exec producer , is again composing new songs for the film . The film will feature Sherlock Gnomes , `` the greatest ornamental detective '' hired by the characters from the first film , who will try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes . In September 2012 , it was reported that John Stevenson , the director of Kung Fu Panda , has been set to direct the sequel . In November 2015 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film is scheduled for release on January 12 , 2018 . Paramount Animation and Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer will produce the film , with McAvoy and Blunt reprising their roles . On May 26 , 2017 , Paramount delayed the film 's release date to March 23 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . 83m 45s ^ Jump up to : Vlessing , Etan ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Film and TV Focus Lifts Entertainment One Profits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Among Entertainment One 's movie releases was Gnomeo & Juliet 3D released in Canada and Britain , ... Jump up ^ Screened Forums - Gnomeo and Juliet ^ Jump up to : `` Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Desowitz , Bill ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cultivating ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Animated World Network . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` Critical Mass : ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott . `` Emily Blunt and James MacAvoy on the Terror of Gnomes '' . NBC . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp Lending His Voice To Paramount / MGM Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Adam Elliot , writer / director / designer of Mary and Max '' . Crickey.com.au . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved January 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , Eric . `` Exclusive Interview : Gnomeo And Juliet Director Kelly Asbury '' . Cinemablend . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon . `` Gnomeo & Juliet '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Buena Vista Records to Release Gnomeo & Juliet Original Soundtrack 2 / 8 '' . PR Newsire . January 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga , Elton John Duet Wo n't Appear On ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Soundtrack '' . Billboard.com . Associated Press . February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A dazzling Emily Blunt has the white stuff at the Hollywood premiere of Gnomeo and Juliet '' . Daily Mail Online . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elton John in Cannes to promote Gnomeo And Juliet '' . Citizenside.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Get Together '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grabert , Jessica ( April 3 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo & Juliet Rushing Out Of Theaters And On To DVD '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Propst , Andy ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` Gnomeo and Juliet , Featuring Elton John Songs , Set for May 24 DVD Release '' . Theater Mania . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo & Juliet Announced and Detailed for Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . High - Def Digest . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ribera , J.C. ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Brings Gnomeo & Juliet to Blu - ray and Blu - ray 3D '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gnomeo and Juliet Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ben Riley - Smith ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Mars Needs Moms ' : does flop mean 3D is history ? '' . thefirstpost.co.uk . Retrieved July 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 18 -- 20 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` February 11 -- 13 , 2011 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( February 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' Just , ' ' Justin , ' ' Juliet ' Jumpin ' '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GNOMEO AND JULIET '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rango ' Wins Annie Award for Best Animated Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Karger , Dave ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Artist ' and ' Hugo ' lead Broadcast Film Critics nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2012 : The Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Pictures Plots ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel , With New Tunes By Elton John '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` John Stevenson Tapped To Direct ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp takes lead in Sherlock Gnomes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CS ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Animation Announces Release Dates '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greg Evans ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Nudges ' Sherlock Gnomes ' To Later Release Date '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gnomeo & Juliet Gnomeo & Juliet on IMDb Gnomeo & Juliet at AllMovie Gnomeo & Juliet at Box Office Mojo Gnomeo & Juliet at Rotten Tomatoes Gnomeo & Juliet at Metacritic Kevin Cecil and Andy Riley Television shows The Armando Iannucci Shows Robbie the Reindeer Hyperdrive The Great Outdoors Radio The 99p Challenge Movies by Andy Riley Gnomeo & Juliet Books by Andy Riley The Book of Bunny Suicides Return of the Bunny Suicides Films directed by Kelly Asbury Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnomeo_%26_Juliet&oldid=840665890 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 3D films 2011 animated films 2011 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s romantic comedy films American animated fantasy films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American films American romantic comedy films Animated duos Animated musical films British 3D films British animated films British animated fantasy films British children 's comedy films British children 's fantasy films British films British romantic comedy films Children 's fantasy films Disney animated films Elton John Fantasy - comedy films Fictional gnomes Films about gnomes Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in England Rocket Pictures films Touchstone Pictures animated films Films directed by Kelly Asbury Films scored by James Newton Howard Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 10 : 18 . 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who played the frog in gnomeo and juliet
[ "Ashley Jensen as Nanette, a Scottish-accented plastic garden frog, Juliet's best friend, and Paris' love interest counterpart to Nurse." ]
[ "Ashley Jensen" ]
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List of Supergirl episodes
List of Supergirl episodes - wikipedia List of Supergirl episodes Jump to : navigation , search Supergirl is an American superhero action - adventure drama television series developed by Ali Adler , Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Supergirl ( Kara Zor - El ) , created by Otto Binder and Al Plastino , that originally aired on CBS and premiered on October 26 , 2015 . Supergirl is a costumed superheroine who is the biological cousin to Superman and one of the last surviving Kryptonians . The series was officially picked up on May 6 , 2015 , and received a full season order on November 30 , 2015 . On May 12 , 2016 , Warner Bros. Television announced that the series had been renewed for a second season and that it would move from CBS to The CW , where it debuted on October 10 , 2016 . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a third season , which began airing on October 9 , 2017 . As of February 5 , 2018 , 55 episodes of Supergirl have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Network Rank Average viewership ( in millions ) 20 October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) CBS 39 9.81 22 October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) The CW 129 3.12 23 October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) June 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Ali Adler & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ali Adler October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 276088 12.96 Before the destruction of the planet Krypton , Kal - El is sent to Earth along with his cousin Kara Zor - El . The planet 's implosion forces her ship off course and into the Phantom Zone for 24 years , before landing on Earth . Kal , now operating as the superhero Superman in Metropolis , puts Kara in the care of the Danvers in National City . Twelve years later , Kara , working at the media conglomerate CatCo , reveals her powers as a vigilante . She tells her co-worker , Winn Schott , about her secret and he starts aiding her . Her cold - hearted boss , Cat Grant , titles the vigilante `` Supergirl '' . Alex , Kara 's adoptive sister , is revealed to be working at the Department of Extra-Normal Operations ( DEO ) , under the leadership of Hank Henshaw , investigating alien activity . Kara learns that there are hundreds of aliens on Earth , most of whom came from a prison that was run by her mother , Alura . Her actions attract the attention of an alien called Vartox , and she is able to defeat him , although he then kills himself . James Olsen , another one of Kara 's colleagues , reveals that Kal sent him to look after her and presents her with a new cape . Vartox 's superior is revealed to be Astra In - Ze , Alura 's identical twin sister , who wants to conquer Earth . `` Stronger Together '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Ali Adler November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 4X7602 8.87 In an effort to put a positive image on Supergirl in the wake of a serious mishap , Kara asks Winn and James to help her perfect her skills , while Hank and Alex put Kara through extensive physical training . Kara learns that an alien of the Hellgrammite species who escaped from Fort Rozz , Alura 's prison , is on Earth searching for chlorine - based food . The DEO prepares an ambush for the Hellgrammite , but it escapes , kidnaps Alex , and takes her to Astra , who uses Alex as a trap for Kara . As Kara and Astra fight , Hank injures Astra with a Kryptonite knife and Alex kills the Hellgrammite . Learning that Kara has become more powerful than she had imagined and that humanity has a means of weakening Kryptonians , Astra muses that her `` plans '' may need to be postponed . Alex provides Kara with an interactive artificial intelligence of Alura 's consciousness . Meanwhile , Cat pressures James to get her an interview with Supergirl . In the end , Kara agrees to the interview and prevents James from getting fired . It is also revealed that Hank might have a secret of his own when his eyes glow red . `` Fight or Flight '' Dermott Downs Michael Grassi & Rachel Shukert November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 4X7603 8.07 During the interview with Cat , Kara accidentally reveals that she is Superman 's cousin . After Cat exposes the relationship , Kara is attacked by Reactron , who seeks to kill her in order to get his revenge on Superman , but she manages to send him fleeing . He later goes to LORD Technology labs and kidnaps Maxwell Lord to get him to fix his suit . Kara later learns that a reactor meltdown Superman stopped in the past killed Reactron 's wife . She goes to the hideout of Reactron , identified as Ben Krull , and manages to save Maxwell , only to get badly injured by Krull afterwards , but Superman comes to save her . She gets mad at James for calling Superman for help . During a party Cat organized , Krull breaks in to find Supergirl . While James distracts Reactron , Kara covers her hand in lead so that she can use it to safely remove the power core in Krull 's suit and defeat him . Kara , who has feelings for James , witnesses his ex-girlfriend , Lucy Lane , also Lois Lane 's younger sister , paying him a visit to restart their relationship . `` How Does She Do It ? '' Thor Freudenthal Yahlin Chang & Ted Sullivan November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 4X7604 7.19 Cat leaves town , entrusting her son Carter to Kara . A bomber starts targeting Lord 's company . On the opening night of Lord 's new bullet train , Kara and the DEO find out about two bomb threats simultaneously , one at the airport and one on the train . The DEO goes to the airport , where Hank secretly uses his powers to deactivate the bomb . Kara goes to the train to save Carter , who is on it with the bomber . As she confronts the bomber , he claims that he is doing it for his daughter . He requests her to save the people on the train after he starts the timer , killing himself . At DEO headquarters , Alex finds a fail - safe in the bomb defused by Hank , who claimed it was just a decoy . Kara deduces that Lord was the one behind the bombings . As Supergirl , she confronts Lord , who implies that the threats were used to test her skills . He also vows to find the person important to her on the train . Meanwhile , James initially refuses to date Lucy , but Kara convinces him to return to her . 5 5 `` Livewire '' Kevin Tancharoen Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Caitlin Parrish November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 4X7605 7.77 After fighting an alien escapee , Kara meets Alex at the apartment to greet the latter 's mother , Eliza , for Thanksgiving , inviting Winn due to his lack of plans . CatCo 's shock jock , Leslie Willis is demoted by Cat to traffic reporting after a controversial bashing of Supergirl . During a severe thunderstorm , Kara tries to save Leslie , but lightning strikes them both , imbuing Leslie with electromagnetic powers . Leslie takes the name `` Livewire '' and tries to take revenge on Cat , but Kara eventually stops her and she is imprisoned at the DEO . Cat and Kara become closer . Meanwhile , Alex tells Eliza in a fit of rage at the dinner table that she 's actually working for the DEO . Eliza reveals to Alex and Kara that her husband , Jeremiah , offered himself up to work for Henshaw in exchange for Kara 's safety and then died mysteriously . Alex and Kara decide to investigate Henshaw and find the truth about Jeremiah 's death . 6 6 `` Red Faced '' Jesse Warn Michael Grassi & Rachel Shukert November 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 30 ) 4X7606 8.02 Kara hurts a civilian due to her uncontrolled anger . Sam Lane , Lucy 's father and also a military general , arrives at the DEO with her as his attache , demanding Supergirl let them test her powers by fighting an android called Red Tornado , which is invented by T.O. Morrow . She overpowers Red Tornado , leading to Sam firing Morrow . Sam is later attacked by Red Tornado , but Kara saves him . The DEO realizes that Red Tornado is actually a drone controlled by Morrow . Alex and Kara engage Morrow and Red Tornado , respectively . Alex kills Morrow , making Red Tornado engage Kara without control . She uses her eyes enhanced by her rage to destroy it . Lucy resigns from military service in order to stay with James . Kara finds out that her powers have diminished when she cuts herself and starts bleeding . Meanwhile , Winn informs Kara and Alex that Jeremiah and Hank went on a mission in South America , where Jeremiah died , deducing that Hank is the last person to have seen him alive . 7 7 `` Human for a Day '' Larry Teng Yahlin Chang & Ted Sullivan December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 4X7607 7.67 As Kara tries to adapt to life without her powers , an earthquake hits National City . Winn informs Kara that she needs a rise of adrenaline in her blood to regain her powers . The team begins saving the CatCo staff upstairs by the elevator shaft , from where James falls after saving everyone . Kara regains her powers and saves him before rushing to help the citizens . Winn becomes jealous of the intimacy between her and James . Afterwards , Kara is attacked by Astra and her operatives . Meanwhile , the earthquake causes a DEO prisoner called Jemm , who has psychic abilities to read and control minds , to escape . Hank locks the facility and takes a team to engage Jemm , with the former being the only survivor . That causes Alex to become more suspicious of Hank . She locks him in a room and engages Jemm alone , being overpowered . Hank arrives in time and kills him . He explains to her that he is the sole survivor of an alien species and his name is J'onn J'onzz . He killed the real Hank after the latter killed Jeremiah , who tried to save J'onn . He then assumed Hank 's shape and identity . 8 8 `` Hostile Takeover '' Karen Gaviola Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Caitlin Parrish December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 4X7608 7.28 Kara is overpowered by Astra and escapes . In a second duel , the former defeats the latter and brings her to the DEO , where the latter states that all she wanted was to save Krypton , the same thing she wants for Earth . She also reveals that Alura used Kara on Krypton to arrest the former . Kara confronts the interactive artificial intelligence of Alura , who refuses to confirm that Astra 's plan could have worked . It is revealed that Astra wanted to get arrested in order to divert attention from her husband , Non , and his team from attacking LORD Technologies . Kara rushes there and engages him . Meanwhile , Cat 's emails are hacked and her personal information is leaked to the press . Kara finds out that the chairman of the board was behind the hack and provides Cat with evidence by the help of James , Lucy and Winn , leading to the chairman 's arrest . Kara also finds out from the leaks that Cat has a 24 - year old son named Adam Foster . Cat reveals to Kara that she has found out about the latter 's alter ego . 9 9 `` Blood Bonds '' Steve Shill Ted Sullivan & Derek Simon January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 4X7609 8.75 Non overpowers Kara and leaves with Hank . Lord sends the DEO away from his facility , vowing to defend it himself , and returns to a secret experiment he is conducting . Non offers to trade Hank for Astra , but Sam , who is placed in charge of the DEO by the President , refuses . He tortures Astra for Non 's location , and walks into a trap placed by Non . Kara is distraught over both her defeat and the fact that Cat will fire her unless she is convinced that Kara is not Supergirl . Kara goes to the DEO and talks with Astra who tells her that Alura believed her claim that Krypton was doomed , but sentenced her for her illegal methods while promising to work for her cause . Alex and Kara make the trade over Lane 's objections and Astra orders Non to withdraw despite his numerical advantage . Sam and his men leave the DEO . Hank uses his shape - shifting power to present Cat with Kara and Supergirl simultaneously , casting doubt on her initial deduction of their identities . Kara , James and Winn decide to find the secret about Lord , who is shown in possession of an alien woman . 10 10 `` Childish Things '' Jamie Babbit Story by : Yahlin Chang Teleplay by : Anna Musky - Goldwyn & James DeWille January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 4X7610 8.77 Winn 's father , known as the Toyman , escapes from prison , leaving the former a message to meet him . Winn tells the FBI about it . They find it a trap , but Kara saves them . Winn reveals that his father 's boss , Chester Dunholtz , stole his toy designs , leading to the Toyman trying to kill Dunholtz , killing other people instead and going to jail . The Toyman kidnaps Winn , demanding him to attend a ceremony to kill Dunholtz and threatening to kill the other guests by the bombs he has planted . Kara manages to save the guests and have the Toyman arrested . Lucy accepts Cat 's job offer and Winn addresses his feelings to Kara . Meanwhile , Alex goes to dinner with Maxwell , giving Hank the chance to infiltrate LORD Technologies by shapeshifting into Maxwell . He finds the woman and takes pictures , but is forced to clear a security guard 's memory to escape without arousing suspicion . Maxwell is revealed to be monitoring Alex using a camera and microphone he planted on her purse . He finds out about Supergirl 's identity . 11 11 `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' Glen Winter Michael Grassi & Caitlin Parrish January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 4X7611 7.90 Miranda Crane , an anti-alien Senator , arrives in National City and is attacked by an alien . Kara saves Crane and brings her to the DEO , where Hank reveals to Alex that the alien is a White Martian , whose species wiped out the Green Martians , Hank 's species . Kara finds out that the Crane inside the DEO is actually the White , who is a shapeshifter . The White escapes , abducting Alex . Hank proposes a trade of himself with Alex , which the White accepts . Kara interrupts the exchange , giving Hank the chance to attempt to kill the White , but Kara dissuades him and the White is incarcerated in the DEO . Crane withdraws from her anti-alien initiative . Meanwhile , Kara and Winn become distant to each other . Adam pays a visit to Cat due to receiving a letter , which was actually written by Kara . Adam and Cat find it hard to develop a relationship , but Kara later helps them reconcile . Adam asks Kara on a date , which she accepts . An identical Supergirl appears in National City . 12 12 `` Bizarro '' John Showalter Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa & Rachel Shukert February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 4X7612 6.68 It is revealed that the new Supergirl is the woman Maxwell has been experimenting on and has brainwashed her with the sole purpose of killing the prime Supergirl . Cat titles her `` Bizarro '' , who later witnesses Supergirl saving civilians and realizing that Supergirl is not a bad person , as Maxwell has dictated to her . However , Maxwell convinces her to continue hunting Supergirl . Bizarro attacks Kara when she is out with Adam , making her realize that Maxwell knows her identity . The DEO uses Kryptonite on Bizarro , whose face gets deformed instead and manages to escape . Kara decides to end her relationship with Adam . Maxwell advises Bizarro to use a person Supergirl cares about , so she kidnaps James . Kara arrives and engages her before Alex uses a modified Kryptonite to weaken Bizarro , who is rendered unconscious and kept in the DEO . Alex brings Maxwell to the DEO and locks him up , so he threatens Eliza indirectly . Back at her apartment , Kara is attacked by an unknown creature . 13 13 `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Ted Sullivan & Derek Simon February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 4X7613 7.92 The creature , which is known as the Black Mercy , places Kara in a dreamlike state that has her imagining she is back on Krypton . The Black Mercy is part of a plot by Non , who is using Earth 's technology to launch `` Myriad '' , which he and Astra are planning to use to wipe out humanity . Astra secretly informs Alex of the Black Mercy , and the latter enlists the help of Hank , Winn , Maxwell , and James to save Kara , with Alex entering Kara 's mind to pull her out and bring her back to reality . When Kara comes back , she seeks revenge on Non and stops him , who escapes with after revealing the word `` Myriad '' . Elsewhere , Astra engages Alex and Hank , who fights as the Martian Manhunter . The former overpowers him before Alex impales her with a Kryptonite sword , killing her . Kara arrives and Hank tells her that he killed Astra instead of Alex , who starts to feel guilty over whether she should tell Kara the truth . Non vows revenge on Kara in the wake of Astra 's death . 14 14 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' Lexi Alexander Story by : Michael Grassi Teleplay by : Yahlin Chang & Caitlin Parrish February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X7614 7.25 Kara and Non pay their final respects to Astra , and he vows to kill her after he finishes mourning . Kara , Alex , and J'onn track down an armored alien known as the Master Jailer , whom they discover was a guard at Fort Rozz . He has become a vigilante who kills the alien fugitives , including those convicted of non-violent crimes such as a professor sentenced for drug smuggling . Kara confronts the Jailer , but he takes her prisoner and plans to execute her for not joining him . The DEO pinpoints their location and Kara is able to save the professor and defeat the Jailer . Alura refuses to reveal anything about Myriad and Kara realizes she can not forgive J'onn for killing Astra . Meanwhile , Cat assigns James and Lucy to investigate Maxwell 's disappearance . Tensions between James and Lucy develop after he reveals his knowledge of the DEO and friendship with Supergirl . The DEO releases Maxwell , threatening to disclose his criminal activity if he reveals Supergirl 's identity or the DEO 's location . Kara finds competition in Cat 's new `` first assistant '' Siobhan Smythe . 15 15 `` Solitude '' Dermott Downs Story by : Rachel Shukert Teleplay by : Anna Musky - Goldwyn & James DeWille February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X7615 6.69 A hacker steals the personal information of several people and gives it to Cat for disclosure , which she refuses . The hacker , turned out to be an alien named Indigo with the ability to use the internet for traveling , announces her decision to destroy National City . Kara leaves the DEO and enlists the help of James and Lucy to stop Indigo while the DEO enlists Winn for it . Lucy realizes that Indigo 's intention in the hacking was only one person , a military general with access to the nuclear arsenal . Indigo infiltrates the nuclear base using the general 's cell phone and launches a missile towards National City . Kara stops it using the DEO 's help . Winn uploads a virus to Indigo , destroying her after she reveals to Kara that it was she who helped Kara 's ship exit the Phantom Zone. , which in turn facilitated Fort Rozz 's expulsion . Kara decides to rejoin the DEO , and Alex reveals the truth about Astra , being forgiven by Kara . Lucy ends her relationship with James , accusing him of loving Kara . Winn and Siobhan develop a relationship . Non recovers Indigo 's pieces and revives her . 16 16 `` Falling '' Larry Teng Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X7616 6.53 After helping fight a warehouse fire , Supergirl inadvertently comes into contact with Red Kryptonite which ovrerides her inhibitions . Kara / Supergirl soon becomes more cold , shallow , and cynical , which causes Winn , Jimmy , Alex , and even Cat to wonder what is going on with her . Kara even goes so far as to rat out the back - stabbing Siobhan by leaking information that Siobhan has been contacting the Daily Planet for information on Supergirl 's actions , which results in Cat terminating Siobhan 's employment . It soon turns out that Maxwell Lord created the so - called Red Kryptonite , in the hopes of stopping Non 's next attack . After the compromised Supergirl makes an attempt on Cat 's life , Cat goes on TV and denounces Supergirl . Alex and Maxwell are forced to form an uneasy alliance while he tries to help the DEO stop Supergirl . After a climactic battle downtown , the DEO is able to subdue and cure Supergirl , but at the price of Hank revealing himself as the Martian Manhunter . 17 17 `` Manhunter '' Chris Fisher Story by : Derek Simon Teleplay by : Cindy Lichtman & Rachel Shukert March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X7617 6.00 While Kara is trying to win back National City 's trust , the hot - headed Marine Colonel James Harper ( guest star Eddie McClintock ) begins an investigation into the J'onn affair with Lucy , having re-enlisted into the Army at her previous rank of Major , as his legal assistant . Hank / J'onn J'onzz then tells the backstory about how he first met Jeremiah Danvers ( guest star Dean Cain ) 10 years earlier while he and Hank were on a mission in South America to find him and how J'onn took his identity to oversee the DEO . After her interrogation , the vindictive Lucy implicates Alex with her knowledge about J'onn's real identity . After learning that Hank and Alex are on their way to Project Cadmus , Kara finally tells Lucy that she is Supergirl and convinces her to help rescue Hank and Alex . Hank learns that Jeremiah is still alive , so he and Alex go on the run to find him , but not before manipulating Harper into resigning from the Marines and appointing Lucy as the acting director of the DEO . Meanwhile , Siobhan tries to get revenge on Kara for getting her fired , but gets caught by Winn and discovers that she has the power to sonic scream . 18 18 `` Worlds Finest '' Nick Gomez Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Michael Grassi March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X7618 7.17 Siobhan discovers that the women in her family are cursed with the spirit of a banshee , which can only be quieted by killing whoever wronged them . Deciding to kill Kara , Siobhan frees Livewire from captivity at the DEO and suggests they team up to kill both Kara and Cat . Siobhan -- now calling herself Silver Banshee -- and Livewire kidnap Cat and wreak havoc on National City Park . Meanwhile , Supergirl has a run - in with Barry Allen / Flash , a superhero from a parallel Earth ( Earth - 1 ) , whom she asks for his help to find Livewire and Silver Banshee . After a climatic fight in a downtown park , Kara is able to subdue them and win back National City 's trust . At the end , Kara discovers that everyone in National City has fallen under some kind of spell , revealed by Non to be the result of Myriad . This episode is a crossover with The Flash . 19 19 `` Myriad '' Adam Kane Yahlin Chang & Caitlin Parrish April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X7619 6.12 The Myriad effect has taken over National City and even Superman is under control , leaving Kara , Cat , and Maxwell as the only ones immune . Now , Kara must find a way to stop Non , but Maxwell is looking at destroying the Kryptonians with a Kryptonite bomb even at the risk of killing other humans . Cat objects and prompts Kara to find an alternative . The effect brings fugitives Alex and J'onn back after Alex tells Eliza the truth about Jeremiah and Hank Henshaw . When Indigo senses the two returning , she defeats J'onn , but takes Alex and places her under mind control as Non 's payback for Astra 's death . 20 20 `` Better Angels '' Larry Teng Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Ali Adler Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X7620 6.11 Kara fights with Alex , who is controlled by Non . When Alex is about to kill Kara with the same Kryptonian sword used to kill Astra , their mother pleads with her to stop , breaking Non 's control over Alex . The team learns that hope is the key to stopping Myriad . Supergirl inspires the citizens of National City , waking them from the Myriad trance . However , Non is convinced by Indigo to kill all the humans on Earth by increasing Myriad 's frequency . Back at the DEO , Max warns Kara that she might not survive a solo fight with Non and Indigo ; J'onn later insists on helping her . Kara and J'onn confront Non and Indigo at Fort Rozz , which is powering Myriad . Kara defeats Non in a heat vision battle and J'onn rips Indigo 's body apart . As Indigo dies , she reveals that she locked the system so Myriad can not be shut down . Kara flies Fort Rozz into space , rendering Myriad harmless ; Alex rescues her using Kara 's pod . Afterward , J'onn is reinstated as the Director of the DEO and Cat gives Kara a promotion . While Kara celebrates at her house , another pod similar to the one in which Kara came to Earth crashes near National City . Kara opens the pod and is shocked by what is inside it . Notes ^ Jump up to : Following the November 2015 Paris attacks , the episode `` How Does She Do It ? '' , which features content similar to the attacks and was originally scheduled to air as the fourth episode of the season on November 16 , 2015 , was pulled from its scheduled airing . In its place , the episode `` Livewire '' , which was originally scheduled to air as the fifth episode on November 23 , 2015 , was aired . `` How Does She Do It ? '' then aired as the fifth episode on November 23 . For the season 's home media release , the episodes were restored to their original production order , which is how the episodes are presented here . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 21 `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Jessica Queller October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20151 3.06 Kara finds an unknown young man lying unconscious in the pod and takes him to DEO . She prepares for a date with James just as the commercial spacecraft , the Venture , is launched into space . It suffers engine failure and descends to Earth , but Kara saves the craft with help from Superman . They discover the main target was Lena Luthor , the new CEO of Luthor Corp after her brother , Lex , was convicted of numerous crimes . In a ceremony where she renames the company L - Corp , she is attacked again by John Corben , an assassin . Alex engages him while Kara and Clark stop a building from collapsing . Corben reveals he was working for Lex before he is shot by Lena . Kara chooses to be a reporter for CatCo , a decision supported by Cat . Kara and James decide to keep their relationship friendly . Winn is formally hired to work at the DEO . Meanwhile , J'onn reveals to Alex that he was the one who found the first cluster of Kryptonite and decided to keep it against the wishes of Clark , who wanted to destroy it . At Project Cadmus , the organization 's leader revives Corben and begins turning him into a being called Metallo . 22 `` The Last Children of Krypton '' Glen Winter Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20152 2.66 Kara and Clark continue operating together in National City before he decides to return to Metropolis . When they encounter Corben , who has turned into Project Cadmus ' prototypical cyborg , his Kryptonite - based powers pose a serious threat . The DEO deduces that there is a mole who smuggled the kryptonite out . During a subsequent encounter with Corben , another Metallo prototype goes on a rampage in Metropolis without opposition . Alex finds the mole , but he is killed by Cadmus 's leader , a scientist who intends to destroy aliens . Winn builds anti-kryptonite gear for Kara and Clark , who manage to defeat the Metallos with the help of Alex and Hank . Kara promises the Cadmus leader she will find her . Hank entrusts the remaining kryptonite to Clark , who returns to Metropolis . Meanwhile , Cat introduces Kara to the latter 's new boss , Snapper Carr , who does not like her and refuses to give her an assignment . Cat advises her to solve the problem herself and announces that she has decided to leave CatCo , leaving James in charge . Kara manages to prove her value to Snapper , who agrees to teach her . At the DEO , the alien man regains consciousness and attacks Kara . 23 `` Welcome to Earth '' Rachel Talalay Jessica Queller & Derek Simon October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20153 2.65 The alien man escapes the DEO . As President Olivia Marsdin arrives in National City to sign an act giving all aliens amnesty , she is attacked by an unknown alien with the power to shoot fiery energy , believed to be the escapee . Alex encounters police detective Maggie Sawyer at the crime scene , who takes her to a secret bar hosting aliens . Winn discovers the DEO escapee is from Daxam , Krypton 's sister planet . Kara defeats the Daxamite and returns him to the DEO . She is uncharacteristically hostile towards him , prejudging his intentions because of a long feud between the Kryptonians and Daxamites . The President is attacked again while signing the Alien Amnesty Act ; the assailant is revealed to be a woman , Scorch , who is defeated by Kara , Alex , and Maggie . Kara releases the Daxamite , who introduces himself as Mon - El . She tells him that Daxam 's population was annihilated and that Daxam is a wasteland due to Krypton 's destruction . Olivia briefly flashes an alien face as she leaves , unbeknownst to the members of the DEO . Meanwhile , Kara interviews Lena , who reveals that L - Corp has invented an alien detection device . In the bar , Hank encounters M'gann M'orzz , a female Green Martian . 24 `` Survivors '' James Marshall James Bamford Paula Yoo & Eric Carrasco October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20154 2.22 J'onn asks that Mon - El stay at the DEO until he is fully examined . An alien body is found and the DEO track down the murderer , who is then kidnapped by unknown armed men . Maggie and Alex track him down to a secret facility where a woman , Veronica Sinclair ( also known as Roulette ) , hosts rich and powerful people . The aliens are forced to duel , sometimes to the death . They spot M'gann as a contestant before Kara intervenes and is attacked by an alien called Draaga , who overpowers her and escapes . J'onn confronts M'gann , who confesses her intense guilt for having survived the extinction of her species . Veronica abducts J'onn with M'gann's help . Using Lena , Kara finds the fight club 's new address , where J'onn and M'gann are forced to duel until J'onn convinces her to stop blaming herself and she refuses to continue . When they are attacked by Draaga , Kara arrives and defeats him thanks to Mon - El 's advice . She dissuades the other aliens from protecting Veronica , who is arrested but later released by orders from on high . M'gann secretly shapeshifts to reveal that she is a White Martian . 25 5 `` Crossfire '' Glen Winter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20155 2.47 A group of robbers , led by Chet Miner , starts challenging Supergirl using alien guns . Cadmus demands the repealing of the Amnesty as a solution . Kara deduces that Cadmus is arming Miner 's team . Lena holds a fundraiser which is attacked by Miner and his men . She reveals to Winn that the fundraiser was a ruse for the robbers and they activate a device that destroys the alien weapons , leading to the robbers ' arrest . Miner and his team are killed by Cadmus before he can expose them . The leader of Cadmus is revealed to be Lillian , Lena 's adoptive mother . Meanwhile , Kara takes Mon - El to CatCo for work , but he continuously ignores her commands , leading to him being fired . Alex convinces her to let him choose his own path . James starts operating as a vigilante . Winn finds out and initially reprimands him , but finally decides to help , intending to make a suit for him . Alex learns that Maggie has broken up with her girlfriend and tries to cheer her up , with Maggie realizing Alex is a lesbian and Alex herself accepting that fact . 26 6 `` Changing '' Larry Teng Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Caitlin Parrish November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20156 2.35 In Norway , a group of scientists led by Dr. Jones discover an abnormal wolf corpse , resulting in the mysterious murder of all of the scientists except Jones , who is revealed to be infected by a parasite . The DEO finds out that Jones killed the other scientists . Kara gets angry with Mon - El when she finds out that he has been using his powers to make money . The DEO predicts Jones ' next target and Kara and J'onn attempt to stop him , but he drains their powers , becomes larger and stronger , and escapes , leaving the pair weakened and unconscious and J'onn near death . Alex convinces M'gann to donate blood in order to save J'onn . Jones attacks his target again , but Mon - El intervenes . With his suit ready , James arrives to fight Jones too , taking the alias `` Guardian . '' Kara regains consciousness and attacks Jones , using Plutonium 239 , which he absorbs , causing him to overload with energy and implode . James convinces Winn not to tell Kara about his alter ego . Mon - El is abducted by Cadmus . Meanwhile , Alex tells Kara about her feelings for Maggie . Kara encourages her to tell Maggie how she feels , but Maggie reveals that she would prefer to remain friends , upsetting Alex . 27 7 `` The Darkest Place '' Glen Winter Robert Rovner & Paula Yoo November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20157 2.61 A new vigilante appears and starts killing some of the criminals . Mon - El continues his escape plans . Lillian demands Kara come to Cadmus . Kara is overpowered by the real Hank , who is enhanced and called the `` Cyborg Superman . '' Winn helps identify vigilante criminal targets with James help to try and stop the serial killer . Lillian forces Kara to deplete her powers , giving the former the chance to take blood samples . Mon - El watches as Kara solar flares with depleted powers for Lillian . Jeremiah saves Kara and Mon - El and helps them escape by staying behind . Kara finally approves of the Guardian , unaware of his true identity only known to Alex . Mon - El recognises feelings for Kara . Cyborg Superman arrives at the Fortress of Solitude demanding to know about the `` Medusa '' project . Meanwhile , J'onn begins having hallucinations about M'gann locked in the DEO . She warns him about the transfusion . Alex finally accepts Maggie . 28 8 `` Medusa '' Stefan Pleszczynski Jessica Queller & Derek Simon November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20158 3.53 Cyborg Superman unleashes a virus in the alien bar , killing every alien there except Mon - El , who is quarantined by the DEO . Eliza Danvers , visiting for Thanksgiving , determines that the virus is Kryptonian . At the Fortress of Solitude , Kara learns that Henshaw was after `` Medusa '' , a virus created by her father , Zor - El , to kill non-Kryptonians in case of alien invasion . At L - Corp , she stops Henshaw from getting the isotope required to disperse Medusa . Lena refuses to help when Kara reveals that Lillian is Cadmus ' leader . Later , Lena willingly gives Lillian the isotope . Kara and J'onn confront the Luthors and Henshaw before Medusa is disseminated via rocket launcher . J'onn fights Henshaw , becoming a White Martian , while Kara chases the rocket , which explodes and disperses Medusa . However , Lena has double - crossed Lillian and rendered the virus inert . Lillian is arrested , but Henshaw escapes . Eliza cures Mon - El and uses Medusa to restore J'onn's Green Martian form . Alex comes out to Eliza , who supports her . Later , Maggie and Alex kiss after Maggie admits she does have feelings for Alex . An unknown alien race is searching for Mon - El . Barry Allen and Cisco Ramon arrive from their Earth to enlist Kara 's help . This episode ends with a scene setting up the crossover event `` Invasion ! '' that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , continues on Arrow season 5 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 29 9 `` Supergirl Lives '' Kevin Smith Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Eric Carrasco & Jess Kardos January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20159 2.65 Winn gets beaten aiding James , leading the former to believe he is not fit for field work . Kara starts investigating a strange series of missing persons . The DEO tracks the kidnappings to a fake clinical trial run by aliens . Searching for the missing people , Kara and Mon - El pass through a portal and land on the planet Maaldoria , epicenter of the slave trade . Realizing that they will not have their powers due to Maaldoria 's red sun , the pair tracks the kidnappees to a fortress , intentionally getting captured to wind up in the same cell as the others . They learn that Roulette is involved in the trafficking . Meanwhile , J'onn reveals that the Maaldorian atmosphere is lethal to Martians , making Alex the lead on the rescue team . She convinces Winn to join her , despite his misgivings . Kara incites a riot and the prisoners lock Roulette and her Maaldorian accomplice in the cell before escaping . After reuniting with the DEO , they get to the portal and return to Earth . Winn accepts his potential , while Mon - El , whom the Maaldorians intentionally allowed to leave , decides to become a superhero . An alien group is revealed to be searching for Mon - El . Maggie tells Alex about her knowledge of Kara 's alter ego . 30 10 `` We Can Be Heroes '' Rebecca Johnson Caitlin Parrish & Katie Rose Rogers January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) T13. 20160 2.35 Kara starts training Mon - El . Leslie is found to be out of prison . Kara and Mon - El go off to engage Livewire , but it turns out to be another woman , who attacks the pair with a male of the same abilities . Mon - El ignores Kara 's instructions to protect the civilians , choosing to save her instead . The Guardian arrives and aids them . Their adversaries escape and Kara finds out about James ' alter ego , scolding him and Winn . She also gets angry with Mon - El for prioritizing her over the others . The DEO learns that Leslie was actually abducted from incarceration . Winn locates her . James and Mon - El rush there to prove themselves . The duo is captured by a scientist who has been draining Leslie 's powers and giving them to his subjects . Kara arrives and saves them , freeing Leslie and dissuading her from killing the scientist in exchange for allowing her to escape . Kara rejects James ' offer for cooperation in vigilantism . Mon - El confirms his feelings for her . Meanwhile , M'gann loses consciousness . J'onn agrees to bond with her . In a shared memory , he tells her that she is forgiven . She regains consciousness and J'onn frees her . She reveals that the White Martians are searching for her . 31 11 `` The Martian Chronicles '' David McWhirter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) T13. 20161 2.43 J'onn starts following M'gann so as to protect her . Armek , her former mate , comes to Earth with orders to take her back to Mars for execution and gives her two hours to surrender before he goes after her friends . Fearful , J'onn decides to bring her to the DEO for protection . The real M'gann shows up , revealing the other one to be Armek in disguise , forcing J'onn to put the DEO into lockdown . Assuming Winn 's identity , Armek initiates a meltdown in the building 's nuclear reactor while another White Martian posing as Alex ambushes Kara . J'onn and M'gann free the real Winn and Alex and confront Armek , killing him with a metal pole . Winn fixes the reactor in time and Alex helps Kara subdue the other Martian . Afterwards , M'gann informs J'onn that she intends to return to her home planet in order to reform her people . Encouraged by Alex , Kara tries to ask Mon - El out on a date , only to find that he already has a relationship with Eve . 32 12 `` Luthors '' Tawnia McKiernan Robert Rovner & Cindy Lichtman February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) T13. 20162 2.52 Lena testifies against Lillian , and Kara encourages her to visit Lillian , who reveals that she is her husband 's daughter from another woman . A package of synthetic kryptonite is sent to Corben . While testifying , he attacks the court and frees Lillian . A faked video is leaked showing Lena stealing the kryptonite and she is arrested on suspicion of helping Lillian . Corben breaks her out . Kara remains the only person to believe in Lena 's innocence . Lillian takes Lena to a remote facility set up by Lex before his imprisonment and forces her to access a stockpile of alien weapons , several of which she takes . Kara arrives and intervenes . Winn determines that the synthetic kryptonite is becoming increasingly unstable and will soon explode . Kara manages to save Lena before Corben self - destructs while Lillian and Henshaw escape by helicopter . Lena is exonerated , but begins contemplating her relationship with her family , especially Lex . Kara and Mon - El , who had a disastrous date with Teschmacher , confess their feelings for each other at her apartment when a man calling himself Mister Mxyzptlk arrives and declares his love for her . Meanwhile , Alex introduces Maggie to the group as her girlfriend . 33 13 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mxyzptlk '' Stefan Pleszczynski Jessica Queller & Sterling Gates February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) T13. 20163 2.24 Mxyzptlk , an imp from the fifth dimension who can manipulate reality , proposes marriage to Kara , whose refusal he sees as a challenge . Mon - El suggests killing Mxyzptlk , which she rejects . Mxyzptlk summons Parasite to attack National City before killing it in order to impress her . Mon - El inadvertently reveals that another way to remove imps is by getting them to say or spell their names backwards . Later , Winn discovers a device in the DEO 's collection that is connected to the same fifth dimensional energy from which Mxyzptlk draws power . Mon - El attempts to use it to duel with Mxyzptlk to the death . Mxyzptlk eventually gains the upper hand and tries to kill Mon - El , only for Kara to arrive and agree to marry him . He later arrives at the Fortress of Solitude for their wedding , but Kara states that she will not marry him . Angered , he attacks her , but she stops the battle by locking the fortress down and activating the self - destruct sequence . Mxyzptlk begs for the code to stop the countdown but , after inputting the code , realizes that it spells his name backwards , vanquishing him . Mon - El and Kara develop a romance . Meanwhile , Winn starts dating Lyra Strayd , an alien from Starhaven , and Alex and Maggie celebrate their first Valentine 's Day together . 34 14 `` Homecoming '' Larry Teng Caitlin Parrish & Derek Simon February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) T13. 20164 2.17 The DEO receives an alarm regarding a convoy departing from Cadmus . Kara and J'onn investigate and rescue a chained Jeremiah , who claims Cadmus has created a fusion bomb using energy from her heat vision . He persuades J'onn to reinstate him back at the DEO , which makes Mon - El suspicious , causing friction between him and Kara . He persuades Winn to watch Jeremiah , who attempts to access the DEO 's database , alerting Winn . After confronting Jeremiah , Kara is hesitant to accept his excuse , while Alex believes him . Winn locates the purported bomb , but the DEO finds nothing at the location . J'onn realizes he can not read Jeremiah 's mind and that he is working for Cadmus , having been cybernetically enhanced . Jeremiah overpowers J'onn and downloads information from the mainframe before escaping . Kara and Alex confront Jeremiah , Lillian , and Henshaw , and Kara rushes to save a train that Cadmus endangered while Alex goes after the trio . Jeremiah escapes due to Alex 's reluctance to shoot him . Winn later determines that Jeremiah downloaded the list of all the registered aliens in the country . 35 15 `` Exodus '' Michael Allowitz Paula Yoo & Eric Carrasco March 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 06 ) T13. 20165 2.16 Cadmus begins abducting aliens , so Kara asks Snapper to publish an article , but he insists on verifying her sources . When Supergirl confirms the story but refuses to reveal her own source , Snapper refuses to publish . Alex 's bias towards Jeremiah leads to J'onn suspending her , but Maggie decides to help her find him . They stop a Cadmus team from abducting an alien and find Cadmus ' holding site . Lena also finds out about the site before Lillian 's operatives attempt to stop her , but Kara manages to save Lena . At the Cadmus site , Alex is captured and Jeremiah reveals that Cadmus is planning to deport the aliens to another planet in a large spaceship . Meanwhile , Kara publishes the story on a blog , forcing Lillian to deport the aliens she already has . Alex convinces Jeremiah to help her stop the launch and , while he engages Cadmus operatives , she enters the ship and frees the aliens , but they are locked inside by another gate before the ship launches , programmed to accelerate to light speed once exiting the atmosphere . Supergirl arrives and manages to stop the ship . Snapper fires Kara from CatCo , while Alex is reinstated by J'onn . Daxamites arrive near the Moon . 36 16 `` Star - Crossed '' John Medlen Katie Rose Rogers & Jess Kardos March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) T13. 20166 2.07 The Daxamites demand the humans relinquish Mon - El , who surrenders . Kara accompanies him and learns that Mon - El is actually the Prince of Daxam . The ship is commanded by his parents , who want him to lead his people and rebuild Daxam . Kara becomes angry with Mon - El for lying to her . She and Mon - El return to Earth . He apologizes several times , but to no avail . She eventually ends the relationship . Mon - El demands his parents leave him and Earth . Meanwhile , Winn and Lyra break into an art museum for a tryst . He is later arrested by Maggie , who reveals that a painting is missing . Alex convinces Maggie to give them 24 hours to prove Winn 's innocence . They find and capture Lyra , who reveals that her brother , Bastian , owes a large sum to a smuggler named Mandrax . She steals paintings to pay down Bastian 's debt . Winn frees Lyra as part of a sting operation . The DEO and Guardian then confront and arrest Mandrax and free Bastian . Winn later forgives Lyra 's dishonesty . The DEO has captured a new alien , who quickly hypnotizes Kara and escapes to Earth - 1 to fight Barry . Kara wakes up in a hallucination where she is a lounge singer . This episode is a crossover with The Flash season 3 episode 17 . The scene at the end of the episode sets up the crossover . 37 17 `` Distant Sun '' Kevin Smith Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn March 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 27 ) T13. 20167 2.21 Kara is attacked by a series of alien bounty hunters . Mon - El suspects his parents are responsible and hope that he will abandon Earth if Kara is dead . His suspicion is confirmed after J'onn telepathically interrogates one of the hunters . Kara suggests she and Mon - El meet with Rhea , his mother , to change her mind . However , Rhea refuses to listen and tries to kill Kara using Kryptonite , so Mon - El agrees to leave Earth if she spares Kara 's life . Against President Marsdin 's orders , J'onn helps Kara rescue Mon - El from his parents ' ship and , after a fierce battle , King Lar Gand agrees to let Mon - El stay on Earth . Marsdin is revealed to be an alien . Rhea kills Lar Gand for what she views as his betrayal and vows to return to Earth to reclaim Mon - El . Meanwhile , after an encounter with an ex-girlfriend of Maggie 's , Alex learns that Maggie neglected to tell her that she cheated on the woman , prompting a frank discussion in which Alex asks Maggie to trust her with her secrets . 38 18 `` Ace Reporter '' Armen V. Kevorkian Paula Yoo & Caitlin Parrish April 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) T13. 20168 1.80 Lena invites Kara to a press conference being held by her former boyfriend Jack Spheer , who unveils Biomax , a new nanobot technology that can heal human ailments . After the conference , Kara is approached and told the human trials of Biomax were faked , but her source is killed by the nanobots before she is told more . Kara and Mon - El crash Lena and Jack 's dinner date and take Jack 's keycard for his office , discovering footage showing Jack injecting Biomax into himself . Kara later shows the footage to Lena , who confronts Jack and discovers he is being controlled by his CFO Beth Breen via the side effect of the nanobots , loss of free will . Supergirl then turns up to save Lena , but when the former is trapped by the nanobots , Lena is forced to deactivate them , killing Jack in the process . Breen is incarcerated and Snapper rehires Kara at CatCo for providing the Biomax story . Lena is visited by Rhea . Meanwhile , Winn brings Lyra onto the team with him and Guardian , causing tensions that lead to Lyra leaving the team . James returns her to the team with the condition that she follow his instructions . 39 19 `` Alex '' Rob Greenlea Eric Carrasco & Greg Baldwin May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20169 1.75 Alex is abducted by a person who demands the release of Peter Thompson , a man serving a life sentence for several felonies . The kidnapper is identified as Rick Malverne , Thompson 's son and also a childhood friend of the Danvers , having deduced Kara 's alter ego on his own . Rick is captured and taken to the DEO . Alex sends a location to Winn , but when Kara rushes to the coordinates , the trap triggers an alarm , causing water to start filling Alex 's cell . While the DEO and Kara refuse to negotiate with Rick , Maggie tries to break Thompson out of prison before being confronted by Kara , who convinces Thompson to reveal Alex 's location . Kara and Maggie manage to rescue Alex in time and Alex and Maggie profess their love for each other . J'onn decides to wipe Rick 's memory . Meanwhile , Rhea gives Lena the schematics of a high - tech device for transporting matter . Lena soon deduces that Rhea is an alien and becomes angry , but Rhea manages to convince her to continue working with her . 40 20 `` City of Lost Children '' Ben Bray Story by : Robert Rovner Teleplay by : Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20170 1.88 James becomes discouraged with being Guardian when he realizes that those he helps are afraid of him . The DEO investigates a Phorian woman who uses her telekinetic powers to cause rampage . James tracks down her son , Marcus , who refuses to speak with anyone but James , who spends time bonding with him . With Rhea 's encouragement , Lena completes the matter transporter , which Rhea activates , causing Marcus to nearly destroy the office with his powers . Afterwards , the DEO discovers Rhea and Lena 's involvement and that Marcus 's mother 's `` attack '' was unintentional on her part . Marcus leads James and Winn to his mother , who is with a large group of Phorians . Rhea reactivates the transporter , causing the Phorians to lose control . James manages to calm Marcus , who in turn calms the others . Kara , J'onn , and Mon - El attempt to shut down the transporter , but are unsuccessful . Mon - El confronts Rhea , but hesitates to kill her . The transporter brings a massive fleet of Daxamite ships to conquer Earth and transform it into `` New Daxam '' . Rhea then teleports herself , Mon - El , and Lena to her ship . 41 21 `` Resist '' Millicent Shelton Jessica Queller & Derek Simon May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) T13. 20171 1.93 The Daxamites launch a full invasion of National City , killing and arresting civilians . They also attack the DEO , but Alex and Winn manage to escape . Mon - El learns that he has to marry Lena in order to unite the people of Earth with Daxam . On Air Force One , Marsdin and Cat contact Rhea and demand their withdrawal , but the Daxamite fleet fires on them . Kara saves Cat and they discover that Marsdin is an alien , a refugee from the planet Durla . She tasks the DEO with destroying the Daxamite mother ship with a special cannon . Hesitant to do so , Kara turns to Cadmus for a way into the ship . Cat and Winn stage a distraction , inciting a civilian riot against the Daxamites , while Kara , Hank , and Lillian use a Phantom Zone projector to board the ship . Alex and Maggie regain control of the cannon , while the Luthors escape and try to disable the projector . Having predicted that , Supergirl is able to send Mon - El to safety and goes to confront Rhea , who reveals that she has taken control of Superman and has him attack Kara . 42 22 `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Jessica Queller Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) T13. 20172 2.12 Rhea used Silver Kryptonite to manipulate Kal 's senses , causing Kara to appear to be General Zod . Kara eventually overpowers and takes him to the Fortress , where a recovered Kal finds a way to end the invasion . Kara challenges Rhea to Dakkam Ur , a rite in which two leaders duel and the loser concedes the war , accepted by Rhea . Lillian , Lena and Winn build a device to disperse lead into the atmosphere . As lead is lethal to Daxamites , it would make the planet uninhabitable to them . With Mon - El 's approval , Kara tells the DEO to use it if she loses . During the duel , Rhea resumes the invasion . M'gann returns with other benevolent White Martians and J'onn awakens to join the battle . Rhea claims the invasion will not stop even if she loses , so Kara launches the device , killing Rhea and forcing the fleet to leave . Kara puts Mon - El in a pod and sends him away from Earth . Cat reassumes her position at CatCo and Alex asks Maggie to marry her . In deep space , Mon - El 's pod is drawn into a wormhole . In flashbacks to Krypton 's destruction , an unknown faction sends another infant to Earth in order to `` reign . '' Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Girl of Steel '' Jesse Warn Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Caitlin Parrish October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T13. 20651 1.87 Kara has been dreaming of Mon - El and has become obsessive with her vigilantism , ignoring downtime with others in her life . Lena and James oppose industrialist Morgan Edge regarding his plan for waterfront housing estates . James is running CatCo with Cat serving as White House Press Secretary and Snapper on sabbatical . Kara quits CatCo , believing she needs to prioritize being Supergirl and pushing away Alex , who is making plans to marry Maggie . Edge hires criminal Bloodsport to attack the unveiling of a Supergirl statue by the waterfront with a submarine , forcing Kara to go underwater to stop them . When she passes out , her dream of Mon - El rallies her and she stops the attack . In order to nullify Edge 's attempts to buy CatCo and silence it , Lena buys it herself . Kara decides to return to CatCo and rejoins her friends . Meanwhile , Samantha Arias , a woman whom Alex helped at the waterfront , wakes up after a dream with a disturbing creature . 44 `` Triggers '' David McWhirter Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T13. 20652 1.76 Kara battles a powerful metahuman bank robber called Psi , who can evoke her victims ' deepest fears , forcing Kara to struggle with her memories of Krypton 's destruction and her guilt over Mon - El . After Winn 's psychic dampener fails , Kara finally overcomes her fear and arrests Psi . Lena decides to run CatCo personally , taking James by surprise and creating friction with Kara , who initially has difficulty separating work and their friendship . Samantha Arias ' daughter , Ruby , deliberately puts herself in danger to test whether her mother has superpowers , but she is rescued by Kara . Samantha begins to question who she is and her origins and becomes Lena 's replacement at L - Corp , acting as its CFO . Alex learns that Maggie seems to not want children . J'onn receives a telepathic summons from M'gann , urging him to come to Mars immediately . 45 `` Far From the Tree '' Dermott Downs Jessica Queller & Derek Simon October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T13. 20653 1.76 J'onn tells Kara and Alex about M'gann's message , and she convinces him to take Kara for help . The two journey to Mars in his spaceship , encountering M'gann and the `` resistance '' . They found J'onn's father , M'yrnn , who is being coerced into giving the White Martians the location of the Staff of Kolar , a psychic weapon that can defeat the resistance . J'onn rescues M'yrnn , who initially believes J'onn is a White Martian in disguise . Eventually , Kara convinces M'yrnn to let J'onn prove his identity . Having acquired the location , the resistance defeats White Martian operatives . The recovered staff is entrusted to J'onn , who returns to Earth with M'yrnn and Kara . Meanwhile , Eliza throws Alex and Maggie a bridal shower . Alex convinces Maggie to invite her father , who comes but still can not tolerate her homosexuality . She tells him that she no longer needs him because she now has a family who accepts her . However , she confirms to Alex that she does not want children . 46 `` The Faithful '' Jesse Warn Paula Yoo & Katie Rose Rogers October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) T13. 20654 1.82 The night Kara first revealed her powers and became Supergirl , a grieving passenger , Thomas Coville , is inspired by her . In the present , Kara attends an ostensible self - help group with Winn and James and discovers a `` cult '' made up of people she previously saved . Led by Coville , they worship Supergirl and follow Kryptonian God Rao 's teachings . Those who wish to join initiate disasters so Supergirl will save them and Coville recognizes Kara in her alter - ego . The group plans to blow up a stadium filled with people , which Kara tries to stop . She finds Kryptonite inside the bomb , which she uses to wound herself and disillusion the cult . Alex gets rid of the Kryptonite and , with Coville 's help , pushes the bomb into the deep hole created by Kara 's heat vision , where it detonates . The explosion causes a being in a vessel to awaken . Coville advises Kara to follow Rao to find her path . Meanwhile , Samantha has a vision of a monstrous creature in her home , telling her she soon will `` reign '' . Alex reveals to Kara that while Maggie does not want children , she does . 47 5 `` Damage '' Kevin Smith Eric Carrasco & Cindy Lichtman November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) T13. 20655 1.87 Several children are diagnosed with lead poisoning . Morgan publicly blames Lena 's lead device which repelled the Daxamites , causing the public to turn on her . She attempts to give a speech to defend herself , but ends up getting shot at . Kara and Sam investigate , discovering that all the affected children attended a public pool laced with a chemical which causes the same symptoms , and the manufacturer is owned by Morgan . Lena confronts Morgan alone . She is knocked unconscious and imprisoned inside a plane with barrels of the chemical , on a collision course to the city 's water supply . Lena manages to get a message to Supergirl , who rescues Lena , secures the barrels and destroys the plane . Morgan , however , covers his tracks . Maggie and Alex realize that even though they love each other , they must let each other go because they disagree on having children . Alex lets Maggie know how much she has helped Alex to become happy and accept herself . Maggie , in turn , lets Alex know how stronger she grew as a person . They part tearfully , with Maggie bringing everything full circle : `` See you around , Danvers '' . Sam discovers that she was shot during the attempt on Lena , but was not injured . 48 6 `` Midvale '' Rob Greenlea Caitlin Parrish & Jess Kardos November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) T13. 20656 1.89 Kara and Alex arrive at Eliza 's home to help overcome their griefs , but they quarrel instead . Ten years prior , while attending Midvale High School , Alex and Kara did not get along , until a mutual friend , Kenny Li , was murdered . A photograph on his laptop revealed their teacher was in a relationship with Alex 's best friend . Kara sent the remaining encrypted files to Chloe Sullivan for decryption . After a murder attempt on Alex and Kara 's lives , the teacher was arrested , but Alex discovered an alibi for him . Kara decided to cease looking into Kenny 's death after a conversation with Noel Neill , an F.B.I. agent who strongly resembles Alura ( in reality , a disguised J'onn ) . Alex went to the sheriff for help , just as Kara learned that the sheriff was involved in drug dealing and was Kenny 's killer . Kara saved Alex from being killed by the sheriff . The sisters bonded and Kara decided to not use her powers again , taking Agent Neill 's advice to embrace her new home . In the present , after recalling their first adventure together , the sisters reconcile and return to National City . 49 7 `` Wake Up '' Chad Lowe Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) T13. 20657 1.92 Kara , J'onn , and Winn investigate a crashed spaceship detected beneath National City . They find Mon - El and occupied stasis tanks aboard . They take him back to the DEO ; when he attempts an escape , a suspicious Kara locks him in a cell . Mon - El convinces Winn to take him back to the ship , where the life - support systems are unstable . Kara follows them . Mon - El explains that his pod went through a wormhole , bringing him to the 31st century where L - Corp had developed a cure for Daxamites ' allergy to lead centuries before . While seven months had passed for Kara , Mon - El experienced seven years in the future . One of the tanks begins to malfunction ; Mon - El can not break it open , so Kara frees its occupant : Mon - El 's wife , Imra . J'onn decides to rent an apartment for him and M'yrnn to live together , taking the first step to restore their bond . After discovering another superhuman ability , Sam visits her foster mother and learns of her Kryptonian origins . She later travels to the `` Fortress of Sanctuary '' , where a holographic artificial intelligence reveals that , while Sam 's motherhood was unexpected , her Kryptonian physiology is enhanced and she is destined to become the Worldkiller . Despite Sam 's resistance , her alternate persona -- Reign -- is triggered from her subconscious . 50 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 '' Larry Teng Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Robert Rovner & Jessica Queller November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T13. 20658 2.71 On a parallel world , Earth - X ( Earth - 53 ) , a Nazi regime rules the planet where an archer , Dark Arrow , is the Führer , and personally hunts the resistance forces . Dark Arrow seizes a temporal gateway from the Freedom Fighters members including James ' parallel universe doppelgänger , a device that allows interdimensional travel to other universes ; he schemes to invade parallel Earths with the device to spread his reign so that it may last . Kara and Alex travel to Earth - 1 to attend Barry Allen 's wedding with Iris West . Alex meets the Legends ' leader Sara Lance / White Canary , taking the first step to recover from her break up with Maggie . The wedding ceremony is interrupted by Earth - X Nazi invaders , led by Dark Arrow , his Kryptonian - powered wife Overgirl , and his partner Prometheus . After Kara defeats and injures Overgirl during the fight the Nazis retreat , and Alex and Sara capture Prometheus to interrogate . As Overgirl recuperates , she , Dark Arrow , and a yellow - clad speedster regroup and discuss their next move , Dark Arrow and Overgirl are revealed as parallel universe doppelgängers of Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Kara , and the yellow speedster is Barry 's nemesis from the 22nd century Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash . This episode begins a crossover event that continues on Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 51 9 `` Reign '' Glen Winter Paula Yoo & Caitlin Parrish December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) T13. 20659 1.81 Samantha wakes up at home with no memory of being in a Kryptonian fortress , but finds she is oddly tired . A mysterious Kryptonian symbol , unknown to Kara , appears throughout National City , and Thomas Coville later explains to her that it is a mark of a great evil from Krypton deliberately forgotten from its society . Mon - El and Imra explain how their ship came from the future , and how the former founded the superhero team , the Legion . As Kara hosts a Christmas get - together at her apartment , Sam becomes Reign , who , as a masked vigilante , attacks random people around National City , including Edge . Reign 's rampage damages Supergirl 's reputation due to her having the same powers and similar physical attributes . Lena and James begin a relationship after an assassination attempt on Lena by Edge . When Kara decides to face Reign , they fight throughout the city ; in the process , Kara discovers that Reign is stronger than her . Though the fight clears Supergirl 's name and reveals another Kryptonian in National City , Reign eventually overpowers Kara and drops her off a building , requiring emergency medical care from the DEO . On Christmas Day , Ruby runs downstairs to find her mother , but Sam does not seem quite right . 52 10 `` Legion of Superheroes '' Jesse Warn Derek Simon & Eric Carrasco January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) T13. 20660 2.17 Two days after Kara 's defeat by Reign , the DEO and the Legion use the latter 's technology to heal Kara from her injuries . This saves her life but she remains in a coma . The Legion 's Coluan member , Brainiac 5 , enters her mind to try to wake her . Though Sam continues her life with Ruby after spending Christmas Day with her , Reign takes control over her sporadically without Sam 's knowledge , and Ruby remains unaware of her mother 's divided personality . Reign continues her rampage throughout National City , leading to a series of confrontations with the DEO and the Legion . Ultimately , Kara emerges from her coma and joins them when Reign seeks to destroy a prison facility . Kara injects Reign with a concentration dose of liquefied kryptonite , forcing the latter to retreat . Prior to Kara 's awakening , J'onn , who disguised himself as Kara to cover for her , advises Lena on her new relationship with James ; Lena sees that James is not trying to distance himself from her because of her family , but she is afraid to be with him , and they become closer afterward . Kara takes steps to move on from Mon - El after her near - death experience , and develop a friendship with Brainiac 5 . As Reign recuperates in her fortress , she learns that there are other Worldkillers like her , and Coville joins her . 53 11 `` Fort Rozz '' Gregory Smith Gabriel Llanas & Anna Musky - Goldwyn January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) T13. 20661 2.07 Samantha gets ready to go on a trip , leaving Alex to babysit Ruby . The DEO learns that a priestess with knowledge of Reign 's true mission is imprisoned in Fort Rozz , which is now drifting near a blue star , which not only strips Kara of her powers but also emits a unique type of radiation fatal to males . Unable to take any of her usual allies , Kara forms a team consisting of herself , Imra , Livewire , and Psi to conduct the search . Reign is informed of their mission and goes to intercept them . Alex helps Ruby confront a girl who cyberbullied her . The team is able to locate the priestess , but Reign kills her after she reveals the existence of two other Worldkillers , Purity and Pestilence , to Kara . Livewire sacrifices herself to save Kara 's life , while Psi uses her powers to drive off Reign . Imra 's ship begins to drift into the star , but Winn , communicating through the Voyager 2 probe , is able to save the vessel . The team returns to Earth , with Kara repaying Psi 's assistance by asking the DEO to give her better accommodations . Mon - El comforts her over Livewire 's death , considering it to be redemption for her villainous past . Prompted by a nightmare caused by Psi 's influence , Samantha asks Alex for help with her `` missing time '' . A woman named Julia Freeman is struck by a runaway car , and is seemingly killed . However , she effortlessly moves the car off her chest , revealing herself to be a Worldkiller . 54 12 `` For Good '' Tawnia McKiernan Story by : Robert Rovner Teleplay by : Cindy Lichtman & Alix Sternberg January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) T13. 20662 2.11 Lena is poisoned by an unknown hitman ; James pursues him , but the hitman is shot down by an unseen sniper . Kara takes Lena to the DEO , where , using her powers and Alex 's medical knowledge , they are able to stabilize her . Lena and Kara gatecrash a party held by Morgan Edge , where Lena tells him that she knows he tried to kill her , and that her mother wants revenge . A drone controlled by Lillian attacks Morgan , prompting him to admit he tried to kill Lena , before Supergirl arrives . Lillian appears , wearing Lex 's exoskeleton and wounds Supergirl with a kryptonite blade . Kara and Mon - El engage in combat with Lillian until Winn hacks the drone to fire on Lillian and disable the armor . Edge tries to escape , with the recorder containing his confession , but is stopped by Guardian , allowing Lena to retrieve the recorder . Sam fears she has a brain tumor due to her memory losses and has Alex runs tests on her , but the tests come back normal . Winn , J'onn , and Mon - El deduce that the Worldkillers are genetically modified to be stronger and more able to blend into the human race than conventional Kryptonians . Suspecting the Worldkillers arrived on Earth around the same time as Superman and have secret identities , Winn discovers four possible women , including Julia Freeman , whom Kara identifies . 55 13 `` Both Sides Now '' Jesse Warn Jessica Queller & Paula Yoo February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) T13. 20663 2.12 Supergirl and the DEO converge on Julia Freeman 's home ; initially she seems normal , but her alter - ego , Purity , takes over and fights them before being subdued . Sam , on sick leave from L - Corp due to her amnesiac episodes , decides to spend time with Ruby by taking her ice skating . However , Reign takes control over Sam after Purity 's capture , and abandons Ruby to deal with the DEO . Ruby calls Lena after finding herself alone . Through Purity , Supergirl suspects that each of the Worldkillers ' personality is split , including Reign , therefore in order to stop them they need to reach their benevolent sides . When Purity escapes , despite the heroes ' attempt to recapture her , Julia regains control but Reign abducts her to the Fortress of Sanctuary to complete her transformation . When repairing the Legion 's ship , Mon - El confides to J'onn that he still loves Kara despite also loving Imra , and he did not marry her on his terms . Imra confesses to Mon - El that she and Brainiac 5 have a secret agenda on their mission . At L - Corp , Reign briefly takes control over Sam in front of Lena . 56 14 `` Schott Through the Heart '' Glen Winter Caitlin Parrish & Derek Simon April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBA TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' October 26 , 2015 3.1 / 9 12.96 1.3 3.97 4.4 16.92 `` Stronger Together '' November 2 , 2015 2.2 / 7 8.87 1.0 3.33 3.2 12.20 `` Fight or Flight '' November 9 , 2015 1.7 / 5 8.07 1.0 2.83 2.7 10.90 `` How Does She Do It ? '' November 23 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.19 0.8 2.26 2.3 9.45 5 `` Livewire '' November 16 , 2015 1.8 / 6 7.77 0.8 N / A 2.6 N / A 6 `` Red Faced '' November 30 , 2015 1.6 / 5 8.02 0.8 2.49 2.4 10.51 7 `` Human for a Day '' December 7 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.67 0.9 2.32 2.4 9.98 8 `` Hostile Takeover '' December 14 , 2015 1.5 / 5 7.28 0.8 2.27 2.3 9.55 9 `` Blood Bonds '' January 4 , 2016 1.9 / 6 8.75 0.7 N / A 2.6 N / A 10 `` Childish Things '' January 18 , 2016 1.8 / 6 8.77 0.8 2.18 2.6 10.95 11 `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' January 25 , 2016 1.8 / 5 7.90 0.7 2.21 2.5 10.11 12 `` Bizarro '' February 1 , 2016 1.5 / 5 6.68 0.8 2.18 2.3 8.83 13 `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' February 8 , 2016 1.8 / 6 7.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' February 22 , 2016 1.5 / 5 7.25 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Solitude '' February 29 , 2016 1.4 / 5 6.69 0.7 2.16 2.1 8.85 16 `` Falling '' March 14 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.53 0.7 N / A 2.0 N / A 17 `` Manhunter '' March 21 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.00 0.7 2.07 2.0 8.07 18 `` Worlds Finest '' March 28 , 2016 1.7 / 6 7.17 0.8 2.47 2.5 9.63 19 `` Myriad '' April 11 , 2016 1.3 / 5 6.12 0.7 2.04 2.0 8.16 20 `` Better Angels '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 6.11 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' October 10 , 2016 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The Last Children of Krypton '' October 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.66 0.6 1.42 1.5 4.08 `` Welcome to Earth '' October 24 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.65 N / A 1.37 N / A 4.03 `` Survivors '' October 31 , 2016 0.6 / 2 2.22 0.6 1.59 1.2 3.80 5 `` Crossfire '' November 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.71 1.4 4.18 6 `` Changing '' November 14 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.35 0.6 1.42 1.3 3.85 7 `` The Darkest Place '' November 21 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.61 0.5 1.35 1.4 3.98 8 `` Medusa '' November 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.53 0.8 1.76 1.9 5.29 9 `` Supergirl Lives '' January 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.65 0.5 1.48 1.3 4.13 10 `` We Can Be Heroes '' January 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.35 0.5 1.40 1.2 3.75 11 `` The Martian Chronicles '' February 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.43 N / A 1.38 N / A 3.81 12 `` Luthors '' February 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.52 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mxyzptlk '' February 20 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.24 N / A 1.30 N / A 3.54 14 `` Homecoming '' February 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.17 N / A N / A N / A N / A 15 `` Exodus '' March 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.28 1.2 3.46 16 `` Star - Crossed '' March 20 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.07 0.6 1.43 1.2 3.50 17 `` Distant Sun '' March 27 , 2017 0.7 / 3 2.21 N / A 1.28 N / A 3.49 18 `` Ace Reporter '' April 24 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.80 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Alex '' May 1 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.75 0.4 1.26 0.9 3.00 20 `` City of Lost Children '' May 8 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.88 N / A 1.19 N / A 3.07 21 `` Resist '' May 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.93 0.5 1.29 1.0 3.22 22 `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' May 22 , 2017 0.6 / 2 2.12 0.5 1.19 3.31 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Girl of Steel '' October 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.87 0.5 1.25 1.0 3.12 `` Triggers '' October 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.76 0.4 1.23 0.9 2.98 `` Far From the Tree '' October 23 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.76 0.4 1.02 0.9 2.78 `` The Faithful '' October 30 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.82 0.4 1.14 0.9 2.96 5 `` Damage '' November 6 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.87 0.5 1.14 1.0 3.01 6 `` Midvale '' November 13 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.89 0.4 1.06 0.9 2.95 7 `` Wake Up '' November 20 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.92 0.5 1.25 1.0 3.17 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 1 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.71 0.7 1.72 1.6 4.43 9 `` Reign '' December 4 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.81 0.4 1.13 0.9 2.94 10 `` Legion of Super-Heroes '' January 15 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.17 0.4 1.24 1.0 3.41 11 `` Fort Rozz '' January 22 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.07 0.5 1.14 1.0 3.21 12 `` For Good '' January 29 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.11 0.4 1.21 1.0 3.32 13 `` Both Sides Now '' February 5 , 2018 0.6 / 2 2.12 0.4 1.10 1.0 3.22 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` The CW fall TV 2016 premiere dates : ' The Flash ' and ' No Tomorrow ' kick off October rollout '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl to Turn Monday Time Slot Over to Legends for 9 Weeks '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` CBS Replaces Monday 's Terrorism - Themed Supergirl , NCIS : Los Angeles Episodes in Wake of Paris Attacks '' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- supergirl on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Futon Media . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Supergirl -- ' The Complete 1st Season ' Press Release for DVDs , Blu - rays '' . TV Shows on DVD . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2016 . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Superstore ' adjusts down but still solid , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Telenovela ' adjusts up slightly , ' Christmas Light Fight ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . 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Archived from the original on February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2016 . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' , ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' , ' Conviction ' , ' DWTS ' , ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Big Bang ' , ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless ' , ' Supergirl ' , and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Odd Couple ' , ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow boss teases 100th episode , crossover catalyst '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( October 23 , 2016 ) . `` Marc Guggenheim Reveals the Title Of Arrow 's 100th Episode '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up ; ' Gotham ' , ' Lucifer ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down ; Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taken ' adjusts down , ' Kevin Can Wait ' rerun adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice , ' ' Great Indoors ' adjust up ; ' Taken , ' ' Quantico , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://fansided.com/2017/11/19/supergirl-season-3-episode-7-preview-wake-up-synopsis/ ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 314 ) `` Schott Through the Heart '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' lead a light week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- supergirl on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . Supergirl Otto Binder Al Plastino Curt Swan Versions Kara Zor - El Matrix Linda Danvers Cir - El Laurel Gand Power Girl Ariella Kent Characters Supporting Cat Grant Comet Lana Lang Lena Luthor Lucy Lane Mary Marvel Maxima Streaky the Supercat Superman Zor - El Enemies Blithe The Council Cyborg Superman Decay Lesla - Lar Reactron Silver Banshee Twilight Titles Adventure Comics Supergirl Supergirl and the Legion of Super-Heroes Superman Family Elseworld 's Finest : Supergirl & Batgirl Other media Film Supergirl ( 1984 ) Superman / Batman : Apocalypse ( 2010 ) Superman : Unbound ( 2013 ) Television Superman : The Animated Series ( 1996 ) episodes Smallville ( 2001 ) characters episodes Supergirl ( 2015 ) characters episodes DC Super Hero Girls ( 2015 ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Supergirl_episodes&oldid=833596688 '' Categories : Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Supergirl episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Հայերեն Magyar Polski Português Русский 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 14 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is super girl season three coming out
[ "The series was officially picked up on May 6, 2015, and received a full season order on November 30, 2015. On May 12, 2016, Warner Bros. Television announced that the series had been renewed for a second season and that it would move from CBS to The CW, where it debuted on October 10, 2016.[1] On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a third season,[2] which began airing on October 9, 2017.[3] As of February 5, 2018,[update] 55 episodes of Supergirl have aired." ]
[ "October 9, 2017" ]
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United States presidential election, 2000
United states presidential election , 2000 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 2000 Jump to : navigation , search For related races , see United States elections , 2000 . United States presidential election , 2000 ← 1996 November 7 , 2000 2004 → All 538 electoral votes of the Electoral College 270 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 51.2 % 2.2 pp Nominee George W. Bush Al Gore Party Republican Democratic Home state Texas Tennessee Running mate Dick Cheney Joe Lieberman Electoral vote 271 266 States carried 30 20 + DC Popular vote 50,456,002 50,999,897 Percentage 47.9 % 48.4 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Bush / Cheney , blue denotes those won by Gore / Lieberman . One of D.C. 's three electors abstained . Numbers indicate electoral votes allotted to the winner of each state . President before election Bill Clinton Democratic Elected President George W. Bush Republican The United States presidential election of 2000 was the 54th quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 7 , 2000 . Republican candidate George W. Bush , then - incumbent governor of Texas and the eldest son of the 41st President George H.W. Bush , narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee Al Gore , then - incumbent vice president and former Senator for Tennessee , as well as various third - party candidates including Ralph Nader . Incumbent Democratic President Bill Clinton was ineligible to serve a third term due to term limitations in the 22nd Amendment of the Constitution , and Vice President Gore was able to secure the Democratic nomination with relative ease . Bush was seen as the early favorite for the Republican nomination and , despite a contentious primary battle with Senator John McCain and other candidates , secured the nomination by Super Tuesday . Bush chose former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney as his running mate , while Gore chose Senator Joe Lieberman as his . Both major party candidates focused primarily on domestic issues , such as the budget , tax relief , and reforms for federal social insurance programs , although foreign policy was not ignored . Clinton and Gore often did not campaign together , a deliberate decision resulting from the Lewinsky sex scandal two years prior . This was the closest presidential election in the nation 's history , with a . 009 % margin , 537 votes , separating the two candidates in the decisive state , Florida . The narrow margin there triggered a mandatory machine recount the next day , after which Gore requested hand recounts in four counties , including three in populous South Florida , as permitted by law . Litigation ensued in numerous counties in both state and federal courts , ultimately reaching the Florida Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court . The high court 's contentious 5 -- 4 decision in Bush v. Gore , announced on December 12 , 2000 , ended a statewide recount ordered by the Florida Supreme Court on December 8 , effectively awarding Florida 's votes to Bush and granting him the victory . Nationwide , this was the fourth presidential election in which the winner received fewer votes than his opponent . After the election , recounts conducted by various news media organizations continued a primary focus on ballots that machines read as not showing a vote . Based on the review of these ballots , their results indicated that Bush would have won if certain recounting methods had been used ( including the one favored by Gore at the time of the Supreme Court decision ) , but that Gore might have won under other standards and scenarios . In contrast , according to Lance deHaven - Smith of Florida State University , based on `` the definitive study of the uncounted ballots '' ( the Florida Ballot Project by NORC at the University of Chicago ) , if all the legally valid votes in Florida had been counted statewide , Gore would have been the winner , a conclusion deHaven - Smith calls `` unambiguous and unavoidable . '' The Green Party gained widespread public attention during the 2000 presidential election when the ticket composed of Ralph Nader and Winona LaDuke won 2.7 % of the popular vote . Nader was vilified by some Democrats , who accused him of spoiling the election for Gore . Nader 's impact on the 2000 election has remained controversial . This was the last time a Republican candidate won an electoral vote in the region of New England until 2016 , with Donald Trump winning the 2nd Congressional District of Maine . As of 2017 , this was the last election where a Republican candidate won New Hampshire , and the last time the state of Iowa backed the losing candidate . Likewise , this was also the first presidential election that Delaware and Pennsylvania , would fail to vote for the winning candidate since 1948 , and 1968 , with California , Illinois , Michigan , New Mexico , and New Jersey all failing to do the same since 1976 respectively as well . This was also the first presidential election since Jimmy Carter 's narrow victory in 1976 , that a presidential candidate from either party would win a presidential election with fewer than 300 electoral votes , and the first time a Republican would win without breaking that amount since William McKinley 's victory in 1900 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic Party nomination 2.1 Candidates gallery 3 Republican Party nomination 3.1 Candidates gallery 4 Other nominations 4.1 Reform Party nomination 4.2 Association of State Green Parties nomination 4.3 Libertarian Party nomination 4.4 Constitution Party nomination 4.5 Natural Law Party nomination 5 General election campaign 5.1 Presidential debates 5.2 Notable expressions and phrases 6 Results 6.1 Florida recount 6.2 National results 6.3 State results 6.4 Results by state 6.4. 1 Arizona results 6.4. 2 Maine and Nebraska district results 6.5 Ballot access 7 Aftermath 7.1 Post recount 7.2 Voting machines 7.3 Exit polling and declaration of vote winners 7.4 Ralph Nader spoiler effect 7.5 Press influence on race 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Books 11.2 Journal articles 11.3 Papers 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : United States presidential election § Procedure Bill Clinton , the incumbent president in 2000 , whose term expired on January 20 , 2001 Article Two of the United States Constitution provides that the President and Vice President of the United States must be natural - born citizens of the United States , at least 35 years old , and a resident of the United States for a period of at least 14 years . Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties of the United States , in which case each party devises a method ( such as a primary election ) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position . Traditionally , the primary elections are indirect elections where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate . The party 's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party 's behalf . The general election in November is also an indirect election , where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College ; these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President . President Bill Clinton , a Democrat and former Governor of Arkansas , was ineligible to seek reelection to a third term due to restrictions of the Twenty - second Amendment . In accordance with Section I of the Twentieth Amendment , his term expired at 12 : 00 noon EST on January 20 , 2001 . Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Democratic Party presidential primaries , 2000 Democratic candidates Al Gore , Vice President of the United States Bill Bradley , former U.S. Senator from New Jersey ( withdrew on March 9 , 2000 , and endorsed Al Gore ) Democratic Party Ticket , 2000 Al Gore Joe Lieberman for President for Vice President 45th Vice President of the United States ( 1993 -- 2001 ) U.S. Senator from Connecticut ( 1989 -- 2013 ) Campaign Candidates gallery ( edit ) Vice President Al Gore ( campaign ) Former Senator Bill Bradley from New Jersey ( Withdrew on March 9 , 2000 ) Al Gore from Tennessee was a consistent front - runner for the nomination . Other prominent Democrats mentioned as possible contenders included Bob Kerrey , Missouri Representative Dick Gephardt , Minnesota Senator Paul Wellstone , and famous actor and director Warren Beatty , who declined to run . Of these , only Wellstone formed an exploratory committee . Running an insurgency campaign , Bradley positioned himself as the alternative to Gore , who was a founding member of the centrist Democratic Leadership Council . While former basketball star Michael Jordan campaigned for him in the early primary states , Bradley announced his intention to campaign `` in a different way '' by conducting a positive campaign of `` big ideas '' . The focus of his campaign was a plan to spend the record - breaking budget surplus on a variety of social welfare programs to help the poor and the middle - class , along with campaign finance reform and gun control . Gore easily defeated Bradley in the primaries , largely because of support from the Democratic Party establishment and Bradley 's poor showing in the Iowa caucus , where Gore successfully painted Bradley as aloof and indifferent to the plight of farmers . The closest Bradley came to a victory was his 50 -- 46 loss to Gore in the New Hampshire primary . On March 14 , Al Gore clinched the Democratic nomination . None of Bradley 's delegates were allowed to vote for him , so Gore won the nomination unanimously at the Democratic National Convention . Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman was nominated for vice president by voice vote . Lieberman became the first Jewish American ever to be chosen for this position by a major party . Gore chose Lieberman over five finalists . Delegate totals : Vice President Albert Gore Jr. 4328 Abstentions 9 Republican Party nomination ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Republican Party presidential primaries , 2000 Republican Party Ticket , 2000 George W. Bush Dick Cheney for President for Vice President 46th Governor of Texas ( 1995 -- 2000 ) 17th U.S. Secretary of Defense ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Campaign Republican candidates John McCain , Senator from Arizona ( withdrew on March 9 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Alan Keyes , former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador from Maryland ( withdrew on July 25 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Steve Forbes , businessman from New Jersey ( withdrew on February 10 , 2000 , and endorsed John McCain . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Gary Bauer , former Undersecretary of Education from Kentucky ( withdrew on February 4 , 2000 , and endorsed John McCain . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Orrin Hatch , Senator from Utah ( withdrew on January 26 , 2000 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Elizabeth Dole , former Secretary of Labor from Kansas ( withdrew on October 20 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Pat Buchanan , publisher and author from Virginia ( withdrew on October 25 , 1999 , to run for the Reform Party nomination ) Dan Quayle , former Vice President of the United States , from Indiana ( withdrew on September 27 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Lamar Alexander , former Governor of Tennessee and former Secretary of Education ( withdrew on August 22 , 1999 , and endorsed George W. Bush ) Bob Smith , Senator from New Hampshire ( withdrew in October 1999 and endorsed George W. Bush ) John Kasich , Representative from Ohio ( withdrew in July 1999 and endorsed George W. Bush ) Herman Cain , CEO of Godfather 's Pizza from Nebraska ( withdrew and endorsed Steve Forbes . He then endorsed George W. Bush ) Candidates gallery ( edit ) Senator John McCain from Arizona ( campaign ) ( Withdrew on March 9 , 2000 ) Former U.S. ECOSOC Ambassador Alan Keyes , from Maryland ( Withdrew on July 25 , 2000 ) Businessman Steve Forbes from New Jersey ( Withdrew on February 10 , 2000 ) Former Undersecretary of Education Gary Bauer , from Kentucky ( Withdrew on February 4 , 2000 ) Senator Orrin Hatch from Utah ( Withdrew on January 26 , 2000 ) Publisher and author Pat Buchanan from Virginia ( Withdrew on October 25 , 1999 ) Former Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole , from Kansas ( Withdrew on October 20 , 1999 ) Senator Bob Smith from New Hampshire ( Withdrew in October 1999 ) Former Vice President Dan Quayle , from Indiana ( Withdrew on September 27 , 1999 ) Former Governor and former Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander of Tennessee ( Withdrew on August 22 , 1999 ) Representative John Kasich from Ohio ( campaign ) ( Withdrew in July 1999 ) Businessman Herman Cain from Nebraska ( Withdrew early in campaign ) George W. Bush became the early front - runner , acquiring unprecedented funding and a broad base of leadership support based on his governorship of Texas and the name recognition and connections of the Bush family . Former cabinet member George Shultz played an important early role in securing establishment Republican support for Bush . In April 1998 , he invited Bush to discuss policy issues with experts including Michael Boskin , John Taylor , and Condoleezza Rice . The group , which was `` looking for a candidate for 2000 with good political instincts , someone they could work with '' , was impressed , and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race . Several aspirants withdrew before the Iowa Caucus because they were unable to secure funding and endorsements sufficient to remain competitive with Bush . These included Elizabeth Dole , Dan Quayle , Lamar Alexander , and Bob Smith . Pat Buchanan dropped out to run for the Reform Party nomination . That left Bush , John McCain , Alan Keyes , Steve Forbes , Gary Bauer , and Orrin Hatch as the only candidates still in the race . On January 24 , Bush won the Iowa caucus with 41 % of the vote . Forbes came in second with 30 % of the vote . Keyes received 14 % , Bauer 9 % , McCain 5 % , and Hatch 1 % . Hatch dropped out . On the national stage , Bush was portrayed in the media as the establishment candidate . McCain , with the support of many moderate Republicans and Independents , portrayed himself as a crusading insurgent who focused on campaign reform . On February 1 , McCain won a 49 -- 30 % victory over Bush in the New Hampshire primary . Gary Bauer dropped out . After coming in third in Delaware Forbes dropped out , leaving three candidates . In the South Carolina primary , Bush soundly defeated McCain . Some McCain supporters blamed it on the Bush campaign , accusing them of mudslinging and dirty tricks , such as push polling that implied that McCain 's adopted Bangladeshi - born daughter was an African - American child he fathered out of wedlock . While McCain 's loss in South Carolina damaged his campaign , he won both Michigan and his home state of Arizona on February 22 . The primary election that year also affected the South Carolina State House , when a controversy about the Confederate flag flying over the capitol dome prompted the state legislature to move the flag to a less prominent position at a Civil War memorial on the capitol grounds . Most GOP candidates said the issue should be left to South Carolina voters , though McCain later recanted and said the flag should be removed . On February 24 , McCain criticized Bush for accepting the endorsement of Bob Jones University despite its policy banning interracial dating . On February 28 , McCain also referred to Rev. Jerry Falwell and televangelist Pat Robertson as `` agents of intolerance '' , a term he would later distance himself from during his 2008 bid . He lost the state of Virginia to Bush on February 29 . On Super Tuesday , March 7 , Bush won New York , Ohio , Georgia , Missouri , California , Maryland , and Maine . McCain won Rhode Island , Vermont , Connecticut , and Massachusetts , but dropped out of the race . McCain would eventually become the Republican presidential nominee 8 years later , which he then lost to Barack Obama . On March 10 , Alan Keyes got 21 % of the vote in Utah . Bush took the majority of the remaining contests and won the Republican nomination on March 14 , winning his home state of Texas and his brother Jeb 's home state of Florida among others . At the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia George W. Bush accepted the nomination of the Republican party . Bush asked former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney to head up a team to help select a running mate for him , but ultimately , Bush decided that Cheney himself should be the vice presidential nominee . While the U.S. Constitution does not specifically disallow a president and a vice president from the same state , it does prohibit electors from casting both of his or her votes for persons from his or her own state . Accordingly , Cheney -- who had been a resident of Texas for nearly 10 years -- changed his voting registration back to Wyoming . Had Cheney not done this , either he or Bush would have forfeited their electoral votes from the Texas electors . Delegate totals Governor George W. Bush 1526 Senator John McCain 275 Ambassador Dr. Alan Keyes 23 Businessman Steve Forbes 10 Gary Bauer 2 None of the Names Shown 2 Uncommitted 1 Other nominations ( edit ) Reform Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Reform Party presidential primaries , 2000 Television personality Pat Buchanan from Virginia ( campaign ) Reform Party candidates Pat Buchanan from Virginia , former speechwriter and senior advisor to President Richard Nixon John Hagelin from Iowa , Ph. D. , past and then - current Natural Law Party candidate Donald Trump from New York , had left the Republican Party in 1999 due to conflicting ideas on key issues The nomination went to Pat Buchanan and running mate Ezola Foster from California , over the objections of party founder Ross Perot and despite a rump convention nomination of John Hagelin by the Perot faction ( see Other nominations below ) . In the end , the Federal Election Commission sided with Buchanan , and that ticket appeared on 49 of 51 possible ballots . Association of state Green parties nomination ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Green National Convention Ralph Nader Founder of Public Citizen and progressive activist ( campaign ) Green Party candidates : Ralph Nader from Connecticut -- 295 Jello Biafra from California -- 10 Stephen Gaskin from Tennessee -- 11 Joel Kovel from New York -- 3 Abstain -- 1 The Greens / Green Party USA , the then - recognized national party organization , later endorsed Ralph Nader for president and he appeared on the ballots of 43 states and DC . Libertarian Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 2000 Libertarian National Convention Writer Harry Browne from Tennessee ( campaign ) Libertarian Party candidates delegate totals : Harry Browne from Tennessee -- 493 Don Gorman from New Hampshire -- 166 Jacob Hornberger from Virginia -- 120 Barry Hess from Arizona -- 53 None of the Above -- 23 other write - ins -- 15 David Hollist from California -- 8 The Libertarian Party 's National Nominating Convention nominated Harry Browne from Tennessee and Art Olivier from California for president and vice president respectively . Browne was nominated on the first ballot and Olivier received the vice presidential nomination on the second ballot . Browne appeared on every state ballot except for Arizona , due to a dispute between the Libertarian Party of Arizona ( who instead nominated L. Neil Smith ) and the national Libertarian Party . Constitution Party nomination ( edit ) Main article : Constitution Party National Convention § 1999 Convention Constitution Party candidates : Howard Phillips Herb Titus Mathew Zupan The Constitution Party nominated Howard Phillips from Virginia for a third time and Curtis Frazier from Missouri . The Constitution Party was on the ballot in 41 states . Natural law Party nomination ( edit ) John Hagelin from Iowa and Nat Goldhaber from California The Natural Law Party held its national convention in Arlington , Virginia , August 31 -- September 2 , nominating a ticket of Hagelin / Goldhaber via unanimous decision without a roll - call vote . The party was on 38 of the 51 ballots nationally . General election campaign ( edit ) Although the campaign focused mainly on domestic issues , such as the projected budget surplus , proposed reforms of Social Security and Medicare , health care , and competing plans for tax relief , foreign policy was often an issue . Bush criticized Clinton administration policies in Somalia , where 18 Americans died in 1993 trying to sort out warring factions , and in the Balkans , where United States peacekeeping troops perform a variety of functions . `` I do n't think our troops ought to be used for what 's called nation - building , '' Bush said in the second presidential debate . Bush also pledged to bridge partisan gaps in the nation 's capital , claiming the atmosphere in Washington stood in the way of progress on necessary reforms . Gore , meanwhile , questioned Bush 's fitness for the job , pointing to gaffes made by Bush in interviews and speeches and suggesting the Texas governor lacked the necessary experience to be president . Bill Clinton 's impeachment and the sex scandal that led up to it cast a shadow on the campaign , particularly on his vice president 's run to replace him . Republicans strongly denounced the Clinton scandals , particularly Bush , who made his repeated promise to restore `` honor and dignity '' to the White House a centerpiece of his campaign . Gore studiously avoided the Clinton scandals , as did Lieberman , even though Lieberman had been the first Democratic senator to denounce Clinton 's misbehavior . In fact , some media observers theorized that Gore actually chose Lieberman in an attempt to separate himself from Clinton 's past misdeeds , and help blunt the GOP 's attempts to link him to his boss . Others pointed to the passionate kiss Gore gave his wife during the Democratic Convention , as a signal that despite the allegations against Clinton , Gore himself was a faithful husband . Gore avoided appearing with Clinton , who was shunted to low visibility appearances in areas where he was popular . Experts have argued that this could have cost Gore votes from some of Clinton 's core supporters . Ralph Nader was the most successful of third - party candidates . His campaign was marked by a traveling tour of large `` super-rallies '' held in sports arenas like Madison Square Garden , with retired talk show host Phil Donahue as master of ceremonies . After initially ignoring Nader , the Gore campaign made a pitch to potential Nader supporters in the final weeks of the campaign , downplaying Gore 's differences with Nader on the issues and arguing that Gore 's ideas were more similar to Nader 's than Bush 's were , and noting that Gore had a better chance of winning than Nader . On the other side , the Republican Leadership Council ran pro-Nader ads in a few states in an effort to split the liberal vote . Nader claimed his objective in the campaign was to pass the 5 - percent threshold so his Green Party would be eligible for matching funds in future races . Both vice presidential candidates Dick Cheney and Joe Lieberman campaigned aggressively in the 2000 presidential election . Both camps made numerous campaign stops nationwide , often just missing each other such as when Cheney , Hadassah Lieberman , and Tipper Gore attended Chicago 's Taste of Polonia over Labor Day Weekend . Presidential Debates ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election debates , 2000 There were three presidential debates : October 3 , 2000 , at the University of Massachusetts in Boston October 11 , 2000 , at Wake Forest University in Winston - Salem , North Carolina October 17 , 2000 , at Washington University in Saint Louis , Missouri There was also one vice-presidential debate : October 5 , 2000 , at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky After the 1996 presidential election , the Commission on Presidential Debates set new candidate selection criteria . The new criteria required third - party candidates to poll at least 15 % of the vote in national polls in order to take part in the CPD - sponsored presidential debates . Ralph Nader was blocked from attending a closed circuit screening of the first debate in spite of his holding a ticket . He was barred from attending an interview near the site of the third debate in spite of having a `` perimeter pass '' . Nader later sued the CPD for its role in the former incident . A settlement was reached that included an apology to Nader . Notable expressions and phrases ( edit ) Lockbox / Rainy Day fund : Gore 's description of what he would do with the federal budget surplus . Al Gore invented the Internet : an interpretation of a quote by Al Gore in which he said that he `` took the initiative in creating the Internet '' , to say that he was on the committee that funded the research which led to the formation of the Internet . `` Strategery , '' a phrase uttered by Saturday Night Live 's parodic Bush character ( portrayed by Will Ferrell ) , which was jokingly picked up by Bush staffers to describe their operations . Results ( edit ) Palm Beach County recount With the exceptions of Florida and Gore 's home state of Tennessee , Bush carried the Southern states by comfortable margins ( including then - President Bill Clinton 's home state of Arkansas ) and also secured wins in Ohio , Indiana , most of the rural Midwestern farming states , most of the Rocky Mountain states , and Alaska . Gore balanced Bush by sweeping the Northeastern United States ( with the sole exception of New Hampshire , which Bush won narrowly ) , most of the Upper Midwest , and all of the Pacific Coast states as well as Hawaii and New Mexico . As the night wore on , the returns in a handful of small - to - medium - sized states , including Wisconsin and Iowa , were extremely close ; however , it was the state of Florida that would decide the winner of the election . As the final national results were tallied the following morning , Bush had clearly won a total of 246 electoral votes , while Gore had won 249 votes . Two hundred and seventy votes were needed to win . Two smaller states -- Wisconsin ( 10 electoral votes ) and Oregon ( 7 electoral votes ) -- were still too close to call . It was Florida ( 25 electoral votes ) , however , on which the news media focused its attention . Mathematically , Florida 's 25 electoral votes became the key to an election win for either candidate . Although both Wisconsin and Oregon were declared in favor of Gore over the next few days , Florida 's statewide vote took center stage because that state 's winner would ultimately win the election . The outcome of the election was not known for more than a month after the balloting ended because of the time required to count and recount Florida 's presidential ballots . Florida recount ( edit ) Main article : 2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida 2000 Palm Beach County voting stand and ballot box Between 7 : 50 p.m. and 8 : 00 p.m. EST on election day , just before the polls closed in the largely Republican Florida panhandle , which is in the Central time zone , all major television news networks ( CNN , NBC , FOX , CBS and ABC ) declared that Gore had carried Florida 's 25 electoral votes . They based this prediction substantially on exit polls . However , in the actual vote tally Bush began to take a wide lead early in Florida , and by 10 p.m. EST the networks had retracted that prediction and placed Florida back into the `` undecided '' column . At approximately 2 : 30 a.m. , with some 85 % of the votes counted in Florida and Bush leading Gore by more than 100,000 votes , the networks declared that Bush had carried Florida and therefore had been elected president . However , most of the remaining votes to be counted in Florida were located in three heavily Democratic counties -- Broward , Miami - Dade , and Palm Beach -- and as their votes were reported Gore began to gain on Bush . By 4 : 30 a.m. , after all votes were counted , Gore had narrowed Bush 's margin to under 2,000 votes , and the networks retracted their predictions that Bush had won Florida and the presidency . Gore , who had privately conceded the election to Bush , withdrew his concession . The final result in Florida was slim enough to require a mandatory recount ( by machine ) under state law ; Bush 's lead dwindled to just over 900 votes when it was completed the day after the election . On November 8 , Florida Division of Elections staff prepared a press release for Secretary of State Harris that said overseas ballots must be `` postmarked or signed and dated '' by Election Day . It was never released . A count of the overseas ballots later boosted Bush 's margin to 930 votes . ( According to a report by The New York Times , 680 of the accepted overseas ballots were received after the legal deadline , lacked required postmarks , were unsigned or undated , cast after election day , from unregistered voters or voters not requesting ballots , lacked a witness signature or address , or were double - counted . ) Florida Supreme Court during the recount Most of the post-electoral controversy revolved around Gore 's request for hand recounts in four counties ( Broward , Miami Dade , Palm Beach , and Volusia ) , as provided under Florida state law . Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris ( also the co-chair of George W. Bush 's election efforts in Florida ) announced she would reject any revised totals from those counties if they were not turned in by 5 : 00 p.m. on November 14 , the statutory deadline for amended returns . The Florida Supreme Court extended the deadline to November 26 , a decision later vacated by the U.S. Supreme Court . Miami - Dade eventually halted its recount and resubmitted its original total to the state canvassing board , while Palm Beach County failed to meet the extended deadline , turning in its completed recount results at 7 : 00 p.m. , which Harris indeed rejected . On November 26 , the state canvassing board certified Bush the winner of Florida 's electors by 537 votes . Gore formally contested the certified results . A state court decision overruling Gore was reversed by the Florida Supreme Court , which ordered a recount of over 70,000 ballots previously rejected as undervotes by machine counters . The U.S. Supreme Court halted that order the next day , with Justice Scalia issuing a concurring opinion that `` the counting of votes that are of questionable legality does in my view threaten irreparable harm to petitioner '' ( Bush ) . Supporters for the Gore - Lieberman ticket outside the U.S. Supreme Court On December 12 , the Supreme Court ruled in a 7 -- 2 vote that the Florida Supreme Court 's ruling requiring a statewide recount of ballots was unconstitutional on equal protection grounds , and in a 5 -- 4 vote reversed and remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court for modification prior to the optional `` safe harbor '' deadline , which the Florida court had said the state intended to meet . With only two hours remaining until the December 12 deadline , the Supreme Court 's order effectively ended the recount , and the previously certified total held . Even if the Supreme Court had decided differently in Bush v. Gore , the Florida Legislature had been meeting in Special Session since December 8 with the sole stated purpose being the selection of a slate of electors on December 12 , should the dispute still be ongoing . Had the recount gone forward , it would have awarded those electors to Bush , based on the state - certified vote , and the likely last recourse for Gore would have been to contest the electors in the United States Congress . The electors would then only have been rejected if both GOP - controlled houses had agreed to reject them . National results ( edit ) Though Gore came in second in the electoral vote , he received 547,398 more popular votes than Bush , making him the first person since Grover Cleveland in 1888 to win the popular vote but lose in the Electoral College . Gore failed to win the popular vote in his home state , Tennessee , which both he and his father had represented in the Senate , making him the first major - party presidential candidate to have lost his home state since George McGovern lost South Dakota in 1972 . Furthermore , Gore lost West Virginia , a state that had voted Republican only once in the previous six presidential elections , and Bill Clinton 's home state of Arkansas , which had voted twice before to elect Gore vice president . A victory in any of these three states would have given Gore enough electoral votes to win the presidency . Bush - Cheney and Gore - Lieberman supporters protest Bush is also the first Republican in American history to win the presidency without winning Vermont or Illinois , the second Republican to win the presidency without winning California ( James A. Garfield in 1880 was the first ) or Pennsylvania ( Richard Nixon in 1968 was the first ) , and the first winning Republican not to receive any electoral votes from California ( Garfield received one vote in 1880 ) . Bush also lost in Connecticut , the state of his birth . This election marks the last time a Republican won the presidency without winning Iowa . As of 2016 , Bush is the last Republican nominee to win New Hampshire , while Gore is the last losing candidate to win Iowa . There were only two counties in the entire nation that voted Democratic in 2000 and that had voted Republican in 1996 . Those were Charles County , Maryland ; and Orange County Florida , both rapidly diversifying counties . The 2000 election was also the last time a Republican won a number of populous urban counties that have since turned into Democratic strongholds . These include Mecklenburg County , North Carolina ( Charlotte ) ; Marion County , Indiana ( Indianapolis ) , Fairfax County , Virginia ( DC Suburbs ) , and Travis County , Texas ( Austin ) . In 2016 , the most recent Presidential Election , Republican Donald Trump lost Mecklenburg by 30 % , Marion by 23 % , Fairfax by 36 % , and Travis by 38 % . Conversely , as of 2017 Gore is the last Democrat to have won any counties at all in Oklahoma . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote George Walker Bush Republican Texas 50,462,412 47.87 % 271 Richard Bruce Cheney Wyoming 271 Albert Arnold Gore , Jr . Democratic Tennessee 50,999,897 48.38 % 266 Joseph Isadore Lieberman Connecticut 266 Ralph Nader Green Connecticut 2,882,955 2.74 % 0 Winona LaDuke Minnesota 0 Pat Buchanan Reform Virginia 448,895 0.43 % 0 Ezola B. Foster California 0 Harry Browne Libertarian Tennessee 384,431 0.36 % 0 Art Olivier California 0 Howard Phillips Constitution Virginia 98,020 0.09 % 0 Curtis Frazier Missouri 0 John Hagelin Natural Law Iowa 83,714 0.08 % 0 Nat Goldhaber California 0 Other 51,186 0.05 % -- Other -- ( abstention ) -- -- -- -- ( abstention ) -- Total 105,421,423 100 % 538 538 Needed to win 270 270 Source : `` 2000 Presidential Electoral and Popular Vote '' ( Excel 4.0 ) . Federal Election Commission . Popular vote Gore 48.38 % Bush 47.87 % Nader 2.74 % Buchanan 0.43 % Browne 0.36 % Others 0.22 % Electoral vote Bush 50.37 % Gore 49.44 % Abstention 0.19 % Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote . Vote share by county for Green Party candidate Ralph Nader . Darker shades indicate a stronger Green performance . Election results by county . Results by Congressional District State results ( edit ) Al Gore George W. Bush States where the margin of victory was less than 1 % ( 55 electoral votes ) : Florida , 0.0092 % ( tipping point state ) New Mexico , 0.061 % Wisconsin , 0.22 % Iowa , 0.31 % Oregon , 0.44 % States where the margin of victory was less than 5 % ( 84 electoral votes ) : New Hampshire , 1.27 % Maine 's 2nd Congressional District , 1.87 % Minnesota , 2.40 % Missouri , 3.34 % Ohio , 3.51 % Nevada , 3.55 % Tennessee , 3.86 % Pennsylvania , 4.17 % States where the margin of victory was more than 5 % but less than 10 % ( 84 electoral votes ) : Maine , 5.11 % Michigan , 5.13 % Arkansas , 5.44 % Washington , 5.58 % Arizona , 6.29 % West Virginia , 6.32 % Louisiana , 7.68 % Maine 's 1st Congressional District , 7.93 % Virginia , 8.04 % Colorado , 8.36 % Vermont , 9.94 % Data comes from https://web.archive.org/web/20120825102042/http://www.mit.edu/~mi22295/elections.html#2000 , a U.S. government document . Results by state ( edit ) States / districts won by Gore / Lieberman States / districts won by Bush / Cheney George W. Bush Republican Al Gore Democratic Ralph Nader Green Pat Buchanan Reform Harry Browne Libertarian Howard Phillips Constitution John Hagelin Natural Law Others Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 9 941,173 56.48 % 9 692,611 41.57 % -- 18,323 1.10 % -- 6,351 0.38 % -- 5,893 0.35 % -- 775 0.05 % -- 447 0.03 % -- 699 0.04 % -- 248,562 14.92 % 1,666,272 AL Alaska 167,398 58.62 % 79,004 27.67 % -- 28,747 10.07 % -- 5,192 1.82 % -- 2,636 0.92 % -- 596 0.21 % -- 919 0.32 % -- 1,068 0.37 % -- 88,394 30.95 % 285,560 AK Arizona 8 781,652 51.02 % 8 685,341 44.73 % -- 45,645 2.98 % -- 12,373 0.81 % -- -- -- -- 110 0.01 % -- 1,120 0.07 % -- 5,775 0.38 % -- 96,311 6.29 % 1,532,016 AZ Arkansas 6 472,940 51.31 % 6 422,768 45.86 % -- 13,421 1.46 % -- 7,358 0.80 % -- 2,781 0.30 % -- 1,415 0.15 % -- 1,098 0.12 % -- -- -- -- 50,172 5.44 % 921,781 AR California 54 4,567,429 41.65 % -- 5,861,203 53.45 % 54 418,707 3.82 % -- 44,987 0.41 % -- 45,520 0.42 % -- 17,042 0.16 % -- 10,934 0.10 % -- 34 0.00 % -- − 1,293,774 − 11.80 % 10,965,856 CA Colorado 8 883,748 50.75 % 8 738,227 42.39 % -- 91,434 5.25 % -- 10,465 0.60 % -- 12,799 0.73 % -- 1,319 0.08 % -- 2,240 0.13 % -- 1,136 0.07 % -- 145,521 8.36 % 1,741,368 CO Connecticut 8 561,094 38.44 % -- 816,015 55.91 % 8 64,452 4.42 % -- 4,731 0.32 % -- 3,484 0.24 % -- 9,695 0.66 % -- 40 0.00 % -- 14 0.00 % -- − 254,921 − 17.47 % 1,459,525 CT Delaware 137,288 41.90 % -- 180,068 54.96 % 8,307 2.54 % -- 777 0.24 % -- 774 0.24 % -- 208 0.06 % -- 107 0.03 % -- 93 0.03 % -- − 42,780 − 13.06 % 327,622 DE D.C. 18,073 8.95 % -- 171,923 85.16 % 10,576 5.24 % -- -- -- -- 669 0.33 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 653 0.32 % − 153,850 − 76.20 % 201,894 DC Florida 25 2,912,790 48.85 % 25 2,912,253 48.84 % -- 97,488 1.63 % -- 17,484 0.29 % -- 16,415 0.28 % -- 1,371 0.02 % -- 2,281 0.04 % -- 3,028 0.05 % -- 537 0.01 % 5,963,110 FL Georgia 13 1,419,720 54.67 % 13 1,116,230 42.98 % -- 13,432 0.52 % -- 10,926 0.42 % -- 36,332 1.40 % -- 140 0.01 % -- -- -- -- 24 0.00 % -- 303,490 11.69 % 2,596,804 GA Hawaii 137,845 37.46 % -- 205,286 55.79 % 21,623 5.88 % -- 1,071 0.29 % -- 1,477 0.40 % -- 343 0.09 % -- 306 0.08 % -- -- -- -- − 67,441 − 18.33 % 367,951 HI Idaho 336,937 67.17 % 138,637 27.64 % -- 12,292 2.45 % -- 7,615 1.52 % -- 3,488 0.70 % -- 1,469 0.29 % -- 1,177 0.23 % -- 6 0.00 % -- 198,300 39.53 % 501,621 ID Illinois 22 2,019,421 42.58 % -- 2,589,026 54.60 % 22 103,759 2.19 % -- 16,106 0.34 % -- 11,623 0.25 % -- 57 0.00 % -- 2,127 0.04 % -- 0.00 % -- − 569,605 − 12.01 % 4,742,123 IL Indiana 12 1,245,836 56.65 % 12 901,980 41.01 % -- 18,531 0.84 % -- 16,959 0.77 % -- 15,530 0.71 % -- 200 0.01 % -- 167 0.01 % -- 99 0.00 % -- 343,856 15.63 % 2,199,302 IN Iowa 7 634,373 48.22 % -- 638,517 48.54 % 7 29,374 2.23 % -- 5,731 0.44 % -- 3,209 0.24 % -- 613 0.05 % -- 2,281 0.17 % -- 1,465 0.11 % -- − 4,144 − 0.31 % − 1,315,563 IA Kansas 6 622,332 58.04 % 6 399,276 37.24 % -- 36,086 3.37 % -- 7,370 0.69 % -- 4,525 0.42 % -- 1,254 0.12 % -- 1,375 0.13 % -- -- -- -- 223,056 20.80 % 1,072,218 KS Kentucky 8 872,492 56.50 % 8 638,898 41.37 % -- 23,192 1.50 % -- 4,173 0.27 % -- 2,896 0.19 % -- 923 0.06 % -- 1,533 0.10 % -- 80 0.01 % -- 233,594 15.13 % 1,544,187 KY Louisiana 9 927,871 52.55 % 9 792,344 44.88 % -- 20,473 1.16 % -- 14,356 0.81 % -- 2,951 0.17 % -- 5,483 0.31 % -- 1,075 0.06 % -- 1,103 0.06 % -- 135,527 7.68 % 1,765,656 LA Maine 286,616 43.97 % -- 319,951 49.09 % 37,127 5.70 % -- 4,443 0.68 % -- 3,074 0.47 % -- 579 0.09 % -- -- -- -- 27 0.00 % -- − 33,335 − 5.11 % 651,817 ME Maryland 10 813,797 40.18 % -- 1,145,782 56.57 % 10 53,768 2.65 % -- 4,248 0.21 % -- 5,310 0.26 % -- 919 0.05 % -- 176 0.01 % -- 1,480 0.07 % -- − 331,985 − 16.39 % 2,025,480 MD Massachusetts 12 878,502 32.50 % -- 1,616,487 59.80 % 12 173,564 6.42 % -- 11,149 0.41 % -- 16,366 0.61 % -- -- -- -- 2,884 0.11 % -- 4,032 0.15 % -- − 737,985 − 27.30 % 2,702,984 MA Michigan 18 1,953,139 46.15 % -- 2,170,418 51.28 % 18 84,165 1.99 % -- 1,851 0.04 % -- 16,711 0.39 % -- 3,791 0.09 % -- 2,426 0.06 % -- -- -- -- − 217,279 − 5.13 % 4,232,501 MI Minnesota 10 1,109,659 45.50 % -- 1,168,266 47.91 % 10 126,696 5.20 % -- 22,166 0.91 % -- 5,282 0.22 % -- 3,272 0.13 % -- 2,294 0.09 % -- 1,050 0.04 % -- − 58,607 − 2.40 % 2,438,685 MN Mississippi 7 572,844 57.62 % 7 404,614 40.70 % -- 8,122 0.82 % -- 2,265 0.23 % -- 2,009 0.20 % -- 3,267 0.33 % -- 450 0.05 % -- 613 0.06 % -- 168,230 16.92 % 994,184 MS Missouri 11 1,189,924 50.42 % 11 1,111,138 47.08 % -- 38,515 1.63 % -- 9,818 0.42 % -- 7,436 0.32 % -- 1,957 0.08 % -- 1,104 0.05 % -- -- -- -- 78,786 3.34 % 2,359,892 MO Montana 240,178 58.44 % 137,126 33.36 % -- 24,437 5.95 % -- 5,697 1.39 % -- 1,718 0.42 % -- 1,155 0.28 % -- 675 0.16 % -- 11 0.00 % -- 103,052 25.07 % 410,997 MT Nebraska 5 433,862 62.25 % 5 231,780 33.25 % -- 24,540 3.52 % -- 3,646 0.52 % -- 2,245 0.32 % -- 468 0.07 % -- 478 0.07 % -- -- -- -- 202,082 28.99 % 697,019 NE Nevada 301,575 49.52 % 279,978 45.98 % -- 15,008 2.46 % -- 4,747 0.78 % -- 3,311 0.54 % -- 621 0.10 % -- 415 0.07 % -- 3,315 0.54 % -- 21,597 3.55 % 608,970 NV New Hampshire 273,559 48.07 % 266,348 46.80 % -- 22,198 3.90 % -- 2,615 0.46 % -- 2,757 0.48 % -- 328 0.06 % -- 55 0.01 % -- 1,221 0.21 % -- 7,211 1.27 % 569,081 NH New Jersey 15 1,284,173 40.29 % -- 1,788,850 56.13 % 15 94,554 2.97 % -- 6,989 0.22 % -- 6,312 0.20 % -- 1,409 0.04 % -- 2,215 0.07 % -- 2,724 0.09 % -- − 504,677 − 15.83 % 3,187,226 NJ New Mexico 5 286,417 47.85 % -- 286,783 47.91 % 5 21,251 3.55 % -- 1,392 0.23 % -- 2,058 0.34 % -- 343 0.06 % -- 361 0.06 % -- -- -- -- − 366 − 0.06 % 598,605 NM New York 33 2,403,374 35.23 % -- 4,107,697 60.21 % 33 244,030 3.58 % -- 31,599 0.46 % -- 7,649 0.11 % -- 1,498 0.02 % -- 24,361 0.36 % -- 1,791 0.03 % -- − 1,704,323 − 24.98 % 6,821,999 NY North Carolina 14 1,631,163 56.03 % 14 1,257,692 43.20 % -- -- -- -- 8,874 0.30 % -- 12,307 0.42 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,226 0.04 % -- 373,471 12.83 % 2,911,262 NC North Dakota 174,852 60.66 % 95,284 33.06 % -- 9,486 3.29 % -- 7,288 2.53 % -- 660 0.23 % -- 373 0.13 % -- 313 0.11 % -- -- -- -- 79,568 27.60 % 288,256 ND Ohio 21 2,351,209 49.97 % 21 2,186,190 46.46 % -- 117,857 2.50 % -- 26,724 0.57 % -- 13,475 0.29 % -- 3,823 0.08 % -- 6,169 0.13 % -- 10 0.00 % -- 165,019 3.51 % 4,705,457 OH Oklahoma 8 744,337 60.31 % 8 474,276 38.43 % -- -- -- -- 9,014 0.73 % -- 6,602 0.53 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 270,061 21.88 % 1,234,229 OK Oregon 7 713,577 46.52 % -- 720,342 46.96 % 7 77,357 5.04 % -- 7,063 0.46 % -- 7,447 0.49 % -- 2,189 0.14 % -- 2,574 0.17 % -- 3,419 0.22 % -- − 6,765 − 0.44 % 1,533,968 OR Pennsylvania 23 2,281,127 46.43 % -- 2,485,967 50.60 % 23 103,392 2.10 % -- 16,023 0.33 % -- 11,248 0.23 % -- 14,428 0.29 % -- -- -- -- 934 0.02 % -- − 204,840 − 4.17 % 4,913,119 PA Rhode Island 130,555 31.91 % -- 249,508 60.99 % 25,052 6.12 % -- 2,273 0.56 % -- 742 0.18 % -- 97 0.02 % -- 271 0.07 % -- 614 0.15 % -- − 118,953 − 29.08 % 409,112 RI South Carolina 8 785,937 56.84 % 8 565,561 40.90 % -- 20,200 1.46 % -- 3,519 0.25 % -- 4,876 0.35 % -- 1,682 0.12 % -- 942 0.07 % -- -- -- -- 220,376 15.94 % 1,382,717 SC South Dakota 190,700 60.30 % 118,804 37.56 % -- -- -- -- 3,322 1.05 % -- 1,662 0.53 % -- 1,781 0.56 % -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 71,896 22.73 % 316,269 SD Tennessee 11 1,061,949 51.15 % 11 981,720 47.28 % -- 19,781 0.95 % -- 4,250 0.20 % -- 4,284 0.21 % -- 1,015 0.05 % -- 613 0.03 % -- 2,569 0.12 % -- 80,229 3.86 % 2,076,181 TN Texas 32 3,799,639 59.30 % 32 2,433,746 37.98 % -- 137,994 2.15 % -- 12,394 0.19 % -- 23,160 0.36 % -- 567 0.01 % -- -- -- -- 137 0.00 % -- 1,365,893 21.32 % 6,407,637 TX Utah 5 515,096 66.83 % 5 203,053 26.34 % -- 35,850 4.65 % -- 9,319 1.21 % -- 3,616 0.47 % -- 2,709 0.35 % -- 763 0.10 % -- 348 0.05 % -- 312,043 40.49 % 770,754 UT Vermont 119,775 40.70 % -- 149,022 50.63 % 20,374 6.92 % -- 2,192 0.74 % -- 784 0.27 % -- 153 0.05 % -- 219 0.07 % -- 1,789 0.61 % -- − 29,247 − 9.94 % 294,308 VT Virginia 13 1,437,490 52.47 % 13 1,217,290 44.44 % -- 59,398 2.17 % -- 5,455 0.20 % -- 15,198 0.55 % -- 1,809 0.07 % -- 171 0.01 % -- 2,636 0.10 % -- 220,200 8.04 % 2,739,447 VA Washington 11 1,108,864 44.58 % -- 1,247,652 50.16 % 11 103,002 4.14 % -- 7,171 0.29 % -- 13,135 0.53 % -- 1,989 0.08 % -- 2,927 0.12 % -- 2,693 0.11 % -- − 138,788 − 5.58 % 2,487,433 WA West Virginia 5 336,475 51.92 % 5 295,497 45.59 % -- 10,680 1.65 % -- 3,169 0.49 % -- 1,912 0.30 % -- 23 0.00 % -- 367 0.06 % -- 0.00 % -- 40,978 6.32 % 648,124 WV Wisconsin 11 1,237,279 47.61 % -- 1,242,987 47.83 % 11 94,070 3.62 % -- 11,471 0.44 % -- 6,640 0.26 % -- 2,042 0.08 % -- 853 0.03 % -- 3,265 0.13 % -- − 5,708 − 0.22 % 2,598,607 WI Wyoming 147,947 67.76 % 60,481 27.70 % -- 4,625 2.12 % -- 2,724 1.25 % -- 1,443 0.66 % -- 720 0.33 % -- 411 0.19 % -- -- -- -- 87,466 40.06 % 218,351 WY Totals 538 50,456,002 47.87 % 271 50,999,897 48.38 % 266 2,882,955 2.74 % -- 448,895 0.43 % -- 384,431 0.36 % -- 98,020 0.09 % -- 83,714 0.08 % -- 51,186 0.05 % -- − 543,895 − 0.52 % 105,405,100 US Arizona results ( edit ) The Libertarian Party of Arizona had ballot access , but opted to supplant Browne with L. Neil Smith . Thus , in Arizona , Smith received 5,775 votes , constituting 0.38 % of the Arizona vote . When adding Smith 's 5,775 votes to Browne 's 384,431 votes nationwide , that brings the total votes cast for president for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206 , or 0.37 % of the vote . Maine and Nebraska District results ( edit ) Maine and Nebraska each allow for their electoral votes to be split between candidates . In both states , two electoral votes are awarded to the winner of the statewide race and one electoral vote is awarded to the winner of each congressional district . The following table records the official presidential vote tallies for Maine and Nebraska 's congressional districts . District Electors Bush % Gore % Nader % Buchanan % Browne % Phillips % Hagelin % Other % Margin % Total Maine 's 1st congressional district 148,618 42.59 % 176,293 50.52 % 20,297 5.82 % 1,994 0.57 % 1,479 0.42 % 253 0.07 % -- -- 17 0.00 % -- 27,675 -- 7.93 % 348,951 Maine 's 2nd congressional district 137,998 45.56 % 143,658 47.43 % 16,830 5.56 % 2,449 0.81 % 1,595 0.53 % 326 0.11 % -- -- 10 0.00 % -- 5,660 -- 1.87 % 302,866 Nebraska 's 1st congressional district 142,562 58.90 % 86,946 35.92 % 10,085 4.17 % 1,324 0.55 % 754 0.31 % 167 0.07 % 185 0.08 % -- -- 55,616 22.98 % 242,023 Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district 131,485 56.92 % 88,975 38.52 % 8,495 3.68 % 845 0.37 % 925 0.40 % 146 0.06 % 141 0.06 % -- -- 42,510 18.40 % 231,012 Nebraska 's 3rd congressional district 159,815 71.35 % 55,859 24.94 % 5,960 2.66 % 1,477 0.66 % 566 0.25 % 155 0.07 % 152 0.07 % -- -- 103,956 46.41 % 223,984 Ballot access ( edit ) Presidential ticket Party Ballot access Votes Gore / Lieberman Democratic 50 + DC 50,999,897 Bush / Cheney Republican 50 + DC 50,456,002 Nader / LaDuke Green 43 + DC 2,882,955 Buchanan / Foster Reform 49 448,895 Browne / Olivier Libertarian 49 + DC 384,431 Phillips / Frazier Constitution 41 98,020 Hagelin / Goldhaber Natural Law 38 83,714 Although the Libertarian Party had ballot access in all fifty United States plus D.C. , Browne 's name only appeared on the ballot in forty - nine United States plus D.C. The Libertarian Party of Arizona opted to place L. Neil Smith on the ballot in Browne 's place . When adding Smith 's 5,775 Arizona votes to Browne 's 384,431 votes nationwide , that brings the total presidential votes cast for the Libertarian Party in 2000 to 390,206 . Aftermath ( edit ) After Florida was decided and Gore conceded , Texas Governor George W. Bush became the president - elect and began forming his transition committee . In a speech on December 13 , in the Texas House of Representatives chamber , Bush stated he was reaching across party lines to bridge a divided America , saying , `` the President of the United States is the President of every single American , of every race , and every background . '' Post recount ( edit ) On January 6 , 2001 , a joint session of Congress met to certify the electoral vote . Twenty members of the House of Representatives , most of them Democratic members of the Congressional Black Caucus , rose one - by - one to file objections to the electoral votes of Florida . However , pursuant to the Electoral Count Act of 1887 , any such objection had to be sponsored by both a representative and a senator . No senator would co-sponsor these objections , deferring to the Supreme Court 's ruling . Therefore , Gore , who presided in his capacity as President of the Senate , ruled each of these objections out of order . Subsequently , the joint session of Congress certified the electoral votes from all 50 states and the District of Columbia . Bush took the oath of office on January 20 , 2001 . He would serve for the next eight years . Gore has not , as of 2017 , considered another presidential run , remaining neutral in the Democratic primaries of 2004 , 2008 , and 2016 . The first independent recount of undervotes was conducted by the Miami Herald and USA Today . The commission found that under most scenarios for completion of the initiated recounts , Bush would have won the election ; however , Gore would have won using the most generous standards for undervotes . Ultimately , a media consortium -- comprising The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Wall Street Journal , Tribune Co. ( parent of the Los Angeles Times ) , Associated Press , CNN , The Palm Beach Post and the St. Petersburg Times -- hired NORC at the University of Chicago to examine 175,010 ballots that were collected from the entire state , not just the disputed counties that were recounted ; these ballots contained undervotes ( ballots with no machine - detected choice made for president ) and overvotes ( ballots with more than one choice marked ) . Their goal was to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used for the voting process . Based on the NORC review , the media group concluded that if the disputes over all the ballots in question had been resolved by applying statewide any of five standards that would have met Florida 's legal standard for recounts , the electoral result would have been reversed and Gore would have won by 60 to 171 votes . ( Any analysis of NORC data requires , for each punch ballot , at least two of the three ballot reviewers ' codes to agree or instead , for all three to agree . ) For all undervotes and overvotes statewide , these five standards are : Prevailing standard -- accepts at least one detached corner of a chad and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . County - by - county standard -- applies each county 's own standards independently . Two - corner standard -- accepts at least two detached corners of a chad and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . Most restrictive standard -- accepts only so - called perfect ballots that machines somehow missed and did not count , or ballots with unambiguous expressions of voter intent . Most inclusive standard -- applies uniform criteria of `` dimple or better '' on punch marks and all affirmative marks on optical scan ballots . Such a statewide review including all uncounted votes was a tangible possibility , as Leon County Circuit Court Judge Terry Lewis , whom the Florida Supreme Court had assigned to oversee the statewide recount , had scheduled a hearing for December 13 ( mooted by the U.S. Supreme Court 's final ruling on the 12th ) to consider the question of including overvotes as well as undervotes . Subsequent statements by Judge Lewis and internal court documents support the likelihood of including overvotes in the recount . Florida State University professor of public policy Lance deHaven - Smith observed that , even considering only undervotes , `` under any of the five most reasonable interpretations of the Florida Supreme Court ruling , Gore does , in fact , more than make up the deficit '' . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting 's analysis of the NORC study and media coverage of it supports these interpretations and criticizes the coverage of the study by media outlets such as The New York Times and the other media consortium members . Further , according to sociologists Christopher Uggen and Jeff Manza , the 2000 election might have gone to Al Gore if the disenfranchised population of Florida had voted . Florida law disenfranchises convicted felons , requiring individual applications to regain suffrage . In their 2002 American Sociological Review article , Uggen and Manza found that the released felon vote could have altered the outcome of seven senatorial races between 1978 and 2000 , and the 2000 presidential election . Matt Ford noted their study concluded `` if the state 's 827,000 disenfranchised felons had voted at the same rate as other Floridians , Democratic candidate Al Gore would have won Florida -- and the presidency -- by more than 80,000 votes . '' The effect of Florida 's law is such that in 2014 `` ( m ) ore than one in ten Floridians -- and nearly one in four African - American Floridians -- are shut out of the polls because of felony convictions . '' Voting machines ( edit ) Because the 2000 presidential election was so close in Florida , the United States government and state governments pushed for election reform to be prepared by the 2004 presidential election . Many of Florida 's year 2000 election night problems stemmed from usability and ballot design factors with voting systems , including the potentially confusing `` butterfly ballot '' . Many voters had difficulties with the paper - based punch card voting machines and were either unable to understand the required process for voting or unable to perform the process . This resulted in an unusual amount of overvote ( voting for more candidates than is allowed ) and undervotes ( voting for fewer than the minimum candidates , including none at all ) . Many undervotes were caused by voter error , unmaintained punch card voting booths , or errors having to do merely with the characteristics of punch card ballots ( resulting in hanging , dimpled , or pregnant chads ) . A proposed solution to these problems was the installation of modern electronic voting machines . The United States presidential election of 2000 spurred the debate about election and voting reform , but it did not end it . In the aftermath of the election , the Help America Vote Act ( HAVA ) was passed to help states upgrade their election technology in the hopes of preventing similar problems in future elections . Unfortunately , the electronic voting systems that many states purchased to comply with HAVA actually caused problems in the presidential election of 2004 . Exit polling and declaration of vote winners ( edit ) The Voter News Service 's reputation was damaged by its treatment of Florida 's presidential vote in 2000 . Breaking its own guidelines , VNS called the state as a win for Gore 12 minutes before polls closed in the Florida panhandle . Although most of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone , counties in the Florida panhandle , located in the Central Time Zone , had not yet closed their polls . Discrepancies between the results of exit polls and the actual vote count caused the VNS to change its call twice , first from Gore to Bush and then to `` too close to call '' . Due in part to this ( and other polling inaccuracies ) the VNS was disbanded in 2003 . According to Bush adviser Karl Rove , exit polls early in the afternoon on election day showed Gore winning by three percentage points , but when the networks called the state for Gore , Bush led by about 75,000 votes in raw tallies from the Florida Secretary of State . Also , charges of media bias were leveled against the networks by Republicans . They claimed that the networks called states more quickly for Al Gore than for George W. Bush . Congress held hearings on this matter , and the networks claimed to have no intentional bias in their election night reporting . However , a study of the calls made on election night 2000 indicated that states carried by Gore were called more quickly than states won by Bush ; however , notable Bush states , like New Hampshire and Florida , were very close , and close Gore states like Iowa , Oregon , New Mexico and Wisconsin were called late as well . The early call of Florida for Gore has been alleged to have cost Bush several close states , including Iowa , New Mexico , Oregon , and Wisconsin . In each of these states , Gore won by less than 10,000 votes , and the polls closed after the networks called Florida for Gore . Because the Florida call was widely seen as an indicator that Gore had won the election , it is possible that it depressed Republican turnout in these states during the final hours of voting , giving Gore the slim margin by which he carried each of them . Had Bush carried all four of these states , he would have been able to win the electoral vote , even with a loss in Florida . Likewise , the call may have affected the outcome of the Senate election in Washington state , where incumbent Republican Slade Gorton was defeated by approximately 2,000 votes statewide . Ralph Nader spoiler effect ( edit ) Further information : Ralph Nader presidential campaign , 2000 § The `` spoiler '' controversy Many Gore supporters claimed that third - party candidate Nader acted as a spoiler in the election since Nader votes could have been cast for Gore , and for instance , Nader allegedly threw the election outcome to Bush . Nader received 2.74 percent of the popular vote nationwide , getting 97,000 votes in Florida ( by comparison , there were 111,251 overvotes ) and 22,000 votes in New Hampshire , where Bush beat Gore by 7,000 votes . Winning either state would have won the general election for Gore . Defenders of Nader , including Dan Perkins , argued that the margin in Florida was small enough that Democrats could blame any number of third - party candidates for the defeat , including Workers World Party candidate Monica Moorehead , who received 1,500 votes . But the controversy with Nader also drained energy from the Democratic party as divisive debate went on in the months leading up to the election . Nader 's reputation was hurt by this perception , which may have hindered his goals as an activist . For example , Mother Jones wrote about the so - called `` rank - and - file liberals '' who saw Nader negatively after the election and pointed that Public Citizen , the organization Nader founded in 1971 , had a new fundraising problem in its own founder , citing a drop in contributions . Mother Jones also cited a Public Citizen 's letter sent out to people interested in Nader 's relation with the organization at that time , with the disclaimer : `` Although Ralph Nader was our founder , he has not held an official position in the organization since 1980 and does not serve on the board . Public Citizen -- and the other groups that Mr. Nader founded -- act independently . '' Democratic party strategist and Democratic Leadership Council ( DLC ) chair Al From expressed a different view . In the January 24 , 2001 , issue of the DLC 's Blueprint magazine , he wrote , `` I think they 're wrong on all counts . The assertion that Nader 's marginal vote hurt Gore is not borne out by polling data . When exit pollers asked voters how they would have voted in a two - way race , Bush actually won by a point . That was better than he did with Nader in the race . '' In an online article published by Salon.com on Tuesday , November 28 , 2000 , progressive activist Jim Hightower mentioned that in Florida , a state Gore lost by only 537 votes , 24,000 Democrats voted for Nader , while another 308,000 Democrats voted for Bush . According to Hightower , 191,000 self - described Liberals in Florida voted for Bush , while fewer than 34,000 voted for Nader . Wrote Hightower : Even when Gore went skittering across the country in August on a widely ballyhooed `` Working Families Tour , '' he had the Clinton administration 's favorite Wall Streeter , Robert Rubin , by his side , sending a stage wink to the corporate powers , assuring them that all his ( Gore 's ) quasi-populist posturing was only rhetoric -- not to worry , Rubin still has a grip on policy . Press influence on race ( edit ) In their 2007 book The Nightly News Nightmare : Network Television 's Coverage of US Presidential Elections , 1988 -- 2004 , professors Stephen J. Farnsworth and S. Robert Lichter alleged most media outlets influenced the outcome of the election through the use of horse race journalism . Some liberal supporters of Al Gore argued that the media had a bias against Gore and in favor of Bush . Peter Hart and Jim Naureckas , two commentators for Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting ( FAIR ) , called the media `` serial exaggerators '' and alleged that several media outlets were constantly exaggerating criticism of Gore : they alleged that the media falsely claimed Gore lied when he claimed he spoke in an overcrowded science class in Sarasota , Florida , and also alleged the media gave Bush a pass on certain issues , such as Bush allegedly exaggerating how much money he signed into the annual Texas state budget to help the uninsured during his second debate with Gore in October 2000 . In the April 2000 issue of Washington Monthly , columnist Robert Parry also alleged that media outlets exaggerated Gore 's supposed claim that he `` discovered '' the Love Canal neighborhood in Niagara Falls , New York during a campaign speech in Concord , New Hampshire on November 30 , 1999 , when he had only claimed he `` found '' it after it was already evacuated in 1978 because of chemical contamination . Rolling Stone columnist Eric Boehlert also alleged media outlets exaggerated criticism of Gore as early as July 22 , 1999 , when Gore , known for being an environmentalist , had a friend release 500 million gallons of water into a drought stricken river to help keep his boat afloat for a photo shoot ; Boehlert claimed that media outlets exaggerated the actual number of gallons that were released , as they claimed it was 4 billion . See also ( edit ) United States portal Politics portal 2000s portal Bush v. Gore First inauguration of George W. Bush History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) List of close election results United States gubernatorial elections , 2000 United States House of Representatives elections , 2000 United States Senate elections , 2000 Ralph Nader 's presidential campaigns United States presidential election , 1824 United States presidential election , 1876 United States presidential election , 1888 United States presidential election , 2016 Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : One faithless elector from the District of Columbia , Barbara Lett - Simmons , abstained from voting in protest of the District 's lack of voting representation in the United States Congress . ( D.C. has a non-voting delegate to Congress . ) She had been expected to vote for Gore / Lieberman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ One Democratic elector abstained in the official tally Jump up ^ Wolter , Kirk ; Jergovic , Diana ; Moore , Whitney ; Murphy , Joe ; O'Muircheartaigh , Colm ( February 2003 ) . `` Statistical Practice : Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida '' ( PDF ) . The American Statistician . American Statistical Association . 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . doi : 10.1198 / 0003130031144 . JSTOR 3087271 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : deHaven - Smith , Lance , ed. ( 2005 ) . The Battle for Florida : An Annotated Compendium of Materials from the 2000 Presidential Election . Gainesville , Florida , United States : University Press of Florida . pp. 8 , 16 , 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ `` West Memphis Kerrey bows out of 2000 presidential race '' . CNN . December 13 , 1998 . Jump up ^ York , Anthony ( September 2 , 1999 ) `` Life of the Party ? '' Salon News . Jump up ^ Dessauer , Carin ( April 8 , 1998 ) . `` Wellstone Launches Presidential Exploratory Committee '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Gore , Lieberman prepare for public debut of Democratic ticket '' . CNN . August 8 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Candidacy '' . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Frontline . The Choice . Boston . October 12 , 2004 . PBS . WGBH - TV . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with John McCain '' . Dadmag.com . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Steven A. `` After Campaigning on Candor , McCain Admits He Lacked It on Confederate Flag Issue . The New York Times . April 20 , 2000 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Confessore , Nicholas ; Haberman , Maggie ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` Donald Trump Remains Defiant on News Programs Amid G.O.P. Backlash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Mr. Trump 's flirtations with presidential runs span decades -- and parties . In 1999 , he left the Republican Party to become a member of the Reform Party Jump up ^ `` Trump officially joins Reform Party '' . CNN . October 25 , 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Trump has not yet formally declared he would seek the Reform Party nomination , but he announced Sunday he was quitting the Republican Party Jump up ^ `` Q&A with Socialist Party presidential candidate Brian Moore '' . Independent Weekly . October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Green Party Presidential Ticket -- President : Ralph Nader , Vice President : Winona LaDuke '' . Thegreenpapers.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party Presidential Ticket -- President : Harry Browne , Vice President : Art Olivier '' . The Green Papers . July 3 , 2000 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libertarian Party Presidential Ticket '' . The Green Papers . July 2 , 2000 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob Bickford `` 2000 Presidential Status Summary ( table ) '' ' ' Ballot Access News ' ' June 29 , 2000 `` . Web.archive.org . October 1 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richard Winger `` '' Natural Law Convention '' Ballot Access News October 1 , 2000 , Volume 16 , Number 7 `` . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2002 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Second Gore - Bush Presidential Debate '' . 2000 Debate Transcript . Commission on Presidential Debates. 2004 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Election 2000 Archive '' . CNN / AllPolitics.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rather , Dan . CBSNews.com . Out of the Shadows . August 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ The New York Times . When a Kiss Is n't Just a Kiss . August 20 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Gore 's Defeat : Do n't Blame Nader '' . Greens.org . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacob Weisberg ( November 8 , 2000 ) . `` Why Gore ( Probably ) Lost '' . Slate . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ YouTube Jump up ^ `` Nader assails major parties : scoffs at charge he drains liberal vote '' . CBS . Associated Press . April 6 , 2000 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . There is a difference between Tweedledum and Tweedledee , but not that much . Jump up ^ CNN Transcript - CNN NewsStand : Presidential Race Intensifies ; Gore Campaign Worried Ralph Nader Could Swing Election to Bush - October 26 , 2000 Jump up ^ `` GOP Group To Air Pro-Nader TV Ads '' . Washingtonpost.com . October 27 , 2000 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nader rejects concerns about role as spoiler - tribunedigital - baltimoresun Jump up ^ `` The 2000 Campaign : Campaign Briefing Published '' . The New York Times . September 5 , 2000 . Retrieved March 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Commission on Presidential Debates '' . Debates.org . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Open Debates What Happened in 2000 ? '' . opendebates.org. 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carey ( October 5 , 2000 ) . `` THE 2000 CAMPAIGN : THE GREEN PARTY ; Nader Wants Apology From Debate Panel for Turning Him Away '' . The New York Times . New York : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nader , Ralph ( 2002 ) . `` Crashing the Party '' . naderlibrary.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Winger , Richard ( 2002 ) . `` Ballot Access News -- May 1 , 2002 '' . web.archive.org . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2003 . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barstow , David ; Van Natta , Don , Jr . ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` Examining the Vote ; How Bush Took Florida : Mining the Overseas Absentee Vote '' . New York Times . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES . No. 00 - 949 ( 00A504 ) Bush v. Gore , On Application For Stay '' ( PDF ) . December 9 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Florida legislature to appoint electors during special session Friday '' . The St. Augustine Record . December 7 , 2000 . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FLORIDA LEGISLATURE -- SPECIAL SESSION A -- 2000 ( Dec ) HISTORY OF HOUSE BILLS '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College Frequently Asked Questions '' . archives.gov . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Presidential General Election Results '' . fec.gov . Jump up ^ `` Who is boycotting the Trump inauguration ? '' . BBC News . January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections - Compare Data '' . uselectionatlas.org . Jump up ^ Casteel , Chris . `` Oklahoma 's 28th presidential election will be first with GOP voters in majority '' . NewsOK . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dizikes , Peter ( January 6 , 2006 ) . `` Electoral College Puts Bush Over the Top - ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maine General Election Tabulations , President of the United States by Congressional District '' . November 7 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Statewide General Election 2000 Results - President by Congressional District '' ( PDF ) . Nebraska Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Ian Christopher McCaleb ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Bush , now president - elect , signals will to bridge partisan gaps '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Acceptance -- December 13 , 2000 '' . Jump up ^ `` George W. Bush statement -- December 13 , 2000 '' . CNN . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FDsys - Browse CREC '' . Gpo.gov . January 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Media Recount : Bush Won The 2000 election '' . PBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Won the Election ? Who Cares ? '' . Fairness & Accuracy In Reporting . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Ballots Project '' . National Opinion Research Center . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2001 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wolter , K.M. , Jergovic , D. , Moore , W. , Murphy , J. and O'Muirheartaigh , C. 2003 . `` Reliability of the Uncertified Ballots in the 2000 Presidential Election in Florida '' . American Statistician. 57 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Steven & Bleifuss , Joel . Was the 2000 Presidential Election Stolen ? : Exit Polls , Election Fraud , and the Official Count . Seven Stories Press , 2006 , pp. 41 - 47 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Word ? New Documents Raise Questions About News Media 's Findings On The 2000 Presidential Election '' ( archived from the original on October 30 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Florida 's ex-convicts seek right to vote '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Ford , `` Restoring Voting Rights for Felons in Maryland '' , The Atlantic , February 9 , 2016 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Brent Staples , `` Florida Leads the Pack -- in Felon Disenfranchisement '' , New York Times , November 7 , 2014 , accessed March 23 , 2016 Jump up ^ Freeman , Steven & Bleifuss , Joel . Was the 2004 election stolen ? : exit polls , election fraud , and the official count . Seven Stories Press , 2006 , p. 68 - 83 . Jump up ^ Joseph Uscinski. 2007 . `` Too Close Too Call ? Uncertainty and Bias in Election Night Reporting '' Social Science Quarterly vol. 88 , ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Eric Alterman ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Tweedledee , Indeed '' . Jump up ^ `` Overvote county summary '' . USA Today . May 10 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Herron , Michael C. ; Lewis , Jeffrey B. ( August 2007 ) . `` Did Ralph Nader spoil Al Gore 's Presidential bid ? A ballot - level study of Green and Reform Party voters in the 2000 Presidential election '' . Quarterly Journal of Political Science . Now Publishing Inc. 2 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 226 . doi : 10.1561 / 100.00005039 . Pdf . Jump up ^ `` This Modern World '' . Salon.com Comics . Jump up ^ `` Nader Unrepentant '' . Mother Jones . July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Building A New Progressive Majority by Al From '' . DLC . January 24 , 2001 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic Leadership Council : Blueprint Magazine '' . Ndol.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ How Florida Democrats torpedoed Gore - Salon.com Jump up ^ Farnsworth , S.J. ; Lichter , S.R. ( 2007 ) . The Nightly News Nightmare : Network Television 's Coverage of US Presidential Elections , 1988 -- 2004 . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 159 -- 160 . ISBN 9780742553774 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Hart ; Jim Naureckas ( January 1 , 2001 ) . `` Serial Exaggerators : Media 's double standard on political lying '' . FAIR . ^ Jump up to : Robert Parry ( April 2000 ) . `` He 's No Pinocchio : How the press exaggerated Al Gores exaggerations '' . Washington Monthly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Boehlert , Eric , ( December 6 , 2001 ) , `` The Press v. Al Gore '' , Rolling Stone Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Brinkley , Douglas ( 2001 ) . 36 Days : The Complete Chronicle of the 2000 Presidential Election Crisis . Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6850 - 3 . Steed , Robert P. ( ed . ) , ed. ( 2002 ) . The 2000 Presidential Election in the South : Partisanship and Southern Party Systems in the 21st Century . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) de La Garza , Rodolfo O. ( ed . ) , ed. ( 2004 ) . Muted Voices : Latinos and the 2000 Elections . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3590 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Abramson , Paul R. ; Rohde , David W. ; Aldrich , John Herbert ( 2002 ) . Change and Continuity in the 2000 Elections . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 740 - 0 . Bugliosi , Vincent ( 2001 ) . The Betrayal of America : How the Supreme Court Undermined the Constitution and Chose Our President . Thunder 's Mouth Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 355 - X . Corrado , Anthony ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Election of 2000 : Reports and Interpretations . Chatham House Publishers . Denton , Robert E. , Jr. ( 2002 ) . The 2000 Presidential Campaign : A Communication Perspective . Praeger . Dershowitz , Alan M. ( 2001 ) . Supreme Injustice : How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000 . New York : Oxford Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514827 - 4 . Dover , E.D. ( 2002 ) . Missed Opportunity : Gore , Incumbency , and Television in Election 2000 . Westport , Conn. : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97638 - 6 . Dougherty , John E. ( 2001 ) . Election 2000 : How the Military Vote Was Suppressed . Cave Junction , OR : WorldNetDaily.com , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58939 - 065 - 2 . Gillman , H. ( 2001 ) . The Votes That Counted : How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election . Chicago : Univ. of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 29408 - 0 . Moore , David W. ( 2006 ) . How to Steal an Election : The Inside Story of How George Bush 's Brother and FOX Network Miscalled the 2000 Election and Changed the Course of History . New York : Nation Press . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 929 - 9 . Jacobson , Arthur J. ; Rosenfeld , Michel ( 2002 ) . The Longest Night : Polemics and Perspectives on Election 2000 . Palast , Greg ( 2002 ) . The Best Democracy Money Can Buy . Pluto Press . ISBN 0 - 7453 - 1846 - 0 . Posner , Richard A. ( 2001 ) . Breaking the Deadlock : The 2000 Election , the Constitution , and the Courts . Princeton : Princeton Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09073 - 4 . Rakove , Jack N. ( 2002 ) . The Unfinished Election of 2000 . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 06837 - 5 . Sabato , Larry J. ( 2001 ) . Overtime ! The Election 2000 Thriller . New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 10028 - X . Sammon , Bill ( 2001 ) . At Any Cost : How Al Gore Tried to Steal the Election . Regnery Publishing , Inc . ISBN 0 - 89526 - 227 - 4 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2001 ) . Too Close To Call : The Thirty - Six - Day Battle to Decide the 2000 Election . Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50708 - 6 . Journal articles ( edit ) Miller , Arthur H. ; Thomas F. Klobucar ( 2003 ) . `` The Role of Issues in the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 33 ( 1 ) : 101 + . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2003. tb00018. x . Wattenberg , Martin P. ( 1999 ) . `` The Democrats ' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency : An Analysis of Partisan Swings '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 29 ( 3 ) : 685 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0268 - 2141.2003. 00057. x . Wattier , Mark J. ( 2004 ) . `` The Clinton Factor : The Effects of Clinton 's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election '' . White House Studies . 4 . Tribe , Laurence H. : `` Erog . v Hsub and its Disguises : Freeing Bush v. Gore from its Hall of Mirrors '' , 115 Harvard Law Review 170 ( November 2001 ) . Papers ( edit ) Keating , Dan ( The Washington Post ) . `` Democracy Counts , The Florida ballot recount project '' , paper prepared for presentation at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association , Boston , 2002 . Underhill , Wendy `` Election 2000 : Before and After : September 2012 '' , State Legislatures Magazine , a 2012 retrospective on improvements started by the 2000 election . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 2000 . 2000 popular vote by states 2000 popular vote by states ( with bar graphs ) Campaign commercials from the 2000 election CBS News Coverage of Election Night 2000 : Investigation , Analysis , Recommendations ( 231 kB PDF ) . Presidential Primaries , Caucuses , and Conventions Report from United States Commission on Civil Rights Supreme Court Decisions of December 9 , 2000 Timeline of the 2000 Presidential Election How close was the 2000 election ? at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 25 , 2012 ) Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Booknotes interview with Jeff Greenfield on Oh , Waiter ! One Order of Crow : Inside the Strangest Presidential Election Finish in American History , July 22 , 2001 . 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who received the most electoral votes in the 2000 presidential election
[ "\n\nPresidential candidate\nParty\nHome state\nPopular vote\nElectoral\nvote\nRunning mate\n\n\nCount\nPercentage\nVice-presidential candidate\nHome state\nElectoral vote\n\n\nGeorge Walker Bush\nRepublican\nTexas\n50,462,412\n47.87%\n271\nRichard Bruce Cheney\nWyoming\n271\n\n\nAlbert Arnold Gore, Jr.\nDemocratic\nTennessee\n50,999,897\n48.38%\n266\nJoseph Isadore Lieberman\nConnecticut\n266\n\n\nRalph Nader\nGreen\nConnecticut\n2,882,955\n2.74%\n0\nWinona LaDuke\nMinnesota\n0\n\n\nPat Buchanan\nReform\nVirginia\n448,895\n0.43%\n0\nEzola B. Foster\nCalifornia\n0\n\n\nHarry Browne\nLibertarian\nTennessee\n384,431\n0.36%\n0\nArt Olivier\nCalifornia\n0\n\n\nHoward Phillips\nConstitution\nVirginia\n98,020\n0.09%\n0\nCurtis Frazier\nMissouri\n0\n\n\nJohn Hagelin\nNatural Law\nIowa\n83,714\n0.08%\n0\nNat Goldhaber\nCalifornia\n0\n\n\nOther\n51,186\n0.05%\n—\nOther\n—\n\n\n(abstention)[a]\n—\n—\n—\n—\n1\n(abstention)[a]\n—\n1\n\n\nTotal\n105,421,423\n100%\n538\n\n538\n\n\nNeeded to win\n270\n\n270\n\n" ]
[ "George Walker Bush" ]
4656181218163449788
Chattanooga Campaign
Chattanooga Campaign - wikipedia Chattanooga Campaign Jump to : navigation , search Chattanooga Campaign Part of the American Civil War Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Braxton Bragg , commanding generals of the Chattanooga Campaign Date September 21 -- November 25 , 1863 Location Chattanooga , Tennessee Result Union victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) CSA ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant William S. Rosecrans George Henry Thomas William Tecumseh Sherman Braxton Bragg Units involved Military Division of the Mississippi : Army of the Cumberland Army of the Tennessee Army of Tennessee Strength 72,533 `` present for duty equipped '' 48,948 `` present for duty '' Casualties and losses 5,824 total ( 753 killed 4,722 wounded 349 missing ) 6,000 -- 8,000 ( estimated ) ( 8,684 men killed , wounded or prisoners ) Chattanooga Campaign REOPENING THE TENNESSEE RIVER : Wheeler 's Raid Farmington Brown 's Ferry Wauhatchie CHATTANOOGA - RINGGOLD CAMPAIGN : Lookout Mountain Missionary Ridge Ringgold Gap The Chattanooga Campaign was a series of maneuvers and battles in October and November 1863 , during the American Civil War . Following the defeat of Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans ' Union Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Chickamauga in September , the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg besieged Rosecrans and his men by occupying key high terrain around Chattanooga , Tennessee . Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was given command of Union forces in the West , now consolidated under the Division of the Mississippi . Significant reinforcements also began to arrive with him in Chattanooga from Mississippi and the Eastern Theater . On October 19 , Grant removed Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replaced him with Major General George Henry Thomas . After opening a supply line ( the `` Cracker Line '' ) to feed his starving men and animals , Grant 's army fought off a Confederate counterattack at the Battle of Wauhatchie on October 28 -- 29 , 1863 . On November 23 , the Army of the Cumberland advanced from the fortifications around Chattanooga to seize the minor high ground at Orchard Knob while elements of the Union Army of the Tennessee under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman maneuvered to launch a surprise attack against Bragg 's right flank on Missionary Ridge . On November 24 , Sherman 's men crossed the Tennessee River in the morning and then advanced to occupy high ground at the northern end of Missionary Ridge in the afternoon . The same day , Eastern Theater troops under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker defeated the Confederates in the Battle of Lookout Mountain . The next day they began a movement toward Bragg 's left flank at Rossville . On November 25 , Sherman 's attack on Bragg 's right flank made little progress . Hoping to distract Bragg 's attention , Grant ordered Thomas 's army to advance in the center of his line to the base of Missionary Ridge . A combination of misunderstood orders and the pressure of the tactical situation caused Thomas 's men to surge to the top of Missionary Ridge , routing the Army of Tennessee , which retreated to Dalton , Georgia , fighting off the Union pursuit successfully at the Battle of Ringgold Gap . Bragg 's defeat eliminated the last significant Confederate control of Tennessee and opened the door to an invasion of the Deep South , leading to Sherman 's Atlanta Campaign of 1864 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 1.2 Reopening the Tennessee River 1.2. 1 Opening the Cracker Line 1.2. 2 Wauhatchie 1.2. 3 Longstreet departs 1.3 Preparations for battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 The Battles for Chattanooga 3.1 Orchard Knob 3.2 Lookout Mountain 3.3 Missionary Ridge 3.4 Rossville Gap 4 Retreat and pursuit 4.1 Ringgold Gap 5 Aftermath 6 Battlefield preservation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Memoirs and primary sources 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Chickamauga Further information : American Civil War , Western Theater of the American Civil War , Battle of Stones River , Tullahoma Campaign , and Chickamauga Campaign Chattanooga viewed from the North bank of the Tennessee River , 1863 . The Union Army pontoon bridge is shown on the left , Lookout Mountain at the right rear . The small hill in front of Lookout Mountain is Cameron Hill , which was significantly flattened during 20th century development of the city . Federal supply lines and Wheeler 's October 1863 raid Confederate Union Chattanooga was a vital rail hub ( with lines going north toward Nashville and Knoxville and south toward Atlanta ) , and an important manufacturing center for the production of iron and coal , located on the navigable Tennessee River . In September 1863 , the Union Army of the Cumberland under Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans executed a series of maneuvers that forced Confederate Gen. Braxton Bragg and his Army of Tennessee to abandon Chattanooga and withdraw into northern Georgia . Rosecrans pursued Bragg and the two armies collided at the Battle of Chickamauga on September 19 -- 20 . Bragg achieved a major victory when a gap was opened mistakenly in the Union line and a strong assaulting force commanded by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet drove through it and routed a good portion of the Union army . A determined defensive stand by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas on Snodgrass Hill saved the army from total destruction , earning him the nickname `` Rock of Chickamauga '' and allowing time for most of Rosecrans 's army to retreat to Chattanooga . Bragg did not cut off the escape routes to Chattanooga and did not organize a pursuit that might have seriously damaged the Union army before it could regroup and prepare its defenses in the city . The Union forces took advantage of previous Confederate works to erect strong defensive positions in a tight , 3 - mile - long semicircle around the city . Bragg had three courses of action . He could outflank Rosecrans by crossing the Tennessee either below or above the city , assault the Union force directly in their fortifications , or starve the Federals by establishing a siege line . The flanking option was deemed to be impracticable because Bragg 's army was short on ammunition , they had no pontoons for river crossing , and Longstreet 's corps from Virginia had arrived at Chickamauga without wagons . A direct assault was too costly against a well - fortified enemy . Receiving intelligence that Rosecrans 's men had only six days of rations , Bragg chose the siege option , while attempting to accumulate sufficient logistical capability to cross the Tennessee . Bragg 's army besieged the city , threatening to starve the Union forces into surrender . The Confederates established themselves on Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain , both of which had excellent views of the city , the Tennessee River flowing north of the city , and the Union 's supply lines . Bragg also had little inclination to take offensive action against the Federal army because he was occupied in leadership quarrels within his army . On September 29 , Bragg relieved from command two of his subordinates who had disappointed him in the Chickamauga Campaign : Maj. Gen. Thomas C. Hindman ( who had failed to destroy part of the Union army at McLemore 's Cove ) and Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk ( who had delayed attacking on September 20 of Chickamauga ) . On October 4 , twelve of his most senior generals sent a petition to Confederate President Jefferson Davis , demanding that Bragg be relieved of command . Davis personally visited Chattanooga to hear the complaints . After he decided to retain Bragg in command , Bragg retaliated against some of those generals by relieving Lt. Gen. D.H. Hill and Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner . Never in the history of the Army of the Cumberland had the spirit of its officers and men been more depressed . The battle of Chickamauga had not only been fought and lost , but we also lost what was more than losing the battle . We had lost confidence in our commander . Capt . George Lewis , 124th Ohio In Chattanooga , Rosecrans was stunned by the defeat of his army and became psychologically unable to take decisive action to lift the siege . President Abraham Lincoln remarked that Rosecrans seemed `` confused and stunned like a duck hit on the head . '' Union soldiers began to feel the effect of extremely short rations and many of their horses and mules died . The only supply line that was not controlled by the Confederates was a roundabout , tortuous course nearly 60 miles long over Walden 's Ridge from Bridgeport , Alabama . Heavy rains began to fall in late September , washing away long stretches of the mountain roads . On October 1 , Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler 's Confederate cavalry intercepted and severely damaged a train of 800 wagons -- burning hundreds of the wagons , and shooting or sabering hundreds of mules -- at the start of his October 1863 Raid through Tennessee to sever Rosecrans 's supply line . Toward the end of October , typical Federal soldiers ' rations were `` four cakes of hard bread and a quarter pound of pork '' every three days . The Union high command began immediate preparations to relieve the city . Only hours after the defeat at Chickamauga , Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton ordered Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker to Chattanooga with 15,000 men in two small corps from the Army of the Potomac in Virginia . Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was ordered to send 20,000 men under his chief subordinate Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , from Vicksburg , Mississippi . On September 29 , Stanton ordered Grant to go to Chattanooga himself , as commander of the newly created Military Division of the Mississippi , bringing all of the territory from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River ( and much of the state of Arkansas ) under a single commander for the first time . Grant was given the option of replacing the demoralized Rosecrans with Thomas . Although Grant did not have good personal relations with Thomas , he heartily disliked Rosecrans . He selected Thomas to command the Army of the Cumberland . Hearing an inaccurate report that Rosecrans was preparing to abandon Chattanooga , Grant telegraphed to Thomas , `` Hold Chattanooga at all hazards . I will be there as soon as possible . '' The Rock of Chickamauga replied immediately , `` We will hold the town till we starve . '' Grant traveled over the treacherous mountain supply line roads and arrived in Chattanooga on October 23 . Reopening the Tennessee River ( edit ) Opening the Cracker line ( edit ) Engraving of the view north from Point Lookout on Lookout Mountain over the Chattanooga region , from Battles and Leaders , 1885 The chief engineer of the Army of the Cumberland , Brig. Gen. William F. `` Baldy '' Smith , had devised a plan with Rosecrans to open a more reliable supply line to the troops in Chattanooga . General Thomas put the plan afoot immediately upon taking command. Smith briefed Grant immediately after the new commander 's arrival and Grant enthusiastically concurred with the plan . Brown 's Ferry crossed the Tennessee River from Moccasin Point where the road followed a gap through the foothills , turned south through Lookout Valley to Wauhatchie Station , and then west to Kelley 's Ferry , a navigable point on the Tennessee that could be reached by Union supply boats . If the Army of the Cumberland could seize Brown 's Ferry and link up with Hooker 's force arriving from Bridgeport , Alabama , through the Lookout Valley , a reliable , efficient supply line -- soon to become known as the `` Cracker Line '' -- would be open . And a force at Brown 's Ferry would threaten the right flank of any Confederate movement into the valley . Hazen 's men land at Brown 's Ferry Hooker left Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum with one of his divisions of the XII Corps to guard the railroad line from Murfreesboro , to Bridgeport . Slocum 's remaining division , under Brig. Gen. John W. Geary , and the two divisions of Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard 's XI Corps were ordered to move quickly to Lookout Valley . However , weather conditions delayed the movement , so Grant decided to move ahead with the Brown 's Ferry operation even before Hooker could arrive . Smith 's plan for the assault on Brown 's Ferry was to send most of one brigade ( Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen 's ) traveling stealthily downriver on pontoons and a raft at night to capture the gap and hills on the west bank of the Tennessee while a second brigade ( Brig. Gen. John B. Turchin 's ) marched across Moccasin Point in support . Braxton Bragg had no idea that this operation was being planned , but he was aware of Hooker 's pending river crossing at Bridgeport , so was concerned about his left flank . He ordered Longstreet to move additional units into Lookout Valley , but , unknown to Bragg , the order was ignored . Furthermore , Longstreet 's lack of diligence allowed command mixups to leave only two regiments near Brown 's Ferry . Early on the morning of October 27 , Hazen 's men floated unnoticed past the Confederate position on Lookout Mountain , aided by low fog and no moonlight . They were able to seize the ground above Brown 's Ferry by 4 : 40 a.m. A counterattack by the 15th Alabama Infantry , commanded by Col. William C. Oates ( of Little Round Top fame ) was repulsed and Oates was wounded . Oates 's brigade commander , Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law , placed his brigade blocking the road over Lookout Mountain and reported the Union success to Longstreet . Longstreet dismissed the importance of the report , considering the Union move to be only a feint , and did not bother passing the information on to Bragg . When Bragg learned of it , he ordered Longstreet to retake the ground immediately , but Longstreet once again did nothing and Smith 's men spent the day consolidating their bridgehead without interference . Hooker 's column marched through Lookout Valley and linked up with Hazen and Turchin at Brown 's Ferry at 3 : 45 p.m. , October 28 . Thomas 's staff began the preparations to bring supplies over the Cracker Line and he telegraphed General in Chief Henry W. Halleck that he expected `` in a few days to be pretty well supplied . '' Wauhatchie ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Wauhatchie Battle of Wauhatchie Having ignored several direct orders from Bragg to attack Brown 's Ferry , Longstreet was ordered by Bragg to attack Hooker 's concentration at Wauhatchie instead . There , Hooker had neglected to arrange his force into effective defensive positions , instructing them merely to find good cover for the troops and bivouac . He detached Brig. Gen. John W. Geary 's division at Wauhatchie Station , a stop on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad , to protect the line of communications to the south as well as the road west to Kelley 's Ferry . Longstreet was amazed to see Geary 's bivouacking soldiers with their large wagon train parked directly in front of him . Longstreet ordered a night attack , a relatively rare occurrence in the Civil War , using only the brigade of Brig. Gen. Evander M. Law and Brig. Gen. Micah Jenkins 's division from Lookout Mountain , far fewer troops than Bragg had authorized . The attack was scheduled for 10 : 00 p.m. on October 28 , but confusion delayed it until midnight . Although Geary and his officers expected an attack and had thrown out pickets , its suddenness took them by surprise . Enveloped from the north by Col. John Bratton 's brigade , the Union defenders formed into a V - shaped battle line , facing north and east . Geary 's son Edward , an artillery lieutenant , was killed in the battle , dying in his father 's arms . Hearing the sounds of battle , Hooker , at Brown 's Ferry , sent Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard with two XI Corps divisions as reinforcements . Orders of march were confused and delayed the movement . Hooker mistakenly deployed units from both XI Corps divisions against Law 's and Brig. Gen. Henry L. Benning 's brigades , leaving no one to go to Geary 's aid . Law 's 2,000 men were greatly outnumbered by Hooker 's men , but the hilltop position was naturally strong and several vigorous Union assaults were repulsed . Receiving an erroneous report that Bratton was retreating , Law decided to pull back . Just as his men left their entrenchments , Col. Orland Smith 's brigade ( Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr 's division ) spilled over them , capturing some stragglers and scattering a regiment that failed to get the order to retreat . Meanwhile , Hooker agreed to let Howard proceed to Wauhatchie with some cavalry . Geary 's men continued to hold fast , although they began to run low on ammunition . Just as Bratton began to sense victory , he received a note from Jenkins to retreat because Union reinforcements were arriving at his rear . He withdrew to Lookout Mountain , successfully covered by Benning 's brigade . Both sides had planned poorly for the battle . Hooker 's carelessness in placing his men had left them at risk . Grant was disgusted at Hooker 's performance and considered relieving him . Longstreet committed too few men for an assault of this importance and Bragg was also disgusted with his subordinate . Bragg 's biographer , Judith L. Hallock , wrote that Wauhatchie was , for Longstreet , an `` ill - conceived , ill - planned , and poorly coordinated attack '' that `` resulted in a shambles . '' Longstreet departs ( edit ) Bragg had committed the most egregious error of his checkered career . In all too typical fashion , he had allowed rancor to crowd out rational thought . Without a coherent plan or even the desire for close coordination between the two segments , he had divided his army in the face of a now numerically superior foe who was about to receive even more reinforcements . The view of Peter Cozzens , The Shipwreck of Their Hopes The opening of the cracker line changed the strategic situation completely . Bragg knew the siege was effectively broken . Considering his options -- retreating from the area ; assaulting the Union fortifications at Chattanooga ; waiting for Grant to attack ; attempting to move around Grant 's right flank ; attempting to move around Grant 's left flank -- Bragg realized that movement around Grant 's left flank was the only promising option . It would potentially allow him to re-establish an additional badly needed rail supply line ( to Virginia via Knoxville ) and join forces with about 10,000 men operating in southwestern Virginia under the command of Maj. Gen. Samuel Jones . An impediment to this plan was the operation of Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside 's Union Army of the Ohio , currently occupying Knoxville and blocking the railroad . On October 17 , Bragg had ordered the division of Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson and two cavalry brigades to extend his right flank toward Knoxville . On October 22 , Bragg added the division of Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson to the expedition , bringing the total to about 11,000 men , and considered sending Stevenson 's corps commander , John C. Breckinridge , as well . In early November , Bragg ordered additional reinforcements and changed the orders from simply extending the right flank to actually pushing Burnside away from Knoxville and reestablish communications with Virginia . But events in Virginia caused Bragg to change his plan . Responding to a suggestion from President Davis , Bragg announced in a council of war on November 3 that he was sending Longstreet and his two divisions into East Tennessee to deal with Burnside , replacing the Stevenson / Jackson force . Davis had suggested Longstreet for this assignment because he intended Longstreet 's divisions to return to the Army of Northern Virginia at the end of the campaign and Knoxville was on the route back to Virginia . In the face of a rapidly expanding enemy force , Bragg chose to divide his army and decrease his net defensive force by about 4,000 men ( less than 10 % ) in order to facilitate the move on Knoxville . Campaign historian Steven E. Woodworth judged , however , that `` even the flat loss of the number of good soldiers in Longstreet 's divisions would have been a gain to the army in ridding it of their general 's feuding and blundering . '' Preparations for Battle ( edit ) Grant had two weeks following Wauhatchie before Sherman was to arrive , and he charged Thomas and Smith with the responsibility for planning an assault against Bragg , starting with an attack by Sherman on the Confederate right flank , emphasizing that he would not approve the plan until Sherman had an opportunity to review it . After considerable reconnaissance the two generals presented their plan on November 14 . Sherman 's arriving troops would use newly improved roads to pass through the hills north of Chattanooga , taking a route that was not visible from Lookout Mountain , hoping that Bragg would not know for certain whether Sherman was targeting Chattanooga or Knoxville. Smith would assemble every available boat and pontoon to allow Sherman 's corps to cross the Tennessee River near the mouth of the South Chickamauga Creek and attack Bragg 's right flank on Missionary Ridge . If the attack were successful , the Union would control the two key railroad lines that supplied Bragg 's army , forcing him to withdraw . Thomas 's army would simultaneously pin down the Confederate center on Missionary Ridge . The plan also called for Hooker to assault and seize Lookout Mountain , Bragg 's left flank , and continue on to Rossville , where he would be positioned to cut off a potential Confederate retreat to the south . Sherman arrived ahead of his troops on the evening of November 14 . He observed the end of Missionary Ridge that he was designated to attack and remarked that he could seize it successfully by 9 a.m. on the assigned day . Grant approved Thomas 's and Smith 's plan , although he withdrew support for the attack by Hooker on Lookout Mountain , intending the mass of his attack to be by Sherman . Sherman 's men were still a considerable distance from Chattanooga because they had been under orders from Halleck to repair the railroad as they marched the 330 miles from Vicksburg ( an order countermanded by Grant on October 27 ) and their commander had ignored advice from Thomas that he march rapidly without the impediment of his trains , as Hooker had done . Although Grant had hoped to begin offensive operations on November 21 , by November 20 only one of Sherman 's brigades had crossed over Brown 's Ferry and the attack had to be postponed . Grant was coming under pressure from Washington to react to Longstreet 's advance against Burnside at Knoxville . Bragg , having dispatched most of his cavalry , had little means of gathering intelligence . He assumed that Sherman 's corps would be heading toward his department 's extreme right flank at Knoxville , not Chattanooga . Therefore , he believed that the main Union assault would occur on his left flank , Lookout Mountain . On November 12 , Bragg placed Carter Stevenson in overall command for the defense of the mountain , with Stevenson 's division placed on the summit . The brigades of Brig . Gens . John K. Jackson , Edward C. Walthall , and John C. Moore were placed on the `` bench '' of the mountain ( a narrow and relatively flat shelf that wrapped around the northern end of the mountain approximately halfway to the summit ) . Jackson later wrote about the dissatisfaction of the commanders assigned to this area , `` Indeed , it was agreed on all hands that the position was one extremely difficult to defense against a strong force of the enemy advancing under cover of a heavy fire . '' Thomas L. Connelly , historian of the Army of Tennessee , wrote that despite the imposing appearance of Lookout Mountain , `` the mountain 's strength was a myth ... It was impossible to hold ( the bench , which ) was commanded by Federal artillery at Moccasin Bend . '' Although Stevenson placed an artillery battery on the crest of the mountain , the guns could not be depressed enough to reach the bench , which was accessible from numerous trails on the west side of the mountain . Dissatisfaction also prevailed in the Chattanooga Valley and on Missionary Ridge , where Breckinridge , commanding Bragg 's center and right , had only 16,000 men to defend a line 5 miles long . Brig. Gen. Patton Anderson , whose division was assigned to the Confederate works along the western base of the ridge , wrote `` This line of defense , following its sinuosities , was over two miles in length -- nearly twice as long as a number of bayonets in the division could adequately defend . '' Bragg exacerbated the situation on November 22 by ordering Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne to withdraw his and Simon B. Buckner 's divisions from the line and march to Chickamauga Station , for railroad transport to Knoxville , removing 11,000 more men from the defense of Chattanooga . This move was apparently made because , as Grant had hoped , Bragg concluded that Sherman 's troops were moving on to Knoxville , in which case Longstreet would need the reinforcements , for which he had been constantly clamoring since he was first given the assignment . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Union subordinate commanders Maj. Gen . William T. Sherman Maj. Gen . George H. Thomas Maj. Gen . Joseph Hooker Further information : Union order of battle Grant 's Military Division of the Mississippi assembled the following forces at Chattanooga : The Army of the Tennessee , commanded by Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman , consisting of the XV Corps under Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair , Jr. , and the 2nd Division of the XVII Corps under Brig. Gen. John E. Smith . The Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas , consisting of the IV Corps under Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger , and the XIV Corps under Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer . The command of Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker , which was part of the Army of the Cumberland during the battle , consisting of the XI Corps under Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard and the 2nd Division of the XII Corps under Brig. Gen. John W. Geary . ( On November 24 and 25 , Hooker was in direct command of the 2nd Division of the XII Corps , along with Charles Cruft 's division detached from the IV Corps and Peter J. Osterhaus ' division detached from the XV Corps . ) Confederate ( edit ) Confederate corps commanders Lt. Gen . James Longstreet Lt. Gen . William J. Hardee Maj. Gen . John C. Breckinridge Further information : Confederate order of battle Bragg 's Army of Tennessee had the following forces available in Chattanooga : Longstreet 's Corps , under Lt. Gen. James Longstreet , consisting of the divisions under Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws and Brig. Gen. Micah Jenkins ( replacing John Bell Hood , wounded at Chickamauga ) . Longstreet 's Corps was dispatched to Knoxville on November 5 . Hardee 's Corps , under Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee , consisting of the divisions under Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson ( Cheatham 's Division ) , Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson ( Hindman 's Division ) , Brig. Gen. States Rights Gist ( Walker 's Division ) , and Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner ( detached November 22 to Knoxville ) . Breckinridge 's Corps , commanded by Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge , consisting of the divisions of Maj . Gens . Patrick R. Cleburne , Alexander P. Stewart , Carter L. Stevenson , and Brig. Gen. William B. Bate ( Breckinridge 's Division ) . On November 5 , Bragg seriously weakened his forces by sending Longstreet 's Corps against Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside near Knoxville . On November 22 , Bragg further weakened his forces by ordering the division of Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner to reinforce Longstreet at Knoxville . The battles for Chattanooga ( edit ) Orchard Knob ( edit ) Orchard Knob in 1864 Battle monuments on Orchard Knob Orchard Knob , c1900 - 1915 On November 23 , the Union army observed columns of Cleburne 's and Buckner 's men marching away from Missionary Ridge and also heard claims from Confederate deserters that the entire army was falling back . Grant became concerned that Bragg was massively reinforcing Longstreet and sought to disrupt the movement . Thomas ordered his division under Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood to advance in a reconnaissance in force , instructing him to avoid an engagement with the enemy and return to his fortifications when the strength of the Confederate line was revealed . Wood 's men assembled outside of their entrenchments and observed their objective approximately 2,000 yards to the east , a small knoll 100 feet high known as Orchard Knob ( also known as Indian Hill ) . Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan 's division lined up similarly to protect Wood 's right flank , and Howard 's XI Corps extended the line to the left , presenting over 20,000 soldiers arrayed in almost parade - ground alignment . I never saw troops move into action in finer style than Thomas 's did today . They are entitled to the highest praise for their soldierly bearing and splendid bravery . Grant 's chief of staff , John Rawlins At 1 : 30 p.m. , 14,000 Union soldiers moved forward at the double quick , sweeping across the plain , stunning the 600 Confederate defenders , who were able to fire only a single volley before they were overrun . Casualties were relatively small on both sides . Grant and Thomas decided to order the men to hold their position and entrench , rather than following the original orders to withdraw . Orchard Knob became Grant 's and Thomas 's headquarters for the remainder of the battles . Bragg quickly readjusted his strategy , recalling all units that were within a day 's march . Cleburne 's division returned after dark from Chickamauga Station , interrupting the process of boarding the trains to Knoxville . Bragg began to reduce the strength on his left by withdrawing Maj. Gen. William H.T. Walker 's division from the base of Lookout Mountain and placing them on the far right of Missionary Ridge , just south of Tunnel Hill . He assigned Hardee to command his now critical right flank , turning over the left flank to Carter Stevenson . In the center , Breckinridge ordered his men to begin fortifying the crest of Missionary Ridge , a task that Bragg had somehow neglected for weeks . Unable to decide whether to defend the base or the crest of the Ridge , the divisions of Brig . Gens . William B. Bate and Patton Anderson were ordered to move half of their divisions to the crest , leaving the remainder in the rifle pits along the base . James L. McDonough wrote of the upper entrenchments , `` Placed along the physical crest rather than what is termed the military crest ... these works severely handicapped the defenders . '' The Union side also changed plans . Sherman had three divisions ready to cross the Tennessee , but the pontoon bridge at Brown 's Ferry had torn apart and Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus 's division was stranded in Lookout Valley . After receiving assurances from Sherman that he could proceed with three divisions , Grant decided to revive the previously rejected plan for an attack on Lookout Mountain and reassigned Osterhaus to Hooker 's command . Lookout Mountain ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Lookout Mountain Cravens house on Lookout Mountain Battles of Chattanooga , November 24 -- 25 , 1863 On November 24 , Hooker had about 10,000 men in three divisions to operate against Lookout Mountain : Brig. Gen. John W. Geary 's ( XII Corps ) , Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft 's ( XIV Corps ) , and Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus 's ( XV Corps ) . Acknowledging that this was too large a force for a simple diversion , Grant authorized a more serious effort against the mountain , but did not agree to a full - scale assault . Hooker was ordered to `` take the point only if his demonstration should develop its practicability . '' Fighting Joe ignored this subtlety and ordered Geary `` to cross Lookout Creek and to assault Lookout Mountain , marching down the valley and sweeping every rebel from it . '' The advance of Cruft and Osterhaus stalled at Lookout Creek , but Geary crossed the stream unopposed further south and found that the defile between the mountain and the river had not been secured . The Union troops were opposed by Brig. Gen. Edward C. Walthall 's brigade of Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham 's division ( temporarily under the command of Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson ) . Geary swept northeast along the base of Lookout Mountain and pushed Walthall 's badly outnumbered men back to the Cravens House , just below the northern end of the mountain . The men of Brig. Gen. John C. Brown 's Confederate brigade on the mountain top found themselves powerless to intervene in the battle raging below the cliffs . Geary 's success allowed the other two divisions to cross the creek and push aside the Confederate skirmishers in front of them . Brig. Gen. John C. Moore brought his brigade up around 1 : 00 p.m. to become embroiled in a fight with Geary and Brig. Gen. Walter C. Whitaker 's brigade of Cruft 's division . Moore was pushed back and soon joined by Brig. Gen. Edmund Pettus 's brigade . By about 3 : 00 p.m. , thick fog enveloped the mountain . Brig. Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs , quartermaster general of the Union Army , observing from Orchard Knob , was the first writer to name the action on Lookout Mountain the `` Battle Above the Clouds '' . The two sides blazed away blindly in the fog the rest of the afternoon but few men were hit . During the fight , Hooker sent a stream of `` alternate whimpering and blustering '' messages to Grant , but got it exactly right when he predicted , `` In all probability the enemy will evacuate tonight . '' Realizing the battle was lost , Bragg ordered the position abandoned . At midnight the fog cleared and , under a lunar eclipse , the divisions of Stevenson and Cheatham retreated behind Chattanooga Creek , burning the bridges behind them . That night Bragg asked his two corps commanders whether to retreat or to stand and fight . Hardee counseled retreat , but Breckinridge convinced Bragg to fight it out on the strong position of Missionary Ridge . Accordingly , the troops withdrawn from Lookout Mountain were ordered to the right flank . Missionary Ridge ( edit ) Further information : Battle of Missionary Ridge Battle of Chattanooga by Thure de Thulstrup . Ulysses S. Grant uses a field glass to follow the Union assault on Missionary Ridge . Grant is joined by Generals Gordon Granger ( left ) and George H. Thomas . Battle of Missionary Ridge , November 25 , 1863 Confederate Union Sherman 's remaining three divisions crossed the Tennessee River successfully on the morning of November 24 , then took what the general thought -- due to faulty intelligence -- was the north end of Missionary Ridge but was actually a completely separate rise known as Billy Goat Hill . Sherman was dismayed to see that , across a deep ravine , the Confederates had fortified Tunnel Hill , the northernmost portion of the ridge . Taking no further offensive action for the day , Sherman ordered his men to dig in on Billy Goat Hill . On November 25 , Grant changed his plan and called for a double envelopment by Sherman and Hooker . Thomas was to advance after Sherman reached Missionary Ridge from the north and Hooker from the south . He gave a supporting role to Thomas : I have instructed Sherman to advance as soon as it is light in the morning , and your attack , which will be simultaneous , will be in cooperation . Your command will either carry the rifle pits and ridge directly in front of them or move to the left , as the presence of the enemy may require . Grant had no particular expectation for Hooker other than to divert Bragg 's attention by continued demonstrations on Lookout Mountain . However , Thomas wanted support on his flank and called Hooker to cross the valley and demonstrate against Bragg 's left flank directly at the Rossville Gap . As the morning progressed , Sherman launched multiple direct assaults against Cleburne 's line on Tunnel Hill , but despite his significantly larger force , committed only three brigades to the attacks and made no headway . At the southern end of the battlefield , Hooker 's advance was slowed for hours by the burned bridges on Chattanooga Creek . Seeing the lack of progress on the flanks , around 3 : 30 p.m. Grant ordered Thomas to move forward in the center in accordance with his earlier instructions . The men of the Army of the Cumberland advanced and quickly pushed the Confederates from their rifle pits but were then subjected to a punishing fire from the Confederate positions up the ridge . Most of Thomas 's troops had been at the disastrous loss at Chickamauga and had suffered taunts by Sherman 's and Hooker 's newly arrived forces . Now they were under fire from above with no apparent plan to advance or move back . At this point , the Union soldiers continued the attack against the remaining lines . This second advance was taken up by the commanders on the spot , but also by some of the soldiers who , on their own , sought shelter from the fire further up the slope . Bragg had placed his artillery and trenches of the infantry along the actual crest of the ridge , rather than the military crest , and they were unable to provide effective fire . The Union advance was disorganized but effective ; finally overwhelming and scattering what ought to have been an impregnable Confederate line . As such , the Army of the Cumberland 's ascent of Missionary Ridge was one of the war 's most dramatic events . Military historians Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones contend that the Battle of Missionary Ridge was `` the war 's most notable example of a frontal assault succeeding against intrenched defenders holding high ground . '' A Union officer remembered that Little regard to formation was observed . Each battalion assumed a triangular shape , the colors at the apex ... ( a ) color - bearer dashes ahead of the line and falls . A comrade grasps the flag ... He , too , falls . Then another picks it up ... waves it defiantly , and as if bearing a charmed life , he advances steadily towards the top ... Grant was initially furious that his orders to advance only as far as the rifle pits had not been followed exactly . Thomas was taken by surprise as well , knowing that he would be blamed if the assault failed . But it succeeded . By 4 : 30 p.m. the center of Bragg 's line had broken completely and fled in panic , requiring the abandonment of Missionary Ridge and a headlong retreat eastward to South Chickamauga Creek . The sole exception to the panicked flight was Cleburne 's command , his division augmented by two brigades from another division , which formed the rearguard of Bragg 's army as it retreated eastward . Rossville Gap ( edit ) After Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's command left Lookout Mountain at about 10 a.m. and moved east , they encountered a significant obstacle . The bridge across Chattanooga Creek , about a mile from Rossville Gap , had been burned by the Confederates as they withdrew the night before and the creek was running high . Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus assigned a 70 - man pioneer unit to start rebuilding the bridge while men of the 27th Missouri created a rickety footbridge and began crossing one by one . Hooker decided to leave his guns and wagons behind so that all of his infantry could cross first , but his advance was delayed about three hours and he did not reach Rossville Gap until 3 : 30 p.m. Breckinridge was absent while the Union attack wrecked his corps . Worried about his left flank , he rode to the end of his line in the early afternoon . At 3 : 30 p.m. , about the time Thomas launched his four - division attack on Missionary Ridge , Breckinridge visited Stewart 's left flank brigade of Col. James T. Holtzclaw , whose commander pointed to the southwest where Hooker 's men were busily bridging Chattanooga Creek . Concerned about Rossville Gap , which lay undefended beyond his left flank , Breckinridge ordered Holtzclaw to send a couple of regiments to hold the position . It was too late ; by the time the Southerners reached the gap , Osterhaus 's division had already marched through . Lt. J. Cabell Breckinridge , the general 's son and aide - de-camp , rode into a group from the 9th Iowa and was captured . Hooker quickly faced his troops to the north and organized a three - pronged attack . He sent Osterhaus along a trail east of Missionary Ridge , Cruft onto the ridge itself , and Geary along the western face of the ridge . Holtzclaw faced his men south and put up a fight , but Cruft and Osterhaus soon began herding the outnumbered Confederates north along Missionary Ridge . Hearing a tremendous racket to the north , Breckinridge finally rode off to find out what was wrong . As Holtzclaw retreated before Hooker 's command , he eventually bumped into Col. Anson G. McCook 's 2nd Ohio of Carlin 's brigade , now astride the ridge . Surrounded by superior forces on four sides , approximately 700 of Holtzclaw 's men surrendered . Retreat and pursuit ( edit ) During the night , Bragg ordered his army to withdraw toward Chickamauga Station on the Western and Atlantic Railroad ( currently the site of Lovell Air Field ) and on November 26 began retreating toward Dalton , Georgia , in two columns taking two routes . Only Sheridan tried to pursue beyond Missionary Ridge , but he finally gave up late that night when it was clear that he was not being supported by either Granger or Thomas . Ringgold Gap ( edit ) The pursuit ordered by Grant was effectively thwarted at the Battle of Ringgold Gap . At 3 a.m. on November 27 , Cleburne readied his men and waited until the Union force was almost upon them before opening fire with artillery and rifles . Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker 's force was taken utterly by surprise , but he tried to use his numbers to regain the initiative . He attempted to outflank the Confederates both on the right and on the left , but the Confederates held their positions . For five hours the slaughter continued , Cleburne 's 4,100 soldiers against Hooker 's 12,000 , with Hooker gaining little ground . Cleburne 's men stayed to about noon , then retreated , successfully allowing the wagons and artillery to pass through the gap unharmed . Grant called off the remaining pursuit because his army was low on rations and he decided he needed to stay close to his supply line . Furthermore , Washington was still clamoring for the rescue of Burnside in Knoxville and Grant was told that the Union troops there had rations that would last only until December 3 . President Lincoln 's message of congratulations to Grant after Missionary Ridge had said `` Well done . Many thanks to all . Remember Burnside . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Captured artillery , c. 1865 Casualties for the Union Army amounted to 5,824 ( 753 killed , 4,722 wounded , and 349 missing ) of about 56,000 engaged ; Bragg reported Confederate casualties of 6,667 ( 361 killed , 2,160 wounded , and 4,146 missing , mostly prisoners ) of about 44,000 . Southern losses may have been higher ; Grant claimed 6,142 prisoners . When a chaplain asked General Thomas whether the dead should be sorted and buried by state , Thomas replied `` Mix ' em up . I 'm tired of States ' rights . '' One of the Confederacy 's two major armies was routed . Bragg relieved Breckinridge from command , accusing him of drunkenness during the period November 23 -- 27 . Bragg chose to blame Breckinridge and the cowardice of his army for the defeat . He resigned from command of the Army of Tennessee on December 1 and was replaced temporarily by Hardee . ( Gen. Joseph E. Johnston assumed command of the army on December 27 . ) In East Tennessee , Longstreet 's offensive against Burnside ( the Knoxville Campaign ) fell apart at the Battle of Fort Sanders on November 29 . Although he was ordered to rejoin Bragg , Longstreet considered the order impracticable and informed Bragg that he would return with his command to Virginia but would maintain the siege on Knoxville as long as possible in the hopes that Burnside and Grant could be prevented from joining forces and annihilating the Army of Tennessee . This plan turned out to be effective because Grant sent Sherman with 25,000 men to relieve the siege at Knoxville . Longstreet abandoned his siege on December 4 , went into winter quarters , and returned to Virginia in the spring of 1864 . The Confederate enthusiasm that had risen so high after Chickamauga had been dashed at Chattanooga . The Union now held undisputed control of the state of Tennessee , including Chattanooga , the `` Gateway to the Lower South . '' The city became the supply and logistics base for Sherman 's 1864 Atlanta Campaign , as well as for the Army of the Cumberland , and Grant had won his final battle in the West prior to receiving command of all Union armies in March 1864 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) National cemetery at Chattanooga with a view of Lookout Mountain in the distance Portions of the Chattanooga battlefields , including 3,000 acres ( 1,200 ha ) at Lookout Mountain , are preserved by the National Park Service as part of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1863 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Battle of Chickamauga First Battle of Chattanooga Second Battle of Chattanooga Armies in the American Civil War Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' The Battle of Chattanooga `` '' . CivilWarHome.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abstract from returns of the Union forces at and about Chattanooga November 20 , 1863 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXI , Part 2 , pages 12 - 13 ) Jump up ^ Abstract from returns of the Army of Tennessee for October 31 and December 10 , 1863 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXI , Part 2 , page 656 ) Jump up ^ Return of casualties in the Union forces ( see also note at bottom of page 80 ) : Official Records , Series I , Volume XXXI , Part 2 , pages 80 - 90 Jump up ^ See Confederate casualties : Battle of Lookout Mountain and Battle of Missionary Ridge . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Chattanooga '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ The National Park Service 's Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Archived November 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . classifies two campaigns for this period : Reopening the Tennessee River ( Battle of Wauhatchie ) and Chattanooga - Ringgold ( the Third Battle of Chattanooga , frequently known as the Battles for Chattanooga , and the Battle of Ringgold Gap ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 577 -- 90 ; Esposito , text to map 115 ; McDonough , pp. 3 -- 12 , 23 -- 25 ; Hallock , pp. 82 -- 84 ; Connelly , pp. 232 -- 33 ; Cleaves , pp. 178 -- 79 ; Korn , pp. 35 , 45 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Connelly , pp. 232 -- 33 ; Esposito , map 115 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 23 -- 26 , 8 -- 9 ; McDonough , pp. 25 -- 40 ; Hallock , pp. 88 -- 108 ; Connelly , pp. 233 -- 50 ; Eicher , pp. 593 -- 96 ; Korn , pp. 81 , 84 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 11 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 41 -- 48 , 68 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 83 ; Cleaves , p. 182 ; McDonough , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Lamers , pp. 375 -- 76 ; Korn , pp. 78 -- 80 ; Cozzens , pp. 11 , 17 -- 19 ; Esposito , map 115 ; Eicher , pp. 596 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 2 -- 3 . The order , written by general in chief Henry W. Halleck , directed Grant to travel to Memphis , Tennessee . He arrived there on October 16 and received new orders to continue to Louisville , Kentucky . He met personally with Stanton on October 17 and learned of his new command . Jump up ^ Cleaves , p. 182 ; McDonough , pp. 49 -- 54 ; Liddell Hart , p. 212 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 151 ; Smith , pp. 264 -- 65 ; Lamers , p. 393 ; Eicher , p. 595 ; Korn , pp. 83 -- 89 ; Cozzens , pp. 18 , 2 -- 6 ; Esposito , map 115 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 18 , 39 -- 42 ; McDonough , pp. 55 -- 58 ; Kennedy , p. 241 ; Smith , pp. 266 -- 67 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 154 -- 55 ; Cleaves , p. 188 ; Korn , p. 89 ; Eicher , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 51 -- 56 ; Cleaves , pp. 189 -- 90 ; Eicher , p. 602 . Jump up ^ Hallock , p. 122 ; Connelly , pp. 255 -- 58 ; Cozzens , pp. 57 -- 58 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 156 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 76 -- 85 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 158 -- 60 ; Connelly , pp. 258 -- 59 ; Korn , pp. 90 -- 91 ; Eicher , p. 602 ; Esposito , map 116 ; Cozzens , pp. 61 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 602 -- 603 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 160 ; McDonough , pp. 87 -- 88 ; Kennedy , p. 242 ; Cozzens , pp. 72 -- 73 ; Korn , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 92 ; McDonough , pp. 88 -- 89 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 163 -- 64 ; Kennedy , p. 242 ; Cozzens , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 603 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 89 -- 94 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 164 -- 66 ; Korn , p. 93 ; Hallock , p. 123 ; Cozzens , pp. 80 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 93 ; Cozzens , pp. 90 -- 97 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Korn , pp. 93 -- 94 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 167 ; Cozzens , pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Halleck , pp. 123 -- 24 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 167 ; Connelly , pp. 260 -- 61 ; Cozzens , pp. 100 -- 101 ; Korn , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 174 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 98 -- 101 ; Hallock , pp. 125 -- 26 ; Connelly , pp. 262 -- 64 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 177 -- 79 ; Cozzens , pp. 103 -- 105 ; Korn , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 172 ; McDonough , pp. 108 -- 109 ; Kennedy , p. 245 ; Liddell Hart , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Hallock , p. 212 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 169 -- 70 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 460 -- 62 ; Liddell Hart , p. 214 ; McDonough , pp. 109 , 117 -- 18 ; Cozzens , pp. 109 -- 10 , 112 , 114 ; Eicher , p. 116 ; Korn , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Connelly , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 125 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 176 -- 79 ; Connelly , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 601 -- 602 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 408 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 602 ; Cozzens , pp. 104 , 125 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 110 -- 11 ; Cozzens , pp. 128 -- 29 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 275 ; McDonough , pp. 111 -- 13 ; Cleaves , pp. 194 -- 95 ; Cozzens , pp. 130 -- 35 , 203 . Grant did not move to Orchard Knob until 9 : 30 a.m. , November 25 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 124 -- 28 , 183 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 181 ; Korn , p. 143 ; Connelly , pp. 270 -- 72 ; Cozzens , pp. 140 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 129 -- 30 ; Cozzens , pp. 143 -- 44 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 465 . Jump up ^ McDonough , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 160 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 185 -- 86 ; McDonough , pp. 130 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 171 -- 78 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 186 ; Korn , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 186 -- 87 ; Cozzens , p. 182 . Jump up ^ McDonough , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 191 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 137 -- 40 , 160 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 187 -- 88 ; Korn , pp. 131 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 196 ; Hallock , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 190 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 468 -- 69 ; McDonough , 117 -- 24 ; Liddell Hart , p. 215 ; Cozzens pp. 148 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , pp. 200 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 610 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 189 -- 96 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , pp. 471 -- 78 ; Korn , pp. 137 -- 41 ; McDonough , pp. 143 -- 59 , 162 -- 64 ; Cozzens , pp. 199 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Catton , p. 82 ; Eicher , p. 116 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 167 -- 205 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 195 -- 202 ; Liddell Hart , p. 217 ; Cleaves , pp. 198 -- 99 ; Korn , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 461 . Jump up ^ Smith , p. 280 ; McDonough , pp. 199 -- 200 ; Cozzens , p. 308 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 201 . The last flag - bearer mentioned in the quotation , an eighteen - year - old lieutenant , was awarded the Medal of Honor for this action . He was Arthur MacArthur , Jr. , and would later become the father of Douglas MacArthur . Jump up ^ Catton , American Heritage , p. 439 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 206 -- 209 ; Kennedy , p. 245 ; Cleaves , p. 199 ; Cozzens , pp. 282 , 366 -- 69 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 204 -- 205 ; Korn , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 193 ; McDonough , pp. 159 -- 60 ; Korn , p. 142 ; Cozzens , pp. 244 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 315 ; O.R. , Series 1 , Vol . XXXI , Part 2 , p. 615 . Jump up ^ McDonough , pp. 211 -- 12 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 202 ; Cozzens , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 150 ; McDonough , pp. 214 -- 15 ; Cozzens , pp. 348 , 350 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , pp. 246 -- 48 ; Woodworth , Nothing but Victory , p. 478 ; Cozzens , pp. 370 -- 84 ; McDonough , pp. 220 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Cozzens , p. 386 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 205 ; Korn , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 613 ; Livermore , pp. 106 -- 108 ; Cozzens , p. 389 , cites Union casualties of 684 killed , 4,329 wounded , and 322 captured or missing for the battles of November 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 613 . Jump up ^ Connelly , p. 277 ; Hallock , p. 149 ; Cozzens , p. 397 ; Kennedy , 246 ; McDonough , 225 . Jump up ^ Smith , 282 ; Liddell Hart , pp. 217 -- 18 ; Woodworth , Six Armies , pp. 206 -- 11 ; Korn , pp. 105 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Hattaway and Jones , p. 462 . Jump up ^ The Army of the Ohio was based in Knoxville , the Army of the Tennessee in Nashville ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth , Six Armies , p. 213 ; Cozzens , p. 391 ; Korn , p. 155 . References ( edit ) Catton , Bruce . Grant Takes Command . Boston : Little , Brown & Co. , 1968 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 13210 - 1 . Cleaves , Freeman . Rock of Chickamauga : The Life of General George H. Thomas . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1948 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1978 - 0 . Connelly , Thomas L. Autumn of Glory : The Army of Tennessee 1862 -- 1865 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2738 - 8 . Cozzens , Peter . The Shipwreck of Their Hopes : The Battles for Chattanooga . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01922 - 9 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Hallock , Judith Lee . Braxton Bragg and Confederate Defeat . Vol. 2 . Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0543 - 2 . Hattaway , Herman , and Archer Jones . How the North Won : A Military History of the Civil War . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 00918 - 5 . Kagan , Neil , and Stephen G. Hyslop . National Geographic Atlas of the Civil War : A Comprehensive Guide to the Tactics and Terrain of Battle . National Geographic , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0347 - 3 . Kennedy , Frances H. , ed . The Civil War Battlefield Guide . 2nd ed . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 74012 - 6 . Korn , Jerry , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . The Fight for Chattanooga : Chickamauga to Missionary Ridge . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4816 - 5 . Lamers , William M. The Edge of Glory : A Biography of General William S. Rosecrans , U.S.A. Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1961 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 2396 - X . Liddell Hart , B.H. Sherman : Soldier , Realist , American . New York : Da Capo Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80507 - 3 . First published in 1929 by Dodd , Mead & Co . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 - 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McDonough , James Lee . Chattanooga -- A Death Grip on the Confederacy . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 425 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Nothing but Victory : The Army of the Tennessee , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41218 - 2 . Woodworth , Steven E. Six Armies in Tennessee : The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9813 - 7 . Woodworth , Steven E. and Charles D. Grear , eds . The Chattanooga Campaign ( Southern Illinois University Press ; 2012 ) 226 pages ; essays by scholars Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Johnson , Robert Underwood , and Clarence C. Buel , eds . Battles and Leaders of the Civil War . 4 vols . New York : Century Co. , 1884 - 1888 . OCLC 2048818 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 . Further reading ( edit ) Horn , Stanley F. The Army of Tennessee : A Military History . Indianapolis : Bobbs - Merrill , 1941 . OCLC 2153322 . Jones , Evan C. , and Wiley Sword , eds . Gateway to the Confederacy : New Perspectives on the Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns , 1862 -- 1863 . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 5509 - 7 . Sword , Wiley . Mountains Touched with Fire : Chattanooga Besieged , 1863 . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 15593 - X . Powell , David A. Battle Above the Clouds : Lifting the Siege of Chattanooga and the Battle of Lookout Mountain , October 16 -- November 24 , 1863 . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2017 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 377 - 5 . Watkins , Sam . Co . Aytch Maury Grays , First Tennessee Regiment or , A Side Show of the Big Show . Cumberland Presbyterian Publishing House , 1882 . OCLC 43511251 . Woodworth , Steven E. Jefferson Davis and His Generals : The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0461 - 8 . Woodworth , Steven E . This Grand Spectacle : The Battle of Chattanooga . Abilene , TX : McWhiney Foundation , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 35007 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Chattanooga Campaign : Battle Maps , histories , photos , and preservation news ( Civil War Trust ) Period images of the Chattanooga battlefield Animated History of the Battles for Chattanooga Extensive analysis of the battle of Chattanooga Includes the major reports , period maps , and recent photos . Emphasis on Hooker 's turning Bragg 's left flank . 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Grant 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. 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Grant Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 05 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where did the battle of chattanooga take place
[ "The Chattanooga Campaign[7] was a series of maneuvers and battles in October and November 1863, during the American Civil War. Following the defeat of Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans' Union Army of the Cumberland at the Battle of Chickamauga in September, the Confederate Army of Tennessee under Gen. Braxton Bragg besieged Rosecrans and his men by occupying key high terrain around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was given command of Union forces in the West, now consolidated under the Division of the Mississippi. Significant reinforcements also began to arrive with him in Chattanooga from Mississippi and the Eastern Theater. On October 19, Grant removed Rosecrans from command of the Army of the Cumberland and replaced him with Major General George Henry Thomas." ]
[ "October and November 1863" ]
-5030641836349819798
Christian cross
Christian cross - wikipedia Christian cross Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Christian cross variants be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since December 2016 . A Greek cross A Latin cross Latin cross from the 6th - century mosaic in the Basilica of Sant ' Apollinare in Classe , Ravenna The Christian cross , seen as a representation of the instrument of the crucifixion of Jesus , is the best - known symbol of Christianity . It is related to the crucifix ( a cross that includes a usually three - dimensional representation of Jesus ' body ) and to the more general family of cross symbols . The basic forms of the cross are the Latin cross ( ✝ ) and the Greek cross ( ✚ ) , with numerous variants used in text , visual art , heraldry , and in various confessional contexts . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of use 1.1 Pre-Christian 1.2 Instrument of torture 1.3 Early Christian 2 In contemporary Christianity 3 Exclusion 4 Notable individual crosses 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History of use ( edit ) Pre-Christian ( edit ) Main article : Cross This section may stray from the topic of the article . Please help improve this section or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( July 2016 ) The cross-shaped sign , represented in its simplest form by a crossing of two lines at right angles , greatly predates the introduction of Christianity , in both East and West . It goes back to a very remote period of human civilization . It is supposed to have been used not just for its ornamental value , but also with religious significance . It may have represented the apparatus used in kindling fire , and thus as the symbol of sacred fire or as a symbol of the sun , denoting its daily rotation . It has also been interpreted as the mystic representation of lightning or of the god of the tempest , or the emblem of the Aryan pantheon and the primitive Aryan civilization . Ankh Another associated symbol is the ansated cross ( ankh or crux ansata ) used in ancient Egypt . It was often depicted in the hands of the goddess Sekhmet , and as a hieroglyphic sign of life or of the living . Egyptian Christians ( Copts ) adopted it as the emblem of the cross . In his book , The Worship of the Dead , Colonel J. Garnier wrote : `` The cross in the form of the ' Crux Ansata ' ... was carried in the hands of the Egyptian priests and Pontiff kings as the symbol of their authority as priests of the Sun god and was called ' the Sign of Life ' . '' Ndj & nfr Another Egyptian symbol is the Ndj ( Cross-ndj ( hieroglyph ) ) - Uses for the hieroglyph : 1 -- `` to protect , guard , avenge '' , and `` protector , advocate , avenger '' 2 -- `` homage to thee '' , ( a form of salutation to gods ) 3 -- `` discuss a matter with someone '' , `` to converse '' , `` to take counsel '' . Yet another Egyptian symbol is the nfr - meaning : beauty or perfect . In the Bronze Age a representation of the cross as conceived in Christian art appeared , and the form was popularised . The more precise characterization coincided with a corresponding general change in customs and beliefs . The cross then came into use in various forms on many objects : fibulas , cinctures , earthenware fragments , and on the bottom of drinking vessels . De Mortillet believed that such use of the sign was not merely ornamental , but rather a symbol of consecration , especially in the case of objects pertaining to burial . In the proto - Etruscan cemetery of Golasecca every tomb has a vase with a cross engraved on it . True crosses of more or less artistic design have been found in Tiryns , at Mycenæ , in Crete , and on a fibula from Vulci . According to W.E. Vine , the cross was used by worshipers of Tammuz , an Ancient Near East deity of Babylonian origin who had the cross-shaped taw ( tau ) as his symbol . Instrument of torture ( edit ) Further information : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion and crux simplex John Pearson , Bishop of Chester ( c. 1660 ) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles ' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified `` a straight standing Stake , Pale , or Palisador '' , but that , `` when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross , it retained still the Original Name '' , and he declared : `` The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple , but a compounded , Figure , according to the Custom of the Romans , by whose Procurator he was condemned to die . In which there was not only a straight and erected piece of Wood fixed in the Earth , but also a transverse Beam fastned unto that towards the top thereof '' . Early Christian ( edit ) See also : Early Christian symbols The Alexamenos graffito The Sinai icon of Christ Pantocrator ( 6th century ) , showing Christ with a cruciform halo and holding a book adorned with a crux gemmata During the first two centuries of Christianity , the cross was rare in Christian iconography , as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution and Christians were reluctant to use it . A symbol similar to the cross , the staurogram , was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66 , P45 and P75 , almost like a nomen sacrum ( nomina sacra ) . The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century . The earliest depiction of the Christian Cross may be the Herculaneum Cross which was found in the city of Herculaneum , which was entombed in pyroclastic material along with Pompeii during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in AD 79 . Another early depictions of the cross as a Christian symbol is the Alexamenos graffito . However , the cross symbol was already associated with Christians in the 2nd century , as is indicated in the anti-Christian arguments cited in the Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapters IX and XXIX , written at the end of that century or the beginning of the next , and by the fact that by the early 3rd century the cross had become so closely associated with Christ that Clement of Alexandria , who died between 211 and 216 , could without fear of ambiguity use the phrase τὸ κυριακὸν σημεῖον ( the Lord 's sign ) to mean the cross , when he repeated the idea , current as early as the apocryphal Epistle of Barnabas , that the number 318 ( in Greek numerals , ΤΙΗ ) in Genesis 14 : 14 was interpreted as a foreshadowing ( a `` type '' ) of the cross ( T , an upright with crossbar , standing for 300 ) and of Jesus ( ΙΗ , the first two letter of his name ΙΗΣΟΥΣ , standing for 18 ) , and his contemporary Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . In his book De Corona , written in 204 , Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . The crucifix , a cross upon which an image of Christ is present , is not known to have been used until the 6th century AD . The Jewish Encyclopedia says : The cross as a Christian symbol or `` seal '' came into use at least as early as the second century ( see `` Apost . Const . '' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , `` Apologia , '' i . 55 - 60 ; `` Dial . cum Tryph . '' 85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , `` De Corona , '' iii. ; Cyprian , `` Testimonies , '' xi. 21 -- 22 ; Lactantius , `` Divinæ Institutiones , '' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the second century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , `` Apologia , '' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , `` Octavius , '' xxix . Christians used to swear by the power of the cross In contemporary Christianity ( edit ) Further information : Cross necklace A crucifix on the wall of a church In contemporary Christianity , the cross is a symbol of the atonement and reminds Christians of God 's love in sacrificing his own son for humanity . It represents Jesus ' victory over sin and death , since it is believed that through his death and resurrection he conquered death itself . See Colossians 2 : 15 , `` Having disarmed the powers and authorities , he made a public spectacle of them , triumphing over them by the cross . Christian crosses at a joint service for the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity Catholics , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , members of the major branches of Christianity with other adherents as Lutheranism , some Anglicans , and others often make the Sign of the Cross upon themselves . This was already a common Christian practice in the time of Tertullian . The Feast of the Cross is an important Christian feast . One of the twelve Great Feasts in Eastern Orthodoxy is the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14 , which commemorates the consecration of the basilica on the site where the original cross of Jesus was reportedly discovered in 326 by Helena of Constantinople , mother of Constantine the Great . The Catholic Church celebrates the feast on the same day and under the same name ( In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis ) , though in English it has been called the feast of the Triumph of the Cross . Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Anglican bishops place a cross ( + ) before their name when signing a document . The dagger symbol ( † ) placed after the name of a dead person ( often with the date of death ) is sometimes taken to be a Christian cross . Exclusion ( edit ) Death on a stake , one of the many forms presented in Justus Lipsius 's De Cruce See also : Instrument of Jesus ' crucifixion Although Christians accepted that the cross was the gallows on which Jesus died , they had already begun in the 2nd century to use it as a Christian symbol . During the first three centuries of the Christian era the cross was `` a symbol of minor importance '' when compared to the prominence given to it later , but by the second century it was nonetheless so closely associated with Christians that Tertullian could designate the body of Christian believers as crucis religiosi , i.e. `` devotees of the Cross '' . and it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross . Martin Luther at the time of the Reformation retained the cross and crucifix in the Lutheran Church . Luther wrote : `` The cross alone is our theology . '' He believed one knows God not through works but through suffering , the cross , and faith . The crucifixion of Jesus as presented in Justus Lipsius 's De Cruce The Protestant Reformation spurred a revival of iconoclasm , a wave of rejecting sacred images , which in some localities ( such as England ) included polemics against using the cross in worship . For example , during the 16th century , a minority of theologians in the Anglican and Reformed traditions Nicholas Ridley , James Calfhill , and Theodore Beza , rejected practices that they described as cross worship . Considering it a form of idolatry , there was a dispute in 16th century England over the baptismal use of the sign of the cross and even the public use of crosses . There were more active reactions to religious items that were thought as ' relics of Papacy ' , as happened for example in September 1641 , when Sir Robert Harley , pulled down and destroyed the cross at Wigmore . Writers during the 19th century indicating a pagan origin of the cross included Henry Dana Ward , Mourant Brock , and John Denham Parsons . David Williams , writing of medieval images of monsters , says : `` The disembodied phallus is also formed into a cross , which , before it became for Christianity the symbol of salvation , was a pagan symbol of fertility . '' The study , Gods , Heroes & Kings : The Battle for Mythic Britain states : `` Before the fourth century CE , the cross was not widely embraced as a sign of Christianity , symbolizing as it did the gallows of a criminal . '' Jehovah 's Witnesses do not use the symbol of the cross in their worship , which they believe constitutes idolatry . They believe that Jesus died on a single upright torture stake rather than a two - beam cross , arguing that the Greek term stauros indicated a single upright pole . Although early Watch Tower Society publications associated with the Bible Student movement taught that Christ was executed on a cross , it no longer appeared on Watch Tower Society publications after the name Jehovah 's witnesses was adopted in 1931 , and use of the cross was officially abandoned in 1936 . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints teaches that Jesus died on a cross , however , their prophet Gordon B. Hinckley stated that `` for us the cross is the symbol of the dying Christ , while our message is a declaration of the living Christ . '' When asked what was the symbol of his religion , Hinckley replied `` the lives of our people must become the only meaningful expression of our faith and , in fact , therefore , the symbol of our worship . '' Prophet Howard W. Hunter encouraged Latter - day Saints `` to look to the temple of the Lord as the great symbol of your membership . '' Images of LDS temples and the Angel Moroni ( who is found in statue on most temples ) are commonly used to symbolize the LDS faith . Notable individual crosses ( edit ) A wooden cross at Coventry Cathedral , constructed of the remnants of beams found after the Coventry Blitz Cross of Sacrifice or War Cross , from a Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery Cross in Valle de los Caídos near Madrid , the highest cross in the world Kottakkavu Sliva , a Persian cross founded by Mar Sabor and Mar Proth , is preserved at Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro - Malabar Pilgrim Center , North Paravur , India . The Millennium Cross in Skopje , Republic of Macedonia , one of the biggest crosses in the world The Cross on the Hill , a 199 - foot ( 61 m ) cross located in Bossier City , Louisiana Tile cross from Rødtvet Church in Oslo , Norway , built in 1978 The Ruthwell Cross , a stone Anglo - Saxon cross located in Ruthwell , Dumfriesshire The World Trade Center Cross rises from the World Trade Center wreckage . The Cross in Melaten - Friedhof , Köln , Germany Altar and cross in the Chapel at Callaway Gardens See also ( edit ) Christianity portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crosses . Christian symbolism Christian cross variants Crosses in heraldry Cross burning Cross of All Nations Khachkar Market cross Memorial cross Mount Samat Roodmas Rood screen References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Christianity : an introduction by Alister E. McGrath 2006 ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0901 - 7 pages 321 - 323 ^ Jump up to : Marucchi , Orazio . `` Archeology of the Cross and Crucifix . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 4 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1908 Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Cf . `` Various objects , dating from periods long anterior to the Christian era , have been found , marked with crosses of different designs , in almost every part of the old world . India , Syria , Persia and Egypt have all yielded numberless examples ... The use of the cross as a religious symbol in pre-Christian times and among non-Christian peoples may probably be regarded as almost universal , and in very many cases it was connected with some form of nature worship '' ( Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1946 ) , Vol. 6 , p. 753 . Jump up ^ John Garnier ( 1904 ) . The worship of the Dead . p. 226 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Vine 's Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words , `` Cross , Crucify '' . See , also , Abram Herbert Lewis , Paganism surviving in Christianity , G.P. Putnam 's sons , 1892 , pp 237 , 238 . Jump up ^ John Pearson , An Exposition of the Creed ( London 1715 , 5th edition ) , p. 203 Jump up ^ Hutado , Larry ( 2006 ) . `` The staurogram in early Christian manuscripts : the earliest visual reference to the crucified Jesus ? '' . In Kraus , Thomas . New Testament Manuscripts . Leiden : Brill . pp. 207 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 14945 - 8 . Jump up ^ Stranger , James ( 2007 ) . `` Archeological evidence of Jewish believers ? '' . In Skarsaune , Oskar . Jewish Believers in Jesus The Early Centuries . City : Baker Academic . p. 715 . ISBN 9780801047688 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Octavius ' ' '' . Ccel.org. 2005 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Minucius Felix speaks of the cross of Jesus in its familiar form , likening it to objects with a crossbeam or to a man with arms outstretched in prayer ( Octavius of Minucius Felix , chapter XXIX ) . Jump up ^ `` Stromata , book VI , chapter XI '' . Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Apology. , chapter xvi . In this chapter and elsewhere in the same book , Tertullian clearly distinguishes between a cross and a stake . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ Stott , John ( 2006 ) . The Cross of Christ ( 20th Anniversary ed . ) . Downers Grove : InterVarsity Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3320 - X . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . , ( see Apocalypse of Mary , viii. , in James , `` Texts and Studies , '' iii. 118 ) . Jump up ^ De Corona , chapter 3 , written in 204 . Jump up ^ Keith Houston , Shady Characters ( W.W. Norton & Company 2013 ISBN 978 - 0 - 39306442 - 1 ) , pp. 97 and 106 Jump up ^ The perhaps 1st - century Epistle of Barnabas sees the letter T as indicating the cross of Christ ( Chapter 9 , 7 ) Jump up ^ The Jewish Encyclopedia states : `` The cross as a Christian symbol or ' seal ' came into use at least as early as the 2nd century ( see ' Apost . Const . ' iii. 17 ; Epistle of Barnabas , xi. - xii. ; Justin , ' Apologia , ' i . 55 - 60 ; ' Dial . cum Tryph . ' 85 - 97 ) ; and the marking of a cross upon the forehead and the chest was regarded as a talisman against the powers of demons ( Tertullian , ' De Corona , ' iii. ; Cyprian , ' Testimonies , ' xi. 21 - 22 ; Lactantius , ' Divinæ Institutiones , ' iv. 27 , and elsewhere ) . Accordingly the Christian Fathers had to defend themselves , as early as the 2nd century , against the charge of being worshipers of the cross , as may be learned from Tertullian , ' Apologia , ' xii. , xvii. , and Minucius Felix , ' Octavius , ' xxix '' 9 ( Jewish Encyclopedia , article `` Cross '' ) . Jump up ^ Jan Willem Drijvers , Helena Augusta : The mother of Constantine the Great and the legend of her finding of the True Cross , Brill 1992 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Tertullian , Apology. , chapter xvi . Jump up ^ `` At every forward step and movement , at every going in and out , when we put on our clothes and shoes , when we bathe , when we sit at table , when we light the lamps , on couch , on seat , in all the ordinary actions of daily life , we trace upon the forehead the sign '' ( Tertullian , De Corona , chapter 3 ) Jump up ^ Martin Luther : Catholic Critical Analysis and Praise Jump up ^ Nicholas Ridley , A Treatise on the Worship of Images , written before 1555 . Jump up ^ James Calfhill , An aunsvvere to the Treatise of the crosse ( An answer to John Martiall 's Treatise of the cross ) at 1565 . Jump up ^ Theodore Beza , in his Answer to the Colloquium of Montheliard at 1588 , according to Jaroslav Pelikan , The Christian Tradition : A History of the Development of Doctrine , Vol. 4 , University of Chicago Press 1985 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Peter Blickle , Macht und Ohnmacht der Bilder. : Reformatorischer Bildersturm im Kontext der europäischen Geschichte , Oldenbourg Verlag , 2002 , pp. 253 - 272 . Jump up ^ Religious Politics in Post-Reformation England : Essays in Honour of Nicholas Tyacke , Boydell & Brewer , 2006 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Henry Dana Ward , History of the cross , the pagan origin , and idolatrous adoption and worship of the image , at 1871 . Jump up ^ Mourant Brock , The cross , heathen and Christian : A fragmentary notice of its early pagan existence and subsequent Christian adoption , London 1879 . Jump up ^ John Denham Parsons , The non-Christian cross ; an enquiry into the origin and history of the symbol eventually adopted as that of our religion , at 1896 . Jump up ^ David Williams , Deformed Discourse : The function of the Monster in Mediaeval thought and literature , McGill - Queen 's Press 1999 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Christopher R. Fee & David Adams Leeming , Gods , Heroes & Kings : The battle for mythic Britain , Oxford University Press , 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ What Does the Bible Really Teach ? . Watch Tower Society . pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures , appendix 5C , page 1577 Jump up ^ Franz 2007 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Riches , by J.F. Rutherford , Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society , 1936 , page 27 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B ( May 1975 ) . `` The Symbol of Christ '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ Hinckley , Gordon B ( April 2005 ) . `` The Symbol of Our Faith '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ Hunter , Howard W. ( November 1994 ) . `` Exceeding Great and Precious Promises '' . Ensign . Jump up ^ McKeever , Bill . `` Why No Crosses ? '' . Mormonism Research Ministry . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article The Cross and Crucifix in Liturgy . The Christian Cross of Jesus Christ , Symbols of Christianity , and representations of it as objects of devotion MSN Encarta ( Archived 2009 - 10 - 31 ) , `` Cross '' Philip Schaff , History of the Christian Church , Ch . 6th , `` Christian Art : § 77 . The Cross and the Crucifix '' An Explanation of the Russian Orthodox Three - Bar Cross Variations of Crosses - Images and Meanings Variants of Christian crosses In modern use Anchored / St. Clement 's Cross Anuradhapura cross Cross of the Archangels Armenian Cross Arrow / Barby Cross Bolnisi cross Cross bottony Byzantine cross Byzantine cross ( variant ) Calvary cross Canterbury cross Catherine wheel Caucasian Albanian Cross Celtic cross Celtic cross ( variant ) Cercelée Cross of St. Chad Coptic cross Cross crosslet Cross crosslet fitchy Cruciform halo Cross of the Evangelists Cross fitchy Cross fleury Cross fleury fitchy St. Florian Cross St. Florian Cross ( variant ) Forked cross Cross fourchy Fylfot St. George 's Cross Globus cruciger Gnostic cross Grapevine / St. Nino 's Cross Greek cross Huguenot cross St. James / Santiago Cross Jerusalem / Crusaders ' cross Jerusalem cross ( variant ) Kingdom of Jerusalem cross Cross of St. John Latin cross Macedonian Cross Maltese cross Marian Cross Maronite Cross Cross moline Cross of Novgorod Occitan cross Orthodox cross ( Greek ) Orthodox cross ( Slavic ) Papal cross Cross patonce St. Patrick 's Saltire Cross pattée Cross pattée fitchée Patriarchal cross Cross of St. Peter Cross of St. Philip Pommy cross Portate cross / Cross of St. Gilbert Cross potent Ringed cross Cross quadrate Cross of Salem Saltire / St. Andrew 's Cross Serbian cross Syriac cross Tau / St. Anthony 's Cross St. Thomas Cross Historical Avellane cross Carolingian cross Cuthbert 's pectoral cross Engrailed cross Chi Rho / Chrismon / Labarum Coptic ankh Early Coptic cross Cross erminée Lazarus ' cross Lorraine cross Lorraine cross ( variant ) Cross of Peñalba Pierced cross Pierced cross quarterly Staurogram / Monogrammatic Cross Knights Templar cross Teutonic Order cross Two - barred cross * Victory Cross Voided cross By function Altar cross Blessing cross Conciliation cross Crosses in heraldry High cross Market cross Mercat cross Memorial cross Mission cross Monumental cross Pectoral cross Plague cross Processional cross Rood / Triumphal cross Summit cross Wayside cross See also Ankh Armenian eternity sign Ashur sun cross Balkenkreuz Black sun Caddo sun cross Kolovrat Nordic Cross flags Sauwastika Sunwheel swastika / Odinic fylfot Sun cross Sun cross ( variant ) Swastika Triskelion / Triskele Christianity portal Arts portal Culture portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_cross&oldid=800917741 '' Categories : Christian crosses Christian symbols Cross symbols Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from December 2016 All articles to be merged Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Македонски Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 14 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the cross become a symbol of christianity
[ "During the first two centuries of Christianity, the cross was rare in Christian iconography, as it depicts a purposely painful and gruesome method of public execution and Christians were reluctant to use it.[1] A symbol similar to the cross, the staurogram, was used to abbreviate the Greek word for cross in very early New Testament manuscripts such as P66, P45 and P75, almost like a nomen sacrum (nomina sacra).[6] The extensive adoption of the cross as Christian iconographic symbol arose from the 4th century.[7]" ]
[ "from the 4th century" ]
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History of anime
History of anime - wikipedia History of anime Part of a series on Anime and manga Anime ( show ) History Industry Original net animation Original video animation Fansub Fandub Companies Longest series Manga ( show ) History International market Mangaka ( list ) Dōjinshi Scanlation Publishers Best - selling series Longest series Alternative Gekiga Demographic groups ( show ) Children Shōnen Shōjo Seinen Josei Genres ( show ) Harem Isekai Magical girl Mecha Yaoi Yuri Others People ( show ) Mitsuru Adachi Fujio Akatsuka George Akiyama Hideaki Anno Hideo Azuma Clamp Osamu Dezaki Hisashi Eguchi Tetsuo Hara Yukinobu Hoshino Ryoichi Ikegami Kunihiko Ikuhara Ken Ishikawa Shotaro Ishinomori Ikki Kajiwara Tomoharu Katsumata Yoshiaki Kawajiri Shōji Kawamori Rakuten Kitazawa Kazuo Koike Satoshi Kon Masami Kurumada Kōichi Mashimo Katsuji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Hayao Miyazaki Shigeru Mizuki Hideko Mizuno Shinji Mizushima Daijiro Morohoshi Tadao Nagahama Go Nagai Shinji Nagashima Daisuke Nishio Eiichiro Oda Kyoko Okazaki Mamoru Oshii Rintaro Takao Saito Hiroshi Sasagawa Junichi Sato Sanpei Shirato Masamune Shirow Gisaburō Sugii Isao Takahata Osamu Tezuka Akira Toriyama Year 24 Group Tatsuo Yoshida Fandom ( show ) Conventions ( list ) Clubs Cosplay Anime music video Otaku Moe Yaoi fandom General ( show ) Omake Terminology Iconography Anime and manga portal The history of anime can be traced back to the start of the 20th century , with the earliest verifiable films dating from 1917 . The first generation of animators in the late 1910s included Ōten Shimokawa , Jun'ichi Kōuchi and Seitaro Kitayama , commonly referred to as the `` fathers '' of anime . Propaganda films , such as Momotarō no Umiwashi ( 1943 ) and Momotarō : Umi no Shinpei ( 1945 ) , the latter being the first anime feature film , were made during World War II . During the 1970s , anime developed further , with the inspiration of Disney animators , separating itself from its Western roots , and developing distinct genres such as mecha and its super robot subgenre . Typical shows from this period include Astro Boy , Lupin III and Mazinger Z . During this period several filmmakers became famous , especially Hayao Miyazaki and Mamoru Oshii . In the 1980s , anime became mainstream in Japan , experiencing a boom in production with the rise in popularity of anime like Gundam , Macross , Dragon Ball , and genres such as real robot , space opera and cyberpunk . Space Battleship Yamato and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross also achieved worldwide success after being adapted respectively as Star Blazers and Robotech . The film Akira set records in 1988 for the production costs of an anime film and went on to become an international success . Later , in 2004 , the same creators produced Steamboy , which took over as the most expensive anime film . Spirited Away shared the first prize at the 2002 Berlin Film Festival and won the 2003 Academy Award for Best Animated Feature , while Innocence : Ghost in the Shell was featured at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival . Contents 1 Origins of anime ( early 1900s -- 1922 ) 2 Pre-war productions ( 1923 -- 1939 ) 3 During the second World War 4 Toei Animation and Mushi Production 5 1960s 6 1970s 7 1980s 8 1990s 9 2000s 10 2010s 11 Firsts 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Origins of anime ( early 1900s -- 1922 ) ( edit ) See also : List of anime by release date ( pre-1939 ) and Kamishibai According to Natsuki Matsumoto , the first animated film produced in Japan may have stemmed from as early as 1907 . Known as Katsudō Shashin ( 活動 写真 , `` Activity Photo '' ) , from its depiction of a boy in a sailor suit drawing the characters for katsudō shashin , the film was first found in 2005 . It consists of fifty frames stenciled directly onto a strip of celluloid . This claim has not been verified though and predates the first known showing of animated films in Japan . The date and first film publicly displayed is another source of contention : while no Japanese - produced animation is definitively known to date before 1917 , the possibility exists that other films entered Japan and that no known records have surfaced to prove a showing prior to 1912 . Film titles have surfaced over the years , but none have been proven to predate this year . The first foreign animation is known to have been found in Japan in 1910 , but it is not clear if the film was ever shown in a cinema or publicly displayed at all . Yasushi Watanabe found a film known as Fushigi no Bōrudo ( 不思議 の ボールド , `` Miracle Board '' ) in the records of the Yoshizawa Shōten ( 吉沢 商店 ) company . The description matches James Blackton 's Humorous Phases of Funny Faces , though academic consensus on whether or not this is a true animated film is disputed . According to Kyokko Yoshiyama , the first animated film called Nippāru no Henkei ( ニッパール の 変形 , `` Nippāru 's Transformation '' ) was shown in Japan at the Asakusa Teikokukan ( 浅草 帝国 館 ) in Tokyo sometime in 1911 . Yoshiyama did not refer to the film as `` animation '' though . The first confirmed animated film shown in Japan was Les Exploits de Feu Follet by Émile Cohl on April 15 , 1912 . While speculation and other `` trick films '' have been found in Japan , it is the first recorded account of a public showing of a two - dimensional animated film in Japanese cinema . During this time , German animations marketed for home release were distributed in Japan. . Few complete animations made during the beginnings of Japanese animation have survived . The reasons vary , but many are of commercial nature . After the clips had been run , reels ( being property of the cinemas ) were sold to smaller cinemas in the country and then disassembled and sold as strips or single frames . The first anime that was produced in Japan was made sometime in 1917 , but there it is disputed which title was the first to get that honor . It has been confirmed that Dekobō Shingachō : Meian no Shippai ( 凸 坊 新 画帳 ・ 名 案 の 失敗 , `` Bumpy New Picture Book : Failure of a Great Plan '' ) was made sometime during February 1917 . At least two unconfirmed titles were reported to have been made the previous month . The first anime short - films were made by three leading figures in the industry . Ōten Shimokawa was a political caricaturist and cartoonist who worked for the magazine Tokyo Puck . He was hired by Tenkatsu to do an animation for them . Due to medical reasons , he was only able to do five movies , including Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki ( 1917 ) , before he returned to his previous work as a cartoonist . Another prominent animator in this period was Jun'ichi Kōuchi . He was a caricaturist and painter , who also had studied watercolor painting . In 1912 , he also entered the cartoonist sector and was hired for an animation by Kobayashi Shokai later in 1916 . He is viewed as the most technically advanced Japanese animator of the 1910s . His works include around 15 movies . The third was Seitaro Kitayama , an early animator who made animations on his own and was not hired by larger corporations . He eventually founded his own animation studio , the Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo , which was later closed due to lack of commercial success . He utilized the chalkboard technique , and later paper animation , with and without pre-printed backgrounds . The works of these two latter pioneers include Namakura Gatana ( `` An Obtuse Sword '' , 1917 ) and a 1918 film Urashima Tarō which were believed to have been discovered together at an antique market in 2007 . However , this Urashima Tarō was later proved to most likely be a different film of the same story than the 1918 one by Kitayama , which , as of October 2017 , remains undiscovered . Prewar productions ( 1923 -- 1939 ) ( edit ) Yasuji Murata , Hakuzan Kimura , Sanae Yamamoto and Noburō Ōfuji were students of Kitayama Seitaro and worked at his film studio . Kenzō Masaoka , another important animator , worked at a smaller animation studio . In 1923 , the Great Kantō earthquake destroyed most of the Kitayama studio and the residing animators spread out and founded studios of their own . Prewar animators faced several difficulties . First , they had to compete with foreign producers such as Disney , which were influential on both audiences and producers . Foreign films had already made a profit abroad and could be undersold in the Japanese market , priced lower than what domestic producers needed to break even . Japanese animators thus had to work cheaply , in small companies with only a handful of employees , which then made it difficult to compete in terms of quality with foreign product that was in color , with sound , and promoted by much bigger companies . Until the mid-1930s , Japanese animation generally used cutout animation instead of cel animation because the celluloid was too expensive . This resulted in animation that could seem derivative , flat ( since motion forward and backward was difficult ) and without detail . But just as postwar Japanese animators were able to turn limited animation into a plus , so masters such as Yasuji Murata and Noburō Ōfuji were able to perform wonders with cutout animation . Animators such as Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo , however , did attempt to bring Japanese animation up to the level of foreign work by introducing cel animation , sound , and technology such as the multiplane camera . Masaoka created the first talkie anime , Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka , released in 1933 , and the first anime made entirely using cel animation , The Dance of the Chagamas ( 1934 ) . Seo was the first to use the multiplane camera in Ari - chan in 1941 . Such innovations , however , were difficult to support purely commercially , so prewar animation depended considerably on sponsorship , as animators often concentrated on making PR films for companies , educational films for the government , and eventually works of propaganda for the military . During this time , censorship and school regulations discouraged film - viewing by children , so anime which could possess educational value were supported and encouraged by the Monbusho ( the Ministry of Education ) . This proved important for producers that had experienced obstacles releasing their work in regular theaters . Animation had found a place in scholastic , political and industrial use . During the Second World war ( edit ) See also : List of anime by release date ( 1939 -- 1945 ) In the 1930s , the Japanese government began enforcing cultural nationalism . This also lead to a strict censorship and control of published media . Many animators were urged to produce animations which enforced the Japanese spirit and national affiliation . Some movies were shown in newsreel theaters , especially after the Film Law of 1939 promoted documentary and other educational films . Such support helped boost the industry , as bigger companies formed through mergers and prompted major live - action studios such as Shochiku to begin producing animation . It was at Shochiku that such masterworks as Kenzō Masaoka 's Kumo to Chūrippu were produced . Wartime reorganization of the industry , however , merged the feature film studios into three big companies . More animated films were commissioned by the military , showing the sly , quick Japanese people winning against enemy forces . In 1941 , Princess Iron Fan was made in China , as Asia 's first full - length animated feature . In 1943 , Geijutsu Eigasha produced Mitsuyo Seo 's Momotaro 's Sea Eagles with help from the Navy . Shochiku then made Japan 's first full - length animated feature , Seo 's Momotaro 's Divine Sea Warriors in 1945 , again with the help of the Navy . Due to economic factors , it would be Japan which later emerged long after the war with the most readily available resources to continue expanding the industry . Toei animation and Mushi production ( edit ) See also : List of anime by release date ( 1946 -- 1959 ) In 1948 , Toei Animation was founded and produced the first color anime feature film in 1958 , Hakujaden ( The Tale of the White Serpent , 1958 ) . It was released in the US in 1961 as Panda and the Magic Serpent . After the success of the project , Toei released a new feature - length animation annually . Toei 's style was characterized by an emphasis on each animator bringing his own ideas to the production . The most extreme example of this is Isao Takahata 's film Hols : Prince of the Sun ( 1968 ) . Hols is often seen as the first major break from the normal anime style and the beginning of a later movement of `` auteuristic '' or `` progressive anime '' which would eventually involve directors such as Hayao Miyazaki ( creator of Spirited Away ) and Mamoru Oshii . A major contribution of Toei 's style to modern anime was the development of the `` money shot '' . This cost - cutting method of animation allows for emphasis to be placed on important shots by animating them with more detail than the rest of the work ( which would often be limited animation ) . Toei animator Yasuo Ōtsuka began to experiment with this style and developed it further as he went into television . In the 1980s , Toei would later lend its talent to companies like Sunbow Productions , Marvel Productions , DiC Entertainment , Murakami - Wolf - Swenson , Ruby Spears and Hanna Barbera , producing several animated cartoons for America during this period . Other studios like TMS Entertainment , were also being used in the 1980s , which lead to Asian studios being used more often to animate foreign productions , but the companies involved still produced anime for their native Japan . Osamu Tezuka established Mushi Production in 1961 , after Tezuka 's contract with Toei Animation expired . The studio pioneered TV animation in Japan , and was responsible for such successful TV series as Astro Boy , Kimba the White Lion , Gokū no Daibōken and Princess Knight . Mushi Production also produced the first anime to be broadcast in the United States ( on NBC in 1963 ) , although Osamu Tezuka would complain about the restrictions on US television , and the alterations necessary for broadcast . 1960s ( edit ) The 1960s brought anime to television and in America . The first anime film to be broadcast was Three Tales in 1960 . The following year saw the premiere of Japan 's first animated television series , Instant History , although it did not consist entirely of animation . Osamu Tezuka 's Tetsuwan Atom ( Astro Boy ) is often miscredited as the first anime television series , premiering on January 1 , 1963 . Astro Boy was highly influential to other anime in the 1960s , and was followed by a large number of anime about robots or space . 1963 introduced Sennin Buraku as the first `` late night '' anime and Toei Doga 's first anime television series Wolf Boy Ken . Mushi Pro continued to produce more anime television and met success with titles such as Kimba the White Lion in 1965 . What is noted as the first magical girl anime , Sally the Witch , began broadcast in 1966 . The original Speed Racer anime television began in 1967 , and was brought to the West with great success . At the same time , an anime adaptation of Tezuka 's Princess Knight aired , making it one of very few shoujo anime of the decade . The first anime adaptation of Shotaro Ishinomori 's manga Cyborg 009 was created in 1968 , following the film adaptation two years prior . The long - running Sazae - san anime also began in 1969 and continues today with excess of 6,500 episodes broadcast as of 2014 . With an audience share of 25 % the series is still the most - popular anime broadcast . 1970s ( edit ) During the 1970s , the Japanese film market shrank due to competition from television . This reduced Toei animation 's staff and many animators went to studios such as A Pro and Telecom animation . Mushi Production went bankrupt ( though the studio was revived 4 years later ) , its former employees founding studios such as Madhouse and Sunrise . Many young animators were thrust into the position of director , and the injection of young talent allowed for a wide variety of experimentation . One of the earliest successful television productions in the early 1970s was Tomorrow 's Joe ( 1970 ) , a boxing anime which has become iconic in Japan . 1971 saw the first installment of the Lupin III anime . Contrary to the franchise 's currently popularity , the first series ran for 23 episodes before being cancelled . The second series ( starting in 1977 ) saw considerably more success , spanning 155 episodes over three years . Another example of this experimentation is Isao Takahata 's 1974 television series Heidi , Girl of the Alps . This show was originally a hard sell because it was a simple realistic drama aimed at children , and most TV networks thought children needed something more fantastic to draw them in . Heidi was an international success , popular in many European countries , and so successful in Japan that it allowed for Hayao Miyazaki and Takahata to start a series of literary - based anime ( World Masterpiece Theater ) . Miyazaki and Takahata left Nippon Animation in the late 1970s . Two of Miyazaki 's critically acclaimed productions during the 1970s were Future Boy Conan ( 1978 ) and Lupin III : The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . During this period , Japanese animation reached continental Europe with productions aimed at European and Japanese children , with the most - pronounced examples being the aforementioned Heidi but also Barbapapa and Vicky the Vikings . Italy , Spain and France grew an interest in Japan 's output , which was offered for a low price . Another genre known as mecha came into being at this time . Some early works include Mazinger Z ( 1972 -- 1974 ) , Science Ninja Team Gatchaman ( 1972 -- 1974 ) , Space Battleship Yamato ( 1974 -- 75 ) and Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 -- 80 ) . As a contrast to the action - oriented shows , shows for a female audience such as Candy Candy and Rose of Versailles earned high popularity on Japanese television and later in other parts of the world . By 1978 , over fifty shows were aired on television . 1980s ( edit ) The release of Space Battleship Yamato is often cited as the beginning of anime space operas . The shift towards space operas became more pronounced with the commercial success of Star Wars ( 1977 ) . This allowed for the space opera Space Battleship Yamato ( 1974 ) to be revived as a theatrical film . Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 ) was also unsuccessful and revived as a theatrical film in 1982 . The success of the theatrical versions of Yamato and Gundam are seen as the beginning of the anime boom of the 1980s , and of `` Japanese Cinema 's Second Golden Age '' . A subculture in Japan , who later called themselves otaku , began to develop around animation magazines such as Animage or later Newtype . These magazines formed in response to the overwhelming fandom that developed around shows such as Yamato and Gundam in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In the United States , the popularity of Star Wars had a similar , though much smaller , effect on the development of anime . Gatchaman was reworked and edited into Battle of the Planets in 1978 and again as G - Force in 1986 . Space Battleship Yamato was reworked and edited into Star Blazers in 1979 . The Macross series began with The Super Dimension Fortress Macross ( 1982 ) , which was adapted into English as the first arc of Robotech ( 1985 ) , which was created from three separate anime titles : The Super Dimension Fortress Macross , Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross and Genesis Climber Mospeada . The sequel to Mobile Suit Gundam , Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam ( 1985 ) , became the most successful real robot space opera in Japan , where it managed an average television rating of 6.6 % and a peak of 11.7 % . The otaku subculture became more pronounced with Mamoru Oshii 's adaptation of Rumiko Takahashi 's popular manga Urusei Yatsura ( 1981 ) . Yatsura made Takahashi a household name and Oshii would break away from fan culture and take a more auteuristic approach with his 1984 film Urusei Yatsura 2 : Beautiful Dreamer . This break with the otaku subculture would allow Oshii to experiment further . The otaku subculture had some effect on people who were entering the industry around this time . The most famous of these people were the amateur production group Daicon Films which would become Gainax . Gainax began by making films for the Daicon science fiction conventions and were so popular in the otaku community that they were given a chance to helm the biggest - budgeted anime film ( at that time ) , Royal Space Force : The Wings of Honnêamise ( 1987 ) . The film Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind helped jumpstart Studio Ghibli . One of the most - influential anime of all time , Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( 1984 ) , was made during this period . The film gave extra prestige to anime allowing for many experimental and ambitious projects to be funded shortly after its release . It also allowed director Hayao Miyazaki and his longtime colleague Isao Takahata to create their own studio under the supervision of former Animage editor Toshio Suzuki . This studio would become known as Studio Ghibli and its first film was Laputa : Castle in the Sky ( 1986 ) , one of Miyazaki 's most - ambitious films . The success of Dragon Ball ( 1986 ) introduced the martial arts genre and became incredibly influential in the Japanese Animation industry . It influenced many more martial arts anime and manga series ' including YuYu Hakusho ( 1990 ) , One Piece ( 1999 ) , and Naruto ( 2002 ) . The 1980s brought anime to the home video market in the form of original video animation ( OVA ) . The first OVA was Mamoru Oshii 's Dallos ( 1983 -- 1984 ) . Shows such as Patlabor had their beginnings in this market and it proved to be a way to test less - marketable animation against audiences . The OVA allowed for the release of pornographic anime such as Cream Lemon ( 1984 ) ; the first hentai OVA was actually the little - known Wonder Kids studio 's Lolita Anime , also released in 1984 . The 1980s also saw the amalgamation of anime with video games . The airing of Red Photon Zillion ( 1987 ) and subsequent release of its companion game , is considered to have been a marketing ploy by Sega to promote sales of their newly released Master System in Japan . Sports anime , as it is now known , made its debut in 1983 with an anime adaptation of Yoichi Takahashi 's soccer manga Captain Tsubasa , which became the first worldwide successful sports anime . Its themes and stories were a formula that would be used in many sports series that followed , such as Slam Dunk , Prince of Tennis and Eyeshield 21 . The late 1980s saw an increasing number of high - budget and experimental films . In 1985 , Toshio Suzuki helped put together funding for Oshii 's experimental film Angel 's Egg ( 1985 ) . Theatrical releases became more ambitious , each film trying to outclass or outspend its predecessors , taking cues from Nausicaä 's popular and critical success . Night on the Galactic Railroad ( 1985 ) , Tale of Genji ( 1986 ) , and Grave of the Fireflies ( 1988 ) were all ambitious films based on important literary works in Japan . Films such as Char 's Counterattack ( 1988 ) and Arion ( 1986 ) were lavishly budgeted spectacles . This period of lavish budgeting and experimentation would reach its zenith with two of the most - expensive anime film productions ever : Royal Space Force : The Wings of Honneamise ( 1987 ) and Akira ( 1988 ) . Studio Ghibli 's Kiki 's Delivery Service ( 1989 ) was the top - grossing film for 1989 , earning over $40 million at the box office . Despite the commercial failure of Akira in Japan , it brought with it a much larger international fan base for anime . When shown overseas , the film became a cult hit and , eventually , a symbol of the medium for the West . The domestic failure and international success of Akira , combined with the bursting of the bubble economy and Osamu Tezuka 's death in 1989 , brought a close to the 1980s era of anime . 1990s ( edit ) In 1995 , Hideaki Anno wrote and directed the controversial anime , Neon Genesis Evangelion . This show became popular in Japan among anime fans and became known to the general public through mainstream media attention . It is believed that Anno originally wanted the show to be the ultimate otaku anime designed to revive the declining anime industry , but midway through production he also made it into a heavy critique of the subculture , eventually culminating in the controversial successful film The End of Evangelion ( 1997 ) which grossed over $10 million . Anno would go on to produce live - action films . Many scenes in Evangelion were so controversial that it forced TV Tokyo to clamp down with censorship of violence and sexuality in anime . As a result , when Cowboy Bebop ( 1998 ) was first broadcast it was shown heavily edited and only half the episodes were aired ; though it too eventually became a mainstream hit both in and outside of Japan . Evangelion started a series of so - called `` post-Evangelion '' or `` organic '' mecha shows . Most of these were giant robot shows with some kind of religious or difficult plot . These include RahXephon , Brain Powerd , and Gasaraki . It also led to late - night experimental TV shows . Starting with Serial Experiments Lain ( 1998 ) , late - night Japanese television became a forum for experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom ( 2000 ) , Texhnolyze ( 2003 ) and Paranoia Agent ( 2004 ) . Experimental anime films were also released in the 1990s , most notably the cyberpunk thriller Ghost in the Shell ( 1995 ) , which alongside Megazone 23 ( 1985 ) , had a strong influence on The Matrix . Ghost in the Shell , alongside Evangelion and the neo-noir space western Cowboy Bebop , helped further entrench the awareness of anime in the international consciousness born out of the success of Akira . The late 1990s also saw a brief revival of the super robot genre that was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but had become rare due to the popularity of real robot shows such as the Gundam and Macross series in the 1980s and psychological mecha shows such as Neon Genesis Evangelion in the 1990s . The revival of the super robot genre began with the Brave ( Yuusha ) Series , starting with Brave Exkaiser in 1990 , also there were many remakes and sequels of 1970s super robot shows such as Getter Robo Go and Tetsujin - 28 go FX in response to `` post-Evangelion '' trends , but there were very few popular super robot shows produced after this , until Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann in 2007 . Alongside its super robot counterpart , the real robot genre was also declining during the 1990s . Though several Gundam shows were produced during this decade , very few of them were successful . The only Gundam shows in the 1990s which managed an average television rating over 4 % in Japan were Mobile Fighter G Gundam ( 1994 ) and New Mobile Report Gundam Wing ( 1995 ) . It was n't until Mobile Suit Gundam SEED in 2002 that the real robot genre regained its popularity . 3D rendering was used in this scene of Princess Mononoke , the most expensive animated film at the time , costing $20 million The 1990s also saw the popular video game series , Pokémon , spawn an anime television series which is still running , several anime movies , a trading card game , toys , etc . Other 1990s anime series which gained international success were Dragon Ball Z , Sailor Moon , and Digimon ; the success of these shows brought international recognition to the martial arts superhero genre , the magical girl genre , and the action - adventure genre , respectively . In particular , Dragon Ball Z and Sailor Moon were dubbed into more than a dozen languages worldwide . Another large success was the anime One Piece , based on the best - selling manga of all time , which is still ongoing . In 1997 , Hayao Miyazaki 's Princess Mononoke became the most - expensive animated film up until that time , costing $20 million to produce . Miyazaki personally checked each of the 144,000 cels in the film , and is estimated to have redrawn parts of 80,000 of them . By 1998 , over one hundred shows were aired on television . 2000s ( edit ) The `` Evangelion - era '' trend continued into the 2000s with Evangelion - inspired mecha anime such as RahXephon ( 2002 ) and Zegapain ( 2006 ) -- RahXephon was also intended to help revive 1970s - style mecha designs . The real robot genre ( including the Gundam and Macross franchises ) , which had declined during the 1990s , was revived in 2002 with the success of shows such as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED ( 2002 ) , Eureka Seven ( 2005 ) , Code Geass : Lelouch of the Rebellion ( 2006 ) , Mobile Suit Gundam 00 ( 2007 ) , and Macross Frontier ( 2008 ) . The 1970s - style super robot genre revival began with GaoGaiGar in 1997 and continued into the 2000s , with several remakes of classic series such as Getter Robo and Dancougar , as well as original titles created in the super robot mold like Godannar and Gurren Lagann . Gurren Lagann in particular combined the super robot genre with elements from 1980s real robot shows , as well as 1990s `` post-Evangelion '' shows . Gurren Lagann received both the `` best television production '' and `` best character design '' awards from the Tokyo International Anime Fair in 2008 . This eventually culminated in the release of Shin Mazinger in 2009 , a full - length revival of the first super robot series , Mazinger Z . An art movement started by Takashi Murakami that combined Japanese pop - culture with postmodern art called Superflat began around this time . Murakami asserts that the movement is an analysis of post-war Japanese culture through the eyes of the otaku subculture . His desire is also to get rid of the categories of ' high ' and ' low ' art making a flat continuum , hence the term ' superflat ' . His art exhibitions are very popular and have an influence on some anime creators particularly those from Studio 4 ° C . The experimental late night anime trend popularized by Serial Experiments Lain also continued into the 2000s with experimental anime such as Boogiepop Phantom ( 2000 ) , Texhnolyze ( 2003 ) , Paranoia Agent ( 2004 ) , Gantz ( 2004 ) , and Ergo Proxy ( 2006 ) In addition to these experimental trends , the 2000s were also characterized by an increase of moe - style art and bishōjo and bishōnen character design . There was a rising presence and popularity of genres such as romance , harem and slice of life . Anime based on eroge and visual novels increased in popularity in the 2000s , building on a trend started in the late 1990s by such works as Sentimental Journey ( 1998 ) and To Heart ( 1999 ) . Examples of such works include Green Green ( 2003 ) , SHUFFLE ! ( 2006 ) , Kanon ( 2002 and 2006 ) , Fate / Stay Night ( 2006 ) , Higurashi no Naku Koro ni ( 2006 ) , Ef : A Tale of Memories ( 2007 ) , True Tears ( 2008 ) , and Clannad ( 2008 and 2009 ) . Many shows have been adapted from manga and light novels , including popular titles such as Inuyasha ( 2000 ) , Naruto ( 2002 ) , Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 ) , Monster ( 2004 ) , Bleach ( 2004 ) , Rozen Maiden ( 2005 ) , Aria the Animation ( 2005 ) , Shakugan no Shana ( 2005 ) , Pani Poni Dash ! ( 2005 ) , Death Note ( 2006 ) , Mushishi ( 2006 ) , Sola ( 2007 ) , The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya ( 2006 ) , Lucky Star ( 2007 ) , Toradora ! ( 2008 -- 09 ) , K - On ! ( 2009 ) , Bakemonogatari ( 2009 ) , and Fairy Tail ( 2009 ) ; these shows typically last several years and achieve large fanbases . Nevertheless , original anime titles continue to be produced with the same success . The 2000s marked a trend of emphasis of the otaku subculture . A notable critique of this otaku subculture is found in the 2006 anime Welcome to the N.H.K. , which features a hikikomori ( socially withdrawn ) protagonist and explores the effects and consequences of various Japanese sub-cultures , such as otaku , lolicon , internet suicide , massively multiplayer online games and multi-level marketing . In contrast to the above - mentioned phenomenon , there have been more productions of late - night anime for a non-otaku audience as well . The first concentrated effort came from Fuji TV 's Noitamina block . The 30 - minute late - Thursday timeframe was created to showcase productions for young women of college age , a demographic that watches very little anime . The first production Honey and Clover was a particular success , peaking at a 5 % TV rating in Kantou , very strong for late - night anime . The block has been running uninterrupted since April 2005 and has yielded many successful productions unique in the modern anime market . There have been revivals of American cartoons such as Transformers which spawned four new series , Transformers : Car Robots in 2000 , Transformers : Micron Legend in 2003 , Transformers : Superlink in 2004 , and Transformers : Galaxy Force in 2005 . In addition , an anime adaptation of the G.I Joe series was produced titled G.I. Joe : Sigma 6 . The revival of earlier anime series was seen in the forms of Fist of the North Star : The Legends of the True Savior ( 2006 ) and Dragon Ball Z Kai ( 2009 ) . Later series also started receiving revivals in the late 2000s and early 2010s , such as with Studio Khara 's Rebuild of Evangelion tetralogy ( 2007 -- ) , and new adaptations of Masamune Shirow 's manga Appleseed XIII ( 2011 ) and Ghost in the Shell : Arise ( 2013 -- 2016 ) . The decade also dawned a revival of high - budget feature - length anime films , such as Millennium Actress ( 2001 ) , Metropolis ( 2001 ) , Appleseed ( 2001 ) , Paprika ( 2006 ) , and the most expensive of all being Steamboy ( 2004 ) which cost $26 million to produce . Satoshi Kon established himself alongside Otomo and Oshii as one of the premier directors of anime film , before his premature death at the age of 46 . Other younger film directors , such as Mamoru Hosoda , director of The Girl Who Leapt Through Time ( 2006 ) and Summer Wars ( 2009 ) , also began to reach prominence . During this decade , anime feature films were nominated for and won major international film awards for the first time in the industry 's history . In 2002 , Spirited Away , a Studio Ghibli production directed by Hayao Miyazaki , won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival and in 2003 at the 75th Academy Awards it won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . It was the first non-American film to win the award and is one of only two to do so . It has also become the highest grossing anime film , with a worldwide box office of US $ 274 million . Following the launch of Toonami on Cartoon Network and later Adult Swim , anime saw a giant rise in the North American market . Kid - friendly anime such as Pokémon , Yu - Gi - Oh ! , Digimon , Doraemon , Bakugan , Beyblade , and the 4Kids Entertainment adaptation of One Piece have all received varying levels of success . This era also saw the rise of anime - influenced animation , most notably Avatar : the Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , Ben 10 , Chaotic , Samurai Jack , The Boondocks , RWBY and Teen Titans . At the 2004 Cannes Film Festival , Ghost in the Shell 2 : Innocence , directed by Mamoru Oshii , was in competition for the Palme d'Or and in 2006 , at the 78th Academy Awards , Howl 's Moving Castle , another Studio Ghibli - produced film directed by Hayao Miyazaki , was nominated for Best Animated Feature. 5 Centimeters Per Second , directed by Makoto Shinkai , won the inaugural Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Animated Feature Film in 2007 , and so far , anime films have been nominated for the award every year . By 2004 , over two hundred shows were aired on television . 2010s ( edit ) In 2012 , the Toonami block in the US was relaunched as an adult - oriented action block on Adult Swim , bringing uncut anime to a far wider audience . In addition to re-releasing older shows , the block ( as well as Adult Swim itself ) oversees the premiere of English releases for various new shows , including : Durarara ! ! ( 2010 ) , Deadman Wonderland ( 2011 ) , Hunter x Hunter ( 2011 ) , Sword Art Online ( 2012 ) , Attack on Titan ( 2013 ) , Kill la Kill ( 2013 ) , Space Dandy ( 2014 ) , Akame ga Kill ! ( 2014 ) , Parasyte - the maxim - ( 2014 ) , and One Punch Man ( 2015 ) . On September 6 , 2013 Hayao Miyazaki announced that The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) would be his last film , and on August 3 , 2014 it was announced that Studio Ghibli was `` temporarily halting production '' following the release of When Marnie Was There ( 2014 ) , further substantiating the finality of Miyazaki 's retirement . The disappointing sales of Isao Takahata 's comeback film The Tale of Princess Kaguya ( 2013 ) has also been cited as a factor . Additionally , various international anime distribution companies , such as ADV Films , Bandai Entertainment , and Geneon Entertainment , were shut down due to poor revenue , with their assets spun into new companies like Sentai Filmworks or given to other companies . Both Attack on Titan and The Wind Rises reflect a national debate surrounding the reinterpretation of Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan , with Miyazaki 's pacifism in the film coming under fire from the political right , while Attack on Titan has been accused of promoting militarism by people in neighboring Asian countries , despite being intended to show the haunting , hopeless aspects of conflict . The mecha anime genre ( as well as Japanese kaiju films ) received a Western homage with the 2013 film Pacific Rim directed by Guillermo del Toro . Western streaming services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime are increasingly becoming involved in the production and licensing of anime . In 2015 , an all record - high of three hundred forty shows aired on television . Firsts ( edit ) First ... Native language name English name Released Type Broadcast Anime ( oldest known ) 活動 写真 Katsudō Shashin Unknown short film Unknown Confirmed film release 凸 坊 新 画帳 ・ 名 案 の 失敗 Bumpy new picture book -- Failure of a great plan February 1917 short film Unknown Anime publicly shown in a theater 芋川 椋 三 玄関 番 の 巻 or 芋川 椋 三 玄関 番 之 巻 The Story of the Concierge Mukuzo Imokawa April 1917 short film Unknown Talkie 力 と 女 の 世の中 Within the World of Power and Women April 13 , 1933 film Unknown Entirely cel - animated anime 茶釜 音頭 The Dance of the Chagamas 1934 film Unknown Feature film 桃太郎 海 の 神 兵 Momotaro : Sacred Sailors April 12 , 1945 film Unknown Appearance on television ( non series ) もぐら の アバンチュール Mole 's Adventure July 14 , 1958 short film Yes Color feature film 白蛇 伝 The Tale of the White Serpent October 22 , 1958 film Unknown Television series インスタント ヒストリー Instant History May 1 , 1961 series Yes Late night series 仙人 部落 Hermit Village September 4 , 1963 series Yes Giant robot series 鉄人 28 号 Tetsujin 28 - go October 20 , 1963 series Yes Color television series ジャングル 大帝 Kimba the White Lion October 6 , 1965 series Yes Magical girl series 魔法使い サリー Sally the Witch December 5 , 1966 series Yes Adult - oriented ( animated ) film 千 夜 一夜 物語 A Thousand and One Nights June 14 , 1969 film Unknown Hentai with an `` X rating '' クレオパトラ Cleopatra September 15 , 1970 film Unknown Space opera series 宇宙 戦艦 ヤマト Space Battleship Yamato October 6 , 1974 series Yes Real robot series 機動 戦士 ガンダム Mobile Suit Gundam April 7 , 1979 series Yes OVA ダロス Dallos December 12 , 1983 OVA Yes Hentai OVA ロリータ アニメ Lolita Anime February 21 , 1984 OVA Yes Fully computer animated anime A. LI. CE A. LI. CE February 5 , 2000 film No See also ( edit ) Anime and manga portal Animation portal Cartoon portal Film portal Japan portal History of manga Kamishibai Notes ( edit ) A. ^ Katsudō Shashin is thought to have been made sometime between 1907 and 1911 . It is not known if this film was ever publicly displayed or released as evidence suggests it was mass - produced to be sold to wealthy owners of home projectors . B. ^ Radio broadcasting . C. ^ Also referred to as The World of Power and Women . D. ^ Also referred to as Momotaro 's Divine Sea Warriors or Momotaro : God Warriors of the Sea . E. ^ Most erotic works have been retroactively tagged as `` hentai '' since the coining of the term in English . As such , there is no agreed upon first hentai series or film . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Litten , Freddy . `` On the earliest ( foreign ) animation films shown in Japanese cinemas '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Reporting by Linda Sieg ( March 27 , 2008 ) . `` The first anime was called ( Katsudo shashin ) , Japan finds films by late `` anime '' pioneers `` . reuters.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oldest anime found '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China People 's Daily Online ( Japanese Edition ) : 日本 最 古 ? 明治 時代 の アニメ フィルム 、 京都 で 発 '' . Retrieved March 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Urashima Tarō ( supposed title ) ( digitally restored version ) '' . Japanese Animated Film Classics . National Museum of Modern Art , Tokyo . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ; Yasushi Watanabe ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 26 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Sharp , Jasper ( 2009 ) . `` The First Frames of Anime '' . The Roots of Japanese Anime , official booklet , DVD . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ; Yasushi Watanabe ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Baricordi , Andrea ; D'Opera , Adeline ; Pelletier , Claude J. ( 2000 ) . Anime : A guide to Japanese Animation , 1958 - 1988 ( 1 ed . ) . Montréal : Protoculture Inc. p. 12 . ISBN 2 - 9805759 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Alan ( 1994 ) . Japan : An Illustrated Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . Tokyo : Kodansha . ISBN 978 - 4 - 06 - 206489 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , Jasper ( September 23 , 2004 ) . `` Pioneers of Japanese Animation ( Part 1 ) '' . Midnight Eye . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Roots of Japanese Anime , official booklet , DVD . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Yamaguchi , Katsunori ( 1977 ) . Nihon animēshon eigashi . Yūbunsha . pp. 38 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2014 ) . Anime Encyclopedia : A century of japanese animation . Stone Bridge Press . p. 616 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61172 - 018 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Clements , Jonathan ( 2013 ) . Anime : A History . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84457 - 390 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tezuka , Osamu ; Schodt , Frederik L. ; Chameleon , Digital ( 2002 ) . Astro Boy ( 1st ed . ) . Milwaukie , OR : Dark Horse Manga . p. 2 ( Intro ) . ISBN 1 - 56971 - 676 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Astro Boy not the First Anime '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mike Toole Show : Old 's Cool '' . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bendazzi , Giannalberto ( October 23 , 2015 ) . Animation : A World History : Volume II : The Birth of a Style - The Three Markets . CRC Press . ISBN 9781317519911 . Jump up ^ `` Anime in Europe '' . February 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ Kehr , Dave ( 2002 - 01 - 20 ) . `` FILM ; Anime , Japanese Cinema 's Second Golden Age '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gunota Headlines '' . Aeug.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Megazone 23 '' . A.D. Vision . Retrieved May 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Joel Silver , interviewed in `` Scrolls to Screen : A Brief History of Anime '' featurette on The Animatrix DVD . Jump up ^ Joel Silver , interviewed in `` Making The Matrix '' featurette on The Matrix DVD . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Verboon , Nick ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` 90 's Flashback : Neon Genesis Evangelion '' . Unreality Mag . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's Rough Cut - Princess Mononoke - Hayao Miyazake Transcript 11 / 4 / 1999 '' . Princess Mononoke. 1999 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Studio Ghibli Disney Video '' . Disney.go.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ `` Eva 1.0 Wins Tokyo Anime Fair 's Animation of the Year '' . Anime News Network . February 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ `` Adult Swim Video '' . Adult Swim . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Lucy ( August 3 , 2014 ) . `` Studio Ghibli May No Longer Be Making Feature Films '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Animetaro '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Blum , Jeremy ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Animation legend Hayao Miyazaki under attack in Japan for anti-war film '' . South China Morning Post . SCMP Group . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A revival of militarism ? Attack on Titan sparks Korean - Japanese spat ( 軍國 主義 復活 ? / 進擊 的 巨人 引發 韓 日 論戰 ) '' . The Liberty Times . Taipei . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Axinto , Jemarc ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Pacific Rim : In - depth study of the influence of Anime '' . The Artifice . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/10/18/netflix-is-currently-funding-thirty-original-anime-productions/&refURL=https://www.google.at/&referrer=https://www.google.at/ Jump up ^ https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/13/14262102/amazon-anime-strike-streaming-service Jump up ^ http://aja.gr.jp/english/japan-anime-data Jump up ^ 力 と 女 の 世の中 ( 1933 ) ( in Japanese ) . AllCinema Movie & DVD Database . Retrieved 20 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Clements , Helen McCarthy . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 . Revised and Expanded Edition. -- Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press , 2006. -- P. 12. -- ISBN 978 - 1933330105 Jump up ^ `` Oldest TV Anime 's Color Screenshots Posted '' . Anime News Network . June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2006 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( Revised and Expanded ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia 2000 holds press conference '' . Anime News Network . July 5 , 2000 . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . The history of anime can be traced back to the start of the 20th century Further reading ( edit ) Clements , Jonathan and Helen McCarthy ( 2001 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . Clements , Jonathan and Barry Ip ( 2012 ) `` The Shadow Staff : Japanese Animators in the Toho Aviation Education Materials Production Office 1939 -- 1945 '' in Animation : An Interdisciplinary Journal 7 ( 2 ) 189 - 204 . Drazen , Patrick ( 2003 ) . Anime Explosion ! : The What ? Why ? & Wow ! of Japanese Animation . Stone Bridge Press . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 72 - 8 . Ettinger , Benjamin `` Karisuma Animators '' Ettinger Benjamin `` Toei Doga '' ( Part 2 ) Anipages Daily . July 25 , 2004 and July 26 , 2004 . Miyazaki , Hayao trans . Ryoko Toyama `` About Japanese Animation '' Murakami , Takashi ( 2003 ) . Super Flat . Last Gasp . ISBN 4 - 944079 - 20 - 6 . Okada , Toshio et al. ( 2005 ) , `` Otaku Talk '' . Little Boy : The Arts of Japan 's Exploding Subculture . Ed . Takashi Murakami . Japan Society and Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 913304 - 57 - 3 . Sharp , Jasper `` Pioneers of Japanese Animation at PIFan '' Midnight Eye September 25 , 2004 Richie , Donald ( 2005 ) . A Hundred Years of Japanese Film : A Concise History , with a Selective Guide to DVDs and Videos . Kodansha America . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2995 - 0 . Kime , Chad . `` American Anime : Blend or Bastardization ? '' EX Online Anime Magazine . External links ( edit ) HISTORY OF ANIME : Osamu Tezuka Years in anime History of anime Before 1917 1917 -- 1938 1939 -- 1945 1946 -- 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Animation industry in Japan History of anime Companies / studios Active 3Hz 8 - Bit A.C.G.T A.P.P.P. AIC Ajia - do Animation Works Aniplex A-1 Pictures CloverWorks Arms Artland Asahi Production Asread AXsiZ Bandai Namco Holdings Actas Bandai Namco Arts Bandai Namco Pictures Sunrise Bee Train Production Bones Brain 's Base Bridge C - Station C2C CoMix Wave Films Creators in Pack Cygames CygamesPictures Daume David Production Dentsu Digital Frontier Diomedéa DLE Doga Kobo Eiken Emon EMT Squared Feel G&G Direction Gainax Gallop Genco Geno Studio GoHands Gonzo Hoods Entertainment IG Port Production I.G Signal.MD Wit Studio Xebec Imagin J.C. Staff Khara Kinema Citrus Knack Productions Kyoto Animation Lay - duce Madhouse Magic Bus MAPPA Mook Animation Mushi Production NAZ Nexus Nihon Ad Systems Nippon Animation Nomad Oh ! Production OLM Orange Passione P.A. Works Pierrot Pine Jam Polygon Pictures Production IMS Production Reed Project No. 9 Robot Communications Satelight Sega Sammy Holdings Marza Animation Planet TMS Entertainment Seven Seven Arcs ( Seven Arcs Pictures ) Shaft Shin - Ei Animation Shuka Silver Link Square Enix Visual Works Studio 4 ° C Studio Chizu Studio Comet Studio Deen Studio Ghibli Studio Gokumi Studio Hibari Lerche Studio Nue Studio Ponoc Studio VOLN SynergySP Tatsunoko Production Tezuka Productions TNK Toei Animation Troyca Ufotable Ultra Super Pictures Liden Films Ordet Sanzigen Trigger White Fox Yumeta Company Zero - G Zexcs Defunct Artmic Cherry Lips Group TAC Hal Film Maker J2 Communications Jetlag Productions Kitayama Eiga Seisakujo Manglobe Palm Studio Radix Ace Entertainment Spectrum Animation Studio Fantasia Topcraft Triangle Staff Tsuchida Production Walt Disney Animation Japan Industry associations The Association of Japanese Animations Japanese Animation Creators Association Awards Animation Kobe Awards Animax Anison Grand Prix Anime Grand Prix Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year Japan Media Arts Awards Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film Newtype Anime Award Ōfuji Noburō Award Seiyu Awards Sugoi Japan Award Tokyo Anime Award Types Original net animation ( ONA ) Original video animation ( OVA ) Television Late night UHF Genres Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Related topics Animage Katsudō Shashin Kinema Junpo Manga Newtype Animation topics By country Bangladesh Bhutan China Taiwan Croatia Czech Republic Estonia India Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Portugal Romania Spain Thailand United States Vietnam History Azerbaijan Bangladesh Brazil Canada China France Hungary Iran Korea Japan Russia United Kingdom United States Industry Animator List Animation department Animation director Story artist Animation studios List Animation database Biologist simulators Animation film festivals international regional Highest - grossing films ( Openings weekends ) Outsourcing International Animation Day Works Films Based on cartoons Computer - animated Feature - length Lost or unfinished Package Short Short series Stop - motion Series Direct - to - video Internet Television Techniques Traditional Limited animation Masking Rotoscoping Stop motion Barrier grid Clay strata - cut Cutout ( silhouette ) Graphic Model go motion Object Pixilation Puppetoon Computer ( history , timeline ) 2D Flash PowerPoint SVG CSS Digital puppetry 3D Cel shading Crowd Morph target Motion capture Non-photorealistic rendering Procedural Skeletal Machinima Digital puppetry Virtual cinematography Other methods Blocking Chuckimation Drawn - on - film Flip book Inbetweening Kinegram Paint - on - glass Pinscreen Pixel art Pose to pose Puppet Rubber hose Sand Syncro - Vox Zoetrope Variants Abstract animation ( visual music ) Adult animation Animated cartoon Animated sitcom Animated documentary Educational animation Erotic animation Independent animation Instructional animation Related topics Animation music Mickey Mousing Character animation model sheet walk cycle lip sync off - model Twelve principles Motion comic Films with live action and animation highest grossing Cartoon physics Cartoon violence Most expensive animated films Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_anime&oldid=852333311 '' Categories : History of animation Anime Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2016 CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 06 : 52 ( UTC ) . 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when did anime become popular in the west
[ "The 1960s brought anime to television and in America. The first anime film to be broadcast was Three Tales in 1960. The following year saw the premiere of Japan's first animated television series, Instant History, although it did not consist entirely of animation.[17]:90 Osamu Tezuka's Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy) is often miscredited as the first anime television series, premiering on January 1, 1963.[19] Astro Boy was highly influential to other anime in the 1960s,[20] and was followed by a large number of anime about robots or space.\n" ]
[ "The 1960s" ]
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Rust Belt
Rust Belt - Wikipedia Rust Belt Jump to : navigation , search Change in total number of manufacturing jobs in metropolitan areas , 1954 -- 2002 . ( Figures for New England are from 1958 . ) > 58 % loss 43 -- 56 % loss 31 -- 43.2 % loss 8.7 -- 29.1 % loss ( United States average : 8.65 % loss ) 7.5 % loss -- 54.4 % gain > 62 % gain Three metropolitan areas lost more than four fifths of their manufacturing jobs : Steubenville , OH ; Johnstown , PA , and Augusta , ME . Change in per capita personal income in metropolitan counties , 1980 -- 2002 , relative to the average for U.S. metropolitan areas . income above average , growth faster than average income above average , growth average or below average income above average but decreasing income below average , growth faster than average income below average , growth average or below average income below average and further decreasing The Rust Belt is a region of the United States , made up mostly of places in the Midwest and Great Lakes , though the term may be used to include any location where industry declined starting around 1980 . Rust refers to the deindustrialization , or economic decline , population loss , and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once - powerful industrial sector . The term gained popularity in the U.S. in the 1980s . The Rust Belt begins in western New York and traverses west through Pennsylvania , West Virginia , Ohio , Indiana , and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , ending in northern Illinois , eastern Iowa , and southeastern Wisconsin . New England was also hard hit by industrial decline during the same era . Previously known as the industrial heartland of America , industry has been declining in the region since the mid-20th century due to a variety of economic factors , such as the transfer of manufacturing further West , increased automation , and the decline of the US steel and coal industries . While some cities and towns have managed to adapt by shifting focus towards services and high - tech industries , others have not fared as well , witnessing rising poverty and declining populations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Geography 3 History 3.1 Outcomes 3.2 Transformation 4 International equivalents 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) In the 20th century , local economies in these states specialized in large - scale manufacturing of finished medium to heavy industrial and consumer products , as well as the transportation and processing of the raw materials required for heavy industry . The area was referred to as the Manufacturing Belt , Factory Belt , or Steel Belt as distinct from the agricultural Midwestern states forming the so - called Corn Belt and Great Plains states that are often called the `` bread - basket of America '' . The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways , and abundance of paved roads , water canals and railroads . After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota , Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains , the Steel Belt was born . Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities : Chicago , Buffalo , Detroit , Milwaukee , Cincinnati , Toledo , Cleveland , St. Louis , and Pittsburgh among others . This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria - Hungary , Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor . Following several `` boom '' periods from the late - 19th to the mid-20th century , cities in this area struggled to adapt to a variety of adverse economic and social conditions . From 1979 to 1982 , the US Federal Reserve decided to raise the base interest rate in the United States to 19 % . High interest rates attracted wealthy foreign `` hot money '' into US banks and caused the US dollar to appreciate . This made US products more expensive for foreigners to buy and also made imports much cheaper for Americans to purchase . The misaligned exchange rate was not rectified until 1986 , by which time Japanese imports in particular had made rapid inroads into US markets . From 1987 to 1999 , the US stock market went into stratospheric rise , and this continued to pull wealthy foreign money into US banks , which biased the exchange rate against manufactured goods . Related issues include the decline of the iron and steel industry , the movement of manufacturing to the southeastern states with their lower labor costs , the layoffs due to the rise of automation in industrial processes , the decreased need for labor in making steel products , the internationalization of American business , and the liberalization of foreign trade policies due to globalization . Cities struggling with these conditions shared several difficulties , including population loss , lack of education , declining tax revenues , high unemployment and crime , drugs , swelling welfare rolls , deficit spending , and poor municipal credit ratings . Geography ( edit ) See also : Regional economics and Shrinking cities in the United States The Rust Belt of the United States ( red ) As people migrate , they often coin new names for their destinations . Since the term `` Rust Belt '' pertains to a set of economic and social conditions rather than to an overall geographical region of the United States per se , the Rust Belt has no precise boundaries . The extent to which a community may have been described as a `` Rust Belt city '' depends at least as much on how great a role industrial manufacturing played in its local economy in the past and how it does now , as on perceptions of the economic viability and living standards of the present day . News media occasionally refer to a patchwork of defunct centres of heavy industry and manufacturing across the Great Lakes and mid-western United States as the snow belt , the manufacturing belt , or the factory belt - because of their vibrant industrial economies in the past . This includes most of the cities of the Midwest as far west as the Mississippi River , including St. Louis , and many of those in the Great Lakes and Northern New York. . At the centre of this expanse lies an area stretching from northern Indiana and southern Michigan in the west to Upstate New York in the east , where local tax revenues as of 2004 relied more heavily on manufacturing than on any other sector . Before World War II , the cities in the Rust Belt region were among the largest in the United States . However , by the twentieth century 's end their population had fallen the most in the country . History ( edit ) The linking of the former Northwest Territory with the once - rapidly industrializing East Coast was affected through several large - scale infrastructural projects , most notably the Erie Canal in 1825 , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1830 , the Allegheny Portage Railroad in 1834 , and the consolidation of the New York Central after the American Civil War . A gate was thereby opened between a variety of burgeoning industries on the interior North American continent and the markets not only of the large Eastern cities , but of Western Europe as well . Coal , iron ore and other raw materials were shipped in from surrounding regions which emerged as major ports on the Great Lakes and served as transportation hubs for the region with a proximity to railroad lines . Coming in the other direction were millions of European immigrants , who populated the cities along the Great Lakes shores with then - unprecedented speed . Chicago , famously , was a rural trading post in the 1840s but grew to be as big as Paris by the time of the 1893 Columbian Exposition . Sectors of the US Economy as percent of GDP 1947 -- 2009 . Early signs of the difficulty in the northern states were evident early in the 20th century , before the `` boom years '' were even over . Lowell , Massachusetts , once the centre of textile production in the United States , was described in the magazine Harper 's as a `` depressed industrial desert '' as early as 1931 , as its textile concerns were being uprooted and sent southward , primarily to the Carolinas . After the Great Depression , American entry into the Second World War effected a rapid return to economic growth , during which much of the industrial North reached its peak in population and industrial output . The northern cities experienced changes that followed the end of the war , with the onset of the outward migration of residents to newer suburban communities , and the declining role of manufacturing in the American economy . Deteriorating U.S. net international investment position ( N.I.I.P. ) has caused concern among economists over the effects of outsourcing and high U.S. trade deficits over the long - run . Outsourcing of manufacturing jobs in tradeable goods has been an important issue in the region . One source has been globalization and the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements . Anti-globalization groups argue that trade with developing countries has resulted in stiff competition from countries such as China which pegs its currency to the dollar and has much lower prevailing wages , forcing domestic wages to drift downward . Some economists are concerned that long - run effects of high trade deficits and outsourcing are a cause of economic problems in the U.S. with high external debt ( amount owed to foreign lenders ) and a serious deterioration in the United States net international investment position ( NIIP ) ( − 24 % of GDP ) . Some economists contend that the U.S. is borrowing to fund consumption of imports while accumulating unsustainable amounts of debt . On June 26 , 2009 , Jeff Immelt , the CEO of General Electric , called for the United States to increase its manufacturing base employment to 20 % of the workforce , commenting that the U.S. has outsourced too much in some areas and can no longer rely on the financial sector and consumer spending to drive demand . A disused grain elevator in Buffalo Since the 1960s , the expansion of worldwide free trade agreements have been less favorable to U.S. workers . Imported goods such as steel cost much less to produce in Third World countries with cheap foreign labor ( see steel crisis ) . Beginning with the recession of 1970 -- 71 , a new pattern of deindustrializing economy emerged . Competitive devaluation combined with each successive downturn saw traditional U.S. manufacturing workers experiencing lay - offs . In general , in the Factory Belt employment in the manufacturing sector declined by 32.9 % between 1969 and 1996 . Wealth - producing primary and secondary sector jobs such as those in manufacturing and computer software were often replaced by much - lower - paying wealth - consuming jobs such as those in retail and government in the service sector when the economy recovered . A gradual expansion of the U.S. trade deficit with China began in 1985 . In the ensuing years the U.S. developed a massive trade deficit with the East Asian nations of China , Japan , Taiwan , and South Korea . As a result , the traditional manufacturing workers in the region have experienced economic upheaval . This effect has devastated government budgets across the U.S. and increased corporate borrowing to fund retiree benefits . Some economists believe that GDP and employment can be dragged down by large long - run trade deficits . A March 3 , 2008 Wall Street Journal editorial claimed that , while Ohio lost 10,000 jobs in the past decade , Texas created 1.6 million new jobs . The editorial stated , `` Ohio 's most crippling handicap may be that its politicians -- and thus its employers -- are still in the grip of such industrial unions as the United Auto Workers . '' A September 13 , 2008 opinion column by Phil Gramm and Mike Solon stated , `` Yes , Michigan lost 83,000 auto manufacturing jobs during the past decade and a half , but more than 91,000 new auto manufacturing jobs sprung up in Alabama , Tennessee , Kentucky , Georgia , South Carolina , Virginia and Texas . '' Outcomes ( edit ) Francis Fukuyama considers the social and cultural consequences of deindustrialization and manufacturing decline that turned a former thriving Factory Belt into a Rust Belt as a part of a bigger transitional trend that he called the Great Disruption : `` People associate the information age with the advent of the Internet , in the 1990s but the shift from the industrial era started more than a generation earlier , with the deindustrialization of the Rust Belt in the United States and comparable movements away from manufacturing in other industrialized countries. ... The decline is readily measurable in statistics on crime , fatherless children , broken trust , reduced opportunities for and outcomes from education , and the like '' . Problems associated with the Rust Belt persist even today , particularly around the eastern Great Lakes states , and many once - booming manufacturing metropolises dramatically slowed down . From 1970 to 2006 , Cleveland , Detroit , Buffalo , and Pittsburgh lost about 45 % of their population and median household incomes fell : in Cleveland and Detroit by about 30 percent , in Buffalo by 20 percent , and Pittsburgh by 10 percent . It seemed that during the mid-1990s in several Rust Belt metro areas the negative growth was suspended as indicated by major statistical indicators : unemployment , wages , population change . However , during the first decade of the 21st century , a negative trend persisted : Detroit lost 25.7 % of its population ; Gary , Indiana -- 22 % ; Youngstown , Ohio -- 18.9 % ; Flint , Michigan -- 18.7 % ; and Cleveland , Ohio -- 14.5 % . An abandoned Fisher auto body plant in Detroit A steel plant in Bethlehem , PA . Though the blast furnaces themselves remain intact , part of the property was sold in 2007 and turned into the Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem . The Huber Breaker ( in Ashley , Pennsylvania ) was one of the largest anthracite coal breakers in North America . It was built in the 1930s ; it closed in the 1970s . 2000 -- 2016 population change in Rust Belt cities ( hide ) City Population change 2016 population 2000 population Detroit , Michigan − 29.3 % 672,795 951,270 Gary , Indiana − 25.6 % 76,424 102,746 Flint , Michigan − 22.1 % 97,386 124,943 Youngstown , Ohio − 21.6 % 64,312 82,026 Saginaw , Michigan − 20.7 % 48,984 61,799 Cleveland , Ohio − 19.4 % 385,809 478,403 Dayton , Ohio − 15.5 % 140,489 166,179 Niagara Falls , New York − 12.5 % 48,632 55,593 Buffalo , New York − 12.2 % 256,902 292,648 Canton , Ohio − 11.8 % 71,323 80,806 Lakewood , Ohio − 11.2 % 50,279 56,646 Toledo , Ohio − 11.2 % 278,508 313,619 Decatur , Illinois − 11.2 % 72,706 81,860 St. Louis , Missouri − 10.6 % 311,404 348,189 Pontiac , Michigan − 10.0 % 59,698 66,337 Cincinnati , Ohio − 9.8 % 298,800 331,285 Altoona , Pennsylvania − 9.8 % 44,589 49,429 Springfield , Ohio − 9.6 % 59,087 65,358 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania − 9.2 % 303,625 334,563 Charleston , West Virginia − 9.2 % 49,138 53,421 Akron , Ohio − 9.0 % 197,633 217,074 Parma , Ohio − 7.3 % 79,425 85,655 Lorain , Ohio − 7.2 % 63,730 68,652 Hammond , Indiana − 7.1 % 77,134 83,048 Chicago , Illinois − 6.6 % 2,704,958 2,896,016 Huntington , West Virginia − 6.5 % 48,113 51,475 South Bend , Indiana − 5.6 % 101,735 107,789 In the late - 2000s , American manufacturing recovered faster from the Great Recession of 2008 than the other sectors of the economy , and a number of initiatives , both public and private , are encouraging the development of alternative fuel , nano and other technologies . Together with the neighboring Golden Horseshoe of Southern Ontario , Canada , the so - called Rust Belt still composes one of the world 's major manufacturing regions . Transformation ( edit ) Since the 1980s , presidential candidates have devoted much of their time to the economic concerns of the Rust Belt region , which contains the populous swing states of Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Michigan . Those states were also critical and decisive to Donald Trump 's victory in the 2016 US Presidential Election . Different strategies were proposed in order to reverse the fortunes of the former Factory Belt including building casinos and convention centers , retaining the so - called `` creative class '' through arts and downtown renewal , encouraging the `` knowledge '' economy type of entrepreneurship , etc . Lately , analysts suggested that industrial comeback might be the actual path for the future resurgence of the region . That includes growing new industrial base with a pool of skilled labor , rebuilding the infrastructure and infrasystems , creating R&D university - business partnerships , and close cooperation between central , state and local government and business . New types of R&D - intensive nontraditional manufacturing have emerged recently in Rust Belt , such as biotechnology , the polymer industry , infotech , and nanotech . Infotech in particular creates a promising venue for the Rust Belt 's revitalization . Among the successful recent examples is the Detroit Aircraft Corporation , which specializes in unmanned aerial systems integration , testing and aerial cinematography services . In Pittsburgh , robotics research centres and companies such as National Robotics Engineering Center and Robotics Institute , Aethon Inc. , American Robot Corporation , Automatika , Quantapoint , Blue Belt Technologies and Seegrid are creating state - of - the - art robotic technology applications . Akron , a former `` Rubber Capital of the World '' that lost 35,000 jobs after major tire and rubber manufacturers Goodrich , Firestone and General Tire closed their production lines , is now again well known around the world as a centre of polymer research with four hundred polymer - related manufacturing and distribution companies operating in the area . The turnaround was accomplished in part due to a partnership between Goodyear Tire & Rubber , which chose to stay , the University of Akron and the city mayor 's office . The Akron Global Business Accelerator that jump - started a score of successful business ventures in Akron resides in the refurbished B.F. Goodrich tire factory . Additive manufacturing , or 3D printing , creates another promising venue for the manufacturing resurgence . Such innovative companies , as MakerGear from Beachwood , Ohio , or ExOne Company from North Huntingdon , PA , are designing and manufacturing industrial and consumer products using 3 - D imaging systems . Not long ago , the London - based Economist pointed towards a growing trend of reshoring , or inshoring , of manufacture when a growing number of American companies are moving their production facilities from overseas back home . Rustbelt states can ultimately benefit from this process of an international insourcing . However , automation has led to the types of manufacturing that requires fewer workers even with advanced skills . That is why job gains in manufacture in Rust Belt have not been nearly enough to keep pace with lay - offs . As a result , middle class incomes and savings in the Rustbelt states continue to be negatively impacted . Delving into the past and musing on the future of Rustbelt states , the Brookings Institution report suggests that the Great Lakes region has a sizable potential for transformation , citing already existing global trade networks , clean energy / low carbon capacity , developed innovation infrastructure and higher educational network . International equivalents ( edit ) The following regions , areas , and city are known to have some similarities to the rust belt in the United States : Northern England -- another former industrial centre which began declining in the 1980s Southern Ontario - Canadian counterpart , the Canadian Rust belt does not include Toronto and Ottawa Ruhr Area , Germany Bergslagen , Sweden Nord - Pas - de-Calais , France Northeast China -- a former centre of heavy industry that declined for other reasons Steel crisis Mindanao , Philippines Donbass - region in Eastern Ukraine See also ( edit ) United States portal Economy portal Geography portal Dutch disease Outsourcing Early 1980s recession in the United States Decline of Detroit Economy of Youngstown , Ohio Shrinking cities in the United States Economy of the United States List of belt regions of the United States Deindustrialization References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Crandall , Robert W . The Continuing Decline of Manufacturing in the Rust Belt . Washington , D.C. : Brookings Institution , 1993 . Jump up ^ Technology and Steel Industry Competitiveness : Chapter 4 . The Domestic Steel Industries Competitiveness Problems . Washington , D.C : Congress of the United States , Office of Technology Assessment , 1980 , pp. 115 - 151 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leeman , Mark A. From Good Works to a Good Job : An Exploration of Poverty and Work in Appalachian Ohio . PhD dissertation , Ohio University , 2007 . Jump up ^ Teaford , Jon C. Cities of the Heartland : The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1993 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David R. 1989 . `` Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century . '' Journal of Economic History 49 ( 4 ) : 921 -- 937 . Jump up ^ Fifty States : The Heartland . Jump up ^ McClelland , Ted . Nothin ' but Blue Skies : The Heyday , Hard Times , and Hopes of America 's Industrial Heartland . New York : Bloomsbury Press , 2013 . Jump up ^ Marie Christine Duggan ( 2017 ) `` Deindustrialization in the Granite State , Part I '' in Dollars & Sense , Nov / Dec. https://www.academia.edu/35530846/Deindustrialization_in_the_Granite_State_What_Keene_New_Hampshire_Can_Tell_Us_About_the_Roles_of_Monetary_Policy_and_Financialization_in_the_Loss_of_US_Manufacturing_Jobs Jump up ^ Alder , Simeon , David Lagakos , and Lee Ohanian . `` The Decline of the US Rust Belt : A Macroeconomic Analysis . '' 2012 . PDF Jump up ^ High , Steven C. Industrial Sunset : The Making of North America 's Rust Belt , 1969 -- 1984 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ Jargowsky , Paul A. Poverty and Place : Ghettos , Barrios , and the American City . New York : Russell Sage Foundation , 1997 . Jump up ^ Hagedorn , John M. , and Perry Macon . People and Folks : Gangs , Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City . Lake View Press , Chicago , IL , ( paperback : ISBN 0 - 941702 - 21 - 9 ; clothbound : ISBN 0 - 941702 - 20 - 0 ) , 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Rust Belt Woes : Steel out , drugs in , '' The Northwest Florida Daily News , January 16 , 2008 . PDF Jump up ^ Beeson , Patricia E. `` Sources of the decline of manufacturing in large metropolitan areas . '' Journal of Urban Economics 28 , no . 1 ( 1990 ) : 71 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Higgins , James Jeffrey . Images of the Rust Belt . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ The Americans : Reconstruction to the 21st Century Chapter 25 : The Conservative Tide . Inset : Sunbelt , Rustbelt , Ecotopia Jump up ^ `` Sun On The Snow Belt ( editorial ) '' . Chicago Tribune . August 25 , 1985 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . The Northern states , once the foundry of the nation , are known now as the Rust Belt or the Snow Belt , in invidious comparison to the supposedly booming Sun Belt . Jump up ^ `` Measuring Rurality : 2004 County Typology Codes '' . USDA Economic Research Service . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Garreau , Joel . The Nine Nations of North America . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1981 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Jeff ; et al. ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` Which Way Forward ? '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kunstler , James Howard ( 1996 ) . Home From Nowhere : Remaking Our Everyday World for the 21st Century . New York : Touchstone / Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 83737 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Who Makes It ? '' . Retrieved 28 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Marion , Paul ( November 2009 ) . `` Timeline of Lowell History From 1600s to 2009 '' . Yankee Magazine . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Population and Maximum Decennial Census Population of Urban Places Ever Among the 100 Largest Urban Places , Listed Alphabetically by State : 1790 -- 1990 '' . United States Bureau of the Census . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bivens , L. Josh ( December 14 , 2004 ) . Debt and the dollar Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved on June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Paul Craig ( August 7 , 2003 ). Jobless in the USA Newsmax . Retrieved on June 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hira , Ron and Anil Hira with forward by Lou Dobbs , ( May 2005 ) . Outsourcing America : What 's Behind Our National Crisis and How We Can Reclaim American Jobs . ( AMACOM ) American Management Association . Citing Paul Craig Roberts , Paul Samuelson , and Lou Dobbs , pp. 36 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Cauchon , Dennis and John Waggoner ( October 3 , 2004 ). The Looming National Benefit Crisis . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Kevin ( 2007 ) . Bad Money : Reckless Finance , Failed Politics , and the Global Crisis of American Capitalism . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 314328 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bailey , David and Soyoung Kim ( June 26 , 2009 ). GE 's Immelt says U.S. economy needs industrial renewal.UK Guardian ... Retrieved on June 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Matthew E. `` The silver lining of rust belt manufacturing decline . '' Journal of Urban Economics 46 , no . 3 ( 1999 ) : 360 -- 376 . ^ Jump up to : David Friedman ( Senior Fellow at the New America Foundation ) . No Light at the End of the Tunnel , Los Angeles Times , June 16 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Texas v. Ohio , Wall Street Journal , March 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` If You Like Michigan 's Economy , You 'll Love Obama 's '' , Wall Street Journal , September 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Fukuyama , Francis . The Great Disruption : Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order . New York : Free Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Francis Fukuyama . The Great Disruption , The Atlantic Monthly , May 1999 , Volume 283 , No. 5 , pages 55 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Feyrer , James , Bruce Sacerdote , and Ariel Dora Stern . Did the Rust Belt Become Shiny ? A Study of Cities and Counties That Lost Steel and Auto Jobs in the 1980s . Brookings - Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs ( 2007 ) : 41 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Daniel Hartley . `` Urban Decline in Rust - Belt Cities . '' Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Economic Commentary , Number 2013 - 06 , May 20 , 2013 . PDF Jump up ^ Glenn King . Census Brief : `` Rust Belt '' Rebounds , CENBR / 98 - 7 , Issued December 1998 . PDF Jump up ^ Mark Peters , Jack Nicas . `` Rust Belt Reaches for Immigration Tide '' , The Wall Street Journal , May 13 , 2013 , A3 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rustbelt recovery : Against all the odds , American factories are coming back to life . Thank the rest of the world for that '' . The Economist . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . PDF Jump up ^ `` Greening the rustbelt : In the shadow of the climate bill , the industrial Midwest begins to get ready '' . The Economist . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beyers , William . `` Major Manufacturing Regions of the World '' . Department of Geography , the University of Washington . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rust Belt is still the heart of U.S. manufacturing Jump up ^ Michael McQuarrie ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The revolt of the Rust Belt : place and politics in the age of anger '' . Wiley Online Library . Jump up ^ Joel Kotkin , March Schill , Ryan Streeter . Clues From The Past : The Midwest As An Aspirational Region . Sagamore Institute , February 2012 . PDF Jump up ^ Rethink The Rust Belt Jump up ^ DetroitAircraft.com Jump up ^ Sherry Karabin . Mayor says attitude is key to Akron 's revitalization . The Akron Legal News , May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conference in Pittsburgh shows growing allure of 3 - D printing '' . By Len Boselovic / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . June 13 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Coming home : A growing number of American companies are moving their manufacturing back to the United States '' . The Economist . Jan 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Faberman , R. Jason . `` Job flows and labor dynamics in the US Rust Belt . '' Monthly Labor Review . 125 ( 2002 ) : 3 . Jump up ^ John C. Austin , Jennifer Bradley and Jennifer S. Vey . The Next Economy : Economic Recovery and Transformation in the Great Lakes Region ... Brookings Institution Paper , September 27 , 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Broughton , Chad ( 2015 ) . Boom , Bust , Exodus : The Rust Belt , the Maquilas , and a Tale of Two Cities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765614 . Cooke , Philip . The Rise of the Rustbelt . London : UCL Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 13454 - 0 Coppola , Alessandro . Apocalypse town : cronache dalla fine della civiltà urbana . Roma : Laterza , 2012 . ISBN 9788842098409 Denison , Daniel R. , and Stuart L. Hart . Revival in the rust belt . Ann Arbor , Mich : University of Michigan Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 87944 - 322 - 7 Engerman , Stanley L. , and Robert E. Gallman . The Cambridge Economic History of the United States : The Twentieth Century . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2000 . Hagedorn , John , and Perry Macon . People and Folks : Gangs , Crime , and the Underclass in a Rust - Belt City . Chicago : Lake View Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 941702 - 21 - 9 High , Steven C. Industrial Sunset : The Making of North America 's Rust Belt , 1969 -- 1984 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8528 - 8 Higgins , James Jeffrey . Images of the Rust Belt . Kent , Ohio : Kent State University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 87338 - 626 - 4 Lopez , Steven Henry . Reorganizing the Rust Belt : An Inside Study of the American Labor Movement . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23565 - 7 Meyer , David R. ( 1989 ) . `` Midwestern Industrialization and the American Manufacturing Belt in the Nineteenth Century '' . The Journal of Economic History . 49 ( 4 ) : 921 -- 937 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700009505 . ISSN 0022 - 0507 . JSTOR 2122744 . Preston , Richard . American Steel . New York : Avon Books , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 029604 - X Rotella , Carlo . Good with Their Hands : Boxers , Bluesmen , and Other Characters from the Rust Belt . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22562 - 7 Teaford , Jon C. Cities of the Heartland : The Rise and Fall of the Industrial Midwest . Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 35786 - 1 Warren , Kenneth . The American Steel Industry , 1850 -- 1970 : A Geographical Interpretation . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1973 . ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3597 - X External links ( edit ) Industrial Heartland map and photographs Rust Belt map Changing Gears Documentary Film Collection Digital Media Repository , Ball State University Libraries ( hide ) `` Belt '' regions of the United States Banana Bible Bison Black Alabama Borscht Corn Cotton Frost Fruit Jell - O Lead Pine Rice Rust Salt Snow Stroke Sun Unchurched Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rust_Belt&oldid=834463083 '' Categories : Urban decay in the United States Belt regions of the United States Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where has the us manufacturing belt been traditionally located (specific cities)
[ "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]", "The flourishing of industrial manufacturing in the region was caused in part by the close proximity to the Great Lakes waterways, and abundance of paved roads, water canals and railroads. After the transportation infrastructure linked the iron ore found in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Upper Michigan with the coal mined from Appalachian Mountains, the Steel Belt was born. Soon it developed into the Factory Belt with its great American manufacturing cities: Chicago, Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, St. Louis, and Pittsburgh among others. This region for decades served as a magnet for immigrants from Austria-Hungary, Poland and Russia who provided the industrial facilities with inexpensive labor.[7]" ]
[ "Chicago", "Buffalo", "Detroit", "Milwaukee", "Cincinnati", "Toledo", "Cleveland", "Louis", "Pittsburgh" ]
-4438916161631277799
Punjab and Haryana High Court
Punjab and Haryana High Court - Wikipedia Punjab and Haryana High Court `` Punjab High Court '' redirects here . For the high court in Pakistan , see Lahore High Court . Punjab and Haryana High Court High Court building Established 1919 , relocated in 1947 Country India Location Sector 1 , Chandigarh Authorized by Constitution of India Decisions are appealed to Supreme Court of India Judge term length mandatory retirement by age of 62 No. of positions 88 ( 67 permanent , 21 additional ) Website http://www.highcourtchd.gov.in/ Chief Justice Currently Mr. Krishna Murari High Court of Punjab and Haryana is the common High Court for Indian states of Haryana and Punjab and Union Territory of Chandigarh based in Chandigarh , India . As of 21 March 2015 , there are 55 judges in the High Court , comprising 45 permanent and 10 additional judges . Past judges include Jagdish Singh Khehar , who was elevated to the Supreme Court of India . The court building is known as the Palace of Justice . Designed by Le Corbusier , it and several of his other works were inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in July 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Current Judges 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Punjab and Haryana High Court was formerly known as Lahore High Court , which was established on 21 March 1919 . The jurisdiction of that court covered undivided Punjab and Delhi . From 1920 to 1943 , the Court was conferred with extraterritorial jurisdiction over that part of China that formed part of the British consular district of Kashgar , which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the British Supreme Court for China . This ceased upon the ratification of the British - Chinese Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China . Following the independence of India on 15 August 1947 , a separate High Court of Punjab was created , based at Shimla . This had jurisdiction over Indian Punjab , Delhi and what are now Himachal Pradesh and Haryana . From 17 January 1955 , the Court was moved to its present location in Chandigarh . The creation of Himachal Pradesh on 15 August 1948 led to a separate Court of Judicial Commissioner ( similar to a High Court ) being established for that state and thus the jurisdiction of the Punjab court was reduced . A separate High Court was constituted for the Union Territory of Delhi under the Delhi High Court Act , 1966 . Three Judges of the Punjab High Court were transferred to the Delhi High Court , which was constituted on 31 October 1966 . The States Reorganisation Act , 1956 paved the way for the formation of Haryana and the Union Territory of Chandigarh from 1 November 1966 . Those formations also saw the renaming of the High Court of Punjab as the High Court of Punjab and Haryana . The Judges of the High Court of Punjab became Judges of the common High Court with all the powers and jurisdiction of the High Court of Punjab . However , the principal seat of the High Court remained at Chandigarh . The High Court of Punjab and Haryana has operated since 1 November 1966 in its present form . Current Judges ( edit ) Designation Name Court No Chief Justice Krishna Murari Justice Ajay Kumar Mittal Justice Surya Kant Justice T.P.S. Mann Justice Mahesh Grover Justice Rajesh Bindal 7 Justice M.M. Singh Bedi 8 Justice A.B. Chaudhari 9 Justice Rakesh Kumar Jain 13 Justice Jaswant Singh 14 Justice Daya Chaudhary 10 Justice Rajan Gupta 50 Justice Ajay Tewari 29 Justice Jitendra Chauhan 12 Justice Augustine George Masih 51 Justice Ritu Bahri 22 Justice Rajiv Narain Raina 25 Justice Tejinder Singh Dhindsa 53 Justice Gurmeet Singh Sandhawalia 15 Justice Rekha Mittal 21 Justice Inderjit Singh 63 Justice Amol Rattan Singh 55 Justice Anita Chaudhry 58 Justice Fateh Deep Singh 16 Justice Jaspal Singh 23 Justice Surinder Gupta 19 Justice Sudip Ahluwalia 52 Justice Harinder Singh Sidhu 17 Justice Arun Palli 26 Justice Kuldip Singh 20 Justice Lisa Gill 61 Justice B.S. Walia 37 Justice Raj Mohan Singh 57 Justice Jaishree Thakur 59 Justice Amit Rawal 28 Justice Deepak Sibal 36 Justice Hari Pal Verma 24 Justice Anupinder Singh Grewal 56 Justice Dr. Shekher Dhawan 38 Justice P.B. Bajanthri 18 Justice Ramendra Jain 27 Justice Harminder Singh Madaan 65 Justice Raj Shekhar Attri 62 Justice Gurvinder Singh Gill 54 Justice Arvind Singh Sangwan 67 Justice Rajbir Sehrawat 39 Justice Anil Kshetarpal 41 Justice Avneesh Jhingan 42 Justice Mahabir Singh Sindhu 64 Justice Sudhir Mittal 66 See also ( edit ) List of World Heritage Sites in India References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace of Justice ( Chandigarh ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chandigarh Capitol Complex . Jump up ^ Tribune News Service . `` HC starts e-filing , gets Wi - Fi complex '' . Jump up ^ http://highcourtchd.gov.in/sub_pages/left_menu/publish/announce/announce_pdf/protection_15032013.pdf Jump up ^ `` Hon'ble Chief Justice and Judges of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana '' . Jump up ^ `` The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chandigarh 's Capitol Complex is now a UNESCO heritage site '' . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ The China ( Kashgar ) Order in Council , 1920 , `` No. 31821 '' . The London Gazette. 12 March 1920 . pp. 3153 -- 3163 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related Matters ( Cmd. 6456 ) '' ( PDF ) . Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 11 January 1943 . , implemented by The China Order in Council , 1943 , `` No. 36029 '' . The London Gazette. 25 May 1943 . pp. 2331 -- 2332 . Jump up ^ The Delhi High Court Act , 1966 , Act No. 26 of 1966 Coordinates : 30 ° 45 ′ 26 '' N 76 ° 48 ′ 24 '' E  /  30.7573 ° N 76.8066 ° E  / 30.7573 ; 76.8066 hide High courts of India Allahabad High Court Bombay High Court Calcutta High Court Chhattisgarh High Court Delhi High Court Gujarat High Court Gauhati High Court Himachal Pradesh High Court Hyderabad High Court Jammu and Kashmir High Court Jharkhand High Court Karnataka High Court Kerala High Court Madhya Pradesh High Court Madras High Court Manipur High Court Meghalaya High Court Odisha High Court Patna High Court Punjab and Haryana High Court Rajasthan High Court Sikkim High Court Tripura High Court Uttarakhand High Court This article about an Indian building or structure is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court&oldid=844235467 '' Categories : High Courts of India Buildings and structures in Chandigarh Le Corbusier buildings in India Modernist architecture in India 1947 establishments in India Indian building and structure stubs Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français हिन्दी മലയാളം ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 3 June 2018 , at 15 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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punjab and haryana high court chief justice name
[ "\n\nDesignation\nName\nCourt No\n\n\nChief Justice\nKrishna Murari\n1\n\n\nJustice\nAjay Kumar Mittal\n2\n\n\nJustice\nSurya Kant\n3\n\n\nJustice\nT.P.S. Mann\n4\n\n\nJustice\nMahesh Grover\n5\n\n\nJustice\nRajesh Bindal\n7\n\n\nJustice\nM.M. Singh Bedi\n8\n\n\nJustice\nA.B. Chaudhari\n9\n\n\nJustice\nRakesh Kumar Jain\n13\n\n\nJustice\nJaswant Singh\n14\n\n\nJustice\nDaya Chaudhary\n10\n\n\nJustice\nRajan Gupta\n50\n\n\nJustice\nAjay Tewari\n29\n\n\nJustice\nJitendra Chauhan\n12\n\n\nJustice\nAugustine George Masih\n51\n\n\nJustice\nRitu Bahri\n22\n\n\nJustice\nRajiv Narain Raina\n25\n\n\nJustice\nTejinder Singh Dhindsa\n53\n\n\nJustice\nGurmeet Singh Sandhawalia\n15\n\n\nJustice\nRekha Mittal\n21\n\n\nJustice\nInderjit Singh\n63\n\n\nJustice\nAmol Rattan Singh\n55\n\n\nJustice\nAnita Chaudhry\n58\n\n\nJustice\nFateh Deep Singh\n16\n\n\nJustice\nJaspal Singh\n23\n\n\nJustice\nSurinder Gupta\n19\n\n\nJustice\nSudip Ahluwalia\n52\n\n\nJustice\nHarinder Singh Sidhu\n17\n\n\nJustice\nArun Palli\n26\n\n\nJustice\nKuldip Singh\n20\n\n\nJustice\nLisa Gill\n61\n\n\nJustice\nB.S. Walia\n37\n\n\nJustice\nRaj Mohan Singh\n57\n\n\nJustice\nJaishree Thakur\n59\n\n\nJustice\nAmit Rawal\n28\n\n\nJustice\nDeepak Sibal\n36\n\n\nJustice\nHari Pal Verma\n24\n\n\nJustice\nAnupinder Singh Grewal\n56\n\n\nJustice\nDr. Shekher Dhawan\n38\n\n\nJustice\nP.B. Bajanthri\n18\n\n\nJustice\nRamendra Jain\n27\n\n\nJustice\nHarminder Singh Madaan\n65\n\n\nJustice\nRaj Shekhar Attri\n62\n\n\nJustice\nGurvinder Singh Gill\n54\n\n\nJustice\nArvind Singh Sangwan\n67\n\n\nJustice\nRajbir Sehrawat\n39\n\n\nJustice\nAnil Kshetarpal\n41\n\n\nJustice\nAvneesh Jhingan\n42\n\n\nJustice\nMahabir Singh Sindhu\n64\n\n\nJustice\nSudhir Mittal\n66\n\n" ]
[ "Krishna Murari" ]
646315531998070144
Seniority in the United States Senate
Seniority in the United States Senate - wikipedia Seniority in the United States Senate This article is part of a series on the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members ( by seniority by class ) Former members Hill committees ( DSCC NRSC ) United States Vice President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership of the United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session ( list ) Cloture Committees ( list ) Executive session Morning business Filibuster Nuclear option Recess appointment Quorum Quorum call Salaries Saxbe fix Seal Holds Senatorial courtesy Standing Rules Traditions Unanimous consent Vice Presidents ' tie - breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings ( Dirksen Hart Russell ) Seniority in the United States Senate is valuable as it confers a number of benefits and is based on length of continuous service , with ties broken by a series of factors . Customarily , the terms `` senior senator '' and `` junior senator '' are used to distinguish the two senators representing a particular state . Contents ( hide ) 1 Benefits of seniority 2 Determining the beginning of a term 3 Determining length of seniority 4 Current seniority list 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Benefits of seniority ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not mandate differences in rights or power , but Senate rules give more power to senators with more seniority . Generally , senior senators will have more power , especially within their own caucuses . In addition , by custom , senior senators from the president 's party control federal patronage appointments in their states . The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party . There are several benefits , including the following : Senators are given preferential treatment in choosing committee assignments based on seniority . Seniority on a committee is based on length of time serving on that committee , which means a senator may rank above another in committee seniority but be more junior in the full Senate . Although the committee chairmanship is an elected position , it is traditionally given to the most senior senator of the majority party serving on the committee , and not already holding a conflicting position such as chairmanship of another committee . The ranking member of a committee ( called the vice-chairman in some select committees ) is elected in the same way . Greater seniority enables a senator to choose a desk closer to the front of the Senate Chamber . Senators with higher seniority may choose to move into better office space as those offices are vacated . Seniority determines the ranking in the United States order of precedence although other factors , such as being a former President or First Spouse , can place an individual higher in the order of precedence . Determining the beginning of a term ( edit ) The beginning of an appointment does not necessarily coincide with the date the Senate convenes or when the new Senator is sworn in . In the case of Senators first elected in a general election for the upcoming Congress , their terms begin on the first day of the new Congress . Since 1935 , that means January 3 of odd - numbered years . The seniority date for an appointed senator is usually the date of the appointment , although the actual term does not begin until they take the oath of office . An incoming Senator who holds another office , including membership in the U.S. House of Representatives , must resign from that office before becoming a Senator . Determining length of seniority ( edit ) A senator 's seniority is primarily determined by length of continuous service ; for example , a senator who has served for 12 years is more senior than one who has served for 10 years . Because several new senators usually join at the beginning of a new Congress , seniority is determined by prior federal or state government service and , if necessary , the amount of time spent in the tiebreaking office . These tiebreakers in order are : Former Senator Former Vice President Former House member Former Cabinet secretary Former state Governor Population of state based on the most recent census when the senator took office Alphabetical by last name ( in case two senators came from the same state on the same day and have identical credentials ) When more than one senator has served in the same previous role , length of time in that prior office is used to break the tie . For instance , Ben Cardin , Bernie Sanders , Sherrod Brown , Bob Casey , Bob Corker , Claire McCaskill , Amy Klobuchar , Sheldon Whitehouse and Jon Tester took office on January 3 , 2007 , and the first three senators mentioned had previously served in the House of Representatives . Cardin , having served 20 years , is more senior than Sanders , who served 16 years , who in turn is more senior than Brown who served 14 years . Casey , Corker , McCaskill , Klobuchar , Whitehouse , and Tester rank in that order because as of the 2000 census , Pennsylvania , Tennessee , Missouri , Minnesota , Rhode Island , and Montana had populations that ranked in that order , so Tester was ranked 100th in seniority when the 110th Congress convened . Current seniority list ( edit ) Only relevant factors are listed below . For senators whose seniority is based on their state 's respective population , the state population ranking is given as determined by the relevant United States Census current at the time that they first took their seat . Republican R ( 51 ) Democratic D ( 47 ) Independent I ( 2 ) Current rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions 1692 Leahy , Patrick Patrick Leahy D -- Vermont January 3 , 1975 Ranking Member : Appropriations President pro tempore emeritus 1708 Hatch , Orrin Orrin Hatch R -- Utah January 3 , 1977 President pro tempore Chair : Finance 1745 Grassley , Chuck Chuck Grassley R -- Iowa January 3 , 1981 Chair : Judiciary 1766 McConnell , Mitch Mitch McConnell R -- Kentucky January 3 , 1985 Majority Leader 5 1775 Shelby , Richard Richard Shelby R -- Alabama January 3 , 1987 Former Representative ( 8 years ) Chair : Appropriations 6 1777 McCain , John John McCain R -- Arizona Former Representative ( 4 years ) Chair : Armed Services 7 1801 Feinstein , Dianne Dianne Feinstein D -- California November 4 , 1992 Ranking Member : Judiciary 8 1810 Murray , Patty Patty Murray D -- Washington January 3 , 1993 Ranking Member : HELP Assistant Minority Leader 9 1816 Inhofe , Jim Jim Inhofe R -- Oklahoma November 16 , 1994 10 1827 Wyden , Ron Ron Wyden D -- Oregon February 6 , 1996 Ranking Member : Finance 11 1830 Roberts , Pat Pat Roberts R -- Kansas January 3 , 1997 Former Representative ( 16 years ) Chair : Agriculture 12 1831 Durbin , Dick Dick Durbin D -- Illinois Former Representative ( 14 years ) Minority Whip 13 1835 Reed , Jack Jack Reed D -- Rhode Island Former Representative ( 6 years ) Ranking Member : Armed Services 14 1842 Collins , Susan Susan Collins R -- Maine Maine 38th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Aging 15 1843 Enzi , Mike Mike Enzi R -- Wyoming Wyoming 50th in population ( 1990 ) Chair : Budget 16 1844 Schumer , Chuck Chuck Schumer D -- New York January 3 , 1999 Former Representative ( 18 years ) Minority Leader 17 1846 Crapo , Mike Mike Crapo R -- Idaho Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Banking 18 1854 Nelson , Bill Bill Nelson D -- Florida January 3 , 2001 Former Representative ( 12 years ) Ranking Member : Commerce 19 1855 Carper , Tom Tom Carper D -- Delaware Former Representative ( 10 years ) Ranking Member : Environment 20 1856 Stabenow , Debbie Debbie Stabenow D -- Michigan Former Representative ( 4 years ) Ranking Member : Agriculture Democratic Policy Committee Chair 21 1859 Cantwell , Maria Maria Cantwell D -- Washington Former Representative ( 2 years ) Ranking Member : Energy 22 1867 Murkowski , Lisa Lisa Murkowski R -- Alaska December 20 , 2002 Chair : Energy 23 1869 Graham , Lindsey Lindsey Graham R -- South Carolina January 3 , 2003 Former Representative 24 1871 Alexander , Lamar Lamar Alexander R -- Tennessee Former Cabinet member Chair : HELP 25 1873 Cornyn , John John Cornyn R -- Texas Majority Whip 26 1876 Burr , Richard Richard Burr R -- North Carolina January 3 , 2005 Former Representative ( 10 years ) Chair : Intelligence 27 1879 Thune , John John Thune R -- South Dakota Former Representative ( 6 years ) Chair : Commerce Republican Conference Chair 28 1880 Isakson , Johnny Johnny Isakson R -- Georgia Former Representative ( 5 yrs. , 10 mos . ) Chair : Veterans ' Affairs Chair : Ethics 29 1885 Menendez , Bob Bob Menendez D -- New Jersey January 17 , 2006 Ranking Member : Foreign Relations 30 1886 Cardin , Ben Ben Cardin D -- Maryland January 3 , 2007 Former Representative ( 20 years ) Ranking Member : Small Business 31 1887 Sanders , Bernie Bernie Sanders I -- Vermont Former Representative ( 16 years ) Ranking Member : Budget 32 1888 Brown , Sherrod Sherrod Brown D -- Ohio Former Representative ( 14 years ) Ranking Member : Banking 33 1890 Casey Jr. , Bob Bob Casey Jr . D -- Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 6th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Aging 34 1891 Corker , Bob Bob Corker R -- Tennessee Tennessee 16th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Foreign Relations 35 1892 McCaskill , Claire Claire McCaskill D -- Missouri Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Homeland Security 36 1893 Klobuchar , Amy Amy Klobuchar D -- Minnesota Minnesota 21st in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Rules 37 1894 Whitehouse , Sheldon Sheldon Whitehouse D -- Rhode Island Rhode Island 43rd in population ( 2000 ) 38 1895 Tester , Jon Jon Tester D -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2000 ) Ranking Member : Veterans ' Affairs 39 1896 Barrasso , John John Barrasso R -- Wyoming June 22 , 2007 Chair : Environment Republican Policy Committee Chair 40 1897 Wicker , Roger Roger Wicker R -- Mississippi December 31 , 2007 41 1899 Udall , Tom Tom Udall D -- New Mexico January 3 , 2009 Former Representative Vice Chair : Indian Affairs 42 1901 Shaheen , Jeanne Jeanne Shaheen D -- New Hampshire Former Governor ( 6 years ) 43 1902 Warner , Mark Mark Warner D -- Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) Vice Chair : Intelligence Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 44 1903 Risch , Jim Jim Risch R -- Idaho Former Governor ( 7 months ) Chair : Small Business 45 1905 Merkley , Jeff Jeff Merkley D -- Oregon 46 1909 Bennet , Michael Michael Bennet D -- Colorado January 21 , 2009 47 1910 Gillibrand , Kirsten Kirsten Gillibrand D -- New York January 26 , 2009 48 1916 Manchin , Joe Joe Manchin D -- West Virginia November 15 , 2010 Former Governor 49 1917 Coons , Chris Chris Coons D -- Delaware Vice Chair : Ethics 50 1919 Blunt , Roy Roy Blunt R -- Missouri January 3 , 2011 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Missouri 17th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Rules Republican Conference Vice Chair 51 1920 Moran , Jerry Jerry Moran R -- Kansas Kansas 33rd in population ( 2000 ) 52 1921 Portman , Rob Rob Portman R -- Ohio Former Representative ( 12 years ) 53 1922 Boozman , John John Boozman R -- Arkansas Former Representative ( 10 years ) 54 1923 Toomey , Pat Pat Toomey R -- Pennsylvania Former Representative ( 6 years ) 55 1924 Hoeven , John John Hoeven R -- North Dakota Former Governor Chair : Indian Affairs 56 1925 Rubio , Marco Marco Rubio R -- Florida Florida 4th in population ( 2000 ) 57 1926 Johnson , Ron Ron Johnson R -- Wisconsin Wisconsin 20th in population ( 2000 ) Chair : Homeland Security 58 1927 Paul , Rand Rand Paul R -- Kentucky Kentucky 25th in population ( 2000 ) 59 1928 Blumenthal , Richard Richard Blumenthal D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2000 ) 60 1929 Lee , Mike Mike Lee R -- Utah Utah 34th in population ( 2000 ) 61 1931 Heller , Dean Dean Heller R -- Nevada May 9 , 2011 62 1932 Schatz , Brian Brian Schatz D -- Hawaii December 26 , 2012 63 1933 Scott , Tim Tim Scott R -- South Carolina January 2 , 2013 64 1934 Baldwin , Tammy Tammy Baldwin D -- Wisconsin January 3 , 2013 Former Representative ( 14 years ) Democratic Caucus Secretary 65 1935 Flake , Jeff Jeff Flake R -- Arizona Former Representative ( 12 years ) 66 1936 Donnelly , Joe Joe Donnelly D -- Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) Indiana 15th in population ( 2010 ) 67 1937 Murphy , Chris Chris Murphy D -- Connecticut Connecticut 29th in population ( 2010 ) 68 1938 Hirono , Mazie Mazie Hirono D -- Hawaii Hawaii 40th in population ( 2010 ) 69 1939 Heinrich , Martin Martin Heinrich D -- New Mexico Former Representative ( 4 years ) 70 1940 King , Angus Angus King I -- Maine Former Governor ( 8 years ) 71 1941 Kaine , Tim Tim Kaine D -- Virginia Former Governor ( 4 years ) 72 1942 Cruz , Ted Ted Cruz R -- Texas Texas 2nd in population ( 2010 ) 73 1943 Warren , Elizabeth Elizabeth Warren D -- Massachusetts Massachusetts 14th in population ( 2010 ) Democratic Caucus Vice Chair 74 1944 Fischer , Deb Deb Fischer R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 75 1945 Heitkamp , Heidi Heidi Heitkamp D -- North Dakota North Dakota 48th in population ( 2010 ) 76 1948 Markey , Ed Ed Markey D -- Massachusetts July 16 , 2013 77 1949 Booker , Cory Cory Booker D -- New Jersey October 31 , 2013 78 1951 Capito , Shelley Moore Shelley Moore Capito R -- West Virginia January 3 , 2015 Former Representative ( 14 years ) 79 1952 Peters , Gary Gary Peters D -- Michigan Former Representative ( 6 years ) Michigan 8th in population ( 2010 ) 80 1953 Cassidy , Bill Bill Cassidy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 81 1954 Gardner , Cory Cory Gardner R -- Colorado Former Representative ( 4 years ) Colorado 22nd in population ( 2010 ) NRSC Chair 82 1955 Lankford , James James Lankford R -- Oklahoma Oklahoma 28th in population ( 2010 ) 83 1956 Cotton , Tom Tom Cotton R -- Arkansas Former Representative ( 2 years ) Arkansas 32nd in population ( 2010 ) 84 1957 Daines , Steve Steve Daines R -- Montana Montana 44th in population ( 2010 ) 85 1958 Rounds , Mike Mike Rounds R -- South Dakota Former Governor 86 1959 Perdue , David David Perdue R -- Georgia Georgia 9th in population ( 2010 ) 87 1960 Tillis , Thom Thom Tillis R -- North Carolina North Carolina 10th in population ( 2010 ) 88 1961 Ernst , Joni Joni Ernst R -- Iowa Iowa 30th in population ( 2010 ) 89 1962 Sasse , Ben Ben Sasse R -- Nebraska Nebraska 38th in population ( 2010 ) 90 1963 Sullivan , Dan Dan Sullivan R -- Alaska Alaska 47th in population ( 2010 ) 91 1964 Van Hollen , Chris Chris Van Hollen D -- Maryland January 3 , 2017 Former Representative ( 14 years ) DSCC Chair 92 1965 Young , Todd Todd Young R -- Indiana Former Representative ( 6 years ) 93 1966 Duckworth , Tammy Tammy Duckworth D -- Illinois Former Representative ( 4 years ) 94 1967 Hassan , Maggie Maggie Hassan D -- New Hampshire Former Governor 95 1968 Harris , Kamala Kamala Harris D -- California California 1st in population ( 2010 ) 96 1969 Kennedy , John Neely John Neely Kennedy R -- Louisiana Louisiana 25th in population ( 2010 ) 97 1970 Cortez Masto , Catherine Catherine Cortez Masto D -- Nevada Nevada 35th in population ( 2010 ) 98 1972 Smith , Tina Tina Smith D -- Minnesota January 3 , 2018 Minnesota 21st in population ( 2010 ) 99 1973 Jones , Doug Doug Jones D -- Alabama Alabama 23rd in population ( 2010 ) 100 Hyde - Smith , Cindy Cindy Hyde - Smith R -- Mississippi April 2 , 2018 Rank Historical rank Senator Party - State Seniority date First tie - breaker Second tie - breaker Committee and leadership positions See also ( edit ) Current members of the United States Senate Seniority in the United States House of Representatives List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service List of longest - living United States Senators Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Shelby 's 1994 party change did not break his service or seniority . Jump up ^ Maria Cantwell ( # 21 ) is the Senate 's most senior junior senator . ^ Jump up to : The seniority date for an appointed senator is the date of the appointment , not necessarily the date of taking the oath of office . See Determining the beginning of a term , above . Jump up ^ John Cornyn 's predecessor , Phil Gramm , resigned early , effective November 30 , 2002 , so that Senator - elect Cornyn could take office early , and move into Gramm 's office suite in order to begin organizing his staff . Cornyn did not , however , gain seniority , owing to a 1980 Rules Committee policy that no longer gave seniority to senators who entered Congress early for the purpose of gaining advantageous office space . Jump up ^ Bill Cassidy ( # 80 ) is the Senate 's most junior senior senator . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senators of the United States 1789 -- present , A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789 '' ( PDF ) . Senate Historical Office . April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S Census Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` 2000 Census State Population Rankings '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data ( Text Version ) -- 2010 Census , by state and census region '' . Jump up ^ `` Historical rank '' refers to the Senator 's seniority over the entire history of the Senate since 1789 . This is an absolute number that does not change from one Congress to the next . hide Lists of United States Senators in Congress by seniority 1 ( 1789 ) 2 ( 1791 ) 3 ( 1793 ) 4 ( 1795 ) 5 ( 1797 ) 6 ( 1799 ) 7 ( 1801 ) 8 ( 1803 ) 9 ( 1805 ) 10 ( 1807 ) 11 ( 1809 ) 12 ( 1811 ) 13 ( 1813 ) 14 ( 1815 ) 15 ( 1817 ) 16 ( 1819 ) 17 ( 1821 ) 18 ( 1823 ) 19 ( 1825 ) 20 ( 1827 ) 21 ( 1829 ) 22 ( 1831 ) 23 ( 1833 ) 24 ( 1835 ) 25 ( 1837 ) 26 ( 1839 ) 27 ( 1841 ) 28 ( 1843 ) 29 ( 1845 ) 30 ( 1847 ) 31 ( 1849 ) 32 ( 1851 ) 33 ( 1853 ) 34 ( 1855 ) 35 ( 1857 ) 36 ( 1859 ) 37 ( 1861 ) 38 ( 1863 ) 39 ( 1865 ) 40 ( 1867 ) 41 ( 1869 ) 42 ( 1871 ) 43 ( 1873 ) 44 ( 1875 ) 45 ( 1877 ) 46 ( 1879 ) 47 ( 1881 ) 48 ( 1883 ) 49 ( 1885 ) 50 ( 1887 ) 51 ( 1889 ) 52 ( 1891 ) 53 ( 1893 ) 54 ( 1895 ) 55 ( 1897 ) 56 ( 1899 ) 57 ( 1901 ) 58 ( 1903 ) 59 ( 1905 ) 60 ( 1907 ) 61 ( 1909 ) 62 ( 1911 ) 63 ( 1913 ) 64 ( 1915 ) 65 ( 1917 ) 66 ( 1919 ) 67 ( 1921 ) 68 ( 1923 ) 69 ( 1925 ) 70 ( 1927 ) 71 ( 1929 ) 72 ( 1931 ) 73 ( 1933 ) 74 ( 1935 ) 75 ( 1937 ) 76 ( 1939 ) 77 ( 1941 ) 78 ( 1943 ) 79 ( 1945 ) 80 ( 1947 ) 81 ( 1949 ) 82 ( 1951 ) 83 ( 1953 ) 84 ( 1955 ) 85 ( 1957 ) 86 ( 1959 ) 87 ( 1961 ) 88 ( 1963 ) 89 ( 1965 ) 90 ( 1967 ) 91 ( 1969 ) 92 ( 1971 ) 93 ( 1973 ) 94 ( 1975 ) 95 ( 1977 ) 96 ( 1979 ) 97 ( 1981 ) 98 ( 1983 ) 99 ( 1985 ) 100 ( 1987 ) 101 ( 1989 ) 102 ( 1991 ) 103 ( 1993 ) 104 ( 1995 ) 105 ( 1997 ) 106 ( 1999 ) 107 ( 2001 ) 108 ( 2003 ) 109 ( 2005 ) 110 ( 2007 ) 111 ( 2009 ) 112 ( 2011 ) 113 ( 2013 ) 114 ( 2015 ) 115 ( 2017 ) Current United States Senate elections Multiple - date elections 1788 / 89 1790 / 91 1792 / 93 1794 / 95 1796 / 97 1798 / 99 1800 / 01 1802 / 03 1804 / 05 1806 / 07 1808 / 09 1810 / 11 1812 / 13 1814 / 15 1816 / 17 1818 / 19 1820 / 21 1822 / 23 1824 / 25 1826 / 27 1828 / 29 1830 / 31 1832 / 33 1834 / 35 1836 / 37 1838 / 39 1840 / 41 1842 / 43 1844 / 45 1846 / 47 1848 / 49 1850 / 51 1852 / 53 1854 / 55 1856 / 57 1858 / 59 1860 / 61 1862 / 63 1864 / 65 1866 / 67 1868 / 69 1870 / 71 1872 / 73 1874 / 75 1876 / 77 1878 / 79 1880 / 81 1882 / 83 1884 / 85 1886 / 87 1888 / 89 1890 / 91 1892 / 93 1894 / 95 1896 / 97 1898 / 99 1900 / 01 1902 / 03 1904 / 05 1906 / 07 1908 / 09 1910 / 11 1912 / 13 Single - date elections 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1998 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Special elections Election disputes Results by state List of elections in the United States House elections Presidential elections Gubernatorial elections United States Congress House of Representatives Senate ( 114th ← 115th → 116th ) Lists of congressional lists Members and leaders Members Current By length of service Freshmen Youngest members Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Delegates Senate Current by seniority Dean of the Senate Former U.S. Senators living Earliest serving Earliest living Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. House Current by seniority Dean of the House Former U.S. Representatives living Oldest living Earliest serving Expelled , censured , and reprimanded Leaders Senate President ( list ) President pro tempore ( list ) Majority and minority leaders Assistant party leaders Democratic Caucus ( Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair ) Republican Conference ( Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair ) House Speaker Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Caucuses , women and minorities Congressional caucus African Americans in the House Congressional Black Caucus African Americans in the Senate Arab and Middle - Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members Congressional Hispanic Caucus Congressional Hispanic Conference Jewish members LGBT members LGBT Equality Caucus Native American members Women in the House Congressional Caucus for Women 's Issues Women in the Senate Related By length of service historically Powers , privileges , procedure , committees , history , and media Powers Article I Copyright Commerce ( Dormant ) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Naturalization `` Necessary and Proper '' Power of enforcement Taxing / spending Privileges and benefits Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress ( list ) Appropriation bill Blue slip Budget resolution Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear colleague letter Discharge petition Engrossed bill Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session ( list ) Lame - duck session Majority of the majority ( Hastert Rule ) Multiple referral Procedures ( House ) Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line - item veto Pocket veto Veto override Senate - specific Advice and consent Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson 's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick 's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie - breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List ( Joint ) List ( House ) List ( Senate ) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History Biographical Directory Congressional apportionment Divided government House Gerrymandering Party control Senate Senate election disputes Senatorial memoirs Representative memoirs Media C - SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Offices , employees , services , and the Capitol Complex Legislative offices Congressional staff Government Accountability Office ( Comptroller General ) Architect of the Capitol Capitol Police ( Capitol Police Board ) Capitol Guide Service ( Capitol Guide Board ) Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) Compliance Library of Congress Government Publishing Office ( GPO ) Technology Assessment Offices Senate Curator Historical Library House Congressional Ethics Emergency Planning , Preparedness , and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Legislative Counsel Law Revision Counsel Library Employees Senate Secretary Chaplain Curator Inspector General Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages ( Page Board ) Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library of Congress Congressional Research Service ( reports ) Copyright Office ( Register of Copyrights ) Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Government Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory United States Government Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis Revolutionary War Door Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way Vice President 's Room Vice Presidential Bust Collection Office buildings Senate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Other facilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway ` Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate&oldid=842551166 '' Categories : Lists of United States Senators by seniority Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Simple English 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 05 : 11 . 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who is the highest ranking member of the senate
[ "The president pro tempore of the Senate is traditionally the most senior member of the majority party." ]
[ "president pro tempore" ]
2611803706074812576
North American Free Trade Agreement
North American Free trade Agreement - Wikipedia North American Free trade Agreement Jump to : navigation , search `` NAFTA '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nafta ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article ( those related to Donald Trump ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North American Free Trade Agreement Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( Spanish ) Accord de Libre - échange Nord - Américain ( French ) Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat Languages English Spanish French Type Free trade area Member states Canada Mexico United States Establishment January 1 , 1994 ; 24 years ago ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) Area Total 21,578,137 km ( 8,331,365 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 7.4 Population 2016 estimate 481,800,000 Density 22.3 / km ( 57.8 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $22.567 trillion Per capita $46,839 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $21.144 trillion Per capita $43,885 HDI ( 2011 ) 0.868 very high Website www.naftanow.org NAFTA GDP -- 2012 : IMF -- World Economic Outlook Databases ( Oct 2013 ) The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; Spanish : Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte , TLCAN ; French : Accord de libre - échange nord - américain , ALÉNA ) is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America . The agreement came into force on January 1 , 1994 . It superseded the Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada . NAFTA has two supplements : the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) . Most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen , but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition . Economists hold that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablishes trade barriers will adversely affect the U.S. economy and cost jobs . However , Mexico would be much more severely affected by job loss and reduction of economic growth in both the short term and long term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Negotiation , ratification , and revision 2 Provisions 2.1 Intellectual property 2.2 Environment 2.3 Agriculture 2.4 Transportation infrastructure 3 Impact 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.3. 1 Trade balances 3.3. 2 Investment 3.4 Economy and jobs 3.5 Environment 3.6 Mobility of persons 4 Disputes and controversies 4.1 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot 4.2 Legal disputes 4.2. 1 Change in income trust taxation not expropriation 4.3 Impact on Mexican farmers 4.4 Zapatista Uprising in response to NAFTA in Chiapas , Mexico 4.5 Chapter 11 4.6 Chapter 19 4.7 Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates 5 Policy of the Trump administration 5.1 Renegotiation 5.2 Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA 6 Trans - Pacific Partnership 7 U.S. Public Opinion on NAFTA 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Negotiation , ratification , and revision Back row , left to right : Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President George H.W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , at the initialing of the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 . In front are Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Development Jaime Serra Puche , United States Trade Representative Carla Hills , and Canadian Minister of International Trade Michael Wilson . The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979 . Canada and the United States signed the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) in 1988 , and shortly afterward Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari decided to approach US president George H.W. Bush to propose a similar agreement in an effort to bring in foreign investment following the Latin American debt crisis . As the two leaders began negotiating , the Canadian government under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney feared that the advantages Canada had gained through the Canada - US FTA would be undermined by a US - Mexican bilateral agreement , and asked to become a party to the US - Mexican talks . Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1990 among the three nations , the three leaders signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17 , 1992 . The signed agreement then needed to be ratified by each nation 's legislative or parliamentary branch . The earlier Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada , and featured as an issue in the 1988 Canadian election . In that election , more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties ( the Liberals and the New Democrats ) but the split of the votes between the two parties meant that the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives ( PCs ) came out of the election with the most seats and so took power . Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority easily passed the 1987 Canada - U.S. FTA and NAFTA bills . However , Mulroney was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell . Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien , who campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA . Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with Bush , who had subverted the LAC advisory process and worked to `` fast track '' the signing prior to the end of his term , ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president Bill Clinton . Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements , the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , to protect workers and the environment , and also allay the concerns of many House members . They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own . After much consideration and emotional discussion , the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17 , 1993 , 234 -- 200 . The agreement 's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats . The bill passed the Senate on November 20 , 1993 , 61 -- 38 . Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats . Clinton signed it into law on December 8 , 1993 ; the agreement went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Clinton , while signing the NAFTA bill , stated that `` NAFTA means jobs . American jobs , and good - paying American jobs . If I did n't believe that , I would n't support this agreement . '' NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada - US FTA . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Play media Bill Clinton 's remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act , December 8 , 1993 . Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Provisions The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S. , Canada and Mexico . The implementation of NAFTA on January 1 , 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one - half of Mexico 's exports to the U.S. and more than one - third of U.S. exports to Mexico . Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement , all U.S. - Mexico tariffs were to be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico to be phased out within 15 years . Most U.S. - Canada trade was already duty - free . NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products . Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA . It was modeled after Chapter 69 of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement . The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges , such as Alice Desjardins , John Maxwell Evans , Constance Hunt , John Richard , Arlin M. Adams , Susan Getzendanner , George C. Pratt , Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day O'Connor . The NAFTA is , in part , implemented by Technical Working Groups , which are composed of government officials from each of the three partners . Intellectual property The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the copyright law of the United States , foreshadowing the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 by restoring copyright ( within the NAFTA nations ) on certain motion pictures which had entered the public domain . Environment U.S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA 's environmental impact . The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico , the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , which led to the creation of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in 1994 . To alleviate concerns that NAFTA , the first regional trade agreement between a developing country and two developed countries , would have negative environmental impacts , the commission was mandated to conduct ongoing ex post environmental assessment , It created one of the first ex post frameworks for environmental assessment of trade liberalization , designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment , such as the concern that NAFTA would create a `` race to the bottom '' in environmental regulation among the three countries , or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protections . The CEC has held four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers on the subject from leading independent experts . Agriculture From the earliest negotiation , agriculture was ( and still is ) a controversial topic within NAFTA , as it has been with almost all free trade agreements signed within the WTO framework . Agriculture is the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally ; instead , three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties . The Canada -- U.S. agreement contains significant restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products ( mainly sugar , dairy , and poultry products ) , whereas the Mexico -- U.S. pact allows for a wider liberalization within a framework of phase - out periods ( it was the first North -- South FTA on agriculture to be signed ) . Transportation infrastructure NAFTA established the CANAMEX Corridor for road transport between Canada and Mexico , also proposed for use by rail , pipeline , and fiber optic telecommunications infrastructure . This became a High Priority Corridor under the U.S. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 . Impact Obama , Peña Nieto and Harper at the IX North American Leaders ' Summit ( informally known as the Three Amigos Summit ) in Toluca . Canada In the year 2008 alone , Canadian exports to the United States and Mexico were at $381.3 billion , with imports at $245.1 billion. . According to University of Toronto economist Daniel Trefler , NAFTA produced a significant net benefit to Canada , with long - term productivity increasing by up to 15 percent in industries that experienced the deepest tariff cuts . While the contraction of low - productivity plants reduced employment ( up to 12 percent of existing positions ) , these job losses lasted less than a decade ; overall , unemployment in Canada has fallen since the passage of the act . Commenting on this trade - off , Trefler said that the critical question in trade policy is to understand `` how freer trade can be implemented in an industrialized economy in a way that recognizes both the long - run gains and the short - term adjustment costs borne by workers and others . '' Another of NAFTA 's biggest economic effects on U.S. - Canada trade has been higher bilateral agricultural flows . A study in 2007 found that NAFTA had `` a substantial impact on international trade volumes , but a modest effect on prices and welfare '' . A 2015 study that focused on the impact of NAFTA 's tariff reductions found that while intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % for the U.S. and 118 % for Mexico , it increased by a modest 11 % for Canada . Moreover , U.S. and Mexico benefited more from the tariff reductions component , with welfare increases of 0.08 % and 1.31 % , respectively , with Canada experiencing a decrease of 0.06 % . Mexico Main article : Effects of NAFTA on Mexico Maquiladoras ( Mexican assembly plants that take in imported components and produce goods for export ) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico . They moved to Mexico from the United States , hence the debate over the loss of American jobs . Income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5 % since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 . Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement , and the share of exports to the US from non-border states has increased in the last five years while the share of exports from border states has decreased . This has allowed rapid growth in non-border metropolitan areas such as Toluca , León and Puebla ; all larger in population than Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Reynosa . The overall effect of the Mexico -- U.S. agricultural agreement is disputed . Mexico did not invest in the infrastructure necessary for competition , such as efficient railroads and highways. This resulted in more difficult living conditions for the country 's poor . Mexico 's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001 , while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period . One of the most affected agricultural sectors is the meat industry . Mexico went from a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the second largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004 , and NAFTA may be a major catalyst for this change . Free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries , so Mexico has provided a growing market for meat for the U.S. , and increased sales and profits for the U.S. meat industry . A coinciding noticeable increase in the Mexican per capita GDP greatly changed meat consumption patterns ; per capita meat consumption has grown . Production of corn in Mexico has increased since NAFTA . But internal demand for corn has increased beyond Mexico 's supply , and imports have become needed , far beyond the quotas Mexico originally negotiated . Zahniser & Coyle also point out that corn prices in Mexico , adjusted for international prices , have drastically decreased , but through a program of subsidies expanded by former president Vicente Fox , production has remained stable since 2000 . Reducing agricultural subsidies , especially corn subsidies , has been suggested as a way to reduce harm to Mexican farmers . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review of the existing literature found that NAFTA was a net benefit to Mexico . By the year 2003 , 80 % of the commerce in Mexico was executed only with the U.S. The commercial sales surplus , combined with the deficit with the rest of the world , created a dependency in Mexico 's exports . These effects were evident in 2001 -- 2003 ; the result of that recession was either a low rate or a negative rate in Mexico 's exports . A 2015 study found that Mexico 's welfare increased by 1.31 % as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions , and that Mexico 's intra-bloc trade increased by 118 % . Inequality and poverty fell in the most globalization - affected regions of Mexico . 2013 and 2015 studies show that Mexican small farmers benefitted more from NAFTA than large - scale farmers . NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class . A Tufts University study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50 % . This price reduction increased cash - on - hand for many Mexican families , allowing Mexico to graduate more engineers than Germany each year . Growth in new sales orders indicates an increase in demand for manufactured products , which resulted in expansion of production and a higher employment rate to satisfy the increment in the demand . The growth in the maquiladora industry and in the manufacturing industry was of 4.7 % in August 2016 . Three quarters of the imports and exports comes are with the U.S. Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner has argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico . United States Economists consider that NAFTA was beneficial for the United States . In a 2012 survey of leading economists , 95 % said that on average U.S. citizens benefited from NAFTA . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States . A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08 % as a result of NAFTA tariff reductions , and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % . In 2015 , the Congressional Research Service concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP . However , there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies . '' The report also estimated that NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy since its implementation , equivalent to a 0.5 % increase in US GDP . The U.S. Chamber of Commerce credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011 , while the AFL - CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time . University of California , San Diego economics professor Gordon Hanson has said that NAFTA helped the U.S. compete against China and therefore saved U.S. jobs . While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA , considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA . Trade balances The U.S. had a trade surplus with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a trade deficit of $94.6 billion ( 36.4 % annual increase ) for goods in 2010 . This trade deficit accounted for 26.8 percent of all U.S. goods trade deficit . A study published in the August 2008 issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , found NAFTA increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada , even though most of the increase occurred a decade after its ratification . The study focused on the effects that gradual `` phase - in '' periods in regional trade agreements , including NAFTA , have on trade flows . Most of the increase in members ' agricultural trade , which was only recently brought under the purview of the World Trade Organization , was due to very high trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreements . Investment The U.S. foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in NAFTA countries ( stock ) was $327.5 billion in 2009 ( latest data available ) , up 8.8 % from 2008 . The U.S. direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies , and in the manufacturing , finance / insurance , and mining sectors . The foreign direct investment of Canada and Mexico in the United States ( stock ) was $237.2 billion in 2009 ( the latest data available ) , up 16.5 % from 2008 . Economy and jobs Main article : NAFTA 's effect on United States employment The economic impacts of NAFTA on the U.S. economy have been modest . In a 2015 report , the Congressional Research Service summarized multiple studies as follows : `` In reality , NAFTA did not cause the huge job losses feared by the critics or the large economic gains predicted by supporters . The net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP . However , there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies . '' Many American small businesses depend on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA . According to the U.S. Trade Representative , this trade supports over 140,000 small - and medium - sized businesses in the US . According to the Economic Policy Institute , California , Texas , Michigan and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to NAFTA . EPI economist Robert Scott estimates some 682,900 U.S. jobs have been `` lost or displaced '' as a result of the trade agreement . However , other studies have found that NAFTA only had a modest impact on manufacturing employment , and that automation explains 87 % of the losses in manufacturing jobs . According to University of California Berkeley professor of economics Brad DeLong , NAFTA had an insignificant impact on US manufacturing . The adverse impact on manufacturing has been very exaggerated in US political discourse according to DeLong , Harvard economist Dani Rodrik agrees . Environment Main article : NAFTA 's Impact on the Environment According to a study in the Journal of International Economics , NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector : `` On average , nearly two - thirds of the reductions in PM and SO emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA . '' According to the Sierra Club , NAFTA contributed to large - scale , export - oriented farming , which led to the increased use of fossil fuels , pesticides and GMO . NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico . It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its tar sands industry , and created new legal avenues for transnational corporations to fight environmental legislation . In some cases , environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization ; in other cases , NAFTA 's measures for investment protection , such as Chapter 11 , and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy . The most serious overall increases in pollution due to NAFTA were found in the base metals sector , the Mexican petroleum sector , and the transportation equipment sector in the United States and Mexico , but not in Canada . Mobility of persons According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , during fiscal year 2006 ( i.e. , October 2005 through September 2006 ) , 73,880 foreign professionals ( 64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans ) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA ( i.e. , in the TN status ) . Additionally , 17,321 of their family members ( 13,136 Canadians , 2,904 Mexicans , as well as a number of third - country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans ) entered the U.S. in the treaty national 's dependent ( TD ) status . Because DHS counts the number of the new I - 94 arrival records filled at the border , and the TN - 1 admission is valid for three years , the number of non-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately equal to the number of admissions during the year . ( A discrepancy may be caused by some TN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three - year admission period has expired , while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status to TN or TD , or extend TN status granted earlier ) . According to the International Organization for Migration , deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016 . An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA Canadian authorities estimated that on December 1 , 2006 , 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were in Canada as `` foreign workers '' . These numbers include both entrants under NAFTA and those who entered under other provisions of Canadian immigration law . New entries of foreign workers in 2006 totalled 16,841 U.S. citizens and 13,933 Mexicans . Disputes and controversies 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot In the second 1992 presidential debate , Ross Perot argued : We have got to stop sending jobs overseas . It 's pretty simple : If you 're paying $12 , $13 , $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border , pay a dollar an hour for labor , ... have no health care -- that 's the most expensive single element in making a car -- have no environmental controls , no pollution controls and no retirement , and you do n't care about anything but making money , there will be a giant sucking sound going south . ... when ( Mexico 's ) jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour , and ours go down to six dollars an hour , and then it 's leveled again . But in the meantime , you 've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals . Perot ultimately lost the election , and the winner , Bill Clinton , supported NAFTA , which went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Legal disputes This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2009 ) In 1996 , the gasoline additive MMT was brought to Canada by Ethyl Corporation , an American company when the Canadian federal government banned imports of the additive . The American company brought a claim under NAFTA Chapter 11 seeking US $201 million , from the Canadian federal government as well as the Canadian provinces under the Agreement on Internal Trade ( AIT ) . They argued that the additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers , and that the prohibition was damaging to their company . Following a finding that the ban was a violation of the AIT , the Canadian federal government repealed the ban and settled with the American company for US $13 million . Studies by Health and Welfare Canada ( now Health Canada ) on the health effects of MMT in fuel found no significant health effects associated with exposure to these exhaust emissions . Other Canadian researchers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency disagreed citing studies that suggested possible nerve damage . The United States and Canada have argued for years over the United States ' 27 % duty on Canadian softwood lumber imports . Canada filed many motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada . After the United States lost an appeal before a NAFTA panel , it responded by saying `` We are , of course , disappointed with the ( NAFTA panel 's ) decision , but it will have no impact on the anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders . '' ( Nick Lifton , spokesman for U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman ) On July 21 , 2006 , the United States Court of International Trade found that imposition of the duties was contrary to U.S. law . Change in income trust taxation not expropriation On October 30 , 2007 , American citizens Marvin and Elaine Gottlieb filed a Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under NAFTA , claiming thousands of U.S. investors lost a total of $5 billion in the fall - out from the Conservative Government 's decision the previous year to change the tax rate on income trusts in the energy sector . On April 29 , 2009 , a determination was made that this change in tax law was not expropriation . Impact on Mexican farmers Several studies have rejected NAFTA responsibility for depressing the incomes of poor corn farmers . The trend existed more than a decade before NAFTA existed . Also , maize production increased after 1994 , and there was n't a measurable impact on the price of Mexican corn because of subsidized corn from the United States . The studies agreed that the abolition of U.S. agricultural subsidies would benefit Mexican farmers . Zapatista uprising in response to NAFTA in chiapas , Mexico Further information : Zapatista Army of National Liberation Preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico 's constitution , the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata 's revolution in 1910 -- 1919 . Under the historic Article 27 , Indian communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization . However , this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA . Indian farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands , and also feared cheap imports ( substitutes ) from the US . The Zapatistas labelled NAFTA a `` death sentence '' to Indian communities all over Mexico . Then EZLN declared war on the Mexican state on January 1 , 1994 , the day NAFTA came into force . Chapter 11 Another contentious issue is the investor state dispute settlement obligations contained in Chapter 11 of NAFTA . Chapter 11 allows corporations or individuals to sue Mexico , Canada or the United States for compensation when actions taken by those governments ( or by those for whom they are responsible at international law , such as provincial , state , or municipal governments ) violate international law . This chapter has been criticized by groups in the U.S. , Mexico , and Canada for a variety of reasons , including not taking into account important social and environmental considerations . In Canada , several groups , including the Council of Canadians , challenged the constitutionality of Chapter 11 . They lost at the trial level and have subsequently appealed . Methanex Corporation , a Canadian corporation , filed a US $ 970 million suit against the United States because , it said , a California ban on Methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) , a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state , was hurtful to the corporation 's sales of methanol . The claim was rejected , and the company was ordered to pay US $3 million to the U.S. government in costs , based on the following reasoning : `` But as a matter of general international law , a non-discriminatory regulation for a public purpose , which is enacted in accordance with due process and , which affects , inter alios , a foreign investor or investment is not deemed expropriatory and compensable unless specific commitments had been given by the regulating government to the then putative foreign investor contemplating investment that the government would refrain from such regulation . '' In another case , Metalclad , an American corporation , was awarded US $15.6 million from Mexico after a Mexican municipality refused a construction permit for the hazardous waste landfill it intended to construct in Guadalcázar , San Luis Potosí . The construction had already been approved by the federal government with various environmental requirements imposed ( see paragraph 48 of the tribunal decision ) . The NAFTA panel found that the municipality did not have the authority to ban construction on the basis of its environmental concerns . In Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada the plaintiff presented a US $500 million claim for the way Canada requires usefulness in its drug patent legislation . Apotex is sued the U.S. for US $520 million because of opportunity it says it lost in an FDA generic drug decision . Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada filed a US $250 million claim against Canada , accusing it of `` arbitrary , capricious and illegal '' behaviour , because Quebec intends to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway . Milos Barutciski , the lawyer for Lone Pine , has decried portrayals of his client as `` another rapacious multinational challenging governments ' ability to regulate for health , safety and the environment '' . Lone Pine Resources is incorporated in Delaware but headquartered in Calgary , and had an initial public offering on the NYSE May 25 , 2011 of 15 million shares each for $13 , which raised US $195 million . Barutciski acknowledged `` that NAFTA and other investor - protection treaties create an anomaly in that Canadian companies that have also seen their permits rescinded by the very same Quebec legislation , which expressly forbids the paying of compensation , do not have the right ( to ) pursue a NAFTA claim , '' and that winning `` compensation in Canadian courts for domestic companies in this case would be more difficult since the Constitution puts property rights in provincial hands . '' A treaty with China would extend similar rights to Chinese investors , including SOEs . Chapter 19 Also contentious is NAFTA 's Chapter 19 , which subjects antidumping and countervailing duty ( AD / CVD ) determinations to binational panel review instead of , or in addition to , conventional judicial review . For example , in the United States , review of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the U.S. Court of International Trade , an Article III court . NAFTA parties , however , have the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries . The panelists are generally lawyers experienced in international trade law . Since NAFTA does not include substantive provisions concerning AD / CVD , the panel is charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD / CVD conform with the country 's domestic law . Chapter 19 is an anomaly in international dispute settlement since it does not apply international law , but requires a panel composed of individuals from many countries to re-examine the application of one country 's domestic law . A Chapter 19 panel is expected to examine whether the agency 's determination is supported by `` substantial evidence '' . This standard assumes significant deference to the domestic agency . Some of the most controversial trade disputes in recent years , such as the U.S. -- Canada softwood lumber dispute , have been litigated before Chapter 19 panels . Decisions by Chapter 19 panels can be challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee . However , an extraordinary challenge committee does not function as an ordinary appeal . Under NAFTA , it will only vacate or remand a decision if the decision involves a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system . Since January 2006 , no NAFTA party has successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel 's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee . Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates In a 60 Minutes interview in September 2015 , American 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump called NAFTA calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in ( the United States ) '' , and said that if elected , he would `` either renegotiate it , or we will break it '' . Juan Pablo Castañón ( es ) president of the trade group Consejo Coordinador Empresarial , expressed concern about renegotiation and the willingness to focus on the car industry . A range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the its biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and higher prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . Members of the private initiative in Mexico noted that to eliminate NAFTA , many laws must be adapted by the U.S. Congress . The move would also eventually result in legal complaints by the World Trade Organization . The Washington Post noted that a Congressional Research Service review of academic literature concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP '' . Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders opposed the Trans - Pacific Partnership trade agreement , which he called `` a continuation of other disastrous trade agreements , like NAFTA , CAFTA , and permanent normal trade relations with China '' . He believes that free trade agreements have caused a loss of American jobs and depressed American wages . Sanders has said that America needs to rebuild its manufacturing base using American factories for well - paying jobs for American labor rather than outsourcing to China and elsewhere . Policy of the Trump administration Renegotiation Chrystia Freeland , Luis Videgaray Caso and Rex Tillerson in Mexico City in 2018 Shortly after his election , U.S. President Donald Trump said he would begin renegotiating the terms of NAFTA , to resolve trade issues he had campaigned on . The leaders of Canada and Mexico have indicated their willingness to work with the Trump administration . Although vague on the exact terms he seeks in a renegotiated NAFTA , Trump threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail . In July 2017 , the Trump administration provided a detailed list of changes that it would like to see to NAFTA . The top priority was a reduction in the United States ' trade deficit . The administration also called for the elimination of provisions that allowed Canada and Mexico to appeal duties imposed by the United States and limited the ability of the United States to impose import restrictions on Canada and Mexico . The list also alleged subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation . According to Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics , the Trump administration 's list `` is very consistent with the president 's stance on liking trade barriers , liking protectionism . This makes NAFTA in many respects less of a free - trade agreement . '' The concerns expressed by the US Trade Representative over subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation are not thought to apply to Canada and Mexico , but rather to be designed to send a message to countries beyond North America . Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics noted that it would not be possible to conclude renegotiations quickly while also addressing all the concerns on the list . He also said that it would be difficult to do anything about trade deficits . An October 2017 op - ed in Toronto 's Globe and Mail questioned whether the United States wanted to re-negotiate the agreement or planned to walk away from it no matter what , noting that newly appointed American ambassador Kelly Knight Craft is married to the owner of Alliance Resource Partners , a big US coal operation . Canada is implementing a carbon plan , and there is also the matter of a sale of Bombardier jets . `` The Americans inserted so many poison pills into last week 's talks in Washington that they should have been charged with murder '' , wrote the columnist , John Ibbitson . `` A number of the proposals that the United States has put on the table have little or no support from the U.S. business and agriculture community . It is n't clear who they 're intended to benefit '' , said John Murphy , vice-president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . Pat Roberts , the senior US senator from Kansas , called for an outcry against Trump anti-NAFTA moves , saying the `` issues affect real jobs , real lives and real people '' . Kansas is a major agricultural exporter , and farm groups warn that just threatening to leave NAFTA might cause buyers to minimize uncertainty by seeking out non-US sources . A fourth round of talks included a U.S. demand for a sunset clause that would end the agreement in five years , unless the three countries agreed to keep it in place , a provision U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross has said would allow the countries to kill the deal if it was not working . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met with the House Ways and Means Committee , since Congress would have to pass legislation rolling back the treaty 's provisions if Trump tries to withdraw from the pact . Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA Following Donald Trump 's election to the presidency , a range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the U.S. 's biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and increased prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . The worst affected sectors would be textiles , agriculture and automobiles . According to Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner , the Trump administration 's desire to return relations with Mexico to the pre-NAFTA era are misguided . Drezner argues that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . If Trump acts on many of the threats that he has made against Mexico , it is not inconceivable that Mexicans would turn to left - wing populist strongmen , as several South American countries have . At the very least , US - Mexico relations would worsen , with adverse implications for cooperation on border security , counterterrorism , drug - war cooperation , deportations and managing Central American migration . According to Chad P. Bown ( senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics ) , `` a renegotiated NAFTA that would reestablish trade barriers is unlikely to help workers who lost their jobs -- regardless of the cause -- take advantage of new employment opportunities '' . According to Harvard economist Marc Melitz , `` recent research estimates that the repeal of NAFTA would not increase car production in the United States '' . Melitz notes that this would cost manufacturing jobs . Trans - Pacific Partnership If the Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) comes into effect , existing agreements such as NAFTA will be reduced to those provisions that do not conflict with the TPP , or that require greater trade liberalization than the TPP . However , only Canada and Mexico will have the prospect of becoming members of the TPP after U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement in January 2017 . In May 2017 , the 11 remaining members of the TPP , including Canada and Mexico , agreed to proceed with the trade deal without U.S. participation . U.S. public opinion on NAFTA The American public is largely divided on its view of the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , with a wide partisan gap in beliefs . In a February 2018 Gallup Poll , 48 % of Americans said NAFTA was good for the U.S. , while 46 % said it was bad . According to a journal from the Law and Business Review of the Americas ( LBRA ) , U.S. public opinion of NAFTA centers around three issues : NAFTA 's impact on the creation or destruction of American jobs , NAFTA 's impact on the environment , and NAFTA 's impact on immigrants entering the U.S. After President Trump 's election in 2016 , support for NAFTA has become very polarized between Republicans and Democrats . Donald Trump expressed negative views of NAFTA , calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in this country . '' Republican support for NAFTA has decreased from 43 % support in 2008 to 34 % in 2017 . Meanwhile , Democrat support for NAFTA has increased from 41 % support in 2008 to 71 % in 2017 . The political gap is especially large in concern to views on free trade with Mexico . As opposed to a favorable view of free trade with Canada , whom 79 % of American describe as a fair trade partner , only 47 % of Americans believe Mexico practices fair trade . The gap widens between Democrats and Republicans : 60 % of Democrats believe Mexico is practicing fair trade , while only 28 % of Republicans do . This is the highest level from Democrats and the lowest level from Republicans ever recorded by the Chicago Council Survey . Republicans have more negative views of Canada as a fair trade partner than Democrats , as well . NAFTA has strong support from young Americans . In a February 2017 Gallup poll , 73 % of Americans aged 18 - 29 said NAFTA was good for the U.S , showing higher support than any other U.S. age group . It also has slightly stronger support from unemployed Americans than from employed Americans . The issue of NAFTA continues to remain a predominantly divisive issue . See also Economics portal North America portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal North American Leaders ' Summit Association of Southeast Asian Nations Canada 's Global Markets Action Plan The Fight for Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ( CETA ) Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Pacific Alliance Trans - Pacific Partnership Free trade debate References Jump up ^ NAFTA Secretariat Archived April 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nafta-sec-alena.org ( June 9 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calculated using UNDP data for the member states . If considered as a single entity , NAFTA would rank 23rd among the other countries . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Agreements '' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) '' . Foreign Affairs , Trade , and Development Canada . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll Results IGM Forum '' . www.igmchicago.org. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Burfisher , Mary E ; Robinson , Sherman ; Thierfelder , Karen ( 2001 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The Impact of NAFTA on the United States '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 ( 1 ) : 125 -- 44 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.516. 6543 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 15.1. 125 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) . `` NAFTA does n't count for much economically , but it 's still a huge political football . Here 's why '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rodrik , Dani ( June 2017 ) . `` Populism and the Economics of Globalization '' . NBER Working Paper No. 23559 . doi : 10.3386 / w23559 . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving Home the Importance of NAFTA Econofact '' . Econofact . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Martin , Trump Killing Nafta Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business ( October 1 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Which American producers would suffer from ending NAFTA ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/b0f343aa-ab3a-3657-8b57-f0086cfaa006 ^ Jump up to : `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Foreign Affairs and International trade Canada : Canada and the World : A History - 1984 -- 1993 : `` Leap of Faith Jump up ^ NAFTA : Final Text , Summary , Legislative History & Implementation Directory . New York : Oceana Publications . 1994 . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 379 - 00835 - 1 . Jump up ^ Labor Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations and Trade Policy ; established under the Trade Act of 1974 . Jump up ^ Preliminary Report of the Labor Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations and Trade Policy on the North American Free Trade Agreement , dated Sept. 16 , 1992 ( Washington , D.C. : Executive Office of the President , Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , 1992 ) , i , 1 . Jump up ^ For an overview of the process , see Noam Chomsky , `` ' Mandate for Change , ' or Business as Usual '' , Z Magazine 6 , no . 2 ( February 1993 ) , 41 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3450 -- North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton Signs NAFTA -- December 8 , 1993 '' . Miller Center . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA Timeline '' . Fina - nafi . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Signing NaFTA '' . History Central . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Floudas , Demetrius Andreas & Rojas , Luis Fernando ; `` Some Thoughts on NAFTA and Trade Integration in the American Continent '' , 52 ( 2000 ) International Problems 371 Jump up ^ Gantz , DA ( 1999 ) . `` Dispute Settlement Under the NAFTA and the WTO : Choice of Forum Opportunities and Risks for the NAFTA Parties '' . American University International Law Review . 14 ( 4 ) : 1025 -- 106 Jump up ^ canada.ca : `` About Health Canada - > Branches and Agencies - > Pest Management Regulatory Agency '' Jump up ^ GPO , P.L. 103 - 182 , Section 334 Jump up ^ ML - 497 ( March 1995 ) , Docket No . RM 93 - 13C , Library of Congress Copyright Office Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray . `` The NAFTA Myth '' . Mises Institute . Mises Institute . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation : ongoing assessment '' . Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 24 : 259 -- 272 . December 1 , 2006 . doi : 10.3152 / 147154606781765048 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Analytic Framework for Assessing the Environmental Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Trade and Environment in the Americas '' . Cec.org . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA -- Fast Facts : North American Free Trade Agreement '' . NAFTANow.org. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trefler , Daniel ( Sep 2004 ) . `` The Long and Short of the Canada - U.S. Free Trade Agreement '' . American Economic Review . 94 ( 4 ) : 870 -- 895 . doi : 10.1257 / 0002828042002633 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , William J. ( 16 May 2009 ) . A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World . Grove Press . Jump up ^ Sergie , Mohammed Aly ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations think tank . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Romalis , John ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` NAFTA 's and CUSFTA 's Impact on International Trade '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 89 ( 3 ) : 416 -- 35 . doi : 10.1162 / rest. 89.3. 416 . ISSN 0034 - 6535 . ^ Jump up to : Caliendo , Lorenzo ; Parro , Fernando ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA '' . The Review of Economic Studies . 82 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 44 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.189. 1365 . doi : 10.1093 / restud / rdu035 . ISSN 0034 - 6527 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , GC ; Schott , JJ ( 2005 ) . `` NAFTA Revisited '' . Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics Jump up ^ Greening the Americas , Carolyn L. Deere ( editor ) . MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts Jump up ^ `` Clark , Georgia Rae. 2006 . Analysis of Mexican demand for Meat : A Post-NAFTA Demand Systems Approach . MS Thesis , Texas Tech University '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Corn , and Mexico 's Agricultural Trade Liberalization '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 9 , 2007 . ( 152 KB ) p. 4 Jump up ^ Steven S. Zahniser & William T. Coyle , U.S. - Mexico Corn Trade During the NAFTA Era : New Twists to an Old Story , Outlook Report No . FDS04D01 ( Economic Research Service / USDA , May 2004 ) , 22 pp . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/27/business/us-corn-subsidies-said-to-damage-mexico.html Jump up ^ Ruiz Nápoles , Pablo . `` El TLCAN y el balance comercial en México '' . Economía Informa . UNAM. 2003 Jump up ^ H , Hanson , Gordon ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Globalization , Labor Income , and Poverty in Mexico '' . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library '' . Review of Development Economics . 17 : 594 -- 608 . doi : 10.1111 / rode. 12053 . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library '' . Journal of International Development . 27 : 112 -- 132 . doi : 10.1002 / jid. 2814 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Shannon ( March 2013 ) . `` Mexico Makes It '' . Foreign Affairs . 92 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Guy ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` NAFTA key to economic , social growth in Mexico '' . www.washingtontimes.com . The Washington Times . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Report of the exportations in the manufacturer industry '' Consejo Nacional de Industria Maquiladora Manufacturera A.C. 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` The missing dimension in the NAFTA debate '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/anaclaireswanson . `` Trump administration formally launches NAFTA renegotiation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Jeffrey ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How to Renegotiate NAFTA '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Contentious Nafta pact continues to generate a sparky debate '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Eduardo ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Nafta May Have Saved Many Autoworkers ' Jobs '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newswise : Free Trade Agreement Helped U.S. Farmers Retrieved on June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CRS - Villarreal and Fergusson - The North American Free Trade Agreement - April 16 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) United States Trade Representative '' . ustr.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA 's Impact on U.S. Workers '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Economy Lost Nearly 700,000 Jobs Because Of NAFTA , EPI Says . The Huffington Post . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` U.S. auto workers hate NAFTA ... but love robots '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : DeLong , J. Bradford . `` NAFTA and other trade deals have not gutted American manufacturing -- period '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` What did NAFTA really do ? '' . Dani Rodrik 's weblog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cherniwchan , Jevan . `` Trade Liberalization and the Environment : Evidence from NAFTA and U.S. Manufacturing '' . Journal of International Economics . 105 : 130 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinteco. 2017.01. 005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Environmental Damages Underscore Risks of Unfair Trade '' . Sierraclub.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation : ongoing assessment of trade liberalization in North America '' . Ingentaconnect.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Reinert and David W. Roland - Holst The Industrial Pollution Impacts of NAFTA : Some Preliminary Results . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( November 2000 ) Jump up ^ DHS Yearbook 2006 . Supplemental Table 1 : Nonimmigrant Admissions ( I - 94 Only ) by Class of Admission and Country of Citizenship : Fiscal Year 2006 Archived February 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jones , Reese . Borders & Walls : Do Barriers Deter Unauthorized Migration . Migration Policy Institute . web page ( 1 ) October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacon , David . `` Globalization and NAFTA Caused Migration from Mexico Political Research Associates '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Facts and Figures 2006 Immigration Overview : Temporary Residents Archived February 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Citizenship and Immigration Canada ) Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures 2006 -- Immigration Overview : Permanent and Temporary Residents '' . Cic.gc.ca . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE 1992 CAMPAIGN ; Transcript of 2d TV Debate Between Bush , Clinton and Perot '' . The New York Times . New York Times Company . 16 October 1992 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Arbitration '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 1.71 MB ) , ' Ethyl Corporation vs. Government of Canada ' Jump up ^ `` '' Agreement on Internal Trade `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 08 - 22 . ( 118 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Dispute Settlement '' . Dfait-maeci.gc.ca . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MMT : the controversy over this fuel additive continues '' . canadiandriver.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ softwood Lumber Archived June 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statement from USTR Spokesperson Neena Moorjani Regarding the NAFTA Extraordinary Challenge Committee decision in Softwood Lumber Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Tembec , Inc vs. United States ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2006 . ( 193 KB ) Jump up ^ Statement by USTR Spokesman Stephen Norton Regarding CIT Lumber Ruling Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada , Global Affairs ; Canada , Affaires mondiales ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Global Affairs Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiess , Norbert ; Daniel Lederman ( November 24 , 2004 ) . `` Mexican Corn : The Effects of NAFTA '' ( PDF ) . Trade Note . The World Bank Group . 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Subcomandante Marcos , Ziga Voa ! 10 Years of the Zapatista Uprising . AK Press 2004 Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Chapter 11 '' . Sice.oas.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Global Affairs Canada ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) -- Chapter 11 -- Investment '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) ' , Public Citizen '' . Citizen.org . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red Mexicana de Accion Frente al Libre Comercio . `` NAFTA and the Mexican Environment '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The Council of Canadians '' . Canadians.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission for Environmental Cooperation . `` The NAFTA environmental agreement : The Intersection of Trade and the Environment '' . Cec.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PEJ News . `` Judge Rebuffs Challenge to NAFTA 'S Chapter 11 Investor Claims Process '' . Pej.org . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Methanex Corporation and United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 1.45 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Metalclad Corporation and The United Mexican States '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 120 KB ) Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada must learn from NAFTA legal battles '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quebec 's St. Lawrence fracking ban challenged under NAFTA '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stock : Lone Pine Resources '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Millán , Juan . `` North American Free Trade Agreement ; Invitation for Applications for Inclusion on the Chapter 19 Roster '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Politico Staff . `` Full transcript : First 2016 presidential debate '' . Politico . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jill Colvin , Trump : NAFTA trade deal a ' disaster , ' says he 'd ' break ' it , Associated Press ( September 25 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Thoma , Is Donald Trump right to call NAFTA a `` disaster '' ? , CBS News ( October 5 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Lilia ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` El Economista '' . Jump up ^ Eric Martin , Trump Killing NAFTA Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business ( October 1 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Bernie Sanders on taxes , trade agreements and Islamic State '' . PBS . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ( transcript of interview with Judy Woodruff ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` The TPP Must Be Defeated '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will Cabaniss for Punditfact . September 2 , 2015 How Bernie Sanders , Hillary Clinton differ on the Trans - Pacific Partnership Jump up ^ `` Canada , Mexico talked before making NAFTA overture to Trump '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Nafta , and How Might Trump Change It ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rappeport , Alan ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) . `` U.S. Calls for ' Much Better Deal ' in Nafta Overhaul Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. makes lower trade deficit top priority in NAFTA talks '' . Reuters . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` US calls for smaller deficits in new NAFTA talks '' . BBC News . 2017 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ John Ibbitson ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` US ambassador to Canada must mend an old friendship '' . Globe and Mail . p . A5 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Panetta ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. pro-NAFTA campaign ramps up to defend deal : Concerns in Congress heighten over ' potential catastrophe ' from withdrawal '' . Vancouver Sun . Canadian Press . Jump up ^ Laura Stone ; Robert Fife ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Canada , Mexico vow to remain at NAFTA negotiating table '' . Globe and Mail . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Journal , Julie Wernau Photographs by Mark Mahaney for The Wall Street ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Denim Dilemma '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What is NAFTA , and what would happen to U.S. trade without it ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Isfeld , Gordon ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Forget NAFTA , the TPP is the new ' gold standard ' of global trade '' . Financial Post . National Post . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Sri Jegarajah , Craig Dale , Leslie ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) . `` TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Inc. , Gallup , . `` Americans Split on Whether NAFTA Is Good or Bad for U.S. '' Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Redirecting ... '' heinonline.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the First Debate '' . The New York Times . 2016 - 09 - 27 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Affairs , Chicago Council on Global . `` Pro-Trade Views on the Rise , Partisan Divisions on NAFTA Widen Chicago Council on Global Affairs '' . www.thechicagocouncil.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Affairs , Chicago Council on Global . `` Pro-Trade Views on the Rise , Partisan Divisions on NAFTA Widen Chicago Council on Global Affairs '' . www.thechicagocouncil.org . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Opinion Briefing : North American Free Trade Agreement '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 30 . Further reading Edward J. Chambers , Peter H. Smith ( 2002 ) NAFTA in the new millennium . University of California , San Diego . Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies ISBN 0 - 88864 - 386 - 1 Maxwell A. Cameron , Brian W. Tomlin ( 2002 ) The making of NAFTA : how the deal was done . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8781 - 1 . Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott ( 2005 ) NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges Washington , D.C. : Institute for International Economics ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 M. Angeles Villarreal ( 2010 ) NAFTA and the Mexican Economy , Federation of American Scientists Congressional Research Service . RL34733 Berlin Forum on Global Politics ( June 2015 ) Reflecting on NAFTA to better understand TTIP A collaborative photography project External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American Free Trade Agreement . Official website Abbott , Frederick M. North American Free Trade Agreement , Case Law ( Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ) . NaftaNow.org , jointly developed by the Governments of Canada , Mexico and the United States of America . Office of the U.S. Trade Representative -- NAFTA statistics page U.S. Department of Agriculture NAFTA links page North American Free Trade Agreement , 1992 Oct. 7 at Project Gutenberg NAFTA document in World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solution GPTAD database library Trilateral relations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States North American integration Enacted Treaties North American Free Trade Agreement ( Agreement on Environmental Cooperation Agreement on Labor Cooperation ) Official bodies Active Commission for Environmental Cooperation North American Leaders ' Summit North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Defunct Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America ( North American Competitiveness Council ) Lobby groups Pro-integration : Independent Task Force on North America North American Forum Anti-integration : The Council of Canadians Theorized projects North American monetary union NAFTA superhighway North American Union North American energy independence Canada -- Mexico relations Canada -- United States relations Mexico -- United States relations United States free - trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic -- Central America Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA - DR ) North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Middle East Free Trade Area ( MEFTA ) Transatlantic Free Trade Area ( TAFTA ) Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA ) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership ( TTIP ) Suspended Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA ) ( no interest since 2005 ) Southern African Customs Union ( on hold since 2006 ) Thailand ( on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar ( on hold since 2006 ) Defunct or expired Canada ( became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada -- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) George H.W. 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who was the president when nafta was passed
[ "Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements, the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), to protect workers and the environment, and also allay the concerns of many House members. They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own.[citation needed] After much consideration and emotional discussion, the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17, 1993, 234–200. The agreement's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20, 1993, 61–38.[21] Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8, 1993; the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994.[22][23] Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that \"NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement.\"[24] NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada-US FTA." ]
[ "Clinton" ]
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Cancer survivor
Cancer survivor - wikipedia Cancer survivor Jump to : navigation , search A cancer survivor is a person with cancer of any type who is still living . Whether a person becomes a survivor at the time of diagnosis or after completing treatment , whether people who are actively dying are considered survivors , and whether healthy friends and family members of the cancer patient are also considered survivors , varies from group to group . Some people who have been diagnosed with cancer reject the term survivor or disagree with some definitions of it . How many people are cancer survivors depends on the definition used . Currently nearly 65 % of adults diagnosed with cancer in the developed world are expected to live at least five years after the cancer is discovered . In the U.S. for example , about 11 million Americans alive today -- one in 30 people -- are either currently undergoing treatment for cancer or have done so in the past . Many cancer survivors describe the process of living with and beating cancer as a life - changing experience . It is not uncommon for survivors to use the experience as opportunities for creative self - transformation into a `` better person '' or as motivation to meet goals of great personal importance , such as climbing a mountain or reconciling with an estranged family member . This process of posttraumatic growth is called benefit finding . Cancer survivors often have specific medical and non-medical needs related to their cancer experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and alternatives 2 Needs of cancer survivors 2.1 Psychosocial 2.1. 1 Returning to Life 2.1. 2 Ongoing effects 2.1. 3 Fear of cancer recurrence 2.1. 4 Survivorship 2.2 Physical 3 Adolescent and young adult survivors 3.1 Barriers to quality long - term follow - up care 3.2 Impact of Affordable Care Act on the AYA survivor population 4 Care 5 Family members 6 Notable cancer survivors 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definitions and alternatives ( edit ) Macmillan Cancer Support in the UK defines a cancer survivor as someone who is `` living with or beyond cancer '' , namely someone who : has completed initial cancer management and has no apparent evidence of active disease ; is living with progressive disease and may be receiving cancer treatment , but is not in the terminal phases of illness ; or has had cancer in the past . The National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship ( NCCS ) pioneered the definition of survivor as being any person diagnosed with cancer , from the time of initial diagnosis until his or her death . This expansive definition of `` survivor '' includes people who are dying from untreatable cancer . NCCS later expanded the definition of survivor even further to include family , friends and voluntary caregivers who are affected by the diagnosis in any way . The US National Cancer Institute 's Office of Cancer Survivorship uses a variant of this expanded definition . The word survivor is a loaded term . Within the breast cancer culture , survivorship is conferred upon women ( and men ) who are perceived as having suffered emotional or physical trauma , even if their breast cancer was a non-life - threatening pre-cancerous condition like LCIS or DCIS . The term tends to erase and degrade people who are dying of incurable cancer . This idea of survivorship emphasizes and values longevity of life after diagnosis , while overlooking issues of quality of life . Some people reject the term survivor as being a narrow conceptualization of highly variable human experiences . Alternatives include alivers and thrivers , which put emphasis on living as well as possible , despite limitations and disability . A third term , the diers , is used by some terminally ill patients who reject the claim that dying is part of survivorship or should be covered up with inappropriately optimistic language . The term previvor has been used to describe unaffected carriers . Unaffected carriers , or previvors , are those who have not diagnosed with cancer , but who know that they are likely to develop cancer due to certain genetic mutations that form a known cancer syndrome . They have a survived the predisposition , or higher risk , of cancer . As such , this is the first generation in human history who , armed with information about a predisposition to a cancer after opting into DNA testing , can make informed choices prior to cancer diagnosis . The typical previvor has tested positive for a BRCA mutation and learned that she is at high risk for developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer , and is attempting to manage that risk through a combination of increased surveillance through mammograms , breast MRIs , pelvic ultrasounds , oophorectomy , bilateral mastectomy , and other medical procedures . There has been much controversy over the term previvor , due to the fact that the name compares these healthy women to people have actually been diagnosed with invasive cancer . Needs of cancer survivors ( edit ) People who have finished cancer treatment often have psychological and physical medical challenges . These effects can vary from person to person , change over time , and range in intensity from mild and intermittent to fully disabling . They commonly include fatigue , pain , sleep problems , physical side effects like lymphoedema , weight gain , anxiety and depression , fear of cancer recurrence , and impaired quality of life . Psychosocial ( edit ) Returning to life ( edit ) If the treatment is lengthy and disruptive , many patients experience some difficulty in returning to normal daily life . The energy needed to cope with a rigorous treatment program may have caused them to disconnect from previous daily patterns , such as working , normal self - care , and housekeeping . A small number of patients become dependent on the attention and sympathy that they received during their treatment and feel neglected when life returns to normal . There are tremendous implications that cancer has on the relationships that survivors have with their loved ones ( particularly their partners ) once their cancer has been treated , and social support plays a critical role in their long - term emotional adjustment . Ongoing effects ( edit ) Some survivors , even if the cancer has been permanently cured , struggle emotionally from the trauma of having experienced a life - threatening disease . Cancer survivors suffer from more psychological distress than those who have never experienced cancer ( 5.6 % compared to 3.0 % ) Serious psychosocial distress was seen 40 % more among cancer survivors of five years or more than in those who have never had cancer . About 10 % develop major depressive disorder ; others experience an adjustment disorder . In young adult cancer survivors , one small study found that 20 % of participants met the full clinical diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) , and 45 % to 95 % displayed at least one symptom of PTSD . Survivors of adult cancer are at an increased risk of suicidal ideology ( having thoughts about suicide ) , while as many as 13 % of childhood cancer survivors experience suicidal ideology . Issues of pain and physical ailments have been hypothesized as major contributing factors in cancer survivors experiencing this suicidal ideology . Fear of cancer recurrence ( edit ) Patients whose cancer is in remission may still have to cope with the uncertainty that at any time their cancer could return without warning . After the initial treatment has ended , anxiety is more common among cancer survivors than among other people . This anxiety regarding the cancer 's return is referred to as fear of cancer recurrence . Many patients are anxious that any minor symptom indicates that the cancer has returned , with as many as 9 in 10 patients fearful that their cancer will recur or spread . In addition to the appearance of any new aches and pains , common triggers for a fear that the cancer may return include hearing that someone else has been diagnosed with cancer , annual medical exams to determine whether the cancer recurred and news stories about cancer . This anxiety leads to more medical check ups , which can be measured even after a period of up to ten years . This fear can have a significant impact on individual 's lives , resulting in difficulties in their daily life such as work and socialising , and difficulties planning for the future . Overall , fear of cancer recurrence is related to a reduced quality of life in cancer survivors While Fear of Cancer Recurrence ( FCR ) can be adaptive at low levels , high levels of FCR require psychological treatment . At present , there are no psychometrically sound measures of FCR , which makes research into the effectiveness of treatment protocols difficult to interpret . Treatments that are being investigated include : cognitive - behavioural therapy , Meta - cognitive therapy and Cognitive - existential group therapy and exercise . Survivorship ( edit ) The cultural ideal of a survivor may add to individual patients ' distress if the patient is unable or unwilling to live up to the ideal . The ideal survivor is bravely committed to mainstream medicine and optimistic or even certain of a physical cure . He or she is open about diagnosis and treatment and becomes an educated , empowered medical consumer . The ideal survivor , like a superwoman who simultaneously manages her home , family , and career , struggles valiantly to prevent cancer from affecting loved ones by appearing , behaving , and working as much as possible . Once the immediate crisis is past , the person may feel strongly pressured to donate time , money , and energy to cancer - related organizations . Above all , the ideal survivor does not die of cancer . People who publicly conform to this ideal are given social status and respect . Physical ( edit ) In terms of medical challenges , some survivors experience cancer - related fatigue , may have long - term side effects from cancer and its treatment , and may need extensive rehabilitation for mobility and function if aggressive surgery was required to remove the cancer . They may experience temporary or persistent post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment . Some young survivors lose their ability to have children . Cancer survivors frequently need medical monitoring , and some treatments for unrelated diseases in the future may be contraindicated . For example , a patient who has had a significant amount of radiation therapy may not be a good candidate for more radiation treatments in the future . To assist with these needs , `` survivor care plans '' have been promoted . These are personalized documents that describe the person 's diagnosis and treatment in detail , list common known side effects , and specifically outline the steps that the survivor should take in the future , ranging from maintaining a healthy weight to receiving specific medical tests on a stated schedule . Medical tests to determine whether the cancer has returned commonly provoke fears . Informally , this is called scanxiety , a portmanteau of scan and anxiety . A desire to avoid feeling this fear can prompt survivors to postpone or refuse tests . Survivors of childhood cancer have a life expectancy up to 28 % shorter than people in the general population . Therefore , there is a need to closely monitor these patients for much longer than usual . The Children 's Oncology Group recommends that monitoring should include periodic follow up and screening by a clinician familiar with these patients ' risks . Improving these patients ' longevity requires recognition and treatment of illnesses associated with late effects in the decades after therapy for childhood cancer . For example , survivors of childhood cancer may have more difficulty than typical with breastfeeding and require more support to undertake this health - promoting activity . Others experience various forms of heart disease . One challenge to achieving this goal is that childhood cancer survivors are both very adaptable and accustomed to denying difficulties ; as a result , they tend to minimize their symptoms . Therefore , internists may not give them all the attention they need and thus the actual help they may need . Symptom management , health promotion , specific attention to psychosocial needs , and surveillance for recurrence and specific late effects of treatment are helpful . Adolescent and young adult survivors ( edit ) Adolescent and young adult ( AYA ) survivors , often defined as being between the ages of 15 and 39 , have seen advancements in technology and modern medicine causing a dramatic increase in the number of AYA survivors . Prior to 1970 , being diagnosed with cancer during childhood was considered a universally fatal disease . From 1995 to 2000 , however , the 5 - year survival rate for children diagnosed with cancer was 80 % . Significant progress has been built in the last 25 years as there are now approximately 270,000 survivors of pediatric cancer in the U.S. , which translates to approximately 1 in every 640 young adults being a survivor of childhood cancer . However , as studies have shown , as patient needs increase , the likelihood of having an unmet need also increases . For the AYA population , 2 out of 3 childhood cancer survivors will develop 1 complication due to the therapy they received and 1 out of 3 will develop serious or life - threatening complications , meaning they will most likely need treatment and follow - up care . In addition , AYAs may experience greater difficulties adhering to treatment , which may negatively impact future outcomes . An AYA survivor faces a variety of issues as a result of their cancer diagnosis and treatment that are unique to their particular age group which differentiate their survivor population from the adult survivor population . For example , AYA survivors report that their education , employment , sexual functioning , marriage , fertility , and other life values are impacted by their cancer . Data show that AYA survivors have a much greater risk of getting a second primary malignancy as a side effect of the treatment for their original diagnosis . It is believed that AYAs have a much higher relative risk of developing a second primary cancer because the intensity of the treatment for their original diagnosis , typically including any combination of chemotherapy , surgery , and radiation , is much higher than the level of intensity given to patients over 40 . Furthermore , since AYA survivors are diagnosed and treated at such a young age , their length of time as a survivor is much longer than their adult counterparts , making it more likely they will face a second primary cancer in their lifetime . Barriers to quality long - term follow - up care ( edit ) Childhood cancer survivors , in particular , need comprehensive long - term follow - up care to thrive . One way this can be accomplished is through continuous follow - up care with a primary care physician who is trained to identify possible late effects from previous treatments and therapies . The Children 's Oncology Group ( COG ) has designed a set of survivorship guidelines that hope to aid both health care professionals and survivors themselves , in both the intricacies and basics of long - term follow - up care . The COG has guidelines for how a patient should put together their own `` treatment summary '' , so they can have their treatment history with them when they visit any health care provider . The COG suggests that a survivor include the following in his / her treatment summary : Name of disease , date of diagnosis , stage of disease , contact information of the clinics / hospitals where you received your care Names and doses of the chemotherapy and radiation you have received and the area of the body that was radiated Names and dates of any surgeries you have had If you have received a transplant , the type of transplant and where it was received and whether you developed any chronic Graft - versus - Host Disease Names and dates of any significant complications and treatment received for those complications With the treatment summary , experts hope that survivors will be better equipped to face the significant burden of maintaining quality follow - up care long after their original treatment . This is especially important for the AYA population , in particular , because they are typically facing major social changes regarding their relationship status , employment or education status , their insurance coverage , and even their place of residence , etc . Typically , most of these factors are pretty constant for the adult population and if they experience any changes , it would occur in one or two aspects of their life . However , with the AYA population , the period of time until they are 40 is when they are going to , for the majority of the population , undergo the most change . This reality underscores the importance of a smooth transition from child - centered to adult - focused health care services through which they are consistently managed . Impact of Affordable care act. on the AYA survivor population ( edit ) The US Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) in 2010 makes it illegal for health insurance providers to deny coverage for a pre-existing condition , such as previously having survived cancer . Young adults will now be required to have insurance coverage and , with a few exceptions , will be able to be covered under their parent 's coverage until the age of 26 as a dependent in their parent 's plan . Care ( edit ) Studies among endometrial cancer survivors show that satisfaction with information provided about the disease and treatment increases the quality of life , lowers depression and results in less anxiety . People who receive information on paper , compared to oral , indicate that they receive more information and are more satisfied about the information provided . The American Institute of Medicine and the Dutch Health Council recommend the use of a Survivorship Care Plan ; which is a summary of a patient 's course of treatment , with recommendations for subsequent surveillance , management of late effects , and strategies for health promotion . Cancer survivors are encouraged to meet the same guidelines for physical activity as the rest of the population . Increased physical activity reduces both all - cause and cancer - specific mortality in breast and colo - rectal cancer survivors . Physical activity improves quality of life among a range of cancer survivors and may also assist with cancer - related fatigue and common co-morbidities . Diet can also impact long - term mortality , with evidence across various cancer types . However , adherence to diet and exercise recommendations among cancer survivors is often poor . Digital behaviour change interventions can be successful at increasing physical activity and may also help with diet in cancer survivors . Family members ( edit ) Family members can be significantly affected by the cancer experience of their loved ones . For parents of children with cancer , finishing treatment can be a particularly vulnerable time . In the post-treatment period , some parents may experience increases in anxiety , depression and feelings of helplessness . Evidence - based psychological interventions tailored to the needs of parents of childhood cancer survivors may assist parents in resuming their normal lives after their child has finished treatment . Spouses of cancer survivors are more likely than other people to experience anxiety in the years after their partner 's successful treatment . 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Retrieved 2 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Husson O. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The relation between information provision and health - related quality of life , anxiety and depression among cancer survivors : a systematic review '' . Ann Oncol. 22 : 761 -- 772 . doi : 10.1093 / annonc / mdq413 . PMC 3065875 . PMID 20870912 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Nicolaije K.A. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Endometrial cancer survivors are unsatisfied with received information about diagnosis , treatment and follow - up : A study from the population - based PROFILES registry '' . Patient education and counseling . 88 ( 3 ) : 427 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pec. 2012.05. 002 . PMID 22658248 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Van de Poll - Franse L.V. ; et al. 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Jump up ^ Girgis , Afaf ; Lambert , Sylvie ; Johnson , Claire ; Waller , Amy ; Currow , David ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Physical , Psychosocial , Relationship , and Economic Burden of Caring for People With Cancer : A Review '' . Journal of Oncology Practice. 9 ( 4 ) : 197 -- 202 . doi : 10.1200 / JOP. 2012.000690 . ISSN 1554 - 7477 . PMC 3710169 . PMID 23942921 . Jump up ^ Wakefield , Claire E. ; Drew , Donna ; Ellis , Sarah J. ; Doolan , Emma L. ; McLoone , Jordana K. ; Cohn , Richard J. ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) . `` ' What they 're not telling you ' : a new scale to measure grandparents ' information needs when their grandchild has cancer '' . Patient Education and Counseling. 94 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 355 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pec. 2013.10. 030 . ISSN 1873 - 5134 . PMID 24315159 . Jump up ^ Wijnberg - Williams , Barbara J. ; Kamps , Willem A. ; Klip , Ed C. ; Hoekstra - Weebers , Josette E.H.M. 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External links ( edit ) Patient Guide on Survivorship at Esmo.org by the European Society for Medical Oncology Information about survivorship at Cancer.Net by the American Society of Clinical Oncology National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cancer_survivor&oldid=830079821 '' Categories : Oncology Cancer survivors Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Edit links This page was last edited on 12 March 2018 , at 16 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is a breast cancer patient considered a survivor
[ "Macmillan Cancer Support in the UK defines a cancer survivor as someone who is \"living with or beyond cancer\", namely someone who:" ]
[ "\"living with or beyond cancer\"" ]
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System of a Down
System of a Down - Wikipedia System of a Down This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search For the eponymous album from this band , see System of a Down ( album ) . `` Soad '' redirects here . For other uses , see Soad ( disambiguation ) . This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Swedish . ( November 2016 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . ( show ) Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . Upon the translation you must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by noting your translation and providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . You should also add to the talk page the template ( ( Translated page ) ) . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . System of a Down System of a Down live in Wantagh , New York on August 5 , 2012 Background information Also known as SOAD System Origin Glendale , California , U.S. Genres Alternative metal nu metal hard rock progressive metal Years active 1994 -- 2006 2010 -- present Labels Sony Music American Columbia Associated acts Scars on Broadway Website systemofadown.com Members Serj Tankian Daron Malakian Shavo Odadjian John Dolmayan Past members Andy Khachaturian System of a Down , sometimes shortened to System and abbreviated as SOAD , is an Armenian - American heavy metal band from Glendale , California , formed in 1994 . The band currently consists of Serj Tankian ( lead vocals , keyboards ) , Daron Malakian ( vocals , guitar ) , Shavo Odadjian ( bass , backing vocals ) and John Dolmayan ( drums ) . The band achieved commercial success with the release of five studio albums , three of which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . System of a Down has been nominated for four Grammy Awards , and their song `` B.Y.O.B. '' won the Best Hard Rock Performance of 2006 . The group briefly disbanded in August 2006 and reunited in November 2010 , embarking on a tour for the following three years . System of a Down has sold over 40 million records worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Soil ( 1992 -- 94 ) 1.2 Demo tapes and signing ( 1994 -- 97 ) 1.3 Self - titled album ( 1998 -- 2000 ) 1.4 Toxicity and Steal This Album ! ( 2001 -- 03 ) 1.5 Mezmerize , Hypnotize and separation ( 2004 -- 06 ) 1.6 Reunion and touring ( 2010 -- 2015 ) 1.7 Planned sixth studio album ( 2016 -- present ) 2 Musical style , lyricism , and influences 2.1 Lyricism 2.2 Music 2.3 Influences and comparison to other artists 3 Awards and nominations 4 Members 5 Discography 6 References 7 External links History Soil ( 1992 -- 94 ) Serj Tankian and Daron Malakian attended Rose and Alex Pilibos Armenian School as children , although due to their eight - year age difference they did not meet until 1992 while working on separate projects at the same recording studio . They formed a band named Soil with Tankian on vocals and keyboards , Malakian on vocals and guitar , Dave Hakopyan ( who later played in The Apex Theory / Mt . Helium ) on bass and Domingo `` Dingo '' Laranio on drums . The band hired Shavo Odadjian ( another Rose and Alex Pilibos alumnus ) as manager , although he eventually joined Soil as rhythm guitarist . In 1994 , after only one live show , and one jam session recording , Hakopyan and Laranio left the band , feeling that it was not going anywhere . Demo tapes and signing ( 1994 -- 97 ) After Soil split up , Tankian , Odadjian , and Malakian formed a new band , System of a Down . The group took its name from a poem that Malakian had written titled `` Victims of a Down '' . The word `` victims '' was changed to `` system '' because Odadjian believed that it would appeal to a much wider audience and also because the group wanted their records to be alphabetically shelved closer to their musical heroes , Slayer . Odadjian switched from guitar to bass and passed on his managerial duties to Velvet Hammer Music and Management Group and its founder David `` Beno '' Benveniste . The band recruited drummer Ontronik `` Andy '' Khachaturian , an old school friend of Malakian 's and Odadjian 's who had played with Malakian in a band called Snowblind during their teens . In early 1995 , System played as `` Soil '' at the Cafe Club Fais Do - Do , a nightclub in Los Angeles . Shortly after the event , System of a Down made what is known as Untitled 1995 Demo Tape , which was not commercially released but appeared on file sharing networks around the time of the band 's success with Toxicity about six years later . Demo Tape 2 was released in 1996 . At the beginning of 1997 , System of a Down recorded their final publicly released demo tape , Demo Tape 3 . In mid-1997 , drummer Khachaturian left the band because of a hand injury ( he subsequently co-founded The Apex Theory , which included former Soil bassist Dave Hakopyan ) . Khachaturian was replaced by John Dolmayan . The band 's first official release of a professionally recorded song was on a collection called Hye Enk ( `` we 're Armenian '' in English ) , an Armenian Genocide recognition compilation , in 1997 . Soon after playing at notable Hollywood clubs such as the Whisky - A-Go - Go and Viper Room the band caught famed producer Rick Rubin 's attention who asked them to keep in touch with him . Showing great interest , the group recorded Demo Tape 4 near the end of 1997 . Unlike the previous demo tapes , however , Demo Tape 4 was made only to be sent to record companies ( although it has since been leaked onto the internet ) . Rubin signed the group onto his American / Columbia Records , and System of a Down began to record in Rubin 's studio with engineer Sylvia Massy , laying down tracks that would eventually be released on their debut album . Also in 1997 , the group won the Best Signed Band Award from the Rock City Awards . Self - titled album ( 1998 -- 2000 ) In June 1998 , System of a Down released their debut album , System of a Down . They enjoyed moderate success as their first singles `` Sugar '' and `` Spiders '' became radio favorites and the music videos for both songs were frequently aired on MTV . After the release of the album , the band toured extensively , opening for Slayer and Metallica before making their way to the second stage of Ozzfest . Following Ozzfest , they toured with Fear Factory and Incubus before headlining the Sno - Core Tour with Puya , Mr. Bungle , The Cat and Incubus providing support . In November 1998 , System of a Down appeared on South Park 's Chef Aid album , providing the music for the song `` Will They Die 4 You ? '' Near the end of the song Tankian can be heard saying , `` Why must we kill our own kind ? '' a line that would later be used in the song `` Boom ! '' Although System of a Down is credited on the album , South Park character Chef does not introduce them as he does every other artist featured on the record . System of a Down 's former drummer , Ontronik Khachaturian , briefly reunited with the band at a show at The Troubadour in 1999 , filling in on vocals for an ill Tankian . In 2000 , the band contributed their cover of the Black Sabbath song `` Snowblind '' to the Black Sabbath tribute album Nativity in Black 2 . Toxicity and Steal This album ! ( 2001 -- 03 ) Guitarist Daron Malakian met Serj Tankian for the first time in 1993 before forming the band a year later . On September 3 , 2001 , System of a Down had planned on launching their second album at a free concert in Hollywood as a `` thank you '' to fans . The concert , which was to be held in a parking lot , was set up to accommodate 3,500 people ; however , an estimated 7,000 to 10,000 fans showed up . Because of the large excess number of fans , the performance was cancelled by police officers just before the group took the stage . No announcement was made that the concert had been cancelled . Fans waited for more than an hour for the group to appear , but when a banner hanging at the back of the stage that read `` System of a Down '' was removed by security , the audience rushed the stage , destroying all the band 's touring gear ( approximately $30,000 worth of equipment ) and began to riot , throwing rocks at police , breaking windows , and knocking over portable toilets . The riot lasted six hours , during which six arrests were made . The band 's manager , David `` Beno '' Benveniste , later said that the riot could have been avoided if the group had been permitted to perform or had they been allowed to make a statement at the concert regarding the cancellation . System of a Down 's scheduled in - store performance the next day was cancelled to prevent a similar riot . The group 's big break arrived when their second album , Toxicity , debuted at No. 1 on the American and Canadian charts , despite the events of September 11 . The album has eventually achieved 3x multi-platinum certification in the US and has since sold over 12 million copies worldwide . It was still on top in America during the week of the September 11 , 2001 attacks and the political environment caused by the attacks added to the controversy surrounding the album 's hit single `` Chop Suey ! '' The song was taken off the radio as it contained politically sensitive lyrics according to the 2001 Clear Channel memorandum at the time such as `` ( I do n't think you ) trust in my self - righteous suicide . '' Regardless , the video gained constant play on MTV as did the album 's second single , `` Toxicity '' . Even with the controversy surrounding `` Chop Suey ! '' ( which earned a Grammy nomination ) , System of a Down still received constant airplay in the United States throughout late 2001 and 2002 with `` Toxicity '' and `` Aerials '' . In May 2006 , VH1 listed `` Toxicity '' in the number 14 slot in the 40 Greatest Metal Songs . In 2001 , the band went on tour with Slipknot throughout the United States and Mexico . Following a performance in Grand Rapids , Michigan , Odadjian was allegedly harassed , ethnically intimidated , and was physically assaulted by security guards backstage , who then dragged him out of the venue . Odadjian received medical attention from police and later filed a suit against the security company . Despite the incident , the tour was a success and System of a Down and Slipknot went on the Pledge of Allegiance Tour with Rammstein in 2001 . In late 2001 , unreleased tracks from the Toxicity sessions made their way onto the internet . This collection of tracks was dubbed Toxicity II by fans . The group released a statement that the tracks were unfinished material and subsequently released the final versions of the songs as their third album , Steal This Album ! , which was released in November 2002 . Steal This Album ! resembled a burnable CD that was marked with a felt - tip marker . 50,000 special copies of the album with different CD designs were also released , each designed by a different member of the band . The name of the album is a reference to Abbie Hoffman 's counter-culture book , Steal This Book as well as a message to those who leaked the songs onto the internet . The song `` Innervision '' was released as a promo single and received constant airplay on alternative radio . A video for `` Boom ! '' was filmed with director Michael Moore as a protest against the War in Iraq . Mezmerize , Hypnotize and separation ( 2004 -- 06 ) Serj Tankian has gained a reputation for his large vocal range along with his unusual delivery . Between 2004 and 2005 , the group recorded the follow - up to Steal This Album ! , a double album , which they released as separate installments six months apart from each other . The releases notably included album cover artwork by Malakian 's father , Vartan Malakian , and were designed to connect the two separate album covers . The first album , Mezmerize , was released on May 17 , 2005 to favorable reviews by critics . It debuted at No. 1 in the United States , Canada , Australia and all around the world , making it System of A Down 's second No. 1 album . First week sales rocketed to over 800,000 copies worldwide . The Grammy Award - winning single `` B.Y.O.B. '' , which questions the integrity of military recruiting in America , worked its way up the Billboard Modern Rock and Mainstream Rock charts . The next single , `` Question ! '' was released with Shavo Odadjian co-directing the music video . Following the release of Mezmerize , the band toured extensively throughout the United States and Canada with The Mars Volta and Bad Acid Trip supporting . The second part of the double album , Hypnotize , was released on November 22 , 2005 . Like Mezmerize , it debuted at No. 1 in the US , making System of a Down , along with The Beatles , Guns N ' Roses , and rappers 2Pac and DMX , the only artists to ever have two studio albums debut at No. 1 in the same year . In February 2006 , System of a Down won the Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance for `` B.Y.O.B. '' , beating out other established artists such as Nine Inch Nails and Robert Plant . Their second single off the Hypnotize album , `` Lonely Day '' was released in March in the United States . System of a Down released `` Kill Rock ' N Roll '' and `` Vicinity of Obscenity '' as their next promo singles . The band headlined Ozzfest 2006 in cities where tour founder Ozzy Osbourne opted not to appear or was not playing on the main stage ( with the exception of the show at Randall 's Island , where Ozzy Osbourne headlined the second stage before System of a Down 's performance that night ) . Whereas on System of a Down 's previous albums most of the lyrics were written and sung by Tankian and the music was co-written by Tankian and Malakian ( and sometimes Odadjian ) , much of the music and lyrics on Mezmerize / Hypnotize were written by Malakian who also took on a much more dominant role as vocalist on both albums , often leaving Tankian providing keyboards and backing vocals . System of a Down 's song `` Lonely Day '' was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance in the 49th Grammy Awards in 2007 , but lost to `` Woman '' by Wolfmother . May 2006 saw the UK publication of a biography of the band entitled System of a Down : Right Here in Hollywood by writer Ben Myers . It was published in the US in 2007 through The Disinformation Company . Also in 2006 , concert footage and interviews with the band concerning the importance of helping create awareness and recognition of the Armenian Genocide were featured in the film Screamers , directed by Carla Garapedian . An interview with Tankian 's grandfather , a survivor of the Genocide , was also included in the film as well as Tankian 's and Dolmayan 's meeting with ( then ) Speaker of the House Dennis Hastert during which the two musicians campaigned for the United States government 's official recognition of the Genocide . Footage of Tankian and Dolmayan marching with protesters outside the Turkish embassy in Washington D.C. was also used in Screamers . In May also , the band announced they were going on hiatus . Malakian confirmed the break would probably last a few years , which Odadjian specified as a minimum of three years in an interview with Guitar magazine . He told MTV , `` We 're not breaking up . If that was the case , we would n't be doing this Ozzfest . We 're going to take a very long break after Ozzfest and do our own things . We 've done System for over ten years , and I think it 's healthy to take some rest . '' System of a Down 's final performance before their separation took place on August 13 , 2006 in West Palm Beach , Florida . `` Tonight will be the last show we play for a long time together , '' Malakian told the crowd during Sunday 's last performance . `` We 'll be back . We just do n't know when . '' During the band 's hiatus , Malakian formed a band called Scars on Broadway , which was joined by Dolmayan . After one self - titled album the project became dormant and Dolmayan has since left the band . Dolmayan , alongside working with Scars on Broadway , formed his own band , Indicator , as well as opened Torpedo Comics , an online comic book store . Odadjian pursued his project with RZA of Wu - Tang Clan , a hip - hop group named AcHoZeN , worked on his urSESSION website / record label , and performed as a member of funk legend George Clinton 's backing band . Tankian opted for solo career and released his debut solo album Elect the Dead in the autumn of 2007 . He has continued releasing solo albums , recording them almost by himself , after System of a Down reunited . Reunion and touring ( 2010 -- 2015 ) On November 29 , 2010 , following several weeks of Internet rumors , System of a Down officially announced that they would be reuniting for a string of large European festival dates in June 2011 . Among the announced tour dates included UK 's Download Festival , Switzerland 's Greenfield Festival , Germany 's Rock am Ring / Rock im Park , Sweden 's Metaltown , Austria 's Nova Rock Festival and Finland 's Provinssirock . The reunion tour commenced on May 10 , 2011 in Edmonton , Alberta . System 's first tour through Mexico and South America began on September 28 , 2011 in Mexico City , ending in Santiago ( Chile ) on October 7 , 2011 . From late February to early March 2012 , they headlined five dates at Soundwave festival . This was the band 's first visit to Australia since 2005 . The band have continued playing around the world . On August 11 and 12 , 2012 , they played the Heavy MTL and Heavy T.O. music festivals in Montreal and Toronto , respectively . In August 2013 System of a Down played at the UK 's Reading and Leeds Festivals , among other festivals and venues that year . System of a Down played their only 2013 US performance at the Hollywood Bowl on July 29 ; tickets sold out hours after going on sale on March 22 . On November 23 , 2014 , System of a Down announced the Wake Up The Souls Tour to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide . The tour included a free concert in Republic Square in Yerevan , Armenia on April 23 , 2015 , their first show in the country . Planned sixth studio album ( 2016 -- present ) In a November 2016 interview with Kerrang ! , drummer John Dolmayan revealed that System of a Down has been working on more than a dozen songs for their follow - up to the Mezmerize and Hypnotize albums . He stated , `` We 've been working on a new album for the last six months and there 's about 15 songs that I think are album - worthy . '' Although Dolmayan stated that the band does not know when the album will be released , he added that , `` I want everyone on board and feeling good about it . That 's what we 're trying to accomplish right now . There 's a tremendous amount of pressure on us , though , because it 's been 11 years -- at least 12 by the time it comes out . '' In a video question - and - answer session with fans on July 2 , 2017 , Shavo Odadjian was asked about the status of the next album , he responded , `` I 'm waiting for a new album too . It 's not happening . I do n't know . I do n't know when it 's gon na be . Not right now . '' Musical style , lyricism , and influences Lyricism System of a Down 's lyrics are often oblique or dadaist , and have discussed topics such as drug abuse , politics and sexual intercourse . `` Prison Song '' criticizes the War on Drugs whereas Rolling Stone describes `` Roulette '' as a `` scared , wounded love letter '' . `` Boom ! '' , among the band 's most straightforward and unambiguous songs , lambasts globalization and spendings on bombs and armament . Commenting on the track `` I-E-A-I-A-I-O '' , drummer John Dolmayan said it was inspired by an encounter he had with Knight Rider 's actor David Hasselhoff in a liquor store in Los Angeles when he was around 12 . On Mezmerize , `` Cigaro '' makes explicit references to phallic imagery and bureaucracy , while `` Violent Pornography '' harshly views television and degradation of women . System of a Down 's discontent towards the controversial Iraq War arises in `` B.Y.O.B. '' , which includes a double entendre reference to both beer and bombs , containing the forthright lyric `` Why do n't presidents fight the war ? Why do they always send the poor ? '' `` Old School Hollywood '' describes a celebrity baseball game . On their album `` Hypnotize '' , `` Tentative '' describes war , `` Hypnotize '' refers to the Tiananmen Square events and `` Lonely Day '' describes angst . The album title Steal This Album ! is a play on the book Steal This Book by left - wing political activist Abbie Hoffman . System of a Down 's firm commitment for the recognition of the Armenian Genocide emerges in two songs : `` P.L.U.C.K. '' and `` Holy Mountains '' , which rank among the band 's most political songs . Music Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic stated `` Like many late - ' 90s metal bands System of a Down struck a balance between ' 80s underground thrash metal and metallic early - ' 90s alternative rockers like Jane 's Addiction '' . System of a Down 's music has variously been termed alternative metal , nu metal , hard rock , progressive metal , thrash metal , art rock and avant - garde metal . Malakian has stated that `` We do n't belong to any one scene '' and that `` I do n't like the nu - metal drop - A 7 - string guitar sound ; it is not my thing , at least not yet . '' In interview with Mike Lancaster , he also said , `` People always seem to feel the need to put us into a category , but we just do n't fit into any category . '' According to Tankian , `` As far as arrangement and everything , ( our music ) is pretty much pop . To me , System of a Down is n't a progressive band . ( ... ) But it 's not a typical pop project , obviously . We definitely pay attention to the music to make sure that it 's not something someone 's heard before . '' The band has used a wide range of instruments , such as electric mandolins , baritone electric guitars , acoustic guitars , ouds , sitars and twelve string guitars . According to Malakian , he would often write songs in E ♭ tuning , which would later be changed to drop C tuning in order to be performed by the band . Malakian states that `` For me , the drop - C tuning is right down the center . It has enough of the clarity and the crisp sound -- most of our riffy stuff is done on the top two strings , anyway -- but it 's also thicker and ballsier . '' Influences and comparison to other artists The band 's influences include Middle Eastern music , Ozzy Osbourne , Dead Kennedys , Frank Zappa , Slayer , Kiss , Mr. Bungle and Van Halen . One reviewer claimed that their music encompasses different sounds , from sounding like `` Fugazi playing Rush '' to sometimes `` tread ( ing ) close to Frank Zappa territory . '' Malakian has stated that `` I 'm a fan of music . I 'm not necessarily a fan of any one band . '' Dolmayan stated `` I do n't think we sound like anybody else . I consider us System of a Down . '' Odadjian stated `` You can compare us to whoever you want . I do n't care . Comparisons and labels have no effect on this band . Fact is fact : We are who we are and they are who they are . '' Awards and nominations Main article : List of awards and nominations received by System of a Down System of a Down has been nominated for four Grammy Awards , of which has won one in 2006 for Best Hard Rock Performance for the song `` B.Y.O.B. '' The band has also been nominated for several Kerrang ! and MTV awards . Members Current members Serj Tankian -- lead vocals , keyboards , rhythm guitar ( 1994 -- present ) Daron Malakian -- lead guitar , vocals ( 1994 -- present ) Shavo Odadjian -- bass , backing vocals ( 1994 -- present ) John Dolmayan -- drums ( 1997 -- present ) Former members Andy Khachaturian -- drums ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Occasional contributors Arto Tunçboyacıyan -- percussion , composition ( on Toxicity : `` Science '' and `` ATWA '' . Steal This Album ! : `` Bubbles '' and some live concerts in 2005 ) Timeline Discography Main article : System of a Down discography Studio albums System of a Down ( 1998 ) Toxicity ( 2001 ) Steal This Album ! ( 2002 ) Mezmerize ( 2005 ) Hypnotize ( 2005 ) References Jump up ^ McKenna , Dave ( May 13 , 2005 ) . `` System of a Down : Some Very Heavy Metal '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Ben . System Of A Down : Right Here In Hollywood ( 2007 ) , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` OnTroniK : System of a Down Information '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With David ' Beno ' Benveniste '' . lamusicblog.com . March 13 , 2011 . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rock City Awards 1997 '' . rockcitynews.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SYSTEM ADDICTS START RIOT '' . September 4 , 2001 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ RIAA album certifications : System of a Down - Toxicity Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( March 10 , 2003 ) . `` System Of A Down Bassist Sues Security Team For Humiliating Him In Front Of Fans '' . MTV . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Lancaster ( March 28 , 2003 ) . `` The Daron Malakian Interview '' . Glendale High School Newspaper - the Explosion . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` System of a Down Make It a Double with Chart - Topping Hypnotize '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` System of a Down Are n't Breaking Up -- They 're Going on Hiatus '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` West Palm Beach , FL -- August 13 , 2006 Review '' . soadfans.com . July 13 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Karan , Tim ( November 29 , 2010 ) . `` System Of A Down to reunite , headline Download Festival '' . Alternative Press . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ChartAttack Staff ( March 1 , 2011 ) . `` System Of A Down Announce North American Dates With Gogol Bordello '' . ChartAttack . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ System of a Down Tours Jump up ^ `` Soundwave Festival 2012 '' . Soundwavefestival.com . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Heavy TO and Heavy MTL Return with System of a Down , Slipknot , Marilyn Manson , Cancer Bats , High on Fire Jump up ^ System Of A Down , Fall Out Boy , Foals and more confirmed for 2013 ! Archived June 9 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` System of a Down reunite for `` Wake Up the Souls '' tour `` . Consequenceofsound.net . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down Drummer And Singer Offer Different Versions Of Where Band Stands With Respect To New Music '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New SYSTEM OF A DOWN Album ' Is Not Happening ' Right Now , Says SHAVO ODADJIAN '' . Blabbermouth.net . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivadavia , Eduardo ( September 4 , 2001 ) . `` Toxicity - System of a Down '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Begrand , Adrien . `` System of a Down : Mezmerize '' . PopMatters.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Loftus , Johnny ( May 17 , 2005 ) . `` Mezmerize - System of a Down '' . AllMusic . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( January 17 , 2015 ) . `` System of a Down '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : System of a Down : Steal This Album : Music Reviews '' . Web.archive.org . November 19 , 2002 . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` NME Reviews - System Of A Down : Steal this Album '' . Nme.com . September 12 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartmann , Graham ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` System of a Down 's John Dolmayan Reveals Lyrical Inspiration for ' I-E-A-I-A-I-O ' '' . Loudwire . Townsquare Media . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sinclair , Tom . `` Mezmerize '' . EW.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` System of a Down : Mezmerize / Hypnotize Album Reviews '' . Pitchfork.com . November 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : System of a Down : Mezmerize : Music Reviews '' . Web.archive.org . June 2 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Picks and Pans Review : System of a Down '' . People.com . June 27 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Begrand , Adrien . `` System of a Down : Hypnotize '' . PopMatters.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USATODAY.com - System of a Down zooms way up with ' Hypnotize ' '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . November 21 , 2005 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` System of a Down : Hypnotize : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Web.archive.org . November 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down - Hypnotize - Review '' . Stylusmagazine.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` System 's Stolen Tracks Compiled On Steal This Album '' . MTV.com . October 16 , 2002 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Milner , Greg ( June 20 , 2003 ) . `` System of a Down , ' Steal This Album ! ' Review '' . Spin.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Biography of System of a Down '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Web Dept ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Choose System of a Down 's Set List This Summer '' . Revolver . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` System Of A Down , Deftones Team For Summer Tour '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim . `` Top 10 Rock Albums of the ' 00s '' . About.com . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciaretto , Amy ( July 28 , 2003 ) . `` Loud Rock '' . CMJ New Music Report ( 824 ) : 23 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Udo , Tommy ( 2002 ) . Brave Nu World . Sanctuary Publishing . pp. 183 -- 185 , 242 . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 415 - X . Jump up ^ Weisbard , Eric , ed. ( 2004 ) . This is Pop : in Search of the Elusive at Experience Music Project . Harvard University Press . p. 220 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01344 - 1 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( September 10 , 2004 ) . `` Top Ten Nu - Metal Bands '' . Stylus Magazine . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grebey , James ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Watch System of a Down 's Full First - Ever Concert in Armenia '' . Spin . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bella , Sarah ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Serj Tankian Nixes Talk of New System of a Down Album '' . Music Feeds . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Marc ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` System of a Down Hint at New Album After Denying Internal Drama '' . Spin . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` System Of A Down To Headline Ozzfest '' . Billboard . January 29 , 2002 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lullaby Versions Of SYSTEM OF A DOWN Due This Week '' . Blabbermouth.net . October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serpick , Evan ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` System of a Down -- Prog - metal Radicals '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cridlin , Jay ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` System of a Down 's Serj Tankian coming to the Mahaffey Theater in St. Petersburg '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` System Of A Down Top Billboard With Mezmerize '' . MTV News . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down set for NZ show '' . The New Zealand Herald . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down '' . Guitar Techniques . December 2015 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boughen , Brendan ( August 31 , 2003 ) . `` Serart '' . The Phantom Tollbooth . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archive Biography '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert . `` Reviews of System of a Down '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Chris ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` System Of A Down Mezmerize NYC With Crushing 90 - Minute Gig '' . MTV . Viacom International . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Steve ( August 26 , 2005 ) . `` Pounding out a blistering attack : System of a Down lashes out at Hollywood , war , and hypocrisy '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Megan ( 2004 ) . `` Daron 's Guitar Tunings '' . Wired : musicians ' home studios : tools & techniques of the musical mavericks . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 87930 - 794 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : DeRogatis , Jim ( September 14 , 2001 ) . `` They 're an Armenian band '' . The Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` System of a Down biography '' . 8notes.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Nalbandian , Bob . `` Interview with System of a Down '' . Shockwaves Online . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Candellari , Gianni . `` System of a Down : Rabbia armena '' . Ondarock ( in Italian ) . Jump up ^ Prato , Greg ( July 7 , 2005 ) . Zappas Making Zappa Film . Rolling Stone ... Retrieved on November 13 , 2008 Jump up ^ Chad Childers ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Serj Tankian Says System of a Down Bandmate Daron Malakian First Turned Him on to Metal '' . Loudwire . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( September 3 , 2001 ) . `` Review of Toxicity '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Many musical influences in System of a Down '' . Long Beach Press - Telegram . August 3 , 2005 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official System of a Down MySpace '' . myspace.com/soad . Retrieved July 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toxicity ( booklet ) . System of a Down . Los Angeles : American Recordings. 2001 . 86059 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to System of a Down . Official website ( hide ) System of a Down Daron Malakian Serj Tankian Shavo Odadjian John Dolmayan Ontronik `` Andy '' Khachaturian Studio albums System of a Down Toxicity Steal This Album ! Mezmerize Hypnotize Singles `` Sugar '' `` Chop Suey ! '' `` Toxicity '' `` Aerials '' `` B.Y.O.B. '' `` Question ! '' `` Hypnotize '' `` Lonely Day '' `` Vicinity of Obscenity '' Promo Singles `` Spiders '' `` Prison Song / X '' `` Johnny '' `` Innervision '' `` Boom ! '' `` Cigaro '' `` Violent Pornography '' `` Kill Rock ' n Roll '' Tours Reunion Tour Wake Up The Souls Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Axis of Justice Rick Rubin `` Charades '' Cool Gardens Glaring Through Oblivion Screamers Serart Artists Scars on Broadway Achozen Buckethead & Friends The F.C.C. Mt . Helium VoKee Fair to Midland Labels American Recordings Columbia Records Velvet Hammer Music and Management Group Serjical Strike Records Categories System of a Down Members Albums Songs Book : System of a Down Category : System of a Down Portal : Heavy metal VIAF : 123362620 LCCN : no2001035640 ISNI : 0000 0001 2105 5332 GND : 10329276 - 7 SUDOC : 087933225 BNF : cb14027110d ( data ) MusicBrainz : cc0b7089 - c08d - 4c10 - b6b0 - 873582c17fd6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=System_of_a_Down&oldid=800739501 '' Categories : System of a Down Musical groups disestablished in 2006 Musical groups reestablished in 2010 1994 establishments in California American alternative metal musical groups American progressive metal musical groups Armenian rock music groups Art rock musical groups Columbia Records artists Grammy Award winners Hard rock musical groups from California Heavy metal musical groups from California Kerrang ! Awards winners Musical groups established in 1994 Musical groups from Los Angeles Musical quartets Musicians from Glendale , California Nu metal musical groups from California Thrash metal musical groups from California Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2014 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles to be expanded from November 2016 All articles to be expanded Featured articles needing translation from Swedish Wikipedia Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Use mdy dates from April 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 07 . 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where did system of a down come from
[ "System of a Down, sometimes shortened to System and abbreviated as SOAD, is an Armenian-American heavy metal band from Glendale, California, formed in 1994. The band currently consists of Serj Tankian (lead vocals, keyboards), Daron Malakian (vocals, guitar), Shavo Odadjian (bass, backing vocals) and John Dolmayan (drums).[1]" ]
[ "Glendale, California" ]
-8035214467031673605
Chancellor Family
Chancellor family - wikipedia Chancellor family Chancellor family The Young and the Restless family Created by William J. Bell Introduced by John Conboy Duration 1973 -- First appearance November 1973 The Chancellors are fictional characters and a core family from the CBS Daytime soap opera , The Young and the Restless . Since their introduction in 1973 , the family has mainly been represented by Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) and her feud with her husband Phillip II ( Donnelly Rhodes ) 's young mistress Jill Foster ( Jess Walton ) . After years of feuding , Jill and Katherine form a bond and Kay becomes a mother figure to Jill , and a grandmother to Jill 's sons . The family is currently represented by Jill , her son Billy Abbott ( Jason Thompson ) , and his children and Katherine 's own grandchildren Devon Hamilton ( Bryton James ) and Mackenzie Browning ( Kelly Kruger ) . Contents 1 Family members 1.1 First Generation 1.2 Second Generation 1.3 Third Generation 1.4 Fourth Generation 1.5 In - Laws 2 Family tree 3 Chancellor Industries 3.1 Chancellor divisions 3.2 Chancellor subsidiaries 3.3 Personnel 3.4 Former personnel 4 References 5 External links Family members ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) The history of the Chancellor family is deeply rooted in the history of Genoa City , which was founded by Civil War hero Garfield Dandridge Chancellor . In 1973 Garfield 's great - great - grandson , Phillip Chancellor II , was running Chancellor Industries . He resided in the Chancellor mansion with his alcoholic and promiscuous wife Katherine ( Kay ) . The two barely communicated with each other as husband and wife , and the lonely Phillip , driven to distraction by Katherine 's obsessive behavior , sought refuge in the company of Katherine 's young and beautiful paid companion , Jill Foster . Phillip and Jill fell in love , Jill was a virgin but became pregnant the one and only time they made love . Phillip obtained a divorce from Katherine in the Dominican Republic , but Katherine got her revenge by picking Phillip up from the airport on his return , and drove him off a cliff when he refused to give her another chance . Phillip married Jill on his deathbed in order to provide for her and their unborn child . However , Katherine later had Phillip 's divorce from her invalidated , on the basis she was drunk when she signed the divorce papers , which automatically annulled Phillip and Jill 's marriage . So Katherine was reinstated as Phillip 's legal widow . Phillip 's affair with Jill Foster produced a son , Phillip III . The stage was set for a long and bitter feud between the two women that would continue for decades . Katherine Chancellor ( Jeanne Cooper ) Born on October 25 , 1928 as Katherine Shepherd , and known affectionately as Kay , Katherine marries high school and college sweetheart Gary Reynolds . Together they have one son , Brock . When Brock and Gary are out of the country , Katherine has an affair with Gary 's golfing buddy , Arthur Hendricks and later gives birth to his son , Tucker , who she secretly gave up for adoption without even seeing him . After Gary 's passing , Katherine marries Phillip Chancellor . However , Katherine and Phillip 's unhappy marriage is upended by Jill Foster who gets pregnant with his child . The two women would fight over everything from men to children for the next four decades . Katherine was remarried in 2009 to Patrick Murphy . Katherine dies on August 1 , 2013 at the age of 84 . Second generation ( edit ) Brock Reynolds ( Beau Kazer ) Brock is Katherine 's son with her first husband , Gary Reynolds . When Brock is first introduced as a rebellious college aged kid , wasting his inheritance in Europe , with childhood friend , Lorie Brooks . After Gary 's passing and Katherine 's remarriage , Brock 's rebellion started with wild sex and drugs . Brock comes in and out of his mother 's life over the years . In 1974 , Brock returned home a changed man and a minister . He also has a brief marriage to Jill Foster . Brock obtains a law degree while living in Paris . Brock has one child with former lover , Amanda Browning , Mackenzie who comes to Genoa City in 1999 . Brock currently resides in New Orleans where he volunteers rebuilding homes for the victims of Hurricane Katrina . He is the chairman of the Chancellor Foundation , and also a singer . Tucker McCall ( Stephen Nichols ) Tucker is Katherine 's illegitimate son with Judge Arthur Hendricks given away at birth by a drunken Katherine . Former rock and roll manager , Tucker comes to Genoa City in 2009 and steals the company out from under his mother . Tucker immediately clashes with wealthy businessman and Katherine 's close friend , Victor Newman . He marries Ashley Abbott , and after a brief coma is reunited with his illegitimate son , Devon , with former music groupie , Yolanda Hamilton . Devon and Tucker 's relationship starts off rocky , but they eventually start to bond . Tucker also has a relationship with Jill and helps her find her biological family . Tucker and Katherine 's relationship has many ups and downs , but they eventually reconcile before he relocates to Hong Kong in 2013 . Tucker was with Katherine and Murphy when his mother passed . Phillip Chancellor III ( Thom Bierdz ) Born on December 25 , 1975 , Phillip III is Phillip II 's son with Jill Foster . Despite the feud between Jill and Katherine , Phillip bonds with both women . Phillip spends majority of his life in boarding schools . In 1986 , the 16 - year - old Phillip returns home when his mother gets shot . Katherine and Jill battle for his affections . Meanwhile , Phillip falls for Cricket Blair , but is seduced by the scheming Nina Webster and father 's her son , Phillip IV . Phillip and Nina marry in 1989 and he dies from injuries sustained in a car accident a month later . However , in 2009 , Phillip reveals that he faked his death to escape the pressure of living up to the Chancellor name . He also admits to being gay . Phillip currently lives in Australia . Third generation ( edit ) Mackenzie Browning Hellstrom ( Kelly Kruger ) Born on December 30 , 1983 , Mackenzie is first introduced as homeless teenager staying at the Genoa City shelter where she meets Katherine . The runaway was eventually revealed to be Brock 's daughter with Amanda Browning . Mackenzie , known affectionately as Mac falls for Billy Abbott , and they marry but the marriage is quickly annulled when the two are mistakenly led to believe they are cousins . Mac later falls for J.T. Hellstrom , during his marriage and they conceive a child which Mackenzie miscarries . Mackenzie stands in as the surrogate mother for Cane and Lily Ashby 's twins . Mackenzie is the former owner of Crimson Lights , and Jimmy 's Bar . Mackenzie and J.T. marry in November 2010 when they learn she is pregnant . The couple then relocates to Washington , D.C. where they give birth to son , Dylan `` D.J. '' Hellstrom in 2011 . When Katherine passes away , Mackenzie is unable to attend the funeral . Devon Hamilton ( Bryton James ) Born on February 7 , 1988 , Devon is first introduced as a troubled teenager at the Genoa City Rec Center . Lily Winters and billionaire Victor Newman take a liking to Devon ; Victor even considers adopting him . Instead , Devon is adopted by Neil and Drucilla , Lily 's parents . Devon has trouble adjusting to being in a stable family unit , but when he finally does , Devon becomes very protective of his family . Between 2006 and 2007 , Devon contracts meningitis and loses his hearing completely . He later gets a cochlear implant surgery . From 2007 to 2013 , Devon has an enduring romance with Roxanne . In 2011 , Devon is discovered to be Katherine and Judge Arthur Hendrick 's grandson , and Tucker is his biological father . Though he initially wants nothing to do with Katherine and Tucker , the group eventually work through their differences and form relationships . He also reconnects with his estranged biological mother , Yolanda . Upon Katherine 's passing , Devon inherits half of her estate . From 2013 to 2014 , Devon falls in love with Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) , and they start an affair despite her marriage to Neil . They married in August 2015 and divorce in April 2017 . Phillip `` Chance '' Chancellor IV ( John Driscoll ) Born on March 15 , 1988 , Phillip Chancellor IV is the son of Phillip III and Nina Webster . In 2009 , Phillip returns to Genoa City all grown up and reunites with his father first time since his presumed dead in 1989 . Now known as Chance , Phillip IV struggles to accept his father while he falls for Chloe Abbott . Chance and Chloe become engaged but the relationship eventually ends . However , he later loses his virginity to Chloe . Chance also becomes involved with Heather Stevens . In 2010 , Chance meets his half - brother , FBI Agent Ronan Malloy for the first time . In late 2010 , Chance fakes his death with Ronan 's help in order to bring down a crime ring . After revealing himself , Chance leaves town to start military intelligence training at The Pentagon . Fourth generation ( edit ) Dylan `` D.J. '' Hellstrom Born on June 21 , 2011 in Washington , D.C. , Dylan is the son of J.T. and Mackenzie Hellstrom . Mackenzie learns she is pregnant in late 2010 . She and J.T. marry and later leave town . Becca Hellstrom Becca is the daughter of J.T. and Mackenzie Hellstrom . In - Laws ( edit ) Jill Fenmore Atkinson ( Jess Walton ) - Brock 's wife ( 1975 ) and later Phillip II 's wife . ( 1975 ) Derek Thurston ( Joe Ladue ) - Katherine 's husband . ( 1977 -- 81 ) Rex Sterling ( Quinn Redeker ) - Katherine 's husband . ( 1988 -- 90 , 1992 -- 94 ) Nina Webster ( Tricia Cast ) - Phillip 's wife . ( 1989 ) Billy Abbott ( Ryan Brown ) - Mackenzie 's husband . ( 2003 ) Patrick Murphy ( Michael Fairman ) ( 2009 -- 13 ) Ashley Abbott ( Eileen Davidson ) - Tucker 's wife . ( 2011 -- 12 ) J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) - Mackenzie 's husband . ( 2010 -- 18 ) Hilary Curtis ( Mishael Morgan ) - Devon 's wife . ( 2015 -- 17 , 2018 ) Family tree ( edit ) Legend Lines Boxes Dashed = Romance / Marriage Solid = Child Character is currently on the Show Character not on the Show Character is deceased or presumed dead Garfield Dandridge Chancellor Mrs. Chancellor Phillip Chancellor I Mrs. Chancellor Gary Reynolds Arthur Hendricks Katherine Chancellor Phillip Chancellor II Jill Fenmore Brock Reynolds Amanda Browning Tucker McCall Yolanda Hamilton Phillip Chancellor III Nina Webster Mackenzie Browning J.T. Hellstrom Devon Hamilton Chance Chancellor D.J. Hellstrom Becca Hellstrom Chancellor Industries ( edit ) Chancellor Industries Type Public Predecessor Newman - Chancellor Industires Founder Phillip Chancellor Headquarters 1000 Market Street Genoa City , Wisconsin , United States Number of locations Chicago , Illinois Key people Jill Fenmore Atkinson ( Chairperson ) Cane Ashby ( CEO ) Owner Jill Fenmore Atkinson Divisions Chancellor Construction Chancellor Entertainment Subsidiaries Organic Life Bio Link Chancellor Industries ( CI ) was a major design - and - engineering conglomerate , headquartered in Genoa City , Wisconsin . Before his death , Phillip Chancellor II supervised all of the company 's holdings , including the factory in Genoa City where Liz Foster worked . After Phillip 's death , Katherine relied on good friend Victor Newman to keep an eye on things , and on Mitchell Sherman for legal advice . In later years Jill Foster Abbott , Neil Winters , and Cane Ashby all acted as CEO . For a brief period Katherine hired Jack Abbott as CEO . It was also the parent company of Jabot Cosmetics . The company was referred to as a sleeping giant according to former CEO Jack Abbott , CI was `` financially capable and always without scandal . '' For a couple years CI was wholly owned subsidiary of Tucker McCall Unlimited when Katherine 's long lost son , billionaire business mogul Tucker McCall assumed ownership via a hostile takeover . Tucker eventually sold Katherine majority ownership of CI under pressure from Victor Newman . A couple of weeks after Katherine 's funeral , on September 27 , 2013 , Victor Newman received a letter from Katherine leaving him Chancellor Industries . Her letter to him read : My Dear friend Victor , by the time you read this , you will have learned of my passing . I lived a long and colorful life and have no regrets about entering the next phase of my journey , save one . I wanted to ensure the longevity of my beloved Chancellor Industries . That is why I 've decided to name you the sole owner of the company . I hope you will accept this gift in the loving spirit in which it was given . Love , Katherine . As the new majority shareholder and Chairman of Chancellor Industries , Victor immediately plans a merger between Chancellor and Newman Enterprises . The new company is titled Newman - Chancellor Industries . Victor was having cash management issues due to some bad acquisitions , so it became necessary for him to sell Chancellor Industries . He gave Jill an exclusive opportunity before putting it on the market , acknowledging `` If Katherine would want the company to go to anyone but me , I think it would be Jill . '' On February 2 , 2015 Jill Foster Abbott bought Chancellor Industries from Victor Newman . Currently Jill Foster Abbott Atkinson is the sole owner of Chancellor Industries . Cane Ashby is its CEO . Katherine 's grandson Devon Hamilton loaned Jill some of the money for the purchase initially because of a blackmail attempt by Jill 's husband , and Cane 's father Colin Atkinson . But later Devon gave the money of his own free will explaining `` You know , Jill , Katherine gave me this money to do what I want with it , and what I want is for you and Cane to have the company . I really do . As long as Colin has nothing to do with it . Chancellor divisions ( edit ) Chancellor Plant Chancellor Tool & Die Chancellor Construction Chancellor Entertainment Life Chancellor subsidiaries ( edit ) Bio Link Organic Life Northwestern Publishing Bonaventure Industries Personnel ( edit ) Jill Fenmore Atkinson ( Chairperson of the Board of Directors ) Cane Ashby ( CEO ) Mitchell Sherman ( General Counsel ) Karen Fowler ( Legal Department ) Former personnel ( edit ) Phillip Chancellor , Sr. ( founder ) Phillip Chancellor II ( owner , chairman and CEO ) Katherine Chancellor ( owner , chairwoman and CEO ) Rex Sterling ( former Executive ) Jack Abbott ( former CEO ) Jill Foster Abbott ( former CEO ) Neil Winters ( former CEO ) Roger Wilkes ( former Accountant ) Tucker McCall ( former minority Shareholder ) Victor Newman ( former Chairman of the Board ) Victoria Newman ( former Chief Executive Officer ; Shareholder - Newman Enterprises ) Nick Newman ( former Shareholder - Newman Enterprises ) Abby Newman ( former Shareholder - Newman Enterprises ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ name = Special Silver Anniversary Collector 's Edition . The Young and the Restless ( 1998 ) Family trees . The Chancellors p. 196 ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Katherine Chancellor '' . Soap Central . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Loss of Katherine Chancellor '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Pictures Television . August 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Brock Reynolds '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Tucker McCall '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nancy M. Reichardt ( April 8 , 1989 ) . `` What Happened This Week On Your Favorite Soap Operas '' . Chicago Tribune . Tony W. Hunter . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday , May 26 , 2009 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Pictures Television . May 26 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Phillip Chancellor III '' . Soap Central . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless . Season 26 . Episode 6809 . Friday , January 28 , 2000 . January 28 , 2000 . CBS . Back at the Chancellor 's , Brock is upset to realize that he missed Mac 's 16th birthday on December 30 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : Who 's Who in Genoa City Mackenzie Browning '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless . Season 32 . Episode 8321 . Tuesday , February 7 , 2006 . February 7 , 2006 . CBS . At the Winters ' apartment , Devon came out of his room to find Neil and Dru have decorated the living room for a surprise 18th birthday party . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Devon Hamilton '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday , March 15 , 2011 '' . The Young and the Restless . Sony Pictures Television ' / CBS . March 15 , 2011 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nancy M. Reichardt ( March 19 , 1988 ) . `` What ` s Happening On Your Favorite Soaps '' . Chicago Tribune . Tony W. Hunter . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who in Genoa City : Phillip Chancellor IV '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maria Arena Bell ( Executive producer ) ; Maria Arena Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner ( Head writers ) ; Habib Azar ( Director ) ; Janice Ferri Esser ( Script writer ) ( June 20 , 2011 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 39 . Episode 9677 . CBS . Jump up ^ Maria Arena Bell ( Executive producer ) ; Maria Arena Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner ( Head writers ) ; Dean Lamont ( Director ) ; Sandra Weintraub ( Script writer ) ( June 21 , 2011 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 39 . Episode 9678 . CBS . Jump up ^ Sally Sussman and Mal Young ( Executive producers ) ; Sally Sussman ( Head writer ) ; Owen Renfroe ( Director ) ; Rebecca Taylor McCarty ( Script writer ) ( January 4 , 2017 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 44 . Episode 11080 . CBS . Jump up ^ Mal Young ( Executive producer ) ; Mal Young ( Head writer ) ; Michael Eilbaum ( Director ) ; Janice Ferri Esser ( Script writer ) ( December 13 , 2017 ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 45 . Episode 11299 . CBS . Jump up ^ The Young and Restless Special Silver Anniversary Collector 's Edition p. 238 Jump up ^ Y&R Transcript 2 / 2 / 15 Episode # 10595 Jump up ^ Y&R Transcript 2 / 2 / 15 Episode # 10595 External links ( edit ) Soapcentral - Chancellor family The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chancellor_Family&oldid=853379311 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless families The Young and the Restless characters Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 10 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who played katherine chancellor's son on y&r
[ "Brock Reynolds (Beau Kazer) Brock is Katherine's son with her first husband, Gary Reynolds. When Brock is first introduced as a rebellious college aged kid, wasting his inheritance in Europe, with childhood friend, Lorie Brooks. After Gary's passing and Katherine's remarriage, Brock's rebellion started with wild sex and drugs. Brock comes in and out of his mother's life over the years. In 1974, Brock returned home a changed man and a minister. He also has a brief marriage to Jill Foster. Brock obtains a law degree while living in Paris. Brock has one child with former lover, Amanda Browning, Mackenzie who comes to Genoa City in 1999. Brock currently resides in New Orleans where he volunteers rebuilding homes for the victims of Hurricane Katrina. He is the chairman of the Chancellor Foundation, and also a singer.[4]\nTucker McCall (Stephen Nichols) Tucker is Katherine's illegitimate son with Judge Arthur Hendricks given away at birth by a drunken Katherine. Former rock and roll manager, Tucker comes to Genoa City in 2009 and steals the company out from under his mother. Tucker immediately clashes with wealthy businessman and Katherine's close friend, Victor Newman. He marries Ashley Abbott, and after a brief coma is reunited with his illegitimate son, Devon, with former music groupie, Yolanda Hamilton. Devon and Tucker's relationship starts off rocky, but they eventually start to bond. Tucker also has a relationship with Jill and helps her find her biological family. Tucker and Katherine's relationship has many ups and downs, but they eventually reconcile before he relocates to Hong Kong in 2013. Tucker was with Katherine and Murphy when his mother passed.[5]\nPhillip Chancellor III (Thom Bierdz) Born on December 25, 1975, Phillip III is Phillip II's son with Jill Foster. Despite the feud between Jill and Katherine, Phillip bonds with both women. Phillip spends majority of his life in boarding schools. In 1986, the 16-year-old Phillip returns home when his mother gets shot. Katherine and Jill battle for his affections. Meanwhile, Phillip falls for Cricket Blair, but is seduced by the scheming Nina Webster and father's her son, Phillip IV. Phillip and Nina marry in 1989 and he dies from injuries sustained in a car accident a month later.[6][7] However, in 2009, Phillip reveals that he faked his death to escape the pressure of living up to the Chancellor name. He also admits to being gay. Phillip currently lives in Australia.[8]", "Brock Reynolds (Beau Kazer) Brock is Katherine's son with her first husband, Gary Reynolds. When Brock is first introduced as a rebellious college aged kid, wasting his inheritance in Europe, with childhood friend, Lorie Brooks. After Gary's passing and Katherine's remarriage, Brock's rebellion started with wild sex and drugs. Brock comes in and out of his mother's life over the years. In 1974, Brock returned home a changed man and a minister. He also has a brief marriage to Jill Foster. Brock obtains a law degree while living in Paris. Brock has one child with former lover, Amanda Browning, Mackenzie who comes to Genoa City in 1999. Brock currently resides in New Orleans where he volunteers rebuilding homes for the victims of Hurricane Katrina. He is the chairman of the Chancellor Foundation, and also a singer.[4]\nTucker McCall (Stephen Nichols) Tucker is Katherine's illegitimate son with Judge Arthur Hendricks given away at birth by a drunken Katherine. Former rock and roll manager, Tucker comes to Genoa City in 2009 and steals the company out from under his mother. Tucker immediately clashes with wealthy businessman and Katherine's close friend, Victor Newman. He marries Ashley Abbott, and after a brief coma is reunited with his illegitimate son, Devon, with former music groupie, Yolanda Hamilton. Devon and Tucker's relationship starts off rocky, but they eventually start to bond. Tucker also has a relationship with Jill and helps her find her biological family. Tucker and Katherine's relationship has many ups and downs, but they eventually reconcile before he relocates to Hong Kong in 2013. Tucker was with Katherine and Murphy when his mother passed.[5]\nPhillip Chancellor III (Thom Bierdz) Born on December 25, 1975, Phillip III is Phillip II's son with Jill Foster. Despite the feud between Jill and Katherine, Phillip bonds with both women. Phillip spends majority of his life in boarding schools. In 1986, the 16-year-old Phillip returns home when his mother gets shot. Katherine and Jill battle for his affections. Meanwhile, Phillip falls for Cricket Blair, but is seduced by the scheming Nina Webster and father's her son, Phillip IV. Phillip and Nina marry in 1989 and he dies from injuries sustained in a car accident a month later.[6][7] However, in 2009, Phillip reveals that he faked his death to escape the pressure of living up to the Chancellor name. He also admits to being gay. Phillip currently lives in Australia.[8]" ]
[ "Beau Kazer", "Stephen Nichols" ]
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(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay
( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay - wikipedia ( Sittin ' on ) the Dock of the Bay Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Dock of the Bay ( disambiguation ) . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' Single by Otis Redding from the album The Dock of the Bay B - side `` Sweet Lorene '' ( Volt issue ) `` Keep Your Arms Around Me '' ( Atco reissue ) Released January 8 , 1968 Format Vinyl record Recorded November 22 and December 7 , 1967 Studio Stax Studios , Memphis , Tennessee Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 2 : 38 Label Volt Atco V - 157 Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding singles chronology `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Knock on Wood '' ( 1967 ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' ( 1968 ) `` The Happy Song ( Dum Dum ) '' ( 1968 ) Music video `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' on YouTube `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper . It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967 , including once just days before his death in a plane crash . The song was released on Stax Records ' Volt label in 1968 , becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US . It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart . Redding started writing the lyrics to the song in August 1967 , while sitting on a rented houseboat in Sausalito , California . He completed the song with the help of Cropper , who was a Stax producer and the guitarist for Booker T. & the M.G. 's . The song features whistling and sounds of waves crashing on a shore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Charts 1.1. 1 Weekly charts 1.1. 2 Year - end charts 2 Later versions 3 Reception 3.1 Universal success 3.2 Legacy 3.2. 1 Other cover versions 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Origins ( edit ) While on tour with the Bar - Kays in August 1967 , Redding wrote the first verse of the song , under the abbreviated title `` Dock of the Bay , '' on a houseboat at Waldo Point in Sausalito , California . He had completed his famed performance at the Monterey Pop Festival just weeks earlier . While touring in support of the albums King & Queen ( a collaboration with female vocalist Carla Thomas ) and Live in Europe , he continued to scribble lines of the song on napkins and hotel paper . In November of that year , he joined producer and guitarist Steve Cropper at the Stax recording studio in Memphis , Tennessee , to record the song . In a September 1990 interview on NPR 's Fresh Air , Cropper explained the origins of the song : Otis was one of those the kind of guy who had 100 ideas . ( ... ) He had been in San Francisco doing The Fillmore . And the story that I got he was renting boathouse or stayed at a boathouse or something and that 's where he got the idea of the ships coming in the bay there . And that 's about all he had : `` I watch the ships come in and I watch them roll away again . '' I just took that ... and I finished the lyrics . If you listen to the songs I collaborated with Otis , most of the lyrics are about him . ( ... ) Otis did n't really write about himself but I did . Songs like `` Mr. Pitiful , '' `` Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa - Fa ( Sad Song ) '' ; they were about Otis and Otis ' life . `` Dock of the Bay '' was exactly that : `` I left my home in Georgia , headed for the Frisco Bay '' was all about him going out to San Francisco to perform . Together , they completed the music and melancholy lyrics of `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay . '' From those sessions emerged Redding 's final recorded work , including `` Dock of the Bay , '' which was recorded on November 22 , with additional overdubs on December 7 . Redding 's restrained yet emotive delivery is backed by Cropper 's memorably succinct guitar playing . The song is somewhat different in style from most of Redding 's other recordings . While discussing the song with his wife , Redding stated that he had wanted to `` be a little different '' with `` The Dock of the Bay '' and `` change his style '' . There were concerns that `` The Dock of the Bay '' had too much of a pop feel for an Otis Redding record , and contracting the Stax gospel act the Staple Singers to record backing vocals was discussed but never carried out . Redding had considered the song to be unfinished and planned to record what he considered a final version , but never got the chance . The song features a whistled tune heard before the song 's fade . It was originally performed by Redding , who ( according to Cropper ) had `` this little fadeout rap he was gon na do , an ad - lib . He forgot what it was so he started whistling . '' Redding continued to tour after the recording sessions . On December 10 , his charter plane crashed into Lake Monona , outside Madison , Wisconsin . Redding and six others were killed . After Redding 's death , Cropper mixed `` Dock of the Bay '' at Stax Studios . He added the sound of seagulls and waves crashing to the background , as Redding had requested , recalling the sounds he heard when he was staying on the houseboat . The fade - out whistling was originally recorded by Redding and was re-recorded by his bandleader , Sam `` Bluzman '' Taylor . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 7 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Canada 44 UK 38 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Later versions ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' 7 '' single cover Single by Sammy Hagar B - side `` I 've Done Everything for You '' Released 1979 Format 7 '' single Recorded May 1979 Genre Rock Length 3 : 03 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Carter `` ( Sittin ' on ) The Dock of the Bay '' 7 '' single cover Single by Michael Bolton B - side `` Call My Name '' Released Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock adult contemporary Length 3 : 50 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Steve Cropper Otis Redding Producer ( s ) Jonathan Cain Keith Diamond Susan Hamilton This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Dock of the Bay '' has been hugely popular , even after its stay at the top of the charts . The song has been recorded by many artists , from Redding 's peers , like Glen Campbell , Cher , Peggy Lee , David Allan Coe , Bob Dylan , Don Partridge , Percy Sledge , Dee Clark , and Sam & Dave , to artists in various genres , including Jimmy Velvit ( whose cover version was included on his 2001 Grammy - nominated album Sun Sea & Sand ) , Widespread Panic ( who opened their New Year 's Eve 2005 concert with the song ) , Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson ( whose duet peaked at number 13 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart ) , Kenny Rankin , Dennis Brown , Michel Pagliaro , Jacob Miller , Pearl Jam , the Format , T. Rex ( as the B - side of `` Dreamy Lady '' , released in 1975 ) , Brent Smith of Shinedown ( during an acoustic set in 2008 and with Zach Myers in a 2014 EP ) , Justin Nozuka ( 2007 ) , Sara Bareilles ( 2008 ) , and Garth Brooks ( for the 2013 Blue - Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots : Five Decades of Influences compilation ) . Playing for Change recorded a version featuring Grandpa Elliott and other performers . Sammy Hagar released a version of the song as a non-album single in 1979 . His version features the song 's co-writer , Steve Cropper , on guitar and members of the band Boston -- Brad Delp , Sib Hashian and Barry Goudreau -- on backup vocals . Producer John S. Carter had the track recorded in May 1979 with Cropper , bassist Leland Sklar and drummer Alvin Taylor . Later , he added Hagar 's vocals with background harmonies by the three members of Boston , with whom Hagar had just toured . Although the single was a modest hit for Hagar , peaking at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 , he considered it Carter 's efforts to manufacture a pop top 40 pop hit despite Hagar 's heavy metal roots . Hagar and Cropper 's work on the song was rated the thirty - seventh worst guitar solo in history by Pitchfork in 1998 . The song was not released on an album until 1992 , when it appeared on The Best of Sammy Hagar . The B - side of Hagar 's single was the first release of his studio version of `` I 've Done Everything for You '' . Michael Bolton included the song on his 1987 album The Hunger . His version peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Zelma Redding , Otis 's widow , said she was so moved by Bolton 's performance `` that it brought tears to my eyes . It reminded me so much of my husband that I know if he heard it , he would feel the same . '' In a framed letter that hangs on the wall of Bolton 's office , she referred to the record as `` my all - time favorite version of my husband 's classic . '' In April 2013 , Justin Timberlake performed the song as part of a tribute to Memphis soul music at the `` In Performance '' concert series performed at the White House . The series was attended by President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama . Reception ( edit ) Many who first heard the final version had doubts about the song , the sound , and the production . Among the skeptics were Phil Walden and Jim Stewart . Redding accepted some of the criticisms and fine - tuned the song . He reversed the opening , which was Redding 's whistling part , and put it at the end as suggested . `` The Dock of the Bay '' was released early in 1968 and topped the charts in the US and UK . Billboard ranked the record as the number 4 song for 1968 . Universal success ( edit ) `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was released in January 1968 , shortly after Redding 's death . R&B stations quickly added the song to their playlists , which had been saturated with Redding 's previous hits . The song shot to number one on the R&B charts in early 1968 and , starting in March , topped the pop charts for four weeks . The album , which shared the song 's title , became his largest - selling to date , peaking at number four on the pop albums chart . `` Dock of the Bay '' was popular in countries across the world and became Redding 's most successful record , selling more than four million copies worldwide . The song went on to win two Grammy Awards : Best R&B Song and Best Male R&B Vocal Performance . Legacy ( edit ) Redding 's body of work at the time of his death was immense , including a backlog of archived recordings as well as those created in November and December 1967 , just before his death . In mid-1968 , Stax Records severed its distribution contract with Atlantic Records , which retained the label 's back catalog and the rights to the unreleased Otis Redding masters . Through its Atco subsidiary ( Atco had distributed Otis Redding 's releases from Stax 's Volt label ) , Atlantic issued three more albums of new Redding material , one live album , and eight singles between 1968 and 1970 . Reprise Records issued a live album featuring Redding and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival . Both studio albums and anthologies sold well in America and abroad . Redding was especially successful in the United Kingdom , where The Dock of the Bay went to number one , becoming the first posthumous album to reach the top spot there . In 1999 , BMI named the song as the sixth-most performed song of the twentieth century , with about six million performances . Rolling Stone ranked The Dock of the Bay number 161 on its 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , the third of five Redding albums on the list . `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' was ranked twenty - eighth on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the second - highest of four Redding songs on the list , after `` Respect '' . Jim Morrison made reference to `` Dock of the Bay '' in the Doors ' song `` Runnin ' Blue '' , written by Robby Krieger , from their 1969 album The Soft Parade . Morrison sings an a capella intro for the song , singing directly about Otis Redding . `` Poor Otis dead and gone , left me here to sing his song , pretty little girl with a red dress on , poor Otis dead and gone . '' And during the verse , the lyrics `` Got to find a dock and a bay '' appear more than once ; as well as several other references to Redding 's song . Other cover versions ( edit ) In addition to the original Otis Redding version , several other versions have charted on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . King Curtis 's version charted for five weeks starting in March 1968 and peaked at number 84 ( during the same month , the original was number one ) . A year later , Sergio Mendes & Brasil ' 66 's version charted for five weeks starting in June 1969 and peaked at number 66 . Sammy Hagar 's version charted for five weeks starting in April 1979 , peaking at number 65 . The Reddings , who included two of Otis Redding 's sons , released a version which charted for nine weeks starting in June 1982 and peaked at number 55 . Michael Bolton 's rendition charted for 17 weeks starting in January 1988 and peaked at number 11 , making it the highest - charting cover version . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bowman , Rob ( 2007 ) . Liner Notes for Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Story ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , CA : Reelin ' in the Years Productions / Concord Music Group . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 51 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase three , soul music at the summit . ( Part 7 ) : UNT Digital Library '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Rose Lichter - Marck ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The undying soul of Otis '' . The Daily Holdings , Inc . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dock of the Bay origin / meaning '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Cropper , Steve ( September 18 , 1990 ) . `` Guitarist , songwriter and producer Steve Cropper '' . Fresh Air ( Interview ) . Interview with Terry Gross . NPR . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 -- via WHYY - FM . Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` Otis Redding -- Biography '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Henry , Mike ( 1 January 2013 ) . `` Black History : More Than Just a Month '' . Rowman & Littlefield -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 1999 , p. 394 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Sullivan 2013 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Bowman 1997 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Perrone , Pierre ( February 16 , 2009 ) . `` Sam Taylor : Blues man who provided the whistling on ' Dock of the Bay ' '' . independent.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand -- search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History -- Otis Redding '' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Otis Redding -- Charts & Awards '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display -- RPM -- Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1968 - UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1968 / Top 100 Songs of 1968 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` David Allan Coe -- Dock Of The Bay '' . Discogs . Jump up ^ Album `` Don Partridge '' , EMI Columbia Records SCX 6280 ( 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : Hagar , Sammy ; Selvin , Joel ( 2011 ) . Red : My Uncensored Life in Rock . HarperCollins . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 200928 - 1 . Jump up ^ Liner notes . Sammy Hagar . The Best of Sammy Hagar . Capitol CDP 0777 7 80262 2 8 . 1992 . Jump up ^ Michael Sandlin . `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos of the Millennium '' . Reprint of `` Top 50 Worst Guitar Solos in Music History '' . Pitchfork. 28 October 1998 . Archived January 25 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` People Are Talking About ... `` . Jet . January 18 , 1988 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Bolton : ' How Black Music Changed My Life ' '' . Ebony . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlosser , Kurt ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Timberlake bares his soul with Otis Redding cover at White House '' . today.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 486 . Jump up ^ Otfinoski 2003 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ `` Honors '' . Otis Redding Official Website . Retrieved October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 1 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman 1997 , pp. 138 - 142 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 Top 40 Official UK Albums Archive 22nd June 1968 '' . London : The Official Charts Company . 2010 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Announces Top 100 Songs of the Century '' . at BMI.com. 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 25 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Archived from the original on 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles : 1955 -- 2002 . Record Research , 2004 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bowman , Rob ( 1997 ) . Soulsville U.S.A. : The Story of Stax Records . New York , NY : Schirmer Trade . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8256 - 7284 - 2 . OCLC 36824884 . Guralnick , Peter ( 1999 ) . Sweet Soul Music : Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 33273 - 6 . OCLC 41950519 . Otfinoski , Steven ( 2003 ) . African Americans in the Performing Arts ( A to Z of African Americans ) . New York , NY : Facts on File . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 4807 - 6 . OCLC 49558659 . Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Lanham , MD : Lanham : Scarecrow Press , Inc . ISBN 0 - 810 - 88296 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Love is Blue '' by Paul Mauriat Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 16 , 1968 Succeeded by `` Honey '' by Bobby Goldsboro Preceded by `` We 're a Winner '' by The Impressions Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles number one single March 16 -- 30 , 1968 Succeeded by `` ( Sweet Sweet Baby ) Since You 've Been Gone '' by Aretha Franklin Otis Redding Studio albums Pain in My Heart The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads Otis Blue The Soul Album Complete & Unbelievable : The Otis Redding Dictionary of Soul King & Queen ( duet album w / Carla Thomas ) Posthumous albums The Immortal Otis Redding Love Man Tell the Truth Live albums Live in Europe In Person at the Whisky a Go Go Monterey International Pop Festival Good to Me : Live at the Whisky a Go Go , Vol. 2 Compilation albums The History of Otis Redding The Dock of the Bay The Best of Otis Redding Remember Me The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 1 Otis ! The Definitive Otis Redding The Very Best of Otis Redding , Vol. 2 Dreams to Remember : The Otis Redding Anthology Singles ( US / UK Top Ten singles ) `` These Arms of Mine '' `` Mr. Pitiful '' `` I 've Been Loving You Too Long '' `` Respect '' `` Satisfaction '' `` My Lover 's Prayer '' `` Try a Little Tenderness '' `` Tramp '' `` Knock on Wood '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` The Happy Song ( Dum - Dum ) '' `` I 've Got Dreams to Remember '' `` Papa 's Got a Brand New Bag '' ( Live ) . `` You Left the Water Running '' Related topics Discography Songs Albums Shake ! Otis at Monterey Steve Cropper Booker T. & the M.G. 's Carla Thomas Stax Deep Soul Soul `` Otis '' ( song ) Andrew Love Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Asked Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Willie Nelson singles discography 1950s and 1960s 1957 `` No Place For Me '' / `` Lumberjack '' 1959 `` Man With the Blues '' / `` The Storm Has Just Begun '' 1960 `` What a Way to Live '' / `` Misery Mansion '' `` Nite Life '' / `` Rainy Day Blues '' 1961 `` The Part Where I Cry '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1962 `` Willingly '' / `` Chain of Love '' `` Touch Me '' / `` Where My House Lives '' `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' / `` There 's Gonna Be Love In My House '' `` You Dream About Me '' / `` Is This My Destiny '' 1963 `` Half a Man '' / `` The Last Letter '' `` Take My Word '' / `` Feed it a Memory '' 1964 `` How Long is Forever '' / `` You Took My Happy Away '' `` Am I Blue '' / `` There 'll Be No Teardrops Tonight '' `` River Boy '' / `` Opportunity to Cry '' `` I Never Cared For You '' / `` You Left Me ( A Long Time Ago ) '' `` Pretty Paper '' / `` What A Merry Christmas This Could Be '' 1965 `` She 's Not For You '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Healing Hands of Time '' / `` One Day at the Time '' `` I Just Ca n't Let You Say Goodbye '' / `` And So Will You , My Love '' 1966 `` One In A Row '' / `` San Antonio Rose '' `` Colombus Stockade Blues '' / `` He Sits at my Table '' `` I 'm Still Not Over You '' / `` I Love You Because '' 1967 `` The Party 's Over '' / `` Make Way for a Better Man '' `` Blackjack County Chain '' / `` Some Other World '' `` San Antonio '' / `` To Make a Long Story Short '' 1968 `` Little Things '' / `` Sweet Memories '' `` Good Times '' / `` Where Do You Stand '' `` Johnny One Time '' / `` She 's Still Gone '' 1969 `` Bring Me Sunshine '' / `` Do n't Say Love or Nothing '' `` I Hope So '' / `` Right or Wrong '' 1970s 1970 `` Once More With Feeling '' / `` Who Do I Know in Dallas '' `` Laying My Burdens Down '' / `` Truth Number One '' 1971 `` I 'm a Memory '' / `` Fire and Rain '' `` Yesterday 's Wine '' / `` Me and Paul '' 1972 `` Words Do n't Fit the Picture '' / `` A Moment '' 1973 `` Shotgun Willie '' ( mono ) / `` Sad Songs and Waltzes '' `` Stay All Night ( Stay a Little Longer ) '' / `` Devil in a Sleepin ' Bag '' `` I Still Ca n't Believe You 're Gone '' / `` Heaven and Hell '' `` Bloody Mary Morning '' / `` After the Fire is Gone '' ( with Tracy Nelson ) `` Sister 's Comin ' Home '' ( mono ) / `` Pick Up The Tempo '' `` Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain '' / `` Bandera '' 1976 `` Remember Me ( When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming ) '' / `` Time of the Preacher '' `` I 'd Have to Be Crazy '' ( mono ) / `` Amazing Grace '' `` If You 've Got the Money I 've Got the Time '' / `` The Sound in Your Mind '' 1977 `` Uncloudy Day '' / `` Precious Memories '' `` I Love You A Thousand Ways '' / `` Mom and Dad 's Waltz '' 1978 `` Georgia on My Mind '' / `` On The Sunny Side Of The Street '' `` Blue Skies '' / `` Moonlight in Vermont '' `` All of Me '' / `` Unchained Melody '' 1979 `` Whiskey River '' / `` Under the Double Eagle '' `` September Song '' / `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` White Christmas '' / `` Blue Christmas '' 1980s 1980 `` Help Me Make It Through the Night '' / `` The Pilgrim , Chapter 33 '' `` My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys '' / `` Rising Stars '' `` Midnight Rider '' / `` So You Think You 're A Cowboy '' `` On the Road Again '' / `` Jumpin ' Cotton Eyed Joe '' ( performed by Johnny Gimble ) 1981 `` Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground '' / `` I Guess I 've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes '' `` Mona Lisa '' / `` Twinkle , Twinkle Little Star '' `` I 'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter '' / `` Over the Rainbow '' `` Heartaches of a Fool '' / `` Uncloudy Day '' 1982 `` Always on My Mind '' / `` The Party 's Over '' `` Let It Be Me '' / `` Permanently Lonely '' `` Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning '' / `` Old Fords and a Natural Stone '' `` Little Old Fashioned Karma '' / `` Beer Barrel Polka '' `` Why Do I Have to Choose '' / `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take It to the Limit '' / `` Till I Gain Control Again '' `` Without a Song '' 1984 `` City of New Orleans ( Unedited version ) '' / `` Why Are You Pickin ' On Me '' 1985 `` Forgiving You Was Easy '' / `` You Would n't Cross the Street '' `` Me and Paul '' / `` I Let My Mind Wander '' 1986 `` Living in the Promiseland '' / `` Bach Minuet in G '' `` I 'm Not Trying to Forget You '' / `` I 've Got the Craziest Feeling '' `` Partners After All '' / `` Home Away From Home '' `` Heart of Gold '' / `` So Much Like My Dad '' `` Island in the Sea '' / `` There Is No Easy Way '' `` Nobody There But Me '' / `` Wake Me When It 's Over '' `` Spanish Eyes '' ( with Julio Iglesias ) / `` Ole Buttermilk Sky '' `` Twilight Time '' / `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` Nothing I Can Do About It Now '' / `` If I Were a Painting '' `` There You Are '' / `` Spirit '' `` Is The Better Part Over '' / `` Mr. Record Man '' 1990s `` The Highway '' / `` Spirit '' `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' / `` I Never Cared For You '' ( `` Ai n't Necessarily So '' also on CD Single ) 1991 `` The Piper Came Today '' / `` ( I Do n't Have a Reason ) To Go To California Anymore '' ( `` The Piper Came Today '' also on CD Single ) `` Ten With a Two '' / `` You Decide '' `` Graceland '' `` Still is Still Moving to Me '' / `` Valentine '' 1995 `` Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing '' 1998 `` I Never Cared for You '' 2000s and 2010s 2002 `` Mendocino County Line '' ( with Lee Ann Womack ) / `` Maria ( Shut Up and Kiss Me ) '' ( Both single tracks released on CD and 7 '' record ) 2003 `` Wurlitzer Prize '' ( with Norah Jones ) `` Beer for My Horses '' ( with Toby Keith ) 2005 `` I 'm a Worried Man '' ( with Toots Hibbert ) `` The Harder They Come '' 2006 `` You Do n't Know Me '' `` Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other '' 2008 `` Gravedigger '' `` You Do n't Think I 'm Funny Anymore '' 2011 `` The Scientist '' 2012 `` Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die '' `` Just Breathe '' `` Come On Back Jesus '' 2013 `` From Here to the Moon and Back '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` Grandma 's Hands '' ( with Mavis Staples ) `` It Wo n't Be Long '' ( with The Secret Sisters ) `` Somewhere Between '' ( with Loretta Lynn ) 2014 `` The Wall '' `` Bring It On '' `` Laws of Nature '' `` Who 'll Buy My Memories '' 2015 `` It 's All Going to Pot '' Book : Willie Nelson Category : Willie Nelson David Allan Coe Studio albums Penitentiary Blues Requiem for a Harlequin The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy Once Upon a Rhyme Longhaired Redneck Rides Again Texas Moon Tattoo Buckstone County Prison Family Album Nothing Sacred Human Emotions Compass Point Spectrum VII I 've Got Something to Say Encore Invictus ( Means ) Unconquered Tennessee Whiskey DAC Rough Rider Underground Album Castles in the Sand Hello in There Just Divorced Darlin ' , Darlin ' Unchained Son of the South A Matter of Life and Death I Love Country Crazy Daddy 1990 Songs for Sale Standing Too Close to the Flames Johnny Cash Is a Friend of Mine Recommended for Airplay Long Haired Country Boy Songwriter of the Tear Country and Western Sings Merle Haggard Whoopsy Daisy Sings Johnny Cash 's Biggest Hits All I 'll Ever Be Rebel Meets Rebel DAC 's Back Live albums Live : If That Ai n't Country ... Live at the Iron Horse Saloon Live at Billy Bob 's Texas Compilation albums Greatest Hits The Best of David Allan Coe 17 Greatest Hits For the Record : The First 10 Years 18 X-Rated Hits Biggest Hits Super Hits The Mysterious Rhinestone Cowboy / Once Upon a Time 20 Greatest Hits Longhaired Redneck / Rides Again The Original Outlaw Headed for the Country Best of the Best Compass Point / I 've Got Something to Say David Allan Coe , Johnny Paycheck & Others Human Emotions / Spectrum VII Invictus Means Unconquered / Tennessee Whiskey Tattoo / Family Album Lonesome Fugitive The Perfect Country and Western Song Truckin ' Outlaw Super Hits , Vol. 2 20 Road Music Hits 16 Biggest Hits Castles in the Sand / Once Upon a Rhyme The Original Outlaw of Country Music 20 All Time Greatest Hits Country Outlaw The Essential David Allan Coe Ultimate Collection For the Soul and for the Mind : Demos of ' 71 - ' 74 Castles in the Sand / Hello in There Just Divorced / Darlin ' Darlin ' : Plus Rough Rider / DAC : Plus Unchained / Son of the South : Plus At His Best The Ride Country Hit Parade Early Years Singles `` You Never Even Called Me by My Name '' `` Longhaired Redneck '' `` Stand by Your Man '' `` Tennessee Whiskey '' `` Dock of the Bay '' `` The Ride '' `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' `` She Used to Love Me a Lot '' `` I 'm Gonna Hurt Her on the Radio '' Related articles Discography Johnny Paycheck `` Would You Lay with Me ( In a Field of Stone ) '' `` Take This Job and Shove It '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=(Sittin%27_On)_The_Dock_of_the_Bay&oldid=801553248 '' Categories : 1968 singles Otis Redding songs Songs about California Songs about San Francisco David Allan Coe songs Michael Bolton songs Peggy Lee songs Waylon Jennings songs Willie Nelson songs Jimmy Velvit songs Glen Campbell songs Songs written by Otis Redding Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs released posthumously Songs written by Steve Cropper RCA Records singles Atco Records singles Stax Records singles Capitol Records singles Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Sardu Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 11 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the original singer of sitting on the dock of the bay
[ "\"(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay\" is a song co-written by soul singer Otis Redding and guitarist Steve Cropper. It was recorded by Redding twice in 1967, including once just days before his death in a plane crash. The song was released on Stax Records' Volt label in 1968,[2] becoming the first posthumous single to top the charts in the US.[3] It reached number 3 on the UK Singles Chart." ]
[ "Otis Redding" ]
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Bile
Bile - wikipedia Bile Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fluid produced by the liver . For other uses , see Bile ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bile ( yellow material ) in a liver biopsy in the setting of bile stasis , i.e. cholestasis . H&E stain Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid , produced by the liver of most vertebrates , that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine . In humans , bile is produced continuously by the liver ( liver bile ) , and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder ( gallbladder bile ) . After eating , this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum . The composition of gallbladder bile is 97 % water , 0.7 % bile salts , 0.2 % bilirubin , 0.51 % fats ( cholesterol , fatty acids and lecithin ) , and 200 meq / l inorganic salts . Bile was the yellow bile in the four humor system of medicine , the standard of medical practice in Europe from 500 B.C. to the early nineteenth century . About 400 to 800 ml of bile is produced per day in adult humans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Function 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Biliary obstruction 3 Society and culture 3.1 Bile soap 3.2 Bile in food 3.3 Animal abuse 4 Principal bile acids 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Function ( edit ) Action of bile salts in digestion Recycling of the bile Bile acts to some extent as a surfactant , helping to emulsify the lipids in food . Bile salt anions are hydrophilic on one side and hydrophobic on the other side ; consequently , they tend to aggregate around droplets of lipids ( triglycerides and phospholipids ) to form micelles , with the hydrophobic sides towards the fat and hydrophilic sides facing outwards . The hydrophilic sides are negatively charged , and this charge prevents fat droplets coated with bile from re-aggregating into larger fat particles . Ordinarily , the micelles in the duodenum have a diameter around 14 -- 33 μm . The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase , which actually digests the triglycerides , and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts . A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a monoglyceride , which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls . After being transferred across the intestinal membrane , the fatty acids reform into triglycerides ( re-esterified ) , before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals . Without bile salts , most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces , undigested . Since bile increases the absorption of fats , it is an important part of the absorption of the fat - soluble substances , such as the vitamins A , D , E , and K . Besides its digestive function , bile serves also as the route of excretion for bilirubin , a byproduct of red blood cells recycled by the liver . Bilirubin derives from hemoglobin by glucuronidation . Bile tends to be alkali on average . The pH of common duct bile ( 7.50 to 8.05 ) is higher than that of the corresponding gallbladder bile ( 6.80 to 7.65 ) . Bile in the gallbladder becomes more acidic in the longer a person goes without eating , though resting slows this fall in pH . As an alkali , it also has the function of neutralizing excess stomach acid before it enters the duodenum , the first section of the small intestine . Bile salts also act as bactericides , destroying many of the microbes that may be present in the food . Clinical significance ( edit ) In the absence of bile , fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces , a condition called steatorrhea . Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray , and greasy . Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in essential fatty acids and fat - soluble vitamins . In addition , past the small intestine ( which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food ) the gastrointestinal tract and gut flora are not adapted to processing fats , leading to problems in the large intestine . The cholesterol contained in bile will occasionally accrete into lumps in the gallbladder , forming gallstones . Cholesterol gallstones are generally treated through surgical removal of the gallbladder . However , they can sometimes be dissolved by increasing the concentration of certain naturally occurring bile acids , such as chenodeoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid . On an empty stomach -- after repeated vomiting , for example -- a person 's vomit may be green or dark yellow , and very bitter . The bitter and greenish component may be bile or normal digestive juices originating in the stomach . The color of bile is often likened to `` fresh - cut grass '' , unlike components in the stomach that look greenish yellow or dark yellow . Bile may be forced into the stomach secondary to a weakened valve ( pylorus ) , the presence of certain drugs including alcohol , or powerful muscular contractions and duodenal spasms . Biliary obstruction ( edit ) Biliary obstruction can be caused by a variety of dietary factors . Most biliary obstructions are caused by the high consumption of sugar , fat and processed foods . These foods can cause gallstones . Primarily , biliary obstruction is caused by blockage in the bile ducts . Bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder through the pancreas . A huge amount of the bile is then released into the small intestine duodenum . The remaining bile is stored in the gallbladder . After food consumption the bile in the gallbladder is released to help with digestion and fat absorption . Society and culture ( edit ) In medical theories prevalent in the West from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages , the body 's health depended on the equilibrium of four `` humors '' , or vital fluids , two of which related to bile : blood , phlegm , `` yellow bile '' ( choler ) , and `` black bile '' . These `` humors '' are believed to have its roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air , which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ( `` black bile '' ) , a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ( `` blood '' ) , a layer of white blood cells ( `` phlegm '' ) and a layer of clear yellow serum ( `` yellow bile '' ) . Excesses of black bile and yellow bile were thought to produce depression and aggression , respectively , and the Greek names for them gave rise to the English words cholera ( from Greek kholé ) and melancholia . Those same theories explain the derivation of the English word bilious from bile , the meaning of gall in English as `` exasperation '' or `` impudence '' , and the Latin word cholera , derived from the Greek kholé , which was passed upon several Romance languages in words meaning `` anger '' such as colère ( French ) and cólera ( Spanish ) . Bile soap ( edit ) Bile from dead mammals can be mixed with soap . This mixture , called bile soap , can be applied to textiles a few hours before washing and is a traditional and rather effective method for removing various kinds of tough stains . Bile in food ( edit ) `` Pinapaitan '' is a dish in Philippine cuisine that uses bile as flavoring . Animal abuse ( edit ) In regions like Asia where bile products are a popular ingredient in traditional medicine , there are several cases of abuse of bears from which bile is farmed . Principal bile acids ( edit ) Cholic acid Chenodeoxycholic acid Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Deoxycholic acid Lithocholic acid See also ( edit ) Medicine portal Animals portal Bile acid sequestrant Bile bear Enterohepatic circulation Intestinal juice Ox gall References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Barrett , Kim E. ( 2012 ) . Ganong 's review of medical physiology . ( 24th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Medical . p. 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 178003 - 2 . Jump up ^ Guyton and Hall ( 2011 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology . U.S. : Saunders Elsevier . p. 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 4574 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion '' . www.vivo.colostate.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sutor , D. June ( 1976 ) . `` Diurnal Variations in the pH of Pathological Gallbladder Bile '' ( PDF ) . Gut ( 17 ) : 971 -- 974 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 17.12. 971 . Jump up ^ Barabote RD , Tamang DG , Abeywardena SN , et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Extra domains in secondary transport carriers and channel proteins '' . Biochim . Biophys . Acta. 1758 ( 10 ) : 1557 -- 79 . PMID 16905115 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbamem. 2006.06. 018 . Jump up ^ Choices , NHS . `` Nausea and vomiting in adults - NHS Choices '' . www.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Choices , NHS . `` Gallstones - NHS Choices '' . www.nhs.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johansson , Ingvar ; Lynøe , Niels ( 2008 ) . Medicine & Philosophy : A Twenty - First Century Introduction . Walter de Gruyter . p. 27 . ISBN 9783110321364 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Newton , W. ( 1837 ) . `` The invention of certain improvements in the manufacture of soap , which will be particularly applicable to the felting of woollen cloths . '' . The London Journal of Arts and Sciences ; and Repertory of Patent Inventions . IX : 289 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Pinapaitan - Ang Sarap '' . Ang Sarap ( A Tagalog word for `` It 's Delicious '' ) . 2013 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Further reading ( edit ) Bowen , R. ( 2001 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Secretion of Bile and the Role of Bile Acids In Digestion '' . Colorado State Hypertextbook article on Bile . Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . Krejčí , Z ; Hanuš L. ; Podstatová H. ; Reifová E ( 1983 ) . `` A contribution to the problems of the pathogenesis and microbial etiology of cholelithiasis '' . Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae. 104 : 279 -- 286 . PMID 6222611 . Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid GND : 4393841 - 3 NDL : 00572708 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bile&oldid=802430273 '' Categories : Body fluids Digestive system Biomolecules Hepatology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from April 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Авар Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 03 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is bile made and what does it do
[ "Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile). After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7%[1] bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin),[1] and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.[2]", "Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine. In humans, bile is produced continuously by the liver (liver bile), and stored and concentrated in the gallbladder (gallbladder bile). After eating, this stored bile is discharged into the duodenum. The composition of gallbladder bile is 97% water, 0.7%[1] bile salts, 0.2% bilirubin, 0.51% fats (cholesterol, fatty acids and lecithin),[1] and 200 meq/l inorganic salts.[2]" ]
[ "produced by the liver of most vertebrates", "aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine" ]
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Teddy Altman
Teddy Altman - wikipedia Teddy Altman Jump to : navigation , search For the Marvel Comics character , see Hulkling . This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Teddy Altman Grey 's Anatomy character Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman in 2010 . First appearance `` New History '' 6x09 , November 12 , 2009 ( as recurring cast ) `` Sympathy for the Parents '' 6x19 , April 1 , 2010 ( as main cast ) Last appearance `` Flight '' 8x24 , May 17 , 2012 ( as main cast ) `` Danger Zone '' 14x05 , October 26 , 2017 ( as recurring cast ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kim Raver Information Occupation Attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital ( former ) Title Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Spouse ( s ) Henry Burton ( Deceased ) Significant other ( s ) Andrew Perkins Mark Sloan Theodora `` Teddy '' Altman , M.D. is a fictional character from the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actress Kim Raver . She was an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , the fictional institution where the show is set . She leaves the show in the 8th - season finale after it is revealed that she has been offered a chief position with Army Medical Command , but has turned it down out of loyalty to Dr. Owen Hunt . In order to liberate her from the hospital where her husband died , Hunt fires her from Seattle Grace . Teddy returns for a few episodes in season 14 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Teddy attended the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center . She completed her surgical residency at George Washington University Medical School and her fellowship at the Mayo Clinic in Florida . As an attending physician , Teddy worked at Columbia , but after her best friend was killed during the collapse of the second tower on September 11 , 2001 , she left and joined the army , meeting trauma surgeon Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) during her tour in Baghdad . Owen brings Teddy to Seattle Grace Mercy West hospital to mentor his girlfriend , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) . Teddy admits that she is in love with Owen , but he tells her that he loves Cristina . When Teddy assigns Cristina a difficult surgery for her first solo cardiothoracic case and refuses to assist , Owen questions Teddy 's motives . Teddy decides to leave Seattle Grace ; Cristina pleads with her to stay , even offering to break up with Owen if Teddy will continue to teach her . Although Teddy agrees to stay , Owen convinces Cristina to stay with him , and Teddy briefly removes her from her service . Teddy develops a friendship with pediatric surgeon Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who sets her up with plastic surgeon Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) . They have a brief relationship , which they both enjoy despite knowing that neither wants the other -- Teddy still wants Owen , and Mark is in love with Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) . The two separate amicably when Teddy walks in on Mark sleeping with resident Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) . Towards the end of season six , Teddy has to fight for her job as Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . Cristina asks Owen to put in a good word for Teddy ; he does the opposite by telling Chief of Surgery Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) that she would land on her feet . Ultimately another candidate refuses to take the post and Teddy receives a full - time contract . Teddy later learns of , and is hurt by Owen 's betrayal . Teddy has a brief relationship with Dr. Andrew Perkins , whose service at the hospital is temporary . Before his departure , he suggests that Teddy has a tendency to fall for people who are either otherwise engaged or only in town for a month . She later meets Henry Burton , a patient with the rare genetic condition Von Hippel - Lindau disease , who can no longer afford to pay for his medical care . Teddy marries him so that he can use her health insurance , and only comes to appreciate the gravity of this decision when Henry suffers a near fatal complication of his illness . Teddy discovers that he has listed her as his emergency contact and is forced to make a life - or - death decision regarding his care , not as his doctor but as his wife . Though the newly - weds both maintain that theirs is a simple marriage of convenience , and Teddy continues to date other men , Henry later confesses that he has feelings for Teddy . She tells him she does not feel the same way . Teddy again removes Cristina from her service when she performs a surgery despite Teddy 's opposition . She tells Owen that Cristina 's over-abundance of confidence makes her dangerous , and that she will keep Cristina off her service until she feels she is ready to return . When Andrew returns and asks Teddy to move to Germany with him , she accepts , and agrees to divorce Henry . However , in the seventh season finale , Teddy changes her mind and tells Henry that she is falling in love with him . The two begin their married life properly , but in season eight , Henry dies , leaving Teddy distraught . She blames Owen because she was n't told that Henry had died until after her surgery on another patient . Feeling that he put the hospital before her , she breaks off her friendship with him , causing problems with them being able to work together that are later made worse by Cristina 's own relationship troubles with Owen ( During this time , Cristina tells Owen that he has to grant Teddy her anger , to which an enraged Owen lashes out the hypocrisy in the situation , given that when Cristina discovered she was pregnant with Owen 's child , she told him that keeping the pregnancy was non negotiable and wanted to pursue an abortion , despite Owen 's desire to have a child , and his pleas to keep the pregnancy , points out that Cristina never `` granted him any anger '' over what he thought was her selfish decision ) . After a particularly bad case , Dr. Bailey sternly tells Teddy that what happened with Henry was not Owen 's fault and that Teddy knows this and needs to get over it , which pushes Teddy to behave more civilly towards Owen , but she finally lets go of her anger after she desperately begs Owen to convince Cristina ( who by this point has broken up with him ) to not transfer away from Seattle and is left shocked and silent when Owen furiously tells her he will not do that because he and Teddy are only co-workers and , as she made very clear , not friends and therefore she has no right to ask him for any help or favors . She and Owen eventually make up in the season finale . Owen finds out she was offered a job at the United States Army Medical Command , but turned it down because she wanted to be there for Owen , if he and Cristina were to separate . He ultimately fires her and she does take the military job , and tells her that he 'll be okay as they part having restored their friendship. Teddy and Owen make up and hug each other goodbye as he wants her to take the job offer , which would be good for her . Teddy was later mentioned in season thirteen episode `` True Colors . '' Army officers knocked at Owen 's door stating that his sister Megan is believed to have been found alive ten years after her disappearance . At first , Owen is not sure what to believe , but his wife Amelia Shepherd mentioned to Owen that Teddy saw Megan and recognized her . This seemed to be the first time Teddy was mentioned after her departure . Development ( edit ) Raver initially signed for a recurring role , but was promoted to a series regular . Casting and creation ( edit ) In October 2009 , it was reported that actress Kim Raver would play the character and have a recurring role on the show 's sixth season . In January 2010 , Raver was promoted to a series regular . On May 18 , 2012 , the day after the season eight finale , Grey 's Anatomy creator , Shonda Rhimes , announced that it was Raver 's decision to leave the show , `` I know this season 's finale had some surprises for viewers and the exit of Kim Raver was one of the big ones . But Kim 's series option was up and she was ready to give Teddy Altman a much - needed vacation . It 's been a pleasure working with someone as talented and funny and kind as Kim ; everyone is going to miss her terribly . I like to imagine that Teddy is still out there in the Grey 's Anatomy universe , running Army Medical Command and building a new life . '' When the news of the character 's departure was released , Raver wrote on her Twitter , `` I 've had one of the best times of my creative career working on Grey 's with Shonda , Betsy and the best cast on Television , '' she wrote , adding : `` I feel fortunate and grateful to have worked with such an amazing team at GA ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . ( I ) am going to miss everyone ! ! And to the GA ( Grey 's Anatomy ) fans , you guys rock ! I am sure S9 ( season nine ) will be great ! '' On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Raver would be reprising her role as Teddy Altman for a guest arc during the show 's 14th season . Characterization ( edit ) This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) We see Teddy as a person who is willing to do whatever possible to make herself a much appreciated doctor and friend at Grey Sloan . In Season 14 's premiere , `` Break Down the House '' , Teddy and Owen Reunite after long times away from each other . Teddy comforts Owen after he is on the verge of having a meltdown . is this just the beginning of a newly discovered friendship between the two after so much time away from each other ? Reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 ) Entertainment Weekly writer Tanner Stransky found Altman had not been given a good storyline until the arrival of Henry : `` I think Kim Raver has always been rather under - used on this show , until more recently . '' References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' scoop : Kim Raver to play spoiler in Owen - Cristina romance Jump up ^ Kim Raver becomes series regular on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Jump up ^ ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale : Boss explains two shocking exits Jump up ^ Eggenberger , Nicole . `` Chyler Leigh , Kim Raver Leave Grey 's Anatomy '' . US Weekly . Celebrity News . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Death and Devastation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc. p. 2 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Teddy Altman at ABC.com Teddy Altman on IMDb ( hide ) Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Derek Shepherd Preston Burke Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teddy_Altman&oldid=807298531 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional surgeons Fictional United States Army personnel Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from June 2010 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles to be expanded from July 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles with empty sections from July 2012 All articles with empty sections Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 18 . About Wikipedia
who is dr altman on grey's anatomy
[ "Theodora \"Teddy\" Altman, M.D. is a fictional character from the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy, portrayed by actress Kim Raver. She was an attending cardiothoracic surgeon at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, the fictional institution where the show is set. She leaves the show in the 8th-season finale after it is revealed that she has been offered a chief position with Army Medical Command, but has turned it down out of loyalty to Dr. Owen Hunt. In order to liberate her from the hospital where her husband died, Hunt fires her from Seattle Grace. Teddy returns for a few episodes in season 14." ]
[ "Kim Raver" ]
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Haunted Mansion Holiday
Haunted Mansion Holiday - wikipedia Haunted Mansion Holiday This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Haunted Mansion Holiday Disneyland Area New Orleans Square Status Operating Opening date October 3 , 2001 Tokyo Disneyland Area Fantasyland Status Operating Opening date September 15 , 2004 General statistics Attraction type Omnimover Manufacturers Arrow Development ( Disneyland ) Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Theme The Nightmare Before Christmas Music Gordon Goodwin ( original ) Danny Elfman / John Debney ( A Musical History of Disneyland ) Speed 3 mph ( 4.8 km / h ) Vehicle type Doom Buggies Riders per vehicle 2 -- 3 Audio - animatronics Yes Host Ghost Host ( Corey Burton ) ( Disneyland version ) Ghost Host ( Ponta Mitsui ) ( Tokyo Disneyland version ) Disney 's Fastpass available Must transfer from wheelchair Exterior view of the mansion Haunted Mansion Holiday , also known as Haunted Mansion Holiday Nightmare , is a seasonal overlay of the Haunted Mansion attraction at Disneyland and Tokyo Disneyland that blends the settings and characters of the original Haunted Mansion with those of Tim Burton 's 1993 film The Nightmare Before Christmas . Taking inspiration from `` The Night Before Christmas '' , the attraction retells the story of Jack Skellington ( as `` Sandy Claws '' ) visiting the Haunted Mansion on Christmas Eve , leaving holiday chaos in his wake . The Haunted Mansion typically closes for two and half weeks in late summer so it can be converted into the Haunted Mansion Holiday . The overlaid attraction is then open to guests from late - September through early January before being closed again to remove the overlay . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Storyline 3 Attraction 4 Additions 5 Soundtrack 6 Voice cast 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Two similar overlays -- Country Bear Christmas Special and It 's a Small World Holiday -- had already been successful for some time when Haunted Mansion Holiday was developed . Initially , Disney considered doing a retelling of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol , but decided against it due to the attraction 's setting in New Orleans Square and the incongruity of bringing Santa Claus into the eerie environment of the Haunted Mansion . Instead , they decided to base it on The Nightmare Before Christmas after considering which Disney character would celebrate Christmas in the Haunted Mansion , should Santa Claus ever land there on his journey . Steve Davison took the idea and worked with Walt Disney Creative Entertainment to develop the overlay . One issue Disney had to deal with was the fact that many of the key performers in the original attraction -- Paul Frees , Leota Toombs , Eleanor Audley , most of the singing busts , and almost all of the original voice actors -- had died years earlier . Paul Frees was replaced in his role as the Ghost Host by Corey Burton , who had done voiceover work with Disney before . Leota Toombs ' daughter , Kim Irvine , resembled her mother and was thus chosen to perform in her place as Madame Leota . Susan Blakeslee ( impersonating Eleanor Audley ) provides the voice of Madame Leota . The singing busts were topped with Jack - O - Lanterns and given computer - animated singing projections . New voice actors were picked for the graveyard ghosts that sound similar to the originals ( with the exception of the Headsman Trio ; The Knight and Executioner seem to have had their voices swapped ) . Haunted Mansion Holiday opened October 3 , 2001 , and quickly became popular with guests , leading to the attraction 's FastPass machines being activated during the overlay ( they are now always active ) . The Tokyo version props were intended for Walt Disney World , but when the park abandoned plans to install the attraction , Tokyo ( which features a carbon copy of their Haunted Mansion ) received all the props . On September 13 , 2013 ( Friday the 13th ) , the Haunted Mansion at Disneyland opened to the public outfitted with new effects and set pieces in celebration of its 13th year . Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Paris do not have seasonal overlays . Outside of Phantom Manor , guests can get their photo taken with Jack and Sally . Storyline ( edit ) The Haunted Mansion Holiday takes place shortly after the events of the film it conjoins with , The Nightmare Before Christmas , where Jack Skellington , who tried to create his very own twisted Christmas in a Halloween - style overlay in the movie , now discovers the Haunted Mansion , home to 999 Happy Haunts . Deciding to spread joy to the mansion 's gloomy residents for the holidays , Jack and his creepy crew from Halloween Town bring hundreds of Jack 's original evil Christmas presents and decorations to the manor and deck the haunting grounds for a thrilling and chilling holiday for the Grim Grinning Ghosts inhabiting the abandoned house , setting the stage for the ride itself . Attraction ( edit ) Upon visiting the mansion , guests first see that the facade has been completely redecorated , with jack - o - lanterns and candles . Jack 's sleigh is on the roof . In the foyer , a grim rendition of Making Christmas plays while the Ghost Host begins to tell the story of what is happening at the mansion . A picture of Jack Skellington slowly changes into Jack dressed as `` Sandy Claws '' . Doors open , letting guests into the famous octagonal portrait gallery . Large stained glass paintings line the walls , depicting innocent Christmas scenes . After the doors close shut , all goes dark with the horrendous sound of the paintings breaking in half . The room begins to stretch , the tension rises , and with a thunderclap , Jack 's face appears in the cupola above , shouting : `` Happy Holidays , Everyone ! '' Since 2013 , the ceiling has been retooled to depict a stained glass wreath , changing color as the room stretches . It will shatter twice , once in the face of a grinning pumpkin head , then entirely to reveal a fully animated Jack Skellington looking down upon guests . When the lights come back on , the Ghost Host can still be seen in the rafters . A dreadful scream and the shattering of bones is heard , and the doors reopen . Guests are lead into the Loading Area , where they board their Doom Buggy to begin the tour . From above , Jack greets guests with Sally and the Vampire Teddy . Down another hallway , paintings of characters from Halloween Town watch guests ' every move . In the library , Zero has created a spinning Christmas tree of books , wrapped in garlands . The staring busts remain . The Doom Buggies then float into the Music Room , where Sally sits , listening to the Vampire Teddy play for her rapidly on the piano . As guests glide upstairs , insects shiver in fear inside of cages , with tags reading , `` To Oogie '' . Oogie 's shadow can be seen dancing on the face of the moon and turning into a Christmas tree . Guests float past an Endless Hallway , with bone decor all around . Zero , Jack 's dog floats inside , barking happily . In the Conservatory , a group of flowers has sprung to life and now forms the choir . A man tries to escape his Christmas - wrapped coffin , but the Vampire Teddy Bear sits atop , hammer and nails in hand . The hallway , which guests travel through backwards , has been redeocrated as well , with skulls and garlands . Doors on either side make strange noises , as though something on the other side were trying to get out . A monstrous man - eating wreath waits above the guests , reaching out to grab them . More of the comically vicious flowers seem to be sprouting from it . The possessed grandfather clock chimes 13 as the hands spin wildly backwards , and a note reads `` To Leota : 13 Special Gifts for You ! - Sandy Claws '' In the Seance Room , Madame Leota recites the `` 13 Days of Christmas '' , her 13 Christmas gifts . Tarot cards showing all of her gifts float about the room , while the Vampire Teddy Bear rings bells maniacally . A zombified nutcracker imitates Leota chanting her incantations . The Happy Haunts finally begin to materialize in the ballroom . A cake sits on the table that bears resemblance to the spiral hill from Halloween town , but covered in snow . An immense , dead Christmas tree is in the middle of the room , with glowing skull and jack - o - lantern ornaments and ascending and desscending spider ornaments . Ghosts dance right through the tree while a ghost organist plays Kidnap the Sandy Claws as a waltz . In the Attic , all of Jack 's presents have been stored . Ghastly , glowing presents lie about the room , jack - in - the - boxes popping up to scare passing guests . A snake , having eaten some presents , sits with Jack 's Naughty and Nice list hanging out of its mouth . The Graveyard has been completely covered in snow and the spiral hill from Halloween Town sits in the middle of the graveyard , covered with snow and singing , glowing jack - o - lanterns . Jack Skellington greets guests at the gates , wishing them a Merry Christmas with Zero . A quintet of busts have been topped with singing jack - o - lanterns while the graveyard ghosts sing about their perfect Christmas . Ghosts ride around on bicycles with Jack 's bonedeer . Giant ice angles with jack - o - lantern heads blow on their horns overhead . Guests finally enter the exit crypt , as the Vampire Teddy Bear plays his own little horn to say goodbye . The Ghost Host warns guests about followers , as Lock , Shock , and Barrel playfully peek out of presents . Guilded mirrors surround the next walls , and in those mirrors , Lock , Shock , or Barrel sit in your car . Sally can then be seen , waving to Jack as he leaves , crossing the face of the moon and wishing her a Merry Christmas . Guests then disembark their Doom Buggy , hearing the ghosts play a jazzy tune to give them something to remember after they leave . Additions ( edit ) Disneyland offers an `` Oogie Boogie 's Holiday Tricks and Treats '' scavenger hunt . Oogie has hidden cameos throughout the mansion , which guests are asked to look for . For instance , Oogie can be found in shrubbery in the gardens , a shadow on the Christmas card , a doll in the attic , etc . Soundtrack ( edit ) The attraction 's musical score was originally composed by Gordon Goodwin . It was replaced in 2002 with an adapted score by John Debney , based on themes from the film 's soundtrack composed by Danny Elfman . Since 2003 , Goodwin 's original music has been used in the stretching rooms and the exit crypt ( where Goodwin 's attic music is used ) , while the rest of Elfman 's score remains . Several characters in the ride are voiced by the original actors from the film , and the various sound effects are an admixture of tracks from the original attraction and new ones . CD Cover Artwork Track listing Up on the Housetop ( 2 : 07 ) Scary Bells ( 1 : 52 ) Over the Graveyards ( 1 : 40 ) Old Mansion Tree ( 2 : 01 ) Wreck the Halls ( 2 : 10 ) We Wish You a Scary Christmas ( 1 : 45 ) The 13 Days of Christmas ( 2 : 17 ) God Rest You Merry Grinning Ghosts ( 1 : 53 ) Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Medley ( 2 : 30 ) Includes -- Making Christmas / What 's This ? / Kidnap the Sandy Claws Disneyland Haunted Mansion Holiday Ride - Through Mix ( 16 : 20 ) Includes -- Foyer , Elevators , Elevator Exit , Picture Gallery , Loading Zone , Corridor of Doors , Seance Room , Grand Hall , Attic , Graveyard Finale , Hitchhiking Ghosts . Voice cast ( edit ) Chris Sarandon -- Jack Skellington Ken Page -- Oogie Boogie Corey Burton -- Ghost Host Kath Soucie -- Sally Susanne Blakeslee -- Madame Leota ; Kim Irvine ( face ) See also ( edit ) Haunted Mansion The Nightmare Before Christmas Phantom Manor Mystic Manor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` DoomBuggies.com '' Retrieved on March 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Werner ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Yesterland : Haunted Mansion Holiday '' . yesterland.com . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Haunted Mansion Holiday - Documentary ( YouTube video ) . March 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Liddane , Lisa ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disneyland 's Haunted Mansion is a house of fancy frights '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Doombuggies.com Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas Characters ( Jack Skellington ) Film The Nightmare Before Christmas Video games Oogie 's Revenge The Pumpkin King Kingdom Hearts Music The Nightmare Before Christmas Nightmare Revisited `` This Is Halloween '' Attraction Haunted Mansion Holiday Portal Category Disneyland Current attractions Former attractions Main Street , U.S.A. Disneyland Railroad Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln The Disney Gallery Main Street Cinema Main Street Vehicles Main Street windows Fantasyland Alice in Wonderland Casey Jr . 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Halloween Main topics History Samhain Allhallowtide Symbols Activities Trick - or - treating Geography Christian observances Traditions Abstinence from meat Apple bobbing Cards Costumes Food Ghost tours Jack - o ' - lantern Lighting candles on graves Prayer for the dead Soul cake Events Bonfire Great Pumpkin Haunted attraction Pumpkin queen Media Television Films Books Music Albums Songs Related events Festival of the Dead Bon Festival Chuseok Día de Muertos Gai Jatra Pitri Paksha Qingming Festival Totensonntag Zhōng yuán jié Veneration of the dead Death anniversary Death customs Kaddish Yizkor Other events Allantide Beggars Night Devil 's Night Eid il - Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haunted_Mansion_Holiday&oldid=843877864 '' Categories : Operating amusement attractions Amusement rides introduced in 2001 Amusement rides introduced in 2004 Amusement rides by name Amusement rides manufactured by Arrow Dynamics Audio - Animatronic attractions Christmas events and celebrations Dark rides Disneyland Fantasyland Liberty Square ( Magic Kingdom ) Haunted Mansion Haunted attractions ( simulated ) New Orleans Square ( Disneyland ) Omnimover attractions The Nightmare Before Christmas Tokyo Disneyland Walt Disney Parks and Resorts attractions 2001 establishments in California 2004 establishments in Japan Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2018 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 02 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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when does the haunted mansion turn to nightmare before christmas
[ "The Haunted Mansion typically closes for two and half weeks in late summer so it can be converted into the Haunted Mansion Holiday. The overlaid attraction is then open to guests from late-September through early January before being closed again to remove the overlay." ]
[ "late summer" ]
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History of the United States
History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 10,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared a new , independent nation : the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However this grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , which was later followed by the U.S. - led wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 The new Chief Executive 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression 7.6 World War II 7.7 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.7. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.7. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.7. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.7. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.8 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Textbooks 12 Further reading 12.1 Primary sources 13 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas and possibly going as far south as the Antarctic Peninsula . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . Totem poles in Wrangell , Alaska . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events . These events , such as , the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely theU. S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish conquests of Continental United States The Spaniard Juan Ponce de León named Florida . The Spanish conquistador Coronado explored parts of the American Southwest from 1540 to 1542 . Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in Dec. 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator , who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 4 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of `` the United States of America '' in the Declaration of Independence . July 4 is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Every nation constructs and honors the memory of its founding ; following generations use it to establish its identity and define patriotism . The Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . Key events and people were viewed as icons of fundamental virtues . Thus the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) . There are sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred days ( Independence Day ) , and sacred scriptures whose every sentence is carefully studied ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . The New chief executive ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours ''. ( citation needed ) This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties and the Great Depression ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Great Depression , Causes of the Great Depression , and New Deal Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The desperate economic situation , along with the substantial Democratic victories in the 1932 elections , gave Roosevelt unusual influence over Congress in the `` First Hundred Days '' of his administration . He used his leverage to win rapid passage of a series of measures to create welfare programs and regulate the banking system , stock market , industry , and agriculture , along with many other government efforts to end the Great Depression and reform the American economy . The New Deal regulated much of the economy , especially the financial sector . It provided relief to the unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps that undertook jobs such as forest fire fighting and creating public works . Large scale spending projects designed to provide high paying jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . Roosevelt turned left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Some of the programs were dropped in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . Bronze statue of Eisenhower at Capitol rotunda . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese - Americans . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine in May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on 12 September 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the US and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2006 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips ( 1957 ) . 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Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Barry Schwartz , `` The social context of commemoration : A study in collective memory . '' Social forces 61.2 ( 1982 ) : 374 - 402 . online Jump up ^ Jill Lepore , The Whites Of Their Eyes : The Tea Party 's Revolution and the Battle Over American History ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay , `` George Washington : American Moses , '' American Quarterly ( 1969 ) 21 # 4 pp 780 - 91 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Catherine L. Albanese , Sons of the Fathers : The Civil Religion of the American Revolution ( 1977 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . aoc.gov . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( 7 January 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of Americam Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . 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when was the united states founded as a country
[ "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared a new, independent nation: the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride." ]
[ "1776" ]
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It (2017 film)
It ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia It ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search It Theatrical release poster Directed by Andy Muschietti Produced by Roy Lee Dan Lin Seth Grahame - Smith David Katzenberg Barbara Muschietti Screenplay by Chase Palmer Cary Fukunaga Gary Dauberman Based on It by Stephen King Starring Jaeden Lieberher Bill Skarsgård Music by Benjamin Wallfisch Cinematography Chung - hoon Chung Edited by Jason Ballantine Production companies New Line Cinema Ratpac - Dune Entertainment Vertigo Entertainment Lin Pictures KatzSmith Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) ( TCL Chinese Theatre ) September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) ( United States ) Running time 135 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $677.6 million It ( also known as It : Chapter One ) is a 2017 American supernatural horror film directed by Andy Muschietti , based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Stephen King . The screenplay is by Chase Palmer , Cary Fukunaga and Gary Dauberman . A second installment is planned . The film tells the story of seven children in Derry , Maine , who are terrorized by the eponymous being , only to face their own personal demons in the process . The novel was previously adapted into a 1990 miniseries . The film stars Jaeden Lieberher and Bill Skarsgård as Bill Denbrough and Pennywise the Dancing Clown , respectively , with Jeremy Ray Taylor , Sophia Lillis , Finn Wolfhard , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs , Jack Dylan Grazer , Nicholas Hamilton , and Jackson Robert Scott in supporting roles . Principal photography began in the Riverdale neighborhood of Toronto on June 27 , 2016 , and ended on September 21 , 2016 . Other Ontario locations included Port Hope and Oshawa . It premiered in Los Angeles on September 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on September 8 , 2017 . Upon release , the film set numerous box office records and has grossed over $677 million worldwide . Unadjusted for inflation , it is the highest - grossing horror film of all - time , and the second highest - grossing R - rated film of all time ( after Deadpool ) . It is also the 9th highest - grossing film of 2017 . It received positive reviews , with critics praising the performances , direction , cinematography and musical score , and many calling it one of the best Stephen King adaptations . A sequel , It : Chapter Two , is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 3.2 Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) 3.3 Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design 3.5. 1 Costume design 3.5. 2 Creature design 3.6 Visual effects 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot In October 1988 , stuttering teenager Bill Denbrough gives his seven - year - old brother , Georgie , a paper sailboat . Georgie sails the boat along the rainy streets of small town Derry and is disappointed when it falls down a storm drain . As he attempts to retrieve it , Georgie sees a clown in the sewer who introduces himself as `` Pennywise the Dancing Clown '' . The clown entices Georgie to come closer by talking about the circus , then severs his arm and drags him into the sewer drain . The following summer , Bill and his friends ( loudmouth Richie Tozier , hypochondriac Eddie Kaspbrak , and timid Stan Uris ) run afoul of bully Henry Bowers and his gang . Bill , still haunted by Georgie 's disappearance and the resulting neglect from his grief - stricken parents , discovers that his brother 's body may have washed up in a marshy wasteland called the Barrens . He recruits his friends to check it out , believing his brother may still be alive . `` New kid '' Ben Hanscom learns that the town has been plagued by unexplained tragedies and child disappearances for centuries , and is lured into the basement of the library by Pennywise , before escaping the library . He is attacked by Bowers ' gang for being fat and has an ' H ' carved into his stomach . He is able to escape before Henry can finish his name and flees into the Barrens and meets Bill 's group . They find the sneaker of a missing girl named Betty Ripsom , while a member of the pursuing Bowers Gang , Patrick Hockstetter , is killed by Pennywise looking for Ben . The Losers see Ben bloody , and rush to the nearest drug store to fix him up . They do n't have enough money , however , and Beverly helps them in stealing the products . Beverly Marsh , a girl ostracized over rumors of promiscuity , helps clean Ben 's wound and joins the group ; both Bill and Ben develop feelings for her . Later , the group befriends homeschooled black kid Mike Hanlon after defending him from Bowers in a rock war . All the while each member of the group has encountered terrifying phenomena in various forms ; these include a menacing clown for Richie , a headless boy for Ben , a fountain of blood for Beverly , a diseased and rotting man known as a Leper for Eddie , a creepy painting come to life for Stan , Mike 's parents burning alive , and finally a phantom Georgie for Bill . Now calling themselves `` The Losers Club '' , they realize they are all being terrorized by the same entity . They determine that Pennywise ( or `` It '' ) assumes the appearance of what they fear , awakens every 27 years to feed on the children of Derry before returning to hibernation , and moves about by using sewer lines -- which all lead to the town 's original well under the creepy , abandoned house at 29 Neibolt Street . After an attack by Pennywise , the group ventures to the house to confront him , only to be separated and terrorized . Bill and Richie leave Eddie behind , and Eddie sees the leper . Richie then gets locked in a room full of clown dolls , and sees a casket with a doll of himself inside . Pennywise jumps out from behind the casket and chases Richie out the door . They realize Eddie is gone , and find him right before Pennywise kills him . Eddie breaks his arm , while Pennywise gloats to Bill about Georgie . As they regroup , Beverly impales Pennywise through the head , forcing the clown to retreat . However , after the encounter Eddie is forbidden to see the group by his overprotective mother , Richie argues that fighting It is n't worth their lives leading to him , leading him to say Georgie is did in which Bill punches Richie in the face . Richie , Stan and Mike leave the group , and only Bill , Ben , and Beverly remain resolute in fighting It and prepare for another confrontation . Weeks later , after Beverly confronts and incapacitates her abusive father , she is abducted by Pennywise . The Losers Club reassembles and travels back to the Neibolt house to rescue her . Henry Bowers , who has killed his father ( and possibly his remaining gang ) after being compelled into madness by It , attacks the group . Mike fights back and pushes Henry down the well to his apparent death . Amidst , Beverly wakes up in Pennywise 's lair . She tries to run away , but Pennywise catches her , and shows her It 's true form ; the Deadlights . The Losers descend into the sewers and Stan is separated and almost killed by It in the form of the `` Flute Lady '' , but is rescued by the Losers . They find It 's underground lair , which contains a mountain of decayed circus props and children 's belongings , around which the bodies of missing children float in mid-air . Beverly , now catatonic after being exposed to It 's true form , is restored to consciousness as Ben kisses her . Bill encounters Georgie , but recognizes that he is Pennywise in disguise , and shoots him with Mike 's bolt gun . Pennywise attacks the group and takes Bill hostage , offering to spare the others if they let It keep Bill . Richie lists bad things Bill has done to him , but realizes friendship is important , and attacks Pennywise with a baseball bat . The Losers see their various fears , but wound It quickly . After a brutal battle they defeat Pennywise and he retreats , with Bill declaring that It will starve during its hibernation . Their victory is bittersweet , as Bill finds his brother 's raincoat and accepts his death while his friends comfort him and the missing children 's bodies float to the ground . The Losers then leave the sewers . As summer ends , Beverly informs the group of a vision she had while catatonic , where she saw them fighting It as adults . The Losers swear a blood oath that they will return to Derry as adults if It returns and destroy the creature once and for all by cutting their palms with a glass shard . Stanley , Eddie , Richie , Mike , and Ben make their goodbyes as the group disperses . Beverly tells Bill she is leaving the next day to live with her aunt in Portland . Before she leaves , Bill reveals his feelings and they share a kiss . Cast Jaeden Lieberher as William `` Bill '' Denbrough : The stuttering leader of the Losers ' Club searching for his missing brother Georgie . Losing his brother makes the battle against It a more personal crusade for him . On the character of Denbrough , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , on top of the terror of It and the fear of heights , to which he stated , `` Bill is like a ghost in his own home : nobody sees him because his parents ca n't get over Georgie 's death . '' Ty Simpkins was considered for the role in Cary Fukunaga 's production . Bill Skarsgård as Pennywise Bill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown : An ancient , trans - dimensional evil that awakens every twenty - seven years . Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts , with Poulter stating , `` I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing , but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director 's attached now . '' Poulter continued , `` I think , with all due respect to him of course , I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary 's vision for the movie , and so I have n't had a chance to connect with that ( new ) director . '' Mark Rylance , Ben Mendelsohn , Kirk Acevedo , Richard Armitage , Hugo Weaving , and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role , with Mendelsohn passing on the project , as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut . On June 3 , 2016 , The Independent officially reported , after final negotiations took place , that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character . On portraying Pennywise , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's such an extreme character . Inhumane , It 's beyond even a sociopath because he 's not even human . He 's not even a clown . I 'm playing just one of the beings It creates . '' Skarsgård described the character further , saying , `` It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise , and enjoys the game and the hunt . '' He also commented , `` What 's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else . But he thinks it 's funny . '' On Pennywise 's design , Skarsgård stated , `` It 's important that we do something fresh and original for this one . It 's purposely not going toward that weird , greasy look . '' He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry , stating that , `` ( Curry ) 's performance was truly great , but it 's important for me to do something different because of that . I 'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry . '' Skarsgård also elaborated on his age , stating , `` There 's a childishness to the character , because he 's so closely linked to the kids . The clown is the manifestation of children 's imaginations , so there 's something child - like about that . '' Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård 's physical attributes : `` His build is really interesting . He 's really tall and lanky , and feels a little clown like in his movement . When he came in -- we had a lot of different actors read , and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited . '' Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger 's Joker , `` You 've had ( Ledger ) doing almost a clown joker , you 've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown . We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out . '' Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård 's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows , to which he remarked , `` Pennywise shows up , he 's front and center , and he does his show . He has an act ... So it 's weird all the time , and every little thing implies a further threat . '' Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise , to which he stated , `` He 's not just a character that can shape - shift , his influence is all around . The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares . '' On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise , Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character , and Skarsgård caught his attention , `` The character has a childish and sweet demeanor , but there 's something very off about him . Bill has that balance in him . He can be sweet and cute , but he can be pretty disturbing . '' Wyatt Oleff as Stanley `` Stan '' Uris : A Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi . He is studying for his bar mitzvah but is n't interested in religion , which is upsetting to his father . On the character of Uris , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` Long story short , there 's all sorts of difficult situations , and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open - minded , so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy . '' Jeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin `` Ben '' Hanscom : Hanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends . He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library . He is also very overweight , which earns his place in the Losers ' Club , but like all of the Losers , there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances . On the character of Hanscom , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` ... Ben is bullied at school . '' Sophia Lillis as Beverly `` Bev '' Marsh : The only female member of the Losers ' Club , she is bullied at school , particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous . Her home life is also dismal , as her violent father is sexually abusive to her . On the character of Marsh , Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair , `` Beverly 's case is of course the worst , because it 's about sexual abuse on a minor . '' In an interview with Rolling Stone , Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård : `` We actually were n't allowed to see him until our scenes , because we wanted the horror to be real . '' On Skarsgård 's appearance as Pennywise , she recalled , `` Everyone had different reactions , but all of us were like , ' Wow , what did we get ourselves into ? ' One look at him , and ... you know , he 's a really scary clown that wants to kill us . I was a little bit shocked . '' On her connection with her fellow co-stars , she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character : `` I relate to Beverly -- the way she deals with her emotions , and the way she was around the Losers . I felt that way around the actual actors . '' Finn Wolfhard as Richard `` Richie '' Tozier : The bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough , whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble . Wolfhard , famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things , shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account , with the photo captioned as `` The Losers Club take Toronto '' , showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists . Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga 's version . On the character of Tozier , Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair , `` We do n't know much about Richie 's personality , because he 's the big mouth of the group . But we suppose he 's also neglected at home , and he 's the clown of the band because he needs attention . '' Jack Dylan Grazer as Edward `` Eddie '' Kaspbrak : Kaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac , overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet ; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends . His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria , however ; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him . Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) and Batman ( 1989 ) that gave him `` ... insight on how ( he ) could ( improvise ) or reuse those things as references to the time period . '' Chosen Jacobs as Michael `` Mike '' Hanlon : An African American homeschool student and outsider . Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather , he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher . On the experience of shooting Muschietti 's piece , Jacobs spoke of the experience as `` ... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ... '' Nicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers : A young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang , a gang of high school thugs , and terrorizes the Losers ' Club . Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard 's portrayal of the character in It ( 1990 ) , and in Hamilton 's words , `` watched all the bits of my original character '' for research . Hamilton added , through the character of Bowers , that `` There 's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun . '' Additionally Hamilton stated , `` I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor . I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face . '' Jackson Robert Scott as George `` Georgie '' Denbrough : The innocent , energetic 7 - year - old brother of Bill Denbrough . His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer 's events . Additionally , Owen Teague is introduced as Patrick Hockstetter , a psychopathic bully of the Bowers Gang who meets his end early at the hands of Pennywise ; Logan Thompson appears as Victor `` Vic '' Criss , a bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is reluctant to engage in their most sadistic acts ; Jake Sim appears as Reginald `` Belch '' Huggins , another bully and friend of Henry Bowers who is known for his ability to belch on command ; Javier Botet appears as The Leper , a diseased and rotting man that encounters Eddie Kaspbrak at the house on 29 Neibolt Street ; Tatum Lee appears as Judith , one of It 's horrifying creations ; Steven Williams appears as Leroy Hanlon , the stern grandfather of Mike Hanlon , who runs a nearby abattoir ; Stephen Bogaert appears as Alvin Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh ; Geoffrey Pounsett appears as Zack Denbrough , the father of Bill and George Denbrough ; Pip Dwyer appears as Sharon Denbrough , the mother of Bill and George Denbrough ; Ari Cohen appears as Rabbi Uris , the father of Stanley Uris ; Stuart Hughes appears as Oscar `` Butch '' Bowers , a police officer and abusive father of Henry Bowers ; Megan Charpentier appears as Greta Keene , the pharmacist 's daughter who targets Beverly for ridicule . Production The project first entered development in 2009 . The proposed film adaptation went through three phases of planning : initially a single film with screenwriter David Kajganich ; then the dual film project , first with Cary Fukunaga attached as director and co-writer , then with Andy Muschietti . Kajganich project ( 2009 -- 2010 ) On March 12 , 2009 , Variety reported that Warner Bros. would bring Stephen King 's novel to the big screen , with David Kajganich adapting the novel , and Dan Lin , Roy Lee and Doug Davison producing the piece . When Kajganich learnt of Warner Bros . ' plans to adapt King 's novel , he went after the job . Knowing that Warner Bros. was committed to adapting It as a single feature film , Kajganich began to reread the novel in an attempt to try to find a structure that would accommodate such a large number of characters in two different time periods , around 120 pages , which was one of Warner Bros . ' stipulations . Kajganich worked with Lin , Lee , and Davison on The Invasion ( 2007 ) , and he knew they would champion good storytelling , and allow him the time to work out a solid first draft of the screenplay . Kajganich spoke of the remake being set in the , `` mid-1980s and in the present ... mirroring the twenty - odd - year gap King uses in the book ... and with a great deal of care and attention paid to the backstories of all the characters '' . Kajganich also mentioned that Warner Bros. wished for the adaptation to be rated R , saying , `` ... we can really honor the book and engage with the traumas ( both the paranormal ones and those they deal with at home and school ) that these characters endure '' . He said that his dream choice for Pennywise would be Buster Keaton if he were still alive , and that the Pennywise that he scripted is `` less self - conscious of his own irony and surreality '' . As of June 29 , 2010 , Kajganich was re-writing his screenplay . Fukunaga project ( 2012 -- 2015 ) `` I am in the midst of rewriting the first script now . We 're not working on the second part yet . The first script is just about the kids . It 's more like The Goonies ( 1985 ) meets a horror film ... We 're definitely honoring the spirit of Stephen King , but the horror has to be modernized to make it relevant . That 's my job , right now , on this pass . I 'm working on making the horror more about suspense than visualization of any creatures . I just do n't think that 's scary . What could be there , and the sounds and how it interacts with things , is scarier than actual monsters . '' -- Cary Fukunaga , on the development of It On June 7 , 2012 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that Cary Fukunaga was boarding the project as director , and would co-write the script with Chase Palmer . The producers were now Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment , Dan Lin of Lin Pictures , and Seth Grahame - Smith and David Katzenberg of KatzSmith Productions . On May 21 , 2014 , Warner Bros. was announced to have moved the film to its New Line Cinema division , with overseer duties conducting by New Line 's Walter Hamada and Dave Neustadter , along with Vice President of Production at Warner Bros. , Niija Kuykendall . On December 5 , 2014 , in an interview with Vulture , Dan Lin announced that the first film would be a coming - of - age story about the children tormented by It , and the second will skip ahead in time as those same characters band together to continue the fight as adults . Lin also stated that Fukunaga was then only committed to directing the first film , though was currently closing a deal to co-write the second . Lin concluded by mentioning King , to which he remarked , `` The most important thing is that ( King ) gave us his blessing . We did n't want to make this unless he felt it was the right way to go , and when we sent him the script , the response that Cary got back was , ' Go with God , please ! This is the version the studio should make . ' So that was really gratifying . '' Lin confirmed that Fukunaga was set to begin principal photography in the summer of 2016 . On February 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga was interviewed by Slate , and spoke about It , mentioning that he has someone in mind for the role of Pennywise . On March 3 , 2015 , Fukunaga noted his goal to find the `` perfect guy to play Pennywise '' . Fukunaga also revealed that he , Kajganich and Palmer had changed the names and dates in the script , adding , `` ... the spirit is similar to what he 'd like to see in cinemas '' . On May 4 , 2015 , it was officially announced that Will Poulter had been cast to play Pennywise , after Fukunaga was `` blown away '' by his audition . Ty Simpkins was then considered to play one of The Losers ' Club members . On May 25 , 2015 , it was reported that Fukunaga had dropped out as the director of It . According to TheWrap , Fukunaga clashed with the studio and did not want to compromise his artistic vision in the wake of budget cuts by New Line , which greenlit the first film at $30 million . However , Fukunaga maintained that was not the case , stating he had bigger disagreements with New Line over the direction of the story , `` I was trying to make an unconventional horror film . It did n't fit into the algorithm of what they knew they could spend and make money back on based on not offending their standard genre audience . '' He made mention that the budget was fine , as well as his desire to make Pennywise more than just the clown . Fukunaga concluded by stating , `` We invested years and so much anecdotal storytelling in it . Chase and I both put our childhood in that story . So our biggest fear was they were going to take our script and bastardize it ... So I 'm actually thankful that they are going to rewrite the script . I would n't want them to stealing our childhood memories and using that ... I was honoring King 's spirit of it , but I needed to update it . King saw an earlier draft and liked it . '' On Fukunaga 's departure , King wrote , `` The remake of IT may be dead -- or undead -- but we 'll always have Tim Curry . He 's still floating down in the sewers of Derry . '' Muschietti project ( 2015 -- 2017 ) `` The way Cary intended to execute the script is something that only he can talk about . I can say my version of It highly emphasizes Pennywise 's most terrifying virtue , which is It 's ability to materialise into your worse fear ; I want to take people in a journey into Pennywise 's world through a disturbing , surrealistic and intoxicating experience that will leave nobody at ease . '' -- Andy Muschietti , on his version of It On July 16 , 2015 , it was announced that Andy Muschietti was in negotiations to direct It , with New Line beginning a search for a new writer to tailor a script to Muschietti 's vision . The announcement also confirmed the possible participation of Muschietti 's sister , Barbara Muschietti , as a producer , and Richard Brener joining Hamada , Neustadter and Kuykendall to oversee the project . On April 22 , 2016 , it was indicated that Will Poulter , who had been cast to portray Pennywise in Fukunaga 's version , had dropped out of the film due to a scheduling conflict and that executives were meeting with actors to portray the antagonist . Also that day , New Line Cinema set the film for a release of September 8 , 2017 . On October 30 , 2015 , Muschietti was interviewed by Variety wherein he spoke about his vision of It , while mentioning Poulter was still in the mix for the role of Pennywise : `` ( Poulter ) would be a great option . For me he is at the top of my list ... '' He confirmed that next summer is the time for them to start shooting . It was decided to shoot It during the summer months to give the filmmakers time to work with the children who have the main roles in the first part of the film . Muschietti went on to say that `` King described 50s ' terror iconography '' , adding that he feels there is a whole world now to `` rediscover , to update '' . He said there would not be any mummies or werewolves and that the `` terrors are going to be a lot more surprising '' . On February 19 , 2016 , at the D.I.C.E. Summit 2016 , producer Roy Lee confirmed that Fukunaga and Chase Palmer 's original script had been rewritten , remarking , `` It will hopefully be shooting later this year . We just got the California tax credit ... ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muscetti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On May 5 , 2016 , in an interview with Collider.com , David Kajganich expressed uncertainty as to whether drafts of his original screenplay would be used by Dauberman and Muschietti , with the writer stating , `` We know there 's a new director , I do n't know myself whether he 's going back to any of the previous drafts or writing from scratch . I may not know until the film comes out . I do n't know how it works ! If you find out let me know . '' On June 2 , 2016 , Jaeden Lieberher was confirmed as portraying lead protagonist Bill Denbrough , while The Hollywood Reporter reported that Bill Skarsgård was in final negotiations to star as Pennywise , with a cast also including Finn Wolfhard , Jack Dylan Grazer , Wyatt Oleff , Chosen Jacobs and Jeremy Ray Taylor . Also that day , there was a call for 100 background performers , with the background actor call going from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. ; by 4 p.m. , more than 300 people had gone through . The casting call also asked for a marching band and period cars between 1970 and 1989 . On June 9 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Owen Teague was set to portray Patrick Hocksetter . On June 21 , 2016 , it was officially announced that Nicholas Hamilton had been cast to play Henry Bowers , and Bloody Disgusting reported that Javier Botet had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced . On June 22 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Muschietti had chosen Sophia Lillis to portray Beverly Marsh , and on June 24 , 2016 , Moviepilot wrote that Stephen Bogaert had been added to the cast shortly before filming commenced , portraying Al Marsh , the abusive father of Beverly Marsh . On July 22 , 2016 , Barbara Muschietti was interviewed by Northumberland News ' Karen Longwell , wherein she spoke about the filming locations on It , while mentioning the beauty of Port Hope being one of the reasons as to why it was chosen . Muschietti added , `` We were looking for an idyllic town , one that would be a strong contrast to the story . Port Hope is the kind of place we all wish we had grown up in : long summers riding bicycles , walks by the lake , a lovely main street , charming homes with green lawns , warm people . '' Muschietti also mentioned that 360 extras from the area , from adults to small children , had been involved . On August 11 , 2016 , at The CW TCA presentation for the series Frequency , producer Dan Lin spoke of the piece 's comparison to Netflix 's Stranger Things , describing It being an `` homage to 80s movies '' , while remarking : `` I think a great analogy is actually Stranger Things , and we 're seeing it on Netflix right now . It 's very much an homage to ' 80s movies , whether it 's classic Stephen King or even Spielberg . Think about Stand by Me ( 1986 ) as far as the bonding amongst the kids . But there is a really scary element in Pennywise . '' Lin continued , speaking of how well the young cast had bonded in the first weeks of shooting , `` We clearly had a great dynamic amongst the kids . Really great chemistry is always a challenging thing with a movie like It because you 're casting kids who do n't have a ton of experience , but it ended up being really natural . Each kid , like a The Goonies ( 1985 ) or Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , has a very specific personality and they 're forming the loser 's club obviously ... We 've spent a few months getting the kids to bond and now they 're going to fight this evil , scary clown . '' On February 9 , 2017 , at the press day for The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) , Lin confirmed that It would be rated R by the MPAA , and stated to Collider.com 's Steve Weintraub , `` If you 're going to make a `` Rated - R movie '' , you have to fully embrace what it is , and you have to embrace the source material . It is a scary clown that 's trying to kill kids ... They do have a scary clown that 's taken over the town of Derry , so it 's going to be rated R . '' On March 11 , 2017 , Muschietti , at the SXSW festival , spoke of an element of the pre-production phase in his attempt to keep Skarsgård separated from the film 's child actors , wherein the actor was not introduced to the young cast until Pennywise 's first encounter with the children : `` It was something that we agreed on , and that 's how it happened ... The day that he showed up on the stage , they f * cking freaked out . Bill is like , seven - foot high , and I ca n't describe how scary he looks in person . He 's a wiry man , crouching , making sounds , snotting , drooling , speaking in Swedish sometimes . Terrifying . '' Muschietti stated that the story had been moved forward , with the scenes with the young Losers Club shifting from the 1950s to the 1980s , while also describing the plot as `` getting much wider '' , with new material not in the novel or the 1990 miniseries . However , Muschietti said he hoped the material would still strike the same emotional resonance that the book did for him when he first read it : `` It 's all about trying to hit the core and the heart . '' On July 12 , 2017 , Muschietti , in an interview with French magazine Mad Movies , spoke of the R rating allowing him to go into adult themes , which was championed from the people at New Line Cinema . He also stated that , `` ... if you aimed for a PG - 13 movie , you had nothing at the end . So we were very lucky that the producers did n't try to stop us . In fact it 's more our own moral compass that sometimes showed us that some things lead us in places where we did n't want to go . '' In the same interview , on July 12 , 2017 , producer Barbara Muschietti added that there was only one scene that was deemed to be too horrific to feature in the new adaptation , stating , `` ... you wo n't find the scene where a kid has his back broken and is thrown in the toilets . We thought that the visual translation of that scene had something that was really too much . '' Muschietti concluded by emphasizing that nothing was removed from the original vision , nor was the violence of any event watered down . On July 19 , 2017 , in an interview with Variety 's Brent Lang , director Muschietti commented of the monstrous forms that It will be taking , as well as noting the fact that they are very different from the incarnations present in King 's story , `` The story is the same , but there are changes in the things the kids are scared of . In the book they 're children in the ' 50s , so the incarnations of the monsters are mainly from movies , so it 's Wolf Man , the Mummy , Frankenstein , ( and ) Dracula . I had a different approach . I wanted to bring out deeper fears , based not only on movie monsters but on childhood traumas . '' While on the topic of the key to a successful horror film , Muschietti concluded by remarking that `` Stay true to what scares you . If you do n't respect that , you ca n't scare anyone . '' Muschietti explained how Skarsgård caught his attention to embody Pennywise , while pointing out that he did not want the young cast to spend too much time with the actor when not shooting , and encouraged them to `` maintain distance '' , wherein Muschietti detailed : `` We wanted to carry the impact of the encounters to when the cameras were rolling . The first scene where Bill interacted with the children , it was fun to see how the plan worked . The kids were really , really creeped out by Bill . He 's pretty intimidating because he 's six - four and has all this makeup . '' Filming Port Hope had undergone a number of changes to transform into the town of Derry . Production designer Mara LePere - Schloop went to Bangor , Maine , to scope out locations , including the Thomas Hill Standpipe , the land running alongside the Kenduskeag Stream that in It is called The Barrens , and the Waterworks on the Penobscot River . LePere - Schloop said that they were hoping to shoot some scenes in the city , and possibly take some aerial shots . On May 31 , 2016 , Third Act Productions was confirmed to have applied to film interior and exterior scenes for It in the municipality of Port Hope , with filming slated for various locations around the municipality from July 11 , 2016 to July 18 , 2016 . Principal photography begun in Toronto , with an original shooting schedule from June 27 to September 6 , 2016 . By July 8 , 2016 , Port Hope had undergone changes to transform it into Derry ; Port Hope Municipal hall was the Derry Public Library , The Port Hope Tourism Centre became the City of Derry office , Ganaraska Financial was remade as Montgomery Financial , Gould 's Shoes store front on Walton Street changed to a butcher shop , The Avanti Hair Design store front changed to Tony 's Barber Shop , an empty storefront at 36 Walton Street changed to Reliance Cleaners , Queen Street Tattoo store front changed to Derry Scoop , a statue of Paul Bunyan was erected in Memorial Park , US flags hung in place of Canadian flags downtown , and Port Hope Capitol Theatre had appeared to be showing Batman ( 1989 ) and Lethal Weapon 2 ( 1989 ) , thus confirming the film 's 1989 setting . On July 11 , 2016 , preliminary shooting took place in Port Hope Town Hall , Memorial Park cenotaph , Queen Street , between Walton and Robertson streets and the Capitol Theatre . On July 12 , 2016 , filming occurred between the intersection of Mill and Walton street , Walton Street bridge , and in front and behind 16 -- 22 Walton Street and Port Hope Town Hall . Other shooting locations included Queen Street between Walton and Roberston street , and Memorial Park , on July 13 . It was also reported , on July 14 , that filming had been set up on the alley between Gould 's Shoe 's and Avanti Hair Design , and John and Hayward streets . Filming moved to Cavan Street , between Highland Drive and Ravine Drive , and Victoria Street South , between Trafalgar Street and Sullivan Street , on July 15 . Filming in Port Hope ended on July 18 , at Watson 's Guardian Drugs . Oshawa had been chosen by producers of It as the next filming location , and on July 20 , 2016 , filming notices were sent out to homes in the area of Eulalie Avenue and James Street , near downtown Oshawa , advising residents that filming would take place in the area from August 5 to August 8 , 2016 . On July 29 , 2016 , it was announced the crew had worked on the formerly vacant lot at the dead end of James Street constructing the set , in the form of a dilapidated old house . It was also remarked that the structure is a facade built around scaffolding that would be used for exterior shots . The set was composed of pre-fabricated modules that were trucked in and put into place by IATSE carpenters . On July 18 , 2016 , production crews had arrived in Riverdale , Toronto , with filming beginning at 450 Pape Ave , which is home to a circa 1902 heritage - designated building called Cranfield House , up until August 19 , 2016 . It was reported on September 4 that filming had wrapped in Oshawa , which included the haunted house location , as well as on Court and Fisher streets . Principal photography was confirmed to have ended in Toronto on September 21 , 2016 , with an altered shooting schedule occurring from June 27 to September 21 , 2016 , and post-production initially beginning on September 14 , 2016 . Design Costume design Pennywise 's gray costume was partly inspired by the clothing style of the Renaissance . On August 16 , 2016 , in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , costume designer Janie Bryant spoke of crafting Pennywise 's form - fitting suit and the inspirations it drew from -- involving a number of eras -- among them Medieval , Renaissance , Elizabethan , and Victorian . Bryant explained that the costume incorporates all these otherworldly past lives , highlighting the point that Pennywise is a clown from a different time . In designing Pennywise 's costume , Bryant included a Fortuny pleating , which gives the costume an almost crepe - like effect , to which Bryant remarked , `` It 's a different technique than what the Elizabethans would do . It 's more organic , it 's more sheer . It has a whimsical , floppy quality to it . It 's not a direct translation of a ruff or a whisk , which were two of the collars popular during the Elizabethan period . '' Bryant played with multiple eras as a way of reflecting Pennywise 's immortality , and added a `` doll - like quality to the costume '' . She further stated , `` The pants being short , the high waistline of the jacket , and the fit of the costume is a very important element . It gives the character a child - like quality . '' Bryant spoke of the two puffs off the shoulder , sleeves and again on the bloomers , with her desire to create an `` organic , gourd or pumpkin kind of effect '' , which includes the peplum at the waist , and the flared , skirt - like fabric blossoming from below his doublet . She explains , `` It helps exaggerate certain parts of the body . The costume is very nipped in the waist and with the peplum and bloomers it has an expansive silhouette . '' The main color of his costume is a dusky gray , but with a few splashes of colour . She concludes the interview by stating , `` The pompoms are orange , and then with the trim around the cuffs and the ankles , it 's basically a ball fringe that 's a combination of orange , red , and cinnamon . It 's almost like Pennywise fades into his environment . But there are accents to pull out the definition of the gray silk . '' Creature design Judith , the woman in the portrait whose form It assumes to terrify Stan , did not appear in the novel . Muschietti based this sequence on the paintings of Amedeo Modigliani , one of which hung in his childhood home , and which he found frightening , interpreting Modigliani 's stylisation as monstrosity . The eponymous creature in Muschietti 's previous film , Mama , was also based on Modigliani 's work . Visual effects Nicholas Brooks was the overall visual effects supervisor , and visual effects company Rodeo FX worked on most of the visual effects on It . Amalgamated Dynamics worked on the special makeup effects . Themes The film has been described as a loss of innocence story , with fear , mortality and survivalist themes . Muschietti remarked of the film 's elements of coming of age and issues of mortality , adding that such themes are prevalent in King 's book , though in reality they occur in a more progressive way , `` There 's a passage ( in It ) that reads , ' Being a kid is learning how to live and being an adult is learning how to die . ' There 's a bit of a metaphor of that and it just happens in a very brutal way , of course . '' He also mentioned the characterization of Pennywise 's survivalist attitude , and a passage in the novel which inspired Muschietti was when Bill wonders if Pennywise is eating children simply because that is what people are told monsters do , `` It 's a tiny bit of information , but that sticks with you so much . Maybe it is real as long as children believe in it . And in a way , Pennywise 's character is motivated by survival . In order to be alive in the imagination of children , he has to keep killing . '' While Muschietti acknowledged It being a horror film , he felt that it is not simply that , `` It 's a story of love and friendship and a lot of other beautiful emotions . '' The graphic sexual content that was in the novel and Fukunaga 's original script was not included in the film . Music On March 23 , 2017 , Benjamin Wallfisch was announced as the composer of It 's score . The soundtrack album was released in preview in August 2017 . All tracks written by Benjamin Wallfisch . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Every 27 Years '' 2 : 36 2 . `` Paper Boat '' 1 : 55 3 . `` Georgie , Meet Pennywise '' 3 : 38 4 . `` Derry '' 2 : 25 5 . `` River Chase '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Egg Boy '' 2 : 44 7 . `` Beverly '' 1 : 20 8 . `` Come Join the Clowns , Eds '' 1 : 20 9 . `` You 'll Float Too '' 3 : 20 10 . `` Shape Shifter '' 1 : 42 11 . `` Hockstetter Attack '' 2 : 15 12 . `` Haircut '' 4 : 15 13 . `` Derry History '' 2 : 48 14 . `` January Embers '' 1 : 05 15 . `` Saving Mike '' 1 : 15 16 . `` This Is Not a Dream '' 2 : 08 17 . `` Slideshow '' 2 : 00 18 . `` Georgie 's Theme '' 1 : 42 19 . `` He Did n't Stutter Once '' 1 : 33 20 . `` 29 Neibolt St . '' 4 : 17 21 . `` Time to Float '' 3 : 04 22 . `` It 's What It Wants '' 1 : 19 23 . `` You 'll Die If You Try '' 4 : 38 24 . `` Return to Neibolt '' 2 : 31 25 . `` Into the Well '' 2 : 05 26 . `` Pennywise 's Tower '' 1 : 48 27 . `` Deadlights '' 2 : 04 28 . `` Searching for Stanley '' 2 : 28 29 . `` Saving Beverly '' 3 : 36 30 . `` Georgie Found '' 1 : 53 31 . `` Transformation '' 0 : 58 32 . `` Feed on Your Fear '' 2 : 34 33 . `` Welcome to the Losers Club '' 3 : 05 34 . `` Yellow Raincoat '' 1 : 43 35 . `` Blood Oath '' 3 : 11 36 . `` Kiss '' 0 : 54 37 . `` Every 27 Years ( Reprise ) '' 2 : 07 38 . `` Epilogue -- The Pennywise Dance '' 0 : 36 Release It was released in North America on September 8 , 2017 . In Europe , the film was released in Belgium on September 6 , 2017 , Denmark and the Netherlands on September 7 , 2017 , and Norway and Finland on September 8 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2017 , the alternate title of the film was announced by Stephen King as Part 1 -- The Losers ' Club . In addition to the conventional 2D format , It was also released across 615 IMAX screens globally , including 389 domestically . Marketing This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On January 31 , 2016 , Muschietti , on his Instagram , posted a sketch that was thought to be the precursor to Pennywise 's final look , to celebrate pre-production getting underway . Beginning from July 11 , 2016 , Muschietti posted a variety of missing person posters of children within the Derry area , including Betty Ripsom , Richie Tozier , Paul Greenberg , Jonathan Chan , and Tania McGowan . Muschietti shared a photo of a missing person poster featuring Richie Tozier . The poster lists all of the character 's information , as part of It 's marketing campaign . The first official image for It debuted on July 13 , 2016 , introducing the first look at Skarsgård 's Pennywise The Dancing Clown , as well as an interview with Skarsgård , conducted by Anthony Breznican . Thomas Freeman of Maxim wrote `` ... Skarsgard in full , terrifying costume , ... he 's clearly got what it takes to fill King 's most macabre , nightmare - inducing creation . '' Chris Eggertsen of HitFix responded positively , stating the image to be `` ... an appropriately macabre look that does n't deviate too radically from the aesthetic of Curry 's Pennywise ... dare I say , a more creepily seductive look to Skarsgard 's version that was absent from Curry 's interpretation . '' On July 30 , 2016 , Muschietti released three storyboard images , up until the date of August 22 , 2016 , with the first featuring Bill Denbrough making a paper boat for his younger brother George . The second storyboard features Bill leading his bike , nicknamed Silver , across a lawn with the included phrase : `` He thrusts his fists against the posts but still insists he sees the ghosts '' . The third and final storyboard features Bill asleep next to a sketch of Beverly Marsh . On August 16 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly released the full costume image of Skarsgård 's Pennywise to promote It , including an interview with costume designer Janie Bryant . JoBlo.com 's Damion Damaske was fond of the new design , though was understanding of others being dismissive of it . Damaske also stated , `` One of the chief complaints is that it looked too automatically scary , and that one of the reasons Pennywise chooses his guise is to trick and lure children . '' Dave Trumbore of Collider.com noted that `` This one 's going to divide some folks . It 's nowhere near as baggy or colorful as the one Tim Curry ... donned ... , but the new version certainly seems to have a lot more thought and intent behind its creation . '' Jonathan Barkan of Bloody Disgusting called the image one of `` ... ( drawing ) attention and curiosity '' . Barkan then stated `` I do n't know if it 's morbid curiosity or hopeful wishes but the overall response to his face and makeup seemed to be quite positive ! '' On March 9 , 2017 , Neha Aziz of SXSW announced that Muschietti would appear at a screening event titled , Face Your Fears , to share footage from It , while discussing his inspirations and influences . On March 11 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It by releasing a teaser trailer and a scene at the South by Southwest festival . Trace Thurman of Bloody Disgusting heralded the trailer : `` It was maybe 90 seconds of footage , but it was a damn impressive 90 seconds of footage ... As far as teasers go , it 's one of the best that I 've ever seen . '' Dread Central 's Jonathan Barkan praised the scene , and stated , `` The kids are clearly very adept at working off one another . There was a chemistry between the four that was wonderful to see and it 's obvious that Muschietti worked very hard to ensure they were believable . '' Eric Vespe of Ai n't It Cool News remarked that `` ... this one scene shows us the key traits of the bulk of the members of the Losers Club within one sequence . I loved it for that reason . '' On March 28 , 2017 , New Line released a 139 - second teaser trailer to promote It , following a 19 - second trailer and the official teaser poster the prior day , and for exhibitors at CinemaCon . Tom Philip of GQ heralded the trailer and its tonality by stating : `` Dark corners everywhere and a pervading sense of absolute doom , even in the scenes where the creature is n't looming . That projector scene ! Christ ! '' Michael Gold of The New York Times praised the trailer , and stated : `` There 's always tension in the sustained string chords of the soundtrack , and it imbues everything with suspense and darkness . '' Wired 's Brian Raftery spoke most highly of the trailer , to which he stated , `` The teaser 's scariest moment features no gore or gotcha - ness ; instead , it involves a misfiring slide - projector and a barely discernible clown - grin . Nothing in the It trailer feels like a cheap thrill , which is all the more thrilling . '' IndieWire 's William Earl reacted positively to the `` top - notch '' production design of Derry , Maine within the trailer . The trailer reached 197 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record as the trailer with the most views in one day . In addition to dethroning The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , the trailer numbers surpassed previous records held by Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) , and Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) . On May 7 , 2017 , a second teaser trailer , this one lasting 137 seconds , was shown at the MTV Movie & TV Awards in Los Angeles , California , with the new preview showcasing a snippet of the film where the `` Losers ' Club '' search for Pennywise 's many victims . Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone felt snippet of the film `` was initially ... similar to Stand by Me ( 1986 ) , with the Losers ' Club playfully bantering about `` gray water '' ... A series of scary images soon follow before the trailer ends on Pennywise doing unimaginable balloon tricks to lure a victim . '' Matt Goldberg of Collider.com praised the trailer , and stated : `` This new trailer really plays up the kids ' role and their fears . It 's a smart move , because if a sequel does come along , it 's going to be looking at the kids as adults , so that aspect will be lost . '' Digital Spy 's Jack Tomlin spoke of the clarity in that director Muschietti 's film will carry on down the `` creepy as hell '' vibe he gave the first trailer . On July 13 , 2017 , Entertainment Weekly released a collection of new images and concept art such as Pennywise 's lair to promote It , including commentary from director Andrés Muschietti . On July 19 , 2017 , New Line Cinema showcased its promotion of It , by releasing three reels of footage at San Diego Comic - Con , before an advanced screening of Annabelle : Creation ( 2017 ) . Reception Box Office As of November 5 , 2017 , It has grossed $325.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $351.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $677.6 million , against a production budget of $35 million . In North America , initial opening weekend projections had the film grossing $50 -- 60 million . By the week of its release , estimates were raised to $60 -- 70 million , with a chance to go higher if word of mouth was strong . It opened in 4,103 theaters , setting the record for most venues for an R - rated film ( beating Logan 's 4,071 from the past March ) . A few days before its release , the film became Fandango 's top horror pre-seller of all - time , eclipsing Paranormal Activity 3 ( 2011 ) , as well as setting the record as the site 's top pre-seller among September releases , beating Sully ( 2016 ) . The film made $13.5 million from Thursday night previews , setting the record for highest amount by both an R - rated ( besting Deadpool 's $12.6 million ) and a horror film . Due to the high Thursday gross , Deadline.com noted some industry trackers upped weekend projections to $90 million . It went on to have an opening day of $50.2 million ( including previews ) , increasing weekend projections to over $100 million . The film 's Friday gross not only set a record for biggest single - day amount by an R - rated film ( beating Deadpool 's $47.3 million ) but nearly eclipsed Paranormal Activity 3 's entire weekend gross of $52.6 million , which was the highest opening weekend gross for a horror film . It went on to open to $123.1 million , setting the records for largest opening weekend for both a September release and a horror film , and was the second - biggest debut for an R - rated film behind Deadpool ( $132.4 million ) . Variety and Deadline both noted that the film 's opening weekend could have been even greater if not for Hurricane Irma shutting down nearly 50 % of Florida 's theaters , a state that typically accounts for 5 % of the country 's box office grosses . During its first full week , the film made $8.8 million on Monday , $11.4 million on Tuesday , $7.9 million on Wednesday and $7.2 million on Thursday , each setting September records for their respective days . In its second weekend the film grossed $60.1 million ( a better - than - average for horror films drop of 51 % ) , making more in its second weekend than previous opening record holder Paranormal Activity 3 made in its first , and again topped the box office . It also pushed the domestic total to $218.7 million , overtaking Crocodile Dundee for highest - grossing September film ( $174.8 million in 1984 ) . In its third week the film was dethroned by newcomer Kingsman : The Golden Circle , finishing second at the box office with $29.7 million . In its fourth week , the film initially made a projected gross of $17.3 million , apparently retaking its top spot at the box office ahead of Kingsman ( $17 million ) . However the following day , actual results had the film finishing in second by a gross of $16.93 million to $16.90 million , while beating out newcomer American Made ( $16.8 million ) . The film continued to hold well in the following weeks , making $10 million and $6.1 million in its fifth and sixth weeks , finishing a respective 3rd and 4th at the box office . Critical response Bill Skarsgård 's portrayal of Pennywise the Dancing Clown received widespread praise from critics and audiences . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 84 % based on 283 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Well - acted and fiendishly frightening with an emotionally affecting story at its core , It amplifies the horror in Stephen King 's classic story without losing touch with its heart . '' Metacritic , another review aggregator , assigned the film a weighted average score of 70 out of 100 , based on 48 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars , saying : `` What will REALLY put a chill down your spine and raise the hairs on the back of your neck are the moments when an adolescent character is isolated from friends , all alone in the cellar or the bathroom or the alley or a dark office , and something they 've long feared springs to ' life ' in a certain fashion , confirming their worst sense of dread and doom . '' Andrew Barker of Variety praised the visuals and cast , while acknowledging the familiarities , calling the film `` a collection of alternately terrifying , hallucinatory , and ludicrous nightmare imagery ... a series of well - crafted yet decreasingly effective suspense setpieces ; and a series of well - acted coming - of - age sequences that do n't quite fully mature . '' Mark Kermode of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars , writing that the film `` is an energetic romp with crowd - pleasing appeal that is n't afraid to bare its gory teeth '' . Christopher Orr of The Atlantic gave the film a mixed review , calling it `` a solid but relatively conventional horror movie '' and writing that it `` privileges CGI scares over dread and nuance '' . Some critics were disappointed with the film 's implementation of jump scares . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune noted the film 's `` diminishing returns of one jump scare after another '' , writing that `` nearly every scene begins and ends the same way , with a slow build ... leading up to a KAAA - WHUMMMMMM ! ! ! ! sound effect '' . Eric Kohn of IndieWire praised the film 's visuals but wrote that it `` simplifies its appeal with jump scares '' , and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly lauded the child actors but wrote that `` the more we see of Pennywise , the less scary he becomes '' . Accolades It received a 2017 Golden Trailer Awards nomination for Best Horror , which it subsequently won . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Horror It Won Sequel On February 16 , 2016 , producer Roy Lee , in an interview with Collider.com , mentioned the final film of the planned It duology , remarking that : `` ( Dauberman ) wrote the most recent draft working with ( Muschietti ) , so it 's being envisioned as two movies . '' On July 19 , 2017 , Muschietti revealed that the plan is to get production underway for the sequel to It next spring , adding , `` We 'll probably have a script for the second part in January ( 2018 ) . Ideally , we would start prep in March . Part one is only about the kids . Part two is about these characters 30 years later as adults , with flashbacks to 1989 when they were kids . '' On July 21 , 2017 , Muschietti spoke of looking forward to having a dialogue in the second film that does not exist within the first , stating , `` ... it seems like we 're going to do it . It 's the second half , it 's not a sequel . It 's the second half and it 's very connected to the first one . '' Muschietti confirmed that two cut scenes from the film will hopefully be included in the second , one of which being the fire at the Black Spot from the book . On September 25 , 2017 , New Line Cinema announced that a sequel would be released on September 6 , 2019 , with co-scriptwriter Gary Dauberman returning to write the script . Notes Jump up ^ Writers Andy Muschietti , Cary Fukunaga and David Kajganich refer to Skarsgård 's character as Pennywise , in various interviews -- most notably with Collider.com . Additionally the name Pennywise the Dancing Clown is what Pennywise introduces himself as to Georgie Denbrough ; the term It is n't used in either of these cases . References Jump up ^ `` IT '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` With new adaptation of ' It , ' New Line Cinema hopes to continue horror winning streak '' . Los Angeles Times . 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Archived from the original on August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Niki ( July 1 , 2010 ) . `` SCREENWRITER DAVID KAJGANICH GIVES AN UPDATE ON STEPHEN KING 'S IT '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Serafini , Matt ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Early Details on the IT Remake '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( January 11 , 2014 ) . `` Director Cary Fukunaga Talks TRUE DETECTIVE , Making an 8 - Hour Film , Future Seasons , BEASTS OF NO NATION , Modernizing Horror with IT , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Be Adapted by Cary Fukunaga into Two Films ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Will Shoot Next Summer '' . Coming Soon . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( December 5 , 2014 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Will Shoot Stephen King 's It Next Summer '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's It remake put on indefinite hold as director Cary Fukunaga walks out '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga on Adapting It , His Musical With Owen Pallett , and # TrueDetectiveSeason2 '' . Slate . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Director Seeks `` Perfect Pennywise '' Clown `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter cast as Pennywise in Cary Fukunaga 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter to Play the Evil Clown in ' It ' Remake ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' It ' Loses Director Cary Fukunaga '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Geier , Thom ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Out as Director of Stephen King 's ' It ' at New Line ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga Offers New Details on Why ' It ' Remake Fell Apart '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Cary Fukunaga opens up about IT departure -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` The remake of IT may be dead '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sky News Editors , Justin ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` It Remake ' Dead ' As Director Walks Away '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` IT Emphasizes Pennywise 's Most Terrifying Virtue '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Finds New Director ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Mama 's Andrés Muschietti in Negotiations To Direct It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Sets ' CHiPs ' , ' It ' & Untitled PG - 13 Comedy For 2017 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Announces Release Date for ' It ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mayorga , Emilio ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Muschiettis to Produce Supernatural Thriller ' Shadows ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sewell , Annie ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Filming Starts Next Summer on Remake of Stephen King Classic ' It ' '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' to Film Next Summer ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mike ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's It May Start Filming in 2016 ; Two Movies Still Planned '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Bigger Splash ' Writer David Kajganich on His Unique Approach to the Remake and ' It ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Northumberland News Editor ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hundreds turn up for Stephen King 's ' It ' background actor cast call in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Nicholas Hamilton in Stephen King 's ' It ' ; Monterey Media Acquires ' The Last Film Festival ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Horror Wizard Javier Botet to Haunt ' The Mummy ' and Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Creature Performer Javier Botet Joins The Mummy and Stephen King 's It '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Producer Dan Lin Confirms ' It ' Rating and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wixson , Heather ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : Impressions of First Footage from IT & New Footage from ANNABELLE 2 '' . Daily Dead . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The new Pennywise terrified the young cast of Stephen King 's IT reboot '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whittaker , Richard ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW Panel : Face Your Fears '' . The Austin Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mad Movies Editors ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ÇA BY ANDY MUSCHIETTI '' . Mad Movies . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` New Pennywise Image Found On French Magazine Cover '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Andy Muschietti Talks Holding Nothing Back for `` R '' - rated ' IT ' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` It director Andy Muschietti on the film 's R rating '' . Flickering Myth . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Emily ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` New IT Film Will Contain Scenes ' Too Intense ' For The Original '' . UniLad . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Naylor , Daisy ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' IT ' Movie Will Be `` R '' Rated With `` Very Adult Themes '' `` . thehooknew . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carptenter , Michael ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director Talks the Advantages of an R Rating '' . iHorror . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` IT Director : R Rating Allows Film to Explore ' Very Adult Themes ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Various Monsters in ' IT ' Will Be Very Different from the Book '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ANDY MUSCHIETTI TALKS IT PART 2 & CLASSIC MOVIE MONSTERS '' . JoBlo.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Paul ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` There 's new terrifying details about the IT film '' . Joe . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Director on Tackling the Two R - Rated Movies and Why He Picked Bill Skarsgard for Pennywise '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Female First Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . Female First . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MSN Editors ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Andres Muschietti confirms prep date for IT sequel '' . MSN . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Director Explains How Bill Skarsgard Won Coveted Pennywise Role '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Adaptation of Stephen King 's It Begins Filming in June '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Muschietti , Andrés ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Day one '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jorissen , Matt ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` IT Filming in Toronto This Summer '' . Lilja 's Library . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Dustin ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' : PORT HOPE 'S TRANSFORMATION INTO DERRY AND WHAT IT REVEALS ABOUT PLOT '' . Inquisitr . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` DurhamRegion : Ten changes to Port Hope 's downtown for the filming of Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Longwell , Karen ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Preparation for Stephen King 's ' It ' filming started in Port Hope '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The Oshawa Express Editors ( July 20 , 2016 ) . `` Oshawa sewers to be haunted by literary terror '' . The Oshawa Express . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Shah , Maryam ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' movie being filmed in Oshawa '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Jef ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' That 's how you make a haunted house ' : Elaborate set for film of Stephen King 's ' It ' being built in Oshawa '' . Northumberland News . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Peter ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Filming of Stephen King 's horror classic ' It ' becoming nightmare for some residents '' . Global News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matteis , Stephanie ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Film crew for Stephen King movie It creates horror show for Riverdale resident '' . CBC.ca . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Honderich , Holly ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Excessive film shoots at Riverdale home irks neighbours '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoie , Joanna ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Lights , camera , too much action at oft - used Pape Avenue film set '' . InsideToronto . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Novakovic , Stefan ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Redevelopment Plan Re-Emerges for Storied East End Mansion '' . Urban Toronto . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruta , Mike ( September 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' was a hit and it 's a wrap in Oshawa '' . Durham Region . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Wraps Filming : Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Orange , Alan ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Wraps Production , Pennywise Jack - in - the - Box Revealed '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Addicted to Horror Movies Editors ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Filming on Andy Muschietti 's Remake of Stephen King 's ' It ' has Wrapped '' . Addicted to Horror Movies . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ IMDb Editors ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` It ( 2017 ) -- IMDbPro '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Yahoo Movies Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' First Look : A New Close - Up of Pennywise 's Creepy Costume '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` IT MOVIE : FIRST FULL LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN '' . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ K , George ( May 19 , 2012 ) . `` What is the difference between Fortuny pleating and mushroom pleating ? '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Behold Pennywise the Clown 's eerie costume from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` The First Look at Pennywise The Clown From The New ' It ' Film Is Terrifying '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` It : First full unsettling look at Pennywise the clown in Stephen King remake '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabethan Doublets -- Elizabethan Era Editors ( May 16 , 2012 ) . `` Elizabethan Doublets '' . Tom 's Sons International Pleating . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Muschietti Talks Paintings that Inspired Nightmarish New ' IT ' Creature '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cinefex Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` It '' . Cinefex . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` IT -- In Production '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Rodeo FX Editors ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` FILMOGRAPHY '' . Rodeo FX . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Amalgamated Dynamics Editors ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Amalgamated Dynamics -- Filmography '' . Amalgamated Dynamics . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White , James ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New Images Of Pennywise And The Kids From It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` See a creepy / cool photo of the new Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' remake '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` ANDRÉS MUSCHIETTI SPILLS NEW DETAILS ABOUT IT AND REVEALS NEW IMAGES '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise and the Losers ' Club Highlighted in New ' IT ' Images '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stefansky , Emma ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Images Feature a Red Balloon and a Bunch of Terrified '' . ScreenCrush . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Pennywise disarms in secret Comic - Con footage from Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Graphic Sexual Content Involving Pre-Teens Cut From New IT Movie '' . ScreenGeek . June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Mike ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT SCORES LIGHTS OUT COMPOSER BENJAMIN WALLFISCH '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ IT : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack by Benjamin Wallfisch on Apple Music , 2017 - 09 - 08 , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 Jump up ^ Disgusting , Mr ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Who Will Play Pennywise in Stephen King 's ' It ' ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.kino.dk/film/i/it/it-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.cinemagnus.nl/verwacht/film/it/1169/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmweb.no/film/article1302530.ece Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King Says the New ' It ' Movie Succeeds Beyond Expectations '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King calls It remake a ' wonderful production ' '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's ' It ' Scares Life Into Box Office , Beats ' Deadpool ' With $13.5 M Record Preview ; $90 M+ 3 - Day Possible '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Has Pennywise 's New Look Already Been Revealed ? '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Collin ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Consequence of Sound . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Pennywise 's New Look Teased as IT Begins Shooting '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blu - ray Forum Editors ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Director of Stephen King 's It remake reveals concept art for Pennywise '' . Blu - ray . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ ThePhantomFox ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Paul Greenberg missing poster taken from the IT filming in Port Hope '' . Reddit . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Ananda ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Latest Pics From The Movie Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' IT ' Are Worthy of the King Himself '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen King 's IT Remake : Missing Posters Show Pennywise 's Victims '' . iHorror . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN FROM STEPHEN KING 'S IT MOVIE '' . IGN . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` First look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` It : First look at Pennywise the Clown in Stephen King adaptation '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Thomas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE IN STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' IS THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eggertsen , Chris ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' remake : Here 's your first look at the new Pennywise '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' Director Andy Muschietti Shares Images From the Set '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Check Out A Bunch of Spooky New Images From The Set of IT '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Dig These Cryptic and Creepy Behind - the - Scenes Images From IT ! '' . Blumhouse Productions . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roschke , Ryan ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` A Behind - the - Scenes Look at the Horror Remake of Stephen King 's It -- Slideshow '' . PopSugar . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Take a full look at Bill Skarsgård as the new Pennywise from It '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maxim Staff ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` THE DAILY HEAT INDEX : HERE 'S THE FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE THE CLOWN 'S CREEPY COSTUME FOR STEPHEN KING 'S ' IT ' '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damaske , Damion ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` FIRST LOOK AT PENNYWISE 'S `` FRIENDLY '' GUISE FROM THE NEW IT REBOOT `` . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Bill Skarsgård 's Creepy New Pennywise Costume Revealed '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' It ' : Here 's `` Pennywise '' in Full Clown Costume and He 's Definitely Freaky ! `` . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Announcing Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SXSW Editors ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Face Your Fears : An Exclusive First Look & Filmmaker Discussion '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Michael ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` IT Remake Teaser Trailer Description : New Pennywise Does n't Hold Back '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trendell , Andrew ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First trailer for re-make of Stephen King 's ' It ' ' leaves audience screaming ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thurman , Trace ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` We 've Seen Footage From Stephen King 's ' It ' ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Ben ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` First footage from Stephen King 's It remake gets critics excited '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` SXSW 2017 : We Saw Footage From Stephen King 's It and Annabelle 2 '' . Dread Central . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` The first footage from the new adaptation of Stephen King 's IT screened at SXSW and it looks really good ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The First Teaser Trailer For It Preys On Your Fears '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Poster and Teaser Trailer Heralds the Horrors to Come '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` NEW IT POSTER RELEASED , TRAILER TO BE REVEALED TOMORROW '' . IGN . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Creepy ' IT ' Poster Offers Up a Balloon ; Trailer Tomorrow ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` CinemaCon : New Line Scares up ' Annabelle : Creation ' as Sequel Title '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Creeps to Top of Social Media Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philip , Tom ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Trailer for the New IT Remake Will Ruin Your Childhood All Over Again '' . GQ . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gold , Michael ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' It ' Trailer Is Here to Give You Nightmares '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` With the First Trailer for It , Stephen King Reclaims the ' 80s '' . Wired . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Earl , William ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Breakdown : The 6 Best Parts That Perfectly Capture the Novel 's Brilliance '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Scares Up Worldwide Traffic Record In First 24 Hours With Near 200M , Smokes ' Fate Of The Furious ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Trailer Sets Record for Most Online Views in Single Day '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` It trailer sets all - time viewing record for 24 - hour period '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` The It Movie Is Already Breaking Records '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Brings Horror to the MTV Movie & TV Awards With New Clip '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahern , Sarah ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' New Footage Spooks Audiences at MTV Movie & TV Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` It : Watch Pennywise Show His Face , If You Dare '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hincks , Joseph ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the New Trailer for Andres Muschietti 's It '' . Time . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Eliza ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` A New It Trailer Is Here to Ruin Balloons Forever '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` IT movie : New trailer for Stephen King adaptation floats online '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Terrifying New ' It ' Trailer Sees Losers ' Club Journey Into Sewers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` New ' It ' Trailer Promises Further Trouble for the Beleaguered Clown Community '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tomlin , Jack ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the latest teaser for Stephen King 's It -- as The Losers ' Club are terrorised by Pennywise the Clown '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Losers descend into Pennywise 's nest in this new look at Stephen King 's It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Images Show off the Losers While Concept Art Teases the Final Confrontation '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houghton , Rianne ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` It movie 's new concept art reveals Pennywise 's terrifying lair '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` New Stephen King 's ' IT ' Concept Art Reveal Pennywise 's Lair '' . Pop Culture . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` New Line Cinema Brings Horror to the # SDCC With `` ScareDiego '' `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con : New Line 's ' ScareDiego ' Event To Include Exclusive ' IT ' Footage , ' Annabelle : Creation ' Screening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Jonathan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` # SDCC17 Update : New Line Cinemas Hosting ScareDiego Event With New IT Footage and Annabelle : Creation Screening '' . Dread Central . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the ' IT ' Booth at the # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` After Horrific Summer At Box Office , ' It ' Will Bring Life To Fall Marketplace With Potential $60 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( September 3 , 2017 ) . `` After Dismal Summer , Hollywood Pins Hopes on Fall Ticket Sales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adaptation of Stephen King 's ' It ' Targets Fall Opening Weekend Record '' . Box Office Mojo . September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango : ' IT ' Shatters Presales Records for Horror Movies and September Releases '' . Box Office Pro . September 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' It ' Scares Up Record - Crushing $13.5 Million Thursday '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazed Clown Cashes Smashes Sept. , Genre Records As Stephen King 's ' It ' Pulls In $123 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Stephen King 's ' It ' Smashes Records With Massive $117 Million Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ' Scares Up $11.4 M , Biggest Tuesday Ever For September ; Stephen King Film To Clear $200 M This Weekend '' . Deadline.com . September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' American Assassin ' Collects $915 K In Previews ; ' It ' Still King Of The B.O. As Horror Pic Heads To $200 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony . `` ' Mother ! ' Dies With ' F ' CinemaScore And $7.5 M Start As ' It ' Becomes Biggest September Release Ever With $218 M+ Cume '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( September 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Kingsman : The Golden Circle ' Ropes $38 M+ ; ' Ninjago ' Dulls Sword To $21 M ; ' Friend Request ' A Loner With $1.8 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kingsman ' Edges Out ' It ' In Fierce Three - Way B.O. Tie ; Early AM Figures Have ' American Made ' In 3rd '' . Deadline.com . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro . `` Blumhouse Has Plenty To Smile About As ' Happy Death Day ' Scares Up $26 M+ Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` It reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` No doubt about ' IT ' : Stephen King clown puts serious scares on screen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Andrew Barker ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Stephen King 's ' It ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Kermode ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` It review -- enthusiastic , cine - literate retelling of Stephen King 's horror novel '' . The Observer . The Guardian ) ) . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Christopher Orr ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` It : A Solid but Conventional Shocker '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zack Sharf ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Reviews Are Disappointed the Film Uses ' Too Many Jump Scares ' That Do n't Add Up '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' review : Stand by me , and we 'll deal with this clown '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eric Kohn ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Review : Stephen King 's Killer Clown Faithfully Comes to Life , But Do n't Expect Any Surprises '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` It delivers the scares , despite too much clowning around '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards : ' Lego Batman Movie ' Leads With 11 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' It ' Movie Hopefully Shooting This Year ; Will Be Rated - R '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti Says He 's Coming Back for a Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Second IT Movie Adaptation Aims to Start Filming Next Year '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen King 's It sequel set to start filming next spring '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wax , Alyse ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` STEPHEN KING 'S IT ALREADY HAS A SEQUEL PLANNED '' . Syfy . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' IT ' Director Andy Muschietti on Reinventing Pennywise and Sequel Plans '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Why The IT Movie Left The Adult Storyline Out Of The First Film '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` The ' IT ' Movie Had to Cut Two Crazy Scenes to Stay On - Budget '' . Collider.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Sequel Sets September 2019 Release Date '' . Variety.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' It ' Movie Sequel Plans Move Forward at New Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links Film in the United States portal Horror fiction portal 2010s portal Official website It on IMDb It at AllMovie It at Box Office Mojo It at Rotten Tomatoes It at Metacritic Films directed by Andy Muschietti Mama ( 2013 ) It ( 2017 ) Cary Fukunaga Films directed Sin Nombre ( 2009 ) Jane Eyre ( 2011 ) Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) Films written It ( 2017 ) Television series created Maniac ( TBA ) Television series directed True Detective ( 2014 ) Adaptations of works by Stephen King Films The Shining ( 1980 ) Cujo ( 1983 ) The Dead Zone ( 1983 ) Christine ( 1983 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1985 ) Silver Bullet ( 1985 ) The Running Man ( 1987 ) Tales from the Darkside : The Movie ( 1990 ) Graveyard Shift ( 1990 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Sleepwalkers ( 1992 ) Needful Things ( 1993 ) The Dark Half ( 1993 ) Dolores Claiborne ( 1995 ) Thinner ( 1996 ) The Night Flier ( 1997 ) The Green Mile ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Secret Window ( 2004 ) Riding the Bullet ( 2004 ) 1408 ( 2007 ) The Mist ( 2007 ) Dolan 's Cadillac ( 2009 ) A Good Marriage ( 2014 ) Mercy ( 2014 ) Cell ( 2016 ) The Dark Tower ( 2017 ) It ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Carrie Carrie ( 1976 ) The Rage : Carrie 2 ( 1999 ) Carrie ( 2002 ) Carrie ( 2013 ) Creepshow Creepshow ( 1982 ) Creepshow 2 ( 1987 ) Creepshow 3 ( 2007 ) Children of the Corn Disciples of the Crow ( 1983 ) Children of the Corn ( 1984 ) The Final Sacrifice ( 1992 ) Urban Harvest ( 1995 ) The Gathering ( 1996 ) Fields of Terror ( 1998 ) Isaac 's Return ( 1999 ) Revelation ( 2001 ) Children of the Corn ( 2009 ) Genesis ( 2011 ) Different Seasons Stand by Me ( 1986 ) The Shawshank Redemption ( 1994 ) Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) Firestarter Firestarter ( 1984 ) Rekindled ( 2002 ) Trucks Maximum Overdrive ( 1986 ) Trucks ( 1997 ) Pet Sematary Pet Sematary ( 1989 ) Pet Sematary Two ( 1992 ) The Mangler The Mangler ( 1995 ) The Mangler 2 ( 2002 ) The Mangler Reborn ( 2005 ) The Lawnmower Man The Lawnmower Man ( 1992 ) Beyond Cyberspace ( 1996 ) TV films , episodes , and miniseries `` Gramma '' ( 1986 ) `` Sorry , Right Number '' ( 1987 ) It ( 1990 ) The Tommyknockers ( 1993 ) The Stand ( 1994 ) The Langoliers ( 1995 ) The Shining ( 1997 ) Quicksilver Highway ( 1997 ) `` The Revelations of ' Becka Paulson '' ( 1997 ) Storm of the Century ( 1999 ) Stephen King 's Desperation ( 2006 ) Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King ( 2006 ) Bag of Bones ( 2011 ) Big Driver ( 2014 ) Salem 's Lot Salem 's Lot ( 1979 ) A Return to Salem 's Lot ( 1987 ) Salem 's Lot ( 2004 ) Sometimes They Come Back Sometimes They Come Back ( 1991 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... Again ( 1996 ) Sometimes They Come Back ... for More ( 1998 ) Rose Red Rose Red ( 2002 ) The Diary of Ellen Rimbauer ( 2003 ) TV series Golden Years ( 1991 ) The Dead Zone ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Kingdom Hospital ( 2004 ) Haven ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Under the Dome ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 11.22. 63 ( 2016 ) The Mist ( 2017 ) Mr. Mercedes ( 2017 -- present ) Castle Rock ( TBA ) Operas Dolores Claiborne ( 2013 ) The Shining ( 2016 ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_(2017_film)&oldid=809047084 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films 2010s teen horror films 2010s psychological horror films Horror adventure films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s mystery films 2010s thriller films 2017 horror films 2010s horror thriller films American horror thriller films American supernatural horror films American supernatural thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American psychological drama films Horror drama films Horror films about clowns Films about children Films about domestic violence Films about bullying Films set in Maine Films set in 1988 Films set in 1989 Films set in fictional populated places Films based on American horror novels Films based on works by Stephen King Films produced by Dan Lin Warner Bros. films New Line Cinema films Films about shapeshifting Incest in film Maine in fiction American coming - of - age films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 20 : 38 . 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who plays it in stephen king's it
[ "\nBill Skarsgård as It / Pennywise the Dancing Clown:[N 1]\nAn ancient, trans-dimensional evil that awakens every twenty-seven years.[30][31][32][33] Will Poulter was previously cast in the role but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts,[30] with Poulter stating, \"I was when Mr. Fukunaga was directing, but the circumstances at New Line are such that a new director's attached now.\"[34] Poulter continued, \"I think, with all due respect to him of course, I was selected by Cary and subscribed to Cary's vision for the movie, and so I haven't had a chance to connect with that [new] director.\"[35] Mark Rylance, Ben Mendelsohn, Kirk Acevedo, Richard Armitage, Hugo Weaving, and Tilda Swinton were considered for the role,[36][37][38][39][40] with Mendelsohn passing on the project, as New Line wanted him to take a sizable pay cut.[41] On June 3, 2016, The Independent officially reported, after final negotiations took place, that Muschietti had chosen actor Bill Skarsgård to portray the character.[42] On portraying Pennywise, Skarsgård stated, \"It's such an extreme character. Inhumane, It's beyond even a sociopath because he's not even human. He's not even a clown. I'm playing just one of the beings It creates.\"[43] Skarsgård described the character further, saying, \"It truly enjoys the shape of the clown Pennywise, and enjoys the game and the hunt.\" He also commented,[44] \"What's funny to this evil entity might not be funny to everyone else. But he thinks it's funny.\"[45] On Pennywise's design, Skarsgård stated, \"It's important that we do something fresh and original for this one. It's purposely not going toward that weird, greasy look.\"[46] He also commented on being compared to Tim Curry, stating that, \"[Curry]'s performance was truly great, but it's important for me to do something different because of that. I'll never be able to make a Tim Curry performance as good as Tim Curry.\"[47][48] Skarsgård also elaborated on his age, stating, \"There's a childishness to the character, because he's so closely linked to the kids. The clown is the manifestation of children's imaginations, so there's something child-like about that.\"[49] Producer Dan Lin spoke of Skarsgård's physical attributes: \"His build is really interesting. He's really tall and lanky, and feels a little clown like in his movement. When he came in—we had a lot of different actors read, and when he came in he had a different spin on the character that got us really excited.\"[50] Lin concluded by contrasting the character with that of Heath Ledger's Joker, \"You've had [Ledger] doing almost a clown joker, you've seen obviously Tim Curry as a clown. We wanted someone who created a Pennywise character that would stand on its own and Bill came in and created this character that frankly freaked us out.\"[50] Muschietti spoke of Skarsgård's Pennywise as one not to lurk in the shadows, to which he remarked, \"Pennywise shows up, he's front and center, and he does his show. He has an act ... So it's weird all the time, and every little thing implies a further threat.\"[51][52][53][54][55] Muschietti also spoke of wanting to make the sense of dread that grows in Derry part of the dread of Pennywise, to which he stated, \"He's not just a character that can shape-shift, his influence is all around. The anticipation of him is almost scarier than the actual Pennywise scares.\"[56] On selecting Skarsgård to portray Pennywise, Muschietti wanted to stay true to the essence of the character, and Skarsgård caught his attention,[57] \"The character has a childish and sweet demeanor, but there’s something very off about him. Bill has that balance in him. He can be sweet and cute, but he can be pretty disturbing.\"[58]\n\nWyatt Oleff as Stanley \"Stan\" Uris:\nA Jewish mysophobe who is the son of a rabbi. He is studying for his bar mitzvah but isn't interested in religion, which is upsetting to his father. On the character of Uris, Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair, \"Long story short, there’s all sorts of difficult situations, and we had the chance to tell them in a movie that faces directly those conflicts ... the families of the young actors were very open-minded, so we could tell them about subjects that are normally very touchy.\"[59]\n\nJeremy Ray Taylor as Benjamin \"Ben\" Hanscom:\nHanscom is the new kid at school and consequently does not have any friends. He likes reading and researching so he spends a lot of time in the library. He is also very overweight, which earns his place in the Losers' Club, but like all of the Losers, there are underlying facets that define him far more than superficial appearances.[26][60] On the character of Hanscom, Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair, \"... Ben is bullied at school.\"[61]\n\nSophia Lillis as Beverly \"Bev\" Marsh:\nThe only female member of the Losers' Club, she is bullied at school, particularly concerning false rumors that she is promiscuous. Her home life is also dismal, as her violent father is sexually abusive to her.[62] On the character of Marsh, Muschietti spoke of her knowing a situation of despair, \"Beverly's case is of course the worst, because it’s about sexual abuse on a minor.\"[63] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Lillis spoke of Muschietti not wanting her and her co-stars to spend too much time with Skarsgård: \"We actually weren't allowed to see him until our scenes, because we wanted the horror to be real.\"[64] On Skarsgård's appearance as Pennywise, she recalled, \"Everyone had different reactions, but all of us were like, 'Wow, what did we get ourselves into?' One look at him, and ... you know, he's a really scary clown that wants to kill us. I was a little bit shocked.\"[64] On her connection with her fellow co-stars, she noted that the closeness of the friendships formed allowed Lillis to connect with her own character: \"I relate to Beverly – the way she deals with her emotions, and the way she was around the Losers. I felt that way around the actual actors.\"[64]\n\nFinn Wolfhard as Richard \"Richie\" Tozier:\nThe bespectacled best friend of Bill Denbrough, whose loud mouth and foul language often get him into trouble.[26][60] Wolfhard, famous as Mike Wheeler in Stranger Things, shared the first image of the Losers Club on his Instagram account, with the photo captioned as \"The Losers Club take Toronto\", showing the cast of actors who would play the protagonists. Wolfhard was the only actor cast in both this and Fukunaga's version.[65][66][67] On the character of Tozier, Muschietti spoke of him knowing a situation of despair, \"We don't know much about Richie's personality, because he's the big mouth of the group. But we suppose he's also neglected at home, and he's the clown of the band because he needs attention.\"[68]\n\nJack Dylan Grazer as Edward \"Eddie\" Kaspbrak:\nKaspbrak is the epitome of the hypochondriac, overly exaggerated by the immense amount of objects in his medicine cabinet; a sickly boy who only feels truly well when he is with his friends.[26][60][59] His overbearing mother is the true source of his hypochondria, however; she has convinced him that he is seriously ill and must stay close to her because only she can protect him. Grazer spoke of his appreciation of films such as Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) and Batman (1989) that gave him \"... insight on how [he] could [improvise] or reuse those things as references to the time period.\"[69]\n\nChosen Jacobs as Michael \"Mike\" Hanlon:\nAn African American homeschool student and outsider. Orphaned in a fire and raised by his stern grandfather, he is reluctant to take up the family trade as a butcher.[26][70][60][71][59] On the experience of shooting Muschietti's piece, Jacobs spoke of the experience as \"... my favorite summer of my 16 long years on earth ...\"[72]\n\nNicholas Hamilton as Henry Bowers:\nA young sociopath who leads the Bowers Gang, a gang of high school thugs, and terrorizes the Losers' Club.[73][74] Hamilton prepared for the role by studying Jarred Blancard's portrayal of the character in It (1990), and in Hamilton's words, \"watched all the bits of my original character\" for research.[75] Hamilton added, through the character of Bowers, that \"There's stuff that I have to do that is really creepy and the opportunity to help share my psychotic side has been really fun.\"[75] Additionally Hamilton stated, \"I recently did a scene where I was working with Jeremy Ray Taylor. I had to terrorize the hell out of him and get right in his face.\"[75]\n\nJackson Robert Scott as George \"Georgie\" Denbrough:\nThe innocent, energetic 7-year-old brother of Bill Denbrough. His death at the hands of Pennywise sets the stage for the next summer's events.[76][77]\n\n" ]
[ "Bill Skarsgård" ]
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Rest (physics)
Rest ( physics ) - Wikipedia Rest ( physics ) Jump to : navigation , search This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rest , in physics , refers to an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object . When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be `` at rest '' . According to the theory of relativity , it is said that an object is `` at rest relative to '' another . For example , a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform . The train can be said to be `` at rest with respect to the station '' , or , as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and / or provided by context , simply `` at rest '' . Given an inertial frame of reference , Newton 's first law of motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest , while the motion of a moving object will remain unchanged until acted upon by an external force . An object at rest , therefore , can be described as without velocity and acceleration -- although , according to relativity , an object is either at rest or in motion relative to other moving objects . The concept of `` relative rest '' is closely linked to that of inertial observers and the statement that nothing is at absolute rest is loosely equivalent to stating that there are no frames of reference which are truly inertial . So - called non-inertial observers are addressed by the theory of general relativity . In reality , there is nothing at absolute rest . For example , Earth 's gravitation constantly pulls objects toward its surface , while Earth is one of the objects the Sun constantly pulls towards itself , causing it to orbit the Sun ; the Sun , in turn , orbits the center of the Milky Way ; and so on. Two or more than two objects are said to be at rest , if its position with respect to each other is not changing or moving with uniform velocity with respect to each other. Rest and motion are relative term . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Newton 's first law '' . The Physics classroom . 2014 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Newton 's First Law of Motion '' . www.grc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 09 . This classical mechanics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rest_(physics)&oldid=784890798 '' Categories : Concepts in physics Classical mechanics stubs Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from January 2013 All articles needing style editing All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Español Français हिन्दी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा Português Sicilianu Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2017 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when can we say that an object is at rest
[ "Rest, in physics, refers to an object being stationary relative to a particular frame of reference or another object. When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time it is said to be \"at rest\". According to the theory of relativity, it is said that an object is \"at rest relative to\" another. For example, a train decelerates approaching a station and eventually comes to rest alongside the platform. The train can be said to be \"at rest with respect to the station\", or, as the correct frame of reference is usually implicit and/or provided by context, simply \"at rest\"." ]
[ "When the position of a body with respect to its surroundings does not change with time" ]
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The Dragon (Beowulf)
The dragon ( Beowulf ) - wikipedia The dragon ( Beowulf ) Jump to : navigation , search Beowulf battles his nemesis , the dragon , shown in an 1908 illustration by J.R. Skelton . The final act of the Anglo - Saxon poem Beowulf is about the hero Beowulf 's fight with a dragon , the third monster he encounters in the epic . On his return from Heorot , where he killed Grendel and Grendel 's mother , Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules peacefully for fifty winters until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair in order to gain freedom from killing his brother . When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats ' homes and lands , Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally . He and his thanes climb to the dragon 's lair where , upon seeing the beast , the thanes flee in terror , leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf 's side . When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally , Wiglaf slays it . This depiction indicates the growing importance and stabilization of the modern concept of the dragon within European mythology . Beowulf is the first piece of English literature to present a dragonslayer . Although many motifs common to the Beowulf dragon existed in the Scandinavian and Germanic literature , the Beowulf poet was the first to combine features and present a distinctive fire - breathing dragon . The Beowulf dragon was later copied in literature with similar themes such as J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Hobbit ( 1937 ) , one of the forerunners of modern high fantasy . The dragon fight , occurring at the end of the poem , is foreshadowed in earlier scenes . The dragon fight symbolizes Beowulf 's stand against evil and destruction , and , as the hero , he knows that failure will bring destruction to his people after many years of peace . The dragon himself acts a mock `` gold - king , '' one who sees attacking Beowulf 's kingdom as suitable retribution for the theft of just a single cup . The scene is structured in thirds , ending with the deaths of the dragon and Beowulf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story 2 Background 3 Characterization 4 Importance 5 Critical reception 5.1 Before Tolkien 5.2 Tolkien , 1936 : The Monsters and the Critics 5.3 After Tolkien 5.3. 1 Scholarly opinion 5.4 General opinion 6 Legacy 7 References 8 Sources Story ( edit ) After his battles against Grendel 's mother and Grendel , Beowulf returns to homeland and becomes king of the Geats . Fifty years pass with Beowulf leading as a wise king , when a local dragon is angered when a slave enters its lair and takes a cup from its treasure . The creature attacks the neighboring towns in revenge . Beowulf and a troop of men ( `` the Geats '' ) leave to find the dragon 's lair . The Geats run away in fear , leaving only Beowulf and his young companion Wiglaf to slay the dragon . Beowulf receives a fatal wound from the dragon , but Wiglaf impales the dragon 's belly to reduce the flames , and Beowulf deals the fatal blow . In his death - speech , Beowulf nominates Wiglaf as his heir , and that of the treasure . Background ( edit ) Sigurd and Fafnir by Arthur Rackham , from his 1911 illustrations for Richard Wagner 's Siegfried and The Twilight of the Gods Beowulf is the oldest extant heroic poem in English literature and the first to present a dragon slayer . The legend of the dragonslayer already existed in Norse sagas such as the tale of Sigurd and Fafnir , and the Beowulf poet incorporates motifs and themes common to dragon - lore in the poem . Beowulf is the earliest surviving piece of Anglo - Saxon literature to feature a dragon , and it is possible that the poet had access to similar stories from Germanic legend . Secular Germanic literature and the literature of Christian hagiography featured dragons and dragon fights . Although the dragons of hagiography were less fierce than the dragon in Beowulf , similarities exist in the stories such as presenting the journey to the dragon 's lair , cowering spectators , and the sending of messages relaying the outcome of the fight . The dragon with his hoard is a common motif in early Germanic literature with the story existing to varying extents in the Norse sagas , but it is most notable in the Völsunga saga and in Beowulf . Beowulf preserves existing medieval dragon - lore , most notably in the extended digression recounting the Sigurd / Fafnir tale . Nonetheless , comparative contemporary narratives did not have the complexity and distinctive elements written into Beowulf 's dragon scene . Beowulf is a hero who previously killed two monsters . The scene includes extended flashbacks to the Geatish - Swedish wars , a detailed description of the dragon and the dragon - hoard , and ends with intricate funerary imagery . Beowulf scholar J.R.R. Tolkien considered the dragon in Beowulf to be one of only two real dragons in northern European literature , writing of it , `` dragons , real dragons , essential both to the machinery and the ideas of a poem or tale , are actually rare . In northern literature there are only two that are significant ... we have but the dragon of the Völsungs , Fáfnir , and Beowulf 's bane . '' Furthermore , Tolkien believes the Beowulf poet emphasizes the monsters Beowulf fights in the poem and claims the dragon is as much of a plot device as anything . Tolkien expands on Beowulf 's dragon in his own fiction , which indicates the lasting impact of the Beowulf poem . Within the plot structure , however , the dragon functions differently in Beowulf than in Tolkien 's fiction . The dragon fight ends Beowulf , while Tolkien uses the dragon motif ( and the dragon 's love for treasure ) to trigger a chain of events in The Hobbit . Characterization ( edit ) See also : European dragon The Beowulf dragon is the earliest example in literature of the typical European dragon and first incidence of a fire - breathing dragon . The Beowulf dragon is described with Old English terms such as draca ( dragon ) , and wyrm ( reptile , or serpent ) , and as a creature with a venomous bite . Also , the Beowulf poet created a dragon with specific traits : a nocturnal , treasure - hoarding , inquisitive , vengeful , fire - breathing creature . The fire is likely symbolic of the hellfire of the devil , reminiscent of the monster in the Book of Job . In the Septuagint Bible , Job 's monster is characterized as a draco , and identified with the devil . Job 's dragon would have been accessible to the author of Beowulf , as a Christian symbol of evil , the `` great monstrous adversary of God , man and beast alike . '' A study of German and Norse texts reveals three typical narratives for the dragonslayer : a fight for the treasure , a battle to save the slayer 's people , or a fight to free a woman . The characteristics of Beowulf 's dragon appear to be specific to the poem , and the poet may have melded together dragon motifs to create a dragon with specific traits that weave together the complicated plot of the narrative . Importance ( edit ) The third act of the poem differs from the first two . In Beowulf 's two earlier battles , Grendel and Grendel 's mother are characterised as descendants of Cain : `` ( Grendel ) had long lived in the land of monsters / since the creator cast them out / as the kindred of Cain '' and seem to be humanoid : in the poet 's rendition they can be seen as giants , trolls , or monsters . The dragon , therefore , is a stark contrast to the other two antagonists . Moreover , the dragon is more overtly destructive . He burns vast amounts of territory and the homes of the Geats : `` the dragon began to belch out flames / and burn bright homesteads '' . Beowulf 's fight with the dragon has been described variously as an act of either altruism or recklessness . In contrast with the previous battles , the fight with the dragon occurs in Beowulf 's kingdom and ends in defeat , whereas Beowulf fought the other monsters victoriously in a land distant from his home . The dragon fight is foreshadowed with earlier events : Scyld Shefing 's funeral and Sigmund 's death by dragon , as recounted by a bard in Hrothgar 's hall . Beowulf scholar Alexander writes that the dragon fight likely signifies Beowulf 's ( and by extension , society 's ) battle against evil . The people 's fate depend on the outcome of the fight between the hero and the dragon , and , as a hero , Beowulf must knowingly face death . Wiglaf is the single warrior to stay and witness the death of the hero . Illustration by J.R. Skelton . Beowulf 's eventual death from the dragon presages `` warfare , death , and darkness '' for his Geats . The dragon 's hoard symbolizes the vestige of an older society , now lost to wars and famine , left behind by a survivor of that period . His imagined elegy foreshadows Beowulf 's death and elegy to come . Before he faces the dragon , Beowulf thinks of his past : his childhood and wars the Geats endured during that period , foreshadowing the future . At his death , peace in his lands will end , and his people will again suffer a period of war and hardship . An embattled society without `` social cohesion '' is represented by the avarice of the `` dragon jealously guarding its gold hoard '' , and the elegy for Beowulf becomes an elegy for the entire culture . The dragon 's hoard is representative of a people lost and antique , which is juxtaposed against the Geatish people , whose history is new and fleeting . As king of his people , Beowulf defends them against the dragon , and when his thanes desert him , the poem shows the disintegration of a `` heroic society '' which `` depends upon the honouring of mutual obligations between lord and thane '' . Wiglaf remains loyal to his king and stays to confront the dragon . The parallel in the story lies with the similarity to Beowulf 's hero Sigemund and his companion : Wiglaf is a younger companion to Beowulf and , in his courage , shows himself to be Beowulf 's successor . The presence of a companion is seen as a motif in other dragon stories , but the Beowulf poet breaks hagiographic tradition with the hero 's suffering ( hacking , burning , stabbing ) and subsequent death . Moreover , the dragon is vanquished through Wiglaf 's actions : although Beowulf dies fighting the dragon , the dragon dies at the hand of the companion . The dragon battle is structured in thirds : the preparation for the battle , the events prior to the battle , and the battle itself . Wiglaf kills the dragon halfway through the scene , Beowulf 's death occurs `` after two - thirds '' of the scene , and the dragon attacks Beowulf three times . Ultimately , as Tolkien writes in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics ( 1936 ) , the death by dragon `` is the right end for Beowulf , '' for he claims , `` a man can but die upon his death - day '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Before Tolkien ( edit ) In 1918 , William Witherle Lawrence argued in his article `` The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf '' that the fight between Beowulf and the dragon tends to receive less critical attention than other portions of the poem , commenting that `` Grendel and his dam have , as it were , become more beloved of the commentators '' . Conversely , Kemp Malone writes in `` The Kenning in Beowulf '' that Beowulf 's fight with the dragon receives much critical attention , but that commentators fail to note that `` the dragon was no fighter . Not that it refused to fight when challenged , but that it did not seek out Beowulf or anyone else . It left Beowulf to do the seeking out '' . In his 1935 work Beowulf and the Seventh Century , Ritchie Girvan writes that Beowulf should be seen as having some degree of historical accuracy despite the presence of a dragon in it ; he argues that `` Tales of dragons as well as a belief in dragons survived till recent times , and the popular mind is apt to accept with credulity stories of water - monsters . The stories , moreover , are often attached to real persons and localized precisely in time and place . The habit is so well known that examples are superfluous '' . Raymond Wilson Chambers , in his Beowulf : An Introduction to the Study of the Poem with a Discussion of the Stories of Offa and Finn , says that Beowulf 's dragon acts like `` the typical dragon of Old English proverbial lore '' because he guards treasure . W.P. Ker criticized the inclusion of Beowulf 's fight with the dragon and his subsequent death in the poem , writing `` It is as if to the end of the Odyssey there had been added some later books telling in full of the old age of Odysseus , far from the sea , and his death at the hands of Telegonus '' . Tolkien , 1936 : the monsters and the Critics ( edit ) Main article : Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics In Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics , J.R.R. Tolkien noted that the dragon and Grendel are `` constantly referred to in language which is meant to recall the powers of darkness which Christian men felt themselves to be encompassed . They are ' inmates of hell ' , ' adversaries of God ' , ' offspring of Cain ' , ' enemies of mankind ' ... And so Beowulf , for all that he moves in the world of the primitive Heroic Age of the Germans , nevertheless is almost a Christian knight '' . After Tolkien ( edit ) Scholarly opinion ( edit ) Peter Gainsford noted in the article `` The Deaths of Beowulf and Odysseus : Narrative Time and Mythological Tale Types '' that `` In the twenty - first century Beowulf does not lack for commentators to defend the literary merit of the dragon episode '' . Adrien Bonjour opined in 1953 that the dragon 's `` ultimate significance in the poem '' remains a `` mystery '' . General opinion ( edit ) The New Yorker 's Joan Acocella wrote that `` unlike Grendel and his mother , ( the dragon ) is less a monster than a symbol . He is not sad or weird . Indeed , he is rather glamorous '' . According to Seamus Heaney , the dragon `` could be read as a projection of Beowulf 's own chthonic wisdom refined in the crucible of experience '' . James Parker of The Atlantic argues that because Beowulf dies even though he killed the dragon , `` There is no transcendence in Beowulf , and no redemption ... kill the dragon -- but the dragon will get you anyway '' . Legacy ( edit ) In From Homer to Harry Potter : A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy , Matthew Dickerson and David O'Hara argue that the Beowulf poet added the figure of the dragon to `` the pot ... that is ladeled out of by most modern fantasy writers '' ; they argued that both numerous works with villainous dragons , as well as literature with benign dragons like the My Father 's Dragon books and the Pern series by Anne McCaffrey , were influenced by Beowulf 's dragon . Dickerson and O'Hara further elaborated that through its dragon , Beowulf turned the `` notion of having a monstrous evil ( and not mere human foes ) as the enemy '' into `` a hallmark of modern fantasy '' present in C.S. Lewis ' Narnia books , Ursula K. Le Guin 's Earthsea books , and the Thomas Covenant series by Stephen Donaldson . J.R.R. Tolkien used the dragon story of Beowulf as a template for Smaug of The Hobbit ; in each case , the dragon awakens upon the hoard being disturbed by one stealing a chalice and goes into a wrathful rampage until slain by another person . Aia Hussein of the National Endowment for the Humanities has written that the fight between Harry Potter and the Hungarian Horntail in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) by J.K. Rowling was influenced by the confrontation between the dragon and the title character in Beowulf . James Parker of The Atlantic saw similarities between the dragon in Beowulf and the dragons in Game of Thrones ( 2011 - present ) . The tale of Beowulf was translated and rewritten in prose as a children 's story by Rosemary Sutcliff in 1961 , titled Dragon Slayer . References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Nitzsche , Jane C. `` The Structural Unity of Beowulf : The Problem of Grendel 's Mother . '' Poetry Criticism , vol. 22 . 1999 . pp. 290 ^ Jump up to : Evans , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 135 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 4 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 74 Jump up ^ Evans , pp. 29 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 32 Jump up ^ Tolkien , p. 4 Jump up ^ Evans , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : Brown , Alan K. ( 1980 ) . `` The firedrake in Beowulf '' . Abstract from Neophilologus . Springer Netherlands . 64 ( 3 ) : 439 -- 460 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01513838 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 32 , p . 63 ^ Jump up to : Rauer , p. 35 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 52 Jump up ^ Evans , p. 28 Jump up ^ Alexander , p. 6 Jump up ^ Mellinkoff , Ruth . Cain 's monstrous progeny in Beowulf : part I , Noachic tradition Anglo - Saxon England ( 1979 ) , 8 : 143 -- 162 Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 Jump up ^ Heaney , p. 157 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 74 -- 75 Jump up ^ Clark , 43 Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xiv Jump up ^ Alexander , pp. xxiv -- xxv Jump up ^ Alexander , pp. xxx -- xxxv Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. vii Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xvi Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xvii Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xix Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Clark , Handbook , p. 289 ^ Jump up to : Alexander , p. xxxvi Jump up ^ Crossley - Holland , p. xviii Jump up ^ Beowulf and some fictions of the Geatish succession by Frederick M. Biggs . Jump up ^ Raurer , p. 74 Jump up ^ Rauer , p. 31 Jump up ^ Alexander , p. xxv Jump up ^ Tolkien , p. 14 Jump up ^ Lawrence , William Witherle ( 1918 ) . `` The Dragon and His Lair in Beowulf '' . jSTOR . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malone , Kemp ( July 1928 ) . `` The Kenning in Beowulf '' . jSTOR . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ George , Jodi - Ann ( 2010 ) . `` Beowulf '' . Macmillan Publishers Limited . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Raymond Wilson ( 1921 ) . `` Beowulf '' . Cambridge University Press . p. 349 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hinge , George ( 1921 ) . `` Classica et Mediaevalia vol. 63 '' . Museum Tusculanum Press . p. 247 - 248 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fulk , Robert Dennis ( 1991 ) . `` Interpretations of Beowulf : A Critical Anthology '' . Indiana University Press . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bonjour , Adrien ( March 1953 ) . `` Monsters Crouching and Critics Rampant : Or the Beowulf Dragon Debated '' . jSTOR . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acocella , Joan ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Slaying Monsters '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heaney , Seamus ( November 4 , 1999 ) . `` A New ' Beowulf ' '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , James ( April 2017 ) . `` Beowulf Is Back ! '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickerson , Matthew ; O'Hara , David ( 2006 ) . `` From Homer to Harry Potter : A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy '' . Brazos Press . p. 124 - 125 . Jump up ^ Clark , p. 31 Jump up ^ Hussein , Aia ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Old English , New Influences '' . National Endowment for the Humanities . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , p. xxiv Sources ( edit ) Alexander , Michael ( 2003 - 02 - 27 ) ( 1973 ) . Beowulf : a verse translation ( 2003 ed . ) . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044931 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Clark , George ( 2003 ) ( 1998 ) . `` The Hero and the Theme '' . In Bjork , Robert E. ; Niles , John D. A Beowulf Handbook . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6150 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Crossley - Holland , Kevin ( 1999 ) . O'Donohue , Heather , ed . Beowulf : The fight at Finnsburh . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283320 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Evans , Jonathan ( 2003 ) ( 2000 ) . `` The Dragon - Lore of Middle - earth : Tolkien and Old English and Old Norse Tradition '' . In Clark , George ; Timmons , Daniel . J.R.R. Tolkien and his literary resonances : views of Middle - earth . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30845 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Heaney , Seamus ( 2001 ) . Beowulf : A New Verse Translation . Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32097 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Rauer , Christine ( 2003 ) . Beowulf and the Dragon : Parallels and Analogues . Cambridge : Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 592 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 18 . Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 25 November 1936 ) . `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' . Sir Israel Gollancz Lecture 1936 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2009 . Retrieved 19 May 2010 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) ( hide ) Beowulf Characters Beowulf Grendel Grendel 's mother Hroðgar Ecgþeow Hygelac Heardred Æschere Onela Wealhþeow Wiglaf Unferð Hygd The Dragon List of Beowulf characters Scholars and translators Michael J. Alexander Nora K. Chadwick P.J. Cosijn Kevin Crossley - Holland Michael D.C. Drout Francis Barton Gummere Seamus Heaney Roy Liuzza William Morris Frederick Klaeber Laurence Nowell Burton Raffel Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin J.R.R. Tolkien Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary `` Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics '' Beowulf and the Critics `` On Translating Beowulf '' `` Sellic Spell '' Finn and Hengest Charles Leslie Wrenn Depictions Books Grendel Eaters of the Dead Film Grendel Grendel Grendel Beowulf ( 1999 ) The 13th Warrior No Such Thing Outlander Beowulf & Grendel ( Wrath of Gods ) Grendel Beowulf ( 2007 ) Beowulf : Prince of the Geats Beowulf : Return to the Shieldlands See also Anglo - Saxon paganism Battle of Finnsburg Heorot Hrunting Nægling Nowell Codex Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dragon_(Beowulf)&oldid=816226164 '' Categories : Characters in Beowulf Anglo - Saxon paganism English folklore English heroic legends Fictional dragons Geats Literary villains Medieval legends Scandinavian legendary creatures Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 02 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
what happens in the battle between beowulf and the dragon
[ "The final act of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is about the hero Beowulf's fight with a dragon, the third monster he encounters in the epic. On his return from Heorot, where he killed Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules peacefully for fifty winters until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair in order to gain freedom from killing his brother. When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats' homes and lands, Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally. He and his thanes climb to the dragon's lair where, upon seeing the beast, the thanes flee in terror, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf's side. When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally, Wiglaf slays it.", "The final act of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf is about the hero Beowulf's fight with a dragon, the third monster he encounters in the epic. On his return from Heorot, where he killed Grendel and Grendel's mother, Beowulf becomes king of the Geats and rules peacefully for fifty winters until a slave awakens and angers a dragon by stealing a jewelled cup from its lair in order to gain freedom from killing his brother. When the angry dragon mercilessly burns the Geats' homes and lands, Beowulf decides to fight and kill the monster personally. He and his thanes climb to the dragon's lair where, upon seeing the beast, the thanes flee in terror, leaving only Wiglaf to battle at Beowulf's side. When the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally, Wiglaf slays it." ]
[ "the dragon wounds Beowulf fatally", "Wiglaf slays it" ]
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Jackass Number Two
Jackass Number Two - wikipedia Jackass Number Two 2006 film by Jeff Tremaine Jackass Number Two Theatrical release poster Directed by Jeff Tremaine Produced by Jeff Tremaine Spike Jonze Johnny Knoxville Written by Jeff Tremaine Johnny Knoxville Bam Margera Steve - O Chris Pontius Ryan Dunn Wee - Man Preston Lacy Dave England Ehren McGhehey Mark Lewman Dimitry Elyashkevich Al Walker Brandon DiCamillo Darrin Prescott David Weathers Gary Leffew Jeffrey Ross Juicy J Loomis Fall Scott Rogers Sean Cliver Spike Jonze Thor Drake Rob `` Whity '' McConnaughy Based on Jackass by Johnny Knoxville Spike Jonze Jeff Tremaine Starring Johnny Knoxville Bam Margera Chris Pontius Steve - O Ryan Dunn Dave England Wee Man Ehren McGhehey Preston Lacy Music by Sam Spiegel Cinematography Dimitry Elyashkevich Edited by Seth Casriel Matthew Probst Scott Simmons Production company Dickhouse Productions Lynch Siderow Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures MTV Films Release date September 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 22 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $11.5 million Box office $84.6 million Jackass Number Two is a 2006 American reality comedy film . It is the sequel to Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) , both based upon the MTV series Jackass . Like its predecessor and the original TV show , the film is a compilation of stunts , pranks and skits . The film stars the regular Jackass cast of Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , Chris Pontius , Steve - O , Ryan Dunn , Dave England , Jason `` Wee Man '' Acuña , Ehren McGhehey , and Preston Lacy . Everyone depicted in the film plays as themselves . All nine main cast members from the first film returned for the sequel . The film was directed by Jeff Tremaine , who also directed Jackass : The Movie and produced Jackass . The film was produced by Dickhouse Productions and Lynch Siderow Productions and distributed by MTV Films and Paramount Pictures . The film premiered in theatres on September 22 , 2006 . The DVD was later released on December 26 , 2006 . Jackass 2.5 , a direct - to - video feature , was made available online on December 19 , 2007 and on DVD on December 26 , 2007 . It contains most of the deleted and unused scenes that were originally shot for Jackass Number Two . The film grossed nearly $85 million worldwide against a production budget of $11.5 million . Contents 1 Summary 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Screenings and release 4.1 Box office 5 Critical reception 6 Soundtrack 7 DVD release 7.1 Jackass 2.5 8 Sequel 9 References 10 External links Summary ( edit ) Jackass Number Two is a compilation of various stunts , pranks and skits . The film opens with an introduction of the primary cast members as they are being chased by bulls in a suburban neighborhood . List of stunts : Puppet Show -- Chris Pontius 's penis is placed in a puppet in order to entice a snake to bite it . The Valentine -- Members of the team are lured over to a valentine note on a hotel wall supposedly left by a fan , which hides a spring - loaded boxing glove . Firehose Rodeo -- Dave England rides a spraying fire hose in a mud pit . Bicentennial Bmxing -- Johnny Knoxville and Ryan Dunn attempt to use Penny - farthing bicycles to perform modern bike stunts . The Strongman -- Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera try to put a dildo up Margera 's butt using a barbell Spike Jonze dresses as an old lady pranking strangers in public . The Mini-Loop -- Danger Ehren McGhehey attempts to use a Minibike on a miniature loop - the - loop . The Brand -- Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , and Ryan Dunn brand the outline of a penis on Margera 's ass . Later , Margera shows the results of the brand to his parents . Lake Jump -- Johnny Knoxville and Chris Pontius attempt to ride a rocket - powered bicycle over a lake . Mark Zupan and Mat Hoffman also attempt the stunt , Zupan in a modified wheelchair . The Fish Hook -- Steve - O pierces his cheek with a fish hook and dives in shark - infested waters . The Electric Stool -- Bam Margera , Steve - O , and Chris Pontius have Wee - Man sit on an electrified stool while Jim Karol attempts to throw cards into Wee - Man 's butt crack . Dramatic Re-Enactment - Bam Margera recreates the results of a stunt gone wrong with a drawing . The Bungee Jump -- Wee Man and Preston Lacy are linked together for a bungee jump off a bridge . Bad Grandpa -- Johnny Knoxville plays a grandpa named Irving Zisman , visiting a food truck with his `` grandson , '' intentionally provoking customers to fight him over his offensive comments and irresponsible behavior . The Beehive Limo -- Ryan Dunn , Steve - O , Wee Man , Dave England get inside a limo , then Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera dump bees inside of it . The Rake Jump -- Steve - O Jumps on the end of a rake , hitting himself in the face with the handle . Riot Control Test -- Johnny Knoxville , Bam Margera , and Ryan Dunn get shot with riot control rubber balls . Medicine Ball Dodgeball -- Bam Margera and the team play dodgeball in the dark with medicine balls . The Magic Trick -- John Waters and Wee - Man perform a sketch in which Wee - Man `` disappears . '' The Gauntlet -- Johnny Knoxville , Dave England , and Bam Margera attempt to ride across a skate ramp lined with swinging sandbags thrown by Mat Hoffman and Tony Hawk The Toro Totter -- Johnny Knoxville , Chris Pontius , Bam Margera , and Ryan Dunn sit on seesaws in the center of a rodeo ring while a bull attempts to gore them . Butt Chug -- Steve - O attempts to chug beer using a tube up his butt . The Rocket Cart -- Ryan Dunn rides a rocket - powered shopping cart off a ramp into the water . The Anaconda Ball Pit -- Johnny Knoxville , Wee Man , and Ryan Dunn get in a ball pit with an anaconda . The Ice Horse -- Ryan Dunn sits on a horse figurine made out of ice with no underwear on , in the hopes that his balls will stick to the ice . The Swamp Chute -- In a swamp area , Wee - Man deploys a parachute in front of a high - powered fan . How to Milk a Horse -- Johnny Knoxville and Chris Pontius masturbate a horse , and Pontius drinks the ejaculate . The Big Tire Race -- The guys ride down a hill inside giant tires . The Leech Healer -- In India , Dave England and Steve - O apply leeches to themselves . Wind Tunnel -- Bam Margera is tricked into doing a stunt that is actually a prank involving his fear of snakes . The Fart Mask -- Steve - O puts on a helmet connected to a tube that Preston Lacy farts into . Big Green Ball -- Dave England attempts to ride a big green ball . Old Man Balls -- Johnny Knoxville , as Irving Zisman , dangles a fake pair of testicles down the leg of his shorts and approaches pedestrians . The Switcheroo -- Bam Margera pranks his mother , April , by having his father , Phil , slip out of bed in the middle of the night , and sends Preston Lacy dressed as Phil in as a replacement . Big Red Rocket -- Johnny Knoxville prepares to ride a gigantic rocket . Terror Taxi -- Danger Ehren is lured into a prank where he thinks he is pranking a random cab driver by posing as a terrorist , but the rest of the gang is pranking him by having Jay Chandrasekhar play a driver who retaliates against the `` terrorists . '' The gang also convinces Ehren to wear a fake beard made out of the group 's pubic hair . The Bear Trap -- Johnny Knoxville puts his hand into a bear trap The movie finishes with a Busby Berkeley - style movie musical production number set to the La Cage aux Folles song `` The Best of Times '' , where the guys sing and dance while performing more stunts . Cast ( edit ) The entire main cast from Jackass : The Movie returned for the sequel . Johnny Knoxville Bam Margera Chris Pontius Steve - O Ryan Dunn Dave England Jason `` Wee - Man '' Acuña Danger Ehren Preston Lacy The film also includes guest appearances by Brandon Novak , Mark Zupan , Brandon DiCamillo , Roger Alan Wade , Dimitry Elyashkevich , Loomis Fall , Lance Bangs , animal experts David Weathers and Manny Puig , Rick Kosick , Spike Jonze and cult film directors John Waters , Jay Chandrasekhar . Professional BMX rider Mat Hoffman and professional skater Tony Hawk participated in stunts . Rap group Three 6 Mafia also appears , as well as HIM singer Ville Valo and NFL star Jason Taylor . Mike Judge , Luke Wilson and Willie Garson are featured in the credits and in deleted scenes . Stunts including Jackass and Viva La Bam regular Don Vito were also filmed and shown in previews . However , due to the scandal surrounding his arrest just prior to the film 's release and the nature of the charges against him , all the scenes involving Don Vito were cut . Production ( edit ) Shooting began on January 30 , 2006 , and ended on June 23 , 2006 . The Jackass cast refused to divulge where they were filming , out of fear of fans interfering with the filming process . However , they have filmed in India , Australia , England , Moscow and Argentina . A few insights were leaked prior to the movie 's release by Steve - O and Bam Margera via Radio Bam and Loveline . Other shootings were Bull Shoals , Arkansas ; Key West , Florida ; Los Angeles , California ; Miami , Florida ; New Orleans , Louisiana ; New York City , New York ; and West Chester , Pennsylvania . The stunt `` How to Milk a Horse '' was originally shot for Wildboyz , but was saved for future use . `` The idea to drink the horse semen was not actually planned but was `` in the back of everyone 's mind . '' To agree to do the stunt , Chris Pontius asked director Jeff Tremaine for a full day off of work , but discouraged doing so since Pontius had missed work the day before . Additionally on screen Chris Pontius stated to Jeff Tremaine `` This is going to make up for something bad I 'm going to do in the future . '' This deal was verbally agreed upon and sealed with a handshake ; it was also noted that said deal was videotaped for the camera . Screenings and release ( edit ) The film had 4 different screenings for fans of Jackass and MySpace users , which was a part of MySpace 's `` Black Carpet '' screening . The screenings took place a few days before the movie was released ( possibly August ) . Some of the screenings also had surprise visits by cast and crew . For example , the Pennsylvania screening had director Jeff Tremaine and cast members Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera . On June 15 , 2006 , Yahoo ! released the first official teaser for the movie . The stunts in the trailer included Knoxville riding a `` rocket bike '' off a ramp and a blindfolded Knoxville being rammed by a yak . The film was released on DVD on October 10 , 2006 in its R - rated version in full and widescreen , and in widescreen in the unrated version . Box office ( edit ) Jackass Number Two opened on September 22 , 2006 , in 3,900 screens at 3,059 theaters . It debuted at number one on its opening weekend with a total gross of $29 million , making $5 or 6 million more than expected by Paramount executives . On its first day in theaters Jackass Number Two matched its $11.5 million production budget . The film grossed an additional $14 million in its second week . Overall the film made $84.2 million worldwide , nearly $10 million more than the original . Critical reception ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 63 % approval rating from 102 listed critics ; the average rating is 5.8 / 10 . The general consensus reads : `` Better than any sequel to the movie of a television show has a right to be , Jackass Number Two dares you not to laugh . '' On Metacritic , the film has a rating of 66 out of 100 based on 23 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' . The New York Times awarded Jackass Number Two a Critic 's Pick , writing , `` Debased , infantile and reckless in the extreme , this compendium of body bravado and malfunction makes for some of the most fearless , liberated and cathartic comedy in modern movies . '' On Ebert & Roeper , Richard Roeper and guest critic Fred Willard gave Jackass Number Two a `` Two Thumbs Up '' rating . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Jackass Number Two : Music from the Motion Picture The soundtrack was released on September 26 , 2006 by Bulletproof Records . The soundtrack features songs that were featured in the movie , and various audio clips from the movie . Among the new songs included in the soundtrack are `` Gettin ' Fucked Up '' -- a collaboration between rap group Three Six Mafia and Josey Scott , lead singer of heavy metal band Saliva -- and `` Backass '' -- a collaboration between electroclash musician Peaches and Karen O , lead singer of the indie rock trio Yeah Yeah Yeahs . DVD release ( edit ) The Rated and Unrated DVD versions of the movie were released on December 26 , 2006 . The rated version includes the 96 minute theatrical release , with bonus features , and the unrated includes extended scenes that were shortened in the original movie . Both DVDs feature commentary by the cast ( except Bam Margera ) , director Jeff Tremaine and cinematographer Dimitry Elyashkevich . The DVD also included 16 deleted scenes removed from the theatrical release , more than 20 additional scenes , 9 TV spots , 8 promotional spots including trailer , gag reel , the uncensored version of Karazy by Chris Pontius and a promotional commercial for the 2006 VMAs . The Making of Jackass featurette is also featured on the DVD . Jackass 2.5 ( edit ) Jackass 2.5 was a home media version with additional footage . It was released to the Internet at Blockbuster.com and Hulu as a free screening on December 19 -- 31 , 2007 , and to DVD on December 26 , 2007 . It includes special features such as : the making of Jackass 2.5 , the making of Jackass : The Game , deleted scenes , photo gallery , and additional Terror Taxi footage . Added stunts include : Beauty and the Beast -- Preston Lacy and Wee Man recreate the King Kong movie where Lacy painted as King Kong and Wee Man dressed as the damsel in distress and the guys are controlling a toy airplane afterwards Lacy falls off of the port o potty and rolls down a hill . The next day Lacy and Wee - Man retry the stunt again but this time Lacy crushes the planes but soon afterwards Lacy falls of the port o potty and rolls down a hill . Phil Margera is trying to eat a meatball but with help from Bam Margera he slingshots the meatball in his father 's eye . Dizzy Boxing -- Dave England and Ehren McGhehey try to box while kneeling of chairs but after they get dizzy England and McGhehey start boxing with Preston Lacy as the Referee and Chris Pontius as England 's manager after three rounds of the match McGhehey wins by knockout . Butt bead ass Kite -- Bam Margera puts anal beads tied to a kite up his anus and attempts to fly the kite with the anal beads at the beach . El Matador -- Wee Man becomes a matador and attempts to lure a baby bull towards a red kite . Bam Margera and Ryan Dunn scare April with a fake bazooka . Preston Lacy knocks over a Porta Potty with Bam Margera inside . Johnny Knoxville pranks the guys by putting a clamp with a fake crab on their arms . Wee - Man scares Ryan Dunn by squiring urine on him with a water gun . Human Golf Tee -- Johnny Knoxville and Bam Margera attempt to hit a golf ball golf off of Ryan Dunn 's anus . Later , a man attempts to hit a golf ball off of Bam Margera 's zipper . Wee - Man and Chris Pontius stand at the golf course getting hit by golf balls . Johnny Knoxville sees a doctor to check his prostate . Afterwards , Knoxville urinates in a cup and throws it at Rick Kosick . Rattlesnack Salad Toss -- Steve - O gets a rattlesnack to bite a balloon taped to his anus . Chris Pontius gets bit on the nose by an Alligator Snapping Turtle . Shridhar Chillal pours beer on his long fingernails while Steve - O drinks the runoff underneath ; afterwards , Steve - O throws up and disgusts some women who watched the act . Danger Ehren attempts to sit on a bed of nails with a cobra on top of him while the snake charmers play the flute . Preston Lacy gets shot with an ALS on his ass ; three hours later , Lacy gets a bruise . Cajun Obstacle Course -- The guys , dressed as prison inmates , ride skateboards into mud , crawl under barbed wire in mud with crocodiles , run with a high power fan , run through a chute with pigs , get shot with paintballs by professional paint ballers , and attempt to take shots of tobacco spit cups . Bam wins the obstacle course . The Test Drive -- Irving Zisman is at a car dealership getting a test drive while Clyde Singleton tries to screw up the test drive and argues with the dealer while Zisman runs away afterwards . The Deconstruction Site -- Zisman is a at construction site and tries to fight with the workers . Bam Margera attempts to urinate in a cup and gets it thrown onto his face in front of his mother . Mini Motorcyle Mayham -- The guys along with Mat Hoffman attempts to ride mini motorcycles at a supermarket and destroy stocks of food riding around the whole store . The Poof -- Johnny Knoxville puts baby powder on Wee - Man 's anus while he tries to fart . The Butt Bellows -- The guys along with Mike Judge pull blades of grass to see who has the shortest . The loser , Lacy , has the guys use bellows up his anus to try and make him fart . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Jackass 3D Paramount Pictures and MTV Films greenlit a third Jackass , which was shot in 3D . Filming began in January 2010 and it was released on October 15 , 2010 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jackass : Number Two ( 2006 ) '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass 2.5 's biggest stunt : skipping the box office '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Wolfie Diaries '' . Paramount Pictures . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Ryan ( 2006 ) . Jackass Number Two DVD , The Making of Jackass Number Two ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Knoxville , Johnny ( 2006 ) . Jackass Number Two DVD commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Tremaine , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Jackass Number Two DVD commentary ( DVD ) . Paramount Pictures . Jump up ^ Hot 30 Countdown interview . Knoxville , Johnny . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Yahoo.com '' . Trailer release . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon.com -- Jackass Number Two ( Full Screen Edition ) '' . DVD Release info . ^ Jump up to : `` Jackass Number Two '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass : Number Two ( 2006 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla . `` nytimes.com '' . Jackass Number Two movie review . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Retrieved on 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com '' . DVD the Moon Johnny Knoxville . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/story/2007/12/13/jackass-25-to-be-released-to-internet.html Jump up ^ `` TMZ.com '' . New DVD release . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` Bloody 3D sequels planned '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Jackass 3 To Start in January And Be In 3D ? '' . cinemablend.com . Retrieved 10 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Jackass Number Two Jackass Number Two on IMDb Jackass Number Two at AllMovie Jackass Number Two at Box Office Mojo Jackass Number Two at Rotten Tomatoes Jackass Number Two at Metacritic 2007 SuicideGirls interview with Jackass Number Two director Jeff Tremaine by Daniel Robert Epstein Jackass Jackass films Jackass : The Movie Jackass Number Two Jackass 3D Jackass Presents Mat Hoffman 's Tribute to Evel Knievel Bad Grandpa Direct - to - video Jackass 2.5 Jackass 3.5 Soundtracks Jackass : The Music , Vol. 1 Jackass Number Two Jackass 3D Related shows Wildboyz episodes Viva La Bam episodes Homewrecker Bam 's Unholy Union Dr. Steve - O Miscellaneous Jackass episodes Big Brother `` Corona '' Jackass : The Game CKY Crew CKY Videos Haggard : The Movie Do n't Try This at Home : The Steve - O Video 24 Hour Takeover Action Point Full cast list MTV Films Joe 's Apartment ( 1996 ) Beavis and Butt - Head Do America ( 1996 ) Dead Man on Campus ( 1998 ) Varsity Blues ( 1999 ) 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) Election ( 1999 ) The Wood ( 1999 ) The Original Kings of Comedy ( 2000 ) Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Pootie Tang ( 2001 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) Martin Lawrence Live : Runteldat ( 2002 ) Jackass : The Movie ( 2002 ) The Fighting Temptations ( 2003 ) Tupac : Resurrection ( 2003 ) The Perfect Score ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2004 ) Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) Coach Carter ( 2005 ) Murderball ( 2005 ) The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) Get Rich or Die Tryin ' ( 2005 ) Æon Flux ( 2005 ) Jackass Number Two ( 2006 ) Freedom Writers ( 2007 ) Blades of Glory ( 2007 ) Beneath ( 2007 ) How She Move ( 2008 ) The Foot Fist Way ( 2008 ) Stop - Loss ( 2008 ) Dance Flick ( 2009 ) Jackass 3D ( 2010 ) Justin Bieber : Never Say Never ( 2011 ) Footloose ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Hansel & Gretel : Witch Hunters ( 2013 ) Jackass Presents : Bad Grandpa ( 2013 ) Project Almanac ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jackass_Number_Two&oldid=852570179 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 2000s comedy films 2000s sequel films American films American comedy films Films based on television series Films shot in New York City Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in India Paramount Pictures films MTV Films films Jackass ( TV series ) Films directed by Jeff Tremaine Dickhouse Productions films Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 22 : 26 ( UTC ) . 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who plays the old lady in jackass 2
[ "Spike Jonze dresses as an old lady pranking strangers in public." ]
[ "Spike Jonze" ]
6708232876099358103
Rail Wheel Factory
Rail wheel Factory - Wikipedia Rail wheel Factory Jump to : navigation , search This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( January 2015 ) Rail Wheel Factory रेल व्हील फैक्टरी Type Government - owned corporation Industry Wheels , Coaches and Locomotives Founded 1984 Headquarters Yelahanka , Bangalore , India Area served India Products Wheels for All railway wagons of Indian Railways Owner Government of India ( 100 % ) Rail Wheel Factory ( RWF ) ( Hindi : रेल व्हील फैक्टरी ) ( also known as Wheel and Axle Plant ) is a manufacturing unit of Indian Railways , producing wheels , axles and wheel sets of railroad wagons , coaches and locomotives for the use of Indian Railways and overseas customers is situated at Yelahanka , Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka . The unit was started by C.K. Jaffer Sharief , the then Railway Minister , who got this project to Bangalore . It was commissioned in 1984 to manufacture wheels and axles for the Indian Railways . This factory uses cast steel technology in the manufacturing of wheels which utilizes scrap steel collected from Railways ' own workshops as raw material . The products ( Wheels , Axles and wheel sets ) are engineered with little scrap for human errors . It has a planned capacity to manufacture of about 70,000 wheels of different sizes , 23,000 axles and to assemble 23,000 wheel sets . It employs over 2000 personnel and has an annual turnover of about 82 crores . It is an ISO 9001 : 2000 and ISO 14001 certified unit for its business processes . It was the first unit of Indian Railways to receive ISO 9001 : 2008 accreditation . See also ( edit ) Rail Wheel Plant , Bela References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Wheel Plant Factory '' . Indian Railways . Coordinates : 13 ° 06 ′ 05 '' N 77 ° 35 ′ 15 '' E  /  13.10149 ° N 77.58755 ° E  / 13.10149 ; 77.58755 Indian Railways Authority Ministry of Railways Railway Board Related Organisations BWE BSC Braithwaite & Co . CCI DFCCI HSRI IRFC IRCTC Ircon International KRC MRVC RVNL RailTel RITES CORE COFMOW RDSO CRIS RRCB RLDA Zones Central Railway East Central Railway East Coast Railway Eastern Railway North Central Railway North Eastern Railway North Western Railway Northeast Frontier Railway Northern Railway South Central Railway South East Central Railway South Eastern Railway South Western Railway Southern Railway West Central Railway Western Railway Konkan Railway Rolling stock Locomotives of India MEMU Wagon numbering system in India Manufacturing units Chittaranjan Locomotive Works , Chittaranjan Diesel Locomotive Factory , Marhowra Diesel Locomotive Works , Varanasi Diesel - Loco Modernisation Works , Patiala Electric Locomotive Factory , Madhepura Integral Coach Factory , Chennai Modern Coach Factory , Raebareli Rail Coach Factory , Kapurthala Rail Wheel Factory , Bengaluru Rail Wheel Plant , Bela Railway depots Diesel Abu Road Agra Bandra Marshalling Yard Bhagat ki Kothi Ernakulam Erode Golden Rock Gooty Guntakal Kalyan Mhow Pune Samastipur Ratlam Vatwa Phulera Kurla Itarsi Tughlakabad Raipur Tondiarpet Kazipet Maula Ali Krishnarajapuram Vishakhapatnam Shakurbasti Ludhiana Lucknow Mughalsarai Jhansi Gwalior Izzatnagar Malda Town Siliguri Howrah Andal Burdwan Jamalpur Patratu Samastipur Kharagpur Bondamunda Bokaro Steel City Neral Hubli Electric Ajni Bhusawal Kalyan Angul Visakhapatnam Mughal Sarai Asansol Howrah Jhansi Gonda Ghaziabad Khanalampura Ludhiana Vijayawada Kazipet Lalaguda Bhilai Bokaro Steel City Bondamunda Santragachi Tatanagar Arakkonam Erode Royapuram Itarsi New Katni Tuglakabad Valsad Vadodara Gomoh MEMU Kollam Vadodara Bhilai Rajahmundry Asansol Palakkad EMU Mumbai Central Kandivali Virar Rajahmundry Sanpada Kalwa Tambaram Avadi Maula Ali Ghaziabad Gholsapur Barasat Bandel Howrah Sealdah Sonarpur Tikiapara Panskura Kharagpur Kurla Shakurbasti Main lines and Suburban lines Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai MRTS Delhi Suburban Railway Howrah -- Allahabad -- Mumbai line Howrah -- Chennai main line Howrah -- Delhi main line Howrah -- Gaya -- Delhi line Howrah -- Nagpur -- Mumbai line Hyderabad MMTS Kolkata Suburban Railway Mumbai -- Chennai line Mumbai Suburban Railway New Delhi -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Mumbai main line Pune Suburban Railway Passenger trains Slow Trains DEMU Fast Passenger MEMU Slow Passenger Suburban trains Express Speed Express / Mail trains Intercity Express Jan Sadharan Express ( Unreserved ) Kavi Guru Express Superfast Express Speed Antyodaya Express ( Unreserved ) AC Express ( Premium AC sleeper ) Double Decker Express ( For prime routes ) Garib Rath Express ( Low fare AC sleeper ) Intercity Express Jan Shatabdi Express Mahamana Express ( Luxury ) Premium Express ( Suvidha Express ) Rajya Rani Express ( Connecting state capital to important cities in state ) Sampark Kranti Express Superfast Express / Mail Trains Swatantra Sainani Vivek Express Yuva Express ( Youth service ) Semi-High Speed Duronto ( Overnight Connecting important cities ) Gatimaan Express ( First semi-high speed train ) Humsafar Express Rajdhani Express ( Connecting Delhi to state capitals ) Shatabdi Express ( Day time connecting important cities ) Tejas Express Uday Express Train Sets Train 18 ( replace Shatabdi ) Train 20 ( replace Rajdhani ) Luxury trains Fairy Queen Deccan Odyssey Maharajas ' Express Palace on Wheels Royal Orient Train Royal Rajasthan on Wheels Golden Chariot Mahaparinirvan Express Special trains Lifeline Express Red Ribbon Express Sanskriti Express Science Express Training institutes Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Indian Railway Institute of Signal Engineering and Telecommunications Indian Railway Institute of Transportation Management Railway Protection Force Academy Railway Staff College Trade unions All India Station Masters ' Association ( AISMA ) All India Railwaymen 's Federation ( AIRF ) All India Railway Employees ' Confederation ( AIREC ) Related articles Railway Budget Railway Schools Last vehicle board RailRadar Indian Railways Fan Club Templates Portal WikiProject Railways in Southern India National network / trunk lines Howrah -- Chennai main line New Delhi -- Chennai main line Mumbai -- Chennai line Other lines / sections Active Chennai Central -- Bangalore City line Chennai Egmore -- Thanjavur main line Chord Line Coimbatore -- Shoranur line Gudivada -- Bhimavaram section Gudivada -- Machilipatnam branch line Guntakal -- Chennai Egmore section Guntur -- Macherla section Guntur -- Repalle section Jolarpettai -- Shoranur line Kazipet -- Vijayawada section Kollam -- Sengottai branch line Kollam -- Thiruvananthapuram trunk line Khurda Road -- Visakhapatnam section Kothavalasa -- Kirandul line Manamadurai -- Virudhunagar line Mysore -- Bangalore line Mysore -- Chamarajanagar branch line Nagpur -- Hyderabad line Nilambur -- Shoranur line Nilgiri Mountain Railway Palakkad -- Pollachi line Pagidipalli -- Nallapadu section Peralam -- Karaikal line Shoranur -- Cochin Harbour section Shoranur -- Mangalore section Solapur -- Guntakal section Vijayawada -- Chennai section Vijayawada -- Guntur section Visakhapatnam -- Vijayawada section Ernakulam -- Kayamkulam coastal line Guntakal -- Vasco da Gama section Pune -- Miraj -- Londa line Bangalore -- Arsikere -- Hubli line Manamadurai -- Rameswaram branch line Inactive Nilambur -- Nanjangud line ( Cancelled ) Sabarimala Railway ( Proposed ) Urban and suburban rail transport Chennai Chennai Suburban Railway Chennai MRTS Chennai Metro Hyderabad Hyderabad MMTS Hyderabad Metro Bangalore Bengaluru Commuter Rail ( Proposed ) Namma Metro Kochi Kochi Metro Monorails / Light metros Bengaluru Monorail Chennai Monorail Coimbatore Monorail Kozhikode Monorail Thiruvananthapuram Monorail Tiruchirappalli Monorail Defunct railways Cochin State Forest Tramway Kundala Valley Railway Railway divisions Bangalore Chennai Hubli Madurai Mysore Palakkad Salem Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Manufacturing units / workshops / sheds Diesel Loco Shed , Ernakulam Diesel Loco Shed , Golden Rock Golden Rock Railway Workshop Integral Coach Factory Kollam MEMU Shed Rail Wheel Factory Railway zones South Central Railway Southern Railway South Western Railway Railway companies Konkan Railway Corporation Kerala Monorail Corporation East Coast State Railway Nizam 's Guaranteed State Railway Hyderabad -- Godavari Valley Railways Madras Railway Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Agitations and accidents 1928 South Indian railway strike 1932 Madras and Southern Mahratta railway strike 1974 railway strike in India 1988 Kollam Peruman train accident Nellore train fire See also Timeline of Southern Railway zone Kerala Rail Development Corporation Limited Bholu ( mascot ) Madras Time Thiruvananthapuram -- Kannur high - speed rail corridor Annual passenger earnings details of railway stations in Kerala Railways in India portal This Indian rail transport related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rail_Wheel_Factory&oldid=730107701 '' Categories : Rolling stock manufacturers of India India rail transport stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters Coordinates not on Wikidata All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia मराठी Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2016 , at 18 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the wheel and axle plant of indian railway situated
[ "Rail Wheel Factory (RWF) (Hindi: रेल व्हील फैक्टरी) (also known as Wheel and Axle Plant) is a manufacturing unit of Indian Railways, producing wheels, axles and wheel sets of railroad wagons, coaches and locomotives for the use of Indian Railways and overseas customers is situated at Yelahanka, Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka." ]
[ "Yelahanka, Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka" ]
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Public Accounts Committee (India)
Public Accounts committee ( India ) - wikipedia Public Accounts committee ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search The Public Accounts Committee ( PAC ) is a committee of selected members of Parliament , constituted by the Parliament of India , for the auditing of the revenue and the expenditure of the Government of India . The PAC is formed every year with a strength of not more than 22 members of which 15 are from Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament , and 7 from Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Parliament . The term of office of the members is one year . The Chairman is appointed by the Speaker of Lok Sabha . Since 1967 , the chairman of the committee is selected from the opposition . Earlier , it was headed by a member of the ruling party . Its chief function is to examine the audit report of Comptroller and Auditor General ( CAG ) after it is laid in the Parliament . CAG assists the committee during the course of investigation . None of the 22 members shall be a minister in the government . The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga , Karnataka . The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Probes 1.1 2G spectrum case 1.2 Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 2 Chairpersons 2.1 Pre-independence 2.2 After independence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Probes ( edit ) 2G spectrum case ( edit ) In 2011 , the Public Accounts Committee probed the 2G spectrum case which brought the committee to public attention . The committee , on 4 April 2011 , summoned Ratan Tata , chairman of the Tata group , and Niira Radia , corporate lobbyist regarding the scam . The PAC asked Congress members to apologise to Comptroller and Auditor General of India for making allegations against it . Demonetization of November 8 , 2016 ( edit ) On the eve of November 8 , 2016 , Prime Minister of Republic of India Shri Narendra Modi announced `` Notes of Rs500 and Rs 1000 will not remain a legal tender by midnight '' . Being an unprecedented step it was much highlighted in the national and international news with a number of people criticizing the move and government acclaiming it as a surgical strike against black money . But public account committee headed by senior Congress leader KV Thomas took a serious note of the move and started probing the move wherein it decided to call RBI Governor Urjit Patel , Finance Secretary Ashok Lavasa and Economic Affairs Secretary Shaktikanta Das and a decision was taken unanimously by all the members of the committee . Chairpersons ( edit ) Pre-independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office W.M. Hailey 1922 Sir Basil P. Blackett 1922 - 27 Sir Bhupendra Nath Mitra 1928 Sir George Schuster 1929 - 31 5 Sir Alan Parson 1932 6 A.H. Lloyd 1933 7 Sir James Grigg 1934 - 36 8 J.C. Nixon 1937 9 Sir James Grigg 1938 10 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1939 - 41 11 C.E. Jones 1942 12 Sir Jeremy Raisman 1943 12 Sir Cyril Jones 1944 13 Sir Archibald Rowlands 1945 14 Sir Eric Coates 1946 15 John Mathai 16 Liaquat Ali Khan After independence ( edit ) Sr. No . Name Term of office Political party ( Alliance ) R.K. Shanmukham Chetty 1947 - 48 Congress John Mathai 1948 - 49 B. Das 1950 - 55 V.B. Gandhi 1955 - 57 5 T.N. Singh 1957 - 59 6 N.G. Ranga 1959 7 P. Subbarayan 1959 - 60 8 Upendranath Barman 1960 - 61 9 C.R. Pattabhiraman 1961 - 62 10 Mahavir Tyagi 1962 - 64 11 R.K. Khadilkar 1963 - 64 12 R.R. Morarka 1964 - 67 13 Minoo Masani 1967 - 69 Swatantra 14 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1969 - 71 BJS 15 Era Sezhiyan 1971 - 73 DMK 16 Jyotirmoy Basu 1973 - 75 CPI ( M ) 17 Hirendranath Mukherjee 1975 - 77 CPI 18 C.M. Stephen 1977 - 78 Congress 19 P.V. Narasimha Rao 1978 - 79 20 T.A. Pai 1979 ( up to July 30 , 1979 ) 21 R. Venkataraman August 2 , 1979 - 1980 22 Chandrajit Yadav 1980 - 81 JNP ( S ) 23 Satish Chandra Agarwal 1981 - 83 BJP 24 Sunil Maitra 1983 - 84 CPI ( M ) 25 E. Ayyapu Reddy 1985 - 87 TDP 26 Amal Dutta 1987 - 89 CPI ( M ) 27 P. Kolandaivelu ADMK 28 Santosh Mohan Dev 1990 - 91 Congress 29 Atal Bihari Vajpayee 1991 - 93 BJP 30 Bhagwan Shankar Rawat 1993 - 95 31 Ram Naik 1995 - 96 32 Murli Manohar Joshi 1996 - 98 33 Manoranjan Bhakta 1998 - 99 Congress 34 N.D. Tiwari 1999 - March 1 , 2002 34 N. Janardhana Reddy March 15 , 2002 - April 30 , 2002 35 Buta Singh 2002 - 2004 up to 6 / 2 / 2004 36 Prof. Vijay Kumar Malhotra 2004 - 2008 BJP 36 52 . Prof. Kuruppassery Varkey Thomas 2013 - 2015 Source : 53 . Mallikarjun Kharge 2017 - See also ( edit ) Parliament of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Public Accounts Committee Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/KV-Thomas-takes-over-as-PAC-chairman/articleshow/40491640.cms . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) ; Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archive News - The Hindu '' . Hindu.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tata was candid , Radia evasive on 2G , says PAC chief Joshi - Indian Express '' . IndianExpress.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Reporter , B.S. ( 23 November 2011 ) . `` Cong members should apologise to CAG : PAC '' . Retrieved 27 February 2017 -- via Business Standard . Jump up ^ `` Demonetisation : Public Accounts Committee to call RBI Governor in January to review economic impact - The Economic Times on Mobile '' . EconomicTimes.com . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : 11. pdf External links ( edit ) business - News - msn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Accounts_Committee_(India)&oldid=821270726 '' Categories : Committees of the Parliament of India Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
present chairman of public accounts committee of lok sabha
[ "The present PAC is headed by Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge Senior Congress MP of Gulbarga, Karnataka. The term of office of members of the committee does not exceed one year at a time.[2]" ]
[ "Mapanna Mallikarjun Kharge" ]
8078020242638604386
ICC World Twenty20
ICC World Twenty20 - wikipedia ICC World Twenty20 Jump to : navigation , search For the equivalent women 's tournament , see ICC Women 's World Twenty20 . For the ICC Twenty20 ranking scheme , see ICC T20I Championship . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ICC World Twenty20 Administrator International Cricket Council Format Twenty20 International First tournament 2007 Last tournament 2016 Next tournament 2020 Tournament format Preliminary round Super 10 Play - offs Number of teams 16 Current champion West Indies ( 2nd title ) Most successful West Indies ( 2 titles ) Most runs Mahela Jayawardene ( 1016 ) Most wickets Shahid Afridi ( 39 ) Tournaments 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 2020 The ICC World Twenty20 ( also referred to as the World T20 , and colloquially as the T20 World Cup ) is the international championship of Twenty20 cricket . Organised by cricket 's governing body , the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) , the tournament currently consists of 16 teams , comprising all ten ICC full members and six other associate or affiliate members chosen through the World Twenty20 Qualifier . All matches played are accorded Twenty20 International status . The event has generally been held every two years . However , the next edition of the tournament is scheduled to take place in 2020 in Australia , four years after the conclusion of the 2016 edition . In May 2016 , the ICC put forward the idea of having a tournament in 2018 , with South Africa being the possible host . But at the conclusion of the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy , the ICC announced that the next edition of the World T20 would take place in 2020 in Australia , as originally scheduled . Six tournaments have so far been played , and only the West Indies , who currently hold the title , has won the tournament on multiple occasions . The inaugural event , the 2007 World Twenty20 , was staged in South Africa , and won by India , who defeated Pakistan in the final at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg . The 2009 tournament took place in England , and was won by the previous runner - up , Pakistan , who defeated Sri Lanka in the final at Lord 's . The third tournament was held in 2010 , hosted by the countries making up the West Indies cricket team . England defeated Australia in the final in Barbados , which was played at Kensington Oval . The fourth tournament , the 2012 World Twenty20 , was held in Asia for the first time , with all matches played in Sri Lanka . The West Indies won the tournament by defeating Sri Lanka in the final , winning its first international tournament since the 2004 Champions Trophy . The fifth tournament , the 2014 ICC World Twenty20 , was hosted by Bangladesh , and was won by Sri Lanka , who became the first team to play in three finals . West Indies are the current World T20I holders , beating England in the 2016 final , winning their second title . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Inaugural tournaments 1.3 Expansion to 16 teams 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final tournament 3 Hosts 4 Results 5 Performance of teams 6 Team results by tournament 7 Debut of teams 8 Statistics and records 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the ICC World Twenty20 Background ( edit ) When the Benson & Hedges Cup ended in 2002 , the ECB needed another one day competition to fill its place . Cricketing authorities were looking to boost the game 's popularity with the younger generation in response to dwindling crowds and reduced sponsorship . It was intended to deliver fast - paced , exciting cricket accessible to thousands of fans who were put off by the longer versions of the game . Stuart Robertson , the marketing manager of the ECB , proposed a 20 over per innings game to county chairmen in 2001 and they voted 11 -- 7 in favour of adopting the new format . Regional tournaments Bangladesh V South Africa at the 2007 tournament The first official Twenty20 matches were played on 13 June 2003 between the English counties in the Twenty20 Cup . The first season of Twenty20 in England was a relative success , with the Surrey Lions defeating the Warwickshire Bears by 9 wickets in the final to claim the title . The first Twenty20 match held at Lord 's , on 15 July 2004 between Middlesex and Surrey , attracted a crowd of 27,509 , the largest attendance for any county cricket game at the ground other than a one - day final since 1953 . Soon after with the adoption of Twenty20 matches by other cricket boards , the popularity of the format grew with unexpected crowd attendance , new regional tournaments such as Pakistan 's Faysal Bank T20 Cup and Stanford 20 / 20 tournament and the financial incentive in the format . The West Indies regional teams competed in what was named the Stanford 20 / 20 tournament . The event was financially backed by convicted fraudster Allen Stanford , who gave at least US $28,000,000 funding money , the fruit of his massive Ponzi scheme . It was intended that the tournament would be an annual event . Guyana won the inaugural event , defeating Trinidad and Tobago by 5 wickets , securing US $1,000,000 in prize money . A spin - off tournament , the Stanford Super Series , was held in October 2008 between Middlesex and Trinidad and Tobago , the respective winners of the English and Caribbean Twenty20 competitions , and a Stanford Superstars team formed from West Indies domestic players ; Trinidad and Tobago won the competition , securing US $280,000 prize money . On 1 November , the Stanford Superstars played England in what was expected to be the first of five fixtures in as many years with the winner claiming a US $20,000,000 in each match . Twenty20 Internationals Main article : Twenty20 International On 17 February 2005 Australia defeated New Zealand in the first men 's full international Twenty20 match , played at Eden Park in Auckland . The game was played in a light - hearted manner -- both sides turned out in kit similar to that worn in the 1980s , the New Zealand team 's a direct copy of that worn by the Beige Brigade . Some of the players also sported moustaches / beards and hair styles popular in the 1980s taking part in a competition amongst themselves for best retro look , at the request of the Beige Brigade . Australia won the game comprehensively , and as the result became obvious towards the end of the NZ innings , the players and umpires took things less seriously -- Glenn McGrath jokingly replayed the Trevor Chappell underarm incident from a 1981 ODI between the two sides , and Billy Bowden showed him a mock red card ( red cards are not normally used in cricket ) in response . Inaugural tournaments ( edit ) Lasith Malinga bowling to Shahid Afridi in the 2009 Final at Lord 's . It was first decided that every two years an ICC World Twenty20 tournament is to take place , except in the event of an Cricket World Cup being scheduled in the same year , in which case it will be held the year before . The first tournament was in 2007 in South Africa where India defeated Pakistan in the final . Two Associate teams had played in the first tournament , selected through the 2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One , a 50 - over competition . In December 2007 it was decided to hold a qualifying tournament with a 20 - over format to better prepare the teams . With six participants , two would qualify for the 2009 World Twenty20 and would each receive $250,000 in prize money . The second tournament was won by Pakistan who beat Sri Lanka by 8 wickets in England on 21 June 2009 . The 2010 ICC World Twenty20 tournament was held in West Indies in May 2010 , where England defeated Australia by 7 wickets . The 2012 ICC World Twenty20 was won by the West - Indies , by defeating Sri Lanka at the finals . For the first time , a host nation competed in the final of the ICC World Twenty20 . There were 12 participants for the title including Ireland and Afghanistan as 2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . It was the first time the T20 World Cup tournament took place in an Asian country . Expansion to 16 teams ( edit ) The 2012 edition was to be expanded into a 16 team format however this was reverted to 12 . The 2014 tournament , held in Bangladesh was the first to feature 16 teams including all ten full members and six associate members who qualified through the 2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier . However the top eight full member teams in the ICC T20I Championship rankings on 8 October 2012 were given a place in the Super 10 stage . The remaining eight teams competed in the group stage , from which two teams advance to the Super 10 stage . Three new teams ( Nepal , Hong Kong and UAE ) made their debut in this tournament . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) See also : ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier All ICC full members qualify automatically for the tournament , with the remaining places filled by other ICC members through a qualification tournament , known as the World Twenty20 Qualifier . Qualification for the inaugural 2007 World Twenty20 came from the results of the first cycle of the World Cricket League , a 50 - over league for ICC associate and affiliate members . The two finalists of the 2007 WCL Division One tournament , Kenya and Scotland , qualified for the World Twenty20 later in the year . A separate qualification tournament was implemented for the 2009 World Twenty20 , and has been retained since then . The number of teams qualifying through the World Twenty20 Qualifier has varied , however , ranging from two ( in 2010 and 2012 ) to six ( in 2014 and 2016 ) . Final tournament ( edit ) In each group stage ( both the preliminary round and the Super 10 round ) , teams are ranked against each other based on the following criteria : Higher number of points If equal , higher number of wins If still equal , higher net run rate If still equal , lower bowling strike rate If still equal , result of head to head meeting . In case of a tie ( that is , both teams scoring the same number of runs at the end of their respective innings ) , a Super Over would decide the winner . In the case of a tie occurring again in the Super Over , the match is won by the team that has scored the most sixes in their innings . This is applicable in all stages of the tournament , having been implemented during the 2009 tournament . During the 2007 tournament , a bowl - out was used to decide the loser of tied matches . Hosts ( edit ) The International Cricket Council 's executive committee votes for the hosts of the tournament after examining bids from the nations which have expressed an interest in holding the event . After South Africa in 2007 , England , West Indies and Sri Lanka hosted the tournament in 2009 , 2010 and 2012 respectively . Bangladesh hosted the tournament in 2014 . India hosted the last edition of the tournament in 2016 . In December 2015 , Tim Anderson , the ICC 's head of global development , suggested that a future tournament be hosted by the United States . He believed that hosting the event could help spur growth of the game in the country , where it is relatively obscure and faces competition by other sports such as baseball . Results ( edit ) Year Host ( s ) Final venue Final Winner Result Runner - up 2007 Details South Africa Johannesburg India 157 / 5 ( 20 overs ) India won by 5 runs Scorecard Pakistan 152 all out ( 19.4 overs ) 2009 Details England London Pakistan 139 / 2 ( 18.4 overs ) Pakistan won by 8 wickets Scorecard Sri Lanka 138 / 6 ( 20 overs ) Details West Indies Bridgetown England 148 / 3 ( 17 overs ) England won by 7 wickets Scorecard Australia 147 / 6 ( 20 overs ) 2012 Details Sri Lanka Colombo West Indies 137 / 6 ( 20 overs ) West Indies won by 36 runs Scorecard Sri Lanka 101 all out ( 18.4 overs ) 2014 Details Bangladesh Dhaka Sri Lanka 134 / 4 ( 17.5 overs ) Sri Lanka won by 6 wickets Scorecard India 130 / 4 ( 20 overs ) 2016 Details India Kolkata West Indies 161 / 6 ( 19.4 overs ) West Indies won by 4 wickets Scorecard England 155 / 9 ( 20 overs ) 2020 Details Australia Performance of teams ( edit ) Team Appearances Best result Statistics Total First Latest Played Won Lost Tie NR Win % West Indies 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2012 , 2016 ) 31 17 12 1 ( 1 ) 58.33 Sri Lanka 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2014 ) 35 22 12 1 ( 1 ) 0 64.28 India 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2007 ) 33 20 11 1 ( 1 ) 64.06 Pakistan 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2009 ) 34 19 14 1 ( 0 ) 0 57.35 England 6 2007 2016 1 ! Champions ( 2010 ) 32 15 16 0 48.38 Australia 6 2007 2016 2 ! Runner - up ( 2010 ) 29 16 13 0 0 55.17 South Africa 6 2007 2016 3 ! Semi-final ( 2009 , 2014 ) 30 18 12 0 0 60.00 New Zealand 6 2007 2016 3 ! Semi-final ( 2007 , 2016 ) 30 15 13 2 ( 0 ) 0 53.33 Netherlands 2007 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2014 ) 12 5 6 0 45.45 Afghanistan 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2016 ) 14 5 9 0 0 35.71 Ireland 5 2009 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2009 ) 15 9 0 25.00 Bangladesh 6 2007 2016 4 ! 2nd round ( 2007 , 2014 , 2016 ) 25 5 19 0 20.83 Nepal 2014 2014 5 ! 1st round ( 2014 ) 0 0 66.66 Oman 2016 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2016 ) 0 50.00 Zimbabwe 5 2007 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2007 , 2010 , 2012 , 2014 , 2016 ) 12 5 7 0 0 41.66 Hong Kong 2014 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2014 , 2016 ) 6 5 0 0 16.66 Scotland 2007 2016 5 ! 1st round ( 2007 , 2009 , 2016 ) 7 5 0 16.66 Kenya 2007 2007 5 ! 1st round ( 2007 ) 0 0 0 0.00 United Arab Emirates 2014 2014 5 ! 1st round ( 2014 ) 0 0 0 0.00 Note : The number in bracket indicates number of wins in tied matches by Super Overs and bowl outs , however these are considered half a win regardless of the result . The win percentage excludes no results and counts ties ( irrespective of a tiebreaker ) as half a win . Teams are sorted by best performance , then winning percentage , then ( if equal ) by alphabetical order Team results by tournament ( edit ) The ICC does not adjudicate rankings but only rounds a team achieves e.g. Semis , round one etc . The table below provides an overview of the performances of teams in the ICC World Twenty20 . Legend C -- Champions RU -- Runners - up SF -- Semi-finalist R2 -- Round 2 ( Super 8s , Super 10s ) R1 -- Round 1 ( Group stage ) -- Qualified but withdrew -- Did not qualify × -- Did not enter / Withdrew The team ranking in each tournament is according to ICC . For each tournament , the number of teams in each finals tournament ( in brackets ) are shown . Team 2007 ( 12 ) 2009 ( 12 ) ( 12 ) 2012 ( 12 ) 2014 ( 16 ) 2016 ( 16 ) 2020 ( TBD ) Total Afghanistan × × R1 R1 R1 R2 Australia SF R1 RU SF R2 R2 6 Bangladesh R2 R1 R1 R1 R2 R2 6 England R2 R2 R2 R2 RU 6 Hong Kong × × × R1 R1 India R2 R2 R2 RU SF 6 Ireland R2 R1 R1 R1 R1 5 Kenya R1 Nepal × × × R1 Netherlands R1 R2 R1 New Zealand SF R2 R2 R2 R2 SF 6 Oman × × × R1 Pakistan RU SF SF R2 R2 6 Scotland R1 R1 R1 South Africa R2 SF R2 R2 SF R2 6 Sri Lanka R2 RU SF RU R2 6 United Arab Emirates × × R1 West Indies R1 SF R2 SF 6 Zimbabwe R1 R1 R1 R1 R1 5 Debut of teams ( edit ) Team appearing for the first time , in alphabetical order per year . Year Debutants Total 2007 Australia , Bangladesh , England , India , Kenya , New Zealand , Pakistan , Scotland , South Africa , Sri Lanka , West Indies , Zimbabwe 12 2009 Ireland , Netherlands Afghanistan 2012 none 0 2014 Hong Kong , Nepal , United Arab Emirates 2016 Oman 2020 TBD TBD Total 19 Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : ICC World Twenty20 statistics and records See also ( edit ) Cricket portal List of Twenty20 International records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Records -- ICC World Twenty20 -- Most Runs Cricinfo Jump up ^ Records -- ICC World Twenty20 -- Most Wickets in a career Cricinfo Jump up ^ `` ICC hopeful of World T20 return in 2018 '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mukesh Bhatt ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Champions Trophy to take place in 2021 , No World T20 in 2018 '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samuels special the spur for epic West Indies win '' . Wisden India . 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul ; Meet the man who invented Twenty20 cricket -- the man missing out on millions ; Daily Mail ; 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2009 Jump up ^ Matches played 13 June 2003 ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Twenty20 Cup , 2003 , Final -- Surrey v Warwickshire ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 9 June 2008 Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Usman Afzaal gives Surrey winning start but absent fans fuel concerns '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guyana crowned Stanford 20 / 20 champions '' . ESPNcricinfo. 14 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dates for Stanford Twenty20 announced '' . The Jamaica Observer. 9 February 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Udal leads Middlesex for Stanford '' . ESPNcricinfo. 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 27 October 2008 ) . `` Ramdin leads T&T to big - money glory '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 1 November 2008 ) . `` Gayle leads Superstars to millions '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` US tycoon charged over $8 bn fraud '' . BBC News . 17 February 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier to be held in Ireland '' . ESPNcricinfo. 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ICC approves Test championship '' . Espncricinfo . Retrieved 22 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` West Indies to start World T20 title defence against India '' . ICC. 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BCB promises stellar T20 WC '' . The Daily Star . 7 April 2013 . Retrieved 9 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Final WorldTwenty20 Playing conditions Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , ICC World Twenty20 , retrieved 12 September 2007 Jump up ^ Playing conditions Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , ICC World Twenty20 , retrieved 12 September 2008 Jump up ^ Bangladesh to host World Twenty20 2014 Cricinfo , retrieved 1 July 2010 Jump up ^ `` For next five years , all T20 action in subcontinent '' . The Times of India . 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Cricket Council Targets World Twenty20 on United States Soil : Report '' . NDTV Sports . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / ICC World T20 / Result Summary '' . ESPNCricinfo. 16 March 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to ICC World Twenty20 . Official Twenty20 ICC World Cup website International cricket International Cricket Council ( ICC ) ICC Awards ICC members Forms Test ( women 's ) One Day International ( women 's ) Twenty20 International ( women 's ) Global events World Cup ( qualifier ) World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Women 's World Cup ( qualifier ) Women 's World Twenty20 ( qualifier ) Under - 19 World Cup Champions Trophy Intercontinental Cup World Cricket League Olympics Asia ACC -- Asia Cup ACC Trophy ( List A ) ACC Premier League ACC Twenty20 Cup Africa ACA -- WCL Africa Americas ICC Americas -- Americas Championship South American Championship East Asia and Pacific EAP -- ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( One day ) ICC EAP Cricket Trophy ( Twenty20 ) Europe ECC -- European Championship Women 's European Championship ICC World Twenty20 Tournaments South Africa 2007 England 2009 West Indies 2010 Sri Lanka 2012 Bangladesh 2014 India 2016 TBA 2018 Australia 2020 Qualifying 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Finals 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Squads 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Statistics 2007 2009 2012 2014 2016 Awards Format History Hosts Qualification Records Centuries Teams Officials Trophy World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - ball Pitch and putt Racquetball Rowing Motorsport enduro Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Squash Sailing Dinghy Teams Yacht Fleet Racing Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Mixed Archery Biathlon Diving Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Speedway motorcycle Track cycling Individual Bobsleigh Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Luge Mountain bike racing Orienteering Sailing Show jumping Skeleton Speed skating long track short track Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Ski orienteering Snowboard Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Triathlon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ICC_World_Twenty20&oldid=804716916 '' Categories : ICC World Twenty20 World championships International Cricket Council events Twenty20 International cricket competitions Recurring sporting events established in 2007 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Use British English from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk پښتو Português සිංහල தமிழ் Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 18 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did india win the first t20 world cup
[ "Six tournaments have so far been played, and only the West Indies, who currently hold the title, has won the tournament on multiple occasions. The inaugural event, the 2007 World Twenty20, was staged in South Africa, and won by India, who defeated Pakistan in the final at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg. The 2009 tournament took place in England, and was won by the previous runner-up, Pakistan, who defeated Sri Lanka in the final at Lord's. The third tournament was held in 2010, hosted by the countries making up the West Indies cricket team. England defeated Australia in the final in Barbados, which was played at Kensington Oval. The fourth tournament, the 2012 World Twenty20, was held in Asia for the first time, with all matches played in Sri Lanka. The West Indies won the tournament by defeating Sri Lanka in the final, winning its first international tournament since the 2004 Champions Trophy.[5] The fifth tournament, the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, was hosted by Bangladesh, and was won by Sri Lanka, who became the first team to play in three finals. West Indies are the current World T20I holders, beating England in the 2016 final, winning their second title." ]
[ "2007" ]
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List of largest sports contracts
List of largest sports contracts - wikipedia List of largest sports contracts Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of the largest sports contracts . These figures include signing bonuses but exclude options , buyouts , and endorsement deals . This list does not reflect the highest annual salaries or career earnings , only the largest contracts and thus is limited to athletes in team sports and auto racing . Athletes in individual sports , such as golf , tennis , and boxing are not employed by a team and usually earn money primarily through event winnings . This list also does not necessarily reflect actual money collected by the athletes , since some contracts are eventually terminated ( usually due to an athlete either retiring or invoking their opt - out clause ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Largest sports contracts 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Largest sports contracts ( edit ) Rank Player Team Sport Length of contract Contract value ( USD ) Average per year ( USD ) Average per game ( USD ) Ref 01 Giancarlo Stanton New York Yankees , Miami Marlins Baseball 13 years ( 2014 - 2027 ) $325,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 02 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2008 -- 2017 ) $275,000,000 $27,500,000 $169,753.09 03 Neymar Paris Saint Germain Association football 5 years ( 2017 - 2022 ) $270,000,000 $54,000,000 $1,080,000 04 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $252,000,000 $25,200,000 $155,555.56 05 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $248,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 005 ! 06 ( tie ) Cano , Robinson Robinson Cano Seattle Mariners Baseball 10 years ( 2014 -- 2023 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 005 ! 06 ( tie ) Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols Los Angeles Angels Baseball 10 years ( 2012 -- 2021 ) $240,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 007 ! 07 Harden , James James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 6 years ( 2017 - 2023 ) $228,000,000 $38,000,000 $463,414.64 007 ! 08 Votto , Joey Joey Votto Cincinnati Reds Baseball 10 years ( 2014 - 2024 ) $225,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,889 008 ! 08 Price , David David Price Boston Red Sox Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $217,000,000 $31,000,000 $191,358.02 009 ! 09 Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $215,000,000 $30,714,285 $186,120.37 010 ! 10 Fielder , Prince Prince Fielder Detroit Tigers * Baseball 09 ! 9 years ( 2012 -- 2020 ) $214,000,000 $23,777,777 $146,776.40 011 ! 11 Scherzer , Max Max Scherzer Washington Nationals Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2015 -- 2021 ) $210,000,000 $30,000,000 $185,185.19 012 ! 12 Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $206,500,000 $34,416,667 $212,448.56 014 ! 14 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook Oklahoma City Thunder Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2018 -- 2023 ) $205,000,000 $41,000,000 $491,000.00 015 ! 15 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry Golden State Warriors Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $201,200,000 $40,200,000 $490,243.90 016 ! 16 Jeter , Derek Derek Jeter New York Yankees * Baseball 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $189,000,000 $18,900,000 $116,666.67 017 ! 17 ( tie ) Mauer , Joe Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 017 ! 17 ( tie ) Heyward , Jason Jason Heyward Chicago Cubs Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2016 -- 2023 ) $184,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 018 ! 18 Mayweather , Floyd Floyd Mayweather Showtime * Boxing 02 ! 2 years ( 2013 -- 2015 ) $180,000,000 + $72,000,000 + $30,000,000 + 018 ! 18 ( tie ) Teixeira , Mark Mark Teixeira New York Yankees * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2009 -- 2016 ) $180,000,000 $22,500,000 $138,888.89 018 ! 18 ( tie ) Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $180,000,000 $25,714,286 $158,730.16 019 ! 19 ( tie ) Hernández , Félix Félix Hernández Seattle Mariners Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 020 ! 20 ( tie ) Strasburg , Stephen Stephen Strasburg Washington Nationals Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2017 -- 2023 ) $175,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 022 ! 22 Griffin , Blake Blake Griffin Los Angeles Clippers Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $172,260,000 $34,452,000 $420,146.34 023 ! 23 Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants Baseball 09 ! 9 years ( 2013 -- 2021 ) $167,000,000 $18,555,556 $114,540.47 024 ! 24 ( tie ) Sabathia , CC CC Sabathia New York Yankees Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2009 -- 2015 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 024 ! 24 ( tie ) Davis , Chris Chris Davis Baltimore Orioles Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2016 -- 2022 ) $161,000,000 $23,000,000 $141,975.31 026 ! 26 ( tie ) Kemp , Matt Matt Kemp Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2012 -- 2019 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 026 ! 26 ( tie ) Ramírez , Manny Manny Ramírez Boston Red Sox * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $160,000,000 $20,000,000 $123,456.79 028 ! 28 Tulowitzki , Troy Troy Tulowitzki Colorado Rockies * Baseball 10 years ( 2011 -- 2020 ) $157,750,000 $15,775,000 $97,376.54 029 ! 29 ( tie ) Tanaka , Masahiro Masahiro Tanaka New York Yankees Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $22,141,857 $136,684.30 029 ! 29 ( tie ) Lester , Jon Jon Lester Chicago Cubs Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $155,000,000 $25,833,333 $159,465.02 031 ! 31 González , Adrián Adrián González Boston Red Sox * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2012 -- 2018 ) $154,000,000 $22,000,000 $135,802.67 032 ! 32 ( tie ) Räikkönen , Kimi Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari Auto racing 03 ! 3 years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) $153,000,000 $51,000,000 $2,942,307.69 032 ! 32 ( tie ) Ellsbury , Jacoby Jacoby Ellsbury New York Yankees Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $153,000,000 $21,857,142 $134,920.64 034 ! 34 Conley Jr. , Mike Mike Conley Jr . Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $152,605,576 $30,521,115 $372,208.72 035 ! 35 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) $152,300,000 $19,037,500 $117,515.43 036 ! 36 Helton , Todd Todd Helton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 11 years ( 2001 -- 2011 ) $151,500,000 $13,772,727 $85,016.83 037 ! 37 Greinke , Zack Zack Greinke Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $147,000,000 $24,500,000 $151,234.57 038 ! 38 Bale , Gareth Gareth Bale Real Madrid C.F. Association football 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2019 ) $146,280,000 $24,380,000 $406,333.33 039 ! 39 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $144,500,000 $24,083,333 $148,662.55 040 ! 40 Hamels , Cole Cole Hamels Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $144,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 041 ! 41 Crawford , Carl Carl Crawford Boston Red Sox * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $142,000,000 $20,285,714 $125,220.46 042 ! 42 Lillard , Damian Damian Lillard Portland Trail Blazers Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,888,445 $27,977,689 $341,191.33 043 ! 43 Luck , Andrew Andrew Luck Indianapolis Colts American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,125,000 $23,187,500 $1,449,218.75 044 ! 44 DeRozan , DeMar DeMar DeRozan Toronto Raptors Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $139,000,000 $27,800,000 $339,024.39 045 ! 45 Wright , David David Wright New York Mets Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2013 -- 2020 ) $138,000,000 $17,250,000 $106,481.48 046 ! 46 Santana , Johan Johan Santana New York Mets * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) $137,500,000 $22,916,667 $141,460.91 047 ! 47 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2004 -- 2011 ) $136,400,000 $19,485,714 $237,630.66 048 ! 48 Soriano , Alfonso Alfonso Soriano Chicago Cubs * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2007 -- 2014 ) $136,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 049 ! 49 ( tie ) Freeman , Freddie Freddie Freeman Atlanta Braves Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2014 -- 2021 ) $135,000,000 $16,875,000 $104,166.67 049 ! 49 ( tie ) Stafford , Matthew Matthew Stafford Detroit Lions American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $135,000,000 $27,000,000 $1,687,500.00 050 ! 50 Upton , Justin Justin Upton Detroit Tigers Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $132,750,000 $22,125,000 $136,574.07 051 ! 51 Johnson , Calvin Calvin Johnson Detroit Lions * American football 08 ! 8 years ( 2007 -- 2015 ) $132,000,000 $16,500,000 $1,031,250.00 052 ! 52 ( tie ) Choo , Shin - Soo Shin - Soo Choo Texas Rangers Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $130,000,000 $18,571,428 $114,638.45 052 ! 52 ( tie ) Vick , Michael Michael Vick Atlanta Falcons * American football 10 years ( 2005 -- 2014 ) $130,000,000 $13,000,000 $812,500.00 052 ! 52 ( tie ) Cueto , Johnny Johnny Cueto San Francisco Giants Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $130,000,000 $21,666,667 $133,744.86 055 ! 55 ( tie ) Davis , Anthony Anthony Davis New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 055 ! 55 ( tie ) Drummond , Andre Andre Drummond Detroit Pistons Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 055 ! 55 ( tie ) Beal , Bradley Bradley Beal Washington Wizards Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $127,171,313 $25,434,262 $310,173.93 058 ! 58 Cutler , Jay Jay Cutler Chicago Bears * American football 07 ! 7 years ( 2014 -- 2020 ) $126,700,000 $18,100,000 $1,131,250.00 059 ! 59 O'Neal , Jermaine Jermaine O'Neal Indiana Pacers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $126,558,000 $18,079,714 $220,484.32 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Garnett , Kevin Kevin Garnett Minnesota Timberwolves * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 1999 -- 2005 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Lewis , Rashard Rashard Lewis Orlando Magic * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $256,097.56 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Wells , Vernon Vernon Wells Toronto Blue Jays * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2008 -- 2014 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Zito , Barry Barry Zito San Francisco Giants * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2007 -- 2013 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Werth , Jayson Jayson Werth Washington Nationals Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2011 -- 2017 ) $126,000,000 $18,000,000 $111,111.11 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Kaepernick , Colin Colin Kaepernick San Francisco 49ers * American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $126,000,000 $21,000,000 $1,312,500.00 . 060 ! 60 ( tie ) Holiday , Jrue Jrue Holiday New Orleans Pelicans Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $126,000,000 $25,200,000 $307,317.07 067 ! 67 ( tie ) Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2012 -- 2016 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 067 ! 67 ( tie ) Hamilton , Josh Josh Hamilton Los Angeles Angels * Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2013 -- 2017 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $154,320.99 067 ! 67 ( tie ) Carr , Derek Derek Carr Oakland Raiders American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2018 -- 2022 ) $125,000,000 $25,000,000 $1,562,500.00 070 ! 70 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony New York Knicks Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $124,064,280 $24,812,856 $302,595.81 071 ! 71 ( tie ) Schumacher , Michael Michael Schumacher Ferrari * Auto racing 04 ! 4 years ( 1996 -- 1999 ) $124,000,000 $31,000,000 $1,907,692.30 071 ! 71 ( tie ) Ovechkin , Alexander Alexander Ovechkin Washington Capitals Hockey 13 years ( 2008 -- 2021 ) $124,000,000 $9,538,461 $116,322.70 073 ! 73 Johnson , Joe Joe Johnson Atlanta Hawks * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2017 ) $123,658,089 $20,609,681 $251,337.58 074 ! 74 Webber , Chris Chris Webber Sacramento Kings * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2001 -- 2007 ) $122,718,750 $17,531,250 $213,795.73 075 ! 75 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan San Antonio Spurs * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2003 -- 2010 ) $122,007,704 $17,429,672 $212,556.98 076 ! 76 Hampton , Mike Mike Hampton Colorado Rockies * Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $121,000,000 $15,125,000 $93,364.20 077 ! 77 Flacco , Joe Joe Flacco Baltimore Ravens American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $120,600,000 $20,100,000 $1,256,250.00 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi New York Yankees * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2002 -- 2008 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Andrus , Elvis Elvis Andrus Texas Rangers Baseball 08 ! 8 years ( 2015 -- 2022 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $92,592.59 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Lee , Cliff Cliff Lee Philadelphia Phillies * Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2011 -- 2015 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $148,148.15 078 ! 78 ( tie ) O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $209,059.23 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Holliday , Matt Matt Holliday St. Louis Cardinals * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $120,000,000 $17,142,857 $105,820.10 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Fitzgerald , Larry Larry Fitzgerald Arizona Cardinals American football 08 ! 8 years ( 2011 -- 2018 ) $120,000,000 $15,000,000 $937,500.00 078 ! 78 ( tie ) Batum , Nicolas Nicolas Batum Charlotte Hornets Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $120,000,000 $24,000,000 $292,682.93 085 ! 85 Palmer , Carson Carson Palmer Cincinnati Bengals * American football 09 ! 9 years ( 2006 -- 2014 ) $119,750,000 $13,305,555 $831,597.19 086 ! 86 Beltrán , Carlos Carlos Beltrán New York Mets * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 2005 -- 2011 ) $119,000,000 $17,000,000 $104,938.27 087 ! 87 Harden , James James Harden Houston Rockets Basketball 04 ! 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $118,103,446 $29,525,861 $360,071.48 088 ! 88 Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh Miami Heat Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $118,000,000 $23,600,000 $287,804.88 089 ! 89 Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr . Cincinnati Reds * Baseball 09 ! 9 years ( 2000 -- 2008 ) $116,500,000 $12,944,444 $79,903.98 090 ! 90 ( tie ) McNabb , Donovan Donovan McNabb Philadelphia Eagles * American football 12 ! 12 years ( 2002 -- 2013 ) $115,000,000 $9,583,333 $598,958.31 090 ! 90 ( tie ) Dalton , Andy Andy Dalton Cincinnati Bengals American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $115,000,000 $19,166,667 $1,197,916.67 092 ! 92 Miller , Von Von Miller Denver Broncos American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2016 -- 2021 ) $114,500,000 $19,083,333 $1,192,708.33 093 ! 93 Suh , Ndamukong Ndamukong Suh Miami Dolphins American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $114,000,000 $19,000,000 $1,187,500.00 094 ! 94 Horford , Al Al Horford Boston Celtics Basketball 04 ! 4 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $113,326,228 $28,331,557 $345,506.79 095 ! 95 ( tie ) Love , Kevin Kevin Love Cleveland Cavaliers Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 095 ! 95 ( tie ) Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol Memphis Grizzlies Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $113,211,750 $22,642,350 $276,126.22 097 ! 97 Cain , Matt Matt Cain San Francisco Giants Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2012 -- 2017 ) $112,500,000 $18,666,667 $115,226.34 098 ! 98 Arenas , Gilbert Gilbert Arenas Washington Wizards * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2008 -- 2013 ) $111,000,000 $18,500,000 $225,609.76 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Weber , Shea Shea Weber Nashville Predators * Hockey 14 ! 14 years ( 2012 -- 2026 ) $110,000,000 $7,857,143 $95,818.82 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Rodgers , Aaron Aaron Rodgers Green Bay Packers American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2019 ) $110,000,000 $22,000,000 $1,375,000.00 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Zimmermann , Jordan Jordan Zimmermann Detroit Tigers Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $110,000,000 $22,000,000 $135,802.47 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Cespedes , Yoenis Yoenis Cespedes New York Mets Baseball 04 ! 4 years ( 2017 -- 2020 ) $110,000,000 $27,500,000 $169,753.09 099 ! 99 ( tie ) Vettel , Sebastian Sebastian Vettel Ferrari Auto racing 03 ! 3 years ( 2015 -- 2017 ) $110,000,000 $36,666,667 $1,833,333.33 104 ! 104 ( tie ) James , LeBron LeBron James Miami Heat * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $109,837,500 $18,306,250 $223,246.95 104 ! 104 ( tie ) Bosh , Chris Chris Bosh Miami Heat Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $109,837,500 $18,306,250 $223,246.95 106 ! 106 Romo , Tony Tony Romo Dallas Cowboys * American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $108,000,000 $18,000,000 $1,125,000.00 107 ! 107 Paul , Chris Chris Paul Los Angeles Clippers * Basketball 05 ! 5 years ( 2013 -- 2018 ) $107,343,478 $21,468,696 $261,813.36 108 ! 108 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade Miami Heat * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2010 -- 2016 ) $107,186,000 $17,864,333 $217,857.72 109 ! 109 Kemp , Shawn Shawn Kemp Cleveland Cavaliers * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1997 -- 2004 ) $107,000,000 $15,285,714 $186,411.15 110 ! 110 McCollum , C.J. C.J. McCollum Portland Trail Blazers Basketball 04 ! 4 years ( 2017 -- 2021 ) $106,663,450 $26,665,862 $325,193.45 111 Porter , Otto Otto Porter Washington Wizards Basketball 4 years ( 2017 - 2021 ) $106,524,975 $26,631,244 $324,771.27 112 Reyes , José José Reyes Miami Marlins * Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2012 -- 2017 ) $106,000,000 $17,666,666 $109,053.50 113 Howard , Juwan Juwan Howard Washington Bullets * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $105,375,000 $15,053,571 $183,580.14 114 ( tie ) Brown , Kevin Kevin Brown Los Angeles Dodgers * Baseball 07 ! 7 years ( 1999 -- 2005 ) $105,000,000 $15,000,000 $92,592.59 114 ! 114 ( tie ) Bailey , Homer Homer Bailey Cincinnati Reds Baseball 06 ! 6 years ( 2014 -- 2019 ) $105,000,000 $17,500,000 $108,024.61 114 ! 114 ( tie ) Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers Baseball 05 ! 5 years ( 2016 -- 2020 ) $105,000,000 $21,000,000 $129,629.63 114 ! 114 ( tie ) Mourning , Alonzo Alonzo Mourning Miami Heat * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 1996 -- 2003 ) $105,000,000 $15,000,000 $182,926.83 118 ! 118 Crosby , Sidney Sidney Crosby Pittsburgh Penguins Hockey 12 ! 12 years ( 2013 -- 2025 ) $104,400,000 $8,700,000 $106,097.56 119 ! 119 Rooney , Wayne Wayne Rooney Manchester United Association football 04 ! 4 years ( 2015 -- 2019 ) $104,000,000 $26,000,000 $498,000.00 120 ! 120 Newton , Cam Cam Newton Carolina Panthers American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2015 -- 2020 ) $103,800,000 $20,760,000 $1,297,500.00 121 ! 121 Ryan , Matt Matt Ryan Atlanta Falcons American football 05 ! 5 years ( 2014 -- 2018 ) $103,750,000 $20,750,000 $1,296,875.00 122 ! 122 Kidd , Jason Jason Kidd New Jersey Nets * Basketball 06 ! 6 years ( 2003 -- 2009 ) $103,572,000 $17,262,000 $210,512.20 123 ! 123 Bledsoe , Drew Drew Bledsoe New England Patriots * American football 10 ! 10 years ( 2001 -- 2010 ) $103,000,000 $10,300,000 $643,750.00 124 ! 124 Cox , Fletcher Fletcher Cox Philadelphia Eagles American football 06 ! 6 years ( 2017 -- 2022 ) $102,600,000 $17,100,000 $1,068,750.00 125 ! 125 Finley , Michael Michael Finley Dallas Mavericks * Basketball 07 ! 7 years ( 2001 -- 2008 ) $102,265,625 $14,609,375 $178,163.11 126 ! 126 ( tie ) Roethlisberger , Ben Ben Roethlisberger Pittsburgh Steelers American football 08 ! 8 years ( 2008 -- 2015 ) $102,000,000 $12,750,000 $796,875.00 126 ! 126 ( tie ) Ronaldo , Cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid C.F. Association football 06 ! 6 years ( 2009 -- 2015 ) $102,000,000 $17,000,000 $400,000.00 -- Rodriguez 's 2014 salary was reduced to $2,868,853 due to his season - long suspension related to the Biogenesis baseball scandal -- Rodriguez opted out of this contract after the 2007 season -- Vick 's contract was terminated by the Atlanta Falcons after the 2006 season -- Arenas was suspended without pay for the majority of the 2009 - 10 season -- Based on regular season games only ( excludes any playoff games ) , also in baseball , starting pitchers usually pitch every five games , resting during the interval between starts - Exact contract figures will be available once the 2017 -- 18 salary cap is set and contracts are officially signed -- retired - While still technically under contract , injury has ended his career * -- no longer on team ‡ -- entirety of contract salary not guaranteed See also ( edit ) Gaius Appuleius Diocles List of highest paid baseball players List of most expensive association football transfers Notes ( edit ) Contracts in the NFL are often not guaranteed , meaning that players who retire , or who are cut , do not receive their contracted salaries after their release from the team . NBA and NHL seasons span two calendar years . Michael Vick was suspended by the NFL in 2007 . The Atlanta Falcons were unsuccessful in a civil legal process to attempt to recoup $20 million of the $100 million in bonuses paid to Vick under terms of his contract extension . During his contract years , Michael Schumacher had significantly higher annual earnings than the athletes on this list with larger total contracts . On top of his $31 million per year paid by the Ferrari team , which alone ranked as the highest annual earnings at the time , he also earned a significant amount more per year from race winnings . David Beckham signed a five - year deal with MLS soccer team Los Angeles Galaxy that was worth a reported $251 million , but that figure included commercial endorsements ; only $5 million a year of that figure is salary from the club , while the rest will come via existing endorsements and profit sharing with the club . Lewis Hamilton signed a contract with McLaren Mercedes worth at least ₤ 70 million ( $138 million USD ) over 5 seasons ( 2008 -- 2012 ) . However , no official contract details have been released by the team . In 2010 , the NHL rejected a 17 - year , $102 million contract between the New Jersey Devils and Ilya Kovalchuk , saying that the contract was `` a circumvention of the collective bargaining agreement . '' The later years of the contract would have paid Kovalchuk only $550,000 per year , which lowered the average value per year of the contract . ( The NHL 's salary cap is based on the average value per year . ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brown , Tim ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Marlins slugger Giancarlo Stanton agrees to 13 year , $325 million contract extension '' . yahoo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Rodriguez finalizes $275 M deal with Yankees - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2007 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar Jr signs with Paris Saint - Germain ! - PSG.fr '' . en.psg.fr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona communiqué on Neymar Jr FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar : Paris St - Germain sign Barcelona forward for world record 222m euros '' . BBC Sport. 2017 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB - Rangers go for broke : A-Rod deal worth $252 M '' . Static.espn.go.com. 2003 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Miggy , Tigers agree on record extension '' . MLB.com. 2014 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Robinson Cano Agrees to deal with seattle mariners '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Albert Pujols ' deal completed with Los Angeles Angels ; worth $240 M over 10 years - ESPN Los Angeles '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Supermax extension to pay James Harden record $228 M through 2022 - 23 ; ESPN.com : News '' . ESPN.com. 2017 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com news services ( 2014 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Joey Votto agrees to biggest contract in Cincinnati Reds history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sox To Sign David Price '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2015 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ . 2014 - 01 - 15 http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1913911-clayton-kershaw-and-dodgers-agree-on-7-year-contract-extension . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 15 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Source - Detroit Tigers land Prince Fielder with nine - year , $214 million deal - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2012 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals deal with Max Scherzer for $210 M , half deferred '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wilmoth , Charles ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) . `` Diamondbacks To Sign Zack Greinke '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportingnews.com/nba/news/russell-westbrook-contract-extension-details-thunder-news-roster-paul-george-carmelo-anthony-trade/1snpa0u01qeor17m7c2evrqc03 ) . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( 2017 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Jeter drives the Yankees '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100326195732/http://wcco.com/local/mauer.contract.extension.2.1579043.html . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Cubs add to offseason haul by adding Jason Heyward on 8 - year , $184 M deal '' . ESPN.com news service . 11 Dec 2015 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) . `` Floyd Mayweather Hits Jackpot With New Showtime PPV Deal - Forbes '' . Forbes.com . Jump up ^ Buster OlneyESPN InsiderFollowArchive ( 2008 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Sources : Mark Teixeira , New York Yankees agree to 8 - year deal - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander gets record deal '' . ESPN.com news service . 2013 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Mariners , Felix Hernandez agree to $175 million deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Matz , Eddie ( 2016 - 05 - 09 ) . `` Sources : Stephen Strasburg , Nats agree to 7 - year , $175 M extension '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kent , Austin ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Blake Griffin To Sign 5 - Year Deal With Clippers '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Links , Zack ( 2013 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Giants Extend Buster Posey '' . MLB Trade Rumors . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CC revels no longer being the big fish MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Davis , Orioles agree to 7 - year , $161 million deal '' . Baltimore Sun . 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/19991007144746/http://www.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/mlbfs02.htm . Archived from the original on 1999 - 10 - 07 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies agree to seven - year megadeal with shortstop Troy Tulowitzki - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - Tanaka chooses Yankees in $155 million deal '' . sports.yahoo.com. 2014 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs get their man in Jon Lester , now ready to be serious contenders '' . CBSSports.com. 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Gonzalez , Boston Red Sox agree to seven - year , $154 million contract - ESPN Boston '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2011 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ forumula1.com ( 2006 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Raikkonen is F1 's highest paid driver '' . forumula1.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com ( 2013 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Jacoby Ellsbury , Yankees agree to seven - year , $153 M deal `` . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Conley , Memphis Grizzlies agree in principle on 5 - year , $153 million deal '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN.com - Major League Baseball - Rockies sign Helton to nine - year contract extension '' . Static.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers sign Zack Greinke '' . ESPN.com news service . 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale Joins Real Madrid From Spurs on 6 - Year Contract '' . bloomberg.com. 2013 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Sources : Trout gets 6 years , $144.5 M '' . ESPN . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Cole Hamels Deal : Phillies Agree To 6 - Year , $144 M Contract With Star Pitcher '' . The Huffington Post . 27 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Ben ( 2010 - 12 - 10 ) . `` Red Sox Sign Carl Crawford : MLB Rumors '' . MLBTradeRumors.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Damian Lillard '' . Spotrac . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Links , Zack ( 2016 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Colts Extend Andrew Luck Through 2021 '' . Pro Football Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Raptors To Re-Sign Demar DeRozan '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NY Mets third baseman David Wright to accept 8 - year , $138 million contract extension that will keep All - Star in Queens '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2012 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Jun 8 , 8 : 02 pm EDT . `` Santana 's bid for consecutive no - hitters ends - MLB - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kobe remains with Lakers - NBA - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2004 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cubs agree to $136 M deal with Soriano - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Braves extend Freddie Freeman '' . ESPN.com news service . 2014 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( 2017 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Lions , Matthew Stafford agree to $135 M extension '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Source : Justin Upton , Tigers agree to 6 - year , $132.75 M contract '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( 2012 - 03 - 14 ) . `` Megabucks ! Calvin Johnson becomes the NFL 's highest - paid receiver Shutdown Corner - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers to sign Shin - Soo Choo to 7 - year deal - ESPN Dallas '' . Espn.go.com. 2013 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons quarterback Michael Vick signs richest NFL deal in history Jet '' . Find Articles. 2005 - 01 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pavlovic , Alex ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Giants agree to six - year deal with Johnny Cueto '' . CSN Bay Area . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Davis '' . Spotrac . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Pistons To Re-Sign Andre Drummond '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Wizards , Bradley Beal Agree To Five - Year Deal '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Doug ( 2014 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Jay Cutler , Bears agree to seven - year contract extension '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jermaine O'Neal - Stats , Bio - Boston Celtics - NBA - Pro Basketball - SI.com '' . Sportsillustrated.cnn.com. 1978 - 10 - 13 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles - Kevin Garnett '' . RealGM. 2006 - 01 - 26 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salaries - Orlando Magic '' . HoopsHype . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jays sign Wells to $126 million , seven - year extension - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2006 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Jayson Werth agrees to $126 million , 7 - year deal with Nationals - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Kaepernick signs six - year , $126 million extension with 49ers '' . CBS Sports . 2014 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2017 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Pelicans , Jrue Holiday Agree To Five - Year Deal '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies sign Howard to $125 M extension - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2010 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Hamilton begins Angels career '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2012 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Raiders , Derek Carr finalize 5 - year , $125 M extension '' . NFL.com. 2017 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Begley , Ian ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Carmelo Anthony deal less than max '' . ESPN New York . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Davide Dukcevich , 09.02. 02 , 1 : 10 PM ET . `` The Incredible Michael Schumacher '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ovechkin , Capitals signs 13 - year , $124 million contract extension - NHL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2008 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Johnson to stay in Atlanta '' . ESPN.com news services . 2010 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles - Chris Webber '' . RealGM. 1973 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . 2007 - 05 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ JAMISON HENSLEY ( 2013 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Sources : Joe Flacco Earned His History Making Deal - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : MLB - Striking gold : Giambi , Yanks agree to $120 M deal '' . Static.espn.go.com. 2001 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Andrus signs 8 - year extension '' . ESPNDallas.com. 2013 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Crasnick , Jerry ( 2010 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Sources : Cliff Lee to return to Phillies '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Maximum Contract Jet '' . Find Articles. 2000 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Holliday party : Cards introduce slugger MLB.com : News '' . Mlb.mlb.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals to re-sign Larry Fitzgerald for eight years , $120 million - ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. 2011 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Hornets To Re-Sign Nicolas Batum '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Bengals QB Palmer signs extension through 2014 - NFL - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Beltran tries to lure Delgado to Shea , too - MLB - ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets , Harden Agree To New Contract '' . Hoops Rumors . 2016 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Amick , Sam ( 2014 - 07 - 11 ) . `` Chris Bosh lands max contract to stay with Miami Heat '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan McNabb '' . AskMen. 1976 - 11 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Dalton , Bengals agree to six - year , $115 million contract '' . CBSSports.com. 2014 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Links , Zach ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Broncos , Von Miller Agree To Extension '' . Pro Football Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Ndamukong Suh signs record deal '' . espn.go.com. 2015 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Will ( 2016 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Celtics To Sign Al Horford '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( 2015 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Kevin Love agrees to five - year , $110 million contract to stay with Cavs '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Marc Gasol , Grizzlies agree to 5 - year max contract '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Giants To Extend Matt Cain '' . mlbtraderumors. 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Carter , Ivan ( 2008 - 07 - 04 ) . `` Arenas Agrees to Stay With Wizards '' . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Shea Weber contract magnifies disparity in NHL markets '' . The Hockey news . 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Packers extend QB Aaron Rodgers '' . ESPN.com news service . 2013 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers To Sign Jordan Zimmermann '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mets To Re-Sign Yoenis Céspedes '' . MLB Trade Rumors . 2016 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` SEBASTIAN VETTEL 'S FERRARI F1 CONTRACT WORTH $240 MILLION '' . www.totalsportek.com. 2014 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Accountability Sporting News , The '' . Find Articles. 1996 - 11 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adam Schefter , Todd Archer and ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tony Romo gets blockbuster deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Clippers officially re-sign Chris Paul to five - year contract '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Heat stars sign six - year deals '' . ESPN.com . July 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kemp ` Close ' To Signing Deal With Cavs Worth $107 Million '' . Chicago Tribune . October 16 , 1997 . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( 2016 - 07 - 27 ) . `` Blazers Sign C.J. McCollum To Extension '' . Hoops Rumors . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zillgitt , Jeff ( 2017 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Wizards retain Otto Porter Jr. after matching Nets ' $106 M offer sheet '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mar 15 , 10 : 28 am EDT ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) . `` SS Reyes in lineup against former Mets team - MLB - Yahoo ! Sports '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Cardboard Bullets : Juwan Howard , the original $100 million man '' . Truth about it.net. April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Homer Bailey agrees to $105 M deal '' . ESPN.com news service . February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun extended through 2020 '' . ESPN.com news service . April 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Asher , Mark ( 1996 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Deal for Mourning said $105 million '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Canadian Press ( 2012 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Sidney Crosby signs 12 - year , $104.4 M US extension '' . Cbc.ca . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Forbes ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Wayne Rooney Signs $104 Million Contract With Manchester United '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Newton , David ( 2 June 2015 ) . `` Cam Newton , Panthers Agree to 5 - year , $103.8 M Extension '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . ESPN . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arthur , Kenneth ( 2013 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Matt Ryan contract : Falcons QB agrees to extension worth over $100 million '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profiles - Jason Kidd '' . RealGM. 2001 - 07 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Alan ( 2001 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Bledsoe 's Record Deal : 10 Years , $103 Million '' . The Courant . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fletcher Cox gets six - year extension with Eagles '' . ESPN.com. 2016 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mavericks Contracts and future salary commitments '' . eskimo.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Roethlisberger agrees to $102 million deal - Pittsburgh Post-Gazette '' . Postgazette.com. 2012 - 03 - 16 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Celebrity 100 : # 48 Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Forbes.com. 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( 2014 - 02 - 07 ) . `` A-Rod ends litigation against MLB , MLBPA '' . Yankees.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ABC News . Beckham Looking Forward to U.S. Challenge . January 12 , 2007 . Retrieved January 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment value '' . Article on si.com. 2007 - 01 - 11 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2007 . Retrieved 11 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Chang , Jen . `` Debunking the myths behind Beckham 's contract '' . ESPN Soccernet . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Edward ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` Lewis Hamilton saving for a rainy day '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 10 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Dave ( 2010 - 07 - 21 ) . `` N.H.L. Rejects Long - Term Contract for Devils ' Ilya Kovalchuk '' . The New York Times . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_sports_contracts&oldid=815329073 '' Categories : Household income Lists of sports superlatives Sports business Sports records and statistics Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with dead external links from July 2012 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 05 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who got the biggest contract in the nfl
[ "\n\nRank\nPlayer\nTeam\nSport\nLength of contract\nContract value (USD)\nAverage per year (USD)\nAverage per game5 (USD)\nRef[1]\n\n\n01\nGiancarlo Stanton\nNew York Yankees, Miami Marlins\nBaseball\n13 years (2014-2027)\n$325,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[1]\n\n\n02\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez1R\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n10 years (2008–2017)\n$275,000,000\n$27,500,000\n$169,753.09\n[2]\n\n\n03\nNeymar\nParis Saint Germain\nAssociation football\n5 years (2017-2022)\n$270,000,000\n$54,000,000\n$1,080,000\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n04\nRodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez2R\nTexas Rangers*\nBaseball\n10 years (2001–2010)\n$252,000,000\n$25,200,000\n$155,555.56\n[6]\n\n\n05\nCabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2016–2023)\n$248,000,000\n$31,000,000\n$191,358.02\n[7]\n\n\n005 !06 (tie)\nCano, RobinsonRobinson Cano\nSeattle Mariners\nBaseball\n10 years (2014–2023)\n$240,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[8]\n\n\n005 !06 (tie)\nPujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols\nLos Angeles Angels\nBaseball\n10 years (2012–2021)\n$240,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[9]\n\n\n007 !07\nHarden, JamesJames Harden\nHouston Rockets\nBasketball\n6 years (2017-2023)\n$228,000,000\n$38,000,000\n$463,414.64\n[10]\n\n\n007 !08\nVotto, JoeyJoey Votto\nCincinnati Reds\nBaseball\n10 years (2014-2024)\n$225,000,000\n$22,500,000\n$138,889\n[11]\n\n\n008 !08\nPrice, DavidDavid Price\nBoston Red Sox\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2016–2022)\n$217,000,000\n$31,000,000\n$191,358.02\n[12]\n\n\n009 !09\nKershaw, ClaytonClayton Kershaw\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$215,000,000\n$30,714,285\n$186,120.37\n[13]\n\n\n010 !10\nFielder, PrincePrince FielderInjury\nDetroit Tigers*\nBaseball\n09 !9 years (2012–2020)\n$214,000,000\n$23,777,777\n$146,776.40\n[14]\n\n\n011 !11\nScherzer, MaxMax Scherzer\nWashington Nationals\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2015–2021)\n$210,000,000\n$30,000,000\n$185,185.19\n[15]\n\n\n012 !12\nGreinke, ZackZack Greinke\nArizona Diamondbacks\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$206,500,000\n$34,416,667\n$212,448.56\n[16]\n\n\n014 !14\nWestbrook , RussellRussell Westbrook 6\nOklahoma City Thunder\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2018–2023)\n$205,000,000\n$41,000,000\n$491,000.00\n[17]\n\n\n015 !15\nCurry, StephenStephen Curry6\nGolden State Warriors\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2017–2022)\n$201,200,000\n$40,200,000\n$490,243.90\n[18]\n\n\n016 !16\nJeter, DerekDerek JeterR\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n10 years (2001–2010)\n$189,000,000\n$18,900,000\n$116,666.67\n[19]\n\n\n017 !17 (tie)\nMauer, JoeJoe Mauer\nMinnesota Twins\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2011–2018)\n$184,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[20]\n\n\n017 !17 (tie)\nHeyward, JasonJason Heyward\nChicago Cubs\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2016–2023)\n$184,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[21]\n\n\n018 !18\nMayweather, FloydFloyd MayweatherR\nShowtime*\nBoxing\n02 !2 years (2013–2015)\n$180,000,000+\n$72,000,000+\n$30,000,000+\n[22]\n\n\n018 !18 (tie)\nTeixeira, MarkMark TeixeiraR\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2009–2016)\n$180,000,000\n$22,500,000\n$138,888.89\n[23]\n\n\n018 !18 (tie)\nVerlander, JustinJustin Verlander\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2013–2019)\n$180,000,000\n$25,714,286\n$158,730.16\n[24]\n\n\n019 !19 (tie)\nHernández, FélixFélix Hernández\nSeattle Mariners\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2013–2019)\n$175,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[25]\n\n\n020 !20 (tie)\nStrasburg, StephenStephen Strasburg\nWashington Nationals\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2017–2023)\n$175,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[26]\n\n\n022 !22\nGriffin, BlakeBlake Griffin6\nLos Angeles Clippers\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2017–2022)\n$172,260,000\n$34,452,000\n$420,146.34\n[27]\n\n\n023 !23\nPosey, BusterBuster Posey\nSan Francisco Giants\nBaseball\n09 !9 years (2013–2021)\n$167,000,000\n$18,555,556\n$114,540.47\n[28]\n\n\n024 !24 (tie)\nSabathia, CCCC Sabathia\nNew York Yankees\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2009–2015)\n$161,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[29]\n\n\n024 !24 (tie)\nDavis, ChrisChris Davis\nBaltimore Orioles\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2016–2022)\n$161,000,000\n$23,000,000\n$141,975.31\n[30]\n\n\n026 !26 (tie)\nKemp, MattMatt Kemp\nLos Angeles Dodgers*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2012–2019)\n$160,000,000\n$20,000,000\n$123,456.79\n[31]\n\n\n026 !26 (tie)\nRamírez, MannyManny RamírezR\nBoston Red Sox*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2001–2008)\n$160,000,000\n$20,000,000\n$123,456.79\n[32]\n\n\n028 !28\nTulowitzki, TroyTroy Tulowitzki\nColorado Rockies*\nBaseball\n10 years (2011–2020)\n$157,750,000\n$15,775,000\n$97,376.54\n[33]\n\n\n029 !29 (tie)\nTanaka, MasahiroMasahiro Tanaka\nNew York Yankees\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$155,000,000\n$22,141,857\n$136,684.30\n[34]\n\n\n029 !29 (tie)\nLester, JonJon Lester\nChicago Cubs\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$155,000,000\n$25,833,333\n$159,465.02\n[35]\n\n\n031 !31\nGonzález, AdriánAdrián González\nBoston Red Sox*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2012–2018)\n$154,000,000\n$22,000,000\n$135,802.67\n[36]\n\n\n032 !32 (tie)\nRäikkönen, KimiKimi Räikkönen\nFerrari\nAuto racing\n03 !3 years (2007–2009)\n$153,000,000\n$51,000,000\n$2,942,307.69\n\n[37]\n\n\n\n032 !32 (tie)\nEllsbury, JacobyJacoby Ellsbury\nNew York Yankees\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$153,000,000\n$21,857,142\n$134,920.64\n[38]\n\n\n034 !34\nConley Jr., MikeMike Conley Jr.\nMemphis Grizzlies\nBasketball\n5 years (2016–2020)\n$152,605,576\n$30,521,115\n$372,208.72\n[39]\n\n\n035 !35\nCabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2008–2015)\n$152,300,000\n$19,037,500\n$117,515.43\n[40]\n\n\n036 !36\nHelton, ToddTodd HeltonR\nColorado Rockies*\nBaseball\n11 years (2001–2011)\n$151,500,000\n$13,772,727\n$85,016.83\n[41]\n\n\n037 !37\nGreinke, ZackZack Greinke\nLos Angeles Dodgers*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2013–2019)\n$147,000,000\n$24,500,000\n$151,234.57\n[42]\n\n\n038 !38\nBale, GarethGareth Bale\nReal Madrid C.F.\nAssociation football\n06 !6 years (2013–2019)\n$146,280,000\n$24,380,000\n$406,333.33\n[43]\n\n\n039 !39\nTrout, MikeMike Trout\nLos Angeles Angels\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$144,500,000\n$24,083,333\n$148,662.55\n[44]\n\n\n040 !40\nHamels, ColeCole Hamels\nPhiladelphia Phillies*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2013–2018)\n$144,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[45]\n\n\n041 !41\nCrawford, CarlCarl CrawfordR\nBoston Red Sox*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2011–2017)\n$142,000,000\n$20,285,714\n$125,220.46\n[46]\n\n\n042 !42\nLillard, DamianDamian Lillard\nPortland Trail Blazers\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$139,888,445\n$27,977,689\n$341,191.33\n[47]\n\n\n043 !43\nLuck, AndrewAndrew Luck\nIndianapolis Colts\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$139,125,000\n$23,187,500\n$1,449,218.75\n[48]\n\n\n044 !44\nDeRozan, DeMarDeMar DeRozan\nToronto Raptors\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$139,000,000\n$27,800,000\n$339,024.39\n[49]\n\n\n045 !45\nWright, DavidDavid Wright\nNew York Mets\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2013–2020)\n$138,000,000\n$17,250,000\n$106,481.48\n[50]\n\n\n046 !46\nSantana, JohanJohan Santana\nNew York Mets*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2008–2013)\n$137,500,000\n$22,916,667\n$141,460.91\n[51]\n\n\n047 !47\nBryant, KobeKobe BryantR\nLos Angeles Lakers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2004–2011)\n$136,400,000\n$19,485,714\n$237,630.66\n[52]\n\n\n048 !48\nSoriano, AlfonsoAlfonso SorianoR\nChicago Cubs*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2007–2014)\n$136,000,000\n$17,000,000\n$104,938.27\n[53]\n\n\n049 !49 (tie)\nFreeman, FreddieFreddie Freeman\nAtlanta Braves\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2014–2021)\n$135,000,000\n$16,875,000\n$104,166.67\n[54]\n\n\n049 !49 (tie)\nStafford, MatthewMatthew Stafford\nDetroit Lions\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2018–2022)\n$135,000,000\n$27,000,000\n$1,687,500.00\n[55]\n\n\n050 !50\nUpton, JustinJustin Upton\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$132,750,000\n$22,125,000\n$136,574.07\n[56]\n\n\n051 !51\nJohnson, CalvinCalvin JohnsonR\nDetroit Lions*\nAmerican football\n08 !8 years (2007–2015)\n$132,000,000\n$16,500,000\n$1,031,250.00\n[57]\n\n\n052 !52 (tie)\nChoo, Shin-SooShin-Soo Choo\nTexas Rangers\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$130,000,000\n$18,571,428\n$114,638.45\n[58]\n\n\n052 !52 (tie)\nVick, MichaelMichael Vick3 R\nAtlanta Falcons*\nAmerican football\n10 years (2005–2014)\n$130,000,000\n$13,000,000\n$812,500.00\n[59]\n\n\n052 !52 (tie)\nCueto, JohnnyJohnny Cueto\nSan Francisco Giants\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$130,000,000\n$21,666,667\n$133,744.86\n[60]\n\n\n055 !55 (tie)\nDavis, AnthonyAnthony Davis\nNew Orleans Pelicans\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$127,171,313\n$25,434,262\n$310,173.93\n[61]\n\n\n055 !55 (tie)\nDrummond, AndreAndre Drummond\nDetroit Pistons\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$127,171,313\n$25,434,262\n$310,173.93\n[62]\n\n\n055 !55 (tie)\nBeal, BradleyBradley Beal\nWashington Wizards\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$127,171,313\n$25,434,262\n$310,173.93\n[63]\n\n\n058 !58\nCutler, JayJay CutlerR\nChicago Bears*\nAmerican football\n07 !7 years (2014–2020)\n$126,700,000\n$18,100,000\n$1,131,250.00\n[64]\n\n\n059 !59\nO'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'NealR\nIndiana Pacers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2003–2010)\n$126,558,000\n$18,079,714\n$220,484.32\n[65]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nGarnett, KevinKevin GarnettR\nMinnesota Timberwolves*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (1999–2005)\n$126,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$256,097.56\n[66]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nLewis, RashardRashard LewisR\nOrlando Magic*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2007–2013)\n$126,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$256,097.56\n[67]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nWells, VernonVernon WellsR\nToronto Blue Jays*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2008–2014)\n$126,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$111,111.11\n[68]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nZito, BarryBarry ZitoR\nSan Francisco Giants*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2007–2013)\n$126,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$111,111.11\n[68]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nWerth, JaysonJayson Werth\nWashington Nationals\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2011–2017)\n$126,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$111,111.11\n[69]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nKaepernick, ColinColin Kaepernick\nSan Francisco 49ers*\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$126,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$1,312,500.00\n.[70]\n\n\n060 !60 (tie)\nHoliday, JrueJrue Holiday6\nNew Orleans Pelicans\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2017–2022)\n$126,000,000\n$25,200,000\n$307,317.07\n[71]\n\n\n067 !67 (tie)\nHoward, RyanRyan Howard\nPhiladelphia Phillies*\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2012–2016)\n$125,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[72]\n\n\n067 !67 (tie)\nHamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton\nLos Angeles Angels*\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2013–2017)\n$125,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$154,320.99\n[73]\n\n\n067 !67 (tie)\nCarr, DerekDerek Carr\nOakland Raiders\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2018–2022)\n$125,000,000\n$25,000,000\n$1,562,500.00\n[74]\n\n\n070 !70\nAnthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony\nNew York Knicks\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2014–2019)\n$124,064,280\n$24,812,856\n$302,595.81\n[75]\n\n\n071 !71 (tie)\nSchumacher, MichaelMichael SchumacherR\nFerrari*\nAuto racing\n04 !4 years (1996–1999)\n$124,000,000\n$31,000,000\n$1,907,692.30\n[76]\n\n\n071 !71 (tie)\nOvechkin, AlexanderAlexander Ovechkin\nWashington Capitals\nHockey\n13 years (2008–2021)\n$124,000,000\n$9,538,461\n$116,322.70\n[77]\n\n\n073 !73\nJohnson, JoeJoe Johnson\nAtlanta Hawks*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2017)\n$123,658,089\n$20,609,681\n$251,337.58\n[78]\n\n\n074 !74\nWebber, ChrisChris WebberR\nSacramento Kings*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2001–2007)\n$122,718,750\n$17,531,250\n$213,795.73\n[79]\n\n\n075 !75\nDuncan, TimTim DuncanR\nSan Antonio Spurs*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2003–2010)\n$122,007,704\n$17,429,672\n$212,556.98\n[80]\n\n\n076 !76\nHampton, MikeMike HamptonR\nColorado Rockies*\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2001–2008)\n$121,000,000\n$15,125,000\n$93,364.20\n[41]\n\n\n077 !77\nFlacco, JoeJoe Flacco\nBaltimore Ravens\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2013–2018)\n$120,600,000\n$20,100,000\n$1,256,250.00\n[81]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nGiambi, JasonJason GiambiR\nNew York Yankees*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2002–2008)\n$120,000,000\n$17,142,857\n$105,820.10\n[82]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nAndrus, ElvisElvis Andrus\nTexas Rangers\nBaseball\n08 !8 years (2015–2022)\n$120,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$92,592.59\n[83]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nLee, CliffCliff LeeR\nPhiladelphia Phillies*\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2011–2015)\n$120,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$148,148.15\n[84]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nO'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'NealR\nLos Angeles Lakers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1996–2003)\n$120,000,000\n$17,142,857\n$209,059.23\n[85]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nHolliday, MattMatt Holliday\nSt. Louis Cardinals*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2010–2016)\n$120,000,000\n$17,142,857\n$105,820.10\n[86]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nFitzgerald, LarryLarry Fitzgerald\nArizona Cardinals\nAmerican football\n08 !8 years (2011–2018)\n$120,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$937,500.00\n[87]\n\n\n078 !78 (tie)\nBatum, NicolasNicolas Batum\nCharlotte Hornets\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2016–2021)\n$120,000,000\n$24,000,000\n$292,682.93\n[88]\n\n\n085 !85\nPalmer, CarsonCarson Palmer\nCincinnati Bengals*\nAmerican football\n09 !9 years (2006–2014)\n$119,750,000‡\n$13,305,555\n$831,597.19\n[89]\n\n\n086 !86\nBeltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán\nNew York Mets*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (2005–2011)\n$119,000,000\n$17,000,000\n$104,938.27\n[90]\n\n\n087 !87\nHarden, JamesJames Harden\nHouston Rockets\nBasketball\n04 !4 years (2016–2020)\n$118,103,446\n$29,525,861\n$360,071.48\n[91]\n\n\n088 !88\nBosh, ChrisChris Bosh\nMiami Heat\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2014–2019)\n$118,000,000\n$23,600,000\n$287,804.88\n[92]\n\n\n089 !89\nGriffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.R\nCincinnati Reds*\nBaseball\n09 !9 years (2000–2008)\n$116,500,000\n$12,944,444\n$79,903.98\n[41]\n\n\n090 !90 (tie)\nMcNabb, DonovanDonovan McNabbR\nPhiladelphia Eagles*\nAmerican football\n12 !12 years (2002–2013)\n$115,000,000‡\n$9,583,333\n$598,958.31\n[93]\n\n\n090 !90 (tie)\nDalton, AndyAndy Dalton\nCincinnati Bengals\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$115,000,000‡\n$19,166,667\n$1,197,916.67\n[94]\n\n\n092 !92\nMiller, VonVon Miller\nDenver Broncos\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2016–2021)\n$114,500,000\n$19,083,333\n$1,192,708.33\n[95]\n\n\n093 !93\nSuh, NdamukongNdamukong Suh\nMiami Dolphins\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2015–2020)\n$114,000,000\n$19,000,000\n$1,187,500.00\n[96]\n\n\n094 !94\nHorford, AlAl Horford\nBoston Celtics\nBasketball\n04 !4 years (2016–2020)\n$113,326,228\n$28,331,557\n$345,506.79\n[97]\n\n\n095 !95 (tie)\nLove, KevinKevin Love\nCleveland Cavaliers\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2015–2020)\n$113,211,750\n$22,642,350\n$276,126.22\n[98]\n\n\n095 !95 (tie)\nGasol, MarcMarc Gasol\nMemphis Grizzlies\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2015–2020)\n$113,211,750\n$22,642,350\n$276,126.22\n[99]\n\n\n097 !97\nCain, MattMatt Cain\nSan Francisco Giants\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2012–2017)\n$112,500,000\n$18,666,667\n$115,226.34\n[100]\n\n\n098 !98\nArenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas4 R\nWashington Wizards*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2008–2013)\n$111,000,000\n$18,500,000\n$225,609.76\n[101]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nWeber, SheaShea Weber\nNashville Predators*\nHockey\n14 !14 years (2012–2026)\n$110,000,000\n$7,857,143\n$95,818.82\n[102]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nRodgers, AaronAaron Rodgers\nGreen Bay Packers\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2015–2019)\n$110,000,000\n$22,000,000\n$1,375,000.00\n[103]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nZimmermann, JordanJordan Zimmermann\nDetroit Tigers\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2016–2020)\n$110,000,000\n$22,000,000\n$135,802.47\n[104]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nCespedes, YoenisYoenis Cespedes\nNew York Mets\nBaseball\n04 !4 years (2017–2020)\n$110,000,000\n$27,500,000\n$169,753.09\n[105]\n\n\n099 !99 (tie)\nVettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel\nFerrari\nAuto racing\n03 !3 years (2015–2017)\n$110,000,000\n$36,666,667\n$1,833,333.33\n[106]\n\n\n104 !104 (tie)\nJames, LeBronLeBron James\nMiami Heat*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2016)\n$109,837,500\n$18,306,250\n$223,246.95\n[107]\n\n\n104 !104 (tie)\nBosh, ChrisChris Bosh\nMiami Heat\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2016)\n$109,837,500\n$18,306,250\n$223,246.95\n[107]\n\n\n106 !106\nRomo, TonyTony RomoR\nDallas Cowboys*\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2014–2019)\n$108,000,000\n$18,000,000\n$1,125,000.00\n[108]\n\n\n107 !107\nPaul, ChrisChris Paul\nLos Angeles Clippers*\nBasketball\n05 !5 years (2013–2018)\n$107,343,478\n$21,468,696\n$261,813.36\n[109]\n\n\n108 !108\nWade, DwyaneDwyane Wade\nMiami Heat*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2010–2016)\n$107,186,000\n$17,864,333\n$217,857.72\n[110]\n\n\n109 !109\nKemp, ShawnShawn KempR\nCleveland Cavaliers*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1997–2004)\n$107,000,000\n$15,285,714\n$186,411.15\n[111]\n\n\n110 !110\nMcCollum, C.J.C.J. McCollum\nPortland Trail Blazers\nBasketball\n04 !4 years (2017–2021)\n$106,663,450\n$26,665,862\n$325,193.45\n[112]\n\n\n111\nPorter, OttoOtto Porter\nWashington Wizards\nBasketball\n4 years (2017-2021)\n$106,524,975\n$26,631,244\n$324,771.27\n[113]\n\n\n112\nReyes, JoséJosé Reyes\nMiami Marlins*\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2012–2017)\n$106,000,000\n$17,666,666\n$109,053.50\n[114]\n\n\n113\nHoward, JuwanJuwan HowardR\nWashington Bullets*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1996–2003)\n$105,375,000\n$15,053,571\n$183,580.14\n[115]\n\n\n114 (tie)\nBrown, KevinKevin BrownR\nLos Angeles Dodgers*\nBaseball\n07 !7 years (1999–2005)\n$105,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$92,592.59\n[41]\n\n\n114 !114 (tie)\nBailey, HomerHomer Bailey\nCincinnati Reds\nBaseball\n06 !6 years (2014–2019)\n$105,000,000\n$17,500,000\n$108,024.61\n[116]\n\n\n114 !114 (tie)\nBraun, RyanRyan Braun\nMilwaukee Brewers\nBaseball\n05 !5 years (2016–2020)\n$105,000,000\n$21,000,000\n$129,629.63\n[117]\n\n\n114 !114 (tie)\nMourning, AlonzoAlonzo MourningR\nMiami Heat*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (1996–2003)\n$105,000,000\n$15,000,000\n$182,926.83\n[118]\n\n\n118 !118\nCrosby, SidneySidney Crosby\nPittsburgh Penguins\nHockey\n12 !12 years (2013–2025)\n$104,400,000\n$8,700,000\n$106,097.56\n[119]\n\n\n119 !119\nRooney, WayneWayne Rooney\nManchester United\nAssociation football\n04 !4 years (2015–2019)\n$104,000,000\n$26,000,000\n$498,000.00\n[120]\n\n\n120 !120\nNewton, CamCam Newton\nCarolina Panthers\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2015–2020)\n$103,800,000\n$20,760,000\n$1,297,500.00\n[121]\n\n\n121 !121\nRyan, MattMatt Ryan\nAtlanta Falcons\nAmerican football\n05 !5 years (2014–2018)\n$103,750,000\n$20,750,000\n$1,296,875.00\n[122]\n\n\n122 !122\nKidd, JasonJason KiddR\nNew Jersey Nets*\nBasketball\n06 !6 years (2003–2009)\n$103,572,000\n$17,262,000\n$210,512.20\n[123]\n\n\n123 !123\nBledsoe, DrewDrew BledsoeR\nNew England Patriots*\nAmerican football\n10 !10 years (2001–2010)\n$103,000,000\n$10,300,000\n$643,750.00\n[124]\n\n\n124 !124\nCox, FletcherFletcher Cox\nPhiladelphia Eagles\nAmerican football\n06 !6 years (2017–2022)\n$102,600,000\n$17,100,000\n$1,068,750.00\n[125]\n\n\n125 !125\nFinley, MichaelMichael FinleyR\nDallas Mavericks*\nBasketball\n07 !7 years (2001–2008)\n$102,265,625\n$14,609,375\n$178,163.11\n[126]\n\n\n126 !126 (tie)\nRoethlisberger, BenBen Roethlisberger\nPittsburgh Steelers\nAmerican football\n08 !8 years (2008–2015)\n$102,000,000‡\n$12,750,000\n$796,875.00\n[127]\n\n\n126 !126 (tie)\nRonaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo\nReal Madrid C.F.\nAssociation football\n06 !6 years (2009–2015)\n$102,000,000\n$17,000,000\n$400,000.00\n[128]\n\n" ]
[ "Johnson, Calvin" ]
-4834670530447519561
The Salvation Army in Australia
The Salvation Army in Australia - Wikipedia The Salvation Army in Australia Jump to : navigation , search Main articles : The Salvation Army , Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army , Australia Southern Territory Part of a series on The Salvation Army Background Christianity Protestantism Pietism Arminianism Methodism Holiness Movement Evangelicalism Organization General Chief of the Staff High Council Commissioners Officer Soldier Corps Prominent Salvationists William Booth Catherine Booth Bramwell Booth Florence Booth Evangeline Booth Ballington Booth Catherine Bramwell - Booth Frederick Booth - Tucker Arthur Booth - Clibborn Elijah Cadman John Lawley George Scott Railton T. Henry Howard Charles Jeffries Theodore Kitching Darkie Hutton William Ridsdel Ray Steadman - Allen Eva Burrows Other topics Brass Bands Promoted to Glory Order of the Founder Limelight Department Christmas Kettle The War Cry Articles of War Reliance Bank Related organisations American Rescue Workers Volunteers of America Skeleton Army The Blind Beggar Christianity portal The Salvation Army in Australia ( nicknamed `` Salvos '' in Australian English ) is an evangelical Christian church known for its charity work . It began operating in Australia since the late 19th Century . Administratively it is now divided between The Salvation Army , Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army , Australia Southern Territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Salvation Army Growth 19th Century 2 Australian sex abuse cases 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880 . Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer 's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten . In 1883 , Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis , known as the `` Prison Gate '' program . Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work , so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol . Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street , Carlton , to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne 's gaols . This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade , the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job . The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families . In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910 , The Army 's Limelight Department was established as Australia 's first film production company . Eighty - four cents in every dollar donated to The Salvation Army goes directly to those in need . This is one of the most efficient rates of any charity in Australia . It is thought that the name of the popular biscuit by Arnotts , SAO , stands for ' Salvation Army Officer ' . The Salvation Army helps more than one million Australians every year . In an average week , the Salvation Army provides an estimated : 100,000 meals for the hungry 2,000 beds for the homeless 5,000 to 8,000 food vouchers 1,000 people with assistance in finding employment Refuge to 500 victims of abuse Assistance to 500 people addicted to drugs , alcohol or gambling Several thousand people with counselling 3,000 elderly people with aged care services 1,000 people in the court system with chaplaincy services Family tracing services which locate 40 missing family members From these diverse activities , The Salvos have grown to be one of Australia 's most respected charitable organisations , with a 2009 survey by Sweeney Research and the advertising group Grey Global finding the Salvation Army and the nation 's Ambulance Service to be Australia 's most trusted entities . Australia 's George Carpenter was General of the Salvation Army ( worldwide leader ) from 1939 -- 1946 and Eva Burrows during the 1980s and 1990s . Salvation Army growth 19th Century ( edit ) The Salvation Army grew quickly within Australia , but it was a growth fraught with difficulty . In its early days The Salvation Army often met with suspicion , derision and violence . Salvationists simply walking down the streets would often suffer abuse and sustain injury from thrown objects . Several local councils even passed by - laws forbidding Salvation Army street processions , and the Police were liable to arrest them . From 1881 to 1907 , across the country , more than 100 Salvationists were fined or jailed for holding street - meetings and marches . `` Almost every night some of our soldiers are getting hurt . One night during the week , as we were all having our usual open - air meeting , a crowd of 200 roughs gathered around , and threw lumps of road metal . One piece struck the Captain on the mouth and split one of his teeth , and loosened two others ; yet , with all , we were able to sing , ' Hallelujah ! ' `` Another night a sister got struck on the head , almost forcing her to the ground . In the face of all , there are certain officials of the law who stand by and enjoy the brutal sport . '' -- War Cry magazine Brisbane circa 1900 Despite persecution and prosecution the number of Salvation Army Corps grew at an amazing rate , so much so that by 1900 there were over 1,300 Corps and outposts across Australia and New Zealand and The Salvation Army in Australasia could boast the following statistics : Officers & Cadets & Employees : 1929 Soldiers ( Members ) estimated at 50,000 Corps ( Churches ) : 512 Outposts : 858 Training Homes : 2 Women 's Industrial Homes : 4 Rescue Homes : 16 Maternity Homes : 7 Slum Posts & Women 's Shelters : 5 Prison-Gate Brigade Homes : 7 Men 's Shelters & Labour Yards : 6 Men 's Industrial Homes & Farms : 7 League of Mercy : 4 Military Home : 1 Australian sex abuse cases ( edit ) See also : Forgotten Australians and Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse From the 1940s to the 1980s the Salvation Army in Australia sheltered approximately 30,000 children . In 2006 the Australian Salvation Army acknowledged that sexual abuse may have occurred during this time and issued an apology . In it , the Army explicitly rejected a claim , made by a party unnamed in the apology , that there were as many as 500 potential claimants . In 2013 it was reported that private settlements totalling A $ 15.5 million had been made in Victoria relating to 474 abuse cases ; a Salvation Army spokesman said that `` This should not have happened and this was a breach of the trust placed in us '' and that they were `` deeply sorry '' whilst claiming that the abuse was `` the result of individuals and not a culture within the organisation . '' On 28 January 2014 , the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse , a royal commission of inquiry initiated in 2013 by the Australian Government and supported by all of its state governments , began an investigation into abuse cases at the Alkira Salvation Army Home for Boys at Indooroopilly ; the Riverview Training Farm ( also known as Endeavour Training Farm ) at Riverview -- both in Queensland ; the Bexley Boys ' Home at Bexley ; and the Gill Memorial Home at Goulburn -- both in New South Wales . The investigation also examined The Salvation Army 's processes in investigating , disciplining , removing and / or transferring anyone accused of , or found to have engaged in , child sexual abuse in these homes . On 27 March 2014 , the Royal Commission began an investigation into the handling by The Salvation Army ( Eastern Territory ) of claims of child sexual abuse between 1993 and 2014 . Many questions were raised during the course of the investigation as to whether high - ranking members of the organisation knew about these cases of child sexual abuse and failed to investigate , discipline , sack and prosecute sex offenders while boys and girls were beaten , bashed and raped . The Royal Commission published a case study report on the findings and recommendations for one of the abovementioned case studies . See also ( edit ) Christianity in Australia Religion in Australia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 125 Years in Australia '' Our History '' About Us `` . salvos.org.au . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Foundation-of-Salvation-Army-social-services/ Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ? '' Overview '' About Us `` . salvos.org.au. 14 January 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://superbrands.com.au/index.php/salvation-army Jump up ^ `` Banks and telcos biggest losers of the public 's trust '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 November 2009 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/AS10081b.htm Jump up ^ `` Eva Burrows - Biographical Information '' . Dictionary of Australian Biography . Retrieved 10 July 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Church-Growth-in-Australia/ Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/Opposition-and-acceptance-of-The-Salvation-Army/ Jump up ^ http://www.salvationarmy.org.au/en/Who-We-Are/History-and-heritage/20th-Century-overview/ Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army 's response to child abuse allegations '' . The Salvation Army . 1 August 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 August 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Gannon , Genevieve ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` Salvo abuse claims dealt with privately '' . The Age . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Rintoul , Stuart ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` ' Ashamed ' Salvation Army paid $15 m to child sex abuse victims , inquiry told '' . The Australian . Retrieved 30 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Salvation Army appearance before the Victorian Parliamentary Committee 's Inquiry into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse '' ( PDF ) . The Salvation Army . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Letters Patent '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Thrower , Louise ( 5 February 2014 ) . `` Royal Commission : Torture and rape at Gill Memorial '' . Goulburn Post . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army suspends officer John McIver over child sexual abuse royal commission '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Boys ' rented out ' for abuse at Salvation Army boys ' home at Bexley in Sydney 's south '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 15 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study 5 , January 2014 , Sydney '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ; Bourke , Emily ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army whistleblowers dismissed from Indooroopilly , Qld , home for reporting alleged abuse , royal commission hears '' . PM . Australia : ABC News . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oriti , Thomas ( 4 February 2014 ) . `` Salvation Army officers allegedly moved interstate if accused of child sex abuse '' . ABC News . Australia . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study 10 , March 2014 , Sydney '' . Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse. 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/shining-the-spotlight-on-salvation-army-abuse/story-fni0cx12-1226810825660 Jump up ^ `` Report of Case Study No. 5 : Response of The Salvation Army to child sexual abuse at its boys homes in New South Wales and Queensland '' . Sydney : Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse . January 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 925289 - 06 - 0 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . External links ( edit ) David Woodbury - Salvation Army ( 2011 ) . `` Foundation of the Salvation Army in Sydney 1882 - 83 '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . ( hide ) Homelessness in Australia Service providers Anglicare Barnardo 's Caretakers Cottage Coast Shelter Detour House FareShare ( Australia ) HomeGround Services Jewish House Launch Housing Mission Australia Najidah Orange Sky Laundry Salvos Samaritans Foundation Southern Youth and Family Services Taldumande Youth Services Toora Women UnitingCare Australia Vinnies Wayside Chapel Wesley Mission Wintringham Specialist Aged Care Youth Off The Streets Youthcare Hervey Bay Peak body organisations Homelessness Council to Homeless Persons Homelessness Australia Homelessness NSW Homelessness SA NT Shelter Queensland Shelter Shelter Tasmania Shelter WA Youth Homelessness National Youth Coalition for Housing Queensland Youth Housing Coalition Yfoundations Events Homeless Persons ' Week Youth Homelessness Matters Day Youth Refuge Week Government programs Supported Accommodation Assistance Program Misc . The Choir of Hard Knocks The Big Issue ( Australia ) The Oasis ( 2008 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Salvation_Army_in_Australia&oldid=791140152 '' Categories : Salvationism in Australia Christianity in Australia Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2014 Use Australian English from June 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with peacock terms Articles with peacock terms from May 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 July 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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where was the salvation army founded in australia
[ "The first Salvation Army meeting in Australia was held in 1880. Edward Saunders and John Gore led the meeting from the back of a greengrocer's cart in Adelaide Botanic Park with an offer of food for those who had not eaten.[1] In 1883, Major James Barker led the way to establish the first Salvation Army social institution anywhere in the world on a permanent basis, known as the \"Prison Gate\" program. Barker saw that prisoners being released from the Melbourne Gaol had nowhere to go and no work, so they inevitably re-offended and returned to gaol. Barker leased a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton, to provide accommodation for prisoners discharged from Melbourne's gaols. This led to the formation of the Prison-Gate Brigade, the members of which met discharged prisoners upon their release and offered them a home and the prospect of a job.[2] The Salvos also involved themselves in finding work for the unemployed and in re-uniting families. In Melbourne from 1897 to 1910, The Army's Limelight Department was established as Australia's first film production company.[3]" ]
[ "a small house in Lygon Street, Carlton" ]
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Maximum life span
Maximum life span - wikipedia Maximum life span Maximum life span ( or , for humans , maximum reported age at death ) is a measure of the maximum amount of time one or more members of a population have been observed to survive between birth and death . The term can also denote an estimate of the maximum amount of time that a member of a given species could survive between birth and death , provided circumstances that are optimal to that member 's longevity . Most living species have at least one upper limit on the number of times the cells of a member can divide . This is called the Hayflick limit , although number of cell divisions does not strictly control lifespan . Contents 1 Definition 2 In humans 3 In other animals 3.1 Exceptions 4 In plants 5 Increasing maximum life span 6 Correlation with DNA repair capacity 7 Research data 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) In animal studies , maximum span is often taken to be the mean life span of the most long - lived 10 % of a given cohort . By another definition , however , maximum life span corresponds to the age at which the oldest known member of a species or experimental group has died . Calculation of the maximum life span in the latter sense depends upon initial sample size . Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span ( average life span , life expectancy ) , and longevity . Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease , accident , suicide and homicide , whereas maximum life span is determined by `` rate of aging '' . Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population , such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity , and not the specific life span of an individual . In humans ( edit ) Main articles : Oldest people and List of the verified oldest people The longest - living person whose dates of birth and death were verified to the modern norms of Guinness World Records and the Gerontology Research Group was Jeanne Calment ( 1875 - 1997 ) , a French woman who lived to 122 . Reduction of infant mortality has accounted for most of the increased average life span longevity , but since the 1960s mortality rates among those over 80 years have decreased by about 1.5 % per year . `` The progress being made in lengthening lifespans and postponing senescence is entirely due to medical and public - health efforts , rising standards of living , better education , healthier nutrition and more salubrious lifestyles . '' Animal studies suggest that further lengthening of human lifespan could be achieved through `` calorie restriction mimetic '' drugs or by directly reducing food consumption . Although calorie restriction has not been proven to extend the maximum human life span , as of 2014 , results in ongoing primate studies have demonstrated that the assumptions derived from rodents are valid in primates as well ( Reference : Nature 1 April 2014 ) . No fixed theoretical limit to human longevity is apparent today . `` A fundamental question in aging research is whether humans and other species possess an immutable life - span limit . '' `` The assumption that the maximum human life span is fixed has been justified , ( but ) is invalid in a number of animal models and ... may become invalid for humans as well . '' Studies in the biodemography of human longevity indicate a late - life mortality deceleration law : that death rates level off at advanced ages to a late - life mortality plateau . That is , there is no fixed upper limit to human longevity , or fixed maximal human lifespan . This law was first quantified in 1939 , when researchers found that the one - year probability of death at advanced age asymptotically approaches a limit of 44 % for women and 54 % for men . Scientists have observed that a person 's VO max value ( a measure of the volume of oxygen flow to the cardiac muscle ) decreases as a function of age . Therefore , the maximum lifespan of a person could be determined by calculating when the person 's VO max value drops below the basal metabolic rate necessary to sustain life , which is approximately 3 ml per kg per minute . On the basis of this hypothesis , athletes with a VO max value between 50 and 60 at age 20 would be expected `` to live for 100 to 125 years , provided they maintained their physical activity so that their rate of decline in VO max remained constant '' . Average and commonly accepted maximum lifespans correspond to the extremums of the body mass ( 1 , 2 ) and mass normalized to height ( 3 , 4 ) of men ( 1 , 3 ) and women ( 2 , 4 ) . A theoretical study suggested the maximum human lifespan to be around 125 years using a modified stretched exponential function for human survival curves . The analysis of dynamics of the body mass in human population indicates extremums , which correspond to mean ( 70 - 75 years ) , the commonly accepted maximum ( 100 -- 110 years ) and maximum known ( 140 -- 160 years ) lifespan . In another study , researchers claimed that there exists a maximum lifespan for humans , and that the human maximal lifespan has been declining since the 1990s . This study is now disputed on the basis of simple coding errors and biased sampling . This study also supports a continuing increase in both theoretical and observed upper human lifespan , based on observed data from 200 national populations . However , a theoretical study also suggested that the maximum human life expectancy at birth is limited by the human life characteristic value δ , which is around 104 years . The United Nations has undertaken an important Bayesian sensitivity analysis of global population burden based on life expectancy projection at birth in future decades . The 2017 95 % prediction interval of 2090 average life expectancy rises as high as + 6 ( 106 , in Century Representation Form ) by 2090 , with dramatic , ongoing , layered consequences on world population and demography should that happen . The prediction interval is extremely wide , and the United Nations can not be certain . Organizations like the Methuselah Foundation are working toward an end to senescence and practically unlimited human lifespan . If successful , the demographic implications for human population will be greater in effective multiplier terms than any experienced in the last five centuries if maximum lifespan remains unlimited by law . In other animals ( edit ) Main article : List of longest - living organisms Small animals such as birds and squirrels rarely live to their maximum life span , usually dying of accidents , disease or predation . The maximum life span of most species is documented in the Anage repository . Maximum life span is usually longer for species that are larger or have effective defenses against predation , such as bird flight , chemical defenses or living in social groups . The differences in life span between species demonstrate the role of genetics in determining maximum life span ( `` rate of aging '' ) . The records ( in years ) are these : for common house mouse , 4 for Brown rat , 3.8 for dogs , 29 ( See List of oldest dogs ) for cats , 38 for polar bears , 42 ( Debby ) for horses , 62 for Asian elephants , 86 The longest - lived vertebrates have been variously described as Large parrots ( Macaws and cockatoos can live up to 80 -- 100 years in captivity ) Koi ( A Japanese species of fish , allegedly living up to 200 years , though generally not exceeding 50 -- A specimen named Hanako was reportedly 226 years old upon her death ) Tortoises ( Galápagos tortoise ) ( 190 years ) Tuataras ( a New Zealand reptile species , 100 -- 200 + years ) Eels , the so - called Brantevik Eel ( Swedish : Branteviksålen ) is thought to have lived in a water well in southern Sweden since 1859 , which makes it over 150 years old . It was reported that it had died in August 2014 at an age of 155 . Whales ( Bowhead Whale ) ( Balaena mysticetus about 200 years ) Although this idea was unproven for a time , recent research has indicated that bowhead whales recently killed still had harpoons in their bodies from about 1890 , which , along with analysis of amino acids , has indicated a maximum life span , stated as `` the 211 year - old bowhead could have been from 177 to 245 years old '' . Greenland Sharks are currently the vertebrate species with the longest known lifespan . An examination of 28 specimens in one study published in 2016 determined by radiocarbon dating that the oldest of the animals that they sampled had lived for about 392 ± 120 years ( a minimum of 272 years and a maximum of 512 years ) . The authors further concluded that the species reaches sexual maturity at about 150 years of age . Invertebrate species which continue to grow as long as they live ( e.g. , certain clams , some coral species ) can on occasion live hundreds of years : A bivalve mollusc ( Arctica islandica ) ( aka `` Ming '' , lived 507 ± 2 years . ) Exceptions ( edit ) Some jellyfish species , including Turritopsis dohrnii , Laodicea undulata , and Aurelia sp. 1 , are able to revert to the polyp stage even after reproducing ( so called life cycle reversal ) , rather than dying as in other jellyfish . Consequently , these species are considered biologically immortal and have no maximum lifespan . There may be no natural limit to the Hydra 's life span , but it is not yet clear how to estimate the age of a specimen . Flatworms , or Platyhelminthes , are known to be `` almost immortal '' as they have a great regeneration capacity , continuous growth and binary fission type cellular division . Lobsters are sometimes said to be biologically immortal because they do n't seem to slow down , weaken , or lose fertility with age . However , due to the energy needed for moulting , they can not live indefinitely . Tardigrades can live indefinitely in a state of suspended animation , a state which they enter when they are not hydrated . In this state , they can withstand an extremely large number of environmental pressures , including intense radioactivity and heat , and being sent into space . Despite this , they can only live in a hydrated state for a few months . In plants ( edit ) Main article : List of oldest trees Plants are referred to as annuals which live only one year , biennials which live two years , and perennials which live longer than that . The longest - lived perennials , woody - stemmed plants such as trees and bushes , often live for hundreds and even thousands of years ( one may question whether or not they may die of old age ) . A giant sequoia , General Sherman is alive and well in its third millennium . A Great Basin Bristlecone Pine called Methuselah is 4,848 years old ( as of 2017 ) and the Bristlecone Pine called Prometheus was a little older still , at least 4,844 years ( and possibly as old as 5,000 years ) , when it was cut down in 1964 . The oldest known plant ( possibly oldest living thing ) is a clonal Quaking Aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) tree colony in the Fishlake National Forest in Utah called Pando at about 80,000 years . Lichen , a symbiotic algae and fungal proto - plant , such as Rhizocarpon geographicum can live upwards of 10,000 years . Increasing maximum life span ( edit ) Main article : Life extension `` Maximum life span '' here means the mean life span of the most long - lived 10 % of a given cohort . Caloric restriction has not yet been shown to break mammalian world records for longevity . Rats , mice , and hamsters experience maximum life - span extension from a diet that contains all of the nutrients but only 40 -- 60 % of the calories that the animals consume when they can eat as much as they want . Mean life span is increased 65 % and maximum life span is increased 50 % , when caloric restriction is begun just before puberty . For fruit flies the life extending benefits of calorie restriction are gained immediately at any age upon beginning calorie restriction and ended immediately at any age upon resuming full feeding . A few transgenic strains of mice have been created that have maximum life spans greater than that of wild - type or laboratory mice . The Ames and Snell mice , which have mutations in pituitary transcription factors and hence are deficient in Gh , LH , TSH , and secondarily IGF1 , have extensions in maximal lifespan of up to 65 % . To date , both in absolute and relative terms , these Ames and Snell mice have the maximum lifespan of any mouse not on caloric restriction ( see below on GhR ) . Mutations / knockout of other genes affecting the GH / IGF1 axis , such as Lit , Ghr and Irs1 have also shown extension in lifespan , but much more modest both in relative and absolute terms . The longest lived laboratory mouse ever was a Ghr knockout mouse , which lived to ≈ 1800 days in the lab of Andrzej Bartke at Southern Illinois University . The maximum for normal B6 mice under ideal conditions is 1200 days . Most biomedical gerontologists believe that biomedical molecular engineering will eventually extend maximum lifespan and even bring about rejuvenation . Anti-aging drugs are a potential tool for extending life . Aubrey de Grey , a theoretical gerontologist , has proposed that aging can be reversed by Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence . De Grey has established The Methuselah Mouse Prize to award money to researchers who can extend the maximum life span of mice . So far , three Mouse Prizes have been awarded : one for breaking longevity records to Dr. Andrzej Bartke of Southern Illinois University ( using GhR knockout mice ) ; one for late - onset rejuvenation strategies to Dr. Stephen Spindler of the University of California ( using caloric restriction initiated late in life ) ; and one to Dr. Z. Dave Sharp for his work with the pharmaceutical rapamycin . Correlation with DNA repair capacity ( edit ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : DNA damage theory of aging Accumulated DNA damage appears to be a limiting factor in the determination of maximum life span . The theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging , and thus a principal determinant of maximum life span , has attracted increased interest in recent years . This is based , in part , on evidence in human and mouse that inherited deficiencies in DNA repair genes often cause accelerated aging . There is also substantial evidence that DNA damage accumulates with age in mammalian tissues , such as those of the brain , muscle , liver and kidney ( reviewed by Bernstein et al. and see DNA damage theory of aging and DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) ) . One expectation of the theory ( that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging ) is that among species with differing maximum life spans , the capacity to repair DNA damage should correlate with lifespan . The first experimental test of this idea was by Hart and Setlow who measured the capacity of cells from seven different mammalian species to carry out DNA repair . They found that nucleotide excision repair capability increased systematically with species longevity . This correlation was striking and stimulated a series of 11 additional experiments in different laboratories over succeeding years on the relationship of nucleotide excision repair and life span in mammalian species ( reviewed by Bernstein and Bernstein ) . In general , the findings of these studies indicated a good correlation between nucleotide excision repair capacity and life span . The association between nucleotide excision repair capability and longevity is strengthened by the evidence that defects in nucleotide excision repair proteins in humans and rodents cause features of premature aging , as reviewed by Diderich . Further support for the theory that DNA damage is the primary cause of aging comes from study of Poly ADP ribose polymerases ( PARPs ) . PARPs are enzymes that are activated by DNA strand breaks and play a role in DNA base excision repair . Burkle et al. reviewed evidence that PARPs , and especially PARP - 1 , are involved in maintaining mammalian longevity . The life span of 13 mammalian species correlated with poly ( ADP ribosyl ) ation capability measured in mononuclear cells . Furthermore , lymphoblastoid cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans over age 100 had a significantly higher poly ( ADP - ribosyl ) ation capability than control cell lines from younger individuals . Research data ( edit ) A comparison of the heart mitochondria in rats ( 7 - year maximum life span ) and pigeons ( 35 - year maximum life span ) showed that pigeon mitochondria leak fewer free - radicals than rat mitochondria , despite the fact that both animals have similar metabolic rate and cardiac output For mammals there is a direct relationship between mitochondrial membrane fatty acid saturation and maximum life span Studies of the liver lipids of mammals and a bird ( pigeon ) show an inverse relationship between maximum life span and number of double bonds Selected species of birds and mammals show an inverse relationship between telomere rate of change ( shortening ) and maximum life span Maximum life span correlates negatively with antioxidant enzyme levels and free - radicals production and positively with rate of DNA repair Female mammals express more Mn − SOD and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzymes than males . This has been hypothesized as the reason they live longer However , mice entirely lacking in glutathione peroxidase 1 do not show a reduction in lifespan . The maximum life span of transgenic mice has been extended about 20 % by overexpression of human catalase targeted to mitochondria A comparison of 7 non-primate mammals ( mouse , hamster , rat , guinea - pig , rabbit , pig and cow ) showed that the rate of mitochondrial superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production in heart and kidney were inversely correlated with maximum life span A study of 8 non-primate mammals showed an inverse correlation between maximum life span and oxidative damage to mtDNA ( mitochondrial DNA ) in heart & brain A study of several species of mammals and a bird ( pigeon ) indicated a linear relationship between oxidative damage to protein and maximum life span There is a direct correlation between DNA repair and maximum life span for mammalian species Drosophila ( fruit - flies ) bred for 15 generations by only using eggs that were laid toward the end of reproductive life achieved maximum life spans 30 % greater than that of controls Overexpression of the enzyme which synthesizes glutathione in long - lived transgenic Drosophila ( fruit - flies ) extended maximum lifespan by nearly 50 % A mutation in the age − 1 gene of the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans increased mean life span 65 % and maximum life span 110 % . However , the degree of lifespan extension in relative terms by both the age - 1 and daf - 2 mutations is strongly dependent on ambient temperature , with ≈ 10 % extension at 16 ° C and 65 % extension at 27 ° C . Fat - specific Insulin Receptor KnockOut ( FIRKO ) mice have reduced fat mass , normal calorie intake and an increased maximum life span of 18 % . The capacity of mammalian species to detoxify the carcinogenic chemical benzo ( a ) pyrene to a water - soluble form also correlates well with maximum life span . Short - term induction of oxidative stress due to calorie restriction increases life span in Caenorhabditis elegans by promoting stress defense , specifically by inducing an enzyme called catalase . As shown by Michael Ristow and co-workers nutritive antioxidants completely abolish this extension of life span by inhibiting a process called mitohormesis . See also ( edit ) Ageing Aging brain American Aging Association Aubrey de Grey Biodemography Biological immortality Calorie restriction Compression of morbidity DNA damage theory of aging Extreme longevity tracking Genetics of aging Gerontology Hayflick limit Indefinite lifespan Life expectancy Life extension List of long - living organisms Longevity Methuselah Mouse Prize Michael Ristow Mitohormesis Oldest people Senescence Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence ( SENS ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gavrilov , Leonid A. ; Gavrilova , Natalia S. ( 1991 ) . The Biology of Life Span : A Quantitative Approach . New York : Harwood Academic . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7186 - 4983 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brody , Jane E. ( 25 August 2008 ) . `` Living Longer , in Good Health to the End '' . The New York Times . p . D7 . Jump up ^ Vaupel , James W. ( 2010 ) . `` Biodemography of Human Ageing '' . Nature . 464 ( 7288 ) : 536 -- 42 . doi : 10.1038 / nature08984 . PMC 4010874 . PMID 20336136 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Donald K. ; Roth , George S. ; Lane , Mark A. ; Ottinger , Mary Ann ; Zou , Sige ; Cabo , Rafael ; Mattison , Julie A. ( 2006 ) . `` The Potential for Dietary Restriction to Increase Longevity in Humans : Extrapolation from Monkey Studies '' . Biogerontology. 7 ( 3 ) : 143 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / s10522 - 006 - 9013 - 2 . PMID 16732404 . Jump up ^ Gavrilov , L.A. ; Gavrilova , N.S. ( 1991 ) . The Biology of Life Span : A Quantitative Approach . New York City : Starwood Academic Publishers . Jump up ^ Gavrilov , Leonid A. ; Gavrilova , Natalia S. ( June 2000 ) . `` Book Reviews : Validation of Exceptional Longevity '' ( PDF ) . Population Dev Rev. 26 ( 2 ) : 403 -- 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wilmoth , J.R. ; Deegan , L.J. ; Lundström , H. ; Horiuchi , S. ( 2000 ) . `` Increase of Maximum Life - Span in Sweden , 1861 -- 1999 '' . Science . 289 ( 5488 ) : 2366 -- 68 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 289.5488. 2366 . PMID 11009426 . Jump up ^ Banks , D.A. ( 1997 ) . `` Telomeres , Cancer , and Aging . Altering the Human Life Span '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 278 ( 16 ) : 1345 -- 48 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 278.16. 1345 . Jump up ^ Gavrilov , Leonid A. ( 5 March 2004 ) . `` Biodemography of Human Longevity '' . International Conference on Longevity . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Greenwood , M. ; Irwin , J.O. ( 1939 ) . `` The Biostatics of Senility '' ( PDF ) . Human Biology . 11 : 1 -- 23 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Noakes , T. ( 1985 ) . The Lore of Running . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Nokes ( 1985 ) p. 84 . ^ Jump up to : Gerasimov , I.G. ; Ignatov , D.Yu. ( 2004 ) . `` Age Dynamics of Body Mass and Human Lifespan '' . Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology. 40 ( 3 ) : 343 -- 349 . doi : 10.1023 / B : JOEY. 0000042639.72529. e1 . Jump up ^ Weon , B.M. ; Je , J.H. ( 2009 ) . `` Theoretical Estimation of Maximum Human Lifespan '' . Biogerontology. 10 : 65 -- 71 . doi : 10.1007 / s10522 - 008 - 9156 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dong , X. ; Milholland , B. ; Vijg , J. ( 2016 ) . `` Evidence for a Limit to Human Lifespan '' . Nature . 538 : 257 -- 259 . doi : 10.1038 / nature19793 . PMID 27706136 . Jump up ^ Newman , Saul ; Easteal , Simon ( 26 April 2017 ) . `` The Dynamic Upper Limit of Human Lifespan '' . F1000Research. 6 . doi : 10.12688 / f1000research. 11438.1 . Jump up ^ Liu , X . ( 2015 ) . `` Life Equations for the Senescence Process '' . Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports . 4 : 228 -- 33 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbrep. 2015.09. 020 . Jump up ^ `` The Animal Ageing and Longevity Database '' . Anage . Jump up ^ Healy , Kevin ; Guillerme , Thomas ; Finlay , Sive ; Kane , Adam ; Kelly , Seán B.A. ; McClean , Deirdre ; Kelly , David J. ; Donohue , Ian ; Jackson , Andrew L. ( 7 June 2014 ) . `` Ecology and mode - of - life explain lifespan variation in birds and mammals '' . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 59337 - 2 . The oldest cat ever was Creme Puff , who was born on August 3 , 1967 , and lived until August 6 , 2005 -- 38 years and 3 days in total . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest polar bear '' . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ensminger , M.E. ( 1990 ) . Horses and Horsemanship : Animal Agricultural Series ( Sixth ed . ) . Danville , Indiana : Interstate Publishers . ISBN 0 - 8134 - 2883 - 1 . OCLC 21977751 . , pp. 46 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` Lin Wang , an Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) at Taipei Zoo '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` International Nishikigoi Promotion Center - Genealogy '' . Japan-nishikigoi.org . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Barton , Laura ( 12 April 2007 ) . `` Will you still feed me ... ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Seed : Week In Science : 6 / 23 - 6 / 29 Archived 31 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 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External links ( edit ) Anage Database Informational website on the biology of aging Mechanisms of Aging Longevity Terminology Centenarian Super Cognitive epidemiology Elderly Life expectancy Life extension Maximum life span Old age Immortality Ageless Biological immortality Digital immortality Eternal youth Issues Anti-aging movement Longevity claims Longevity escape velocity Longevity insurance Longevity myths Longevity risk Living and notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) By career Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers Artists , painters and sculptors Authors , poets , and journalists Businesspeople Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists Explorers Jurists and practitioners of law Medical professionals Military commanders and soldiers Musicians , composers , and music patrons Philosophers and theologians Politicians and civil servants Religious figures Royalty and nobility Scientists and mathematicians Sportspeople Miscellaneous Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) By continent Africa Europe Oceania South America By country Australia Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom United States Oldest people List of oldest living people List of the verified oldest people men women Miscellaneous Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars European American Canadian Last surviving World War I veterans by country Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War List of notable surviving veterans of World War II Last survivors of historic events Oldest twins Longest marriages List of longest - reigning monarchs Related Blue Zone See also Ageing Biodemography of human longevity Earliest known life forms FOXO3 longevity gene Gerontology Immortality in fiction Life extension - related topics Senescence Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximum_life_span&oldid=854108490 '' Categories : Actuarial science Senescence Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2018 Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2016 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 NPOV disputes from July 2014 All NPOV disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 01 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the average length of life of members of a species is called
[ "Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by \"rate of aging\".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.\n", "Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by \"rate of aging\".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.\n", "Maximum life span contrasts with mean life span (average life span, life expectancy), and longevity. Mean life span varies with susceptibility to disease, accident, suicide and homicide, whereas maximum life span is determined by \"rate of aging\".[2] Longevity refers only to the characteristics of the especially long lived members of a population, such as infirmities as they age or compression of morbidity, and not the specific life span of an individual.\n" ]
[ "mean life span", "average life span", "life expectancy" ]
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War for the Planet of the Apes
War for the Planet of the Apes - Wikipedia War for the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search War for the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Matt Reeves Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Mark Bomback Matt Reeves Based on Characters created by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle ( uncredited ) Starring Andy Serkis Woody Harrelson Steve Zahn Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Michael Seresin Edited by William Hoy Stan Salfas Production company Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date July 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) ( SVA Theatre ) July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 million Box office $490.7 million War for the Planet of the Apes is a 2017 American science fiction film directed by Matt Reeves and written by Mark Bomback and Reeves . A sequel to Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) , it is the third installment in the Planet of the Apes reboot series . The film stars Andy Serkis , Woody Harrelson and Steve Zahn , and follows a confrontation between the apes , led by Caesar , and the humans for control of Earth . Like its predecessor , its premise shares several similarities to the fifth film in the original series , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , but it is not a direct remake . Principal photography began on October 14 , 2015 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . War for the Planet of the Apes premiered in New York City on July 10 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on July 14 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox . The film has grossed over $490 million and received critical praise , with many reviewers highlighting the performances ( particularly Serkis ) , visual effects , story , direction , and musical score . The film received a nomination for Best Special Visual Effects at the 71st British Academy Film Awards , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Apes 2.2 Humans 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects 4 Influences 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 Possible fourth film 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years have passed since the human - hating bonobo Koba attacked the human survivors in San Francisco . Forcing Caesar and his tribe of intelligent apes against a rogue U.S. military faction known as Alpha - Omega . Led by a ruthless Colonel , Alpha - Omega employs many apes formerly loyal to Koba . These apes are derogatorily called `` donkeys '' . An attack by an Alpha - Omega platoon on an ape colony is rebuffed when Caesar rallies his apes in defense . Capturing alive a soldier named Preacher , three other soldiers and `` donkey '' gorilla named Red , Caesar explains that he executed Koba for causing the war and only desires peace . Caesar then releases the soldiers , hoping the display of mercy will show the Colonel that the apes are not savages . Meanwhile , Red escapes by injuring the albino gorilla Winter . While ceremonially disposing of the dead apes , Caesar welcomes back his eldest son Blue Eyes and his lieutenant Rocket from a long journey . Blue Eyes reports that they have found a place across the desert that is ideal for them . An uneasy Winter beseeches that the tribe leave immediately . Though agreeing to leave , Caesar feels they need to prepare first . That night , the Colonel leads a team of soldiers in infiltrating the ape 's home . Believing he had succeeded , the Colonel begins to leave only to be discovered by Caesar . Enraged upon seeing that the human killed his wife Cornelia and son , he attempts to prevent the Colonel 's escape but fails . After the attack the apes can not find Winter . In the morning , the tribe gathers to journey to safety . Leaving his youngest son , Cornelius , in the care of Blue Eyes ' wife Lake , Caesar departs to exact revenge while serving as the decoy for the other apes . Accompanied by his orangutan adviser Maurice , gorilla lieutenant Luca , and Rocket , the apes enter an abandoned village where they kill a deserted soldier in self - defense . Searching the village the apes discover a mute girl . Maurice befriends and adopts the girl , giving her a small rag doll . At a beach side military camp , the apes spot Winter inside and the group sneak in . Winter , who became a `` donkey '' , tells Caesar that the Colonel has departed for the border , to meet soldiers from the north . Winter attempts to call out for help but the apes restrain him and in the struggle Caesar accidentally kills him . In the morning the military breaks camp and the apes follow . Along the way , the apes discover some soldiers who have been shot and left for dead . Their examination of a surviving soldier reveals that he is mute like the girl . Dying from his wounds , Caesar kills him in an act of mercy . Climbing atop a radio tower , the apes search for direction the soldier 's traveled . During this , a hooded figure steals one of their horses and the apes give chase . Ending at a lodge , the apes corner the figure who is revealed to be a chimpanzee named Bad Ape . The group is surprised to discover he is an intelligent ape but from another zoo . While camping with Bad Ape they discover he knows where the border is and he hesitantly agrees to lead them there . The group reach the border where they see a quarantine facility . When attempting to get a closer look , Luca is killed protecting Caesar from some soldiers . An angered Caesar decides to proceed alone rather than endanger his allies further . At the facility , Caesar learns that Alpha - Omega captured his tribe and are forcing them to build a wall without food or water . Caesar is then captured by Red who brings him to the Colonel . The Colonel tells Caesar that he intended to kill him rather than his son and wife . With an act of defiance Caesar causes the other apes to stop working but the Colonel threatens to kill Caesar to get the apes to continue working . Caesar deduces that the Colonel is barricading the facility to fend off other military who are against him for killing his own soldiers . The Colonel commends Caesar 's intelligence and goes on to tell Caesar that the Simian Flu virus had mutated and the human carriers became mute and devolved into a primitive state . The mutation infecting his only son , The Colonel killed him and ordered his men to kill anyone that happens to be infected or defies his instruction . A survivor of this purge told the military in the north who sent men to relieve the Colonel of his command . The Colonel says he spared one person to give a message to the military to come after him at the facility . The Colonel knows that the facility used to be a weapons depot and plans on using it 's resources to fight off the military . Finally the Colonel declares that he is fighting a `` holy war '' for humanity 's survival and redemption . Caesar is tortured with starvation to force his clan to work . The mute girl sneaks into the facility to give Caesar food , water , and her rag doll . To prevent her from being discovered , Rocket allows himself to be captured as a diversion . The next day , the Colonel comes to see if Caesar is still alive , and confiscates the doll upon discovering it . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of escape via an underground tunnel leading out of the facility . Here Maurice names the girl Nova , and along with Bad Ape use the tunnel to rescue the apes , but Caesar remains behind to settle his affair with the Colonel as the facility comes under attack by the northern army . Caesar finds the Colonel has been infected by the virus from contact with Nova 's doll . Caesar chooses not to kill the Colonel , instead watching him commit suicide with his pistol . The escaping apes are caught in the crossfire between the two armies . Red watches the apes suffering and begins to doubt his allegiance to Alpha - Omega . Caesar attempts to blow up a large fuel tank to take out the Alpha - Omega forces from behind but he is shot with a crossbow by Preacher . Red uses a grenade launcher to kill Preacher and saves Caesar 's life but is shot dead by a soldier . Caesar succeeds in blowing up the fuel tank and escapes the facility as it is consumed in cascade of explosions . The victorious northern army notices Caesar but before they can kill him , an avalanche descends upon the base . The apes , carrying Nova , all survive by climbing nearby trees . The apes then cross the desert to find an oasis . While the other apes joyously celebrate their new home , Maurice discovers Caesar 's fatal arrow wound . Maurice promises to tell Cornelius who his father was and what he did for their tribe . Caesar then slowly and silently succumbs to his wounds , dying peacefully while Maurice and the other apes look on . Cast ( edit ) Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , an intelligent common chimpanzee who is leader to a tribe of genetically enhanced apes . Steve Zahn as `` Bad Ape '' , a common chimpanzee who lived in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak , and was a hermit before joining Caesar 's group . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser . Terry Notary as Rocket , a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother - figure . Ty Olsson as Red , a Western lowland gorilla who was once a follower of Koba , now serving the Colonel to defeat Caesar . Olsson previously played Chief Hamill in Rise . Michael Adamthwaite as Luca , a Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . Toby Kebbell as Koba , a bonobo who had previously waged war against the humans in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , now appears in Caesar 's hallucinations . Judy Greer as Cornelia , Caesar 's wife . Sara Canning as Lake , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe , who is also Blue Eyes ' mate and later Cornelius 's caretaker . Max Lloyd - Jones as Blue Eyes , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . Devyn Dalton as Cornelius , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son , and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . Aleks Paunovic as Winter , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe who sided with the Colonel out of fear . Humans ( edit ) Woody Harrelson as Colonel J. Wesley McCollough , the leader of the paramilitary organization Alpha - Omega , who is obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve humans as the dominant species . Amiah Miller as Nova , a mute orphan whom Maurice befriends and cares for . Gabriel Chavarria as Preacher , a human soldier working under the Colonel in Alpha - Omega . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Matt Reeves , Andy Serkis and Dylan Clark at New York Comic - Con 2016 for the War for the Planet of the Apes panel After seeing his cut of Dawn , 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series . In January 2014 , the studio announced the third film , with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , and Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serving as producers . During an interview in mid-November 2014 with MTV , Andy Serkis said they did not know the next film 's setting . `` ... It could be five years after the event . It could be the night after the events of where we left ' Dawn . ' '' In May 2015 , the title was first given as War of the Planet of the Apes . By October 2015 , it had been retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes . When director Reeves and screenwriter Bomback came on board to helm Dawn , the film already had a release date , which led to an accelerated production schedule . However , with the third installment , Fox wanted to give the duo plenty of time to write and make the film . Taking advantage of this , the two bonded with each other more than before . In interviews for Dawn , Reeves talked about the inevitable war Caesar would have with the humans : `` As this story continues , we know that war is not avoided by the end of Dawn . That is going to take us into the world of what he is grappling with . Where he is going to be thrust into circumstances that he never , ever wanted to deal with , and was hoping he could avoid . And now he is right in the middle of it . The things that happen in that story test him in huge ways , in the ways in which his relationship with Koba haunts him deeply . It 's going to be an epic story . I think you 've probably read that I sort of described it where in the first film was very much about his rise from humble beginnings to being a revolutionary . The second movie was about having to rise to the challenge of being a great leader in the most difficult of times . This is going to be the story that is going to cement his status as a seminal figure in ape history , and sort of leads to an almost biblical status . He is going to become like a mythic ape figure , like Moses . '' Toby Kebbell , who portrayed Koba in Dawn , had expressed interest in reprising his role or performing as other characters . Plans to include Koba in a larger role in the film were abandoned early , with Bomback saying , `` If you stayed until the very end of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , you hear Koba 's breathing . We did that to give us a tiny crack of a possibility that we could revive Koba if we wanted to . Very early on in spitballing , we realized there was nothing more to do with Koba -- certainly nothing that would exceed what he had done in the last story . But we knew we wanted to keep him alive as an idea . In playing out the reality of what happened at the end of the last film , Caesar would be traumatized by having to kill his brother . That would have resonance , and we wanted to make sure that did not get lost . So the answer was that we could go inside Caesar 's mind at this point and revisit Koba that way . '' Casting ( edit ) In August 2015 , Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria had been cast as one of the humans in the film . In September 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film 's antagonist , and that Chavarria 's role was supporting . In October 2015 , TheWrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film . It was also announced that actress Amiah Miller was cast as one of the film 's humans , with Judy Greer and Karin Konoval reprising their roles as Cornelia and Maurice , while Aleks Paunovic and Sara Canning were cast as new apes . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on October 14 , 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver , under the working title Hidden Fortress . Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016 . Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February . In March , Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions . Visual effects ( edit ) As with Rise and Dawn , the visual effects for War were created by Weta Digital ; the apes were created with a mixture of motion - capture and CGI key - frame animation , as they were performed in motion - capture technology and animated in CGI . Influences ( edit ) At New York Comic - Con 2016 , Reeves explained that he and Bomback were influenced by many films before writing . He said , `` One of the first things that Mark and I did because we had just finished Dawn was that we decided to watch a million movies . We decided to do what people fantasize what Hollywood screenwriters get to do but no one actually does . We got Fox to give us a theater and we watched movie after movie . We watched every Planet of the Apes movie , war movies , westerns , Empire Strikes Back ... We just thought , ' We have to pretend we have all the time in the world , ' even though we had limited time . We got really inspired . '' Additionally , during production , Reeves and Bomback sought broader inspirations from films like The Bridge on the River Kwai and The Great Escape . Feeling that there was a need to imbue Biblical themes and elements , they also watched Biblical epics like Ben - Hur and The Ten Commandments . The influences and inspirations were made evident in the relationship between Caesar and Woody Harrelson 's Colonel , a military leader with pretensions toward godhood . The parallels between Caesar as Moses and the Colonel as Pharaoh are quite evident . Caesar arranges for the escape of his oppressed and enslaved fellow apes . The oppressor army is totally destroyed by an overwhelming `` sea '' as in the Exodus story . Finally , when Caesar and his clan reach the mountain overlooking the `` promised land '' he dies -- just as Moses did on Mt . Nebo . Reeves indebtedness to the Exodus story is substantial . Reeves has compared their relationship to the dynamic between Alec Guinness 's British Commander and Sessue Hayakawa 's prison camp Colonel in Bridge on the River Kwai . Another comparison is in Caesar 's journey to find the Colonel , flanked by a posse of close friends -- a situation Reeves explicitly tied to Clint Eastwood 's war - weary soldier in The Outlaw Josey Wales . Influences from the film Apocalypse Now , notably Harrelson 's character and his Alpha - Omega faction being similar to Colonel Kurtz 's renegade army , were also noted by several journalists . Harrelson has also acknowledged the similarities and inspiration . Soundtrack ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino Released July 7 , 2017 ( Digital ) July 21 , 2017 ( Physical ) Recorded 2017 Genre Film score Label Sony Masterworks Michael Giacchino film scores chronology Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) Spider - Man : Homecoming 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Coco ( 2017 ) Coco 2017 On October 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that Michael Giacchino , the composer and writer of the soundtrack for Dawn , would return to compose War 's score . The soundtrack was digitally released to iTunes and Amazon on July 7 , 2017 , and in its physical form by Sony Masterworks on July 21 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Michael Giacchino . No . Title Length 1 . `` Apes ' Past is Prologue '' 10 : 53 2 . `` Assault of the Earth '' 5 : 29 3 . `` Exodus Wounds '' 4 : 23 4 . `` The Posse Polonaise '' 1 : 39 5 . `` The Bad Ape Bagatelle '' 1 : 13 6 . `` Do n't Luca Now '' 3 : 53 7 . `` Koba Dependent '' 2 : 54 8 . `` The Ecstasy of the Bold '' 1 : 57 9 . `` Apes Together Strong '' 7 : 12 10 . `` A Tide in the Affairs of Apes '' 5 : 31 11 . `` Planet of the Escapes '' 2 : 42 12 . `` The Hating Game '' 2 : 04 13 . `` A Man Named Suicide '' 5 : 32 14 . `` More Red Than Alive '' 2 : 41 15 . `` Migration '' 2 : 03 16 . `` Paradise Found '' 5 : 35 17 . `` End Credits '' 9 : 30 Total length : 75 : 11 Release ( edit ) The film was initially set for a July 29 , 2016 , release . However , in January 2015 , Fox postponed the film 's release date to about a year later on July 14 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Special behind - the - scenes footage for the film was aired on TV on November 22 , 2015 , as part of a contest announcement presented by director Matt Reeves and Andy Serkis . The footage aired during The Walking Dead on AMC . The announcement allowed winners to wear a performance - capture suit and appear in a scene as an ape . The announcement was released on 20th Century Fox 's official YouTube page later the same day . At a New York Comic Con special event on October 6 , Reeves , Serkis and producer Dylan Clark debuted an exclusive look at the film . Serkis has also mentioned that the film would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game was released for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Home media ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes was released on Digital HD on October 10 , 2017 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on October 24 , 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes grossed $146.9 million in the United States and Canada and $343.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $490.7 million , against a production budget of $150 million . In North America , the film was projected to gross $50 -- 60 million in its opening weekend , however , given its acclaimed status and strong word - of - mouth , rival studios believed the film had the potential to debut as high as $70 -- 80 million . War was closely monitored by analysts while the summer was witnessing a decline in ticket sales , a situation that they blamed on franchise fatigue for an overabundance of sequels and reboots ( such as Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales , Transformers : The Last Knight and The Mummy ) . However , box office analysts noted that well - reviewed films have tended to perform in - line with estimates ( Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman and Spider - Man : Homecoming ) . The film grossed $5 million from Thursday night previews at 3,021 theaters , up 22 % from the $4.1 million earned by its predecessor , and $22.1 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $56.3 million , topping the box office , albeit with a 22 % drop from Dawn 's $72.6 million debut . In its second weekend , the film grossed $20.9 million ( a drop of 62.9 % , more than the 50.4 % fall Dawn saw ) , finishing 4th at the box office . In its third weekend , the film made $10.5 million ( dropping another 49.9 % ) , finishing 6th at the box office . It was lower than the third weeks of both Rise ( $16.1 million ) and Dawn ( $16.8 million ) . Outside North America , War for the Planet of the Apes received a scattered release in a span of three months ( July -- September ) . The film began its release in about a third of the marketplace on July 14 , albeit only in two major markets , and was projected to have an opening of $50 -- 60 million , with the potential to go higher if smaller Asian markets over-perform , as they have for recent tent poles . The film ended up having an international debut of $44.2 million , including $9.27 million in the United Kingdom . Critical response ( edit ) War for the Planet of the Apes received praise for the cast 's performances ( particularly Serkis ) , Reeves 's direction , visual effects , musical score , cinematography and its morally complex storyline . On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 93 % based on 294 reviews , with a rating average of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` War for the Planet of the Apes combines breathtaking special effects and a powerful , poignant narrative to conclude this rebooted trilogy on a powerful -- and truly blockbuster -- note . '' On review aggregator Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews , the film has a score of 82 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by its two immediate predecessors . Scott Collura of IGN awarded the film a score of 9.5 out of 10 , saying : `` War for the Planet of the Apes is an excellent closing act to this rebooted trilogy , but also one that does enough world - building that the series can potentially continue from here -- and it 's a rare case where , after three movies , we 're left wanting more . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film , `` `` War for the Planet of the Apes , '' directed by Matt Reeves , is the grimmest episode so far , and also the strongest , a superb example -- rare in this era of sloppily constructed , commercially hedged cinematic universes -- of clear thinking wedded to inventive technique in popular filmmaking , '' and lauded Andy Serkis 's performance in the film , stating that `` Andy Serkis 's performance as Caesar is one of the marvels of modern screen acting . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , and said that Serkis performed `` with a resonant power and depth of feeling that 's nearly Shakespearean . Oscar , get busy : Serkis deserves the gold , '' and went on to say that `` War for the Planet of the Apes -- No. 9 in the simian cinema canon -- is the best of the Apes films since the 1968 original . '' Eric Kohn of Indiewire gave the film a B+ rating , and praised Matt Reeves 's directing , saying `` It 's a given that an expensive 21st century sci - fi movie with talking animals , exploding tanks , and jarring machine guns would look and sound great , but Reeves applies these effects with such a measured strategy that they 're always working in service of a greater narrative agenda . '' Kohn went on to applaud the visuals and musical score , stating that `` The breathlessly paced montage of flying bullets and angry monkeys raining down on terrified men , aided by Michael Giacchino 's vibrant score , is a strong indicator of the next - level craftsmanship that distinguishes these movies from so many cacophonous Hollywood spectacles ; not only is the action easy to follow , but you care for the motion - captured characters at the center of it , while the humans cower in fear . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Motion / Title Graphics War for the Planet of the Apes : 20th Century Fox , Wild Card Nominated Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Hollywood Visual Effects Award Dan Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Erik Winquist Won Hollywood Post Alliance November 16 , 2017 Outstanding Visual Effects - Feature Film Dan Barrett , Anders Langlands , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Luke Millar , Erik Winquist , and Weta Digital Won Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Summer 20th Century Fox Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Motion Capture Performance Steve Zahn Nominated San Francisco Film Critics Circle December 10 , 2017 Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , Dan Barrett , and Joel Whist Won Utah Film Critics Association Best Actor Andy Serkis Won Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Animated / Visual Effect Performance Andy Serkis Won Best Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Action / War War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Blockbuster Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won North Carolina Film Critics Association December 29 , 2017 Best Special Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Won Columbus Film Critics Association January 4 , 2018 Actor of the Year ( for an exemplary body of work ) Woody Harrelson Runner - up Golden Tomato Awards January 3 , 2018 Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Movie 2017 War for the Planet of the Apes 2nd Place Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Best Visual Effects War for the Planet of the Apes Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Art Directors Guild January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film James Chinlund Nominated Annie Awards February 3 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement for Character Animation in a Live Action Production Daniel Barrett , Sidney Kombo - Kintombo , Emile Ghorayeb , Luisma Lavin Peredo , and Alessandro Bonora Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Film Editing William Hoy Won Best Original Score Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Sound War for the Planet of the Apes Nominated Best Visual Effects Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature Joe Letteri , Ryan Stafford , Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joel Whist Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Photoreal Feature Eteuati Tema , Aidan Martin , Florian Fernandez , Mathias Larserud for `` Bad Ape '' Nominated Dennis Yoo , Ludovic Chailloleau , Douglas McHale , Tim Forbes for `` Caesar '' Won Outstanding Created Environment in a Photoreal Feature Chris McLaughlin , Ryan Salcombe , Seungjin Woo , Francesco Dell'Anna for `` Hidden Fortress '' Nominated Phillip Leonhardt , Paul Harris , Jeremy Fort , Thomas Lo for `` Prison Camp '' Nominated Outstanding Effects Simulations in a Photoreal Feature David Caeiro Cebrian , Johnathan Nixon , Chet Leavai , Gary Boyle Won Outstanding Compositing in a Photoreal Feature Christoph Salzmann , Robin Hollander , Ben Morgan , Ben Warner Won British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Special Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Nominated Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Dialogue / ADR Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Supervising Dialogue Editor : R.J. Kizer ; Vocal Editors : Kim Foscato , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; ADR Editors : Laura Graham , and Jim Brookshire Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Effects / Foley Supervising Sound Editors : Douglas Murray , Will Files ; Sound Effects Editors : David Grimaldi , Jack Whittaker , Ken McGill , P.K. Hooker , Doug Jackson , Lindsay Alvarez ; Foley Editors : John Morris , Matthew Harrison , Thom Brennan , Willard Overstreet ; Foley Artists : Dan O'Connell , and John T. Cucci Nominated International Film Music Critics Association Awards February 22 , 2018 Score of the Year Michael Giacchino Nominated Best Original Score for a Fantasy / Science Fiction / Horror Film Michael Giacchino Won Film Music Composition of the Year `` End Credits '' from War for the Planet of the Apes by Michael Giacchino Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Visual Effects Daniel Barrett , Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , and Joel Whist Pending Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was reported that a fourth Planet of the Apes film was being discussed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Margaret Sutherlin ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Cast on Trump Parallels : ' It 's Unbelievable ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` WAR OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ( 12A ) '' . 20th Century Fox . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Conquer The Summertime Franchise Blues ? -- Advance B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official website '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film - BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ https://heavy.com/movies/2017/07/war-for-the-planet-of-apes-how-many-years-before-original-timeline-is-set-year/ ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Morrow , Brendan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Meet the Actors Behind the Ape Characters '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Luca Speaks ! '' . July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Direct ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 '' . Twitter.com . January 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ P. Sullivan , Kevin ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Current ' Planet Of The Apes ' Series Might Not Be Just A Trilogy '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Goldberg . `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Darren Franich ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes director reveals films that influenced the sequel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Germain Lussier ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Talks About New ' Apes ' Films Eventually Reaching the 1968 ' Planet of the Apes ' Story '' . Slashfilm . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Andy Serkis on Next ' Planet of the Apes ' : `` There 's Potential War '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Christopher McKittrick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : a `` Biblical Epic Western War Movie '' `` . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Scott ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Bruce Lee biopic begins filming in Vancouver next month '' . calgaryherald.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Filming Starts '' . SuperHeroHype . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Susan Gittins ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Big Budget : War for the Planet of the Apes With Motion - Captured Andy Serkis & Steve Zahn And Woody Harrelson Starts Filming Mid-Week in Metro Vancouver '' . yvrshoots.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Parts of Planet of the Apes sequel to be shot in Alberta in January '' . Calgary Herald . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis unsure about Tin Tin sequel '' . TV 3 . March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McKittrick , Christopher ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Matt Reeves & Dylan Clark '' . ThoughtCo.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Offers A Masterful Vision Of Humanity 's Many Forms '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' review : The trilogy 's epic conclusion holds nothing back '' . NPR . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Is n't the Apocalypse Now Remake It Wants to Be '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Says He 's Not Doing Brando in ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Official War For The Planet Of The Apes Set Photo Released '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Masterworks to Release ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Soundtrack '' . Filmmusicreporter.com . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pate , Rohan ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` WAR FOR THE PLANET OF THE APES Soundtrack Album Details Released '' . ComicBookMovie.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Fox Pushes ' Apes ' Sequel By A Year ; ' X-Men ' Spinoff , ' Assassin 's Creed ' Set For 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` First War For The Planet Of The Apes Footage ; Contest To Be An Ape In The Film Announced '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Logo Revealed ; Trailer Coming Sunday ? '' . Collider . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jayson , Jay . `` War For The Planet Of The Apes Announcement Coming During The Walking Dead '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved 21 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # WarForTheApesContest '' . 20th Century Fox . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Contest TV Commercial ( HD ) 20th Century FOX '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes Footage Coming to NYCC '' . Comingsoon.net. 30 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes DVD Release Date October 24 , 2017 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Will ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Top ' Spider - Man ' for # 1 at the Weekend Box Office ? '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelly . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Eyes $65 Million Domestic Opening in Early Box Office Tracking '' . Variety . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Fuster ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Do Battle With ' Spider - Man : Homecoming ' at Box Office '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood 's summer box - office lesson : ' The disconnect between critics and audiences is largely gone ' '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang , Seth Kelley ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Too Many Aging Franchises Wrecked the Summer Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' to Battle ' Spider - Man ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Loots $56.5 M In Box Office Spoils '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : The Apes unseat Spider - Man '' . Associated Press . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Seizes $50.5 M ; ' Girls Trip ' Is Malcolm D. Lee 's Highest Opening ; The Reasons Why ' Valerian ' Crashed '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk ' Marches Ahead Of ' Emoji Movie ' For Top Spot With $28 M + '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' Marshals $44.2 M In Bow ; ' Spider - Man ' Rises To $260 M Overseas '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graeme McMillan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2017 , 26 Jun . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Review '' . IGN . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Review : New ' Planet of the Apes ' Makes You Root Against Your Species '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' : Series Ends With Best ' Apes ' Movie Yet '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Review : Matt Reeves Concludes the Best Sci - Fi Trilogy Since the First ' Star Wars ' '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Trailer Awards ( 2017 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.goldentrailer.com/gta-18-nominees/ Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honorees - Hollywood Film Awards '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ lidplussdesign . `` HPA Online , Hollywood Professional Association '' . www.hollywoodprofessionalassociation.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film - HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WAFCA Award Winners - The Washington DC Area Film Critics Association ( WAFCA ) '' . www.wafca.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Francisco Film Critics Nominate Andy Serkis for Best Actor , go deep in for Shape of Water '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The San Francisco Film Critics Announce Nominations - Awards Daily '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Awards '' . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Clayton ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations - ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the Fray '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 By Seattle Film Critics Society - Seattle Film Critics Society `` . December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Surreal ' A Ghost Story ' is best movie of 2017 , says Utah Film Critics Association '' . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations -- LA Online Film Critics Society '' . laofcs.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Nominations '' . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Name ' The Shape Of Water ' Best Picture '' . Jump up ^ `` PFCS 2017 Award Winners '' . Phoenix Film Critics Society . Jump up ^ `` 2017 North Carolina Film Critics Association Awards - North Carolina Film Critics Association '' . ncfilmcritics.org . Jump up ^ `` Awards 2017 - COFCA '' . Jump up ^ `` Golden Tomato Awards - Best of 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` And the HFCS winner is : Lady Bird '' . www.movingpictureblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Film Critics Association Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . GeorgiaEntertainmentNews.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Sandra Gonzalez , . `` SAG Award nominations 2018 : The list '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 24th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . www.sagawards.org . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contemporary Film - Art Directors Guild Awards : ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Among Nominees '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 30 , 2017 . thewrap.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.mpse.org/outstanding-achievement-in-sound-editing---feature-motion-picture---dialogue-adr Jump up ^ http://www.mpse.org/outstanding-achievement-in-sound-editing---feature-motion-picture---effects-foley Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-nominations-2017/ Jump up ^ http://filmmusiccritics.org/2018/02/ifmca-award-winners-2017/ Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Analysis - Oscar nominations 2018 : ' The Shape of Water ' leads with 13 ; ' Get Out ' nominated for best picture '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 -- via www.WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website War for the Planet of the Apes on IMDb War for the Planet of the Apes at Rotten Tomatoes Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Matt Reeves The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Let Me In ( 2010 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_for_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=827797740 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American prison films American science fiction films American sequel films American Sign Language films Apocalyptic films Dystopian films Films scored by Michael Giacchino Films about revenge Films directed by Matt Reeves Films produced by Peter Chernin Films set in California Films set in forests Films set in the future Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Planet of the Apes films Science fiction adventure films Science fiction drama films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 20 : 07 . 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where did they film war for planet of the apes
[ "Principal photography on the film began on October 14, 2015 in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver, under the working title Hidden Fortress.[32][33] Filming was expected to take place there until early March 2016.[34] Parts of the film were expected to shoot for up to five days in the Kananaskis in late January and early February.[35] In March, Serkis confirmed that he had finished shooting his portions.[36]" ]
[ "in the Lower Mainland in Vancouver," ]
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Neil Patrick Harris
Neil Patrick Harris - wikipedia Neil Patrick Harris Jump to : navigation , search Neil Patrick Harris Harris in September 2014 ( 1973 - 06 - 15 ) June 15 , 1973 ( age 44 ) Albuquerque , New Mexico , U.S. Residence Harlem , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor writer producer comedian magician singer Years active 1988 -- present Spouse ( s ) David Burtka ( m . 2014 ) Children Neil Patrick Harris ( born June 15 , 1973 ) is an American actor , writer , producer , comedian , magician , and singer . He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles . On television , he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser , M.D. ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother ( 2005 -- 2014 , for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards ) , and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2017 -- ) . Harris is also known for his role as the title character in Joss Whedon 's musical Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog ( 2008 ) and a fictional version of himself in the Harold & Kumar film series ( 2004 -- 2011 ) . His other films include Starship Troopers ( 1997 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs ( 2011 ) , The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) , A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) . In 2014 , he starred in the title role in Hedwig and the Angry Inch on Broadway , for which he won the 2014 Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards in 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2013 , for which he won several special class Emmy Awards . He also hosted the Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 and 2013 , and hosted the 87th Academy Awards in 2015 , thus making him the first openly gay man to host the Academy Awards . Harris was named one of Time magazine 's 100 Most Influential People in 2010 . He is married to David Burtka . In 2010 , they had twins using surrogacy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Film 2.2 Stage 2.3 Television 2.4 Magic 2.5 Other media 3 Personal life 4 Philanthropy 5 Discography 5.1 Cast recordings 5.2 Singles 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Theater 6.4 Web 6.5 Video games 7 Bibliography 8 Audiobooks 9 Awards and nominations 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Early life Neil Patrick Harris interviewed by Emily Expo at the Calgary Expo 2015 Harris was born in Albuquerque , New Mexico and grew up Ruidoso , New Mexico , with his elder brother and their parents , Sheila Gail ( née Scott ; born 1946 ) and Ronald Gene Harris ( born 1946 ) . His parents were lawyers and also ran a restaurant . He attended La Cueva High School in Albuquerque , graduating with high honors in 1991 . Career Harris at the 2008 Comic Con in San Diego , California Film Harris began his career as a child actor and was discovered by playwright Mark Medoff at a drama camp in Las Cruces , New Mexico . Medoff later cast him in the 1988 drama film Clara 's Heart , starring Whoopi Goldberg and based on the novel of the same name by Joseph Olshan . Clara 's Heart earned Harris a Golden Globe nomination . The same year , he starred in Purple People Eater , a children 's fantasy . Harris ' first film role as an adult was 1995 's Animal Room , although he portrayed a teenager . His subsequent film work has included supporting roles in The Next Best Thing , Undercover Brother , and Starship Troopers . Harris plays a fictionalized , hyper - womanising , lewd version of himself , in many ways a polar - opposite to his actual self , in the Harold and Kumar stoner comedy films Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle , Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay , and A Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas . In 2010 , Harris provided voice acting for the role of the adult Dick Grayson ( Nightwing ) in the animated film Batman : Under the Red Hood and the beagle Lou in the film Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore . The same year , he played the lead in the indie comedy The Best and the Brightest . On March 7 , 2010 , he made a surprise appearance at the 82nd Academy Awards , delivering the opening musical number . He starred in the films The Smurfs ( 2011 ) and The Smurfs 2 ( 2013 ) . In 2014 , Harris showed a more serious side in Gone Girl , directed by David Fincher . Harris co-starred in the film as Desi Collings , the wealthy and obsessed ex-boyfriend of Amy Dunne , played by Rosamund Pike . Harris has said : `` I was pinching myself at the opportunity '' to work with Fincher , he received general praise from critics for his performance , as did the film . On February 22 , 2015 , Harris hosted the 87th Academy Awards ; it was his first time hosting the ceremony , and the first time an openly gay man hosted the Academy Awards . Stage Harris has worked on Broadway in both musical and dramatic roles . He played Tobias Ragg in the 2001 concert performances of Sweeney Todd . In 2002 , he performed beside Anne Heche in Proof . In 2003 , he took the role of the Emcee in Cabaret alongside Deborah Gibson and Tom Bosley . As a result of his critically acclaimed performance in Cabaret , Harris was named the top - drawing headliner in the role of the Emcee by GuestStarCasting.com , outranking fellow celebrity stars John Stamos and Alan Cumming . In 2004 , he performed the dual role of the Balladeer and Lee Harvey Oswald on Broadway in the musical revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Assassins . He also sang the role of Charles ( first played by Anthony Perkins ) on the Nonesuch recording of Sondheim 's Evening Primrose and portrayed Mark Cohen in the 1997 touring company of the musical Rent , a role he satirized on the January 10 , 2009 , episode of Saturday Night Live , which he hosted . In 2010 , Harris directed a production of the rock musical Rent at the Hollywood Bowl ; he cast his Beastly co-star Vanessa Hudgens as Mimi . In 2011 , Harris played the lead role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheim 's Company with the New York Philharmonic in concert , opposite Patti LuPone and others . The same year , he directed The Expert at the Card Table at Broad Stage 's Edye in Santa Monica , California . Harris has hosted the Tony Awards four times : the 63rd Tony Awards on June 7 , 2009 , 65th Tony Awards on June 12 , 2011 , the 66th Tony Awards on June 10 , 2012 , and the 67th Tony Awards on June 9 , 2013 . Only Dame Angela Lansbury , with five ceremonies , has hosted the Tony Awards more times . Hosting the Tony Awards has earned him three Emmy Awards ; in 2010 , 2012 , and 2013 for the 63rd , 65th , and 66th respectively . A week after hosting the Tonys , it was announced that Harris would portray the titular role in the first Broadway production of the rock musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch , which he did from March through August 2014 . Harris went on to win the 2014 Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical . Television Beginning in 1989 , Harris played the title role of a child prodigy doctor in Doogie Howser , M.D. , for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe . After the show 's four - season run ended in 1993 , Harris played a number of guest roles on television series , including Murder She Wrote . From 1999 to 2000 , he starred with Tony Shalhoub in the NBC sitcom Stark Raving Mad , which lasted 22 episodes . He has played lead roles in a number of made - for - television features including Snowbound : The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story in 1994 , My Ántonia in 1995 , The Christmas Wish in 1998 , Joan of Arc in 1999 , The Wedding Dress in 2001 , and The Christmas Blessing in 2005 . From 2005 to 2014 , Harris played Barney Stinson , a serial womanizer , in the CBS ensemble sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The role earned him Emmy nominations every year from 2007 to 2010 . In 2008 , Harris guest - starred on Sesame Street as the Sesame Street Fairy Shoe Person . In 2009 , he hosted the 7th Annual TV Land Awards and appeared as a guest judge on Season 9 of American Idol . Harris hosted the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards on September 20 , 2009 . On August 21 , 2010 , he won two Emmy Awards at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards ceremony , one of which was for his guest performance in the television series Glee . Harris hosted the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards on September 22 , 2013 , marking his second time hosting the event . After a preview at the San Diego Comic - Con , a musical episode of Batman : The Brave and the Bold featuring Harris as the villainous Music Meister premiered on October 23 , 2009 , on Cartoon Network . As a character who could make anyone do his bidding by singing , he spent most of the episode singing several original songs . In 2010 , Harris filmed a pilot episode for an American adaptation of the British game show The Cube as host , though it was not picked up to series . In 2014 , Harris turned down the chance to replace David Letterman as host of the Late Show on CBS , stating that he feared he would get bored of the repetition that hosting a nightly talk show would entail . He also rejected the suggestion of replacing Craig Ferguson as host of The Late Late Show on the same grounds . On September 15 , 2015 , Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris , a live variety series hosted by Harris on NBC , made its debut but was cancelled after an eight - episode run . On January 15 , 2016 , Netflix cast Harris in the television adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events , in which he stars as Count Olaf , the main antagonist . On March 31 , 2017 , NBC picked up Harris ' game show titled Genius Junior , the format will test the smarts of the most brilliant children in the country . Harris will serve as host and executive producer . The series received a 10 - episode order and will debut sometime in the 2017 -- 2018 season . Magic Harris is a fan of magic , like his character on How I Met Your Mother . His character in American Horror Story : Freak Show was also a magician . Harris ' Glee character performed magic as well . He previously served as the President of the Board of Directors of Hollywood 's Magic Castle . Harris won the Tannen 's Magic Louis Award in 2006 and hosted the 2008 World Magic Awards on October 11 , 2008 . Additionally , Harris and partner David Burtka were guests of honor for a Top Chef Masters episode which took place at the Magic Castle . Other media In 2007 , Harris worked with Mike Nelson on an audio commentary for RiffTrax . The two `` riffed '' on the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Harris is a big fan of the cult TV series Nelson worked on , Mystery Science Theater 3000 . Harris was interviewed for a 1992 Comedy Central special This Is MST3K hosted by Penn Jillette about the series and its fans . In 2008 , Harris played the title role in Joss Whedon 's musical web series Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog alongside Nathan Fillion and Felicia Day . The first episode of the series debuted on July 15 , 2008 . He has also provided his voice for the Disney California Adventure Park attraction California Screamin ' . On December 11 , 2010 , Harris hosted the Spike Video Game Awards . In October 2014 , Harris released a memoir titled Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography , which is structured like a Choose Your Own Adventure book . His autobiography spent two weeks on The New York Times Best Seller List . His debut young adult novel , The Magic Misfits , was released in November 2017 and is the first in a four - book series of the same name . Personal life Harris with his husband David Burtka at his ceremony to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on September 15 , 2011 Harris confirmed that he is gay on November 4 , 2006 , by saying , `` I am happy to dispel any rumors or misconceptions and am quite proud to say that I am a very content gay man living my life to the fullest and feel most fortunate to be working with wonderful people in the business I love . '' Harris attended the Emmy Awards in September 2007 with his fiancé David Burtka , later confirming the relationship . In an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Harris said his relationship with Burtka began in 2004 . On August 14 , 2010 , Harris announced that he and Burtka were expecting twins via a surrogate mother . Their son , Gideon Scott , and daughter , Harper Grace , were born in October 2010 . Following the passage of the Marriage Equality Act in New York on June 24 , 2011 , Harris and Burtka announced their engagement via Twitter , stating that they had proposed to each other five years earlier but kept the engagement secret until same - sex marriage became legal . On September 8 , 2014 , Harris announced on his Twitter page that David Burtka and he were married over the weekend in Italy . Pamela Fryman , the long - time director of How I Met Your Mother , officiated the wedding while Elton John performed at the reception . Harris lives in New York City in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem . Philanthropy Alongside his acting career , Harris has supported and contributed to various charities , organization , and foundations . These include : AIDS Healthcare Foundation Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation American Cancer Society organization Broadway Cares / Equity Fights AIDS organization Children International organization Clothes Off Our Back Foundation Elton John AIDS Foundation Entertainment Industry Foundation Feeding America organization First Book organization Food on Foot charity Global Green organization Hope North organization International Myeloma Foundation LeBron James Family Foundation Live Out Loud organization Los Angeles Mission organization Motion Picture and Television Fund Foundation Noreen Fraser Foundation Project Angel Food organization Real Medicine Foundation Stand Up To Cancer organization Susan G. Komen for the Cure organization The Trevor Project organization . In October 2014 , Harris attended a dinner for the Elton John AIDS Foundation and in September 2016 , he and his husband were the honorary hosts of a culinary cookout to help raise money for the Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation . Discography Cast recordings Year Album title Notes 2001 Evening Primrose Studio Cast Assassins Revival Cast Recording 2006 Wall to Wall : Stephen Sondheim Concert Cast 2008 Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Original Cast Recording 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold -- Mayhem of the Music Meister Original Cast Recording 2014 Hedwig and the Angry Inch Original Broadway Cast Recording Singles Year Single Peak chart positions Sales Album AUS CAN IRE UK US `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' 113 76 -- 50 -- -- How I Met Your Mother season 5 `` Dream On '' ( featuring Matthew Morrison ) 91 24 44 47 26 84,000 ( US ) Glee : The Music , Volume 3 Showstoppers Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1988 Clara 's Heart David Hart 1988 Purple People Eater Billy Johnson 1995 Animal Room Arnold Mosk 1997 Starship Troopers Carl Jenkins 1998 The Proposition Roger Martin 2000 Next Best Thing , The The Next Best Thing David 2002 The Mesmerist Benjamin 2002 Undercover Brother Lance Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle Neil Patrick Harris 2008 Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Neil Patrick Harris 2008 Beyond All Boundaries 1st Lt. David Hettema ( voice ) Documentary 2008 Justice League : The New Frontier Barry Allen / The Flash ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2009 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs Steve ( voice ) Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore Lou the Beagle ( voice ) The Best and the Brightest Jeff Batman : Under the Red Hood Dick Grayson / Nightwing ( voice ) Direct - to - DVD 2011 Beastly Will Fratalli 2011 Smurfs , The The Smurfs Patrick Winslow 2011 Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas , AA Very Harold & Kumar 3D Christmas Neil Patrick Harris 2011 The Muppets Himself Cameo 2012 American Reunion Celebrity Dance - Off Host Cameo 2013 The Smurfs 2 Patrick Winslow 2013 Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2 Steve the Monkey ( voice ) 2014 A Million Ways to Die in the West Foy 2014 Gone Girl Desi Collings 2017 Downsizing Jeff Lonowski Television Year Title Role Notes 1988 Too Good to Be True Danny Harland Television film 1989 Hallmark Hall of Fame Lonnie Tibbetts Episode : `` Home Fires Burning '' 1989 B.L. Stryker Buder Campbell Episode : `` Blues for Buder '' 1989 Cold Sassy Tree Will Tweedy / Narrator Television film 1989 Home Fires Burning Lonnie Tibbits Television film 1989 ! 1989 -- 1993 Doogie Howser , M.D. Douglas `` Doogie '' Howser 97 episodes 1990 The Earth Day Special Doogie Howser Television film 1991 Stranger in the Family Steve Thompson Television film 1991 Blossom The `` Charming '' Derek Slade Episode : `` Blossom -- A Rockumentary '' 1991 Simpsons , The The Simpsons Himself as Bart Simpson ( voice ) Episode : `` Bart the Murderer '' 1992 Roseanne Dr. Doogie Howser Episode : `` Less Is More '' 1992 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Todd Andrews ( voice ) Episode : `` A Formula for Hate '' 1992 Capitol Critters Max ( voice ) 13 episodes 1993 Quantum Leap Mike Hammond Episode : `` Return of the Evil Leaper -- October 8 , 1956 '' 1993 Murder , She Wrote Tommy Remsen Episode : `` Lone Witness '' 1993 Family Torn Apart , AA Family Torn Apart Brian Hannigan Television film Snowbound : The Jim and Jennifer Stolpa Story Jim Stolpa Television film 1995 The Man in the Attic Edward Broder Television film 1995 Not Our Son Paul Kenneth Keller Television film 1995 My Antonia Jimmy Burden Television film 1995 Legacy of Sin : The William Coit Story William Coit Television film Outer Limits , The The Outer Limits Howie Morrison Episode : `` From Within '' 1997 Homicide : Life on the Street Alan Schack Episode : `` Valentine 's Day '' 1998 The Christmas Wish Will Martin Television film 1999 Joan of Arc The Dauphin 2 episodes 1999 ! 1999 -- 2000 Stark Raving Mad Henry McNeeley 22 episodes 2000 Will & Grace Bill Episode : `` Girls , Interrupted '' 2001 Static Shock Johnny Morrow / Replay ( voice ) Episode : `` Replay '' 2001 Son of the Beach Loverboy Episode : `` Queefer Madness '' 2001 Legend of Tarzan , The The Legend of Tarzan Moyo ( voice ) Episode : `` Tarzan and the Challenger '' 2001 Ed Joe Baxter Episode : `` Replacements '' 2001 The Wedding Dress Travis Cleveland Television film 2002 Touched by an Angel Jonas Episode : `` The Princeless Bride '' 2002 Justice League Ray Thompson ( voice ) 2 episodes 2003 Boomtown Peter Corman Episode : `` Monster 's Brawl '' 2003 Spider - Man : The New Animated Series Peter Parker / Spider - Man ( voice ) 13 episodes Law & Order : Criminal Intent John Tagman Episode : `` Want '' 2005 Numb3rs Ethan Burdick Episode : `` Prime Suspect '' 2005 Jack & Bobby Prof. Preston Phelps Episode : `` Querida Grace '' 2005 Christmas Blessing , The The Christmas Blessing Nathan Andrews Television film 2005 ! 2005 -- 2014 How I Met Your Mother Barney Stinson 208 episodes ; directed episode : `` Jenkins '' 2006 Me , Eloise ( voice ) Episode : `` Eloise Goes to School '' 2007 ! 2007 -- 2009 Family Guy Barney Stinson ( voice ) 2 episodes 2008 Sesame Street The Fairy Shoeperson Episode : `` Telly 's New Shoes '' 2009 Saturday Night Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` Neil Patrick Harris / Taylor Swift '' 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold The Music Meister ( voice ) Episode : `` Mayhem of the Music Meister ! '' 2009 Carrie Underwood : An All - Star Holiday Special Ace ( voice ) Television film 2009 -- 2012 Robot Chicken Various roles ( voice ) 3 episodes 2009 7th Annual TV Land Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 63rd Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 61st Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2009 Yes , Virginia Dr. Philip O'Hanlon ( voice ) Television special Glee Bryan Ryan Episode : `` Dream On '' 2010 ! 2010 -- 2015 Penguins of Madagascar , The The Penguins of Madagascar Dr. Blowhole ( voice ) 3 episodes 2010 Spike Video Game Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2011 Take Two with Phineas and Ferb Himself 2 episodes 2011 Brain Games Narrator ( voice ) 3 episodes 2011 ! 2011 -- 2013 Adventure Time Prince Gumball ( voice ) 2 episodes 2011 65th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2012 66th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 67th Tony Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 65th Primetime Emmy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2013 Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Himself ( host ) Television special 2014 Under the Gunn Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Finale '' 2014 RuPaul 's Drag Race Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Drag My Wedding '' 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Chester Creb 2 episodes 2015 87th Academy Awards Himself ( host ) Television special 2015 Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway Himself ( guest announcer ) Episode : `` 12.5 '' 2015 America 's Got Talent Himself ( guest judge ) Episode : `` Judge Cuts 1 '' 2015 Best Time Ever with Neil Patrick Harris Himself ( host ) 8 episodes ; also writer and executive producer 2017 -- present A Series of Unfortunate Events Count Olaf Also producer 2017 Mystery Science Theater 3000 Neville LaRoy Episode : `` Avalanche '' 2017 Jimmy Kimmel Live Himself ( host ) Episode : `` December 6 , 2017 '' 2018 Genius Junior Himself ( host ) Also executive producer Theater Year Title Role Notes 1997 Rent Mark Cohen National Tour 1998 Romeo and Juliet Romeo Montague Old Globe Theatre 2001 Sweeney Todd Tobias Ragg San Francisco Symphony Orchestra concert version 2002 Proof Hal Manhattan Theatre Club 2003 Cabaret Emcee Stephen Sondheim Theatre Paris Letter , The The Paris Letter Young Anton / Burt Sarris Roundabout Theatre Assassins Lee Harvey Oswald / The Balladeer Roundabout Theatre 2005 Tick , Tick ... BOOM ! Jon Menier Chocolate Factory 2006 All My Sons Chris Keller Geffen Playhouse 2006 Amadeus Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Hollywood Bowl Rent N / A Directed Hollywood Bowl 2011 Company Robert New York Philharmonic Concert Version 2011 A Snow White Christmas The Magic Mirror El Portal Theater 2014 Nothing to Hide N / A Director Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre 2014 Hedwig and the Angry Inch Hedwig Belasco Theatre Web Year Title Role Notes 2008 Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Dr. Horrible / Billy 3 episodes 2008 Prop 8 : The Musical A Very Smart Fellow Short film 2012 Neil 's Puppet Dreams Neil Patrick Harris 7 episodes ; also co-creator , writer and executive producer Video games Year Title Role 2008 Saints Row 2 Veteran Child ( voice ) 2009 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard Wallace `` Wally '' Wellesley ( voice ) Rock of the Dead Unnamed character ( voice ) Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Peter Parker / Spider - Man ( voice ) 2013 Saints Row IV Veteran Child ( voice ) Bibliography Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2014 ) . Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography . Crown Archetype . ISBN 978 - 0385346993 . Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2017 ) . The Magic Misfits . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . ISBN 978 - 0316391825 . Audiobooks 2014 : Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography ( read by the author ) , Random House Audio , ISBN 9780385367943 Awards and nominations Year Award Title Result 1989 Young Artist Award Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film Clara 's Heart Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role -- Motion Picture Nominated 1990 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Doogie Howser , M.D. Won People 's Choice Award Favorite Male Performer in a New TV Series Won Favorite Male TV Performer Nominated Viewers for Quality Television Award Best Actor in a Quality Comedy Series Nominated 1991 Young Artist Award Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Won 1992 Won Golden Globe Award Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated 2007 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy How I Met Your Mother Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2008 People 's Choice Award Favorite Scene Stealing Star Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated 2009 Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated TCA Award Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Streamy Award Best Male Actor in a Comedy Web Series Dr. Horrible 's Sing - Along Blog Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Glee Won Outstanding Special Class Program 63rd Tony Awards Won Spike Video Game Award Best Performance by a Human Male Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2011 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor Won Favorite TV Guest Star Glee Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series How I Met Your Mother Won Satellite Award Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2012 People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor Won TV Guide Award Favorite Actor Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Comedy Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program 65th Tony Awards Won 2013 66th Tony Awards Won Webby Award Best Comedy : Long Form or Series Neil 's Puppet Dreams Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Comedy Actor How I Met Your Mother Nominated 2014 Nominated Favorite TV Bromance Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award Favorite Movie Actor The Smurfs 2 Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch Won Drama League Award Distinguished Performance Won Outer Critics Circle Award Outstanding Actor in a Musical Nominated Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Special Disney Parks Christmas Day Parade Nominated Hasty Pudding Theatricals Hasty Pudding Man of the Year Won Tony Award Best Actor in a Musical Hedwig and the Angry Inch Won Dorian Award TV Musical Performance of the Year 67th Tony Awards Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program Won 2015 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Award Best Depiction of Nudity , Sexuality , or Seduction Gone Girl Nominated Grammy Award Best Musical Theater Album Hedwig and the Angry Inch Nominated Saturn Award Best Guest Performance in a Television Series American Horror Story : Freak Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Special Class Program 87th Academy Awards Nominated 2017 Saturn Award Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated 2018 Satellite Award Best Actor -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Nominated See also LGBT culture in New York City References ^ Jump up to : `` Neil Patrick Harris profile '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mark Kennedy , AP Drama Writer ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris once again proves a Tony Awards host with ' fantastic instincts ' '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff . `` Neil Patrick Harris wows as Oscars host '' . Mobi.iafrica.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The 2010 Time 100 '' . Time . Retrieved October 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris : Choose Your Own Autobiography by Neil Patrick Harris - Excerpt '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( September 13 , 2009 ) . `` Host Neil Patrick Harris gives Emmys a bit of awesomeness '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alpha Chi Omega '' Greek Life , uagreeks.uark.edu ; accessed November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Neil Patrick Harris Met Himself '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Finding Your Roots , February 23 , 2016 , PBS Jump up ^ Belcher , David ( April 18 , 2004 ) . `` Killer parts : Albuquerque 's Neil Patrick Harris is back on Broadway with two roles in controversial ' Assassins ' '' , Albuquerque Journal . pg . F1 . Jump up ^ `` Anytime with Bob Kushell feat . Neil Patrick Harris '' . Anytime with Bob Kushell . Season 1 . Episode 3 . January 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Lands Two Film Roles '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on Gone Girl : ' I was pinching myself ' '' . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , Tim ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Host the Oscars '' . Variety . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Preston Scott Reed ( September 2 , 2005 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris and John Stamos Lead Emcee Rankings '' . Dime - Co . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wada , Karen ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Vanessa Hudgens to star in Rent at the Hollywood Bowl this summer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rialto Chatter : Patti LuPone to Join Neil Patrick Harris in NY Philharmonic 's Company in April ? '' . January 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Charles ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Theater review : The Expert at the Card Table at the Broad Stage 's Edye '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Lands Hopping to Emmys '' . Variety . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Returning As Tony Awards Host '' . NY1 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keveney , Bill ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris is happy to host the Emmys '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in ' Hedwig and the Angry Inch ' on Broadway '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . June 17 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` Hedwig and the Angry Inch - IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( June 8 , 2014 ) . `` Tonys : Neil Patrick Harris Wins Best Lead Actor in a Musical '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Michael ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` TCA Weekend Update : Neil Patrick Harris , `` The Starter Wife '' and more ! `` . Retrieved November 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sesame Street Enters 39th Season '' . Sesame Workshop . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graham , Mark ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` NPH Sweeps The Clouds Away As The Shoe Fairy On Sesame Street '' . Defamer . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Denise ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris signs on to guest judge American Idol '' . Los Angeles Times blogs . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dream On '' . Glee . Series 1 . Episode 19 . May 18 , 2010 . Fox . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 65th Primetime Emmy Awards ( 2013 ) '' . Archive of American Television . Jump up ^ `` Emmys : Neil Patrick Harris Explains In Memoriam Changes '' . Access Hollywood . September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris is on Batman tonight ( and he sings ! ) '' . TV Squad . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Adalian , Josef ( 28 January 2010 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Steps Into ' The Cube ' for CBS '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris turned down ' Late Show ' job , fearing boredom '' . Today Show . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Time Ever With Neil Patrick Harris : Cancelled by NBC ; No Season Two '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Borys Kit , Lesley Goldberg ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kate Stanhope , Lesley Goldberg ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Greenlights ' Genius Junior ' Game Show Hosted by Neil Patrick Harris '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Academy of Magical Arts Board of Directors and Board of Trustees '' . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RiffTrax . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Joss Whedon Interview : The Web Has Been Wonderful For `` Horrible '' `` . Tubefilter . July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hey , That Sounds Like Neil Patrick Harris '' . Disney Parks blogsite . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris To Host Spike TV 's 2010 `` Video Game Awards '' `` . Spike Press Center . December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - November 9 , 2014 - The New York Times '' . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shoffel , Jessica ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) . `` Litlle , Brown Books for Young Readers to Publish Neil Patrick Harris 's Debut Middle Grade Series -- The Magic Misfits '' ( PDF ) . www.hachettebookgroup.com . Little , Brown and Company . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Harris , Neil Patrick ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) . The Magic Misfits . S.l. : Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . ISBN 9780316391825 . Jump up ^ Roberts , M.B. `` Neil Patrick Harris Talks Practical Magic for Kids , Holiday Traditions and More '' . Parade.com . AMG / Parade . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Neil Patrick Harris Tells PEOPLE He Is Gay '' . People . November 3 , 2006 . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Katherine ( September 13 , 2007 ) . `` Watch : Neil Patrick Harris Tells Ellen About Going To The Emmys Since Coming Out '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Neil Patrick Harris ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` So , get this : David and I are expecting twins this fall . We 're super excited / ‌nervous / ‌thrilled . Hoping the press can respect our privacy ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Hartenstein , Meena ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to be dad to twins with fiancé David Burtka , actor announces on Twitter '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Neil Patrick Harris ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Babies ! ! On 10 / 12 , Gideon Scott and Harper Grace entered the Burtka - Harris fold . All of us are happy , healthy , tired , and a little pukey '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Welcomes ' Happy , Healthy ' Twins '' . People . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 25 , 2011 ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` David and I did propose to each other , but over five years ago ! We 've been wearing engagement rings for ages , waiting for an available date '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris announces secret engagement '' . Digital Spy . June 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ September 8 , 2014 ( @ ActuallyNPH ) ( March 4 , 2012 ) . `` Guess what ? @ DavidBurtka and I got married over the weekend . In Italy . Yup , we put the ' n ' and ' d ' in ' husband '. pic.twitter.com/R09ibF41rt '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` They 're married ! Neil Patrick Harris weds partner of 10 years David Burtka during intimate ceremony in Italy '' . Dailymail . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris dishes about his wedding day '' . CBS News . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . People . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Elizabeth ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . People . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spero , Jesse ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris & David Burtka Wed In Italy '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bueno , Antoinette ( September 8 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Marries David Burtka '' . ET Online . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Gould Keil . `` Neil Patrick Harris and fiancé purchase stunning Fifth Ave . townhouse '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charities & foundations supported '' . Look to the Stars . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , They Plan Some Halloween Fun '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris Hosts a Charity Picnic in L.A. '' People Magazine . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` ' Glee ' Stops the Show at No. 1 , Stones Come in Second On Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Batman DVD to peek out from ' Under the Red Hood ' '' . Latimes . February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ A Matter of Time : The Unauthorized Back to the Future Lexicon Page 125 Jump up ^ Champion , Lindsay . `` Magic Extravaganza Nothing to Hide Headed Off - Broadway , Directed by Neil Patrick Harris '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saints Row '' . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Neil Patrick Harris . Neil Patrick Harris on IMDb Neil Patrick Harris at the Internet Broadway Database Neil Patrick Harris at Internet Off - Broadway Database Neil Patrick Harris on Twitter Neil Patrick Harris at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) 2011 interview with The Sondheim Review ( show ) Media offices Preceded by Ellen DeGeneres Host of Academy Awards 2015 Succeeded by Chris Rock Preceded by Whoopi Goldberg Host of Tonys 2009 Succeeded by Sean Hayes Preceded by Sean Hayes Host of Tonys 2011 , 2012 , 2013 Succeeded by Hugh Jackman Preceded by Vanessa L. Williams Host of TV Land Awards 2009 Succeeded by Tim Allen No single host Host of Spike Video Game Awards Succeeded by Zachary Levi Preceded by Rino Romano Voice or portrayal of Spider - Man 2003 Succeeded by Josh Keaton Awards for Neil Patrick Harris Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Neil Patrick Harris ( 2011 ) Ty Burrell ( 2012 ) Simon Helberg ( 2013 ) Andre Braugher ( 2014 ) T.J. Miller ( 2015 ) Andre Braugher ( 2016 ) Louie Anderson ( 2016 ) Walton Goggins ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Musical John Cullum ( 1975 ) Ian Richardson ( 1976 ) Lenny Baker ( 1977 ) Ken Page ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) Ron Richardson ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines / Nathan Lane ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Vernel Bagneris ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) Robert Cuccioli ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Brent Carver ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Antonio Banderas / Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) Raúl Esparza ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) Brian d'Arcy James ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Danny Burstein ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris / Jefferson Mays ( 2014 ) Robert Fairchild ( 2015 ) Danny Burstein ( 2016 ) Andy Karl ( 2017 ) Drama League 's Distinguished Performance Award Katharine Cornell ( 1935 ) Helen Hayes ( 1936 ) Maurice Evans ( 1937 ) Cedric Hardwicke ( 1938 ) Raymond Massey ( 1939 ) Paul Muni ( 1940 ) Paul Lukas ( 1941 ) Judith Evelyn ( 1942 ) Alfred Lunt ( 1943 ) Lynn Fontanne ( 1944 ) Mady Christians ( 1945 ) Louis Calhern ( 1946 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1947 ) Judith Anderson ( 1948 ) Robert Morley ( 1949 ) Grace George ( 1950 ) Claude Rains ( 1951 ) Julie Harris ( 1952 ) Shirley Booth ( 1953 ) Josephine Hull ( 1954 ) Viveca Lindfors ( 1955 ) David Wayne ( 1956 ) Eli Wallach ( 1957 ) Ralph Bellamy ( 1958 ) Cyril Ritchard ( 1959 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1960 ) Hume Cronyn ( 1961 ) Paul Scofield ( 1962 ) Charles Boyer ( 1963 ) Alec Guinness ( 1964 ) John Gielgud ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Rosemary Harris ( 1967 ) Zoe Caldwell ( 1968 ) Alec McCowen ( 1969 ) James Stewart ( 1970 ) Anthony Quayle ( 1971 ) Eileen Atkins / Claire Bloom ( 1972 ) Alan Bates ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Wood ( 1975 ) Eva Le Gallienne ( 1976 ) Tom Courtenay ( 1977 ) Frank Langella ( 1978 ) Frances Sternhagen ( 1979 ) Roy Scheider ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Milo O'Shea ( 1982 ) Edward Herrmann / Kate Nelligan ( 1983 ) Jeremy Irons ( 1984 ) Derek Jacobi ( 1985 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) John Lithgow ( 1988 ) Pauline Collins ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Stockard Channing ( 1991 ) Glenn Close ( 1992 ) Stephen Rea ( 1993 ) Sam Waterston ( 1994 ) Cherry Jones ( 1995 ) Uta Hagen ( 1996 ) Charles Durning / Bebe Neuwirth ( 1997 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 1998 ) Kathleen Chalfant ( 1999 ) Eileen Heckart ( 2000 ) Mary - Louise Parker / Gary Sinise ( 2001 ) Liam Neeson ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) Christine Ebersole ( 2006 ) Liev Schreiber ( 2007 ) Patti LuPone ( 2008 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2009 ) Alfred Molina ( 2010 ) Mark Rylance ( 2011 ) Audra McDonald ( 2012 ) Nathan Lane ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chita Rivera ( 2015 ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series Roscoe Lee Browne ( 1986 ) John Cleese ( 1987 ) Cleavon Little ( 1989 ) Jay Thomas ( 1990 ) Jay Thomas ( 1991 ) No Award ( 1992 ) David Clennon ( 1993 ) Martin Sheen ( 1994 ) Carl Reiner ( 1995 ) Tim Conway ( 1996 ) Mel Brooks ( 1997 ) Mel Brooks ( 1998 ) Mel Brooks ( 1999 ) Bruce Willis ( 2000 ) Derek Jacobi ( 2001 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 2002 ) Gene Wilder ( 2003 ) John Turturro ( 2004 ) Bobby Cannavale ( 2005 ) Leslie Jordan ( 2006 ) Stanley Tucci ( 2007 ) Tim Conway ( 2008 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2009 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2010 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2011 ) Jimmy Fallon ( 2012 ) Bob Newhart ( 2013 ) Jimmy Fallon ( 2014 ) Bradley Whitford ( 2015 ) Peter Scolari ( 2016 ) Dave Chappelle ( 2017 ) Hasty Pudding Men of the Year Bob Hope ( 1967 ) Paul Newman ( 1968 ) Bill Cosby ( 1969 ) Robert Redford ( 1970 ) James Stewart ( 1971 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1972 ) Jack Lemmon ( 1973 ) Peter Falk ( 1974 ) Warren Beatty ( 1975 ) Robert Blake ( 1976 ) Johnny Carson ( 1977 ) Richard Dreyfuss ( 1978 ) Robert De Niro ( 1979 ) Alan Alda ( 1980 ) John Travolta ( 1981 ) James Cagney ( 1982 ) Steven Spielberg ( 1983 ) Sean Connery ( 1984 ) Bill Murray ( 1985 ) Sylvester Stallone ( 1986 ) Mikhail Baryshnikov ( 1987 ) Steve Martin ( 1988 ) Robin Williams ( 1989 ) Kevin Costner ( 1990 ) Clint Eastwood ( 1991 ) Michael Douglas ( 1992 ) Chevy Chase ( 1993 ) Tom Cruise ( 1994 ) Tom Hanks ( 1995 ) Harrison Ford ( 1996 ) Mel Gibson ( 1997 ) Kevin Kline ( 1998 ) Samuel L. Jackson ( 1999 ) Billy Crystal ( 2000 ) Anthony Hopkins ( 2001 ) Bruce Willis ( 2002 ) Martin Scorsese ( 2003 ) Robert Downey Jr. ( 2004 ) Tim Robbins ( 2005 ) Richard Gere ( 2006 ) Ben Stiller ( 2007 ) Christopher Walken ( 2008 ) James Franco ( 2009 ) Justin Timberlake ( 2010 ) Jay Leno ( 2011 ) Jason Segel ( 2012 ) Kiefer Sutherland ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Chris Pratt ( 2015 ) Joseph Gordon - Levitt ( 2016 ) Ryan Reynolds ( 2017 ) Paul Rudd ( 2018 ) Streamy Awards Winners for Best Acting Performance Comedy Felicia Day / Neil Patrick Harris ( 2009 ) Felicia Day / Zach Galifianakis ( 2010 ) Hannah Hart / Ken Marino ( 2013 ) Mamrie Hart / David Milchard ( 2014 ) Mamrie Hart ( 2017 ) Drama Rosario Dawson / Alessandro Juliani ( 2009 ) Rachael Hip - Flores / Mark Gantt ( 2010 ) Missy Peregrym / Xander Berkeley ( 2013 ) Ashley Clements / Joey Graceffa ( 2014 ) DeStorm Power ( 2017 ) General Colleen Ballinger / James Van Der Beek ( 2015 ) Jenn McAllister / Chris Kendall ( 2016 ) Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical 1948 -- 1975 Paul Hartman ( 1948 ) Ray Bolger ( 1949 ) Ezio Pinza ( 1950 ) Robert Alda ( 1951 ) Phil Silvers ( 1952 ) Thomas Mitchell ( 1953 ) Alfred Drake ( 1954 ) Walter Slezak ( 1955 ) Ray Walston ( 1956 ) Rex Harrison ( 1957 ) Robert Preston ( 1958 ) Richard Kiley ( 1959 ) Jackie Gleason ( 1960 ) Richard Burton ( 1961 ) Robert Morse ( 1962 ) Zero Mostel ( 1963 ) Bert Lahr ( 1964 ) Zero Mostel ( 1965 ) Richard Kiley ( 1966 ) Robert Preston ( 1967 ) Robert Goulet ( 1968 ) Jerry Orbach ( 1969 ) Cleavon Little ( 1970 ) Hal Linden ( 1971 ) Phil Silvers ( 1972 ) Ben Vereen ( 1973 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1974 ) John Cullum ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 George Rose ( 1976 ) Barry Bostwick ( 1977 ) John Cullum ( 1978 ) Len Cariou ( 1979 ) Jim Dale ( 1980 ) Kevin Kline ( 1981 ) Ben Harney ( 1982 ) Tommy Tune ( 1983 ) George Hearn ( 1984 ) No award ( 1985 ) George Rose ( 1986 ) Robert Lindsay ( 1987 ) Michael Crawford ( 1988 ) Jason Alexander ( 1989 ) James Naughton ( 1990 ) Jonathan Pryce ( 1991 ) Gregory Hines ( 1992 ) Brent Carver ( 1993 ) Boyd Gaines ( 1994 ) Matthew Broderick ( 1995 ) Nathan Lane ( 1996 ) James Naughton ( 1997 ) Alan Cumming ( 1998 ) Martin Short ( 1999 ) Brian Stokes Mitchell ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Nathan Lane ( 2001 ) John Lithgow ( 2002 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 2003 ) Hugh Jackman ( 2004 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2005 ) John Lloyd Young ( 2006 ) David Hyde Pierce ( 2007 ) Paulo Szot ( 2008 ) David Alvarez , Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish ( 2009 ) Douglas Hodge ( 2010 ) Norbert Leo Butz ( 2011 ) Steve Kazee ( 2012 ) Billy Porter ( 2013 ) Neil Patrick Harris ( 2014 ) Michael Cerveris ( 2015 ) Leslie Odom Jr. ( 2016 ) Ben Platt ( 2017 ) VIAF : 160587267 LCCN : no92005724 ISNI : 0000 0001 1883 0158 GND : 135253276 SUDOC : 155823019 BNF : cb14185564c ( data ) BIBSYS : 15007182 MusicBrainz : 587fbf06 - 1cc0 - 4ae6 - 91ef - afe832385b13 NLA : 53522577 NKC : xx0129542 SNAC : w6hc1x52 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_Patrick_Harris&oldid=830931607 '' Categories : 1973 births 20th - century American comedians 20th - century American male actors 20th - century American singers 21st - century American comedians 21st - century American male actors 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers American agnostics American autobiographers American comedy musicians American magicians American male child actors American male comedians American male film actors American male musical theatre actors American male singers American male stage actors American male television actors American male voice actors American male video game actors American male web series actors American television directors American television hosts American television producers American television writers American theatre directors Broadway theatre people Drama Desk Award winners Gay actors Gay writers La Cueva High School alumni LGBT comedians LGBT directors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT magicians LGBT memoirists LGBT people from New Mexico LGBT producers LGBT singers LGBT writers from the United States Living people Male actors from Albuquerque , New Mexico People from Lincoln County , New Mexico Primetime Emmy Award winners Streamy Award winners Tony Award winners Writers from Albuquerque , New Mexico Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - 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barney in how i met your mother real name
[ "Neil Patrick Harris (born June 15, 1973)[1] is an American actor, writer, producer, comedian, magician, and singer. He is known primarily for his comedy roles on television and his dramatic and musical stage roles. On television, he is known for playing the title character on Doogie Howser, M.D. (1989–1993), Barney Stinson on How I Met Your Mother (2005–2014, for which he was nominated for four Emmy Awards), and Count Olaf on A Series of Unfortunate Events (2017–)." ]
[ "Neil Patrick Harris" ]
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Uno (card game)
Uno ( card game ) - wikipedia Uno ( card game ) For the video game adaptation , see Uno ( video game ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Uno Type Shedding - type Players 2 -- 10 Skills required Keeping important cards for later , knowing when to put them down , concealing your hand . Age range 7 + Cards 108 Playing time Normally , up to an hour but can go longer Random chance easy Uno ( / ˈuːnoʊ / ; from Italian and Spanish for ' one ' ; stylized as UNO ) is an American shedding - type card game that is played with a specially printed deck . The game 's general principles put it into the Crazy Eights family of card games . The game was originally developed in 1971 by Merle Robbins in Reading , Ohio , a suburb of Cincinnati . It has been a Mattel brand since 1992 . When his family and friends began to play more and more , he spent $8,000 to have 5,000 copies of the game made . He sold it from his barbershop at first , and local businesses began to sell it as well . Robins later sold the rights to UNO to a group of friends headed by Robert Tezak , a funeral parlor owner in Joliet , Illinois , for $50,000 plus royalties of 10 cents per game . Tezak formed International Games , Inc. , to market UNO , with offices behind his funeral parlor . The games were produced by Lewis Saltzman of Saltzman Printers in Maywood , Illinois . In 1992 , International Games became part of the Mattel family of companies. There can be 2 - 10 players . Contents 1 Official rules 1.1 Penalties 1.2 Two - player game 1.3 House rules 2 Strategies 3 Card and deck styles 4 Theme packs 4.1 Themed My First Uno games 4.2 Themed video games 4.3 Themed sports teams 5 Special Uno games 6 Video games 7 Variations 8 UNO : Slots 9 UNO : The Game Show 10 Similar games 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography Official rules ( edit ) Uno cards Uno cards UNO cards deck The aim of the game is to be the first player to score 500 points , achieved ( usually over several rounds of play ) by a player discarding all of their cards and earning points corresponding to the value of the remaining cards still held by the other players . Action cards ( Skip , Draw Two and Reverse ) are worth 20 Points while Wild and Wild Draw Four cards are worth 50 Points . The deck consists of 108 cards , of which there are 25 of each color ( red , green , blue , and yellow ) , each color having two of each rank except zero . The ranks in each color are zero to nine , `` Skip '' , `` Draw Two '' , and `` Reverse '' ( the last three being `` action cards '' ) . In addition , the deck contains four each of `` Wild '' and `` Wild Draw Four '' cards . To start a hand , seven cards are dealt to each player , with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile . The player to the dealer 's left plays first unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card ( see below ) . On a player 's turn , they must do one of the following : play a card matching the discard in color , number , or symbol play a Wild card , or a playable Wild Draw Four card ( see restriction below ) draw the top card of the deck Play proceeds clockwise around the table . Action and Wild cards have the following effects : Card Effect when played from hand Effect as first discard Skip Next player in sequence misses a turn Player to dealer 's left misses a turn Reverse Order of play switches directions ( clockwise to counterclockwise , or vice versa ) Dealer plays first ; play proceeds counterclockwise Draw Two ( + 2 ) Next player in sequence draws two cards and misses a turn Player to dealer 's left draws two cards and misses a turn Wild Player determines the next color to be matched ( may be used on any turn even if the player has matching color ) Player who puts the color card down chooses the color of the new card by putting down a card of that color . Wild Draw Four / Draw Four Wild ( + 4 and wild ) Player determines next color to be matched ; next player in sequence draws four cards and misses a turn . May be legally played only if the player has no cards of the current color ( see Penalties ) Return card to the deck , shuffle , flip top card to start discard pile A player who draws from the deck must either play or keep that card and may play no other card from their hand on that turn . A player may play a Wild card at any time , even if that player has other playable cards . A player may play a Wild Draw Four card only if that player has no cards matching the current color . The player may have cards of a different color matching the current number or symbol or a Wild card and still play the Wild Draw Four card . A player who plays a Wild Draw Four may be challenged by the next player in sequence ( see Penalties ) to prove that their hand meets this condition . If the entire deck is used during play , the top discard is set aside and the rest of the pile is shuffled to create a new deck . Play then proceeds normally . It is illegal to trade cards of any sort with another player . A player who plays their next - to - last - card must call `` Uno '' as a warning to the other players . The first player to get rid of their last card ( `` going out '' ) wins the hand and scores points for the cards held by the other players . Number cards count their face value , all action cards count 20 , and Wild and Wild Draw Four cards count 50 . If a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card is played to go out , the next player in the sequence must draw the appropriate number of cards before the score is tallied . If the next player has a Draw Two or Wild Draw Four card , it can be stacked and possibly bring the `` out '' player back into play . The first player to score 500 points wins the game . Penalties ( edit ) If a player does not call `` Uno '' after laying down their next - to - last card and is caught before the next player in sequence takes a turn ( i.e. , plays a card from their hand , draws from the deck , or touches the discard pile ) , they must draw two cards as a penalty . If the player is not caught in time ( subject to interpretation ) or remembers to call `` Uno '' before being caught , they suffer no penalty . If a player falsely calls `` Uno '' while having multiple cards in their hand , they must draw two cards . If a player plays a Wild Draw Four card , the following player can challenge its use . The player who used the Wild Draw Four must privately show their hand to the challenging player , in order to demonstrate that they had no matching colored cards . If the challenge is correct , then the challenged player draws four cards instead . If the challenge is wrong , then the challenger must draw six cards ; the four cards they were already required to draw plus two more cards . Two - player game ( edit ) In a two - player game , the Reverse card acts like a Skip card ; when played , the other player misses a turn . House rules ( edit ) The following house rules are suggested in the Uno rulebook , to alter the game : Progressive Uno : If a draw card is played , and the following player has the same card , they can play that card and `` stack '' the penalty , which adds to the current penalty and passes it to the following player . Seven - O : When a certain card is played , the player is able to trade hands with another player or with all players . For example , the person who played the 7 card is able to switch all of their cards with another player ; the player who played the 0 card is able to make every player exchange all their cards to the next player . Jump - In : If a player has exactly the same card ( both number and color ) as the top card of the discard pile , they may play it immediately , even if it is not their turn . The game then continues as if that player had just taken their turn . Strategies ( edit ) A strategy at Uno may be offensive ( aiming to go out ) , or defensive ( aiming to minimize the value of one 's hand , in the event that another player goes out , thus getting those points ) . Part of the skill of playing Uno is knowing when to adopt an offensive or defensive strategy . An offensive strategy would be holding on to Wild and Wild Draw Four cards because they can be played near the end of the hand in order to go out ( when it 's harder to play a matching card ) . However , a defensive strategy would advise getting rid of such cards early , because they have a high point value . A defensive strategy would advise playing a high card in order to reduce the point value of the hand . However , an offensive strategy would suggest playing a 0 when the player wants to continue on the current color , because it is less likely to be matched by another 0 of a different color ( there is only one 0 of each color , but two of each 1 -- 9 ) . A player holding only one card is required to call out `` Uno '' or risk being penalized if caught . A player who calls `` Uno '' risks being the target of concerted action by the other players , who may be able to use action cards to prevent that player from going out . Depending on the level and seriousness of play , some players may deliberately avoid saying `` Uno '' , in the hope of avoiding detection and then going out on the next turn . For this reason , it is useful to conceal how many cards are in your hand and to keep track of how many cards every other player holds . Little has been published on the optimal strategy for the game of Uno . Simulations of games may shed some light on the matter . Attempts to reduce point count in a player 's hands can be `` read '' by other players if too transparent . This information can be exploited by other players , and it follows that a mixed strategy may be more appropriate . Some work has been done into the psychology of Uno as it relates to individual and group behavior . Players may exhibit physical tells , in which a subtle , often repeated , cue inadvertently reveals their state of mind during a game . Alternatively , they may change their playing style , switching from an aggressive card - shedding strategy to a more subdued one , or vice versa . Card and deck styles ( edit ) A deck of English Uno cards from 1994 . This particular deck uses the older card design , where letters appear on the action cards instead of symbols . The new Uno action cards bear symbols which denote their action , except for the Wild cards which still bear the word `` Wild . '' Before the design change , such cards in English versions of the game had letters only . Especially old English versions can be denoted by the absence of the white rim that surrounds the edge of most Uno cards . Other versions use symbols and images in both old and new designs , especially ones with Wild cards that do not bear the word `` Wild '' . The Xbox 360 version of the game uses the new English style of the cards . There are also language - free versions of the newer styles that do not bear the word `` Wild '' but have the same styling . There is a new version called `` Uno Mod '' where the cards have symbols instead of letters or numbers . This version also comes in a red and white case . It is one of several `` Mod '' games by Mattel , the others being Othello ( game ) Mod , Apples to Apples Mod , Phase 10 Mod , and Skip - Bo Mod . Theme packs ( edit ) There are many different themes and versions of Uno . These theme games may come with slightly different directions and special cards . American Kennel Club ( Herding Breeds ) Uno American Kennel Club ( Non-Sporting Group ) Uno ( 2006 ) American Kennel Club ( Sporting Group ) Uno American Kennel Club ( Terrier Breeds ) Uno Angry Birds Uno ( 2012 ) Arsenal Highbury Legends Uno ( 2007 ) Avengers Uno ( 2015 ) Avengers Assemble Uno ( 2013 ) Bandai Uno Barbie Uno Barbie Cali Girl Edition Uno ( 2004 ) Barbie - Life in the Dream House Uno ( 2014 ) Batman Uno ( 2005 ) Batman Begins Uno ( 2005 ) Batman : The Dark Knight Uno ( 2008 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Uno ( 2015 ) Beach Uno ( 2011 ) Betty Boop Uno ( 2005 ) The Big Bang Theory Uno ( 2012 ) Braille Uno ( 2012 ) Care Bears Uno ( 2003 ) Car - Go Uno ( 2004 ) Cars Uno ( 2006 ) Cars 2 Uno ( 2011 ) Cars 3 Uno ( 2017 ) Cinderella Uno ( 2012 ) Coca - Cola Uno ( 1998 , 2004 ) Coco ( 2018 ) Dare ( 2014 ) DC Super Heroes Uno Diary of a Wimpy Kid Uno ( 2012 ) Disney Uno ( 2002 ) Disney Electronic Uno ( Classic ) ( 2003 ) Disney Electronic Uno ( Modern ) Disney Fairies Uno ( 2009 ) Disney Pixar Uno ( 2012 ) Disney Princess Uno Disney Channel / Disney Shows Uno Disney Sofia The First Uno Disney Theme Park Uno Doc McStuffins Uno ( 2013 ) Dog Uno ( 2003 ) Doraemon Uno Doctor Who Uno ( 2007 ) Elvis Uno ( 2000 ) Emoji Uno Eragon Uno ( 2006 ) Family Guy Uno ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four Uno ( 2005 ) Fat Albert Uno ( 2005 ) Ferrari Uno ( 2000 ) Finding Dory Uno ( 2016 ) Fishing Uno ( 2012 ) Florida State University Uno ( 2011 ) Fraggle Rock Uno Frozen Uno ( 2014 ) Glee Uno ( 2011 ) Ghostbusters Uno ( 2016 ) Golden Compass Uno ( 2007 ) Green Lantern Uno ( 2011 ) Hairspray Uno ( 2007 ) Hanna - Barbera Uno ( 2004 ) Hannah Montana Backstage Pass Uno Hannah Montana Best of Both Worlds Uno ( 2007 ) Happy Feet Uno ( 2006 ) Harry Potter Uno Hello Kitty Bow Uno ( 2012 ) Hello Kitty Friendship Uno ( 2003 ) Hi Hi Puffy Amiyumi Uno ( 2006 ) High School Musical Uno ( 2006 ) High School Musical 2 Uno ( 2007 ) High School Musical 3 Uno ( 2008 ) Holiday Uno ( 2009 ) Hoops and Yoyo Uno Horses Uno ( 2011 ) Hot Death Uno ( 2001 ) Hot Wheels Uno ( 2012 ) House Rules Uno ( 1998 ) Hulk Uno ( 2003 ) H O H O To Go H O Splash ( 2005 ) Iron Man 2 Uno ( 2010 ) Jelly Belly Uno ( 2012 ) John Deere Uno ( 2010 ) Justice League Uno ( 2017 ) Kittens Uno Kung Fu Panda Uno ( 2008 ) Limited Too It 's A Girl 's World Uno ( 2008 ) Macy 's Parade Uno Magic Tree House Uno ( 2007 ) Marvel Heroes Uno ( 2010 ) Mario Bros. Uno ( 2012 ) Mini Party Favors Uno Muppet Show Uno My Scene Uno ( 2005 ) MyUno Uno ( 2005 ) National Parks Uno ( 2002 , 2009 ) New York City Uno ( 2001 ) NHL Uno Nightmare Before Christmas Uno ( 2007 ) Nintendo Uno ( 2004 ) North American Wildlife Uno Notre Dame Uno ( 2005 ) NSYNC Uno ( 2000 ) One Piece Uno ( 2003 , 2011 ) One Piece : The New World Uno ( Japan - 2012 ) Over the Hedge Uno ( 2006 ) Paw Patrol Uno ( 2015 ) Peanuts Uno ( 2002 ) Peanuts -- A Charlie Brown Christmas Uno Peanuts -- It 's the Great Pumpkin Uno ( 2006 ) Peanuts - Be My Valentine Uno ( 2006 ) Peanuts Movie Uno ( 2015 ) Peanuts -- Vintage Peanuts Uno ( 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar Uno ( 2012 ) Penn State University Uno Phineas and Ferb Uno ( 2012 ) Pinkalicious Uno ( 2010 ) Pirates of the Caribbean Uno ( 2007 ) Planes Uno ( 2013 ) Planes - Fire and Rescue ! Uno ( 2014 ) Pokémon Uno ( 2006 ) Pokémon : Best Wishes ( Japan ) Pokémon : XY ( Japan ) Polly Pocket Uno ( 2006 ) Power Rangers Super Samurai Uno Puppies Uno Ratatouille Uno ( 2007 ) Ren and Stimpy Uno ( 2004 ) Retro Uno ( 2014 ) Scooby - Doo Uno Sesame Street Uno ( 2004 ) Shopkins Uno ( 2015 ) Shrek Uno Shrek 2 Uno ( 2004 ) Shrek the Third Uno The Simpsons Uno ( 2003 ) The Simpsons ( D'oh ) Uno ( 2009 ) The Simpsons : Springfield / Great Scot Uno ( 2006 ) The Simpsons : Treehouse of Horror Uno ( 2005 ) Sock Monkey Uno South Park Uno ( 2004 ) Speed Racer Spider - Man Uno ( 2002 ) Spider - Man 2 Uno ( 2004 ) Spider - Man Spider Sense Uno * Marvel Ultimate Spider - Man Web - Warriors Uno ( 2014 ) Splash Uno * Splash : Finding Dory Uno SpongeBob SquarePants # 1 SpongeBob SquarePants # 2 SpongeBob SquarePants # 3 SpongeBob SquarePants - Eye Eye SpongeBob ! ( 2008 ) SpongeBob SquarePants - Jellyfishing ( 2008 ) SpongeBob SquarePants - Lost in Time ( 2006 ) St. Louis Uno ( 2005 ) Star Trek Uno Mattel - produced `` Special Edition '' Fundex Games `` Collector 's Edition '' Star Wars : The Clone Wars Uno Super Mario ( 2016 ) Superman Uno ( 2005 ) Superman Returns Uno ( 2005 ) Sydney 2000 Uno ( 1999 ) Teen Titans Uno ( 2006 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Uno ( 2014 ) Texas Uno ( 2006 ) Toy Story Uno ( 2010 ) University of Alabama Uno University of Florida Uno University of Georgia Uno University of Kentucky Uno University of Michigan Uno University of North Carolina Uno University of Texas Uno Uno ( 1971 ) Uno 25th Anniversary ( 1996 ) Uno 30th Anniversary ( 2001 ) Uno 35th Anniversary ( 2011 ) UNO in FitSand Travel Zipper Carry EVA Hard Case ( 2016 ) Uno Deluxe in box Uno Deluxe in Wood Box UNO With Customizable Wild Cards ( 2015 ) Uno Mod ( 2010 ) USA Uno Vacation Uno Wilderness Uno ( 2016 ) Wildlife Uno ( 2012 ) Wizard of Oz Uno ( 2007 ) WWE Legends Uno ( 2005 ) X-Games ( 1999 , 2007 ) X-Men Uno ( 2003 ) Note : * indicates HIT Entertainment character , by which Mattel acquired HIT in 2012 . Themed my first Uno games ( edit ) Card sets only have 36 cards designed for children at least 3 years of age . These sets come in several variants , based on titles for children . My First Uno versions : Angelina Ballerina Uno ( 2005 ) Animals Uno Bob The Builder Uno ( 2007 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog Curious George Uno ( 2005 ) Dora the Explorer Uno ( 2003 , 2010 ) Elmo Uno Handy Manny Uno ( 2009 ) Disney 's Jake and the Neverland Pirates Uno ( 2011 ) Koala Brothers Uno ( 2005 ) Little People Uno ( 2006 ) Mickey Mouse Club Uno ( 2008 ) Miss Spider 's Sunny Patch Friends Uno ( 2006 ) Rugrats Uno ( 1991 ) Sesame Street Uno ( 2004 ) SpongeBob SquarePants and Friends Uno ( 2012 ) Thomas & Friends Uno ( 2010 ) Where the Wild Things Are Uno ( 2007 ) Winnie the Pooh and Friends Uno ( 2002 , 2011 , 2012 ) Yo Gabba Gabba ! Uno Themed video games ( edit ) Uno versions available on the Xbox 360 : Street Fighter II Uno Project Gotham Racing Uno Kameo : Elements of Power Uno Uno 35th Anniversary ( see above ) Themed sports teams ( edit ) Several sports teams each have 112 - card sets , featuring players from those teams . The special cards in each deck vary depending on the card set itself . The following teams have confirmed Uno sets . Minnesota Patriots Auburn Tigers ( NCAA ) England FA ( 2010 ) England Rugby ( 2010 ) Manchester United Hockey Calgary Flames ( 2010 ) NHL NHL Stars of Finland MLB All - Stars American League ( 2005 ) American League - Stars of the American League ( 2006 ) American League - Baltimore Orioles Miguel Tejada American League - Boston Red Sox ( Regular ( 2004 ) and World Series editions ( 2007 ) ) American League - Boston Red Sox David Ortiz Limited ( 2007 ) American League - Chicago White Sox ( 2007 ) American League - Chicago White Sox World Series Championship American League - Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2005 ) American League - New York Yankees ( 2006 ) American League - New York Yankees Derek Jeter Limited ( 2007 ) American League - Seattle Mariners ( 2003 ) American League - Texas Rangers ( 2006 ) National League National League - MLB All Stars National League National League - Chicago Cubs National League - Chicago Cubs : Derek Lee ( 2006 ) National League - Houston Astros ( 2005 ) National League - New York Mets ( 2005 ) National League - New Your Mets : David Wright Special ( 2007 ) National League - Philadelphia Phillies ( 2005 ) National League - St. Louis Cardinals ( 2006 ) NBA All - Stars ( East and West ) Eastern Conference - NBA All Stars Eastern Conference ( 2006 ) Eastern Conference - Boston Celtics Legends ( 2005 ) Eastern Conference - Cleveland Cavaliers : LeBron James Special Edition ( 2007 ) Eastern Conference - New York Knicks ( 2006 ) Western Conference - NBA All Stars Western Conference ( 2006 ) Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Legends Edition ( 2006 ) Western Conference - Los Angeles Lakers Kobe Bryant Special Edition ( 2007 ) Western Conference - San Antonio Spurs ( 2006 ) American Football Chicago Bears ( 2006 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 2006 ) Green Bay Packers ( 2007 ) Minnesota Vikings National Football League NFC Edition ( 2006 ) New England Patriots ( 2007 ) New York Giants ( 2006 ) New York Jets ( 2009 ) NFL American League ( 2006 ) NFL National League ( 2006 ) Phil . Eagles ( 2006 ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2006 ) Super Bowl XL Steelers Special Edition ( 2006 ) NFL Greatest Players Editions Tom Brady ( 2007 ) Reggie Bush ( 2007 ) Brett Favre ( 2007 ) LaDanian Tomlinson ( 2007 ) Brian Urlacher ( 2007 ) Special Uno games ( edit ) Uno Attack ( Uno Extreme in the UK and Canada ) ( 1999 ) Uno Attack Refill Deck Uno Bingo ( 1997 ) Uno Blast ( 2012 ) Uno Blitzo ( 2000 ) Uno Choo - Choo ( 2011 ) Uno Color Screen Uno Deluxe Uno Dare ( 2014 ) Uno Dice ( 1987 , 1996 , 2011 ) Uno Dominoes ( 1986 ) Electronic Uno Uno Flash ( 2007 ) Uno Flip ( 2009 ) Giant Uno ( 2016 ) Uno H O ( 2004 ) Uno H O To Go Uno Hearts ( 1994 ) Uno Junior ( 1992 ) King Size Uno The oversized cards have animal illustrations in addition to numbers ( 1 - 6 ) and colors to help children make matches . The deck also contains 4 wild cards , a Draw 2 card for each suit , and a Free Turn card for each suit . ( 1994 ) Killer Uno ( 1995 ) Uno Madness ( 1995 ) Uno Moo ( 2008 , 2014 ) Uno Power Grab Uno Reflex Uno Roboto Uno Royal Revenge Whoever wears the crown makes the rules ! ( 2014 ) Uno Rummy Up ( 1993 ) Uno Spin ( 2005 ) Uno Spin Hannah Montana ( 2005 ) Uno Spin One Piece ( Japan ) Uno Spin To Go ( 2010 ) Uno Stacko ( 1994 ) Travel Uno Stacko Uno Tippo ( 2009 ) Uno Slam Uno Tiki Twist ( 2014 ) Uno Wild Jackpot ( 2016 ) Uno Wild Tiles ( 1982 ) Get Wild for Uno ( 2016 ) Uno MineCraft ( 201x ) Video games ( edit ) Hot Death UNO ( IBM - 1993 ) Uno ( handheld video game - 2000 ) Uno ( handheld video game for the Game Boy Color of the classic Uno board game ) UNO DX ( Japanese exclusive Sega Saturn game by Mitsui & Co. - 1998 ) Uno ( PlayStation Network ) Uno ( Xbox Live Arcade ) Uno Rush ( Xbox Live Arcade ) Uno Challenge ( mobile version of the classic Uno board game ) Uno Free Fall ( puzzle game for mobile phones ) Uno 52 ( Nintendo Game Boy Advance ) Super Uno ( Super Famicom ) Uno ( Facebook ) ( Adobe Flash -- based version of the classic Uno card game produced by GameHouse Studios ) Uno iPhone version featuring online and local play . Produced by Gameloft Uno The same as on the iPhone , but with enhanced graphics . Produced by Gameloft Uno Released as three versions : SD , HD and Free with adverts . Produced by Gameloft Uno Uno & Friends ( various platforms ) Pocket Uno Uno and UNO & Friends for Windows Phone Uno Undercover ( Windows ) Uno ( 2016 video game for PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One by Ubisoft ) Uno ( 2017 video game for Nintendo Switch , produced by Ubisoft ) Variations ( edit ) Many variations from standard gameplay exist , such as Elimination Uno , Speed Uno , French Uno , Pirate Uno , and Pakistani Uno . A variation of Uno named Dos that includes math and the player having to say `` Dos ! '' when they have 2 cards left . This spinoff of Uno was introduced in 2018 . Uno : slots ( edit ) In 2002 , International Gaming Technology ( IGT ) released a video slot machine based on UNO . Uno : the game show ( edit ) In March 2013 , it was announced that Mattel and The Gurin Company are teaming up to create a game show based on UNO where contestants will match colors , numbers and wits for a shot at a big cash prize . The show would be produced as a half - hour daily strip with a $100,000 cash jackpot along with a primetime version in which contestants competed for 1 million dollars . However , the idea was scrapped later on . Similar games ( edit ) Uno is a member of the shedding family of card games . The shedding family of card games consists of games where the objective is to get rid of all your cards while preventing the other players from getting rid of their cards . Crazy Eights Eleusis Last Card Macau Mao Mau Mau ( game ) O'NO 99 One Card ( game ) Phase 10 SKIP - BO Taki Whot ! Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A version released in Japan . Jump up ^ Features the `` friendship '' card , where the player can swap his / her hand with another player . ( 2002 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Features the Dragon Card , when played , all players must discard a prince card ( regardless of color or number ) to kill the dragon before continuing play . If a player does not have a prince card in their hand , they must pick up cards until they find a prince card . ( 2004 ) ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Deck features many of the characters on the Disney Channel . Jump up ^ Card game in Foil Bag . Jump up ^ Evil card : the player holding this card can steal the top card from the DISCARD pile at any point in the game , even if it 's not his or her turn . ( 2005 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Released in Japan Jump up ^ Includes the Travel card ( featuring Traveling Matt ) , which allows the player to `` travel '' to another player 's spot and view his or her entire hand . ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ which features a Draw Three ( instead of Draw Two ) card ; also features a `` howler '' wild card where , if played , the player who uses the card may select another player to say all of their cards aloud ; also features an `` invisibility '' wild card where , if played , the player can block any card placed down ( such as , a card that forces them to draw cards ) . ( 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ A deck with transparent waterproof cards . It includes 4 ( 2 of which are + 1 2 of which are + 2 downpour cards ) black action cards called `` wild DownPour '' cards ; when played , all the other players must pick up the number specified on the card and may choose the next color of play these cards replace two of the wild cards and two of the wild draw four cards out of the original deck , and also double as wild cards . ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Features farm equipment graphics and a `` Harvest '' card - The player who plays the harvest card selects another player to draw from the DRAW pile until he / she draws a green card , which will allow them to complete the harvest ( or , until they draw 5 cards , whichever comes first ) . Jump up ^ Features X-Ray card that lets a player see another 's hand and strategically exchange a card . Jump up ^ Mayhem card : the player who plays it causes everyone to swap hands . The direction of the swap is determined by the player playing the card . ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Wei , R.H. `` Gamebits : Peanuts at Play '' . Games . Issue 196 ( Vol. 27 , No. 10 ) . Pg. 4 . December 2003 . Jump up ^ Happy Holidays Card ( 2007 , 2008 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ In a Shrek - faced package . ' Merlin Card ' When you play this card you call out a color of your choice . All other players draw cards from the DRAW pile until each draws a card of that color . All of the cards that they draw are added to the cards in their hands . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ This set has a special Racer X card . The player who uses this card draws a card from the draw pile onto the discard pile and the depending on the number , the next player must place a card that follows the number drawn before . For example , player A draws the racer X card and draws a card with the number 3 . The next player must place a card with the number 4 ( regardless of colour ) and the next player must place a card with the number 5 and so on . If they reach 9 , they must start over with 0 until a player is unable to place a card and he / she must draw three cards . ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag , backpack or camping gear . Seems to be about the same as H20 To Go . Jump up ^ Comes with a handy clip that keeps all the cards together and attaches to a beach bag , backpack or camping gear . Jump up ^ Super Absorbency ( # 1 ) Uno -- which features the Super Absorbency card , a wild card which requires the next player to draw one card from all other players ' hands at random . There is controversy as to what happens when the Super Absorbency card is played as the player 's penultimate card . Some contend that the person playing the card would win as the next player would be required to take that card from him / her . However , some say that there is an exception whereas the Super Absorbency requires a card to be drawn from all players ' hands except those who are in the uno stage . Clarification can be found on the back of the SpongeBob metallic tin . ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Secret Recipe ( # 2 ) Uno -- Secret Recipe -- Allows the player to look at another player 's hand . The player can also select a new color just like a wild card . Jump up ^ Lost in Time ( # 3 Uno ) -- Daredevil -- Can be played to counter a Draw 2 or Draw 4 card . Can also be used as a wild card . Jump up ^ Two Editions , both based on Star Trek : The Original Series Jump up ^ With special cards , each of which appears once per pack : Double Tribble card -- The player who plays this card chooses the color of play , then next player doubles the number of cards in their hand and forfeits their turn ; Beam Me Up , Scotty card -- This can played to stop any command card ( a `` Draw 2 '' card , for example ) and allows for the color of play to be chosen ; Mind Meld card -- This commands the next player to show the person who played this card their hand ; Live Long & Prosper card -- This can be played at any time to discard the players hand and pick up an entirely new one , then allows him / her to choose color of play . ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Simplifies the special WILDs to one kind : 4 `` Beam Up WILD '' cards that can negate the effects of any DRAW 2 or DRAW 4 WILD cards played against a player . That player can then call a new color , and play resumes as if they had played a regular WILD . ( It can also be used as a regular WILD if desired . ) ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Some versions with erasable score pad . ( 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1986 , 1987 , 1991 , 1993 , 2001 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ When this Check Two Card played by a player , he / she can : immediately play another card of the same suit color , OR play either Wild or Wild Draw 4 Card , the wild color called must match the color of the Check Two Card played . However , this Check Two Card can not be played : on its own ( without a card of the same suit color ) , OR as the last card in your hand . If the Check Two Card is the last card in a player hand , he / she must take another card from the draw pile . If the card just drawn matches the suit color of the Check Two Card , he / she may directly play the Check Two Card , say UNO , and play the matching suit color card to complete the game . ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Includes a special `` Over The Rainbow '' card where the person playing this card chooses someone hand to look at , also acts as a wild which then the person chooses the color of play . Jump up ^ In this game , the cards show different characters from the Street Fighter II video game . This deck contains a special Hadouken card , which allows the user to choose 1 player to draw cards until they have drawn a Skip or a Reverse card . Play then continues on as normal . Jump up ^ In this game , the cards are drawn like cars seen in the Project Gotham Racing series of video games . In this game , the rules include a card called the `` Gotham Live '' card , which is the same name used as the replay feature in Project Gotham Racing 3 . This card allows a player to look at the hand of any of the other players . Jump up ^ This pack was released on 1 November 2006 . This is a custom deck with artwork from the Kameo game . In addition , a special play card allows you to swap your hand with the hand of another player in the game . Jump up ^ This may be the same as the `` American League '' deck Jump up ^ Different sources list 2005 , 2006 , & 2007 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : UNO instruction sheet , 1983 , International Games Ltd . Jump up ^ `` 30 Anniversary rule Book '' ( PDF ) . Mattel . 2001 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNO Basic Instructions '' ( PDF ) . Mattel . 2008 . Jump up ^ Exact wording of the official rules : ' When you play your next - to - last card , you must yell `` UNO '' ( meaning `` one '' ) to indicate that you have only one card left ' . Jump up ^ `` How to Play UNO in Large Groups '' . UNOtips.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tells '' . Unotips.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Uno Variations '' . Jump up ^ Friedman , Megan ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` The Makers of UNO Are Releasing a Spinoff Game Called DOS '' . Good Housekeeping . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UNO Slots '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` ' UNO : The Game Show ' In The Cards From Mattel And Gurin Co '' . Deadline . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( March 26 , 2013 ) . `` Who Does n't Want an UNO TV Show ? '' . Vulture . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Current official rules , from Mattel Official Mattel Uno site Uno Rules at UnoRulesonline.com Uno Variations at UnoVariations.com Uno variants at pagat.com Uno News at Wonkavator Uno at BoardGameGeek Mattel Toys American Girl Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Barbie My Scene BattleClaw Big Jim Blaze Chatty Cathy Creepy Crawlers Diva Starz Fijit Friends Flavas Furryville Food Fighters Hot Wheels Liddle Kiddles Magic 8 - Ball Manta Force Masters of the Universe ( Princess of Power ) Matchbox Max Steel Mindflex Monster High ( Ever After High Enchantimals ) My Child Pixel Chix Polly Pocket See ' n Say Slime What 's Her Face Xtractaurs licensed Cabbage Patch Kids DC Universe ( Batman ) Intel Play Lady Lovely Locks Popples Rainbow Brite Turning Mecard ( except South Korea and Mainland China ) WWE Games Apples to Apples Balderdash Bezzerwizzer Blokus Mad Gab Othello Outburst Pictionary Phase 10 Rock ' Em Sock ' Em Robots Scrabble ( except US and Canada ) Scene It ? Skip - Bo Toss Across U.B. Funkeys Uno Game platforms Aquarius Children 's Discovery System HyperScan Intellivision Pixter Nabi Business units Fisher - Price Mattel Creations HIT Entertainment Mega Brands Tyco Toys Corporate acquisitions Bluebird Toys Fuhu Ideal Toy Company Radica Games View - Master International Bought and sold Feld Entertainment Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice , Inc . Circus World Litigation `` Barbie Girl '' song case Barbie 's Restaurants trademark dispute View - Master factory lawsuit Other The Toy Box Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uno_(card_game)&oldid=866189711 '' Categories : Card games introduced in 1971 Dedicated deck card games Mattel Uno Shedding - type card games American inventions Games of mental skill Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 21 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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how many cards do you get when you play uno
[ "To start a hand, seven cards are dealt to each player, with the top card of the deck flipped over and set aside to begin the discard pile. The player to the dealer's left plays first unless the first card on the discard pile is an action or Wild card (see below). On a player's turn, they must do one of the following:\n" ]
[ "seven cards" ]
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GEICO advertising campaigns
GEICO advertising campaigns - wikipedia GEICO advertising campaigns Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) GEICO advertising campaigns are known for using surreal humor and satire , often featuring distinctive characters such as the company 's mascot , the GEICO gecko . The advertising strategy incorporates a saturation - level amount of print ( primarily mail circulars ) and television parody advertisements , as well as radio advertisements . A common line used by GEICO is `` 15 minutes could save you 15 % or more on car insurance . '' Investor Warren Buffett , chairman and CEO of GEICO parent Berkshire Hathaway , has stated that he would spend $2 billion on GEICO ads if he could , approximately double the spending in 2012 , which was $1.1 billion , over twice that of second place Progressive Corporation , with 6.8 % of premiums going into commercials . In 2016 , GEICO was the top spending brand in the United States , with over $1.4 billion in advertising , ousting second place Verizon and previous leader AT&T . However , this is offset by not paying agents commissions , since GEICO uses a direct to consumer model . This has resulted in GEICO being the second largest auto insurer in the United States ( behind State Farm ) . Many of the most prominent TV ad campaigns , such as the GEICO Gecko , the GEICO Cavemen , the Rhetorical Questions campaign featuring Mike McGlone , Maxwell the Pig , and the GEICO Hump Day Camel were developed by The Martin Agency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Animated advertisements 2 The Gecko 3 Maxwell the pig 4 Cavemen 5 Parodies 6 `` I 've got good news '' 7 Bland salesman 8 `` Real service , real savings '' 9 My Great Rides 10 GEICO Racing 11 TRS : The Real Scoop 12 `` The money you could be saving '' 13 Rhetorical question campaign 13.1 Television 13.2 Radio 14 Short Stories and Tall Tales 15 Xtranormal 16 `` Easier Way to Save '' 16.1 Television 16.2 Radio commercials 17 `` Brighter side '' 18 `` Get Happy , Get GEICO '' 19 Museum of Modern Insurance 20 `` Did You Know ? '' 21 `` It 's what you do '' 22 `` Unskippable '' freeze frames 23 Fast Forward 24 Surprising 24.1 TV 24.2 Radio 25 Great Answer 25.1 Radio 26 Take a Closer Look 27 You Had One Job 28 Expect more 29 We Interrupt Your Life 30 Count on GEICO 31 A GEICO Commercial ? 32 References 33 External Links Animated advertisements ( edit ) Animated advertisements were part of the early GEICO Direct ads as well as the `` Dumb Things '' campaign . The 15 - second long commercials , animated by Bill Plympton , featured a curious little man walking up to an object and eventually getting hurt due to his curiosity of the object . One of the commercials , for example , involved him finding a cannon and pressing a button , causing a resulting cannonball to fire out and stick to his face . The original saying in the commercial was `` You could still save money on car insurance . Even if you made a few mistakes . '' ; later modified to `` We all do dumb things . Paying too much for car insurance does n't have to be one of them . '' The Gecko ( edit ) The company 's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot , The Gecko , an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency , modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore . The gecko first appeared in 1999 , during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors . The original commercial features the Gecko , voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer , who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters `` This is my final plea : I am a gecko , not to be confused with GEICO , which could save you hundreds on car insurance . So , STOP CALLING ME ! '' , before licking his eye . Later `` wrong number '' ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko . In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood ( which portray him as a representative of the company ) , the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent , because it would be unexpected , according to Martin Agency 's Steve Bassett . In 2010s commercials , the gecko 's accent is more working - class , perhaps in an effort to further `` humanize '' him . `` As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better , we did a few things , '' says Steve Bassett , creative director at The Martin Agency . `` We wanted to make him a little more guy - next - door . And he looks a lot more real than he 's looked before . '' Chelsea Clinton , daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then - Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton , interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013 . He had since became GEICO 's longest - running mascot , appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017 . Maxwell the pig ( edit ) Maxwell is an anthropomorphic talking pig and recurring character in GEICO advertisements . Maxwell debuted in an installment of the Rhetorical Questions campaign as the `` little piggy who cried ' wee wee wee ' all the way home '' ( referencing the famous nursery rhyme `` This Little Piggy '' ) being driven home by a friend 's mother , squealing along the way . While Maxwell was originally intended as a one - time character , the popularity of his debut commercial resulted in him being spun off into his own series of commercials which usually feature him as a tech - savvy , informative pig who is most concerned with his GEICO - related objects . Cavemen ( edit ) Main article : GEICO Cavemen A popular series of well - received advertisements uses cavemen as pitchmen . Also developed by the Martin Agency , the ads center on Neanderthal - like cavemen , no different from modern - day individuals ( outside of somewhat prehistoric facial features ) , encountering either an ad or commercial with the tagline `` GEICO : so easy a caveman could do it , '' followed by their disgust with the supposed stereotype of caveman stupidity . The ads posit a world where cavemen are still alive and active members of society in the present day , behaving and living nothing at all like the stereotypical caveman . The main characters presented in the ads are affluent , educated , and cultured , eating at fancy restaurants , going to exclusive parties , and seeing their therapists ( portrayed in the commercials by two - time Oscar - nominated actress Talia Shire ) . The humor revolves around the relative normality of the cavemen 's presence and their reactions to the stereotype represented in the ads , and their attempts at defending themselves from the stereotype . The ads were so successful that the commercial actors are appearing in a successful series of interactive websites written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at Caveman 's Crib and most recently , iHeartcavemen . A spin - off TV series , titled Cavemen and starring new actors , debuted on ABC in October 2007 to overwhelmingly negative critical reaction . It was canceled after only six episodes were aired . Parodies ( edit ) Another common theme is misdirection , in which the commercial appears to be about an unrelated product ( or , in fact , may not even be a commercial ) , suddenly changing to become a plug for GEICO . The commercials use a variety of fictional characters such as Speed Racer , Chatty Cathy , Jed Clampett , and Bill Dutchess . Other commercials relate to a hair loss doctor who has saved by switching to GEICO , a nature show about a fish , workout with Tony Little , and a soap opera of a couple who are breaking up . Another set of GEICO ads involved a fictional reality show called `` Tiny House '' in which contestants were forced to live in a half - scale house . An additional commercial theme is the promotion of fictional products . In 2006 parody ads featured such products as long distance phone service , tomato soda , fast - food , a reality TV show , dolls , and even poking fun at the Old Navy commercials -- in all cases , the parody portion of the ad ends with `` but it wo n't save you any money on car insurance . '' After the GEICO slogan is heard , the commercials end with `` Why have n't you called GEICO ? '' Including Wonder Glue . The parody pitch crossed over to the Caveman campaign in 2007 , in a 10 - second spot that appears to be a talking heads news interview , but features the popular caveman . In response to some of the parody ads , Seth Green and Matthew Senreich wrote a sketch using the character C in a parody of one of the celebrity ads for their second Robot Chicken Star Wars special . MADtv also made a sketch parodying these ads using characters of Elmo ( who was performed by Frank Caeti ) and Carlos Mencia ( who was played by Johnny Sanchez ) . Actor Scott Whyte has made a series of commercial parodies , calling the company , `` Schmeiko '' , while performing a series of impressions . `` I 've got good news '' ( edit ) In another ad campaign , a character would be breaking bad news to another ( such as a baseball manager replacing a struggling pitcher with a reliever ) , but then offers helpfully , `` I 've got good news : I just saved a bunch of money on my car insurance by switching to GEICO ! '' That news , of course , is of no immediate use at all to the other character ( s ) . Some of the ads were parodies and / or featured celebrities including , for example , Esteban ; one featured the popular anime character Speed Racer . The exchange became parodied for a time while the ads were popular . One of the most watched `` I 've got good news '' spots was a soap opera parody featuring television actor Sebastian Siegel . Bland salesman ( edit ) In another series of ads , a GEICO pitchman is played by actor Jerry Lambert in an extremely bland and understated way , parodying the stereotype of an insurance man , such as reading to a group of uninterested children from a book of fairy tales about insurance , watching a view of cats in the living room where a gecko is standing on the couch , relaxing on a hot tub with a couple , and a flashback about `` Honk If You Like '' . In one segment , he reads a supposed e-mail from a viewer saying it would be `` da bomb '' ( i.e. , something good ) , if the Gecko would do a dance called `` The Robot '' . Cut to the Gecko doing that dance smoothly and gracefully ( to the tune of a not - for - public - sale melody called `` Sweet World '' by a group called Omega Men , which was used in the arcade video game In the Groove 2 ) and then back to the insurance salesman attempting to do the same dance , seemingly more stiffly than an actual robot would . The newest commercial featuring the GEICO gecko depicts the Gecko receiving a business suit from the salesman , in order to present a more professional appearance , but he declines . `` Real service , real savings '' ( edit ) In this campaign , a real GEICO customer would present his / her testimonials , while a celebrity standing next to , or behind , the customer uses his / her signature styles to help get the customer 's word across . Some of these celebrities included : Peter Graves ( 1926 -- 2010 ) Peter Frampton Burt Bacharach Little Richard Mrs. Butterworth Joan Rivers ( 1933 -- 2014 ) The Pips ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Charo James Lipton Michael Winslow Verne Troyer Don LaFontaine ( 1940 -- 2008 ) The slogan exclusive to this campaign is `` GEICO : Real service , real savings '' . My Great Rides ( edit ) In 2007 , GEICO also launched a social networking site , My Great Rides , for motorcycle owners . My Great Rides is a place for cycle owners to share stories about trips they have taken on their bikes , as well as post pictures of their motorcycles , and comment on other members ' stories and pictures . My Great Rides was taken down on 27 February 2012 . GEICO racing ( edit ) The number 7 car of the NASCAR Nationwide Series is driven by Mike Wallace and was sponsored by GEICO prior to 2009 . Commercials involving the race team are of a memorably disdainful young boy , played by actor Eddie Heffernan claiming to be a relative of Mike Wallace and being a better driver . The boy says , `` When people see Mike Wallace and the GEICO number 7 doing well , they 'll think of saving a bunch of money on car insurance . But when they see me , they 'll say , ' There goes Lauren Wallace ; the greatest thing to ever climb into a race car . ' '' The commercials are sometimes presented in an interview fashion , where an unseen narrator speaks to the ambitious go - kart driver . `` What do you think of Mike Wallace ? '' the child is asked , to which he responds , `` Whatever , he 's out there selling car insurance , I 'm out there to win . '' When questioned on his relation to the NASCAR driver , Lauren shakes his head and concludes , `` I did n't say I would n't go fishing with the man , all I 'm saying is if he comes near me , I 'll put him in the wall . '' To which the narrator questions him , `` You do n't race in the Busch Series . '' Lauren replies `` Listen , go - kart track , grocery store , those remote controlled boats ; when it comes to Mike Wallace the story ends with me putting him in the wall . '' New ads in this lineup include Lauren referring to himself as being , `` 100 miles away and ready to strike , '' and `` lightning in a bottle . '' The success of those ads resulted in the launch of an interactive website written and produced by GEICO 's in - house creative team at GEICO Garage . The site includes cameo appearances by Lauren Wallace and drivers Mike Wallace , his daughter Chrissy Wallace , Speed TV 's Tommy Kendall , Paul Tracy , Christian Fittipaldi and Max Papis . Trs : the real scoop ( edit ) Introduced in 2 August 2007 , this series of ads features an E ! True Hollywood Story - type show about famed fictional characters such as Fred Flintstone , Jed Clampett , and even a Cabbage Patch Kid named Ben Winkler claiming to have their cars ( the Flintmobile , Jed 's 1923 Oldsmobile truck , and a Plymouth Reliant / Dodge Aries , respectively ) insured by GEICO , featuring interviews with made - up investigators ( however , the Ben Winkler spot does not have an interview ) . These commercials were voiced over by narrator David O'Brien . `` The money You could be saving '' ( edit ) Starting in 2008 , GEICO has aired a series of TV ads featuring two paper - banded stacks of U.S. bills with a pair of big , googly eyes on top . Kash , who never says anything , just sits and stares at people ( in a manner intended to be unsettling ) , set to a remix of a Rockwell / Michael Jackson song , `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' by Mysto & Pizzi . Rhetorical question campaign ( edit ) Toward the end of 2009 until mid 2012 , GEICO introduced another advertising campaign in which Mike McGlone walks into an empty room and queries the viewer , `` Could switching to GEICO really save you 15 % or more on car insurance ? '' After this , he pauses and then asks a rhetorical and / or obvious question which is immediately followed by a scene cut to the subject at hand . Such questions have included ( in no particular order ) : Television ( edit ) Is Ed `` Too Tall '' Jones too tall ? : ( Cuts to Jones in a doctor 's office being measured for his height , even though he is too tall for the maximum length of the measure . The nurse then says , `` I 'm just gon na guesstimate . '' ) Does Charlie Daniels play a mean fiddle ? : ( Cuts to Daniels energetically playing a fiddle in a classy restaurant after taking it from a violinist . Once he finishes , he hands it back and states `` That 's how you do it , son '' . ) Does Elmer Fudd have trouble with the letter R ? : ( Cuts to Elmer hunting and telling the audience to be `` vewy quiet '' while he 's `` hunting wabbits '' , the director correcting his rhotacism to the former 's frustration , and eventually stalking off the screen while muttering about how `` this diwector is starting to wub ( him ) the wong way '' . ) Did The Waltons take way too long to say good night ? : ( Cuts to the Walton family saying `` good night '' to each other numerous times . ) Does a ten - pound bag of flour make a really big biscuit ? : ( Cuts to a child buttering an enormous biscuit on the kitchen counter humming as his mom walks in with a dismayed look upon her face . ) Did the caveman invent fire ? : ( Cuts to the GEICO caveman sitting in a living room on a couch with a female companion . He looks disdainfully at the camera , then activates the fireplace by remote control before scowling at the camera once more . ) Was Abe Lincoln honest ? : ( Cuts to an old - style black and white film of Mary Todd Lincoln asking `` Does this dress make my backside look big ? '' After a lengthy pause and deliberation , Lincoln sheepishly responds , saying `` Perhaps a ... '' , interrupted as she gets up and walks out perturbed . ) Is having a snowball fight with pitching great Randy Johnson a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to Johnson helping a man to his feet , the latter with a hole in the arm of his jacket , in a snowy street . After lamenting the heavily damaged garage door behind them , they agree to go sledding instead . ) Is a bird in the hand worth two in the bush ? : ( Cuts to an Antiques Roadshow appraiser examining a small statue of a human hand holding a bird . He tells the statue 's owner that it is indeed worth at least two in the bush . ) Can fútbol announcer Andrés Cantor make any sport exciting ? : ( Cuts to Cantor loudly and energetically calling a slow - paced chess match . When one player makes a move , he yells his trademark `` GOOAAALLL ! '' much to the players ' annoyance ) Does a former drill sergeant make a terrible therapist ? : ( Cuts to R. Lee Ermey talking to a man on a psychiatrist 's couch , then abruptly yelling at him for crying and then throws a box of tissues at him , calling him a crybaby . ) Do woodchucks chuck wood ? : ( Cuts to a jovial pair of woodchucks throwing chopped logs into a pond and being admonished by the farmer who chopped them . ) Did the little piggy cry ' wee wee wee ' all the way home ? ? ( Cuts to a pig named Maxwell riding in the back seat of an SUV holding pinwheels , yelling `` wee wee wee '' out the window , before being dropped off at his house by his friend 's exasperated mother . ) ( See section Maxwell the Pig ) Does it take two to tango ? : ( Cuts to a man and woman dancing the tango while another man tries to dance with them . ) What , do you live under a rock ? : ( Cuts to a man living underground who moves a rock so he can raise his head above ground to see outside , and then gets excited when he sees a GEICO billboard and invites his friend Rick to move his own rock and take a peek . ) Does the buck stop here ? ; ( The camera zooms out as a deer walks onto the soundstage and stops next to McGlone , who then shrugs his shoulders . ) Do dogs chase cats ? : ( Cuts to a dog and cat engaged in a Bullitt - style car chase . ) Would Foghorn Leghorn make a really bad book narrator ? : ( Cuts to a recording studio where Foghorn is reading A Tale of Two Cities -- his ad - libbing and talking over the director cause an exasperated Henery Hawk to get up from the control panel and whack him with a club . ) Is the pen mightier than the sword ? : ( Cuts to a ninja menacingly demonstrating his swordsmanship to his opponent , who countermaneuvers by using a pen to sign for the delivery of his new taser , with which he promptly dispatches the ninja . ) Do people use smartphones to do dumb things ? : ( Cuts to three office workers using very silly smartphone apps to help celebrate the end of the workweek . ) Radio ( edit ) Would helium make opera sound less stuffy ? : ( Cuts to male opera singer singing in a deep voice , then inhaling helium , and continuing in a high - pitched voice . ) Do mimes make even less sense when you ca n't see them ? : ( Cuts to a narrator describing a mime pretending to be inside an invisible box . ) Is sneaking out of a really boring meeting while wearing tap shoes a bad idea ? : ( Cuts to a boring meeting with tap shoes in the background , until the boss catches on . ) Does a rolling stone gather no moss ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a boulder rolling through various things until it crashes to a stop , with McGlone then saying , `` No moss -- you 're gon na have to trust me on this one . '' ) Do only dogs hear dog whistles ? : ( Cuts to the sound of someone breathing in , then blowing in a dog whistle a few times , before being interrupted by several barking dogs . ) If a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , does it make a noise ? : ( Cuts to the sound of a tree falling and crashing , with McGlone then saying , `` Yep . '' ) Is texting getting way out of hand ? : ( McGlone then begins to elaborate , but is interrupted and distracted by several incoming texts , ultimately responding to one message with `` LOL , UR my BFF . '' ) Short stories and tall Tales ( edit ) Starting in 2010 , there have been TV commercials in which a nursery rhyme , being read to the audience from an illustrated book entitled Short Stories and Tall Tales , turns into an ad for GEICO homeowner 's and renters insurance : In one , the cow who jumped over the moon crashes down through someone 's roof ; luckily , the owner was insured with GEICO . In another , Jack Be Nimble accidentally knocked over a candlestick onto the shagged carpeting and insured with GEICO because of his flaming pants , his new pants are bought from Banana Republic . In another , Baa Baa Black Sheep got three bags of wool taken and insured GEICO , but the hooligan down the lane is caught , selling the stolen goods online . In another , the Itsy Bitsy Spider 's home is flooded as a result of a clogged downspout , and his mattress is ruined ; thanks to GEICO , he now has a `` Sleep Number '' bed . His sleep number is 25 . Little Jack Horner sat in a corner on a department and insured GEICO with renters insurance , it turns out Little Jack Horner got his stomach pumped because of eating a 6 - month - old Christmas pie . Little Bo Peep accidentally broke into her apartment and got her sheep stolen . A burglar breaks into Little Miss Muffet 's house and steals her tuffets , which were fortunately insured . The burglar was later caught , given away by a whey stain . Goldilocks breaks into the home of the Three Bears , eats some porridge , breaks a chair , and steals their laptop . Thanks to GEICO insurance , the Bears are able to replace their things , including a new chair from Crate & Barrel . After his straw house is blown away by the Big Bad Wolf , the Little Pig is able to build a more elaborate straw house thanks to GEICO homeowner 's insurance . The Wolf then gets a job blowing at a wind farm . Hansel and Gretel broke outside the Gingerbread house and ate the whole roof , then GEICO Homeowners Insurance gets the roof covered for the witch . Hansel and Gretel are sent through the candy cane forest . An old woman who lived in a shoe buys groceries when burglars broke into her shoe and avoids stolen things with juice press for GEICO Homeowners Insurance , then gets a job for the Mountain Bike Juice Delivery Service . Mary and her lamb turned out her dress is ruined by an electrical fire and takes a hobby at Bloomingdale 's for her new dress and exclusively for little lambs after using GEICO Renters Insurance . Jack and Jill are about to fetch water from a well until an overflowing kitchen sink sprung a leak , and they use GEICO Homeowners Insurance , and they went to fetch lattes and almond milk instead of just water . Xtranormal ( edit ) Near the end of 2010 , a new advertising campaign began made up of amateurish computer animated advertisements , supposedly made in 15 minutes , created with the computer software program Xtranormal . `` Easier way to save '' ( edit ) Starting in the summer of 2011 , a new series of advertising involved people discovering unusual ways to save money . Television ( edit ) A couple teaching their 6 - year - old son how to dunk a basketball in order to help him get a scholarship , with him getting stuck on the basket . A dog and a cockatoo playing A-Ha 's `` Take on Me '' because their owner ca n't afford to keep downloading music . A sea captain living as a roommate , rehearsing `` Major - General 's Song . '' A woman turning her daughter 's pet fish into her husband 's meal . Robots hired in a daycare center because they `` work for free '' . Three guinea pigs rowing their boat to produce electricity for their owner 's computer . A couple adopting a black rescue panther who can protect their house . A man singing a personal ad to the tune of Bonnie Tyler 's `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' because dating websites cost too much money . Three middle school girls criticize on what the man is eating , only to watch his weight . A family forming their own theme park . Boy Scouts using paintball guns to decorate a couple 's living room . A man adopting a pet possum for his kids , as a cheaper alternative to a puppy . Radio commercials ( edit ) A man who tries to cut his wife 's hair , while she sleeps , instead of going to the hairstylist . A man who can only rely on toll - free numbers . A man consolidating his 5 daughters ' weddings into one day . A woman carpooling with her daughter 's school bus . An umpire who can not pay for his contacts , using the lost pair of eyeglasses he found . A man turning his bathroom shower into an amusement attraction , instead of taking his family to an amusement park . A man using carrier pigeons to send letters because of the high cost of postage stamps . A man who ca n't spend money on the Internet for his home , thus using his neighbor 's unprotected connection . A woman who is dreaming of being in Machu Picchu because she can not buy airline tickets . `` Brighter side '' ( edit ) This campaign shows two people in a sticky situation . One of them is not as worried as the other , explaining `` I 'm looking on the brighter side . I save over 15 % on my car insurance by switching to GEICO . '' Commercials from this campaign include : A magician feels guilty for sawing his assistant in half . A woman and her neighbor observe a fallen giant in the middle of her garden . Two fisherman are being abducted by aliens and fear what the aliens are going to do with them . Divers have been swallowed by a whale . `` Get happy , get GEICO '' ( edit ) From early - 2012 to early 2013 , GEICO had a family of commercials where bluegrass pickers named Ronnie ( played by director / musician Alex Harvey ) and Jimmy ( played by actor / comedian Timothy Ryan Cole ) talk about how happy saving money on insurance can make someone do certain things intended to be humorous : Happier than Gallagher at a Farmer 's market : Gallagher runs amok at a farmer 's market , smashing watermelons with a huge mallet and laughing maniacally . Happier than a Bodybuilder Directing Traffic : A smiling bodybuilder is standing in an intersection and directing traffic while striking poses . This was the last commercial from the Get Happy , Get GEICO series to ever come on TV , having last aired on 19 March 2016 . Happier than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats : Christopher Columbus is shown on a speeding motoboat , accompanied by two other boats , while a crew member looks seasick . Happier than Eddie Money running a travel agency : A family is shown sitting in front of a desk in an office . An excited Eddie Money is then shown behind the desk holding airline tickets , where he begins singing ( a cappella ) , `` Two Tickets to Paradise '' while the family appears increasingly annoyed . Happier than a Witch at a Broom Factory : A witch is seen flying around on a broom inside of a broom factory . She lands and demands another broom from one of the employees and begins flying again , laughing and having fun . Happier than a Slinky on an Escalator : A Slinky is seen stepping backwards on an up escalator . While the Slinky goes backwards , others try to avoid it as they go to work and the slinky says `` This is Awesome ! '' Happier than an Antelope with Nightvision Goggles : Two antelopes are seen watching a lion through nightvision goggles . The two are secretly laughing at the lion and his poor stealth skills ( they incorrectly and sarcastically label the lion as `` king of the jungle '' -- the correct term is `` king of beasts '' ) . Happier than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot : Dikembe Mutombo appears blocking various things that people throw , such as a crumpled piece of paper , a pile of laundry , and a box of cereal . The GEICO Logo then appears and Mutombo knocks off the `` G '' . It 's `` EICO '' now . Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell phone : Paul Revere who is inside a home in Concord , Massachusetts , notices a bell ringing from a church . As he looks out the window , he calls on his cell phone and warns that the British are coming . Afterwards , he returns to his guests and plays charades . Happier than Dracula Volunteering at a Blood Drive : At a blood drive , Dracula Actor Frankie Ray asks a man his blood type and what he ate today . The man replies either A or B positive and that he ate Lebanese food . Dracula says that he loves the Lebanese . He then excitedly decides to skip the formalities and `` get started '' . He is then seen following the man out at the end . Happier than the Pillsbury Doughboy on his way to a Baking Convention : At an airport , the Pillsbury Doughboy is going through airport security , but every time the security guard tries to pat him down , he is easily tickled . He promises to hold it together , but keeps failing . Once he gets on his way , the Doughboy sings along as Ronny and Jimmy continue playing the guitar . Happier than a Camel on Wednesday / Hump Day : At an office , a camel asks workers what day it is . A woman ( originally named Leslie ) tells him that it is Hump day . The camel whoops with excitement . This commercial soon received over 22 million views on YouTube and inspired a popular Internet meme . The camel appeared in the pregame show of Super Bowl XLVIII where he was named Caleb . Caleb also appeared with the Gecko in a crossover ad with M&M 's . Museum of modern insurance ( edit ) This campaign involves paintings in a museum encouraging their fellow paintings to switch to GEICO . A mountain climber in an `` ACHIEVEMENT '' motivational picture feels accomplished for climbing the mountain . The cat in the painting beneath says he saved hundreds on car insurance with GEICO , and draws a question mark next to `` ACHIEVEMENT '' . An excited cat tells a mouse on a teeter - totter that he saved a bunch on car insurance with GEICO , and that they should celebrate . The mouse thinks this is a bad idea . The cat launches the mouse into the air and prepares to eat him , but is beaten to it by an eagle in the motivational picture above . A teacher asks his student to fill in the blank : `` Fifteen Minutes could save you ( blank ) on car insurance . '' The student answers 9 % , which the teacher says is incorrect and asks his pterodactyls , Steve and Rick , to `` go to work , '' to which the student replies `` Not again ! '' . A painting of Washington crossing the Delaware River notices a cat in front of them , and proceeds to ask the cat to get out of the way , claiming he does n't want her to scratch the vessel , `` for ( he is ) drifting , uninsured . '' She tells him that he needs to get insured right `` meow , '' via calling GEICO . Her torso then falls off the painting to reveal a phone keypad , and one of the rowers pushes the buttons with his oar . Dogs player poker ask for their friend called Rudy / Mr. Tickles , who is in a photo of him and his owner . The owner saved so much money by switching to GEICO that he wanted a photo to commemorate the occasion . Uncle Sam talks to a family of people wearing `` mom jeans '' . A little girl asks her mother where babies come from , and in return the mother asks if her daughter knew that GEICO was saving people money for over 75 years . The mother then shouts `` DINNER ! '' before the daughter can ask her question again . Two 1980s valley girls fall for a band student whose grandparents have been saving money with GEICO for more than 75 years . The photo for the band student is the same photo used for the meme `` PTSD Clarinet Boy '' . `` Did You Know ? '' ( edit ) From mid-June 2013 to late 2014 , a family of TV ads came on where one person reads a GEICO ad , which has the well - known tagline ( often with the Gecko in it as well ) and a second person says `` Everybody knows that . '' to which the first person says , `` Well , did you know ... '' followed by an amusing ( and fictional ) `` fact '' which is then illustrated in a cutaway scene . Prior to Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? , the closing line was temporarily changed to `` GEICO : 15 minutes could save you ... well , you know . '' Did You Know That Some Owls Are n't That Wise ? : A female owl is talking to her owl husband about having lunch with her co-worker Meghan , and the husband owl constantly responds `` Who ? '' Did You Know Old MacDonald Was a Really Bad Speller ? : Old MacDonald is a contestant in a spelling bee , and is asked to spell `` cow '' . He spells it `` C-O-W , E-I-E-I-O . '' The buzzer goes off , indicating that he 's wrong , and he exclaims , `` Dangnabbit '' and exits the stage , exasperated ( the `` Dangnabbit '' line would since then evolve into a viral quote ) . Did you know the Ancient Pyramids were actually a mistake ? : An overseer is monitoring the construction of the Pyramids when he looks at the blueprints and sees that they were supposed to be cubes . He then says , `` Uh - oh . '' Did you know that when a tree falls in the forest and no one is around , it does make a sound ? : An anthropomorphized tree starts to tip , leading the tree to start shouting that it 's going to fall . As it falls , the tree screams until it hits the ground . The tree then asks , `` A little help ? '' Did You Know That Houdini Could n't Escape from Everything ? : Houdini comes up with something stuck in between his fingers and ca n't escape from them . He says to his mom , `` Help , you got ta get me out of this ! '' Did You Know There Is an Oldest Trick in the Book ? : In the Medieval era , an old man reads to a young apprentice from a large book : `` Trick Number One ... Lookest over there . '' The apprentice looks in the direction indicated , and the old man says , `` Ha - ha ! Made - est thou look . So end - eth the trick . '' Did You Know Auctioneers Make Bad Grocery store Clerks ? : A cashier in a grocery store tells a customer what the total of her purchase is , then starts rapidly `` auctioning '' it , taking bids from the woman and the man in line behind her . Did You Know Pinocchio Was a Bad Motivational Speaker ? : A life - size Pinocchio gives a speech about noticing untapped potential . He points to a select few saying , `` You have potential '' , but his nose grows every time , shocking the audience and indicating that he was lying . An extended version of this commercial was posted on YouTube . In it , Pinocchio begins feeling stressed out from his book failing , ultimately he decides to write a new book . Did You Know Bad News Does n't Always Travel Fast ? : A boss , personified as a snail , fires one of his employees , Todd . He then says , `` Well , got ta run '' , and slowly crawls away . Did You Know Game Show Hosts Should Only Host Game Shows ? : A game show host delivers the wedding vows at a wedding , but he asks the bride if she takes her husband or a new sports car , at which point the camera cuts to the car being given away as a prize . She dumps her husband for the car right there at the altar . Did You Know Playing Cards with Kenny Rogers Gets Old Pretty Fast ? : Rogers plays poker while singing the lyrics from `` The Gambler '' , which annoys the others . This was the last commercial from the Did You Know ? series to ever be played on TV , having last aired on 30 November 2015 . Did You Know Words Really Can Hurt You ? : A cowboy breaks up with his girlfriend , and rides off into the sunset , but when the words `` The End '' appear , he crashes into the `` E '' in `` End '' and is knocked off his horse . Did You Know the Great Wall of China Was n't Always So Great ? : An army of Mongols ride up to a fence - sized Wall of China . After a few moments of contemplation , they simply step over it and proceed on their way . Did You Know Former Pro Football Player Ickey Woods Will Celebrate Almost Anything ? : Woods is seen at a deli counter and does his touchdown dance , the Ickey Shuffle , and yells out , `` Gonna get some cold cuts today ! '' when his number 44 is called . Did You Know Certain Cartoon Characters Should Never Have an Energy Drink ? : A commercial for an energy drink is being filmed , starring the Tasmanian Devil ; after drinking the product , he spins out of control and leaves the set . The GEICO ad appears to be over as an entirely different commercial in another room advertises the `` Birds of America collection '' ( 50 state bird hand - painted china plate collection ) . It is then promptly given a `` bull in a china shop '' treatment when Taz bursts through the wall from the other commercial and demolishes the plates and displays . Did You Know Genies Can Be Really Literal ? : A man finds a genie in a lamp and wishes for `` a million bucks '' , clearly meaning `` $1 million '' . The genie proceeds to grant him a million male deers . This bit was extended into a web series . `` It 's what You do '' ( edit ) From late 2014 to 2017 , a family of commercials featured people doing irrelevant or weird actions , while in the end the long - time endboard narrator says , `` If ( you 're ) ( ... ) , you ( ... ) . It 's what you do . If you want to save 15 % or more on car insurance , you switch to GEICO . It 's what you do . '' When the ads appear in a movie theater before the previews start , the second line would be replaced with , `` If you 're in the movie theater , you silence your cell phone . It 's what you do . '' If You 're in a Horror Movie , You Make Poor Decisions : Four teenagers representing characters in a generic horror movie are running from a madman near an eerie farmhouse . They argue about whether to hide in the basement or the attic of the house , and when one girl suggests they get into the conveniently running car just behind them , the others call her crazy . Someone else suggests they go into the barn filled with chainsaws , and as they hide there the madman lurking behind them takes off his mask and shakes his head at their stupidity . The advertisement ends with the teenagers running from the madman toward the cemetery . If You 're Salt - N - Pepa , You Tell People to Push It - Salt - N - Pepa sing `` Push It '' to various people , including a businessman at the entrance doors , a woman on an elevator , a pregnant woman practicing the Lamaze technique , football players pushing against tackling dummies , and a man mowing his front lawn . If You 're a Camel , You Put Up with This All the Time - In reference to the viral `` Hump Day '' ad , a bunch of people at the zoo quote the ad to the camels , who are annoyed by it . One camel , named Phil , even complains that it is not even Wednesday . If Something Goes Wrong , You Find a Scapegoat - At a peanut butter factory , the machines act haywire . The boss asks who is to blame , and a worker points to a goat named Rick , who then screams . If You 're a Free Range Chicken , You Roam Free : A chicken travels the world and texts selfie MMS 's to its owners while `` Ride Away '' by Roy Orbison plays . If You 're a Cat , You Ignore People : A guy out in the desert falls into some quicksand , sees a cat and asks it for help , but the cat just stands there . If You 're Dora the Explorer , You Explore : A group of people struggle against harsh polar conditions to travel to the South Pole , but just as they 're about to plant their flag to stake their claim , they find that Dora the Explorer and Boots are already there to greet them . The travelers walk away while Dora and Boots do a dance and say , `` You did it ! Yay ! '' If You 're a Fisherman , You Tell Tales : A fisherman exaggerates the day he caught a small fish . If Your Boss Stops By , You Act Like You 're Working : In medieval times , a group of armored knights led by an imposing leader enter a room lit only by torches . He 's come to check on the progress of his men with their interrogation of a prisoner who is strapped to a large table . The two men sternly reply that the prisoner will tell them everything very shortly as they each hold a sharp , pointy weapon . As soon as the leader and his entourage take off , however , a bunch of other men emerge from their hiding spots and the group resumes their ping - pong match on the table . As it turns out , the prisoner is acting as their net and keeping score the entire time . If You 're the Guy from the Operation Game , You Get Operated On : A patient is rushed into an operating room ; he 's said to have several foreign objects in his body . The surgeon tries to remove one with tweezers , and a buzzer sounds . The patient turns out to be Cavity Sam . If You 're a Golf Commentator , You Whisper : Commentators are quietly describing the action during a golf tournament , when a kraken suddenly reaches out of the water hazard and grabs the golfer and some other people . The commentators continue to describe the scene , calmly and quietly . If You 're the Band Europe , You Love a Final Countdown : In a company break room , an employee cooks a burrito in a microwave oven ; suddenly , the rock band Europe is in the room with him , singing `` The Final Countdown '' while the timer on the microwave counts down . If You 're Peter Pan , You Stay Young Forever : Peter flies in at a high school reunion that shows people who graduated in 1965 at their 50th class reunion . If You 're a Mom , You Call at the Worst Time -- An action movie hero is saving the day when a call from his mother inconveniences him . If You 're a Couple , You Fight Over Directions -- Tarzan and Jane are lost . Tarzan is confident about his way , but Jane asks Cheeta for directions . If You Have Alligator Arms , You Avoid Picking up the Check -- A group of people at a Chinese restaurant are given their bill , and a talking alligator suggests he take care of it , but he can not reach it because of his tiny arms . If You Sit on Your Phone , You Butt Dial People -- A man is about to propose to his girlfriend , but her brother calls her . She answers , but it turns out to be a pocket dial from him at a sporting event . If You 're a Parrot , You Repeat Things -- A parrot on a pirate 's shoulder repeats everything the pirate said privately to everyone , causing the crew to mutiny against him . The parrot even repeats the voiceover 's GEICO slogan `` It 's What You Do '' . If You Want Someone to Leave You Alone , You Pretend Like You 're Sleeping -- Prince Charming attempts to awaken Sleeping Beauty from her slumber , but fails . After he leaves , Sleeping Beauty reveals she was faking just so she could catch up on her reality television . If You Taste Something Bad , You Want Someone Else to Try It -- Some talking raccoons are rummaging through the garbage , and one of them comes upon something foul and wants the others to taste it as well . This commercial appeared in the 2017 film The Dark Tower . If You Walk the Walk , You Talk the Talk -- A western sheriff confronts the villains and tells them to vamoose , and speaks his every move every time he walks . If You 're a Stuntman , You Cheat Death -- A stunt man and the Grim Reaper compete in a 10K , but neither play fair . If You 're Boyz II Men , You 'd Make Anything Sound Good -- At a pharmacy , the Grammy - winning R&B group sing the possible side effects of a drug . If You 're a Ref , You Way Over-explain Things -- A referee yells his order to a waiter at a restaurant . `` Unskippable '' freeze frames ( edit ) Debuted in 2015 , these ads employ a satire of the technique of frame freezing , by showing live actors attempting to mimic a freeze - frame , often in awkward positions and sometimes assisted by intentionally visible stunt tools , such as suspension cords when paused in mid-air . The premise is that when viewing ads on sites like YouTube , usually a viewer can not skip the ad until 5 seconds in then the commercial announcer saying `` You ca n't skip this GEICO ad because it 's already over '' then the commercial announcer saying the GEICO slogan . If a user watches the entire video , events turn disastrous . Family : At the dinner table , a mother tells her family that they can `` thank the savings '' . During the freeze - frame , the family dog starts eating from the father 's plate . High Five : Two friends celebrate saving money by performing a jumping high - five . During the freeze - frame , the stunt wires become visible and one of the actors ' feet catches fire . Cleaning Crew : A janitor mishears a businessman saying `` savings '' . He loses control of the vacuum cleaner which runs over the cord and causes the electricity to short out . Elevator : Two businessmen shake hands in an elevator . A woman enters the elevator asking to get off at the second floor , but the men are in a freeze - frame so she must press the button herself . Preceded by The Epic Split feat . Jean - Claude Van Damme and Sorry , I Spent It on Myself Cannes Lions Film Grand Prix Winner 2015 Succeeded by Love freebies ? Get them legally aka Shoplifters Fast forward ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads show the beginning portion of a 45 -- 90 - second ad before a blue screen disclaimer appears telling the viewers that the ad is being fast forward to the end portion so that they can get to their video faster . If an extended version of the ad or just the regular 15 - second ad is shown on sites like YouTube , the viewer is usually welcome to skip the ad when 5 seconds have been used . Forest : In the lodge in the forest , two brothers were sawing a log when they were talking about savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to one of the brothers hugging a bear thinking that `` he 's my brother '' . Hike : Two hikers were walking a mountain telling that GEICO has been around for a very long time until a disclaimer appears skipping to the hikers being taken by an eagle while one of them holds a saxophone claiming that `` not everyone likes smooth jazz ! '' Lake : Two fishermen were talking in the canoe in the lake talking about 24 / 7 claims from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping to the fishermen being hung as plaques in a fish 's house calling each other `` gullible '' . Going up : Almost similar to the `` Unskippable '' version of `` Elevator '' , two women and a man discuss about their savings from GEICO until a disclaimer appears skipping two bald women coming out from the elevator leaving the man behind and declaring that they are `` taking the stairs '' next time . Surprising ( edit ) Debuted in 2016 , these ads depict celebrities or historical figures in outlandish situations . TV ( edit ) Playing Marco Polo with Marco Polo : Two kids play Marco Polo in their pool to the confusion of the historical Marco Polo , who eventually joins them in playing . Ice - T at a Lemonade Stand : The famous American rapper runs a lemonade stand with two young boys but gets frustrated when customers repeatedly ask `` Is that Ice T ( iced tea ) and yells that it 's lemonade . A Sumo Wrestler Figure skating : A Sumo Wrestler skates around and does some silly moves , including his signature `` Flying Dutchman '' only to get an applause from the crowd . Tiki Barber Running a Barber Shop : Another barber says football plays before giving a buzzer to Tiki Barber , who sprints to each client and shaves a large part of their hair off . Once Tiki is done , he starts to celebrate and a person waiting leaves when he asks `` Who 's next ? '' Ordering a Getaway Car with an App : A group of robbers escape with valuables but get upset when they find out their getaway car they ordered on a rideshare app is late . One remains optimistic and comments on how the driver 's name , Randy , is trustworthy , but when the car comes , the police catch up to them . Caesar on a Caesar Salad : A man portraying as Julius Caesar stands on top of a Caesar salad on the table in a restaurant . Runway models on a runway : A group of notorious models delay a flight to hold a fashion show on an airport runway . The Running of the Bulldogs : A runner trips in the Running of the Bulls race and faces imminent danger from ... bulldogs . A Triangle solo : An orchestra is performing Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 in G major , when the trianglist begins stealing the spotlight . ( Side note : None of the Brandenburg Concertos call for a triangle . ) Casual Fridays at Buckingham Palace - A British royal guard slacker takes the place of a formal royal guard . Randy Jackson Judging a Dog Show - The ex-American Idol judge gives his trademark critiques to a dog show . Washington Crossing the Delaware Turnpike - The general holds up traffic by having his men drag his boat across the turnpike . Manatees in Novelty Tees - A family at an aquarium visits the manatee exhibit , and sees that all the manatees are wearing T - shirts with slogans on them like `` Come at Me , Bro '' and `` I 'm with Stupid '' . Radio ( edit ) A Computer with a Virus : A computer suddenly comes down with a ( literal ) virus , admitting he ate spoiled Oysters Rockefeller . A Really Charming Snake Charmer : A Fortune Bank Teller : A man goes to the bank , but the teller is a gypsy woman who tells him his future . Supermarket Beatboxing : A bored supermarket employee , told cleanup is needed in one of the aisles , begins beatboxing the announcement , and then continues the beatboxing with various other announcements ( such as informing shoppers of a parked minivan with its headlights on ) . The spot won the Westwood One Sports Sounds Awards Media Choice Award for best commercial heard during the radio network 's coverage of Super Bowl LII . The Wicked Witch of the West on the Water Slide : An Emotional Rollercoaster : Great Answer ( edit ) These ads show a person seemingly in trouble , until they state that switching to GEICO could save you money on car insurance ; at which point this unrelated answer is accepted as a great answer . Courtroom : A defendant in court is accused of robbing a safe . The prosecution has fingerprint evidence , photo evidence , and even a Twitter post using # JustRobbedTheSafe . The defendant 's response is to tell everyone that switching to GEICO could save them money on car insurance , at which point he is dismissed . Undercover : An undercover agent , wearing a disguise , is caught . When forced to explain himself , he says that you can save money on car insurance , at which point the people he was spying on let him go . Meteor : After it is discovered that a meteor is heading toward earth , one of the people in the room tells everybody that switching to GEICO could save them money . Adrift and Hungry : There are three men in a lifeboat , starving when one of them notices cheese on one of the men 's beard . The man simply mentions that switching to GEICO could save them money . At the end , a fish jumps into their raft and they fight over it . He - Man vs. Skeletor : He - Man and his posse are about to defeat Skeletor , until Skeletor tells them they should switch to GEICO and makes his escape . Radio ( edit ) Painting : A man is showing a woman his new painting and asks for her opinion . Instead , she tells him that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Call - in Show : A woman is hosting a talk radio show , until the guy she once dated calls in asking why she never called back , so she says switching to GEICO could save hundreds on car insurance . Trivia Contest : The question being asked is `` What color is the White House ? '' When the contestant does not know the answer to this simple question , he says that switching to GEICO could save money on car insurance . Love Advice : Take a Closer Look ( edit ) Since late 2016 , a series of TV ads shows two people talking about GEICO , and one of them saying he / she should `` take a closer look '' at it ; the camera then focuses on an inanimate object or animal in the background , which starts talking about the insurance company . Plate : In this ad , painted figures on a decorative plate -- a woman on a balcony and a man with a guitar in the garden below -- talk about GEICO , and then the man plays music while the woman goes back inside . Cuckoo clock : In this ad , moving figures on a cuckoo clock talk about GEICO and also about the futility of their repetitive actions . RV : Three bumper stickers on the back of a recreational vehicle talk about GEICO , and the one shaped like a moose is shocked to learn that he 's not a real moose . Pigeon : A group of pigeons on a telephone wire talk about GEICO saying they have umbrella coverage , which gets one pigeon to say a person below them will wish he had an umbrella and to `` fire at will . '' He later becomes frustrated at how none of the other pigeons understand that `` fire at will '' is a saying . Fleas : Two fleas ( actually two humans in badly - made flea suits ) play badminton on a golden retriever until a disagreement results in the loss of a shuttlecock . You had one job ( edit ) Since 2017 on ESPN , the VO 's tagline : `` You had one job , brought to you by GEICO '' and referee Shaun Irving blows his whistle to do jobs right . Expect more ( edit ) Since 2017 , there have been ads in which one person is talking to another person about switching to GEICO and during each cut , the one who switched to GEICO gets more stuff . Bro - Two `` bros '' working out in the gym , who keep using `` bro - '' words ( `` broheem '' , `` Teddy Brosevelt '' , etc . ) , the one who switched to GEICO keeps gaining more muscles . Sandcastle - Two dads are building sandcastles . Every time it cuts back to the dad who switched to GEICO , his sandcastle gets bigger and more elaborate until it becomes an actual sand - mansion complete with a sand - fountain and sand - butler . Christmas lights - Two guys putting up Christmas lights discuss switching to GEICO , the one who switched to GEICO 's house becomes more and more elaborate , to the point where it is seen from space . Still - life drawing - At a painting class , a man and a woman discuss switching to GEICO , while the woman 's drawing becomes more detailed , and at the end , even comes to life . We interrupt your life ( edit ) Since 2018 , the announcer proclaims interrupting your life for multiple GEICO ads at the end of each ad and proclaims `` We interrupt this message to bring you our logo . '' Count on GEICO ( edit ) Since 2017 , there has been a new campaign in which humorous situations are presented as spokesman Steve Tom says , `` As long as ( such and such ) , you can count on GEICO saving folk money . '' As Long As Sloths are Slow ... : A three - toed sloth is playing Pictionary with a group of humans . Of course , he only draws a single line , due to his speed , leaving the contestants to guess random things . As Long As People Misplace Their Keys ... : A space captain is about to fight a huge battle , but he ends up not being able to find his keys . As Long AS GPS Can Still Get You Lost ... : Two Emperor penguins separate from the Great Penguin Migration and use an unreliable mapping app on their phone . As Long As Hecklers Love to Heckle ... : At a jousting tournament , an audience member makes fun of one of the competitors , much to the delight of everyone else in the audience . As Long as People Talk Baby Talk to Dogs ... : McGruff the Crime Dog wants to be taken seriously in a police precinct , but the others act very condescending towards him . As Long as Evil Villains Reveal Their Plans ... : Four villains were prepared for their demises , but first they do presentations on their plans . A GEICO commercial ? ( edit ) Since 2018 , there has been a new campaign that breaks the fourth wall revealing the actors are actually in an advertisement for GEICO , as revealed by spokesman David Ebert . Weekend Gardening Shopping Trip Tea Time Couple in the Park Family Dinner Vending Machine References ( edit ) Jump up ^ How Big Data Spawned the Geico Gecko Retrieved 6 April 2013 Jump up ^ 43rd Annual Marketer of the Year Archived 1 Dec 20111 Jump up ^ Ben ( 5 May 2009 ) . `` The Inoculated Investor : 2009 Berkshire Hathaway Annual Meeting Notes '' . Inoculatedinvestor.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` How a Lizard Became the Biggest Ad Spender ( and Nine More Marketer Facts ) '' . Ad Age . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Success Highlights Advertising Dollars vs. Agent Commissions Debate '' . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Plymptoons ( 27 August 2009 ) . `` GEICO DIRECT commercials -- Bill Plympton '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ 1994 Geico commercial . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gecko was n't first choice for GEICO . USA Today , 16 July 2006 . Retrieved 16 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Advertising > Animal Mascots > Geico Gecko ( GEICO Insurance ) '' . tvacres.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Weir , William ( 21 February 2006 ) . `` Little Lizard Says ' Ello To A New Inflection '' , The Hartford Courant , Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` This Is What Chelsea Clinton Does at NBC '' . NY Mag . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( 1 March 2007 ) . `` ABC developing ' Cavemen ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Geico Gecko Doing the Robot '' . Auto Insurance helper . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The Ride , and The Ride Goes On -- GEICO '' . Jump up ^ `` Mike Wallace -- NASCAR -- Nationwide Series drivers '' . autoevolution . Archived from the original on 31 December 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Lee ( 1 December 2008 ) . `` Mike Wallace scrambling to find sponsor for 2009 Nationwide season '' . scenedaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Lauren Wallace : ' I 'm a hundred miles away , son , ready to strike ' '' . NASCAR News . 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Geico Has the Best Car Insurance Ads in the Industry Bar None '' . Car Insurance 357 . 25 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( 26 October 2010 ) , `` Video : Robo - Talking Superhero Ad Uses Text - to - Voice Trick '' , Wired Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Bodybuilder Commercial -- Happier Than a Body Builder Directing Traffic '' . YouTube . 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Bodybuilder Directing Traffic ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Christopher Columbus Commercial -- Happier Than Christopher Columbus with Speedboats '' . YouTube . 16 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Two Tickets to Paradise Commercial -- Happier Than Eddie Money Running a Travel Agency '' . YouTube . 24 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Witch Commercial -- Happier Than a Witch in a Broom Factory '' . YouTube . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Slinky Commercial -- Happier Than A Slinky on an Escalator '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Night Vision Commercial -- Happier than an Antelope with Night Vision Goggles '' . YouTube . 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO Dikembe Mutombo Commercial -- Happier Than Dikembe Mutombo Blocking a Shot '' . YouTube . 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bruce Allen Clark ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` GEICO Paul Revere Commercial Happier than Paul Revere with a Cell Phone YouTube '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Camel on Hump Day ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ NoMoreBoredom ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` GEICO TV Commercial -- Did You Know : Houdini Could n't Escape '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO : Did You Know Game Show Hosts should only host game shows ? '' Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` GEICO TV Commercial , ' Kenny Rogers : Did You Know ' '' . iSpot.tv. 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ GEICO Taz energy drink commercial at MarketMeNot.com Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . Jump up ^ `` Motel 6 , GEICO Win Westwood One 's Sports Sounds Awards . '' Inside Radio , February 7 , 2018 . Accessed 02 - 07 - 2018 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Cuckoo Clock : Take a Closer Look '' , YouTube . GEICO. 7 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 External links ( edit ) Who provided the voice of the Geico Insurance Company gecko in its TV ad debut ? Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GEICO_advertising_campaigns&oldid=839144650 '' Categories : Advertising campaigns GEICO Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who provided the voice of the geico insurance company geico in its tv-ad debut
[ "The company's ads sometimes focus on its reptilian mascot, The Gecko, an anthropomorphic Day Gecko created by The Martin Agency, modified in 2005 to a CGI character by Animation Director David Hulin and his team at Framestore. The gecko first appeared in 1999, during the Screen Actors Guild strike that prevented the use of live actors.[8] The original commercial features the Gecko, voiced by actor Kelsey Grammer, who climbs onto a microphone on a podium and utters \"This is my final plea: I am a gecko, not to be confused with GEICO, which could save you hundreds on car insurance. So, STOP CALLING ME!\", before licking his eye. Later \"wrong number\" ads used Dave Kelly as the voice of the gecko. In the subsequent commercials with Jake Wood[9] (which portray him as a representative of the company), the gecko speaks with a British Cockney accent, because it would be unexpected, according to Martin Agency's Steve Bassett. In 2010s commercials, the gecko's accent is more working-class, perhaps in an effort to further \"humanize\" him.[10] \"As computer animation got better and as we got to know the character better, we did a few things,\" says Steve Bassett, creative director at The Martin Agency. \"We wanted to make him a little more guy-next-door. And he looks a lot more real than he's looked before.\"[8] Chelsea Clinton, daughter of former president Bill Clinton and then-Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, interviewed the Geico Gecko in April 2013.[11] He had since became GEICO's longest-running mascot, appearing in more than 150 commercials as of 2017." ]
[ "Kelsey Grammer," ]
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Chief of the Army Staff (India)
Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) - Wikipedia Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search Chief of the Army Staff COAS Flag of the Chief of the Army Staff Incumbent General Bipin Rawat since 31 December 2016 Seat Central Secretariat Appointer The President of India Term length 3 years or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . Precursor Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army Formation 1 April 1955 First holder General Rajendrasinhji Jadeja The Chief of the Army Staff is the commander and usually the highest - ranking officer of the Indian Army . The position is abbreviated as COAS in Indian Army , and usually held by a four - star officer in the rank of General . The current COAS is General Bipin Rawat , who took office on 31 December 2016 following the retirement of General Dalbir Singh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Office of the Chief of the Army Staff 2 Appointees 2.1 Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) 2.2 Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources Office of the Chief of the Army Staff ( edit ) The office of the Chief of the Army Staff was created through The Commanders - In - Chief ( Change in Designation ) Act of the Indian Parliament in 1955 . It replaced the erstwhile office of the Commander - in - Chief , Army . The office is based at South Block of the Central Secretariat at Raisina Hill , New Delhi . Appointments to the office are made by the President of India . The COAS reaches superannuation upon three years in the office or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . Appointees ( edit ) The following table chronicles the appointees to the office of the Chief of the Army Staff or its preceding positions since the independence of India . Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) ( edit ) ( * Seconded from the British Army ) No . Name Rank Photo Appointment Date Left Office Unit of Commission Decorations Rob Lockhart * General 15 August 1947 31 December 1947 51st Sikhs KCB , CIE , MC Roy Bucher * General 1 January 1948 15 January 1949 Cameronians ( Scottish Rifles ) KBE , CB , MC Kodandera M. Cariappa General ( later Field Marshal ) 16 January 1949 14 January 1953 Rajput Regiment OBE Rajendrasinhji Jadeja General 14 January 1953 1 April 1955 2nd Lancers ( Gardner 's Horse ) DSO Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) ( edit ) No . Name Rank Photo Appointment Date Left Office Unit of Commission Decorations Rajendrasinhji Jadeja General 1 April 1955 14 May 1955 2nd Lancers ( Gardner 's Horse ) DSO SM Shrinagesh General 15 May 1955 7 May 1957 19th Hyderabad Regiment ( now Kumaon Regiment ) KS Thimayya General 8 May 1957 7 May 1961 19th Hyderabad Regiment ( now Kumaon Regiment ) Padma Bhushan , DSO , ADC PN Thapar General 8 May 1961 19 November 1962 1st Punjab Regiment 5 JN Chaudhuri General 20 November 1962 7 June 1966 7th Light Cavalry Padma Vibhushan , OBE 6 PP Kumaramangalam General 8 June 1966 7 June 1969 Regiment of Artillery Padma Vibhushan , DSO , MBE 7 SHFJ Manekshaw General ( later Field Marshal ) 8 June 1969 15 January 1973 12th Frontier Force Regiment ( 54th Sikhs ( Frontier Force ) ) Padma Vibhushan , Padma Bhushan , MC 8 GG Bewoor General 16 January 1973 31 May 1975 10th Baluch Regiment PVSM 9 TN Raina General 1 June 1975 31 May 1978 Kumaon Regiment Padma Bhushan , MVC 10 OP Malhotra General 1 June 1978 31 May 1981 Regiment of Artillery PVSM 11 KV Krishna Rao General 1 June 1981 31 July 1983 Mahar Regiment PVSM 12 AS Vaidya General 1 August 1983 31 January 1985 9th Deccan Horse Padma Vibhushan , PVSM , MVC ( Bar ) , AVSM 13 Krishnaswamy Sundarji General 1 February 1985 31 May 1988 Mahar Regiment PVSM , ADC 14 V N. Sharma General 1 June 1988 30 June 1990 16th Light Cavalry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 15 SF Rodrigues General 1 July 1990 30 June 1993 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , VSM 16 BC Joshi General 1 July 1993 19 November 1994 64th Cavalry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 17 S Roy Chowdhury General 20 November 1994 30 September 1997 20th Lancers PVSM , ADC 18 VP Malik General 1 October 1997 30 September 2000 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM , AVSM , ADC 19 Sundararajan Padmanabhan General 1 October 2000 31 December 2002 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 20 NC Vij General 1 January 2003 31 January 2005 Dogra Regiment PVSM , UYSM , AVSM 21 JJ Singh General 1 February 2005 30 September 2007 Maratha Light Infantry PVSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 22 Deepak Kapoor General 1 October 2007 31 March 2010 Regiment of Artillery PVSM , AVSM , SM , VSM , ADC 23 VK Singh General 1 April 2010 31 May 2012 Rajput Regiment PVSM , AVSM , YSM , ADC 24 Bikram Singh General 1 June 2012 31 July 2014 Sikh Light Infantry PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , SM , VSM , ADC 25 Dalbir Singh General 1 August 2014 31 December 2016 5 Gorkha Rifles PVSM , UYSM , AVSM , VSM , ADC 26 Bipin Rawat General 31 December 2016 Incumbent 11 Gorkha Rifles UYSM , AVSM , YSM , SM , VSM See also ( edit ) Chief of the General Staff ( India ) - for those holding the preceding role before 1947 Chief of the Air Staff ( India ) Chief of the Naval Staff ( India ) Field marshal ( India ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian Army Chief . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lt Gen Bipin Rawat to be the next Army chief - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 17 December 2016 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Commanders - In - Chief ( Change in Designation ) Act , 1955 '' . VakilNo1.com . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chief of the Army Staff '' . Indian Army . Archived from the original on 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 March 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 06 . Sources ( edit ) Khanduri , Chandra B. ( 2006 ) . Thimayya : an amazing life . New Delhi : Knowledge World . p. 394 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 87966 - 36 - 4 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Chief of the Army Staff ( India ) Commander - in - Chief , Indian Army ( 1947 -- 1955 ) Rob Lockhart * * Roy Bucher * * Kodandera M. Cariappa Rajendrasinhji Jadeja Chief of the Army Staff ( 1955 -- present ) Rajendrasinhji Jadeja S.M. Shrinagesh Kodandera Subayya Thimayya Pran Nath Thapar Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam Sam Manekshaw Gopal Gurunath Bewoor Tapishwar Narain Raina Om Prakash Malhotra K.V. Krishna Rao Arun Shridhar Vaidya Krishnaswamy Sundarji Vishwa Nath Sharma Sunith Francis Rodrigues Bipin Chandra Joshi Shankar Roychowdhury Ved Prakash Malik Sundararajan Padmanabhan Nirmal Chander Vij Joginder Jaswant Singh Deepak Kapoor Vijay Kumar Singh Bikram Singh Dalbir Singh Bipin Rawat ( * * Seconded from the British Army ) Military of India Indian Army Indian Navy Indian Air Force Leadership Chief of the Army Staff Chief of the Naval Staff Chief of the Air Staff Minister of Defence Topics History Academies Ranks and insignia Army Air Force Navy Special Forces Indian Peace Keeping Force Central Armed Police Forces Paramilitary forces Andaman and Nicobar Command Strategic Forces Command Nuclear Command Authority Ballistic missiles Weapons of mass destruction Defence Research and Development Organisation Ordnance Factories Board Territorial Army National Cadet Corps Wars and conflicts Indo - Pakistani wars 1947 1965 1971 Operation Polo Congo Crisis Operation Vijay Operation Trident Sino - Indian War Cho La incident Siachen conflict Blue Star Woodrose 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War Operation Cactus Kargil War Kashmir insurgency 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish Operation Parakram Piracy off the coast of Somalia Army Navy Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)&oldid=812222058 '' Categories : Chiefs of Army Staff ( India ) Army chiefs of staff Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 18 : 40 . 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who is the present captain of indian army
[ "The current COAS is General Bipin Rawat, who took office on 31 December 2016 following the retirement of General Dalbir Singh.[1]" ]
[ "General Bipin Rawat" ]
-6417700826803951491
Tourism in Iceland
Tourism in Iceland - wikipedia Tourism in Iceland Jump to : navigation , search Tourism in Iceland has grown considerably in economic significance in the past 15 years . As of 2016 , the tourism industry is estimated to contribute about 10 percent to the Icelandic GDP ; the number of foreign visitors is set to exceed 2,000,000 by the end of 2017 ; tourism is responsible for a share of nearly 30 percent of the country 's export revenue . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tourist Demographics 3 Popular Tourist Destinations 4 Arrivals by country 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Evolution of the annual number of foreign visitors to Iceland , as compared to the growth of the resident population . Services provided to foreign tourists were for a long time an insignificant part of the Icelandic economy , rarely contributing more than 2 percent to GDP , even long after the advent of international air travel . Until the early 1980s , the number of foreign visitors to Iceland increased slowly and erratically , never exceeding 80,000 in a single year , and for many years after that only barely kept pace with the increase in the number of Icelanders traveling to and from the country . This situation lasted until the turn of the century , when the annual number of visitors exceeded the total resident population for the first time , at around 300,000 . A few years later the Icelandic tourism industry started to experience a boom which to this day shows no signs of abating , as witnessed by the fact that the number of foreign visitors grew on average by 6 percent per year between 2003 and 2010 , and by some 20 percent per year on average between 2010 and 2014 . In 2015 , this rapid increase has continued , with the number of foreign visitors already exceeding 1 million in the period January to October . According to the Icelandic Tourist Board , the total number of overnight stays by foreign visitors to Iceland grew from 595,000 in 2000 to 2.1 million in 2010 , before rising to 4.4 million in 2014 . The number of people working in tourism - related industries in Iceland was 21,600 in 2014 , representing nearly 12 percent of the total workforce , and tourism 's direct contribution to GDP is now close to 5 percent . Tourist demographics ( edit ) Iceland is well known for its untouched nature and unique atmosphere . Iceland receives the highest number of tourists during summer ( June -- August ) . In 2014 , around 42 % of visitors arrived in Iceland during its summer months , proportionally a slight decrease compared to the previous two years , the percentage of winter visitors having increased by over 4 % in the same period . As of year 2014 , Iceland 's largest tourism markets comprises tourists from Central / South Europe , followed by those from other regions : North America , the UK , then the Nordic countries . In terms of visitors from individual countries , the top five for 2014 were the UK , USA , Germany , France and Norway . Canada had the largest percentage increase in visitor numbers in the 2013 - 2014 period , with an increase of over 60 % year on year . Popular Tourist destinations ( edit ) According to a survey carried out by the Icelandic Tourist Board in 2014 , the following 10 destinations are the ones most frequently visited in Iceland , out of 39 specifically mentioned in the survey ( the percentages indicate the proportion of all foreign tourists visiting the destination in question and relate to the summer season , some of the destinations being less easily accessible in winter ) . Rank Destination Percentage Capital Region 97.0 % Geysir / Gullfoss 59.4 % Þingvellir 50.4 % Vík 47.4 % 5 Skógar 43.6 % 6 Jökulsárlón ( glacier lagoon ) 42.3 % 7 Skaftafell 40.3 % 8 Akureyri 36.2 % 9 Mývatn 34.0 % 10 Blue Lagoon 31.5 % Arrivals by country ( edit ) Most visitors arriving in Iceland through the main airport are from the following countries of nationality : Rank Country 2015 2016 United States 242,805 415,287 United Kingdom 241,024 316,395 Germany 103,384 132,789 France 65,822 85,221 5 Canada 46,654 83,144 6 China 47,643 66,781 7 Sweden 43,096 54,515 8 Norway 51,402 51,012 9 Denmark 49,225 49,951 10 Poland 27,079 39,613 Total foreign 1,261,938 1,767,726 See also ( edit ) Iceland Economy of Iceland Elf / Huldufólk Tourism List of museums in Iceland References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tourism to bring in 10 % of Iceland 's GDP in 2016 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign visitors to Iceland 1949 - 2014 '' . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` International tourist receipts and expenditures and their share in exports and GDP 1969 - 2008 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign passengers 1971 - 1999 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2014 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign visitors to Iceland 1949 - 2014 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Iceland in Figures '' ( PDF ) . p. 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Financial accounts '' . p. 3 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://vr-iceland.grandpano.sk/ Jump up ^ Icelandic Tourism Board Jump up ^ Icelandic Tourism Board Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Iceland in Figures '' ( PDF ) . p. 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2015 - 2015 Jump up ^ Passengers through Keflavik airport by citizenship and month 2002 - 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iceland . Icelandic Tourist Board Discover Iceland Icelandic Tourist Board in North America regional sites of the Icelandic Tourist Board http://www.visitreykjavik.is for Reykjavík http://www.westiceland.is for West Iceland http://www.westfjords.is for Westfjords http://www.northiceland.is for North Iceland http://www.east.is for East Iceland http://www.south.is for South Iceland http://www.visitreykjanes.is for Reykjanes https://goiceland.net for Vietnamese Tourism in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Iceland articles History By topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Monarchy Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianisation Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars Great Recession Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Extremities Fjords Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Regions Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT history LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna ( currency ) Outvasion Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Languages Religion Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Iceland&oldid=799082720 '' Categories : Tourism in Iceland Tourism in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ქართული მარგალური Polski Português Română Русский ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 14 : 53 . 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how much impact does the tourist industry have on the icelandic economy
[ "Tourism in Iceland has grown considerably in economic significance in the past 15 years. As of 2016, the tourism industry is estimated to contribute about 10 percent to the Icelandic GDP[1]; the number of foreign visitors is set to exceed 2,000,000 by the end of 2017; tourism is responsible for a share of nearly 30 percent of the country's export revenue.[2]" ]
[ "10 percent to the Icelandic GDP" ]
65045503419597298
List of countries by system of government
List of countries by system of government - wikipedia List of countries by system of government Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Liberal Social Demarchy others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Plutocracy Kraterocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Meritocracy Technocracy Geniocracy Noocracy Kritarchy Particracy Ergatocracy Netocracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Others Anocracy Anarchy Theocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio - political ideologies Absolute Legalist Constitutional Parliamentary Directorial Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio - economic ideologies Tribalism Despotism Feudalism Colonialism Minarchism Distributism Anarchism Socialism Communism Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo - cultural ideologies Commune City - state National government Intergovernmental organisation World government Politics portal This is a list of countries by system of government . There is also a political mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has , as well as a brief description of what each form of government entails . The list is colour - coded according to the type of government , for example : blue represents a republic with an executive head of state , and red is a constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial head of state . The colour - coding also appears on the following map , representing the same government categories . The legend of what the different colours represent is found just below the map . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of countries 1.1 UN member states and observers 1.2 Unrecognized states 2 Map 2.1 Legend 3 Systems of governance 3.1 Presidential / Separated republics 3.1. 1 Full presidential systems 3.1. 1.1 Presidential systems 3.1. 1.2 Presidential systems with a prime minister 3.1. 2 Semi-presidential systems 3.2 Parliamentary republics 3.2. 1 Mixed republican systems 3.3 Directorial systems 3.4 Constitutional monarchies 3.4. 1 Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs 3.4. 2 Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs 3.4. 3 Presidential constitutional monarchies 3.5 Absolute monarchies 3.6 Theocracies 3.7 One - party states 3.8 Military junta states 3.9 Transitional 4 Systems of internal governance 4.1 Federal 4.2 Unitary states 4.2. 1 Regionalised unitary states 4.3 Confederation 5 European Union 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links List of countries ( edit ) UN member states and observers ( edit ) Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Afghanistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Albania Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Algeria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Armenia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Austria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Azerbaijan Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Bahamas , The Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Bahrain Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Barbados Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Bhutan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Botswana Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Burkina Faso Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cape Verde Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Central African Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Chad Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature China , People 's Republic of Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Congo , Democratic Republic of the Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Congo Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Croatia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cuba Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Czech Republic Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Dominica Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Dominican Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature East Timor Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Egypt Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Equatorial Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Eritrea Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Estonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Federated States of Micronesia Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Fiji Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Finland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence France Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Gabon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Gambia , The Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Georgia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Germany Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Greece Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Guinea - Bissau Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Guyana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Haiti Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Hungary Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Iceland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence India Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Iraq Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Ireland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Israel Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Italy Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Jordan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Kazakhstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kenya Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kiribati Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Korea , North Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Korea , South Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Kuwait Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Kyrgyzstan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Laos Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Latvia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Lebanon Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Libya n / a n / a No constitutionally - defined basis to current regime Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Lithuania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Macedonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Madagascar Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Mali Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Malta Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Marshall Islands Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Mauritania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Mauritius Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Moldova Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Monaco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Mongolia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Montenegro Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Mozambique Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Myanmar Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Namibia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nauru Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Nepal Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Niger Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Pakistan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Palestine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Papua New Guinea Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Peru Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Poland Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Portugal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Qatar Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Romania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Russia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Saint Kitts and Nevis Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Samoa Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence San Marino Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence São Tomé and Príncipe Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Senegal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Serbia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Singapore Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Slovakia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Slovenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Solomon Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Somalia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence South Africa Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence South Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sri Lanka Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Suriname Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Swaziland Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Switzerland Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature ; ministry may be , or not be , subject to parliamentary confidence Syria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Tajikistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Thailand n / a n / a No constitutionally - defined basis to current regime Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions Trinidad and Tobago Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Tunisia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Turkey Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Turkmenistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Ukraine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence United Arab Emirates Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch United Kingdom Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Vietnam Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement Yemen n / a n / a No constitutionally - defined basis to current regime Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Zimbabwe Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Note that Afghanistan , Iran , Pakistan , and Mauritania are Islamic Republics . Unrecognized states ( edit ) The following states control their territory and are recognized by at least one UN member state . Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Abkhazia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence China , Republic of Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Cook Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Kosovo Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Niue Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Northern Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement South Ossetia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence The following states / governments control their territory , but are not recognised by any UN member states . Name Constitutional form Head of state Basis of executive legitimacy Artsakh Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Somaliland Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature Transnistria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature ; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence Map ( edit ) Legend ( edit ) Presidential republics with a full presidential system Presidential republics with a semi-presidential system Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature Parliamentary republics with a ceremonial / non-executive president , where a separate head of government leads the executive Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch , where a separate head of government leads the executive Constitutional monarchy which have with a separate head of government , but where royalty still hold significant executive and / or legislative power Absolute monarchy Countries where the dominant role of political party is codified in the constitution Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended ( e.g. military dictatorship ) Countries which do not fit any of the above systems ( e.g. transitional government or unclear political situations ) No government Note : this chart represent de jure systems of government , not the de facto degree of democracy . Several states constitutionally republics , broadly appear as authoritarian states . Systems of governance ( edit ) Italics indicate states with limited recognition . Presidential / separated republics ( edit ) These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature . The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states : Full presidential systems ( edit ) In full presidential systems , the president is both head of state and head of government . There is generally no prime minister , although if one exists , in most cases , he or she serves purely at the discretion of the president ( with the exceptions being Belarus and Kazakhstan , where the prime minister is effectively the head of government ) . Presidential systems ( edit ) Afghanistan Angola Argentina Artsakh Bolivia Brazil Burundi Chile Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Cyprus Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Gambia , The Ghana Guatemala Honduras Indonesia Kenya Liberia Malawi Maldives Mexico Nicaragua Nigeria Palau Panama Paraguay Philippines Seychelles Sierra Leone Somaliland South Sudan Turkmenistan United States Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe Presidential systems with a prime minister ( edit ) Belarus Benin Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Djibouti Gabon Guinea Equatorial Guinea Guyana Ivory Coast Kazakhstan Korea , South Rwanda Sudan Tajikistan Tanzania Togo Uganda Uzbekistan Semi-presidential systems ( edit ) In semi-presidential systems , there is always both a president and a prime minister . In such systems , the president has genuine executive authority , unlike in a parliamentary republic , but the role of a head of government may be exercised by the prime minister . President - parliamentary systems Abkhazia Azerbaijan Congo Guinea - Bissau Mauritania Mozambique Namibia Palestine Peru Russia Senegal South Ossetia Syria Taiwan ( Republic of China ) Transnistria Premier - presidential systems Algeria Armenia Burkina Faso Cape Verde Congo , Democratic Republic East Timor Egypt France Georgia Haiti Lithuania Madagascar Mali Mongolia Niger Northern Cyprus Poland Portugal Romania São Tomé and Príncipe Sri Lanka Tunisia Ukraine Parliamentary republics ( edit ) A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature . The president 's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant to little ( e.g. India ) , to only having certain limited reserve powers ( e.g. Ireland ) or none at all . Where the president holds little executive power , his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead . Albania Austria Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Dominica Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Kosovo Kyrgyzstan Latvia Lebanon Macedonia Malta Mauritius Moldova Montenegro Nepal Pakistan Serbia Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Somalia Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Vanuatu Mixed republican systems ( edit ) A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature , however they are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term ( although their cabinet may be ) ; the exceptions are South Africa , where the president may be forced to resign by the Parliament 's will , and Kiribati , where the president is popularly elected and a successful parliamentary motion of no confidence automatically triggers a new presidential election . Botswana Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Kiribati Myanmar Nauru San Marino South Africa Suriname Switzerland Directorial systems ( edit ) In the directorial system a council jointly exercises both state functions and governmental powers ( the council is the collective head of state and government ) . The council is elected by the parliament , but it is not subject to political confidence during its term which has a fixed duration . San Marino Switzerland Constitutional monarchies ( edit ) These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch ; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained or held back by constitutional law . Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs ( edit ) Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government . In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature , in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence . The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government , the people or their representatives . Andorra Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Belgium Belize Cambodia Canada Cook Islands Denmark Grenada Jamaica Japan Lesotho Luxembourg Malaysia Netherlands New Zealand Niue Norway Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Solomon Islands Spain Sweden Tuvalu United Kingdom Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs ( edit ) The prime minister is the nation 's active executive , but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion . Bhutan Jordan Kuwait Liechtenstein Monaco Morocco Tonga Thailand Presidential constitutional monarchies ( edit ) The monarch is the nation 's active executive , though the exercise of his power is subject to a Constitution . Bahrain Absolute monarchies ( edit ) Specifically , monarchies in which the monarch 's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law . Brunei Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Swaziland United Arab Emirates Vatican City Theocracies ( edit ) Main article : Theocracy States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy . Andorra Iran Vatican City One - party states ( edit ) States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy ( as opposed to states where the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia ) . However , some do have elected governments . China , People 's Republic of ( Communist Party leads the United Front ) ( list ) Cuba ( Communist Party ) ( list ) Eritrea ( People 's Front for Democracy and Justice ) ( list ) Korea , North ( Workers ' Party leads the Democratic Front ) ( list ) Laos ( People 's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction ) ( list ) Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Polisario Front ) ( Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ) Vietnam ( Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front ) ( list ) Military junta states ( edit ) The nation 's military control the organs of government and all high - ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy . Thailand ( constitutional monarchy ) Transitional ( edit ) States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change . Burkina Faso ( semi-presidential system ) Egypt ( semi-presidential system ) Eritrea ( presidential system ) Libya ( provisional government ) Yemen ( provisional government ) Systems of internal governance ( edit ) Federal ( edit ) Main article : Federal state States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments . The central government may or may not be ( in theory ) a creation of the regional governments . Argentina ( 23 provinces and one autonomous city : Buenos Aires ) Australia ( six states and three territories ) Austria ( nine states ) Belgium ( three regions and three linguistic communities ) Bosnia and Herzegovina ( two entities and one district ) Brazil ( 26 states and the Federal District ) Canada ( ten provinces and three territories ) Comoros ( Anjouan , Grande Comore , Mohéli ) Ethiopia ( nine regions and two chartered cities ) Germany ( 16 states ) India ( 29 states and seven union territories ) Iraq ( 18 governorates and one region : Kurdistan ) Malaysia ( 13 states and three federal territories ) Mexico ( 31 states and one federal district : Mexico City ) Federated States of Micronesia ( Chuuk , Kosrae , Pohnpei and Yap ) Nepal ( seven provinces ) Nigeria ( 36 states and one federal territory : Federal Capital Territory ) Pakistan ( 4 provinces , 2 autonomous areas and 2 territories ) Russia ( 46 oblasts , 22 republics , nine krais , four autonomous okrugs , three federal cities , one autonomous oblast ) Saint Kitts and Nevis ( Saint Kitts , Nevis ) Somalia ( eight states ) South Sudan ( ten states ) Sudan ( 17 states ) Switzerland ( 26 cantons ) United Arab Emirates ( seven emirates ) United States ( 50 states , one incorporated territory , and one federal district : District of Columbia ) Venezuela ( 23 states , one capital district and one federal dependency ) Unitary states ( edit ) Main article : Unitary state Regionalised unitary states ( edit ) Main article : Regional state States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities . Bolivia ( 9 regions , of which 9 are autonomous ) China , People 's Republic of ( 22 provinces , 5 autonomous regions , 4 province - level municipalities , 2 special administrative regions , and 1 claimed province ) China , Republic of ( 2 provinces , 6 special municipalities , 33 claimed provinces , 3 claimed special administrative regions , 2 regions , 12 claimed special municipalities , 14 leagues , and 4 special banners ) France ( 18 regions , of which 6 are autonomous ) Indonesia ( 34 provinces , of which 5 provinces have special status ) Italy ( 20 regions , of which 5 are autonomous ) Kingdom of the Netherlands ( 4 constituent countries ) Philippines ( one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions ) Portugal ( 2 autonomous regions ) Spain ( 17 autonomous communities , 15 communities of common - regime , 1 community of chartered regime , 3 chartered provinces , 2 autonomous cities ) Tanzania ( 21 mainland regions and Zanzibar ) Ukraine ( 24 oblasts , 2 cities with special status , and Crimea ) United Kingdom ( 4 constituent countries , 3 devolved administrations ) Confederation ( edit ) Main article : Confederation European Union ( edit ) Main article : List of European Union member states by political system The exact political character of the European Union is debated , some arguing that it is sui generis ( unique ) , but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation . It has elements of intergovernmentalism , with the European Council acting as its collective `` president '' , and also elements of supranationalism , with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy . But it is not easily placed in any of the above categories . See also ( edit ) List of countries List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government List of current heads of state and government Government Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitution of Belarus from 1994 ( rev. 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Nazarbaev Signs Kazakh Constitutional Amendments Into Law '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . 10 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . For more information : please see Abdurasulov , Abdujalil ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Kazakhstan constitution : Will changes bring democracy ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ In Bangladesh , a caretaker government during parliamentary elections . The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral , non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society . During this time , the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries . Jump up ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members ; one for each major ethnic group . Jump up ^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic , it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter , First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University , who in his `` Scandinavian Politics Today '' ( Manchester University Press , revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538 ) , he quotes Nousiainen , Jaakko ( June 2001 ) . `` From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government : political and constitutional developments in Finland '' . Scandinavian Political Studies . Wiley . 24 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 109 . doi : 10.1111 / 1467 - 9477.00048 . as follows : `` There are hardly any grounds for the epithet ' semi-presidential ' . '' Arter 's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced : `` The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed - term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament ( Elgie 2004 : 317 ) '' . According to the Finnish Constitution , the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval , and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire . Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister , and not by its President , in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union . The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of South Africa '' . Constitute . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system . The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat , much like a prime minister , but is immune from a vote of no confidence ( but not their cabinet ) , unlike a prime minister . ^ Jump up to : Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system . The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat , and is immune from a vote of no confidence ( as well is their cabinet ) , unlike a prime minister . Jump up ^ `` Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino '' ( pdf ) ( in Italian ) . Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri . July 2012 . p. 5 . ^ Jump up to : The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council , the seven - member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government . Jump up ^ `` Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino '' ( pdf ) ( in Italian ) . Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri . July 2012 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Norwegian Parliament web page Jump up ^ CIA factbook on Norway Jump up ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative . ^ Jump up to : One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state , who presides over an independent government . She is titled separately in each country ( e.g. Queen of Australia ) , and notionally appoints a Governor - General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative . The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature . These countries may be known as `` Commonwealth realms '' . ^ Jump up to : The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self - governing states in free association with New Zealand . New Zealand and its associated states , along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency , comprise the Realm of New Zealand . Jump up ^ The UAE 's constitution establishes the state as a federation of emirates , with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs , but each emirate in turn functions as an absolute monarchy ^ Jump up to : The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy ; its monarch , the Pope , is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church . His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution , but all persons resident within the Vatican have consented to obey the Pope , either by virtue of being ordained Catholic clergy or members of the Swiss Guard . Jump up ^ The Bishop of Urgell and the President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative . Jump up ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic , with a president elected by universal suffrage ; and a theocracy , with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy , chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts . Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council . Jump up ^ For more detailed discussion , see John McCormick , European Union Politics ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) , Chapters 1 and 2 . External links ( edit ) Global Scan - Election Tracker Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century A Chronology of political history based on Government form Political Chronology Chronological development of political history Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_system_of_government&oldid=819408516 '' Categories : Lists of countries Government - related lists Countries by form of government Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles needing additional references from July 2007 All articles needing additional references All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from November 2008 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Articles with images not understandable by color blind users Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Romani Русский Slovenčina Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 05 : 51 . 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what type of government do we have in the united states today
[ "\n\nName\nConstitutional form\nHead of state\nBasis of executive legitimacy\n\n\n Afghanistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Albania\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Algeria\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Andorra\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Angola\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Antigua and Barbuda\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Argentina\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Armenia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Australia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Austria\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Azerbaijan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Bahamas, The\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Bahrain\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Bangladesh\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Barbados\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Belarus\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Belgium\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Belize\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Benin\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Bhutan\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Bolivia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Botswana\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Brazil\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Brunei\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Bulgaria\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Burkina Faso\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Burundi\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Cambodia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Cameroon\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Canada\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Cape Verde\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Central African Republic\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Chad\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Chile\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n China, People's Republic of\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Colombia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Comoros\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Congo, Democratic Republic of the\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Congo\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Costa Rica\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Croatia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Cuba\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Cyprus\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Czech Republic\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Denmark\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Djibouti\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Dominica\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Dominican Republic\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n East Timor\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ecuador\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Egypt\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n El Salvador\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Equatorial Guinea\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Eritrea\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Estonia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ethiopia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Federated States of Micronesia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Fiji\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Finland\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n France\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Gabon\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Gambia, The\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Georgia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Germany\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ghana\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Greece\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Grenada\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Guatemala\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Guinea\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Guinea-Bissau\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Guyana\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Haiti\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Honduras\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Hungary\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Iceland\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n India\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Indonesia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Iran\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Iraq\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Ireland\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Israel\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Italy\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Jamaica\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Japan\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Jordan\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Kazakhstan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Kenya\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Kiribati\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Korea, North\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Korea, South\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Kuwait\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Laos\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Latvia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Lebanon\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Lesotho\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Liberia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Libya\nn/a\nn/a\nNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime\n\n\n Liechtenstein\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Lithuania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Luxembourg\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Macedonia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Madagascar\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Malawi\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Malaysia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Maldives\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Mali\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Malta\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Marshall Islands\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Mauritania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Mauritius\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Mexico\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Moldova\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Monaco\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Mongolia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Montenegro\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Morocco\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Mozambique\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Myanmar\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Namibia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nauru\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nepal\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Netherlands\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n New Zealand\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nicaragua\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Niger\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Nigeria\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Norway\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Oman\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Pakistan\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Palau\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Palestine\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Panama\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Paraguay\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Peru\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Philippines\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Poland\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Portugal\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Qatar\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Romania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Russia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Rwanda\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Saint Kitts and Nevis\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Saint Lucia\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Samoa\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n San Marino\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n São Tomé and Príncipe\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Saudi Arabia\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Senegal\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Serbia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Seychelles\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Sierra Leone\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Singapore\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Slovakia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Slovenia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Solomon Islands\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Somalia\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n South Africa\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n South Sudan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Spain\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Sri Lanka\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Sudan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Suriname\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Swaziland\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Sweden\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Switzerland\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Syria\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Tajikistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Tanzania\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Thailand\nn/a\nn/a\nNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime\n\n\n Togo\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Tonga\nConstitutional monarchy\nExecutive\nMonarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions\n\n\n Trinidad and Tobago\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Tunisia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Turkey\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Turkmenistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Tuvalu\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Uganda\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Ukraine\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n United Arab Emirates\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n United Kingdom\nConstitutional monarchy\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n United States\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Uruguay\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Uzbekistan\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Vanuatu\nRepublic\nCeremonial\nMinistry is subject to parliamentary confidence\n\n\n Vatican City\nAbsolute monarchy\nExecutive\nAll authority vested in absolute monarch\n\n\n Venezuela\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Vietnam\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPower constitutionally linked to a single political movement\n\n\n Yemen\nn/a\nn/a\nNo constitutionally-defined basis to current regime\n\n\n Zambia\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n\n Zimbabwe\nRepublic\nExecutive\nPresidency is independent of legislature\n\n" ]
[ "Republic" ]
1536354198282660880
Ileum
Ileum - wikipedia Ileum Jump to : navigation , search For the grunge rock band , see Ileum ( band ) . For other uses , see Ilium ( disambiguation ) . Ileum Small intestine The cecal fossa . The ileum and cecum are drawn backward and upward . Details Precursor midgut Artery ileal arteries Vein ileal veins Nerve celiac ganglia , vagus Identifiers Latin Ileum Dorlands / Elsevier Ileum TA A05. 6.04. 001 FMA 7208 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Ileocecal junction ( Terminal ileum appear in brown color ) The ileum / ˈɪliəm / is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates , including mammals , reptiles , and birds . In fish , the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum . The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve ( ICV ) . In humans , the ileum is about 2 -- 4 m long , and the pH is usually between 7 and 8 ( neutral or slightly alkaline ) . Ileum is derived from the Greek word eilein , meaning `` to twist up tightly . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Histology 1.2 Development 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 Other animals 5 References 6 External links Structure ( edit ) The ileum is the third and final part of the small intestine . It follows the jejunum and ends at the ileocecal junction , where the terminal ileum communicates with the cecum of the large intestine through the ileocecal valve . The ileum , along with the jejunum , is suspended inside the mesentery , a peritoneal formation that carries the blood vessels supplying them ( the superior mesenteric artery and vein ) , lymphatic vessels and nerve fibers . There is no line of demarcation between the jejunum and the ileum . There are , however , subtle differences between the two : The ileum has more fat inside the mesentery than the jejunum . The diameter of its lumen is smaller and has thinner walls than the jejunum . Its circular folds are smaller and absent in the terminal part of the ileum . While the length of the intestinal tract contains lymphoid tissue , only the ileum has abundant Peyer 's patches , unencapsulated lymphoid nodules that contain large numbers of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system . Histology ( edit ) Main article : Gastrointestinal wall The four layers that make up the wall of the ileum are consistent with those of the gastrointestinal tract . From the inner to the outer surface , these are : A mucous membrane , itself formed by three different layers : A single layer of tall cells that line the lumen of the organ . The epithelium that forms the innermost part of the mucosa has five distinct types of cells that serve different purposes , these are : enterocytes with microvilli , which digest and absorb nutrients ; goblet cells , which secrete mucin , a substance that lubricates the wall of the organ ; Paneth cells , most common in the terminal part of the ileum , are only found at the bottom of the intestinal glands and release antimicrobial substances such as alpha defensins and lysozyme ; microfold cells , which take up and transport antigens from the lumen to lymphatic cells of the lamina propria ; and enteroendocrine cells , which secrete hormones . An underlying lamina propria composed of loose connective tissue and containing germinal centers and large aggregates of lymphoid tissue called Peyer 's patches , which are a distinctive feature of the ileum . A thin layer of smooth muscle called muscularis mucosae . A submucosa formed by dense irregular connective tissue that carries the larger blood vessels and a nervous component called submucosal plexus , which is part of the enteric nervous system . An external muscular layer formed by two layers of smooth muscle arranged in circular bundles in the inner layer and in longitudinal bundles in the outer layer . Between the two layers is the myenteric plexus , formed by nervous tissue and also a part of the enteric nervous system . A serosa composed of mesothelium , a single layer of flat cells with varying quantities of underlying connective and adipose tissue . This layer represents the visceral peritoneum and is continuous with the mesentery . General structure of the gut wall . Brunner 's glands are not found in the ileum , but are a distinctive feature of the duodenum . Goblet cells in the wall of an ileum vili . At its sides , enterocytes are visible over a core of lamina propria . Cross section of ileum with a Peyer 's patch circled . Development ( edit ) The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube . By the fifth week of embryological life , the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate , forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop . The proximal half of this loop will form the ileum . The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus . By week 10 , the loop retracts back into the abdomen . Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise , as viewed from the front of the embryo . It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen . This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine . In the fetus the ileum is connected to the navel by the vitelline duct . In roughly 2 − 4 % of humans , this duct fails to close during the first seven weeks after birth , leaving a remnant called Meckel 's diverticulum . Function ( edit ) The function of the ileum is mainly to absorb vitamin B and bile salts and whatever products of digestion were not absorbed by the jejunum . The wall itself is made up of folds , each of which has many tiny finger - like projections known as villi on its surface . In turn , the epithelial cells that line these villi possess even larger numbers of microvilli . Therefore , the ileum has an extremely large surface area both for the adsorption ( attachment ) of enzyme molecules and for the absorption of products of digestion . The DNES ( diffuse neuroendocrine system ) cells of the ileum secrete various hormones ( gastrin , secretin , cholecystokinin ) into the blood . Cells in the lining of the ileum secrete the protease and carbohydrase enzymes responsible for the final stages of protein and carbohydrate digestion into the lumen of the intestine . These enzymes are present in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells . The villi contain large numbers of capillaries that take the amino acids and glucose produced by digestion to the hepatic portal vein and the liver . Lacteals are small lymph vessels , and are present in villi . They absorb fatty acid and glycerol , the products of fat digestion . Layers of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle enable the chyme ( partly digested food and water ) to be pushed along the ileum by waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis . The remaining chyme is passed to the colon . Clinical significance ( edit ) It is of importance in medicine as it can be affected in a number of diseases , including : Crohn 's disease Tuberculosis Lymphoma Neuroendocrine tumours ( carcinoid ) Other animals ( edit ) In veterinary anatomy , the ileum is distinguished from the jejunum by being that portion of the jejunoileum that is connected to the caecum by the ileocecal fold . The ileum is the short terminal part of the small intestine and forms the connection to the large intestine . It is suspended by the caudal part of the mesentery ( mesoileum ) and is attached , in addition , to the cecum by the ileocecal fold . The ileum terminates at the cecocolic junction of the large intestine forming the ileal orifice . In the dog the ileal orifice is located at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra , in the ox in the level of the fourth lumbar vertebrae , in the sheep and goat at the level of the caudal point of the costal arch . By active muscular contraction of the ileum , and closure of the ileal opening as a result of engorgement , the ileum prevents the backflow of ingesta and the equalization of pressure between jejunum and the base of the cecum . Disturbance of this sensitive balance is not uncommon and is one of the causes of colic in horses . During any intestinal surgery , for instance , during appendectomy , distal 2 feet of ileum should be checked for the presence of Meckel 's diverticulum . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology Jump up ^ Guillaume , Jean ; Praxis Publishing ; Sadasivam Kaushik ; Pierre Bergot ; Robert Metailler ( 2001 ) . Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans . Springer . p. 31 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 241 - 7 . ISBN 9781852332419 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Moore KL , Dalley AF , Agur AM ( 2013 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 7th ed . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 241 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 8447 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ross M , Pawlina W ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas . Sixth edition . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 . Jump up ^ Santaolalla R , Fukata M , Abreu MT ( 2011 ) . `` Innate immunity in the small intestine '' . Current Opinion in Gastroenterology. 27 ( 12 ) : 125 -- 131 . doi : 10.1097 / MOG. 0b013e3283438dea . PMC 3502877 . PMID 21248635 . ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Bleyl , Steven B. ; Brauer , Philip R. ; Francis - West , Philippa H. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 237 . ISBN 9780443068119 . Jump up ^ Sagar J. ; Kumar V. ; Shah D.K. ( 2006 ) . `` Meckel 's diverticulum : A systematic review '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 99 ( 10 ) : 501 -- 505 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 99.10. 501 . PMC 1592061 . PMID 17021300 . Jump up ^ Cuvelier , C. ; Demetter , P. ; Mielants , H. ; Veys , EM. ; De Vos M , . ( Jan 2001 ) . `` Interpretation of ileal biopsies : morphological features in normal and diseased mucosa '' . Histopathology. 38 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 12 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2559.2001. 01070. x . PMID 11135039 . Jump up ^ Nickel , R. , Shummer , A. , Seiferle , E. ( 1979 ) The viscera of the domestic mammals , 2nd edn . Springer - Verlag , New York , USA . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ileum . Look up ileum in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Anatomy photo : 37 : 11 - 0101 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center -- `` Abdominal Cavity : The Jejunum and the Ileum '' Anatomy image : 7787 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Anatomy image : 8755 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Histology image : 12001oca -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Ileal Villi at endoatlas.com Ileum Microscopic Cross Section at nhmccd.edu Ileum 20x at deltagen.com ( hide ) Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth Upper Pharynx Muscles Spaces peripharyngeal retropharyngeal parapharyngeal retrovisceral danger prevertebral Pterygomandibular raphe Pharyngeal raphe Buccopharyngeal fascia Pharyngobasilar fascia Piriform sinus Esophagus Sphincters upper lower glands Stomach Curvatures greater lesser Angular incisure Cardia Body Fundus Pylorus antrum canal sphincter Gastric mucosa Gastric folds Microanatomy Gastric pits Gastric glands Cardiac glands Fundic glands Pyloric glands Foveolar cell Parietal cell Gastric chief cell Enterochromaffin - like cell Lower Small intestine Microanatomy Intestinal villus Intestinal gland Enterocyte Enteroendocrine cell Goblet cell Paneth cell Duodenum Suspensory muscle Major duodenal papilla Minor duodenal papilla Duodenojejunal flexure Brunner 's glands Jejunum No substructures Ileum Ileocecal valve Peyer 's patches Microfold cell Large intestine Cecum Appendix Colon Ascending colon Hepatic flexure Transverse colon Splenic flexure Descending colon Sigmoid colon Continuous taenia coli haustra epiploic appendix Rectum Transverse folds Ampulla Anal canal Anus Anal columns Anal valves Anal sinuses Pectinate line Internal anal sphincter Intersphincteric groove External anal sphincter Wall Serosa / Adventitia Subserosa Muscular layer Submucosa Circular folds Mucosa Muscularis mucosa Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ileum&oldid=809838368 '' Categories : Digestive system Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2015 Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 19 : 36 . 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where is the ileum located in the body
[ "The ileum /ˈɪliəm/ is the final section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear and the terms posterior intestine or distal intestine may be used instead of ileum.[2]" ]
[ "the final section of the small intestine" ]
7406435888678582947
A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)
A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) - wikipedia A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV Series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 June 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events Genre Drama Black comedy Based on A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket Developed by Mark Hudis Barry Sonnenfeld Starring Neil Patrick Harris Patrick Warburton Malina Weissman Louis Hynes K. Todd Freeman Presley Smith Lucy Punch Avi Lake Dylan Kingwell Theme music composer Nick Urata Daniel Handler Opening theme `` Look Away '' by Neil Patrick Harris Composer ( s ) James Newton Howard Sven Faulconer Chris Bacon Jim Dooley Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Cindy Holland Brian Wright Ted Biaselli Daniel Handler Neil Patrick Harris Rose Lam Barry Sonnenfeld Producer ( s ) Neil Patrick Harris Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Bernard Couture Editor ( s ) Stuart Bass Skip MacDonald Running time 40 -- 64 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Television What is the Question ? Sonnenfeld Productions , Inc . Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) -- present ( present ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , or simply A Series of Unfortunate Events , is an American black comedy - drama web television series from Netflix , developed by Mark Hudis and Barry Sonnenfeld , based on the children 's novel series of the same name by Lemony Snicket . It stars Neil Patrick Harris , Patrick Warburton , Malina Weissman , Louis Hynes , K. Todd Freeman , and Presley Smith with Lucy Punch , Avi Lake , and Dylan Kingwell joining the cast in the second season . The first season , which premiered on January 13 , 2017 , consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series . The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30 , 2018 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017 , which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season 1 2.3. 2 Introduced in season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 3.3 Season 3 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 4.5 Visual effects 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical response 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 7 Awards and nominations 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Premise ( edit ) When a mysterious fire kills their parents , the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf , an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself . Following Olaf 's failed attempt and his plot being exposed , the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents ' past . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Main ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf , an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself . He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle , which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised . Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires . Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire , the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics . Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire , the middle Baudelaire child , interested in literature and books . K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe , the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian . Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire , the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth . Tara Strong provides Sunny 's babbling sound effects , the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles . Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor , a wealthy financial advisor , who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf . Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire , Duncan and Quigley 's sister who loves writing poetry . Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire , Isadora 's brother . Duncan is a keen journalist . Recurring ( edit ) Will Arnett as Father , a man who is trying to return home to his three children . Cobie Smulders as Mother , a woman who is trying to return home to her three children . Usman Ally as the Hook - Handed Man , a member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands . Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender , another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Cleo King as Eleanora Poe , Arthur Poe 's wife and the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio , who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines . John DeSantis as the Bald Man , a large bald - headed man who is another member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White - Faced Women , two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Sara Canning as Jacquelyn , Mr. Poe 's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . She possesses a spyglass . Patrick Breen as Larry Your - Waiter , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit , including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella . Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban , a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires ' plight . Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket , the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires . Guest ( edit ) Introduced in season 1 ( edit ) Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss , a judge and Count Olaf 's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them . Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald , a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and Monty 's former assistant . Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery `` Uncle Monty '' Montgomery , a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents . He is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society and possesses a spyglass . Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle , a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar . She is a member of the Baudelaire family 's secret society . Don Johnson as Sir , the cigar - smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell , an optometrist and Count Olaf 's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave , also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville . O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation . Rhys Darby as Charles , Sir 's partner . Timothy Webber as Jimmy , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Chris Gauthier as Phil , an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Trent Redekop as Cesar , a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose . Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in `` The Wide Window '' and appears as him in a flashback scene in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 . Introduced in season 2 ( edit ) Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane , a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone . Roger Bart as Nero Feint , the violin - playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments . Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats , an obnoxious , tutu - wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School . Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench , Prufrock Preparatory School 's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team . Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana . BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass , a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects . She later becomes a bank robber . Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor , the timid husband of Esmé Squalor . Ithamar Enriquez as Hector , a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires . Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam , a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' Council of Elders . Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe . Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko , an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants . John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lauren McGibbon as the perky member of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Kerri Kenney - Silver as Babs , the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital . David Alan Grier as Hal , a visually - disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital . Robbie Amell as Kevin , an ambidextrous `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Kevin Cahoon as Hugo , a hunchbacked `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . Bonnie Morgan as Colette , a contortionist `` freak '' who works at Caligari Carnival . David Burtka as Mr. Willums , a heckler with a pimpled chin who attends Caligari Carnival . He is based on The Man With Pimples On His Chin from `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' book . Jill Morrison as Mrs. Willums , the wife of Mr. Willums . Harper and Gideon Burtka - Harris as Trixie and Skip Willums , the children of Mr. Willums . Allison Williams as an as - yet - unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames . Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 8 January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 10 March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series : The Bad Beginning , The Reptile Room , The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well - meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe . While exploring the ruins , Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front . Shortly afterwards , they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf , a cruel and vain amateur actor , who forces them into servitude . One night , the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf 's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home . The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef , angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements . Meanwhile , a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor . `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf 's actions , only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims . When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production , which ends with the two main characters being married , the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real . Klaus confronts Olaf , who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet does n't follow through with his plans . At the very last minute , however , Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand , invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right - handed . Mr. Poe 's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery . Meanwhile , Jacquelyn 's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned , after being hit by a poisoned dart . `` The Reptile Room : Part One '' Mark Palansky Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery , who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper . While attempting to learn more about Montgomery , Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery 's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf 's ankle . Olaf poses as Montgomery 's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires , but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat . The four arrive at a movie theatre , where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film , using a spyglass identical to Klaus ' . The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru . He fires Stephano shortly afterwards , believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research . `` The Reptile Room : Part Two '' Mark Palansky Emily Fox January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Immediately after dismissing `` Stephano , '' Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates , only to be attacked by an unseen figure . The next day , the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery 's corpse . Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru , but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave . Olaf 's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses , and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper , despite Monty 's claim of it being completely harmless . While searching for proof of the snake 's innocence , Klaus discovers a statue in Monty 's hedge maze , and a photograph of Monty , both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus ' . Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer ; however , he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus ' spyglass . While pursuing him , the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn , who is posing as a statue . She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways . 5 5 `` The Wide Window : Part One '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine , an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose . She refuses to answer questions about their parents , so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house , and discover their parents were members of a secret organization , with spyglasses being used as useful devices . They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable , and developed her phobias after the death of her husband . Olaf , who has followed the Baudelaires , disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine . Despite the siblings ' warnings , Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich . Later that night , the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library 's bay window and left a note informing them that `` Captain Sham '' is their new guardian . 6 6 `` The Wide Window : Part Two '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to `` Captain Sham , '' the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors , something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar . Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer , but allows the siblings to leave after Larry , a waiter secretly a member of their parents ' organization , triggers their allergy to peppermint . After returning to the house , the siblings decipher Josephine 's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff . Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill , the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave , only to be confronted by Olaf , who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose . Upon returning to shore , Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph . 7 7 `` The Miserable Mill : Part One '' Bo Welch Joe Tracz January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill , the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir , who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town . While investigating the workers ' unnaturally happy behavior , Klaus ' glasses are broken by the Hook - Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono , and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell , who puts him into a hypnotic trance . Later that day , the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them . Believing that their parents are still alive , the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist `` Shirley St. Ives , '' who is a poorly - disguised Olaf . Meanwhile , the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets , with whom they are reunited . 8 8 `` The Miserable Mill : Part Two '' Bo Welch Tatiana Suarez - Pico January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance , ensuring they do not leave their jobs . Orwell and Olaf use a still - hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir 's aide Charles , but Violet figures out how to break everyone 's trance in the nick of time . The workers then storm the mill , causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die . Sir , Olaf , and the Hook - Handed Man all escape in the chaos . Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires ' role in the town , where they actually helped to fight the fire . The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe , and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him . Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school , which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to , due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman . The Quagmires ' parents are revealed to be members of the organization . In the final scene , Lemony Snicket , Count Olaf , the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song `` That 's Not How the Story Goes . '' Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series : The Austere Academy , The Ersatz Elevator , The Vile Village , The Hostile Hospital , and The Carnivorous Carnival . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` The Austere Academy : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School , an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats . The school 's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian , Olivia Caliban , and the surviving Quagmire triplets , Duncan and Isadora . During a lunch break , Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass . The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek -- a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them , but which he carelessly misplaced . Meanwhile , Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school , unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf 's presence . However , with Carmelita 's help , Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria 's walk - in refrigerator . He then dons his latest disguise : the school 's new turban - wearing gym teacher . 10 `` The Austere Academy : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program , making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him , while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep . Due to their slumping grades , Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school , but because they must still exercise under Olaf 's program , they know they will likely fail . The Quagmires offer to help , and that night take their place during exercises ; however , their identity is discovered , and while hiding in the library , they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook - Handed Man . The next day , with Mr. Poe in attendance , the Baudelaires readily pass the exam , and through it reveal Olaf 's identity . Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires , who try to shout the initials `` V.F.D. '' from the backseat of Olaf 's car . Meanwhile , Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony 's brother , Jacques , while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind . 11 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 1 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway , Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé . While being introduced to the Squalors , they find Olaf has already arrived , posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther . The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again . They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail , but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse . Meanwhile , Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf 's scheme , which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques , who enlists her into their society . Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon - themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella , where Larry works to prolong their visit , giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor 's building for the Quagmires . When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator , they learn that it is merely an empty shaft . With a makeshift parachute , they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom . 12 `` The Ersatz Elevator : Part 2 '' Bo Welch Daniel Handler March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires , so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot - air balloon . They try to warn Esmé of Olaf 's scheme , but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city . Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft , where they are caught in a net midway down . Sunny helps them to escape safely , and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home . At the auction in Veblen Hall , the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled `` V.F.D. '' , which they believe contains the Quagmires . Though they win the item , they find the box contains only doilies . In the aftermath , Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires , who are hidden inside a red herring statue . The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf , but he is far too timid to do so , and gives up his guardianship of them . Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials `` V.F.D. '' is willing to raise them . 13 5 `` The Vile Village : Part 1 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees , where the whole community will care for them collectively . The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector , a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self - sustaining hot - air mobile home , and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves . Olaf , Esmé , and the troupe also arrive at the village , with Esmé disguising herself as the town 's new chief of police . Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse ; the next day , the villagers learn of Olaf 's capture and hold a town hall meeting , where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin , tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf . Jacques is sentenced to death , but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl , an object with ties to Esmé 's past . Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf ; however , the villain is unfazed by Jacques ' offer of a truce , and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him . The next morning , as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques , they are informed that `` Olaf '' has been murdered . 14 6 `` The Vile Village : Part 2 '' Barry Sonnenfeld Sigrid Gilmer March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques / `` Olaf , '' and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake . While in jail , the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot - air mobile home to help them escape . While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall , Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square . Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector . The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck 's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home . As they do so , Olaf , Esmé , and the villagers arrive , and Esmé begins damaging Hector 's home with a harpoon gun . Realizing their danger , the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires . In thanks , the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D. , but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon , scattering the pages and harming a crow . While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird , the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape . 15 7 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 1 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital . They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica . After sneaking past the hospital 's administrator Babs , they meet Hal , the man who runs the library . He welcomes their help , but forbids them to read material in storage . While Hal shows them the ropes , a film reel labeled `` Snicket '' arrives and catches the children 's attention . Meanwhile , believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital , Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building . Desperate for answers , the children are forced to steal Hal 's keys to access the library , where they find the film . It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer , with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire , which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire 's parents . However , before they can watch any further , they are interrupted by Esmé ; as they try to escape , the library is ruined . Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute , in possession of the film . 16 8 `` The Hostile Hospital : Part 2 '' Alan Arkush Joshua Conkel March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name ; to find her , Klaus disguises himself as `` Dr. Faustus , '' with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat . They eventually deduce which room Violet is in , but this is a trap laid by Olaf , who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater . Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records , and he does so -- only , it 's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for . Olaf , however , is interested in the Snicket film , and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret . Furious at its revelations , he burns the film , which also starts a fire in the hospital . The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf 's car . Hal is left depressed over the loss of the Library of Records . Elsewhere , an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the burning hospital . 17 9 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf . In the present , Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune - teller , Madame Lulu , about the fire 's survivor . Lulu , who is really Olivia in disguise , tells them to wait for the answer in the morning . The Baudelaires overhear this , and hoping to speak to Lulu as well , assume the identities of circus freaks , with Violet and Klaus as a two - headed person and Sunny as a wolf child . After calling V.F.D. , Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire . Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous , so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd . This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu 's tent , where they discover films , books , and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department -- the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to . Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them . 18 10 `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' Loni Peristere Joe Tracz March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that `` Madame Lulu '' is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information . While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children 's parents surviving the fire , Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor , and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them . Meanwhile , Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled , while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed . The next day , Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit . When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions , she instead pushes them to safety , and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles . As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu 's tent , Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down . Then , after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car , Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path . At the same time , the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival as Lemony Snicket claims that she is someone he knows . Season 3 ( edit ) The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series in seven episodes : The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each , and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode . Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril . Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels , written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006 , achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels . As such , the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published . This led to the development of a 2004 feature film , Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series . Barry Sonnenfeld , who has expressed his love for the series , was originally slated to direct the feature film , and had hired Handler to write the screenplay . About 10 months into production , shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf , there was a `` big crisis '' , according to Handler , which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms . With the film 's completion in flux , its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler . While the film was eventually completed and released , sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to `` corporate shakeups '' within DreamWorks , according to Handler , and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel . In November 2014 , Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series , with the author of the series , Daniel Handler , serving as executive producer . In September 2015 , it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers , with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series ' writing team . However , in January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project , with a replacement showrunner not named at the time . The first season consists of eight episodes , with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series . Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama , citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series . In January 2017 , Handler revealed that he was writing the series ' second season , to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series . A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series , which Handler hoped `` to get the go - ahead to do '' since `` given how quickly young actors age and change , we 're trying to film everything as quickly as possible . '' In March 2017 , Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website , where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision . A month later , the series was `` quietly '' renewed for a third season , which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series . Casting ( edit ) Neil Patrick Harris portrays Count Olaf in the series and serves as a producer . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus . Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number `` It 's Not Just for Gays Anymore '' , at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011 , noting `` I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once '' as was necessary for the character of Olaf , who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe , followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket , and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty . In September 2016 , it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings , Duncan and Isadora , respectively . In November 2016 , Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara , Don Johnson , and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell , Sir , and Aunt Josephine , respectively ; O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events . It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire , whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong , and Rhys Darby would play Charles , Sir 's partner . Filming ( edit ) Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver , British Columbia , and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished . Filming for the second season began in April 2017 . The third season began filming on January 5 , 2018 . One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings ; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces , but purposely left more specific details vague `` in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves . '' Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place , and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included . Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch , production designer for Edward Scissorhands , which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a `` familiar but completely imaginary '' suburban setting he had in mind for his books . While the production team used computer - generated imagery where needed , they attempted to avoid this use where possible , such as by using large painted backdrops , by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox , rather than employing green screen filming . Music ( edit ) In April 2016 , Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series . Once the first season was released , it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme , `` Look Away '' , as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series , with Handler contributing the lyrics . The first season 's original score was composed by James Newton Howard , with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes . In the second season , Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes . `` Look Away '' , the theme song for the opening titles of the series , is performed by Neil Patrick Harris . In keeping with the tone of the book series , the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further . The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes , comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes ' premise . Visual effects ( edit ) Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series , including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire 's actions . Tippett Studio also did work on the series , including the effects for the destruction of Josephine 's house , landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots . Release ( edit ) All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season was released on March 30 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On July 5 , 2015 a video titled `` An Unfortunate Teaser '' was uploaded to YouTube by a user named `` Eleanora Poe '' . Netflix quickly released a statement saying `` This was not released from Netflix . '' Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan - made . However , Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix 's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign , noting the user name `` Eleanora Poe '' being the same as a character from the series , and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies , a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo , similar to a spec script , by an independent commercial director , whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video 's popularity , though they did not go ahead with the concept . In October 2016 , Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events , where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket . A trailer , featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris 's character , Count Olaf , was released by Netflix in November 2016 , followed shortly by the first full trailer . The second trailer was released in December 2016 , followed by a `` holiday - themed '' trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy , which featured four holiday e-cards for download . Reception ( edit ) Audience viewership ( edit ) As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , 3.755 million viewers age 18 - 49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release . Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94 % based on 62 reviews , with an average rating of 8.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Enjoyably dark , A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material 's narrative as well as its tone , leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird , dry , gothic comedy . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating `` mature themes like grief , loss , and disappointment with sardonic honesty . '' Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series , calling it `` kids stuff with adult sophistication , driven by two - part stories , outrageous visuals , and the scenery - chewing of big - name guest stars '' . Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A - , saying that it `` proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking '' . Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for `` infusing the show with a lemony - fresh feel , conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies '' . Lowry wrote that `` the show proves a good deal of fun '' and that `` Harris dives into his over-the - top character with considerable gusto . '' He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film . Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film , which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf . Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop , the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall - breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books , and Harris 's portrayal of Olaf was `` much more dynamic , and creepier '' than Carrey 's version . The Verge 's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film , and `` nails down the tone that made the stories so special '' . Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them `` the right people for this job , set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time , except to say it is not now '' , in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film . Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com , on the other hand , gave the series a negative review , calling it `` an unfunny parody of sadness '' that is `` never as clever as it wants to be '' and would only appeal to fans of the books . Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals , but found the show 's tone , pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be `` literally , a series of unfortunate events '' . Season 2 ( edit ) As with the first season , the second season received critical acclaim . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100 % based on 13 reviews , with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Season two of A Series of Unfortunate Events is as gothic , twisted and absurd as the first , to the delight of moody tweens of all ages . '' Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that `` essentially deals with thoughtful , intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world . '' While observing that the `` show may revel in the miserable '' , she opined `` that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places . '' Loughrey also credited the show 's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires ' adult allies for `` plumping up '' the episodes ' narrative arcs and deepening the show 's emotional impact . Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars . He described the show as a `` gothic treat ( that ) also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour , and the most gorgeously toybox - like set designs you 'll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film . '' Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels . While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith 's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations , he criticized the addition of supporting `` good '' characters such as Nathan Fillion 's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning 's Jacquelyn for `` undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels . '' Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as `` one of the most lavish originals in Netflix 's bottomless catalogue , created by fans , for fans . '' He also praised Neil Patrick Harris ' performance as Count Olaf . The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise - shell ' amphibiophones ' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound . IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season 's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season . He also praised several of the second season 's episodes particularly `` The Ersatz Elevator '' , `` The Hostile Hospital '' , and `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series ' mythology . Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref 2017 Leo Awards Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series Luis Alejandro Guevara , Bob Habros , Cale Jacox , Ron Simonson , Jeffrey De Guzman Nominated Best Make - Up in a Dramatic Series Rita Ciccozzi , Krista Seller , Tanya Hudson , Gitte Axen Won Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series Julie Mchaffie , Dianne Holme , Jenine Lehfeldt Won Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Sara Canning Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series A Series of Unfortunate Events Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Music Composition for a Series James Newton Howard Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Comedy Actor Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Main Title Theme -- TV Show / Limited Series Nick Urata and Daniel Handler Won Peabody Awards Children 's & Youth Programming A Series of Unfortunate Events Won 2018 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical Neil Patrick Harris Nominated Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as `` The Bad Beginning '' , following the title of the book , while the episode itself displays the name of `` A Bad Beginning '' after the opening credits . Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2 , while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits , following the format of the first season . ^ Jump up to : Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as `` Carnivorous Carnival '' , while the episodes themselves display the name of `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after the opening credits , following the title of the book . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wollaston , Sam ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events review -- fabulous steampunk fun '' -- via The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : Barry Sonnenfeld Was Booted Off the Movie , and Now He 's Saved the Franchise '' . IndieWire.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( January 6 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' on Netflix '' . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Goldberg , Lesley ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris to Star in Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' as Showrunner Exits '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton Is Lemony Snicket In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Meet Count Olaf in official trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` 11 big actors you did n't realize were in ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion & More Join Season 2 of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- Find Out Who They 're Playing '' . ET Online . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Amanda ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Air Date , Cast News : Early 2017 Release Plotted ; Meet 4 Child Actors Of ASOUE '' . Parent Herald . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' : A Deep Dive Into the New Trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rivera , Brittany ( January 1 , 2017 ) . `` 15 Things You Need To Know About Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Capes , Kristy ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Everything We Know So Far About Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Vorrhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events : News , Trailer , Characters , Release Date & All You Need To Know '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 Cast & Character Guide '' . March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Aasif Mandvi Cast In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' & USA 's ' Mr. Robot ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The @ unfortunate trailer is coming tomorrow . For today , our final cast reveal -- -- @ AlfreWoodard as Aunt Josephine : '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ DanielHandler ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Today 's @ Unfortunate reveal : @ DonJohnson and @ Aasif Mandvi 's characters . Can you guess who ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Will ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Series of Unfortunate Events : Lemony Snicket shares first look at two characters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scens of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' `` . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ Walsh , Megan ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Harper & Gideon Make A Cameo On ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' In The Most Surprising Way '' . Romper.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris on What It Was Like Working with His Kids on A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . People . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Allison Williams Joins ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Andrew ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' is ' a much darker take , ' says Neil Patrick Harris '' . Hypable . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part One '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Event occurs at 1 : 10 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning : Part Two '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 1 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 9 . Event occurs at 1 : 09 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Carnivorous Carnival : Part 2 '' . A Series of Unfortunate Events . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Event occurs at 1 : 03 . Netflix . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Shamsian , Jacob ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` The final season of Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' will adapt the books differently than the rest of the show -- here 's why '' . Insider . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC PRODUCTION LIST '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . September 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In Production '' . www.creativebc.com . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver Film Production Update - October 2017 '' . www.vancouverfilm.net . ^ Jump up to : Spense D. ( December 16 , 2004 ) . `` Interview : Lemony Snicket '' . IGN . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tiffany , Kaitlyn ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix made A Series of Unfortunate Events , its first great TV for families '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lucero II , Louis ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's Fortunate Reinvention of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Liam ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Confirms A Series of Unfortunate Events Will End After Season 3 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . Lemony Snicket Casting . Cast It Talent . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's why Lemony Snicket cast Neil Patrick Harris '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Closes Deal To Star In Netflix 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris on shooting A Series of Unfortunate Events in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Sophia ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Premiere Date and Casting : Confirmed and Rumored Casting ; Filming Concluded '' . CrossMap.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Behind The Scenes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hynes , Louis ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Day 1 of season 3 ! ! We got new slates ! ! ! @ janneswessels # asoue '' . Instagram . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Urata to Score Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . Film Music Reporter. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Premieres ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Theme Song '' . FilmMusicReporter.com . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martinelli , Marissa ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Urges You to `` Look Away '' in the Series of Unfortunate Events Theme Song `` . Slate . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` If you 're watching Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events , ' do n't skip the opening credits '' . Business Insider . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` I Bet You Did n't Know There Were This Many Ways to Fear a CGI Baby '' . io9 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's Series of Unfortunate Events -- Tippett Studio '' . www.tippett.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Netflix . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Someone made a cool trailer for Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' -- but it was n't Netflix '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube '' . Variety . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lemony Snicket fan - made Netflix trailer goes viral '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Browning , Laura M. ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` That Series Of Unfortunate Events trailer is fake , Netflix series still real '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petrakovitz , Caitlin ( July 7 , 2015 ) . `` That ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' trailer is real , and here 's why '' . CNET . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kellen Moore '' . kmoore.co . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' : Meet Count Olaf In First - Look Teaser '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elfman , Sheri ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Second trailer for ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' released '' . UPI . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Van Voorhis , Genevieve ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Watch All The Trailers For Netflix 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' And Decode The Messages Inside '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Tops Luke Cage Viewership '' . Screen Rant . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 1 '' . Metacritic.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Adams , Erik ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Orphaned at the cinema , A Series Of Unfortunate Events gets its due on Netflix '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lemony Snicket ' books find fresh new life as Netflix series '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix 's ' Series of Unfortunate Events ' outshines the 2004 film '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenburg , Chaim ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's A Series of Unfortunate Events gets right what the movie got wrong '' . The Verge . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Fortunately , this ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' is a series worth watching '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allen , Nick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' an unfunny parody of sadness `` . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Framke , Caroline ( January 14 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's take on Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events embraces weirdness , and not much else '' . Vox . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( 29 April 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Misery makes a welcome return '' . The Independent . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Saunders , Tristan Fane ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` ' A gothic treat ' -- A Series of Unfortunate Events , season 2 , Netflix , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Huw ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : more marvellous misery '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Naahar , Rohan ( 30 March 2018 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events season 2 review : Netflix 's strangest , most lavish show does n't care what you think '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Ahr , Michael . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : New Sounds for Season 2 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon . `` Unfortunately uneven but still includes great episodes '' . IGN . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , 2017 Winners by Name '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 2 March 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Highlighting the Best Storytelling of 2017 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap. 29 November 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 . 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when does season 2 a series of unfortunate events come out
[ "The first season, which premiered on January 13, 2017, consists of eight episodes and adapts the first four books of the series. The second season was ordered in March 2017 and released on March 30, 2018. A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a third season in April 2017, which will consist of seven episodes and adapt the remaining four books." ]
[ "March 30, 2018" ]
3768572788555488638
Warwick Davis
Warwick Davis - wikipedia Warwick Davis Jump to : navigation , search Warwick Davis Davis in 2007 Warwick Ashley Davis ( 1970 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1970 ( age 48 ) Epsom , Surrey , England Occupation Actor , television presenter , writer , director , producer Years active 1982 -- present Height 3 ft 6 in ( 107 cm ) Spouse ( s ) Samantha Davis ( m . 1991 ) Children 4 ( 2 deceased ) Relatives Peter Burroughs ( father - in - law ) Hayley Burroughs ( sister - in - law ) Website warwickdavis.co.uk Warwick Ashley Davis ( born 3 February 1970 ) is an English actor , television presenter , writer , director and producer . He played the title characters in Willow and the Leprechaun film series , the Ewok Wicket in Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi and Professor Filius Flitwick and Griphook in the Harry Potter films . Davis also starred as a fictionalised version of himself in the sitcom Life 's Too Short , written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant . He has presented ITV game shows Celebrity Squares ( 2014 -- 2015 ) and Tenable ( 2016 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Other projects 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) Davis was born in Epsom , Surrey , the son of Susan and Ashley Davis , an insurance worker . Davis has a younger sister . He was educated at Chinthurst School and later the City of London Freemen 's School . Davis was born with Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita , an extremely rare form of dwarfism . When Davis was 11 , his grandmother heard a radio advert calling for people who were 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) tall or shorter to be in Return of the Jedi . To Davis , who was a fan of the Star Wars films , it was a dream come true . During the filming of Return of the Jedi , Mark Hamill bought Davis every Star Wars figure he did not have . Career ( edit ) Davis with fellow Star Wars actor Anthony Daniels ( C - 3PO ) in 2010 Davis was originally cast as an extra Ewok , but when Kenny Baker , who was originally going to be Wicket , fell ill , George Lucas picked Davis to be the new Wicket after seeing how he carried himself as an Ewok . Davis based his Ewok movements on his dog , who would tilt his head from side to side whenever he saw something strange . During production on the film , Davis was the subject of a short mockumentary film about his experience as Wicket , titled Return of the Ewok , made by Return of the Jedi 's first assistant director , David Tomblin . The unreleased film was a fictional look at his decision to become an actor and act in the film and his transformation into Wicket the Ewok . Davis reprised his role as Wicket in the ABC made - for - TV films Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure and Ewoks : The Battle for Endor . In 1987 , Davis was called to Elstree Studios near London to meet with Ron Howard and George Lucas to discuss a new film project called Willow , which was written with Davis specifically in mind . Willow was his first opportunity to act with his face visible . He co-starred with Val Kilmer in the film , which received a Royal Premiere before the Prince and Princess of Wales . He then moved to television to be in the BBC Television adaptation of the classic The Chronicles of Narnia , specifically in Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( as Reepicheep ) , and The Silver Chair ( as Glimfeather ) and an episode of Zorro filmed in Madrid . In 1993 , he played the villainous Irish goblin in Leprechaun , alongside Jennifer Aniston . He then returned to the Star Wars universe , playing three roles in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace : Weazel , a gambler sitting next to Watto at the Podrace ; Wald , who was Anakin 's Rodian friend ; and Yoda in some scenes where Yoda was seen walking . Davis played the role of Professor Filius Flitwick in the Harry Potter films . Davis played a white - moustached Flitwick in the first two films , and then a black - haired unnamed chorus conductor for the third instalment of the series . In the fourth film , Flitwick is younger looking , with short , brown hair and a trimmed moustache . In addition to playing Flitwick , Davis played the role of the goblin Griphook in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , despite the role being played previously by fellow dwarf actor Verne Troyer . In 2004 , Davis played the character `` Plates '' in the indie film Skinned Deep , directed by special effects artist Gabriel Bartalos . In 2006 , Davis appeared , alongside fellow Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe , in an episode of BBC 's comedy series Extras as a satirical version of himself . Davis starred in the film version of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , as the `` body '' of Marvin the Paranoid Android ( the voice was provided by Alan Rickman ) . In December 2006 , Davis starred in the pantomime Snow White and the Seven Dwarves at the Opera House , Manchester , and again in 2007 -- 08 at the New Wimbledon Theatre . Davis appeared in The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian , in which he played Nikabrik the Dwarf , adding to his previous involvement in TV adaptations of the Chronicles of Narnia series . He also appeared as a contestant on the 2007 series of Children in Need reality show Celebrity Scissorhands . Davis starred as a fictional version of himself in Life 's Too Short , written by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant , who also starred . In December 2012 , Davis returned to New Wimbledon Theatre to reprise his role in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . In March 2013 , Davis presented an episode of the ITV series Perspectives : Warwick Davis -- The Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz , in which he explored the story of the Ovitz family , a touring musical troupe which included seven dwarfs who survived the Nazi Auschwitz concentration camp and the experiments of Josef Mengele . In late 2013 , Davis appeared for one month as Patsy in the musical comedy Spamalot , based on the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail in London , At the same time , Davis hosted a press conference to announce the Monty Python reunion . In 2014 , Davis hosted a factual series for ITV called Weekend Escapes with Warwick Davis . The show saw Davis and his family travelling around Britain , enjoying short weekend holiday breaks . The show returned for a second series in spring 2015 . From 2014 - 15 , he hosted the revived version of game show Celebrity Squares on ITV . The first series was shown in 2014 and a second aired in 2015 . Davis appeared in the 2015 sequel Star Wars : The Force Awakens . In July 2015 , he became the voice of Gordon the Gopher in a pilot developed for BBC Taster , and the pilot progressed well , becoming one of the highest rated on the BBC 's Taster section . Davis confirmed that he will appear in Star Wars : The Last Jedi in a to be determined role . The film was released in December 2017 . In November 2016 , Davis began presenting the daytime ITV game show Tenable . The show will return for three further series in 2017 and 2018 . In April 2017 , at Star Wars Celebration Orlando , it was announced that Davis would play Grand Admiral Thrawn 's bodyguard Ruhk in the fourth season of Star Wars Rebels . On 26 July 2017 it was announced that Davis will be appearing in the upcoming film , Solo : A Star Wars Story , that will reunite him with his Willow director Ron Howard . The film is set for release in May 2018 . This will be the eighth appearance for Davis in a Star Wars film . Other projects ( edit ) In addition to his acting career , in 1995 , Davis co-founded , with fellow dwarf actor and father - in - law Peter Burroughs , the talent agency Willow Management , that specialises in representing actors under five feet ( 1.52 m ) tall . Many of Davis 's co-stars and fellow dwarf actors from Star Wars , Willow , Labyrinth and the Harry Potter series are represented by the agency . In 2004 , the agency also began representing actors over seven feet ( 2.13 m ) tall who had suffered from being confined to `` niche '' roles . Over forty members of Willow Management were cast as goblins in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . In April 2010 , Davis published his autobiography , Size Matters Not : The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis , with a foreword by George Lucas . In January 2013 , he appeared in a Comic Relief episode of The Great British Bake Off , winning that episode 's title of `` Comic Relief Star Baker '' . Davis is a founder of the Reduced Height Theatre Company , which stages theatrical productions cast exclusively with short actors and using reduced height sets . Their first production was See How They Run , touring the UK in 2014 . In February 2015 , the production was the subject of the BBC 's `` Warwick Davis ' Big Night '' as part of the Modern Times documentary series . In June 2016 , he was the castaway on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs . The BBC broadcast an episode of Who Do You Think You Are ? genealogy programmes on Warwick Davis in February 2017 . In the episode Davis learned that in his family tree he had an ancestor that had been married to two women at the same time , another who had died in an asylum from syphilis and another who performed as a minstrel in blackface . Personal Life ( edit ) Unlike most dwarfs ( 70.65 % ) who have a condition called achondroplasia , Davis ' dwarfism is caused by an extremely rare genetic condition called spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia congenita ( SED ) . He has said the only real drawback to being small was the associated health problems . Of his own dwarfism , Davis has said , `` As you get older , you can suffer from painful hips , and our joints wear a lot quicker than for people of average height . '' Davis ' wife , Samantha , has achondroplasia , and their two children also have SED . Their daughter , Annabelle Davis , stars in the CBBC show , The Dumping Ground as Sasha Bellman . As a result of having different causes of dwarfism , the couple 's first two children , sons Lloyd and George , died shortly after birth , having had a fatal combination of the conditions . Samantha is the daughter of Davis ' business partner Peter Burroughs and the sister of actress Hayley Burroughs . Davis met the Burroughs family while filming Willow , where Samantha had a minor role as a Nelwyn villager . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 Return of the Ewok Himself ; Wicket W. Warrick Unreleased Return of the Jedi Wicket W. Warrick 1984 Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure Main role 1985 Ewoks : The Battle for Endor 1986 Labyrinth Goblin Corps The Princess and the Dwarf 1988 Willow Willow Ufgood 1988 Prince Caspian Reepicheep The Silver Chair Glimfeather 1991 Zorro Don Alfonso Episode : `` The Jewelled Sword '' Leprechaun Leprechaun Leprechaun 2 1995 Leprechaun 3 Gulliver 's Travels Grildrig Leprechaun 4 : In Space Leprechaun Prince Valiant Pechet 1998 A Very Unlucky Leprechaun Lucky 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Yoda ( walk - in shots ) Weazel Wald The New Adventures of Pinocchio Dwarf Pepe the Cricket The White Pony Lucky 2000 The 10th Kingdom Acorn the Dwarf Leprechaun in the Hood Leprechaun Snow White : The Fairest of Them All Saturday Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Professor Filius Flitwick The voice of Griphook ( played by Verne Troyer ) 2002 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Professor Filius Flitwick Al 's Lads Leo 2003 Leprechaun : Back 2 tha Hood Leprechaun Ray Oberon Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Professor Filius Flitwick Skinned Deep Plates 2005 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy Marvin the Paranoid Android Voiced by Alan Rickman Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Professor Filius Flitwick Small Town Folk Knackerman Extras Himself 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Professor Filius Flitwick Ministry of Magic Employee 2008 Agent One - Half Agent One - Half The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian Nikabrik 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Professor Filius Flitwick Tell Him Next Year Santa 's Elf Short film Merlin Grettir Episode : `` The Eye of the Phoenix '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Griphook 2011 Dick and Dom 's Funny Business Himself Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Griphook Professor Filius Flitwick Life 's Too Short Himself Creator 2012 An Idiot Abroad Himself Series 3 Chingari Gangster Boss As featured on An Idiot Abroad 3 2013 Doctor Who Porridge Episode : `` Nightmare in Silver '' Jack the Giant Slayer Old Hamm Top Gear Himself Episode : Series 20 , Episode 1 Ashens and the Quest for the GameChild Himself / The Silver Skull Unmasked Independent film Dwarves Assemble Oberon the Ufgood All episodes The Seven Dwarfs of Auschwitz Himself / Presenter Documentary Bookaboo Himself Episode : `` Dustbin Dad '' 2014 -- 2015 Weekend Escapes with Warwick Davis Presenter 2 series Celebrity Squares Presenter 2014 Get Santa Sally Text Santa Father Christmas 2015 Piers Morgan 's Life Stories Himself The One Show Guest presenter Stand - in presenter Catherine Tate 's Nan Graham Fanee Episode : `` Nanger Management '' Star Wars : The Force Awakens Wollivan Realms of Fightinge Teuthis Web series 2015 -- present Planet 's Got Talent Narrator 2 series 2016 Billionaire Boy Himself Television film The Dumping Ground Lou 2 episodes Rogue One : A Star Wars Story Weeteef Cyubee The Entire Universe The Big Bang Television special Fantastic Beasts and JK Rowling 's Wizarding World Presenter Television special Jonathan Creek Rev. Wendell Wilkie Episode : `` Daemons ' Roost '' 2016 -- present Tenable Presenter ITV game show 2017 -- present Comic Relief Co-presenter 2017 telethon 2017 Who Do You Think You Are ? Himself 1 episode Star Wars : The Last Jedi Wodibin Star Wars : Rebels Rukh ( voice ) 2 episodes British Airways Safety Video Himself Pre-flight safety video 2018 Solo : A Star Wars Story TBA Post-production 2019 Moominvalley Sniff ( voice ) Filming References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Deacon , Michael ( 10 November 2011 ) . `` Warwick Davis on Life 's Too Short '' . telegraph.co.uk . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Warwick ( 2011 ) . Size Matters Not : The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis . John Wiley & Sons . p. xv . ISBN 1 - 118 - 11939 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Swann , Liam ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` Warwick Davis talks exclusively to MCMBUZZ ! '' . MCM Buzz . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Warwick Davis : the quintessential Ewok '' . The News and Courier. 24 November 1984 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis - Who Do You Think You Are - A tale of long hidden family secrets ... '' www.thegenealogist.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' -- Warwick Davis Q&A '' . Time Out London . 11 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2008 . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Star Warwick Davis Recalls Emotional Final Day on Set '' . MTV Movie News . Retrieved 24 December 2011 . Jump up ^ ' Life 's Too Short ' BBC Pilot , Warwickdavis.co.uk , 22 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Snow White Wimbledon Tickets -- 2012 Pantomime New Wimbledon Theatre '' , atgtickets.com ; retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Les Dennis and Warwick Davis join Spamalot cast '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monty Python to reunite for live one - off show in London '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Escapes with Warwick Davis : Episode 1 '' . itv.com. 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life 's Too Short 's Warwick Davis to host new series of Celebrity Squares '' . The Guardian . 11 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis Will Return for Star Wars : Episode VII , Plus Darth Vader 's Star Wars Rebels Appearance Revealed '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nineties children 's favourite Gordon the Gopher makes return to BBC comedy as washed - up reject '' . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon '' . BBC Taster . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis Confirms Star Wars 8 Role '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Warwick ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Just wrapped on more 3 more series of my @ ITV quiz # Tenable . Huge thanks to the entire production team , the contestants & @ PinewoodStudios.pic.twitter.com/YM9yGqWsqx '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis to Appear in Han Solo Film '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Warwick ; Lucas , George ( 22 April 2010 ) . Size Matters Not : The Extraordinary Life and Career of Warwick Davis . Aurum Press . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 531 - 7 . Jump up ^ Jaques , Adam ( 22 September 2013 ) . `` Warwick Davis : The actor on his best role , ' Star Wars ' vs Harry Potter and the joy of ' Columbo ' '' . The Independent . London , UK . Retrieved 23 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BBC iPlayer -- Watch BBC Two live '' . BBC.co.uk . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis , Desert Island Discs - BBC Radio 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC programme Who Do You Think You Are '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis feature article on TheGenealogist '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Nick ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` Warwick Davis : My family values '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Warwick Davis : Willow DVD commentary . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` ' Merlin ' star Colin Morgan talks dragons and guest stars '' . USA Weekend . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warwick Davis joins Karl Pilkington for Ricky Gervais ' An Idiot Abroad 3 : The Short Way Round -- Sky1 HD '' . Retrieved 12 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood actor Warwick Davis shoots for ' Chingari ' '' . The Times of India . 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Blogs -- Doctor Who -- Confirmed for 2013 : Cybermen and Stellar Cast '' . 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- Catherine Tate 's Nan , Series 1 , Nanger Management -- Credits '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Planet 's Got Talent comes to ITV '' . `` ITV Press Centre '' . Jump up ^ 4.30 pm - 5.00 pm ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . BBC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ British Comedy Guide ( 2016 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Eric Idle to resurrect Rutland Weekend Television - News - British Comedy Guide '' . Comedy.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chung , Frank . `` Warwick Davis on Star Wars : Episode VIII ' cliffhanger ' , possible Willow sequel '' . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Warwick Davis . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Warwick Davis Official website Warwick Davis on IMDb Willow Management VIAF : 74061232 LCCN : no2002008747 ISNI : 0000 0001 1475 1268 GND : 141530065 SUDOC : 117164623 BNF : cb14169620k ( data ) BIBSYS : 8077900 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warwick_Davis&oldid=834192685 '' Categories : 1970 births Living people Male actors from Surrey Actors with dwarfism English male child actors English male film actors English male stage actors English male television actors People educated at City of London Freemen 's School People from Epsom People from Yaxley , Cambridgeshire People educated at Chinthurst School 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Hidden categories : EngvarB from December 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Asturianu تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 12 : 25 . 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who plays the goblin in harry potter 8
[ "Warwick Ashley Davis (born 3 February 1970)[2] is an English actor, television presenter, writer, director and producer.[3] He played the title characters in Willow and the Leprechaun film series, the Ewok Wicket in Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi and Professor Filius Flitwick and Griphook in the Harry Potter films. Davis also starred as a fictionalised version of himself in the sitcom Life's Too Short, written and directed by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant." ]
[ "Warwick Ashley Davis" ]
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American popular music
American popular music - wikipedia American popular music Jump to : navigation , search Shoe Tickler Rag , cover of the music sheet for a song from 1911 by Wilbur Campbell . Music of the United States of America Timeline General topics Education History Genres Classical Jazz Country Folk Bluegrass Hip hop Pop Rock R&B Specific forms Religious music Gospel music Christian pop Ethnic music Native American Arapaho Blackfoot Inuit Iroquois Kiowa Navajo Pueblo Seminole Sioux Yuman Anglo - American Old - time Western African American Celtic New Mexican Latin Tejano Puerto Rican Cajun and Creole Hawaiian Immigrant communities Media and performance Music awards Grammy Awards Country Music Awards Gospel Music Awards Tejano Music Awards Music charts Billboard Music Chart American Top 40 Music festivals Jazz Fest Lollapalooza Ozzfest Monterey Jazz Festival Music media Spin Rolling Stone Vibe Down Beat The Source MTV VH1 Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem The Star - Spangled Banner Regional music AK AL AR AS AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA GU HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MP MS MT NC ND NE NH NM NV NJ NY OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VI VT WA WI WV WY American popular music has had a profound effect on music across the world . The country has seen the rise of popular styles that have had a significant influence on global culture , including ragtime , blues , jazz , swing , rock , bluegrass , country , R&B , doo wop , gospel , soul , funk , heavy metal , punk , disco , house , techno , salsa , grunge and hip hop . In addition , the American music industry is quite diverse , supporting a number of regional styles such as zydeco , klezmer and slack - key . Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century , and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music , using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music . These popular styles included country , R&B , jazz and rock . The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music , including the development of a number of new styles , such as heavy metal , punk , soul , and hip hop . Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream , they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early `` popular '' music 1.1 Tin Pan Alley 1.2 Broadway 1.3 Ragtime 2 Early recorded popular music 2.1 Popular jazz ( 1920 -- 1935 ) and swing ( 1935 -- 1947 ) 2.2 Blues diversification and popularization 3 1950s and 1960s 3.1 Country : Nashville Sound 3.2 Soul 3.3 1960s rock 4 1970s and 1980s 4.1 1970s funk and soul 4.2 1980s pop 4.3 Birth of the underground 4.3. 1 Hip hop 4.3. 2 Salsa 4.4 Punk and alternative rock 4.5 Heavy metal 5 1990s 6 2000s 7 International and social impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early `` popular '' music ( edit ) The first major American popular songwriter , Stephen Foster . The earliest songs that could be considered American popular music , as opposed to the popular music of a particular region or ethnicity , were sentimental parlor songs by Stephen Foster and his peers , and songs meant for use in minstrel shows , theatrical productions that featured singing , dancing and comic performances . Minstrel shows generally used African instruments and dance , and featured performers with their faces blackened , a technique called blackface . By the middle of the 19th century , touring companies had taken this music not only to every part of the United States , but also to the UK , Western Europe , and even to Africa and Asia . Minstrel shows were generally advertised as though the music of the shows was in an African American style , though this was often not true . Sheet music cover for `` Dandy Jim from Caroline '' by Dan Emmett , London , c. 1844 . Black people had taken part in American popular culture prior to the Civil War era , at least dating back to the African Grove Theatre in New York in the 1820s and the publication of the first music by a black composer , Francis Johnson , in 1818 . However , these important milestones still occurred entirely within the conventions of European music . The first extremely popular minstrel song was `` Jump Jim Crow '' by Thomas `` Daddy '' Rice , which was first performed in 1832 and was a sensation in London when Rice performed it there in 1836 . Rice used a dance that he copied from a stable boy with a tune adopted from an Irish jig . The African elements included the use of the banjo , believed to derive from West African string instruments , and accented and additive rhythms . Many of the songs of the minstrel shows are still remembered today , especially those by Daniel Emmett and Stephen Foster , the latter being , according to David Ewen , `` America 's first major composer , and one of the world 's outstanding writers of songs '' . Foster 's songs were typical of the minstrel era in their unabashed sentimentality , and in their acceptance of slavery . Nevertheless , Foster did more than most songwriters of the period to humanize the blacks he composed about , such as in `` Nelly Was a Lady '' , a plaintive , melancholy song about a black man mourning the loss of his wife . The minstrel show marked the beginning of a long tradition of African American music being appropriated for popular audiences , and was the first distinctly American form of music to find international acclaim , in the mid-19th century . As Donald Clarke has noted , minstrel shows contained `` essentially black music , while the most successful acts were white , so that songs and dances of black origin were imitated by white performers and then taken up by black performers , who thus to some extent ended up imitating themselves '' . Clarke attributes the use of blackface to a desire for white Americans to glorify the brutal existence of both free and slave blacks by depicting them as happy and carefree individuals , best suited to plantation life and the performance of simple , joyous songs that easily appealed to white audiences . Blackface minstrel shows remained popular throughout the last part of the 19th century , only gradually dying out near the beginning of the 20th century . During that time , a form of lavish and elaborate theater called the extravaganza arose , beginning with Charles M. Barras ' The Black Crook . Extravaganzas were criticized by the newspapers and churches of the day because the shows were considered sexually titillating , with women singing bawdy songs dressed in nearly transparent clothing . David Ewen described this as the beginning of the `` long and active careers in sex exploitation '' of American musical theater and popular song . Later , extravaganzas took elements of burlesque performances , which were satiric and parodic productions that were very popular at the end of the 19th century . Like the extravaganza and the burlesque , the variety show was a comic and ribald production , popular from the middle to the end of the 19th century , at which time it had evolved into vaudeville . This form was innovated by producers like Tony Pastor who tried to encourage women and children to attend his shows ; they were hesitant because the theater had long been the domain of a rough and disorderly crowd . By the early 20th century , vaudeville was a respected entertainment for women and children , and songwriters like Gus Edwards wrote songs that were popular across the country . The most popular vaudeville shows were , like the Ziegfeld Follies , a series of songs and skits that had a profound effect on the subsequent development of Broadway musical theater and the songs of Tin Pan Alley . `` Old Folks at Home '' Popular minstrel songs , such as this one by Stephen Foster , formed part of the repertoire of camp bands during the Civil War . This performance is by Civil War re-enactors , the 2nd South Carolina String Band . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Tin Pan Alley ( edit ) Tin Pan Alley was an area called Union Square in New York City , which became the major center for music publishing by the mid-1890s . The songwriters of this era wrote formulaic songs , many of them sentimental ballads . During this era , a sense of national consciousness was developing , as the United States became a formidable world power , especially after the Spanish -- American War . The increased availability and efficiency of railroads and the postal service helped disseminate ideas , including popular songs . Some of the most notable publishers of Tin Pan Alley included Willis Woodward , M. Witmark & Sons , Charles K. Harris , and Edward B. Marks and Joseph W. Stern . Stern and Marks were among the more well - known Tin Pan Alley songwriters ; they began writing together as amateurs in 1894 . In addition to the popular , mainstream ballads and other clean - cut songs , some Tin Pan Alley publishers focused on rough and risqué . Coon songs were another important part of Tin Pan Alley , derived from the watered - down songs of the minstrel show with the `` verve and electricity '' brought by the `` assimilation of the ragtime rhythm '' . The first popular coon song was `` New Coon in Town '' , introduced in 1883 , and followed by a wave of coon shouters like Ernest Hogan and May Irwin . Broadway ( edit ) The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway , a group of theatres specializing in musicals . Broadway became one of the preeminent locations for musical theater in the world , and produced a body of songs that led Donald Clarke to call the era , the golden age of songwriting . The need to adapt enjoyable songs to the constraints of a theater and a plot enabled and encouraged a growth in songwriting and the rise of composers like George Gershwin , Vincent Youmans , Irving Berlin and Jerome Kern . These songwriters wrote songs that have remained popular and are today known as the Great American Songbook . Foreign operas were popular among the upper - class throughout the 19th century , while other styles of musical theater included operettas , ballad operas and the opera bouffe . The English operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan were particularly popular , while American compositions had trouble finding an audience . George M. Cohan was the first notable American composer of musical theater , and the first to move away from the operetta , and is also notable for using the language of the vernacular in his work . By the beginning of the 20th century , however , black playwrights , composers and musicians were having a profound effect on musical theater , beginning with the works of Will Marion Cook , James Reese Europe and James P. Johnson ; the first major hit black musical was Shuffle Along in 1921 . Imported operettas and domestic productions by both whites like Cohan and blacks like Cook , Europe and Johnson all had a formative influence on Broadway . Composers like Gershwin , Porter and Kern made comedic musical theater into a national pastime , with a feel that was distinctly American and not dependent on European models . Most of these individuals were Jewish , with Cole Porter the only major exception ; they were the descendants of 19th century immigrants fleeing persecution in the Russian Empire , settled most influentially in various neighborhoods in New York City . Many of the early musicals were influenced by black music , showing elements of early jazz , such as In Dahomey ; the Jewish composers of these works may have seen connections between the traditional African American blue notes and their own folk Jewish music . Broadway songs were recorded around the turn of the century , but did not become widely popular outside their theatrical context until much later . Jerome Kern 's `` They Did n't Believe Me '' was an early song that became popular nationwide . Kern 's later innovations included a more believable plot than the rather shapeless stories built around songs of earlier works , beginning with Show Boat in 1927 . George Gershwin was perhaps the most influential composer on Broadway , beginning with `` Swanee '' in 1919 and later works for jazz and orchestras . His most enduring composition may be the opera Porgy and Bess , a story about two blacks , which Gershwin intended as a sort of `` folk opera '' , a creation of a new style of American musical theater based on American idioms . Ragtime ( edit ) Ragtime was a style of dance music based around the piano , using syncopated rhythms and chromaticisms ; the genre 's most well - known performer and composer was undoubtedly Scott Joplin . Donald Clarke considers ragtime the culmination of coon songs , used first in minstrel shows and then vaudeville , and the result of the rhythms of minstrelsy percolating into the mainstream ; he also suggests that ragtime 's distinctive sound may have come from an attempt to imitate the African American banjo using the keyboard . Due to the essentially African American nature of ragtime , it is most commonly considered the first style of American popular music to be truly black music ; ragtime brought syncopation and a more authentic black sound to popular music . Popular ragtime songs were notated and sold as sheet music , but the general style was played more informally across the nation ; these amateur performers played a more free - flowing form of ragtime that eventually became a major formative influence on jazz . Early recorded popular music ( edit ) Thomas Edison 's invention of the phonograph cylinder kicked off the birth of recorded music . The first cylinder to be released was `` Semper Fidelis '' by the U.S. Marine Band . At first , cylinders were released sparingly , but as their sales grew more profitable , distribution increased . These early recorded songs were a mix of vaudeville , barbershop quartets , marches , opera , novelty songs , and other popular tunes . Many popular standards , such as `` The Good Old Summertime '' , `` Shine On Harvest Moon '' , and `` Over There '' come from this time . There were also a few early hits in the field of jazz , beginning with the Original Dixieland Jazz Band 's 1917 recordings , and followed by King Oliver 's Creole Jazz Band , who played in a more authentic New Orleans jazz style . Blues had been around a long time before it became a part of the first explosion of recorded popular music in American history . This came in the 1920s , when classic female blues singers like Ma Rainey , Bessie Smith and Mamie Smith grew very popular ; the first hit of this field was Mamie Smith 's `` Crazy Blues '' . These urban blues singers changed the idea of popular music from being simple songs that could be easily performed by anyone to works primarily associated with an individual singer . Performers like Sophie Tucker , known for `` Some of These Days '' , became closely associated with their hits , making their individualized interpretations just as important as the song itself . At the same time , record companies like Paramount Records and OKeh Records launched the field of race music , which was mostly blues targeted at African American audiences . The most famous of these acts went on to inspire much of the later popular development of the blues and blues - derived genres , including Charley Patton , Lonnie Johnson and Robert Johnson . Popular jazz ( 1920 -- 1935 ) and swing ( 1935 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Jazz is a kind of music characterized by blue notes , syncopation , swing , call and response , polyrhythms , and improvisation . Though originally a kind of dance music , jazz has now been `` long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music ( and has also ) become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall '' . Jazz 's development occurred at around the same time as modern ragtime , blues , gospel and country music , all of which can be seen as part of a continuum with no clear demarcation between them ; jazz specifically was most closely related to ragtime , with which it could be distinguished by the use of more intricate rhythmic improvisation , often placing notes far from the implied beat . The earliest jazz bands adopted much of the vocabulary of the blues , including bent and blue notes and instrumental `` growls '' and smears . Paul Whiteman was the most popular bandleader of the 1920s , and claimed for himself the title `` The King of Jazz . '' Despite his hiring many of the other best white jazz musicians of the era , later generations of jazz lovers have often judged Whiteman 's music to have little to do with real jazz . Nonetheless , his notion of combining jazz with elaborate orchestrations has been returned to repeatedly by composers and arrangers of later decades . Whiteman commissioned Gershwin 's `` Rhapsody in Blue '' , which was debuted by Whiteman 's Orchestra . Ted Lewis 's band was second only to the Paul Whiteman in popularity during the 1920s , and arguably played more real jazz with less pretension than Whiteman , especially in his recordings of the late 1920s . Some of the other `` jazz '' bands of the decade included those of : Harry Reser , Leo Reisman , Abe Lyman , Nat Shilkret , George Olsen , Ben Bernie , Bob Haring , Ben Selvin , Earl Burtnett , Gus Arnheim , Rudy Vallee , Jean Goldkette , Isham Jones , Roger Wolfe Kahn , Sam Lanin , Vincent Lopez , Ben Pollack and Fred Waring . In the 1920s , the music performed by these artists was extremely popular with the public and was typically labeled as jazz . Today , however , this music is disparaged and labeled as `` sweet music '' by jazz purists . The music that people consider today as `` jazz '' tended to be played by minorities . In the 1920s and early 1930s , however , the majority of people listened to what we would call today `` sweet music '' and hardcore jazz was categorized as `` hot music '' or `` race music . '' The largest and most influential recording label of the time , The Victor Talking Machine ( RCA Victor after 1928 ) was a restraining influence on the development of `` sweet jazz '' until the departure of Eddie King in October 1926 . King was well known as an authoritarian who would not permit drinking on the job or severe departure from the written music , unless within solos acceptable by popular music standards of the time . This irritated many Victor jazz artists , including famed trumpeter Bix Beiderbecke . Sudhalter , in Lost Chords , cites an example of a 1927 recording by the Goldkette Orchestra in which musicians were allowed considerable freedom , and remarks `` What , one wonders , would this performance have been if Eddie King had been in charge , and not the more liberal Nat Shilkret . Since the Victor ledgers show no less than five recording sessions in January and February 1926 , when King actually conducted Goldkette 's Orchestra , comparison between the approach of Goldkette and King is readily available . In 1935 , swing music became popular with the public and quickly replaced jazz as the most popular type of music ( although there was some resistance to it at first ) . Swing music is characterized by a strong rhythm section , usually consisting of a double bass and drums , playing in a medium to fast tempo , and rhythmic devices like the swung note . Swing is primarily a kind of 1930s jazz fused with elements of the blues and the pop sensibility of Tin Pan Alley . Swing used bigger bands than other kinds of jazz had and was headed by bandleaders that tightly arranged the material , discouraging the improvisation that had been an integral part of jazz . David Clarke called swing the first `` jazz - oriented style ( to be ) at the center of popular music ... as opposed to merely giving it backbone '' . By the end of the 1930s , vocalists became more and more prominent , eventually taking center stage following the American Federation of Musicians strike , which made recording with a large band prohibitively expensive . Swing came to be accompanied by a popular dance called the swing dance , which was very popular across the United States , among both white and black audiences , especially youth . `` Jumpin ' at the Woodside '' This is by Count Basie & His Orchestra , a popular swing song by a jazz legend . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Blues diversification and popularization ( edit ) In addition to the popular jazz and swing music listened to by mainstream America , there were a number of other genres that were popular among certain groups of people -- e.g. , minorities or rural audiences . Beginning in the 1920s and accelerating greatly in the 1940s , the blues began rapidly diversifying into a broad spectrum of new styles . These included an uptempo , energetic style called rhythm and blues ( R&B ) , a merger of blues and Anglo - Celtic song called country music and the fusion of hymns and spirituals with blues structures called gospel music . Later than these other styles , in the 1940s , a blues , R&B and country fusion eventually called rock and roll developed , eventually coming to dominate American popular by the beginning of the 1960s . Country music is primarily a fusion of African American blues and spirituals with Appalachian folk music , adapted for pop audiences and popularized beginning in the 1920s . Of particular importance was Irish and Scottish tunes , dance music , balladry and vocal styles , as well as Native American , Spanish , German , French and Mexican music . The instrumentation of early country revolved around the European - derived fiddle and the African - derived banjo , with the guitar added later . Country music instrumentation used African elements like a call - and - response format , improvised music and syncopated rhythms . Later still , string instruments like the ukulele and steel guitar became commonplace due to the popularity of Hawaiian music in the early 20th century and the influence of musicians such as Sol Hoʻopiʻi and Lani McIntyre . The roots of modern country music are generally traced to 1927 , when music talent scout Ralph Peer recorded Jimmie Rodgers and The Carter Family . Their recordings are considered the foundation for modern country music . There had been popular music prior to 1927 that could be considered country , but , as Ace Collins points out , these recordings had `` only marginal and very inconsistent '' effects on the national music markets , and were only superficially similar to what was then known as hillbilly music . In addition to Rodgers and the Carters , a musician named Bob Wills was an influential early performer known for a style called Western swing , which was very popular in the 1920s and 30s , and was responsible for bringing a prominent jazz influence to country music . Rhythm and blues ( R&B ) is a style that arose in the 1930s and 1940s , a rhythmic and uptempo form of blues with more complex instrumentation . Author Amiri Baraka described early R&B as `` huge rhythm units smashing away behind screaming blues singers ( who ) had to shout to be heard above the clanging and strumming of the various electrified instruments and the churning rhythm sections. . R&B was recorded during this period , but not extensively , and it was not widely promoted by record companies that felt it was not suited for most audiences , especially middle - class whites , because of the suggestive lyrics and driving rhythms . Bandleaders like Louis Jordan innovated the sound of early R&B . Jordan 's band featured a small horn section and prominent rhythm instrumentation and used songs with bluesy lyrical themes . By the end of the 1940s , he had produced nineteen major hits , and helped pave the way for contemporaries like Wynonie Harris , John Lee Hooker and Roy Milton . Christian spirituals and rural blues music were the origin of what is now known as gospel music . Beginning in about the 1920s , African American churches featured early gospel in the form of worshipers proclaiming their religious devotion ( testifying ) in an improvised , often musical manner . Modern gospel began with the work of composers , most importantly Thomas A. Dorsey , who `` ( composed ) songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns , fused to blues and jazz rhythms '' . From these early 20th - century churches , gospel music spread across the country . It remained associated almost entirely with African American churches , and usually featured a choir along with one or more virtuoso soloists . Rock and roll is a kind of popular music , developed primarily out of country , blues and R&B . Easily the single most popular style of music worldwide , rock 's exact origins and early development have been hotly debated . Music historian Robert Palmer has noted that the style 's influences are quite diverse , and include the Afro - Caribbean `` Bo Diddley beat '' , elements of `` big band swing '' and Latin music like the Cuban son and `` Mexican rhythms '' . Another author , George Lipsitz claims that rock arose in America 's urban areas , where there formed a `` polyglot , working - class culture ( where the ) social meanings previously conveyed in isolation by blues , country , polka , zydeco and Latin musics found new expression as they blended in an urban environment '' . 1950s and 1960s ( edit ) The middle of the 20th century saw a number of very important changes in American popular music . The field of pop music developed tremendously during this period , as the increasingly low price of recorded music stimulated demand and greater profits for the record industry . As a result , music marketing became more and more prominent , resulting in a number of mainstream pop stars whose popularity was previously unheard of . Many of the first such stars were Italian - American crooners like Dean Martin , Rudy Vallee , Tony Bennett , Perry Como , Frankie Laine and , most famously , the `` first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans '' Frank Sinatra . The era of the modern teen pop star , however , began in the 1960s . Bubblegum pop groups like The Monkees were chosen entirely for their appearance and ability to sell records , with no regard to musical ability . The same period , however , also saw the rise of new forms of pop music that achieved a more permanent presence in the field of American popular music , including rock , soul and pop - folk . By the end of the 1960s , two developments had completely changed popular music : the birth of a counterculture , which explicitly opposed mainstream music , often in tandem with political and social activism , and the shift from professional composers to performers who were both singers and songwriters . Rock and roll first entered mainstream popular music through a style called rockabilly , which fused the nascent rock sound with elements of country music . Black - performed rock and roll previously had limited mainstream success , and some observers at the time believed that a white performer who could credibly sing in an R&B and country style would be a success . Sam Phillips , of Memphis , Tennessee 's Sun Records , found such a performer in Elvis Presley , who became one of the best - selling musicians in history , and brought rock and roll to audiences across the world . Presley 's success was preceded by Bill Haley , a white performer whose `` Rock Around the Clock '' is sometimes pointed to as the start of the rock era . However , Haley 's music was `` more arranged '' and `` more calculated '' than the `` looser rhythms '' of rockabilly , which also , unlike Haley , did not use saxophones or chorus singing . `` Good Rockin ' Tonight '' This is sung by Elvis Presley and is one of the most popular songs of the rockabilly era . Problems playing this file ? See media help . R&B remained extremely popular during the 1950s among black audiences , but the style was not considered appropriate for whites , or respectable middle - class blacks , because of its suggestive nature . Many popular R&B songs instead were performed by white musicians like Pat Boone , in a more palatable , mainstream style , and turned into pop hits . By the end of the 1950s , however , there was a wave of popular black blues - rock and country - influenced R&B performers gaining unprecedented fame among white listeners ; these included Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry . Over time , producers in the R&B field gradually turned to more rock - based acts like Little Richard and Fats Domino . Doo wop is a kind of vocal harmony music performed by groups who became popular in the 1950s . Though sometimes considered a kind of rock , doo wop is more precisely a fusion of vocal R&B , gospel and jazz with the blues and pop structures , though until the 1960s , the lines separating rock from doo wop , R&B and other related styles were very blurry . Doo wop became the first style of R&B - derived music `` to take shape , to define itself as something people recognized as new , different , strange , theirs '' ( emphasis in original ) . As doo wop grew more popular , more innovations were added , including the use of a bass lead vocalist , a practice that began with Jimmy Ricks of The Ravens . Doo wop performers were originally almost all black , but a few white and integrated groups soon became popular . These included a number of Italian - American groups such as Dion & the Belmonts , while others added female vocalists and even formed all - female groups in the nearly universally male field ; these included The Queens and The Chantels . The 1950s saw a number of brief fads that went on to have a great impact on future styles of music . Performers like Pete Seeger and The Weavers popularized a form of old - time revival of Anglo - American music . This field eventually became associated with the political left - wing and Communism , leading to a decline in acceptability as artists were increasingly blacklisted and criticized . Nevertheless , this form of pop - folk exerted a profound influence in the form of 1950s folk - rock and related styles . Alongside the rather sporadic success of popularized Anglo folk music came a series of Latin dance fads , including mambo , rumba , chachachá and boogaloo . Though their success was again sporadic and brief , Latin music continued to exert a continuous influence on rock , soul and other styles , as well as eventually evolving into salsa music in the 1970s . Country : Nashville sound ( edit ) Beginning in the late 1920s , a distinctive style first called `` old - timey '' or `` hillbilly '' music began to be broadcast and recorded in the rural South and Midwest ; early artists included the Carter Family , Charlie Poole and his North Carolina Ramblers , and Jimmie Rodgers . The performance and dissemination of this music was regional at first , but the population shifts caused by World War II spread it more widely . After the war , there was increased interest in specialty styles , including what had been known as race and hillbilly music ; these styles were renamed to rhythm and blues and country and western , respectively . Major labels had some success promoting two kinds of country acts : Southern novelty performers like Tex Williams and singers like Frankie Laine , who mixed pop and country in a conventionally sentimental style . This period also saw the rise of Hank Williams , a white country singer who had learned the blues from a black street musician named Tee - Tot , in northwest Alabama . Before his death in 1953 , Hank Williams recorded eleven singles that sold at least a million copies each and pioneered the Nashville sound . The Nashville sound was a popular kind of country music that arose in the 1950s , a fusion of popular big band jazz and swing with the lyricism of honky - tonk country . The popular success of Hank Williams ' recordings had convinced record labels that country music could find mainstream audiences . Record companies then tried to strip the rough , honky - tonk elements from country music , removing the unapologetically rural sound that had made Williams famous . Nashville 's industry was reacting to the rise of rockabilly performer Elvis Presley by marketing performers that crossed the divide between country and pop . Chet Atkins , head of RCA 's country music division , did the most to innovate the Nashville sound by abandoning the rougher elements of country , while Owen Bradley used sophisticated production techniques and smooth instrumentation that eventually became standard in the Nashville Sound , which also grew to incorporate strings and vocal choirs . By the early part of the 1960s , the Nashville sound was perceived as watered - down by many more traditionalist performers and fans , resulting in a number of local scenes like the Lubbock sound and , most influentially , the Bakersfield sound . Throughout the 1950s , the most popular kind of country music was the Nashville Sound , which was a slick and pop - oriented style . Many musicians preferred a rougher sound , leading to the development of the Lubbock Sound and Bakersfield Sound . The Bakersfield Sound was innovated in Bakersfield , California in the mid to late 1950s , by performers like Wynn Stewart , who used elements of Western swing and rock , such as the breakbeat , along with a honky tonk vocal style . He was followed by a wave of performers like Buck Owens and Merle Haggard , who popularized the style . Soul ( edit ) Soul music is a combination of R&B and gospel that began in the late 1950s in the United States . Soul music is characterized by its use of gospel techniques with a greater emphasis on vocalists , and the use of secular themes . The 1950s recordings of Sam Cooke , Ray Charles , and James Brown are commonly considered the beginnings of soul music . Solomon Burke 's early recordings for Atlantic Records codified the style , and as Peter Guralnick writes , `` it was only with the coming together of Burke and Atlantic Records that you could see anything resembling a movement '' . The Motown Record Corporation in Detroit , Michigan became successful with a string of heavily pop - influenced soul records , which were palatable enough to white listeners so as to allow R&B and soul to crossover to mainstream audiences . An important center of soul music recording was Florence , Alabama , where the FAME Studios operated . Jimmy Hughes , Percy Sledge and Arthur Alexander recorded at Fame ; later in the 1960s , Aretha Franklin would also record in the area . Fame Studios , often referred to as Muscle Shoals , after a town neighboring Florence , enjoyed a close relationship with Stax , and many of the musicians and producers who worked in Memphis also contributed to recordings done in Alabama . In Memphis , Stax Records produced recordings by soul pioneers Otis Redding , Wilson Pickett , and Don Covay . Other Stax artists such as Eddie Floyd and Johnnie Taylor also made significant contributions to soul music . By 1968 , the soul music movement had begun to splinter , as James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone began to expand upon and abstract both soul and rhythm and blues into other forms . Guralnick wrote that more `` than anything else ... what seems to me to have brought the era of soul to a grinding , unsettling halt was the death of Martin Luther King in April 1968 '' . 1960s rock ( edit ) Among the first of the major new rock genres of the 1960s was surf , pioneered by Californian Dick Dale . Surf was largely instrumental and guitar - based rock with a distorted and twanging sound , and was associated with the Southern California surfing - based youth culture . Dale had worked with Leo Fender , developing the `` Showman amplifier and ... the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound '' . Inspired by the lyrical focus of surf , if not the musical basis , The Beach Boys began their career in 1961 with a string of hits like `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' . Their sound was not instrumental , nor guitar - based , but was full of `` rich , dense and unquestionably special '' `` floating vocals ( with ) Four Freshman - ish harmonies riding over a droned , propulsive burden '' . The Beach Boys ' songwriter Brian Wilson grew gradually more eccentric , experimenting with new studio techniques as he became associated with the burgeoning counterculture . The counterculture was a youth movement that included political activism , especially in opposition to the Vietnam War , and the promotion of various hippie ideals . The hippies were associated primarily with two kinds of music : the folk - rock and country rock of people like Bob Dylan and Gram Parsons , and the psychedelic rock of bands like Jefferson Airplane and The Doors . This movement was very closely connected to the British Invasion , a wave of bands from the United Kingdom who became popular throughout much of the 1960s . The British Invasion initially included bands like the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , and The Zombies who were later joined by bands like the Moody Blues and The Who . The sound of these bands was hard - edged rock , with the Beatles originally known for songs that resembled classic black rock songs by Little Richard , Chuck Berry , Smokey Robinson , The Shirelles and the Isley Brothers . Later , as the counterculture developed , The Beatles began using more advanced techniques and unusual instruments , such as the sitar , as well as more original lyrics . Joan Baez and Bob Dylan Folk - rock drew on the sporadic mainstream success of groups like the Kingston Trio and the Almanac Singers , while Woody Guthrie and Pete Seeger helped to politically radicalize rural white folk music . The popular musician Bob Dylan rose to prominence in the middle of the 1960s , fusing folk with rock and making the nascent scene closely connected to the Civil Rights Movement . He was followed by a number of country - rock bands like The Byrds and the Flying Burrito Brothers and folk - oriented singer - songwriters like Joan Baez and the Canadian Joni Mitchell . However , by the end of the decade , there was little political or social awareness evident in the lyrics of pop - singer - songwriters like James Taylor and Carole King , whose self - penned songs were deeply personal and emotional . Psychedelic rock was a hard , driving kind of guitar - based rock , closely associated with the city of San Francisco , California . Though Jefferson Airplane was the only psychedelic San Francisco band to have a major national hit , with 1967 's `` Somebody to Love '' and `` White Rabbit '' , the Grateful Dead , a folk , country and bluegrass - flavored jam band , `` embodied all the elements of the San Francisco scene and came ... to represent the counterculture to the rest of the country '' ; the Grateful Dead also became known for introducing the counterculture , and the rest of the country , to the ideas of people like Timothy Leary , especially the use of hallucinogenic drugs like LSD for spiritual and philosophical purposes . `` White Rabbit '' This is by Jefferson Airplane and is one of the most legendary songs of the psychedelic rock genre . Problems playing this file ? See media help . 1970s and 1980s ( edit ) Following the turbulent political , social and musical changes of the 1960s and early 1970s , rock music diversified . What was formerly known as rock and roll , a reasonably discrete style of music , had evolved into a catchall category called simply rock music , an umbrella term which would eventually include diverse styles like heavy metal music , punk rock and , sometimes even hip hop music . During the 1970s , however , most of these styles were not part of mainstream music , and were evolving in the underground music scene . The early 1970s saw a wave of singer - songwriters who drew on the introspective , deeply emotional and personal lyrics of 1960s folk - rock . They included James Taylor , Carole King and others , all known just as much for their lyric ability as for their performances . The same period saw the rise of bluesy Southern rock and country rock groups like the Allman Brothers Band and Lynyrd Skynyrd . In the 1970s , soft rock developed , a kind of simple , unobtrusive and mellow form of pop - rock , exemplified by a number of bands like America and Bread , most of whom are little remembered today ; many were one - hit wonders . In addition , harder arena rock bands like Chicago and Styx also saw some major success . Willie Nelson The early 1970s saw the rise of a new style of country music that was as rough and hard - edged , and which quickly became the most popular form of country . This was outlaw country , a style that included such mainstream stars as Willie Nelson and Waylon Jennings . Outlaw country was very rock - oriented , and had lyrics that focused on the criminal , especially drug and alcohol - related , antics of its performers , who grew their hair long , wore denim and leather and looked like hippies in contrast to the clean - cut country singers that were pushing the Nashville sound . By the mid-1970s , disco , a form of dance music , was becoming popular , evolving from underground dance clubs to mainstream America . Disco reached its zenith following the release of Saturday Night Fever and the phenomenon surrounding the movie and the soundtrack by The Bee Gees . Disco 's time was short , however , and by 1980 was soon replaced with a number of genres that evolved out of the punk rock scene , like new wave . Bruce Springsteen became a major star , first in the mid to late 1970s and then throughout the 1980s , with dense , inscrutable lyrics and anthemic songs that resonated with the middle and lower classes . 1970s funk and soul ( edit ) In the early 1970s , soul music was influenced by psychedelic rock and other styles . The social and political ferment of the times inspired artists like Marvin Gaye and Curtis Mayfield to release album - length statements with hard - hitting social commentary . Artists like James Brown led soul towards more dance - oriented music , which eventually evolved into funk . Funk was typified by 1970s bands like Parliament - Funkadelic , The Meters , and James Brown himself , while more versatile groups like War , The Commodores and Earth , Wind and Fire also became popular . During the 1970s , some highly slick and commercial blue - eyed soul acts like Philadelphia 's Hall & Oates achieved mainstream success , as well as a new generation of street - corner harmony or city - soul groups like The Delfonics and Howard University 's Unifics . By the end of the 1970s , Philly soul , funk , rock and most other genres were dominated by disco - inflected tracks . During this period , funk bands like The O'Jays and The Spinners continued to turn out hits . After the death of disco in 1980 , soul music survived for a short time before going through yet another metamorphosis . With the introduction of influences from electro music and funk , soul music became less raw and more slickly produced , resulting in a genre of music that was again called R&B , usually distinguished from the earlier rhythm and blues by identifying it as contemporary R&B . 1980s pop ( edit ) By the 1960s , the term rhythm and blues had no longer been in wide use ; instead , terms like soul music were used to describe popular music by black artists . In the 1980s , however , rhythm and blues came back into use , most often in the form of R&B , a usage that has continued to the present . Contemporary R&B arose when sultry funk singers like Prince became very popular , alongside dance - oriented pop stars like Michael Jackson and Madonna . By the end of the 1980s , pop - rock largely consisted of the radio - friendly glam metal bands , who used images derived from the British glam movement with macho lyrics and attitudes , accompanied by hard rock music and heavy metal virtuosic soloing . Bands from this era included many British groups like Def Leppard , as well as heavy metal - influenced American bands Mötley Crüe , Guns N ' Roses , Bon Jovi and Van Halen . The mid-1980s also saw Gospel music see its popularity peak . A new form of gospel had evolved , called Contemporary Christian music ( CCM ) . CCM had been around since the late 1960s , and consisted of a pop / rock sound with slight religious lyrics . CCM had become the most popular form of gospel by the mid-1980s , especially with artists like Amy Grant , Michael W. Smith , and Kathy Troccoli . Amy Grant was the most popular CCM , and gospel , singer of the 1980s , and after experiencing unprecedented success in CCM , crossed over into mainstream pop in the 1980s and 1990s . Michael W. Smith also had considerable success in CCM before crossing over to a successful career in pop music as well . Grant would later produce CCM 's first # 1 pop hit ( `` Baby Baby '' ) , and CCM 's best - selling album ( Heart In Motion ) . In the 1980s , the country music charts were dominated by pop singers with only tangential influences from country music , a trend that has continued since . The 1980s saw a revival of honky - tonk - style country with the rise of people like Dwight Yoakam and the new traditionalists Emmylou Harris and Ricky Skaggs , as well as the development of alternative country performers like Uncle Tupelo . Later alternative country performers , like Whiskeytown 's Ryan Adams and Wilco , found some mainstream success . Birth of the underground ( edit ) During the 1970s , a number of diverse styles emerged in stark contrast to mainstream American popular music . Though these genres were not largely popular in the sense of selling many records to mainstream audiences , they were examples of popular music , as opposed to folk or classical music . In the early 1970s , African Americans and Puerto Ricans in New York City developed hip hop culture , which produced a style of music also called hip hop . At roughly the same time , Latinos , especially Cubans and Puerto Ricans , in New York also innovated salsa music , which combined many forms of Latin music with R&B and rock . The genres of punk rock and heavy metal were most closely associated with the United Kingdom in the 1970s , while various American derivatives evolved later in the decade and into the 1980s . Meanwhile , Detroit slowly evolved a series of electronic music genres like house and techno that later became a major part of popular music worldwide . Hip hop ( edit ) Hip hop is a cultural movement , of which music is a part , along with graffiti and breakdancing . The music is composed of two parts , rapping , the delivery of swift , highly rhythmic and lyrical vocals , and DJing , the production of instrumentation either through sampling , instrumentation , turntablism or beatboxing . Hip hop arose in the early 1970s in The Bronx , New York City . Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc is widely regarded as the progenitor of hip hop ; he brought with him the practice of toasting over the rhythms of popular songs . In New York , DJs like Kool Herc played records of popular funk , disco and rock songs . Emcees originally arose to introduce the songs and keep the crowd excited and dancing ; over time , the DJs began isolating the percussion breaks ( the rhythmic climax of songs ) , thus producing a repeated beat that the emcees rapped over . Rapping included greetings to friends and enemies , exhortations to dance and colorful , often humorous boasts . By the beginning of the 1980s , there had been popular hip hop songs like `` Rappers Delight '' by the Sugarhill Gang and a few major celebrities of the scene , like LL Cool J and Kurtis Blow . Other performers experimented with politicized lyrics and social awareness , while others performed fusions with jazz , heavy metal , techno , funk and soul . Hip hop began to diversify in the latter part of the 1980s . New styles appeared , like alternative hip hop and the closely related jazz rap fusion , pioneered by rappers like De La Soul and Guru . The crews Public Enemy and N.W.A did the most during this era to bring hip hop to national attention ; the former did so with incendiary and politically charged lyrics , while the latter became the first prominent example of gangsta rap . Salsa ( edit ) Salsa music is a diverse and predominantly Caribbean rhythm that is popular in many Latin American countries . Salsa incorporates multiple styles and variations ; the term can be used to describe most any form of the popular Cuban - derived musical genres ( like chachachá and mambo ) . Most specifically however , salsa refers to a particular style was developed by mid-1970s groups of New York City - area Cuban and Puerto Rican immigrants to the United States , and stylistic descendants like 1980s salsa romantica . Salsa music always has a 4 / 4 meter . The music is phrased in groups of two bars , using recurring rhythmic patterns , and the beginning of phrases in the song text and instruments . Typically , the rhythmic patterns played on the percussion are rather complicated , often with several different patterns played simultaneously . The clave rhythm is an important element that forms the basis of salsa . Apart from percussion , a variety of melodic instruments are commonly used as accompaniment , such as a guitar , trumpets , trombones , the piano , and many others , all depending on the performing artists . Bands are typically divided into horn and rhythm sections , led by one or more singers ( soneros or salseros ) . Punk and alternative rock ( edit ) Joey and Dee Dee Ramone in concert , 1983 Punk was a kind of rebellious rock music that began in the 1970s as a reaction against the popular music of the day - especially disco , which was seen as insipid and uninspired . Punk drew on American bands including the Velvet Underground , The Stooges and the New York Dolls . Punk was loud , aggressive and usually very simple , requiring little musical training to play . Later in the decade , British bands like the Sex Pistols and The Clash found short - lived fame at home and , to a lesser degree , in the United States . American bands in the field included most famously The Ramones , as well as groups like the Talking Heads that played a more artsy kind of music that was closely associated with punk before eventually evolving into pop - new wave . Other major acts include Blondie , Patti Smith and Television . Most of these bands got their start at what is considered `` ground zero '' of punk rock , a club named CBGB . The small club in New York threw a festival in 1975 that showed off the `` top 40 unrecorded rock bands '' . Among these bands were the previously mentioned The Ramones , Sex Pistols , Blondie and the like . Hardcore punk was the response of American youths to the worldwide punk rock explosion of the late 1970s . Hardcore stripped punk rock and New Wave of its sometimes elitist and artsy tendencies , resulting in short , fast , and intense songs that spoke to disaffected youth . Hardcore exploded in the American metropolises of Los Angeles , Washington , DC , New York and Boston and most American cities had their own local scenes by the end of the 1980s . Alternative rock is a diverse grouping of rock bands that in America developed largely from the hardcore scene in the 1980s in stark opposition to the mainstream music scene . Alternative rock subgenres that developed during the decade include indie rock , Gothic rock , noise rock , grunge , and college rock . Most alternative bands were unified by their collective debt to punk , which laid the groundwork for underground and alternative music in the 1970s . Though the genre is considered to be rock , some styles were influenced by American folk , reggae and jazz . Like punk and hardcore , alternative rock had little mainstream success in America in the 1980s , but via the grassroots establishment of an indie scene through touring , college radio , fanzines , and word - of - mouth , alternative bands laid the groundwork for the breakthrough of the genre in the American public consciousness in the next decade . `` Because the Night '' Song by Patti Smith , one of the most popular of the punk era . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Heavy metal ( edit ) Heavy metal is a form of music characterized by aggressive , driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars , generally with grandiose lyrics and virtuosic instrumentation . Heavy metal is a development of blues , blues rock , rock and prog rock . Its origins lie in the British hard rock bands who between 1967 and 1974 took blues and rock and created a hybrid with a heavy , guitar - and - drums - centered sound . Most of the pioneers in the field , like Black Sabbath , were English , though many were inspired by American performers like Blue Cheer and Jimi Hendrix . Bon Jovi performing in 2001 In the early 1970s , the first major American bands began appearing , like Blue Öyster Cult and Aerosmith , and musicians like Eddie Van Halen began their career . Heavy metal remained , however , a largely underground phenomenon . During the 1980s , a pop - based form of hard rock , with a party - hearty spirit and a glam - influenced visual aesthetic ( sometimes referred to as `` hair metal '' ) dominated the music charts , led by superstars like Poison , Bon Jovi , Mötley Crüe , and Ratt . The 1987 debut of Guns N ' Roses , a hard rock band whose image reflected the grittier underbelly of the Sunset Strip , was at least in part a reaction against the overly polished image of hair metal , but that band 's wild success was in many ways the last gasp of the hard - rock and metal scene . By the mid-1980s , as the term `` heavy metal '' became the subject of much contestation , the style had branched out in so many different directions that new classifications were created by fans , record companies , and fanzines , although sometimes the differences between various subgenres were unclear , even to the artists purportedly belonging to a given style . The most notable of the 1980s metal subgenres in the United States was the swift and aggressive thrash metal style , pioneered by bands like Anthrax , Megadeth , Metallica , and Slayer . 1990s ( edit ) Perhaps the most important change in the 1990s in American popular music was the rise of alternative rock through the popularity of grunge . This was previously an explicitly anti-mainstream grouping of genres that rose to great fame beginning in the early 1990s . The genre in its early stages was largely situated on Sub Pop Records , a company founded by Bruce Pavitt and John Poneman . Significant grunge bands signed to the label were Green River ( half of the members from this band would later become founding members of Pearl Jam ) , Sonic Youth ( although not a grunge band they were influential on grunge bands and in fact it was upon the insistence of Kim Gordon that the David Geffen Company signed Nirvana ) and Nirvana . Grunge is an alternative rock subgenre with a `` dark , brooding guitar - based sludge '' sound , drawing on heavy metal , punk , and elements of bands like Sonic Youth and their use of `` unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape . '' With the addition of a `` melodic , Beatlesque element '' to the sound of bands like Nirvana , grunge became wildly popular across the United States . Grunge became commercially successful in the early 1990s , peaking between 1991 and 1994 . Bands from cities in the U.S. Pacific Northwest especially Seattle , Washington , were responsible for creating grunge and later made it popular with mainstream audiences . The supposed Generation X , who had just reached adulthood as grunge 's popularity peaked , were closely associated with grunge , the sound which helped `` define the desperation of ( that ) generation . '' Later Post Grunge bands such as Foo Fighters and Creed became popular form of Alternative rock because it was and still is very radio friendly unlike the Grunge band of which they were musically influenced by . Pop punk bands like Green Day and Blink 182 also gained popularity . In the second half of the 1990s nu metal arose with bands such as Linkin Park , Korn , Limp Bizkit and Slipknot . The independent culture slumbered in the underground scenes with new genres such as lo - fi ( Beck , Sparklehorse , Guided By Voices ) , math rock ( Slint , Shellac ) and post-rock ( Mogwai , Explosions in the Sky ) . Emocore and Post-hardcore became more known with bands such as At the Drive - In and Fugazi . Gangsta rap is a kind of hip hop , most importantly characterized by a lyrical focus on macho sexuality , physicality and a dangerous , criminal image . Though the origins of gangsta rap can be traced back to the mid-1980s raps of Philadelphia 's Schoolly D and the West Coast 's Ice - T , the style is usually said to have begun in the Los Angeles and Oakland area , where Too Short , NWA and others found their fame . This West Coast rap scene spawned the early 1990s G - funk sound , which paired gangsta rap lyrics with a thick and hazy tone , often relying on samples from 1970s P - funk ; the best - known proponents of this sound were the breakthrough rappers Dr. Dre and Snoop Doggy Dogg . 2000s ( edit ) By the end of the 1990s and into the early 2000s pop music consisted mostly of a combination of pop - hip hop and R&B - tinged pop , including a number of boy bands . Notable female singers also cemented their status in American and worldwide popular music , such as Beyoncé ( with her solo career and as lead singer of Destiny 's Child ) , Britney Spears , Christina Aguilera , Katy Perry , Lady Gaga and Taylor Swift . Also notable was the influence of hip - hop producers on popular music in the mid-late 2000s , including the Neptunes and Timbaland , who made the sounds first heard on Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex / LoveSounds and Nelly Furtado 's Loose imitated throughout popular radio with artists Madonna , Akon and Lady Gaga . In the late 2000s into the early 2010s , pop music began to move towards being heavily influenced by the European electronic dance music scene , taking root in the college crowd through producers like David Guetta , Calvin Harris , Swedish House Mafia and Skrillex . Hip hop / pop combination had also begun to dominate 2000s and early 2010s . In the early 2010s , prominent artists like Bruno Mars , Drake , Lil Wayne , 2 Chainz , Kendrick Lamar , Machine Gun Kelly , and Macklemore began to dominate the mainstream music scene . The predominant sound in 1990s country music was pop with only very limited elements of country . This includes many of the best - selling artists of the 1990s , like Clint Black , Shania Twain , Faith Hill and the first of these crossover stars , Garth Brooks . On the other hand a guitar revival took place and raised a new generation of alternative guitar bands often described as post-punk revival or garage rock revival . Prominent US bands of this generation are White Stripes , The Strokes , and The Killers . New Weird America or sometimes called Freak Folk is a new movement emphasizing the artistic individuality of genre crossing artists such as Antony and the Johnsons , Joanna Newsom , The Dodos , Animal Collective and Cat Power . `` Come as You Are '' This song is by Nirvana , who did more than any other group to bring grunge into the mainstream . Problems playing this file ? See media help . International and social impact ( edit ) American popular music has become extremely popular internationally . Rock , hip hop , jazz , country and other styles have fans across the globe . The combination of parts of international and American popular music has been attempted between the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s . However , the results of synthesis were for the most part unsuccessful . BBC Radio DJ Andy Kershaw , for example , has noted that country music is popular across virtually the entire world . Indeed , out of `` all the contributions made by Americans to world culture ... ( American popular music ) has been taken ( most ) to heart by the entire world '' . Other styles of American popular music have also had a formative effect internationally , including funk , the basis for West African Afrobeat , R&B , a major source for Jamaican reggae , and rock , which has profoundly influenced most every genre of popular music worldwide . Rock , country , jazz and hip hop have become an entrenched part of many countries , leading to local varieties like Australian country music , Tanzanian Bongo Flava and Russian rock . Rock has had a formative influence on popular music , which had the effect of transforming `` the very concept of what popular music '' is . while Charlie Gillett has argued that rock and roll `` was the first popular genre to incorporate the relentless pulse and sheer volume of urban life into the music itself '' . The social impacts of American popular music have been felt both within the United States and abroad . Beginning as early as the extravaganzas of the late 19th century , American popular music has been criticized for being too sexually titillating and for encouraging violence , drug abuse and generally immoral behavior . See also ( edit ) Blackface Rockabilly American Idol pop culture Christian pop culture British Invasion Lester S. Levy Collection of Sheet Music Notes ( edit ) ^ Garofalo is an example of starting with Tin Pan Alley , in a chapter that also contains the coverage of ragtime ^ Ewen is an example , covering national ballads and patriotic songs , folk music , songs of the Negro , minstrel show and its songs and extravaganza to vaudeville ^ Ewen , pg. 69 Ewen claims Dan Emmett was a `` popular - song composer '' , then goes on another , and even more significant , was his contemporary , Stephen Foster -- America 's first major composer , and one of the world 's outstanding writers of songs . ^ Clarke , pgs. 28 -- 29 Clarke notes the song `` Massa 's in the Cold Ground '' as a clear attempt to sentimentalize slavery , though he notes that many slaves must have loved their masters , on whom they depended for everything . Clarke also notes that songs like `` Nelly Was a Lady '' describe the black experience as ordinary human feelings ; they are people as real as the characters in Shakespeare . ^ Ewen , pg. 81 When Milly Cavendish stepped lightly in front of the footlights , wagged a provocative finger at the men in her audience , and sang in her high - pitched baby voice , `` You Naughty , Naughty Men '' -- by T. Kennick and G. Bicknell -- the American musical theater and the American popular song both started their long and active careers in sex exploitation . ^ Ewen , pg. 94 Ewen claims New York was the music publishing center of the country by the 1890s , and says the ' ' publishers devised formulas by which songs could be produced with speed and dispatch ... Songs were now to be produced from a serviceable matrix , and issued in large quantities : stereotypes for foreign songs , Negro songs , humorous ditties , and , most important of all , sentimental ballads . ^ Ewen , pg. 101 Ewen is the source for both `` Drill Ye Tarriers '' and the nature of coon songs ^ Ewen , pg. 101 and Clarke , pg . 62Ewen attributes `` New Coon in Town '' to Paul Allen , though Clarke attributes it to J.S. Putnam -- both agree on the year , 1883 ^ Clarke , pg. 95 Clarke dates the golden age as c. 1914 -- 50 ^ Clarke , pgs. 56 -- 57 Coon songs came out of minstrelsy , and were already established in vaudeville , when all this culminted in ragtime ... ragtime may have begun with attempts to imitate the banjo on the keyboard . ^ Ferris , pg. 228 Conceived as dance music , and long considered a kind of popular or vernacular music , jazz has become a sophisticated art form that has interacted in significant ways with the music of the concert hall . ^ Clarke , pgs. 200 -- 201 From 1935 until after the Second World War a jazz - oriented style was at the centre of popular music for the first time ( and the last , so far ) , as opposed to merely giving it backbone . ^ Garofalo , pg. 45 The ukulele and steel guitar were introduced to this country by the Hawaiian string bands that toured the country after Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1900 . ^ Collins , pg. 11 In addition , Collins notes that early pseudo-country musicians like Vernon Dalhart who had made their name recording ' country music songs ' were not from the hills and hollows or plains and valleys . These recording stars sang both rural music and city music , and most knew more about Broadway than they did about hillbillies . Their rural image was often manufactured for the moment and the dollar . In contrast , Collins later explains , both the Carter Family and Rodgers had rural folk credibility that helped make Peer 's recording session such an influential success ; it was the Carter Family that was Ralk Peer 's tie to the hills and hollows , to lost loves and found faith , but it took Jimmie Rodgers to connect the publisher with some of country music 's other beloved symbols -- trains and saloons , jail and the blues . ^ Broughton , Viv and James Attlee . `` Devil Stole the Beat '' in the Rough Guide to World Music , Volume 2 , pg. 569 Its seminal figure was a piano player and ex-blues musician by the name of Thomas A. Dorsey ( 1899 -- 1993 ) , who began composing songs based on familiar spirituals and hymns fused to blues and jazz rhythms . ( emphasis in original ) ^ Garofalo , pg. 72 The first pop vocalist to engender hysteria among his fans ( rather than simple admiration or adoration ) was an Italian American who refused to anglicize his name -- Frank Sinatra , the `` Sultan of Swoon '' . ^ Rolling Stone , pgs. 99 -- 100 Ward , Stokes and Tucker call cover versions the ants at the increasingly sumptuous rhythm - and - blues picnic . ^ Szatmary , pgs. 69 -- 70 Also a guitar enthusiast who had released a few undistinctive singles on his own label in 1960 , Dale worked closely with Leo Fender , the manufacturer of the first mass - produced , solid - body electric guitar and the president of Fender Instruments , to improve the Showman amplifier and to develop the reverberation unit that would give surf music its distinctively fuzzy sound . ^ Rolling Stone , pg. 251 Though the Beach Boys ' instrumental sound was often painfully thin , the floating vocals , with the Four Freshman - ish harmonies riding over a droned , propulsive burden ( `` inside outside , U.S.A. '' in `` Surfin ' U.S.A. '' ; `` rah , rah , rah , rah , sis boom bah '' in `` Be True to Your School '' ) were rich , dense and unquestionably special . ^ Garofalo , pg. 201 Garofalo specifically lists `` Roll Over Beethoven '' by Chuck Berry , `` Long Tall Sally '' by Little Richard , `` Twist and Shout '' by the Isley Brothers , `` Money '' by Barrett Strong , `` Boys '' and Baby It 's You '' by The Shirelles , `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles and `` Chains '' by The Cookies . ^ Garofalo , pg. 218 The Grateful Dead combined the anticommercial tendencies of white middle - class youth with the mind - altering properties of lyseric acid diethylamide ( LSD ) . ^ Garofalo , pg. 448 Garofalo describes a sampler called Sub Pop 200 as an early anthology of the dark , brooding guitar - based sludge that came to be known as grunge . ^ Garofalo , pg. 451 From ( Glenn Branca 's ) group they learned to use unconventional tunings to bend otherwise standard pop songs completely out of shape , a trademark of Sonic Youth that , in Seattle , resonated as well as the dark side of their musical vision . ^ Szatmary , pg. 285 Recording the songs that would become Nevermind , Nirvana added a melodic , Beatlesque element , which had shaped Cobain , Novoselic , and new drummer Dave Grohl . ^ Szatmary , pg. 284 Grunge , growing in the Seattle offices of the independent Sub Pop Records , combined hardcore and metal to top the charts and help define the desperation of a generation. ; in context , this presumably refers to Generation X , though that term is not specifically used . ^ Kershaw , pg. 167 , from the Rough Guide to World Music , Part Two , `` Our Life Is Precisely a Song '' , pg. 167 Kershaw specifically notes that North Korea was the only country in which he never heard country music ^ Ewen , pg. 3 Of all the contributions made by Americans to world culture -- automation and the assembly line , advertising , innumerable devices and gadgets , skyscrapers , supersalesmen , baseball , ketchup , mustard and hot dogs and hamburrgers -- one , undeniably native has been taken to heart by the entire world . It is American popular music . ^ Garofalo , pg. 94 Suffice it to say , lest we get lost in history , that the music that came to be called rock ' n ' roll began in the 1950s as diverse and seldom heard segments of the population achieved a dominant voice in mainstream culture and transformed the very concept of what popular music was . ^ Gillett , pg . i , quote from Garofalo , pg. 4 Garofalo quotes Gillett as Rock and Roll ( sic ) was perhaps the first form of popular culture to celebrate without reservation characteristics of city life that had been among the most criticized . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 6 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 11 , track 5 . Jump up ^ Gillett , `` pg. 9 , cited '' , in Garofalo , 1997 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 9 . Jump up ^ `` Hank Williams '' . PBS ' American Masters . Archived from the original on 26 May 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 10 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville sound / Countrypolitan '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 15 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 25 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 51 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 37 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 41 - 43 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 27 - 30 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 49 . Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , shows 35 , 39 . Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/1194587/ Jump up ^ Plasketes , George ( October 1995 ) . Cross Cultural Sessions : World Music Missionaries in American Popular Music . Popular Culture Association in the South . pp. 49 -- 50 -- via JSTOR . ^ Baraka , Amiri ( Leroi Jones ) ( 1963 ) . Blues People : Negro Music in White America . William Morrow . ISBN 0 - 688 - 18474 - X . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) , cited in Garofalo , pg. 76 ^ Blush , Steven ( 2001 ) . American Hardcore : A Tribal History . Feral House . ISBN 0 - 922915 - 71 - 7 . ^ Clarke , Donald ( 1995 ) . The Rise and Fall of Popular Music . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11573 - 3 . ^ Collins , Ace ( 1996 ) . The Stories Behind Country Music 's All - Time Greatest 100 Songs . Boulevard Books . ISBN 1 - 57297 - 072 - 3 . ^ Ewen , David ( 1957 ) . Panorama of American Popular Music . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 648360 - 7 . ^ Ferris , Jean ( 1993 ) . America 's Musical Landscape . Brown & Benchmark . ISBN 0 - 697 - 12516 - 5 . ^ Garofalo , Reebee ( 1997 ) . Rockin ' Out : Popular Music in the USA . Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 0 - 205 - 13703 - 2 . ^ Gillett , Charlie ( 1970 ) . The Sound of the City : The Rise of Rock and Roll . Outerbridge and Dienstfrey . ISBN 0 - 285 - 62619 - 1 . ; cited in Garofalo ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Play A Simple Melody : American pop music in the early fifties '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . ^ Jones , Alan ; Jussi Kantonen ( 1999 ) . Saturday Night Forever : The Story of Disco . A Cappella Books . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 411 - 0 . ^ Lipsitz , George ( 1982 ) . Class and Culture in Cold War America . J.F. Bergin . ISBN 0 - 03 - 059207 - 0 . , cited in Garofalo , pg. 95 ^ Malone , Bill C. ( 1985 ) . Country Music USA : Revised Edition . University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71096 - 8 . ; cited in Garofalo ^ Marcus , Greil ( June 24 , 1993 ) . `` Is This the Woman Who Invented Rock and Roll ? : The Deborah Chessler Story '' . Rolling Stone : 41 . ; cited in Garofalo ^ Morales , Ed ( 2003 ) . The Latin Beat . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81018 - 2 . ^ Palmer , Robert ( April 19 , 1990 ) . `` The Fifties '' . Rolling Stone : 48 . ; cited in Garofalo , pg. 95 ^ Miller , Jim , ed. ( 1976 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll . Rolling Stone Press / Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 73238 - 3 . ( chapter on `` Soul '' , by Guralnick , Peter , pgs. 194 -- 197 ) ^ Ward , Ed , Geoffrey Stokes and Ken Tucker ( 1986 ) . Rock of Ages : The Rolling Stone History of Rock and Roll . Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 54438 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Broughton , Simon and Ellingham , Mark with McConnachie , James and Duane , Orla ( Ed . ) ( 2000 ) . Rough Guide to World Music . Rough Guides Ltd , Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 85828 - 636 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ `` Nashville Sound '' . Roughstock 's History of Country Music . Archived from the original on 3 April 2005 . Retrieved 6 June 2005 . ^ Sawyers , June Skinner ( 2000 ) . Celtic Music : A Complete Guide . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81007 - 7 . ^ Schuller , Gunther ( 1968 ) . Early Jazz : Its Roots and Musical Development . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504043 - 0 . , cited in Garofalo , pg. 26 ^ Sudhalter , Richard M. ( 1999 ) . Lost Chords : White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514838 - X . ^ David Szatmary ( 2000 ) . Rockin ' in Time : A Social History of Rock - And - Roll . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 188790 - 4 . ^ Werner , Craig ( 1998 ) . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race and the Soul of America . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28065 - 6 . Further reading ( edit ) Bayles , Martha ( 1994 ) . Hole in Our Soul : The Loss of Beauty and Meaning in American Popular Music . Free Press . ISBN 0 - 02 - 901962 - 1 . Booth , Mark W. ( 1983 ) . American Popular Music : A Reference Guide . Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 21305 - 4 . Ennis , Phillip H. ( 1992 ) . The Seventh Stream : The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6257 - 2 . Hamm , Charles ( 1979 ) . Yesterdays : Popular Song in America . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01257 - 3 . Joseph , Mark ( 2003 ) . Faith , God , and Rock + Roll : From Bono to Jars of Clay : How People of Faith Are Transforming American Popular Music . Baker Books . ISBN 0 - 8010 - 6500 - 3 . Joyner , David Lee ( 2002 ) . American Popular Music . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 241424 - 3 . Kenney , William Howland ( 2003 ) . Recorded Music in American Life : The Phonograph and Popular Memory , 1890 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517177 - 2 . Mahar , William J. ( 1998 ) . Behind the Burnt Cork Mask : Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06696 - 0 . Pratt , Ray ( 1994 ) . Rhythm and Resistance : The Political Uses of American Popular Music . Smithsonian Books . ISBN 1 - 56098 - 351 - 5 . Rubin , Rachel ; Jeffrey Melnick , eds. ( 2001 ) . American Popular Music : New Approaches to the Twentieth Century . University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 268 - 2 . Sanjek , Russell ( 1988 ) . American Popular Music and Its Business : The First Four Hundred Years : Volume III , from 1900 to 1984 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504311 - 1 . Scheurer , Timothy E. , ed. ( 1990 ) . American Popular Music : Readings from the Popular Press : The Nineteenth Century and Tin Pan Alley . Bowling Green State University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 465 - X . Scheurer , Timothy E. , ed. ( 1990 ) . American Popular Music Vol 2 : The Age of Rock . Bowling Green University Popular Press . ISBN 0 - 87972 - 468 - 4 . Starr , Larry ; Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2002 ) . American Popular Music : From Minstrelsy to MTV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510854 - X . Vautier , Dominic ( 2000 ) . Sex , Music & Bloomers : A Social History of American Popular Music . Abelard Press . ISBN 0 - 9677046 - 3 - 4 . Wilder , Alec ( 1990 ) . American Popular Song : The Great Innovators , 1900 -- 1950 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 501445 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Center for Popular Music at the Middle Tennessee State University Database of popular songs in American history Center for American Music at the University of Pittsburgh Popular Songs from the Civil War to the Cold War United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - 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ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_popular_music&oldid=796960756 '' Categories : American popular music Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Italiano 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2017 , at 03 : 27 . 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how did american popular culture change around the turn of the 20th century
[ "Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century, and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music, using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream, they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music.", "Distinctive styles of American popular music emerged early in the 19th century, and in the 20th century the American music industry developed a series of new forms of music, using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music. These popular styles included country, R&B, jazz and rock. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of important changes in American popular music, including the development of a number of new styles, such as heavy metal, punk, soul, and hip hop. Though these styles were not in the sense of mainstream, they were commercially recorded and are thus examples of popular music as opposed to folk or classical music." ]
[ "developed a series of new forms of music", "using elements of blues and other genres of American folk music" ]
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Rigor mortis
Rigor mortis - wikipedia Rigor mortis This article is about the sign of death . For other uses , see Rigor mortis ( disambiguation ) . Stages of death Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Rigor mortis ( Latin : rigor `` stiffness '' , mortis `` of death '' ) or postmortem rigidity , the third stage of death , is one of the recognizable signs of death , caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem , which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen . In humans , rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem . Contents 1 Physiology 2 Physical changes 3 Applications in meat industry 4 Application in forensic pathology 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography Physiology ( edit ) After death , respiration in an organism ceases , depleting the source of oxygen used in the making of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) . ATP is required to cause separation of the actin - myosin cross-bridges during relaxation of muscle . When oxygen is no longer present , the body may continue to produce ATP via anaerobic glycolysis . When the body 's glycogen is depleted , the ATP concentration diminishes , and the body enters rigor mortis because it is unable to break those bridges . Additionally , calcium enters the cytosol after death . Calcium is released into the cytosol due to the deterioration of the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Also , the breakdown of the sarcolemma causes additional calcium to enter the cytosol . The calcium activates the formation of actin - myosin cross-bridging . Once calcium is introduced into the cytosol , it binds to the troponin of thin filaments , which causes the troponin - tropomyosin complex to change shape and allow the myosin heads to bind to the active sites of actin proteins . In rigor mortis myosin heads continue binding with the active sites of actin proteins via adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) , and the muscle is unable to relax until further enzyme activity degrades the complex . Normal relaxation would occur by replacing ADP with ATP , which would destabilize the myosin - actin bond and break the cross-bridge . However , as ATP is absent , there must be a breakdown of muscle tissue by enzymes ( endogenous or bacterial ) during decomposition . As part of the process of decomposition , the myosin heads are degraded by the enzymes , allowing the muscle contraction to release and the body to relax . Decomposition of the myofilaments occurs 48 to 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis , which occurs approximately 13 hours after death . Physical Changes ( edit ) At the time of death , a condition called `` primary flaccidity '' occurs . Following this , the muscles stiffen in rigor mortis . All muscles in the body are affected . Starting between two and six hours following death , rigor mortis begins with the eyelids , neck , and jaw . The sequence may be due to different lactic acid levels among different muscles , which is directly related to the difference in glycogen levels and different types of muscle fibers . Rigor mortis then spreads to the other muscles , including the internal organs , within the next four to six hours . The onset of rigor mortis is affected by the individual 's age , sex , physical condition , and muscular build . Rigor mortis may not be perceivable in many infant and child corpses due to their smaller muscle mass . Applications in meat industry ( edit ) Rigor mortis is very important in meat technology . The onset of rigor mortis and its resolution partially determine the tenderness of meat . If the post-slaughter meat is immediately chilled to 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) , a phenomenon known as cold shortening occurs , whereby the muscle sarcomeres shrink to a third of their original length . Cold shortening is caused by the release of stored calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers , in response to the cold stimulus . The calcium ions trigger powerful muscle contraction aided by ATP molecules . To prevent cold shortening , a process known as electrical stimulation is carried out , especially in beef carcasses , immediately after slaughter and skinning . In this process , the carcass is stimulated with alternating current , causing it to contract and relax , which depletes the ATP reserve from the carcass and prevents cold shortening . Application in forensic pathology ( edit ) The degree of rigor mortis may be used in forensic pathology , to determine the approximate time of death . A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in . If the body is moved after death , but before rigor mortis begins , forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied . If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found ( for example , if it is flat on its back with one arm sticking straight up ) , that could mean someone moved it . Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis , and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death . One such factor is the ambient temperature . In warm environments , the onset and pace of rigor mortis are sped up by providing a conducive environment for the metabolic processes that cause decay . Low temperatures , however , slow them down . Therefore , for a person who dies outside in frozen conditions rigor mortis may last several days more than normal , so investigators may have to abandon it as a tool for determining time of death . See also ( edit ) Cadaveric spasm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Saladin , K.S. 2010 . Anatomy & Physiology : 6th edition . McGraw - Hill . ^ Jump up to : Hall , John E. , and Arthur C. Guyton . Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier , 2011 . MD Consult . Web . 26 Jan. 2015 . Jump up ^ Fremery , Donald ( 3 February 1959 ) . `` Biochemistry of Chicken Muscle as Related to Rigor Mortis and Tenderization '' . Journal of Food Science . 25 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 87 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2621.1960. tb17938. x . Jump up ^ About.com Jump up ^ `` Classroom Resources - Argonne National Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Jump up ^ The Royal Society of New Zealand ( 1976 ) . `` New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research '' . The Royal Society of New Zealand . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > Jump up ^ Estimating The Time of Death , ExploreForensics < http://www.exploreforensics.co.uk/estimating-the-time-of-death.html Bibliography ( edit ) Bear , Mark F ; Connors , Barry W. ; Paradiso , Michael A. , Neuroscience , Exploring the Brain , Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ; Third Edition ( 1 February 2006 ) . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 8 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 `` Rigor Mortis and Other Postmortem Changes - Burial , Body , Life , Cause , Time , Person , Human , Putrefaction . '' Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://www.deathreference.com/Py-Se/Rigor-Mortis-and-Other-Postmortem-Changes.html > . Saladin , Kenneth . Anatomy and Physiology : The Unity of Form and Function , 6th ed . McGraw - Hill . New York , 2012 . Peress , Robin . `` Discovery Health `` Rigor Mortis at the Crime Scene '' '' Discovery Health `` Health Guides '' Discovery Fit & Health , 2011 . Web . 4 December 2011 . < http://health.howstuffworks.com/diseases-conditions/death-dying/rigor-mortis-cause2.htm > . Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Accidental death Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Holiday effect Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death - positive movement Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rigor_mortis&oldid=866076911 '' Categories : Signs of death Latin medical phrases Medical aspects of death Forensic pathology Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 03 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how soon after death does rigamortis set in
[ "Rigor mortis (Latin: rigor \"stiffness\", mortis \"of death\") or postmortem rigidity, the third stage of death, is one of the recognizable signs of death, caused by chemical changes in the muscles post mortem, which cause the limbs of the corpse to stiffen.[1] In humans, rigor mortis can occur as soon as 4 hours post mortem.\n" ]
[ "as soon as 4 hours post mortem" ]
-465955249487706277
David Bailie
David Bailie - wikipedia David Bailie This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification , as it includes attribution to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) David Bailie ( 1937 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1937 ( age 80 ) Springs , South Africa Occupation Actor , photographer , videographer , computer programmer , furniture maker / designer Years active 1961 -- present Spouse ( s ) Egidija Bailie ( m . 2002 ) Website http://davidbailie.co.uk/ David Bailie ( born 4 December 1937 ) is an English actor , known for his performances on stage , television and film . In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company , where he was an associate artist . On TV he played `` Dask '' in the 1977 Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death , and also appeared in Blake 's 7 . On film , he played the mute pirate Cotton in the Pirates of the Caribbean series . Bailie is also a professional photographer , specialising in portrait photography . He has a studio in West Kensington , London . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 TV 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bailie was born in Springs , South Africa , and went to boarding school in Swaziland , before emigrating to Rhodesia ( now Zimbabwe ) with his family in 1952 . His first acting experience soon after school in 1955 was an amateur production of Doctor in the House , which persuaded him he wanted to be an actor . After leaving school he worked in a bank and then for Central African Airlines . In 1958 , he made his first trip from Rhodesia to Britain . In 1960 he moved to Britain and landed his first small role in the film Flame in the Streets ( 1961 ) and then played one of the bell boys in Arthur Kopit 's Oh Dad , Poor Dad , Mamma 's Hung You in the Closet and I 'm Feelin ' So Sad ( 1961 ) with Stella Adler playing Madame Rosepettle . He then bluffed his way into weekly repertory in Barrow - in - Furness as juvenile lead -- terrified the while that he would be exposed as totally inexperienced . Recognising the need for training , he auditioned three times for a bursary to the RADA -- each time being accepted only as a fee - paying student , which he could n't afford . He finally sent for the last of his standby money ( £ 200 ) he had left in Rhodesia and paid for the first term ( 1963 ) . At the end of term he persuaded John Fernald to allow him free tuition for the next two years . Terry Hands was also a student at the same time , but had left a little earlier than Bailie and formed the Everyman Theatre with Peter James in Liverpool . On leaving RADA Bailie was invited to join the Everyman in 1964 . Amongst other roles he played `` Tolen '' in The Knack ... , `` Becket '' in Murder in the Cathedral , `` Dion '' in The Great God Brown , `` MacDuff '' in Macbeth and `` Lucky '' in Waiting for Godot . After a year there , he came back to London and auditioned for and was accepted by Sir Laurence Olivier joining the National Theatre . He played minor roles and also understudied Olivier in Love for Love . Terry Hands , who had by now joined the Royal Shakespeare Company ( RSC ) at Stratford - upon - Avon ( and later became its artistic director ) , invited Bailie to join them as an associate artist ( 1965 ) . There he portrayed `` Florizel '' opposite Judi Dench 's `` Perdita '' in The Winter 's Tale along with `` Valentine '' in The Two Gentlemen of Verona , `` The Bastard '' in King John , `` Kozanka '' in The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising and `` Leslie '' in The Madness of Lady Bright . During the early 1970s he worked with Stomu Yamashta at his Red Buddha Theatre . He was cast as the lead in a show called Raindog , requiring him to do everything from singing and dancing , to performing Martial Arts and gymnastics -- which he frankly admits been a demand too far and when Yamashta offered him a paltry sum for performing the opportunity was there to depart which he did . He was then cast by Michael E. Briant in 1976 to play the part of the villain `` Dask '' in the Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death . He also played in a number of other series prominent at the time . For personal reasons Bailie then had a long recess in his acting career . Between 1980 and 1989 he ran a furniture - making business . In 1990 he closed that down and returned to acting , having in fact to virtually restart his career . It did n't help that at exactly this point he had to have a cancer removed from his lip , which required learning to speak again . Whilst awaiting work in the acting field he busied himself with CAD design , self - training and writing computer programs and also doing health and safety work in the building industry . In the mid-1990s after playing alongside Brian Glover in The Canterbury Tales he made a comeback in the film business as `` Skewer '' in Cutthroat Island ( 1995 ) , then played an English Judge in The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) , and also `` The Engineer '' in Gladiator ( 2000 ) . Bailie 's best - known work in film is the role of `` Cotton '' , a mute pirate who has his tongue cut out , so he trained his parrot , also named Cotton , to speak on his behalf , though it can not say more than stock phrases . Bailie first appears as Cotton in Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) as one of the pirates Jack Sparrow chooses in Tortuga . He is one of the Black Pearl crewmembers to survive the Kraken attack in the sequel Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) , and also played Cotton in the third instalment : At World 's End ( 2007 ) . Bailie also emerged as a radio actor . He played the mad scientist `` Taren Capel '' , a re-incarnation of his earlier work from the 60s series Doctor Who . He has recently been involved in two Big Finish Productions audio dramas playing the `` Celestial Toymaker '' . Bailie also works as a professional photographer , portraiture and landscapes being his speciality . He has established a YouTube channel mdebailes to which he uploads readings and performance excerpts . Filmography ( edit ) Year Film Role 1961 Flame in the Streets Uncredited 1972 Henry VIII and His Six Wives Norris 1973 The Creeping Flesh Young Doctor Son of Dracula Chauffeur Legend of the Werewolf Boulon 1977 Golden Rendezvous Younger terrorist in car ( uncredited ) 1995 Cutthroat Island Dawg 's Pirate 1999 The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc English Judge 2000 Gladiator Engineer 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Cotton 2005 Starfly Commander / Doctor 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest Cotton 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End Cotton 2007 Eddie Proctor Eddie Proctor 2007 The Comebacks Prisoner 2009 Shadows in the Wind Mr. Behrman 2011 Pirates of the Caribbean : Tales of the Code -- Wedlocked Cotton 2014 October 1 Ackerman 2015 Artificio Conceal Vitruvius TV ( edit ) Year TV Series Role BBC Play of the Month : The Little Minister Sergeant Davidson 1977 Doctor Who : The Robots of Death Dask 1978 Blake 's 7 : `` Project Avalon '' Chevner 1979 The First Part of King Henry the Fourth , with the Life and Death of Henry Surnamed Hotspur Second Carrier 2001 Fire , Plague , War and Treason ( mini-series ) Self ( documentary series examining the plague years in Great Britain ) . 2001 Attila Shaman References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bailie , David 1937 -- '' . World Cat . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean parrot attacks police officer '' . The Telegraph . United Kingdom . 11 September 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.kaldorcity.com/people/bailie.html Jump up ^ http://www.kaldorcity.com/people/bailie.html Jump up ^ `` Photographer -- Kensington -- London -- davidbailie - portraits & landscape '' . davidbailie.co.uk . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) David Bailie on IMDb Bailie 's website ISNI : 0000 0003 7195 4883 VIAF : 68764760 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_Bailie&oldid=836217688 '' Categories : 1937 births English male film actors English male television actors Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors Male actors from Greater Manchester English photographers British expatriates in Rhodesia Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from September 2011 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from September 2011 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced by IMDb from September 2011 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 52 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
who played cotton in pirates of the caribbean
[ "David Bailie (born 4 December 1937)[1] is an English actor, known for his performances on stage, television and film. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for both the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company, where he was an associate artist. On TV he played \"Dask\" in the 1977 Doctor Who serial The Robots of Death, and also appeared in Blake's 7. On film, he played the mute pirate Cotton in the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[2] Bailie is also a professional photographer, specialising in portrait photography. He has a studio in West Kensington, London." ]
[ "David Bailie" ]
-9025550148824732808
Sasha Farber
Sasha Farber - wikipedia Sasha Farber Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Sasha Farber Alexander Farber ( 1984 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1984 ( age 33 ) Moscow , Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic , USSR Nationality Australian Occupation Professional dancer / choreographer Years active 2000 -- present Partner ( s ) Emma Slater ( 2011 -- 14 ; 2015 -- ) Alexander `` Sasha '' Farber ( born 9 May 1984 ) is an Australian professional dancer known for his appearances as a pro and troupe member on Dancing with the Stars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personal life 2 Professional career 2.1 Dancing with the Stars 2.2 With Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi 2.3 With Kim Fields 2.4 With Terra Jolé 2.5 With Simone Biles 3 References Personal life ( edit ) Farber was born in Moscow , Russia , but moved to Australia in 1986 . His family is Jewish . He began dancing at the age of 13 . When he was 17 , Farber won the Australian Youth Latin Championships twice and represented Australia at the World Latin Championships . He was also featured in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games closing ceremony and featured in the second season of the Australian Dancing with the Stars . He was also an original cast member of Broadway production of Burn the Floor . He dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Emma Slater from 2011 to 2014 . In December 2015 , Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together . On October 4 , 2016 , Farber proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars after performing a dance together . The two are now engaged on February 2 , 2018 Farber and fiancee Emma Slater announced that they were expecting their first child . Professional career ( edit ) Dancing with the Stars ( edit ) Farber began appearing in season fourteen as a troupe member . However he was promoted to professional dancer in season 17 when he was paired with Jersey Shore cast member Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi . The pair were eliminated in week 7 despite good scores and praise from the judges . He was placed back in the troupe for the next four seasons . On March 8 , 2016 , Farber was again announced as a pro for season 22 and paired with actress Kim Fields . The couple was eliminated on May 2 , 2016 , along with Von Miller and Witney Carson , tying for 7th place . Farber returned for season 23 and was partnered with Little Women : LA star Terra Jolé . Jolé and Farber were eliminated on week 10 of the competition , finishing in 5th place despite tying for the top of the leaderboard , marking Farber 's first time in the Semifinals . He returned for season 24 and was partnered with Olympic artistic gymnast Simone Biles . The couple was shockingly eliminated one week before the finals on May 15 , 2017 , after receiving two perfect scores and praise from the judges . For season 25 , he returned as a member of the troupe . Season Partner Place Average score 17 Snooki 8th 25.0 22 Kim Fields 7th 22.9 23 Terra Jolé 5th 33.9 24 Simone Biles 4th 35.6 With Nicole `` Snooki '' Polizzi ( edit ) Placed : 8th ; ( average : 25.0 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Wild Ones '' 8 8 7 No Elimination Rumba / `` Just Give Me a Reason '' 6 7 7 Safe Quickstep / `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' 9 8 8 Safe Jive / `` Mickey '' 8 8 8 Safe 5 Jazz / `` Work Bitch '' 9 9 9 Safe 6 Foxtrot / `` Build Me Up Buttercup '' Switch - Up Challenge / Various 9 Awarded 9 9 Points No Elimination 7 Samba / `` Hey Mama '' Team Freestyle / `` Bom Bom '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Julianne Hough . With Kim Fields ( edit ) Placed : 8th ; ( average : 22.9 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Tonioli Cha - cha - cha / `` Sax '' 7 6 7 No Elimination Salsa / `` Conga '' 7 6 6 Safe Foxtrot / `` The Facts of Life Theme '' 8 7 7 Safe Quickstep / `` I Wan'na Be Like You '' 8 8 / 8 8 Safe 5 Viennese Waltz / `` These Arms of Mine '' 8 6 / 6 8 No Elimination 6 Jive / `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' 8 8 8 Safe 7 Samba / `` ABC '' Team Freestyle / `` End of Time '' , `` If I Were a Boy '' & `` Crazy in Love '' 9 8 9 8 9 9 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Zendaya . For this week only , as part of `` America 's Switch Up '' , Fields performed with Keo Motsepe instead of Farber . Farber performed with Paige VanZant . Score given by guest judge Maksim Chmerkovskiy . With Terra Jolé ( edit ) Placed : 5th ; ( average : 33.9 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Jive / `` Stuff Like That There '' 7 6 6 6 No Elimination Quickstep / `` Bewitched Theme '' 8 7 8 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Iris '' 8 7 8 7 Safe Samba / `` Simcha '' 9 -- 8 8 Safe 5 Contemporary / `` Stand By Me '' 9 -- 9 9 No Elimination 6 Paso Doble / `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' 7 8 8 7 Safe 7 Foxtrot / `` Cheek to Cheek '' Team Freestyle / `` Embrace '' 9 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 Safe 8 Cha - cha - cha / `` Day - O ( The Banana Boat Song ) '' Salsa Dance Off / `` Magic '' 8 No -- Extra 8 Points 8 Awarded Last to be called safe 9 Charleston / `` If My Friends Could See Me Now '' Team - Up Dance ( Jazz ) / `` Big Noise from Winnetka '' 10 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 10 Semifinals Rumba / `` Scars to Your Beautiful '' Trio Tango / `` Hideway '' 10 10 -- -- 10 10 10 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Pitbull Score given by guest judge Idina Menzel With Simone Biles ( edit ) Placed : 4th ; ( average : 35.6 ) Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Tango / `` Untouchable '' 8 8 8 8 No Elimination Cha - cha - cha / `` Burnin ' Up '' 7 7 7 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Viva Las Vegas '' 7 8 9 8 Safe Viennese Waltz / `` Good Good Father '' 9 9 9 9 Safe 5 Contemporary / `` How Far I 'll Go '' 9 9 10 10 Safe 6 Samba / `` Survivor '' Team Freestyle / `` My Boyfriend 's Back '' , `` No Scrubs '' & `` BO $ $ '' 9 8 9 8 8 9 9 9 Safe 7 Charleston / `` Charleston '' Cha - cha - cha Dance - Off / `` Crave '' 10 Awarded 9 9 Extra 9 Points Safe 8 Foxtrot / `` What Makes You Beautiful '' Trio Paso Doble / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Safe 9 Jive / `` Faith '' Rumba / `` Skyscraper '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Eliminated Score given by guest judge Nick Carter . Score given by guest judge Mandy Moore . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing with the Stars Engagement ! Emma Slater Says ' Yes ' to Sasha Farber '' . People . Jump up ^ Brostoff , Marissa ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Dancing with the Czars '' . Tablet . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sasha Farber Biography '' . Reality TV World . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ianucci , Rebecca ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dancing With the Stars Week 4 Recap : Did the Right Couples Go Home ? '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dancing With The Stars 17 Cast Revealed September 4 on GMA Jump up ^ `` Dancing With the Stars 2016 : Season 22 Celebrity Cast Revealed Live on ' GMA ' '' . ABC News . March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Five Couples Remain as the Competition Heats up for the Semi-Finals , and Each Couple Must Perform Two New Dances , on ' Dancing with the Stars , ' Monday , November 14 '' . disneyabcpress.com . November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Monday , May 8 , 2017 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sasha_Farber&oldid=825239532 '' Categories : Living people 1983 births Australian male dancers Australian choreographers Participants in American reality television series Dancing with the Stars participants Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2016 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 07 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is sasha on dancing with the stars engaged to
[ "Farber was born in Moscow, Russia, but moved to Australia in 1986. His family is Jewish.[2] He began dancing at the age of 13. When he was 17, Farber won the Australian Youth Latin Championships twice and represented Australia at the World Latin Championships. He was also featured in the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games closing ceremony and featured in the second season of the Australian Dancing with the Stars. He was also an original cast member of Broadway production of Burn the Floor.[3] He dated fellow Dancing with the Stars member Emma Slater from 2011 to 2014. In December 2015, Farber made a post on his Instagram account confirming that he and Slater were back together. On October 4, 2016, Farber proposed to Slater during a broadcast of Dancing with the Stars after performing a dance together. The two are now engaged on February 2,2018 Farber and fiancee Emma Slater announced that they were expecting their first child.[4]" ]
[ "Emma Slater" ]
-4249303404904621609
Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution
Twenty - second Amendment to the United states Constitution - wikipedia Twenty - second Amendment to the United states Constitution Jump to : navigation , search `` Twenty - second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Twenty - second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Twenty - second Amendment ( Amendment XXII ) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States . Congress proposed the amendment by two - thirds of both the House and Senate on March 21 , 1947 . Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then - 48 states was completed on February 27 , 1951 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History 3 Proposal and ratification 4 Attempts at repeal 5 Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment 6 Affected individuals 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Text ( edit ) Section 1 . No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice , and no person who has held the office of President , or acted as President , for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once . But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress , and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President , or acting as President , during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term . Section 2 . This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three - fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress . History ( edit ) Ulysses S. Grant narrowly lost his party 's nomination , and chance for a third term in 1880 . Woodrow Wilson , pictured in 1923 , deadlocked the Democratic convention in 1920 , but was not nominated . He wished to run again in 1924 , but lacked support and died before the convention . Although the Twenty - second Amendment was clearly a reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt 's service as President for an unprecedented four terms , the notion of presidential term limits has long - standing roots in American politics . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 considered the issue extensively , although it ultimately declined to restrict the amount of time a person could serve as president . But following George Washington 's decision to retire after his second elected term , numerous public figures subsequently argued he had established a `` two - term tradition '' that served as a vital check against any one person , or the presidency as a whole , accumulating too much power . In his Farewell Address , written near the end of his second term , Washington both reveals he considered not standing for reelection in 1792 , and that his decision not to seek a third term in 1796 was due to age , not intention to set precedent . Eleven years later , Thomas Jefferson further contributed to the convention of a voluntary two - term limit when he wrote in 1807 , `` if some termination to the services of the chief Magistrate be not fixed by the Constitution , or supplied by practice , his office , nominally four years , will in fact become for life . '' Three of the next four presidents after Jefferson -- James Madison , James Monroe , and Andrew Jackson -- served two terms , and each one adhered to the two - term principle . In spite of the strong two - term tradition , a few presidents prior to Franklin Roosevelt did attempt to secure a third term . Ulysses S. Grant , after having served as president from 1869 to 1877 , sought nomination for another term at the 1880 Republican National Convention , but narrowly lost to James Garfield , who would go on to win the 1880 election . Given the Republican Party 's dominance during that period , had Grant been nominated , he might well have won a third term . Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency on September 14 , 1901 , following William McKinley 's assassination ( 194 days into his second term ) , and was subsequently elected to a full term in 1904 . While he declined to seek a third ( second full ) term in 1908 , Roosevelt did seek one four years later , in the election of 1912 , where he lost to Woodrow Wilson . Wilson himself sought nomination to a third term in 1920 , at the Democratic National Convention ; he deliberately blocked the nomination of the former Secretary of the Treasury , his son - in - law William Gibbs McAdoo , the front - runner . Although seriously ill at the time , Wilson anticipated that the party would side with their sitting president were the convention deadlocked . Wilson was too unpopular even within his own party at the time , and James M. Cox was nominated . He would again contemplate running for a nonconsecutive third term in 1924 , devising a strategy for his comeback , but again lacked any support and died at the beginning of the year . Franklin D. Roosevelt , pictured in August 1944 , was elected to both a third and fourth term , the only president to serve more than eight years . Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the months leading up to the 1940 Democratic National Convention refusing to state whether he would seek a third term . His Vice President , John Nance Garner , along with Postmaster General James Farley , announced their candidacies for the Democratic nomination . When the convention came , Roosevelt sent a message to the convention , saying he would run only if drafted , saying delegates were free to vote for whomever they pleased . The delegates issued 946 votes for Roosevelt , 72 for Farley , and 61 for Garner ; they replaced Garner with Henry A. Wallace as the vice presidential nominee , and Farley resigned as postmaster general . In the 1940 general election , while Republican Wendell Willkie received six million more votes than the previous Republican candidate ( Alfred Landon ) had in 1936 , Roosevelt still won decisively , taking 38 of 48 states . His supporters cited impending war as a reason for breaking with precedent , while Willkie had run against the principle of a third term . Roosevelt was the first president elected to a third term , and remains the only one to exceed eight years in office . Four years later , in the election of 1944 , Roosevelt defeated New York governor Thomas E. Dewey to win an unprecedented fourth term . While he effectively quelled rumors of his poor health during the campaign , Roosevelt 's health was in reality deteriorating . On April 12 , 1945 , only 82 days after his fourth inauguration , he suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died . Near the end of the 1944 campaign , Thomas Dewey announced support of an amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms . According to Dewey , `` four terms , or sixteen years ( which is what Roosevelt would have served had he lived until 1949 ) , is the most dangerous threat to our freedom ever proposed . '' The Republican - controlled 80th Congress approved a Joint resolution `` proposing an amendment to the Constitution relating to the terms of office of the president '' . in March 1947 ; it was signed by Speaker of the House Joseph W. Martin and acting President pro tempore of the Senate William F. Knowland . The ratification process for the 22nd Amendment was completed on February 27 , 1951 , 7003143900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 343 days after it was sent to the states . The new amendment 's 2 - term limit did not apply ( due to the grandfather clause in Section 1 ) to the incumbent president , Harry S. Truman . He remained eligible for election to more than two terms . On November 22 , 1963 , President John F. Kennedy was assassinated while riding through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas , Texas . Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson , who was also in the motorcade , three cars back , was unhurt . Upon Kennedy 's death , Johnson became the nation 's 36th president , and served out the remaining 7002425000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 59 days of Kennedy 's term . Under the terms of the 22nd Amendment , Johnson , who ran for and won a full four -- year term in 1964 was eligible to run for another full term in 1968 ( as he had served less than two years of Kennedy 's term ) . He chose not to do so , announcing his intentions in a March 31 , 1968 , speech to the nation , saying , `` I shall not seek , and I will not accept , the nomination of my party for another term as your president . '' Had he done so and won , and served the full term ( through January 20 , 1973 ) , the total length of his presidency would have been 7003334700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 59 days . Proposal and ratification ( edit ) Congress proposed the Twenty - second Amendment on March 21 , 1947 . The proposed amendment was adopted on February 27 , 1951 . Amendment XXII in the National Archives The following states ratified the amendment : Maine ( March 31 , 1947 ) Michigan ( March 31 , 1947 ) Iowa ( April 1 , 1947 ) Kansas ( April 1 , 1947 ) New Hampshire ( April 1 , 1947 ) Delaware ( April 2 , 1947 ) Illinois ( April 3 , 1947 ) Oregon ( April 3 , 1947 ) Colorado ( April 12 , 1947 ) California ( April 15 , 1947 ) New Jersey ( April 15 , 1947 ) Vermont ( April 15 , 1947 ) Ohio ( April 16 , 1947 ) Wisconsin ( April 16 , 1947 ) Pennsylvania ( April 29 , 1947 ) Connecticut ( May 21 , 1947 ) Missouri ( May 22 , 1947 ) Nebraska ( May 23 , 1947 ) Virginia ( January 28 , 1948 ) Mississippi ( February 12 , 1948 ) New York ( March 9 , 1948 ) South Dakota ( January 21 , 1949 ) North Dakota ( February 25 , 1949 ) Louisiana ( May 17 , 1950 ) Montana ( January 25 , 1951 ) Indiana ( January 29 , 1951 ) Idaho ( January 30 , 1951 ) New Mexico ( February 12 , 1951 ) Wyoming ( February 12 , 1951 ) Arkansas ( February 15 , 1951 ) Georgia ( February 17 , 1951 ) Tennessee ( February 20 , 1951 ) Texas ( February 22 , 1951 ) Nevada ( February 26 , 1951 ) Utah ( February 26 , 1951 ) Minnesota ( February 27 , 1951 ) Ratification was completed on February 27 , 1951 . The amendment was subsequently ratified by the following states : North Carolina ( February 28 , 1951 ) South Carolina ( March 13 , 1951 ) Maryland ( March 14 , 1951 ) Florida ( April 16 , 1951 ) Alabama ( May 4 , 1951 ) In addition , the following states voted to reject the amendment : Oklahoma ( June 1947 ) Massachusetts ( June 9 , 1949 ) The following states took no action to consider the amendment : Arizona Kentucky Rhode Island Washington West Virginia ( Neither Alaska nor Hawaii had yet been admitted as states at the time . ) Attempts at repeal ( edit ) According to historian Glenn W. LaFantasie of Western Kentucky University ( who was opposed to repealing the amendment ) , `` ever since 1985 , when Ronald Reagan was serving in his second term as president , there have been repeated attempts to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution , which limits each president to two terms . '' In early 1989 , during an exit interview with Tom Brokaw of NBC , President Reagan stated his intention to fight for the amendment 's repeal . However , after being diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease in 1994 , his post-presidential ambitions had to be scrapped . In addition , several congressmen , including Democrats Rep. Barney Frank , Rep. José E. Serrano , Rep. Howard Berman , and Sen. Harry Reid , and Republicans Rep. Guy Vander Jagt , Rep. David Dreier and Sen. Mitch McConnell have introduced legislation to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment , but each resolution died before making it out of its respective committee . Other alterations have been proposed , including replacing the absolute two term limit with a limit of no more than two consecutive terms and giving Congress the power to grant an exemption to a current or former president by way of a supermajority vote in both houses . On January 4 , 2013 , Rep. José E. Serrano again introduced a resolution proposing an Amendment to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment , as he had done every two years since 1997 ; he did not do so during the 114th Congress . Interaction with the Twelfth Amendment ( edit ) There is a point of contention regarding the interpretation of the Twenty - second Amendment as it relates to the Twelfth Amendment , ratified in 1804 , which provides that `` no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States '' . While it is clear that under the Twelfth Amendment the original constitutional qualifications of age , citizenship , and residency apply to both the President and Vice President , it is unclear whether a two - term president could later serve as Vice President . Some argue that the Twenty - second Amendment and Twelfth Amendment bar any two - term president from later serving as Vice President as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession . Others contend that the Twelfth Amendment concerns qualification for service , while the Twenty - second Amendment concerns qualifications for election , and thus a former two - term president is still eligible to serve as vice president . The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested , as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency , although in 1980 , former president Gerald Ford was mentioned as a possible running mate for Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan and there were some negotiations between the two camps . Nothing ever became of the idea , and had Ford been selected , he would have still been eligible for election as President , as he had only served less than one full term in finishing out Richard Nixon 's second term . During Hillary Clinton 's 2016 candidacy , she jokingly said that she had considered naming Bill Clinton as her Vice President , but had been advised it would be unconstitutional . Others contend that a `` termed out '' President would be eligible to ascend to the Presidency via Presidential succession rules given the text 's explicit reference to election . The Constitution does not restrict the number of terms a person can serve as Vice President . Affected individuals ( edit ) The amendment explicitly did not apply to the sitting president ( Harry S. Truman ) at the time it was proposed by Congress . Truman , who had served nearly all of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's unexpired fourth term and who had been elected to a full term in 1948 , was thus eligible to seek re-election in 1952 . However , after poor performance in the 1952 New Hampshire primary , Truman chose not to seek his party 's nomination . He theoretically also would have been eligible in later elections . Since the amendment 's ratification , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Richard M. Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama have been elected president twice . The same party has won the presidency in three consecutive elections only once since World War II , when Republican George H.W. Bush won in 1988 after two terms as Vice President with Republican Ronald Reagan . In all other cases , the opposing party 's candidate has won after two terms with a single party : Dwight D. Eisenhower ( R ) in 1952 , John F. Kennedy ( D ) in 1960 , Richard Nixon ( R ) in 1968 , Jimmy Carter ( D ) in 1976 , Bill Clinton ( D ) in 1992 , George W. Bush ( R ) in 2000 , Barack Obama ( D ) in 2008 , and Donald Trump ( R ) in 2016 . The only president who took office after the ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment and who could have served more than eight years was Lyndon B. Johnson . He became President in 1963 when John F. Kennedy was assassinated , served the final 14 months ( less than two years ) of Kennedy 's term , was elected president in 1964 , and ran briefly for re-election in 1968 but chose to withdraw from the race . Gerald Ford became president on August 9 , 1974 , and served the final 29 months ( more than two years ) of Richard Nixon 's unexpired term . Ford , who lost to Jimmy Carter in 1976 , would have been eligible to be elected in his own right only once . Since Ford 's death in 2006 , the only former presidents who remain technically eligible to seek another term are Jimmy Carter ( elected in 1976 , defeated in 1980 ) and George H.W. Bush ( elected in 1988 , defeated in 1992 ) ; both are now nonagenarians and neither has announced any plans to ever run again . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See George Washington 's Farewell Address , ¶ 3 . Washington considered not seeking re-election , but chose to run again on the basis of international crises and the advice of his counsel . References ( edit ) Constitution of the United States . Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( February 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 3 ) : 565 -- 635 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Peabody , Bruce . `` Presidential Term Limit '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson : Reply to the Legislature of Vermont , 1807 . ME 16 : 293 Jump up ^ Pietrusza , David ( 2007 ) . The Year of the Six Presidents . New York : Carroll and Graf . Jump up ^ Saunders , Robert M. ( 1998 ) . In Search of Woodrow Wilson : Beliefs and Behavior . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780313305207 . Jump up ^ David M. Jordan , FDR , Dewey , and the Election of 1944 ( Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 2011 , p. 290 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35683 - 3 ^ Jump up to : `` FDR 's third - term decision and the 22nd amendment '' . National Constitution Center . Retrieved June 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 22nd Amendment '' . Stanley L. Klos . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 1968 Exhibit : LBJ 's `` I shall not seek , and I will not accept '' televised speech , March 31 , 1968 `` . 1968 Blog . Minnesota Historical Society . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mount , Steve ( January 2007 ) . `` Ratification of Constitutional Amendments '' . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ LaFantasie , Glenn ( March 20 , 2011 ) The erosion of the Civil War consensus Archived March 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Salon Jump up ^ `` President Reagan Says He Will Fight to Repeal 22nd Amendment '' . archives.nbclearn.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 5. Introduced January 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 36 . Sponsored by Harry Reid . January 31 , 1989 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 61 Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 51 Jump up ^ S.J. Res. 23 Jump up ^ `` Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty - second article of amendment , thereby removing the limitation on the number of terms an individual may serve as President . ( 2013 ; 113th Congress H.J. Res. 15 ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Jose E. Serrano Congress.gov Library of Congress '' . www.congress.gov . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Matthew J. Franck ( July 31 , 2007 ) . `` Constitutional Sleight of Hand '' . National Review . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2008 . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf ( August 2 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Constitution permits a Gore - Clinton ticket '' . CNN Interactive . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( June 13 , 2006 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burr , Richard ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` 1980 convention launched ' Reagan Revolution ' '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 1339 GMT ( 2039 HKT ) September 15 , 2015 ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton : Bill as VP has ' crossed her mind ' - CNNPolitics.com '' . Edition.cnn.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 22nd Amendment Does n't Say What You Think It Says '' . Cornerstone Law Firm , LLC . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who were FDR 's Vice Presidents ? '' . Docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Can Seek Two Full Terms '' . The Washington Post . November 24 , 1963 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Moore , William ( November 24 , 1963 ) . `` Law Permits 2 Full Terms for Johnson '' . The Chicago Tribune . p. 7 . External links ( edit ) H.J. RES. 5 -- 2009 bill introduced in Congress proposing to repeal the Twenty - second Amendment . There have been many similar proposals introduced in previous Congresses , none of which has been acted on . CRS Annotated Constitution : Twenty - second Amendment ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book VIAF : 180761482 LCCN : n99052859 GND : 7842626 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=814017030 '' Categories : 1951 in American law 1951 in American politics Amendments to the United States Constitution History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Term limits 1947 in American law 1947 in American politics Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français עברית 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 12 : 55 . 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when was the 22nd amendment proposed and ratified
[ "The Twenty-second Amendment (Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. Congress proposed the amendment by two-thirds of both the House and Senate on March 21, 1947. Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states was completed on February 27, 1951.", "The Twenty-second Amendment (Amendment XXII) of the United States Constitution limits the number of times one can be elected to the office of President of the United States. Congress proposed the amendment by two-thirds of both the House and Senate on March 21, 1947. Ratification by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states was completed on February 27, 1951." ]
[ "March 21, 1947", "completed on February 27, 1951" ]
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Meet the Fockers
Meet the Fockers - wikipedia Meet the Fockers Jump to : navigation , search Meet the Fockers Theatrical release poster Directed by Jay Roach Produced by Jane Rosenthal Robert De Niro Jay Roach Screenplay by Jim Herzfeld John Hamburg Story by Jim Herzfeld Marc Hyman Based on Characters by Greg Glienna Mary Ruth Clarke Starring Robert De Niro Ben Stiller Dustin Hoffman Barbra Streisand Blythe Danner Teri Polo Music by Randy Newman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Jon Poll Lee Haxall Alan Baumgarten Production company Tribeca Productions Everyman Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures ( North America ) DreamWorks Pictures ( International ) Release date December 22 , 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 22 ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $80 million Box office $516 million Meet the Fockers , sometimes referred to as Meet The Parents 2 , is a 2004 American comedy film directed by Jay Roach and the sequel to Meet the Parents . The film stars Robert De Niro ( who was also one of the film 's producers ) , Ben Stiller , Dustin Hoffman , Barbra Streisand , Blythe Danner and Teri Polo . It was followed by a sequel , Little Fockers , in 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Critical response 4 Box office 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Set two years after the events of the first film , Gaylord `` Greg '' Focker ( Stiller ) and his fiancée Pam Byrnes ( Polo ) decide to introduce their parents to each other . They first fly to Oyster Bay , New York , on Long Island , to pick up Pam 's father , retired CIA operative Jack Byrnes ( De Niro ) , her mother Dina ( Danner ) and one - year - old nephew Little Jack ( the son of Bob and Debbie Banks ) . But rather than going to the airport as planned , Jack decides to drive the family to Miami to meet the Fockers in his new RV . Once they arrive , they are greeted by Greg 's eccentric but fun - loving and amiable father , Bernie ( Hoffman ) , and mother , Roz ( Streisand ) , who is a sex therapist for elderly couples . Worried that Jack may be put off by the Focker 's lifestyle , Greg convinces Roz to pretend that she is a yoga instructor for the weekend . However , small cracks begin to form between Jack and the Fockers , due to their contrasting personalities . The meet gets off to a bad start when a chase between the Focker 's active dog , Moses , and the Byrnes 's cat , Jinx , culminates with Jinx flushing Moses down the RV 's toilet , forcing Bernie to destroy it to save Moses . Later , Bernie accidentally injures Jack 's back during a game of football . Meanwhile , Pam informs Greg that she 's pregnant , and the two decide to keep it secret from Jack . Jack again becomes suspicious of Greg 's integrity and quality , when they are introduced to the Fockers ' housekeeper , Isabel Villalobos ( Alanna Ubach ) , with whom Bernie reveals Greg had a sexual affair fifteen years before . Jack later takes the RV to Isabel 's fifteen - year - old son , Jorge ( Ray Santiago ) , to fix the toilet , but is disturbed by Jorge 's striking resemblance to Greg , and the fact that Jorge never met his father , and jumps to the conclusion that he may be Greg 's son with Isabel . Meanwhile , Roz , Bernie and Dina realize Pam is pregnant , but promise not to tell Jack . Growing envious of Bernie and Roz 's active sex life , Dina consults Roz on sex tips in order to seduce Jack , but none of them work . Greg and Jack 's relationship goes off with a bang when Greg is left alone to babysit Little Jack , whom Jack has been raising via the Ferber method . Despite Jack 's instructions to leave Little Jack to self - soothe , Greg can not stand to listen to Little Jack 's cries and tends to the boy to cheer him up by hugging him , letting him watch TV , acting funny and inadvertently teaching Little Jack the word `` asshole . '' Disaster strikes when Greg answers a brief phone call from Roz , which is long enough for Little Jack to wander out of his playpen ( after Jinx opens it ) , put on Scarface and glue his hands to a bottle of rum . After a furious argument with the Fockers and his own family ( though amends are quickly made ) , Jack resumes his spying on Greg and sends Greg and Jorge 's hair samples for a DNA test , while inviting Jorge to the Fockers ' planned engagement party in the hope of getting Greg to admit he is Jorge 's father . At the engagement party , Jack , who automatically assumes that Greg knew about Jorge and has deliberately been keeping him a secret from Pam , introduces Greg to Jorge . Later , when Greg denies knowing anything about Jorge , Jack does not believe him and drugs him with truth serum to make him talk . On stage , Greg uncontrollably blurts out that Pam is pregnant and that Jorge is , without a doubt , his son ( in a comically Darth Vader-esque manner ) before losing consciousness . The next morning , Pam questions Greg about Jorge , and Greg does not confirm or deny that he is Jorge 's father , but insists that he knew nothing about him before the previous evening . Pam believes him , and is willing to work things out with him . Jack reaches his breaking point with Greg 's dishonesty and demands that Pam and Dina leave the island with him . Dina refuses and reveals Jack 's actions to everyone . Everyone turns against Jack , with Pam announcing her intent to marry Greg regardless of him having Jorge with Isabel , and Dina admits that they all knew of Pam 's pregnancy . A shocked and hurt Jack leaves with his grandson . Bernie and Greg pursue Jack , but are soon tasered and arrested by an incompetent deputy sheriff , Vern LeFlore ( Tim Blake Nelson ) , for speeding . Jack returns to defend them after being informed Greg is not Jorge 's father ( his real father turns out to be a baseball player who also resembles Greg ) , but the overzealous LeFlore tasers and arrests him as well . In their cell , Greg , Jack and Bernie are released by the local judge , Ira ( Shelley Berman ) , who is a client of Roz and close friend of the Fockers . Before they leave , Greg asks both Jack and Bernie to stop their feud . Jack admits that he made a mistake regarding Jorge and reveals his past career in the CIA to Bernie , before apologizing for his actions and making up with the two of them . Greg and Pam are married that weekend by Pam 's ex-fiancé , Kevin ( Owen Wilson ) , who is now an ordained interfaith minister . During the party , Jack asks Roz for some sex tips and sneaks into the RV with Dina . During the post-credit scene , Jack watches hidden baby - cam footage of the Fockers giving attention to Little Jack over Jack 's previous objections : Roz gives Little Jack chocolate , Bernie advises him to use his crying to disagree with everything Jack says , and Greg pretends to drunkenly tell Little Jack to keep it a secret that he left to smoke pot , not answer the phone , when he left Little Jack unattended and that Pam is not really pregnant and only said it so that Jack would let them get married . Greg then pretends to only just discover the camera but then after making mocking gestures at it , Greg reveals that he knew about it all along and none of the things he said before were true . Cast ( edit ) Robert De Niro as Jack Byrnes Ben Stiller as Gaylord `` Greg '' Focker Dustin Hoffman as Bernard `` Bernie '' Focker Barbra Streisand as Rosalin `` Roz '' Focker Teri Polo as Pam Byrnes - Focker Blythe Danner as Dina Byrnes Spencer and Bradley Pickren as `` Little '' Jack Banks Alanna Ubach as Isabel Villalobos Ray Santiago as Jorge Villalobos Tim Blake Nelson as Officer Vern LeFlore Shelley Berman as Judge Ira Owen Wilson as Kevin Rawley Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed or average reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 39 % of 157 sampled critics gave the film positive reviews and that it got a rating average of 5.2 out of 10 . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 with reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 41 based on 34 reviews . Box Office ( edit ) The film was a commercial success and is currently the highest - grossing film starring Robert De Niro . The film grossed $46,120,980 on its opening weekend in North America ( 5,000 screens at 3,518 theaters , averaging $13,110 per theater , or $9,224 per screen ) . At the end of the film 's 149 days of release , it grossed a total of $279,261,160 in North America , and $237,381,779 in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $516,642,939 , with an estimated 44 million tickets sold in the US . The film 's budget was $80 million . Awards and nominations ( edit ) 2005 : Casting Society Of America , USA : Nominated for Best Feature Film Casting : Comedy . 2005 : Teen Choice Awards : Nominated for Choice Movie : Blush , Choice Movie Actor : Comedy , Choice Movie Actor : Comedy , Choice Movie : Liar . 2005 : MTV Movie Awards Won : Best Comedic Performance . 2005 : ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards : Won Top Box Office Films . 2005 : MTV Movie Awards in Mexico : Nominated for Best International Movie . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet The Fockers ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Robert De Niro Movies Box Office Results '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . IMDb . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) - Weekend Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 3 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Meet the Fockers Official website Meet the Fockers on IMDb Meet the Fockers at AllMovie Meet the Fockers at Box Office Mojo Meet the Fockers at Rotten Tomatoes Meet the Fockers at Metacritic Meet the Parents Films Meet the Parents ( 1992 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Little Fockers ( 2010 ) Related Meet My Folks In - Laws Films directed by Jay Roach Austin Powers : International Man of Mystery ( 1997 ) Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me ( 1999 ) Mystery , Alaska ( 1999 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Austin Powers in Goldmember ( 2002 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Recount ( 2008 ) Dinner for Schmucks ( 2010 ) Game Change ( 2012 ) The Campaign ( 2012 ) Trumbo ( 2015 ) All the Way ( 2016 ) John Hamburg Writer / Director Safe Men ( 1998 ) Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) I Love You , Man ( 2009 ) Why Him ? ( 2016 ) Screenwriter Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Zoolander ( 2001 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Little Fockers ( 2010 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman ( 1968 ) 12 Songs ( 1970 ) Sail Away ( 1972 ) Good Old Boys ( 1974 ) Little Criminals ( 1977 ) Born Again ( 1979 ) Trouble in Paradise ( 1983 ) Land of Dreams ( 1988 ) Bad Love ( 1999 ) Harps and Angels ( 2008 ) Dark Matter ( 2017 ) Live albums Randy Newman Live ( 1971 ) Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman ( 1987 ) Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman ( 1998 ) The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 ( 2003 ) The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 2 ( 2011 ) Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust ( 1995 ) Films scored Cold Turkey ( 1971 ) Ragtime ( 1981 ) The Natural ( 1984 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) Avalon ( 1990 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Michael ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Seabiscuit ( 2003 ) Meet the Fockers ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Leatherheads ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Soundtrack albums Avalon ( 1990 ) Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) Cars ( 2006 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Brill Building Nilsson Sings Newman Family Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meet_the_Fockers&oldid=804532722 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films American films American comedy films 2000s comedy films Films about weddings Films set in Miami Films set in California Films set in Florida Midlife crisis films Interfaith romance films Sequel films Film scores by Randy Newman Screenplays by John Hamburg Films produced by Robert De Niro Films directed by Jay Roach Universal Pictures films DreamWorks Pictures films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 16 : 58 . 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who played little jack in meet the fockers
[ "\nRobert De Niro as Jack Byrnes\nBen Stiller as Gaylord \"Greg\" Focker\nDustin Hoffman as Bernard \"Bernie\" Focker\nBarbra Streisand as Rosalin \"Roz\" Focker\nTeri Polo as Pam Byrnes-Focker\nBlythe Danner as Dina Byrnes\nSpencer and Bradley Pickren as \"Little\" Jack Banks\nAlanna Ubach as Isabel Villalobos\nRay Santiago as Jorge Villalobos\nTim Blake Nelson as Officer Vern LeFlore\nShelley Berman as Judge Ira\nOwen Wilson as Kevin Rawley\n" ]
[ "Spencer and Bradley Pickren" ]
-3031942016977040169
Pixel 2
Pixel 2 - wikipedia Pixel 2 Pixel 2 Pixel 2 XL Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL Codename Walleye ( Pixel 2 ) Taimen ( Pixel 2 XL ) Developer Google Manufacturer HTC ( Pixel 2 ) LG Electronics ( Pixel 2 XL ) ( as contract manufacturers for both models ) Slogan Ask more of your phone . Series Pixel Model G011A ( Pixel 2 ) G011C ( Pixel 2 XL ) Compatible networks 2G 3G 4G LTE First released October 19 , 2017 ; 10 months ago ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) Predecessor Pixel Type Pixel 2 : Smartphone Pixel 2 XL : Phablet Form factor Slate Pixel 2 : H : 145.7 mm ( 5.74 in ) W : 69.7 mm ( 2.74 in ) D: 7.8 mm ( 0.31 in ) Pixel 2 XL : H : 157.9 mm ( 6.22 in ) W : 76.7 mm ( 3.02 in ) D: 7.9 mm ( 0.31 in ) Weight Pixel 2 : 143 g ( 5.04 oz ) Pixel 2 XL : 175 g ( 6.17 oz ) Operating system Android 8.0 `` Oreo '' , upgradable to Android 9.0 `` Pie '' System on chip Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU Octa - core ( 4 × 2.35 GHz , 4 × 1.9 GHz ) Kryo GPU Adreno 540 Modem Qualcomm Snapdragon X16 LTE ( integrated ) Memory 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage 64 or 128 GB Battery Pixel 2 : 2,700 mAh Pixel 2 XL : 3,520 mAh Display Pixel 2 : 5 in ( 130 mm ) FHD AMOLED , 1920 × 1080 ( 441 ppi ) Pixel 2 XL : 6 in ( 150 mm ) QHD P - OLED , 2880 × 1440 ( 538 ppi ) All : Gorilla Glass 5 Rear camera 12.2 MP 1.4 μm pixel size f / 1.8 aperture Phase - detection autofocus and laser autofocus HDR+ processing Dual pixel HD 720p ( up to 240 FPS ) FHD 1080p video ( up to 120 FPS ) 4K 2160p video ( up to 30 FPS ) EIS OIS Front camera 8 MP Sony Exmor IMX179 1.4 μm pixel size f / 2.4 aperture Connectivity GSM , LTE , LTE Advanced , Voice over LTE , HSDPA , CDMA , TD - LTE , TD - SCDMA Website store.google.com/product/pixel_2 Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are Android smartphones designed , developed and marketed by Google . They were announced during a Google event on October 4 , 2017 , as the successors to the Pixel and Pixel XL . They were released on October 19 , 2017 , and serve as the second set of smartphones in the Google Pixel hardware line . Contents 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Design 2.2 Hardware 2.3 Software 3 Reception 4 Issues 4.1 Screen issues 4.2 Audio issues 4.3 Other issues 4.4 Fixed issues 5 Sales 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In early March 2017 , Google 's Rick Osterloh confirmed that they would bring a `` next - gen '' Pixel phone later that year . He stated it would `` stay premium '' and that there would be no `` cheap Pixel '' . Google originally intended to use HTC to manufacture both their 2017 flagships , but later shifted to LG to manufacture the bigger Pixel 2 XL . The unreleased device that was supposed to be the Pixel 2 XL under the codename `` Muskie '' , was later re-developed by HTC into the HTC U11+ . The Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are currently carried in the United States by Verizon and Project Fi . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The back of the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL is made from aluminum with a thin `` premium coating '' of plastic and has a top section made from glass to provide wireless transmissivity . Unlike the original Pixel XL , which was simply an enlarged version of the Pixel design with no other changes , the Pixel 2 XL 's external design differs from its smaller sibling , employing a taller 18 : 9 P - OLED display instead of the Pixel 2 's 16 : 9 AMOLED . Hardware ( edit ) The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are both powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 , coupled with 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM . They both come in storage options of 64 or 128 GB . Magnified view showing the diagonal PenTile pixel arrangement on the Pixel 2 ( not XL ) The Pixel 2 has a 5 - inch ( 130 mm ) AMOLED display panel with 1920 × 1080 resolution , coming in at around 441 ppi , while the Pixel 2 XL comes with a 6 - inch ( 150 mm ) P - OLED display panel with a 18 : 9 aspect ratio and a 2880 × 1440 resolution at 538 ppi . Both phones have a 12.2 megapixel rear camera capable of recording 4K video at 30 FPS , 1080p video at 120 FPS , and 720p video at 240 FPS . The camera also contains phase - detection autofocus , laser autofocus , and HDR+ processing . The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL also include the Intel - designed Pixel Visual Core image processor for faster and lower power image processing , though it was not enabled until Android 8.1 was released in January 2018 . The camera does not allow capturing Raw images and lacks manual controls . Unlike Apple 's iPhone 8 and iPhone X , the Pixels do not have support for 4K video at 60 FPS , as the processor is not powerful enough . Although the camera has Optical Image Stabilization it is unable to remove some high frequency vibrations that other smartphones are able to remove . Pixel 2 owners receive free unlimited storage for all photos and videos taken on the phone in original quality through the end of 2020 , with unlimited high - quality storage continuing afterwards . The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL support USB Power Delivery quick charging , have a fingerprint sensor on the rear , IP67 dust and water resistance and are Daydream - ready . Software ( edit ) The phones ship with stock Android 8.0 `` Oreo '' on launch . Google has promised three years of software and security updates , making it closer to the average four years of support that Apple provides for its iPhones . The new Pixels also include a feature called `` Active Edge '' . With this , the Google Assistant can be launched by squeezing the phone 's sides , similar to the HTC U11 's `` Edge Sense '' feature . This phone was also released with the new Google Lens app , which is designed to bring up relevant information using visual analysis by the camera . Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL also automatically reverse searches songs which are playing around the device . Android 8.1 Oreo was released for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL on December 5 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Pixel 2 camera received a score of 98 from DxOMark , making it the highest performing mobile device camera at the end of 2017 , and was overtaken in March 2018 by Samsung 's Galaxy S9+ . The Pixel 2 and the Pixel 2 XL received mixed reviews . The phone was praised for the camera quality and water resistance , but was criticized for the removal of the headphone jack , particularly after Google mocked Apple for doing the same with its iPhone 7 phone at the launch of the first generation Pixel phone just 12 months prior . Google was also criticized for the price of the USB - C to 3.5 mm headphone adapter it sells , which costs US $20 while Apple 's Lightning to 3.5 mm adapter costs US $9 , as well as for not including headphones with the phone . However , news outlets noted that because USB - C is a standard interface , unlike Lightning , there are a variety of third - party adapters that retail for less than Google 's official one . Google later dropped the price of the adapter to US $9 , keeping the price in - line with Apple 's offering . YouTuber JerryRigEverything , who performs durability tests on various smartphones , criticized Google for their design choice with the antenna lines on the sides of the handset . When he bent the Pixel 2 , it cracked at the antenna line near the middle of the phone , voiding its water resistance and warranty , while most other phones from competitors pass his bend test . This does not apply to the Pixel 2 XL . The design of the smaller Pixel 2 was regarded as plain , and its big chunky bezels were not well received , considering that earlier 2017 phones like the Samsung Galaxy S8 and LG G6 had moved to nearly bezel-less screens . The Pixel 2 XL screen became infamous for quality control issues , a flaw shared with the LG V30 which also has the same manufacturer and P - OLED screen type . The Pixel 2 XL has a blue tint visible on the screen when the phone is viewed at an angle . Many were dissatisfied and it was speculated that Google had installed the polarizer incorrectly . However , when Google addressed the tint , they stated that it was a design choice to have the blue tint to go along with the cooler color temperature used by the screen ( it is calibrated to a D67 white point , which is 6700K ) . Issues ( edit ) Screen issues ( edit ) Vlad Savov of The Verge has complained of under - saturated and distorted OLED displays , and there have also been reports of screen burn - in on some Pixel 2 XL units . The Pixel 2 XL also suffers from a `` black smear '' problem , which occurs when a group of black pixels transition to colored ones , and tend to linger for a while , before changing to their expected state . Google conducted an investigation and said that a software update would be coming soon that would add a new mode for more saturated colors , reducing the maximum brightness of the Pixel 2 XL devices by 50 cd / m to reduce load on the display , and fading out the navigation bar after a period of inactivity . The November security patch came with three new screen modes that Google promised earlier , although Google has also said that further enhancements would be included in a separate software update to be released in December . Google also extended device warranty to two years for both devices worldwide . The Pixel 2 XL has an issue where the screen may flash randomly . It occurs when the phone is locked or unlocked . The issue was fixed in the June system software update , but returned back with the July update . Audio issues ( edit ) Hundreds of Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL owners have been complaining of high - pitched and clicking sounds coming from the phone . Google investigated the issue and recommended turning off NFC to temporarily fix the problem until a software update comes out . The November security patch fixed the clicking sound as well as the KRACK WPA2 Wi - Fi security issue , however , it did not fix the buzzing sounds heard during calls on some devices . Google has promised a fix in a future update . The Pixel 2 XL has a volume flaw that reduces the sound level of audio clips sent through messaging apps such as Google Allo , Instagram , and Telegram among others . Google is aware of the problem and is looking into it . Some of the USB - C to 3.5 mm adapters for the headphones do not work . In some cases , rebooting the phone can fix the issue temporarily . Google is offering replacements for the faulty adapters . Some Pixel 2 XL suffer from speaker rattling when playing content or even during phone calls . Multiple users reported that the microphone can randomly stop working . A possible solution is to blow into the microphone . Some units suffer from Bluetooth connectivity issues . There is an issue where Google Assistant does not work with some Bluetooth headphones . Other issues ( edit ) The Pixel 2 XL comes with a charger capable of fast charging at 18 W , but the phone is not able to charge at more than 10.5 W , taking two and a half hours for a full charge . Below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) the charging speed is just a mere 3 - 4W , but the phone will still display `` Charging rapidly '' , which is misleading . The phones are known to randomly reboot . Google promised a fix in the coming weeks . The random reboots are believed to be caused by the LTE modem . The Android 8.1 release in 2017 did not fix the problem . The Android 8.1 update introduces an issue in the Pixel 2 XL making the fingerprint sensor slower . Google is investigating the issue . The phones have issues with Wi - Fi mesh networks , where disconnects are common . Google is already investigating this issue . Users started reporting battery drain issues after the February security update . The battery drain become worse after the April security updates . Google is looking for a fix . Users are reporting proximity sensor issues . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . Some users are having issues making calls and receiving MMS messages . Google claims these issues are fixed but users are still complaining about them . The Pixel 2 produces blurry panoramas . Google has known about this issue since December 2017 , but has not been able to deliver a fix . There is a workaround for this issue but it requires rooting the phone ( which requires a full wipe if the bootloader was n't previously unlocked ) . Google has promised a fix later in 2018 . The June OTA update introduces an issue that makes the phone much slower to wake up from sleep . Google is already aware of the issue and looking for a fix . The camera has an issue where it sometimes shows `` fatal camera error '' . Google is aware of the issue and working on a fix . Android Pie update causes an issue with the fast charge functionality on the Pixel 2 XL . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . The phone has lag issues and can get extremely laggy without a known cause . The only known fix is to replace the device . Google is aware of the issue and looking for a fix . Fixed issues ( edit ) Some Pixel 2 XL devices also fail to register touch near the edges of the screen . Android 8.1 fixes this issue . Some Pixel 2 XL units suffer from poor audio recording quality . The recorded audio is high - pitched and distorted . Android 8.1 fixes this issue . Some Pixel 2 XL devices were shipped to consumers without an operating system , rendering them unusable . Many users are reporting that unlocked devices have a locked bootloader . Google fixed the issue , but the solution includes factory resetting the device . Sales ( edit ) In the United States , Verizon and Project Fi are the exclusive carriers for the Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL . They are available direct - to - consumer for use on any wireless network through Google 's online store , or from Best Buy and Target . On March 21 , 2018 , Google did a temporary offer if a consumer financed a Pixel for 2 years the consumer receives $200 cashback , to compete with the Samsung Galaxy S9 and iPhone X . The promotion ended March 31 , 2018 . On July 9th , 2018 , Google reduced the Pixel 2 XL price significantly . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` These are the Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL VentureBeat '' . venturebeat.com . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 XL vs. iPhone X vs. Note 8 : Phablet spec showdown Archived February 22 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pixel boss Rick Osterloh : Pixel 2 is coming this year and staying premium '' . AndroidPIT . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The HTC U11 Plus was originally intended to be the Google Pixel 2 XL '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JerryRigEverything rips into the Pixel 2 and exposes easily scratched plastic coating '' . Android Police . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 's custom camera SoC uses Intel technology '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Instagram , Snapchat , and WhatsApp get better photos on the Pixel 2 '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Surprise ! The Pixel 2 is hiding a custom Google SoC for image processing '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google on Pixel 2 's Noisy 4K Videos , RAW and Manual Modes , 4K@60fps , More '' . NDTV Gadgets360.com . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Explains Decisions Made on the Pixel 2 Camera '' . xda - developers . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galaxy Note 8 crushes iPhone X and Pixel 2 in OIS video recording comparison Archived December 26 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 '' . Google Store . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 and 2 XL review -- The best Android phone you can buy Ars Technica Archived January 7 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL : Specs , pricing , and everything else ! '' . Android Central . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google guarantees three years of Android software updates for the Pixel 2 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to enable Now Playing on your Google Pixel 2 '' . Android Central . October 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hager , Ryne . `` Android 8.1 OTA files and factory images are now live '' . Android Police . Illogical Robot LLC . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2018 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 reviewed : Sets new record for overall smartphone camera quality - DxOMark '' . DxOMark . October 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL : Google takes on the iPhone X '' . CNET . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Google announces Pixel 2 smartphones and a whole host of other hardware '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 's missing headphone jack proves Apple was right '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim . `` Google 's replacement Pixel 2 USB - C headphone dongles cost $20 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Replacement USB - C Headphone Adaptor Will Cost You £ 20 '' . Gizmodo UK . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google drops price of its USB - C to headphone jack dongle down to $9 from $20 '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Copying Apple , Google mercifully drops its $20 Pixel USB - C headphone dongle to $9 '' . 9to5Google . October 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Brett . `` Google avoids the wrath of wired headphone lovers , cuts Pixel 2 dongle price '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Forget the Pixel 2 's display problems , Google 's new flagships are far too fragile '' . BGR . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 torture test shows just how destructible the handset 's ' premium coating ' really is '' . 9to5Google . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Aaron ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` Google Pixel 2 might have the same problem as iPhone 6 Plus , and this video shows why '' . Daily Express . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 review : plainly great '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL drama is undermining Google 's entire Pixel project '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I am put off by the Pixel 2 XL display , but you might not be '' . Android Authority . October 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL screen blue tint likely caused by poorly applied polarizer '' . Phone Arena . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google says that the Pixel 2 XL display 's blue shift is normal , much to owners ' dissatisfaction '' . Android Police . October 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Groups '' . Google . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL would be the best phone in the world if its screen was n't so weird '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google could be forced to recall £ 1000 Pixel 2 XL after screen burn pics emerge TheINQUIRER '' . theINQUIRER . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 `` black smearing , '' `` clicking , '' and speaker volume issues reported `` . Android Authority . October 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL 's pOLED display has a ' black smear ' problem that 's definitely worse than average '' . 9to5Google . October 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google responds to Pixel 2 XL screen burn - in and color concerns with upcoming software updates , 2 - year warranty '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google updates Pixel 2 XL with new ' saturated ' color display option and other bug fixes '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` November security patch adds color modes & burn - in protections to Pixel 2 , Pixel 2 XL '' . 9to5Google . November 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google responds to Pixel 2 issues : Extended warranty and updates '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some Google Pixel 2 XL owners reporting screen flashing issue w / Always - On Display and lockscreen ( Video ) '' . 9to5Google . November 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Did July OTA re-trigger Pixel 2 screen flashing issue ? Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 phones are making strange noises '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google plans software update to fix Pixel 2 clicking sound '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kumparak , Greg . `` Google responds to Pixel 2 XL display complaints , promises fix for ' clicking ' noise on the Pixel 2 '' . TechCrunch . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google will issue a fix for Pixel 2 's buzzing sounds heard during calls '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 XL Users Report Voice Messaging Issue , Google Promises Fix Archived January 13 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL owners claiming included headphone adapter does n't work '' . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL headphone adapter not working for some folks '' . December 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some are experiencing a rattling or buzzing problem with the Pixel 2 XL 's speakers '' . December 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 mic not working during calls ? Try blowing into bottom speaker - GSMArena.com news Archived November 9 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Some Pixel 2 users are reporting Bluetooth connectivity issues '' . Android Central . November 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 bug prevents Google Assistant from working on Bluetooth headphones '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Another Google Pixel 2 XL issue arises as users report slow battery charging '' . BGR . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Pixel 2 charges much more slowly below certain temperatures , but it does n't tell you that Archived February 19 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google will fix Pixel 2 reboot issues `` in the coming weeks '' - The Verge Archived November 28 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Random Reboots On The Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL Caused By LTE Modem Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google Pixel 2 XL fingerprint scanner slower following Android 8.1 update '' . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pixel 2 XL fingerprint sensor slower after 8.1 update '' . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google looking into Pixel 2 WiFi disconnect issue on mesh networks Archived December 25 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pixel 2 battery drain issue being looked into , Google says Archived February 25 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 battery drainage mess got worse in April Archived May 1 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fix In The Works For Google Pixel 2 Proximity Sensor Issues Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 Users Experience MMS Issue And Outgoing Call Delay Jump up ^ Google claims Pixel 2 MMS issues fixed despite continued reports Archived April 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google says that the Pixel 2 / 2 XL MMS issues have been fixed , but users are still complaining Archived April 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google Pixel 2 owners reporting blurry panoramas Archived April 15 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google still has n't fixed the Pixel 2 's 8 - month - old panorama issue , so someone made a workaround ( root required ) Jump up ^ June OTA update may have made the Pixel 2 XL much slower to wake up Archived June 6 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google `` working on a fix '' for long - standing Pixel 2 camera problem Jump up ^ Android 9 Pie seems to be messing with the Pixel XL 's ability to fast charge Jump up ^ Pixel 2 XL lag may lead to device ( hardware ) replacements Jump up ^ If your Pixel 2 has been lagging lately , you 're not alone Jump up ^ `` The Pixel 2 XL has another screen issue : unresponsive edges '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some Pixel 2 XL touchscreens are unresponsive near the edges . Fixed in DP2 Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google 's Pixel 2 XL also appears to suffer from poor audio recording quality '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Android 8.1 DP2 fixes poor audio Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL experienced when recording video Archived December 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google is apparently shipping some Pixel 2 XLs without an operating system '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Some Google Pixel 2 XL phones are reportedly shipping without Android '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morris , Ian . `` Google 's New Pixel Failure Sees Customers Getting A Totally Unusable Phone '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haselton , Todd ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Some of Google 's new Pixel 2 XL phones are being shipped without Android installed '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Some Pixel 2 devices bought from the Google Store seem to have locked - down bootloaders - Android Authority Archived November 17 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ More users chime in about Google Pixel 2 devices with locked bootloaders - Neowin Archived November 19 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Google fixes disabled bootloader unlock on Pixel 2 phones '' . Android Police . November 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to Get the Best Deal on the New Pixel 2 '' . Fortune . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Google Slashes Pixel 2 XL Price To Fight Off iPhone X And Galaxy S9 Archived March 24 , 2018 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Google 's new Pixel 2 XL deal is making it tough to wait for the Pixel 3 Jump up ^ Google 's summer sale cuts Home Max and Pixel 2 XL prices Jump up ^ Huge Deal : Pixel 2 XL Price Slashed by $300 External links ( edit ) Official website Google Pixel Smartphones Pixel & Pixel XL Pixel 2 & Pixel 2 XL Chromebooks Chromebook Pixel ( 2013 ) and ( 2015 ) Pixelbook Tablets Pixel C Accessories Pixel Buds Google Overview Alphabet Inc . 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when did the pixel 2 xl come out
[ "Pixel 2 and Pixel 2 XL are Android smartphones designed, developed and marketed by Google. They were announced during a Google event on October 4, 2017, as the successors to the Pixel and Pixel XL. They were released on October 19, 2017, and serve as the second set of smartphones in the Google Pixel hardware line.\n" ]
[ "October 19, 2017" ]
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Super Bowl XXXVIII
Super Bowl XXXVIII - wikipedia Super Bowl XXXVIII Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XXXVIII Carolina Panthers ( NFC ) New England Patriots ( AFC ) 29 32 Total CAR 0 10 0 19 29 NE 0 14 0 18 32 Date February 1 , 2004 ( 2004 - 02 ) Stadium Reliant Stadium , Houston , Texas MVP Tom Brady , Quarterback Favorite Patriots by 7 Referee Ed Hochuli Attendance 71,525 Future Hall of Famers Patriots : None Panthers : None Ceremonies National anthem Beyoncé Coin toss Earl Campbell , Ollie Matson , Don Maynard , Y.A. Tittle , Mike Singletary , Gene Upshaw Halftime show Jessica Simpson , Ocean of Soul , Spirit of Houston , Janet Jackson , Justin Timberlake , P. Diddy , Kid Rock , and Nelly TV in the United States Network CBS Announcers Greg Gumbel , Phil Simms , Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein Nielsen ratings 41.3 ( est . 89.8 million viewers ) Market share 63 Cost of 30 - second commercial $2.2 million ← XXXVII Super Bowl XXXIX → Super Bowl XXXVIII was an American football game between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Carolina Panthers and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2003 season . The Patriots defeated the Panthers by the score of 32 - 29 . The game was played at Reliant Stadium in Houston , Texas , on Sunday , February 1 , 2004 . At the time , this was the most watched Super Bowl ever with 144.4 million viewers . The Panthers were making their first ever Super Bowl appearance after posting an 11 -- 5 regular season record . They also made it the second straight year that a team from the NFC South division made the Super Bowl , with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers winning Super Bowl XXXVII . The Patriots were seeking their second Super Bowl title in three years after posting a 14 -- 2 record . NFL fans and sports writers widely consider this game one of the most well - played and thrilling Super Bowls ; Sports Illustrated writer Peter King hailed it as the `` Greatest Super Bowl of all time . '' Although neither team could score in the first and third quarters , they ended up with a combined total of 868 yards and 61 points . The game was scoreless for a Super Bowl record 26 : 55 before the two teams combined for 24 points prior to halftime . The clubs then combined for a Super Bowl record 37 points in the fourth quarter . The contest was finally decided when the Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri 's 41 - yard field goal was made with four seconds left . Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was named Super Bowl MVP for the second time in his career . The game is also known for its controversial halftime show in which Janet Jackson 's breast , adorned with a nipple shield , was exposed by Justin Timberlake for about half a second , in what was later referred to as a `` wardrobe malfunction '' . Along with the rest of the halftime show , it led to an immediate crackdown by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) , and widespread debate on perceived indecency in broadcasting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 The Panthers go from 1 -- 15 to the Super Bowl 1.2 The Patriots go for two out of three 1.3 Common opponents of both teams 1.4 Playoffs 2 Broadcasting and entertainment 2.1 Pregame ceremonies 2.2 Halftime show 3 Game summary 3.1 First Quarter 3.2 Second Quarter 3.3 Third Quarter 3.4 Fourth Quarter 3.5 Box score 3.6 Statistical overview 4 Final statistics 4.1 Statistical comparison 4.2 Individual statistics 5 Starting lineups 6 Gambling 7 Officials 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXXVIII to Houston during their November 1 , 2000 meeting held in Atlanta . This was the first Super Bowl to be played in a stadium with a retractable roof ( but it was eventually closed during the game ) . It also marked the first time in 4 tries that the Patriots played a Super Bowl that was not in New Orleans . This game marked a six - month stretch for Texas hosting the Super Bowl , NCAA men 's Division I basketball Final Four and Major League Baseball ( MLB ) All - Star Game . The Final Four was played at the Alamodome in San Antonio and the MLB All - Star Game was also played in Houston at nearby Minute Maid Park . Beginning with this game , all Super Bowl games have been played on the first Sunday in February every year . This is based on the 22 weeks necessary from opening week through Super Bowl Sunday , which includes scheduling no games until after Labor Day , granting a bye week to each team during the sixteen - game season , and granting a bye week to the teams qualifying for the Super Bowl after each wins their respective conference championship game . Consequently , the Super Bowl is currently scheduled no earlier than February 1 and no later than February 7 . This game set the record for most Roman numerals in a Super Bowl title ( seven ) . This will not be matched until Super Bowl LXXVIII after the 2043 NFL season and Super Bowl LXXXVII after the 2052 season , and not surpassed until Super Bowl LXXXVIII after the 2053 season . The Panthers go from 1 -- 15 to the Super Bowl ( edit ) Main article : 2003 Carolina Panthers season The Panthers made their first trip to the Super Bowl after posting a one - win regular season just two years earlier . The franchise was only in their ninth year of existence , joining the league as an expansion team in 1995 . In just their second season , they posted a 12 -- 4 regular season record and advanced to the NFC Championship Game , but lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers 30 -- 13 ( the Packers coincidentally went on to defeat the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXI 35 -- 21 ) . But from 1997 onward , they had just one non-losing season ( an 8 -- 8 finish in 1999 ) until they finally suffered through a franchise worst 1 -- 15 record in 2001 , winning only the first game of the regular season against the Minnesota Vikings . After that year , head coach George Seifert was relieved of his duties and replaced by John Fox , former defensive coordinator for the New York Giants who helped lead the Giants to Super Bowl XXXV in 2000 . With John Fox at the helm and the team taking advantage of the free agent market and the salary cap rules , the Panthers improved in 2002 , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record . Then in 2003 , they recorded an 11 -- 5 record and won the NFC South . One of the free agents that Carolina signed before the 2003 season was quarterback Jake Delhomme . Delhomme was not picked by any team in the NFL Draft , but later joined the New Orleans Saints as an undrafted free agent in 1998 . Delhomme also then played for the NFL Europe 's Frankfurt Galaxy in 1999 , and along with Pat Barnes , he was part of the `` double - headed quarterback monster '' that led the Galaxy to a World Bowl victory over the Barcelona Dragons . Although he only played 6 games in his 5 seasons with New Orleans , the Panthers signed Delhomme in 2003 to be the backup to starting quarterback Rodney Peete . However , after the Panthers fell to a 17 -- 0 third quarter deficit in their first game of the season against the Jacksonville Jaguars , gaining only one first down and 36 offensive yards , Fox immediately replaced Peete with Delhomme . Delhomme ended up leading Carolina to a 24 -- 23 comeback victory over the Jaguars . Delhomme became the team 's starting quarterback for the rest of the season , throwing for 3,219 yards and 19 touchdowns , with 16 interceptions . The team 's main receiving threat was multi-talented third - year wide receiver Steve Smith , who also specialized as a kickoff and punt returner. Smith caught 88 passes for 1,110 yards and 7 touchdowns , rushed for 42 yards , gained 439 yards and another touchdown returning punts , and recorded 309 kickoff return yards . Wide receiver Muhsin Muhammad was also a constant breakaway threat , recording 54 receptions for 837 yards and 3 touchdowns . However , the Panthers ' strength on offense was their running game , led by running backs Stephen Davis and DeShaun Foster . Davis was the team 's leading rusher with a franchise record 1,444 yards and 8 touchdowns , while Foster rushed for 429 yards and caught 26 passes for 207 yards . Carolina also had running back Rod Smart on their roster , who became widely known for his XFL debut jersey name `` He Hate Me '' during that league 's only season in 2001 . During 2003 , Smart was primarily used as the Panthers ' other kickoff returner , recording 947 yards and one touchdown . On defense , Carolina 's main strength was their defensive line , anchored by defensive ends Julius Peppers ( 7 sacks and 3 forced fumbles ) and Mike Rucker ( 12 sacks and 1 interception ) , and Pro Bowl defensive tackle Kris Jenkins ( 5 sacks and 1 fumble recovery ) . The secondary was led by defensive backs Reggie Howard ( 2 interceptions ) , Mike Minter ( 3 interceptions for 100 return yards and 2 touchdowns ) , Deon Grant ( 3 interceptions ) , and Ricky Manning Jr. ( 3 interceptions for 33 return yards and 1 touchdown ) . The Patriots go for two out of three ( edit ) Main article : 2003 New England Patriots season Despite their victory in Super Bowl XXXVI after the 2001 season , the Patriots stumbled early in the 2002 season , recorded a 9 -- 7 regular season record , and failed to make the playoffs . Then , New England seemed to implode before the 2003 season ever started . Five days before their opening game against the Buffalo Bills , Pro Bowl safety Lawyer Milloy , one of the Patriots ' defensive leaders , was unexpectedly cut by the team after refusing to restructure his contract . The move devastated many of the New England players , while Milloy immediately signed with the Bills two days later . With the Patriots seemingly in emotional disarray , Buffalo defeated New England , 31 -- 0 , with Milloy forcing an interception and recording one sack and five tackles . However , after a 2 -- 2 start , the Patriots ended up winning their last 12 games ( including a mirror 31 -- 0 shutout of the Bills in the final week ) to earn a league - best 14 -- 2 record . Tom Brady , the Super Bowl XXXVI MVP , had become the team 's permanent starter in 2002 after quarterback Drew Bledsoe left the team to lead the Bills . Brady had a solid season in 2003 , completing 317 out of 527 ( 60.2 percent ) of his passes for 3,620 yards and 23 touchdowns , with only 12 interceptions . His primary weapon was second year wide receiver Deion Branch , who caught 57 passes for 803 yards . Another key contributor was wide receiver David Givens , who filled in for the injured starter David Patten . Givens recorded 34 receptions for 510 yards and 6 touchdowns . Other weapons in the passing game included veteran wide receiver Troy Brown , who had 40 receptions , 472 yards , 4 touchdowns , and 293 yards returning punts , and tight end Daniel Graham who recorded 28 catches , 409 yards , and 4 touchdowns . In the backfield , the team 's rushing game was led by running backs Antowain Smith and Kevin Faulk , who carried the ball equally . Smith was the team 's leading rusher with 642 yards and 3 touchdowns , while Faulk rushed for 638 yards and caught 48 passes for 440 yards . New England 's defense was retooled before the 2003 season when the team signed veteran safety Rodney Harrison as a free agent and traded for defensive lineman Ted Washington . With these additions , the Patriots led the league in fewest passing yards allowed per attempt ( 5.64 ) , fewest passing touchdowns allowed ( 11 ) , and most interceptions ( 29 ) . They also ranked 4th in fewest rushing yards allowed ( 1,434 ) and 7th in fewest total yards ( 4,919 ) . Washington helped anchor New England 's defensive line , recording 32 tackles and 2 sacks . Pro Bowl defensive tackle Richard Seymour also contributed with 8 sacks . Behind them , the Patriots had 3 outstanding linebackers : Pro Bowl linebacker Willie McGinest ( 5.5 sacks , 2 fumble recoveries and 1 interception ) , Mike Vrabel ( 9.5 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , four forced fumbles , and 2 interceptions ) , and Tedy Bruschi ( 131 tackles , 2 sacks , 1 fumble recovery , 3 interceptions , and 2 touchdowns ) . Harrison became the veteran leader in the secondary , recording 92 tackles , 3 interceptions , and 3 sacks . Meanwhile , Pro Bowl cornerback Ty Law recorded 6 interceptions , cornerback ( and ex-Panthers player ) Tyrone Poole had 6 interceptions for 112 return yards and 1 touchdown , and rookie safety Eugene Wilson recorded 4 interceptions . Overall , the secondary combined for 19 interceptions . Common opponents of both teams ( edit ) The Patriots and Panthers both played against the AFC South and NFC East in the regular season . The Patriots lost to the Washington Redskins 20 -- 17 in Week Four but swept the rest of the NFC East and the entire AFC South ; the Patriots shut out Dallas in bitter cold and edged the Giants in the rain while hammering Philly following the infamously erroneous `` They hate their coach '' quote from Tom Jackson ; the Patriots also edged the Titans , Houston in overtime , and former division rival Indianapolis in shootouts while routing Jacksonville ( which , like Carolina , had entered the NFL in 1995 ) in the regular season , and then edged the Titans and hammered the Colts in the playoffs . The Panthers had less success , going 6 -- 4 against the two divisions , losing to the Titans and Houston while defeating Jacksonville and the Colts , and defeating Washington and the Giants while losing to Philadelphia and Dallas in the regular season , then routing the Cowboys and edging the Eagles in the playoffs . Scores of games against common opponents - VS . Jacksonville Jaguars Panthers 24 vs. Jaguars 23 -- Jake Delhomme 's first game with the Panthers Patriots 27 vs. Jaguars 13 VS . Philadelphia Eagles Patriots 31 @ Eagles 10 Panthers 16 vs. Eagles 25 / ( playoffs ) Panthers 14 @ Eagles 3 VS . Washington Redskins Patriots 17 @ Redskins 20 -- last loss until Halloween 2004 Panthers 20 vs. Redskins 17 VS . Tennessee Titans Patriots 38 vs. Titans 30 / ( playoffs ) Patriots 17 vs. Titans 14 Panthers 17 vs. Titans 37 -- loss ended six - game win streak VS . New York Giants Patriots 17 vs. NY Giants 6 Panthers 37 @ NY Giants 24 VS . Indianapolis Colts Panthers 23 @ Colts 20 ( OT ) -- win ended Colts five - game win streak Patriots 38 @ Colts 34 / ( playoffs ) Patriots 24 vs. Colts 14 VS . Houston Texans Panthers 10 @ Texans 14 Patriots 23 @ Texans 20 ( OT ) VS . Dallas Cowboys Patriots 12 vs. Cowboys 0 Panthers 20 @ Cowboys 24 / ( playoffs ) Panthers 29 vs. Cowboys 10 Playoffs ( edit ) See also : 2003 -- 04 NFL playoffs Since the Panthers finished with the third best regular season record in the NFC , they had to win three playoff games to reach the Super Bowl . The St. Louis Rams and the Philadelphia Eagles had better regular season records at 12 -- 4 , and thus under the playoff format , each would have to win two playoff games to reach the league championship game . Against Carolina 's first opponent , the Dallas Cowboys , Delhomme threw for 273 yards and a touchdown , Davis recorded 104 rushing yards and a touchdown , and kicker John Kasay made 5 field goals , en route to a thorough 29 -- 10 victory . The Panthers then eliminated the Rams on the road , 29 -- 23 in double overtime . St. Louis built a 6 -- 0 lead early in the second quarter , but Carolina took the lead after Muhammad 's fumble recovery in the end zone . Both teams spent the rest of the second and the third quarter exchanging field goals before Brad Hoover 's 7 - yard rushing touchdown gave the Panthers a 23 -- 12 fourth quarter lead . However , the Rams rallied back with a touchdown , a successful two - point conversion , and a field goal to send the game into overtime . Both teams missed field goals in the first overtime period , but Delhomme threw a 69 - yard touchdown pass to Smith on the first play of the second overtime period to win the game . The Panthers then went on the road again to eliminate the Eagles in the NFC Championship Game , 14 -- 3 . Philadelphia was coming off of a 20 -- 17 overtime win over the Green Bay Packers , that included quarterback Donovan McNabb 's 28 - yard pass to Freddie Mitchell on a famous play known as `` 4th and 26 '' . This was the third consecutive NFC Championship Game appearance for Philadelphia , and thus they were heavily favored to win . But Carolina 's defense only allowed a field goal and held McNabb to just 10 of 22 completions for 100 yards . Ricky Manning also intercepted McNabb 3 times . Although Carolina 's offense only scored 14 points , it was more than enough for the team to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl with a 14 -- 3 win . The Panthers became the first No. 3 seed to advance to the Super Bowl since the league expanded to a 12 - team playoff format in 1990 . In doing so , they were also the first division winner to advance to the league championship after playing three playoff games . All other instances up to this point where teams advanced to the Super Bowl after playing all three rounds of the playoffs were wild card teams in Super Bowls XV , XX , XXVII , XXXII , XXXIV , and XXXV . Prior to Super Bowl XVII , the Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins both won three playoff games to reach the Super Bowl , but that came during the strike - shortened 1982 season when the regular season was reduced to nine games and the playoffs were expanded to 16 teams , with no teams receiving first - round byes . Since then , there have been six instances of teams advancing to the Super Bowl after playing three playoff games : the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XL as the No. 6 seeded team , the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLI as the No. 3 seed , the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII as the No. 5 seed , the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII as the No. 4 seed , the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XLV as the No. 6 seed , and again the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI as the No. 4 seed . The Colts , Cardinals , and the Giants in 2011 , like the Panthers , were division winners in those years ( Although in the Colts case , they played the No. 4 seeded New England Patriots in the AFC Championship that year , ensuring at least the second division winner to play three rounds to make it to the Super Bowl . ) , and all but the Cardinals went on to win it all . The Super Bowl would mark the third game ( out of four ) of the playoffs in which Carolina scored 29 points . Meanwhile , the Patriots first defeated the Tennessee Titans , 17 -- 14 , in one of the coldest games in NFL history , with temperatures reaching 4 ° F ( − 15 ° C ) . New England jumped to 14 -- 7 lead in the first half with a touchdown pass by Brady and a touchdown run from Smith . However , quarterback Steve McNair 's 11 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Derrick Mason tied the game in the third period . With 4 : 06 remaining in the game , Patriots kicker Adam Vinatieri made a 46 - yard field goal to take the lead . New England 's defense later clinched a victory as they stopped the Titans from scoring on fourth down on their last drive of the game . New England then eliminated the Indianapolis Colts , 24 -- 14 , in the AFC Championship Game . The Colts entered the game leading the NFL in passing yards and ranked third in total offensive yards . With quarterback Peyton Manning , wide receiver Marvin Harrison , and running back Edgerrin James , the Colts had scored 79 points in their 2 playoff victories against the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs , including a 38 -- 31 victory over the Chiefs in the first punt-less game in NFL playoff history . However , New England 's defense dominated the Colts , only allowing 14 points , intercepting 4 passes from Manning ( 3 of them by Ty Law ) , and forcing a safety . Although New England 's offense only scored one touchdown , Vinatieri scored 5 field goals to make up the difference . Broadcasting and Entertainment ( edit ) The game was broadcast on television in the United States by CBS , with Greg Gumbel handling the play - by - play duties and color commentator Phil Simms in the broadcast booth . Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein roamed the sidelines . Jim Nantz hosted all the events with help from his fellow cast members from The NFL Today : Dan Marino , Deion Sanders , and Boomer Esiason . This would be the final Super Bowl game Greg Gumbel would call ; as before the 2004 season began , he and Nantz would switch roles ; though by the time CBS next aired a Super Bowl ; James Brown was brought in as host of The NFL Today while Gumbel had moved to a secondary play - by - play role . Westwood One carried the game nationwide over terrestrial radio with Marv Albert on play - by - play and Boomer Esiason on color commentary , with Jim Gray hosting the pregame and halftime shows . Locally , Gil Santos and Gino Cappelletti called the game for the Patriots and Bill Rosinski and Eugene Robinson served that position for the Panthers . After the postgame coverage was complete , CBS aired the season premiere for Survivor : All Stars . Pregame ceremonies ( edit ) Both teams passed on the opportunity for their starters to be introduced individually before the game , a move perpetuated by the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI . The game was held exactly one year , to the day , after the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster , in Houston , the same city as the Johnson Space Center . Thus , the lost crew of the Columbia was honored in a pregame tribute by singer Josh Groban , performing `` You Raise Me Up '' . Also appearing on the field was the crew of STS - 114 , the `` Return to Flight '' Space Shuttle mission that eventually launched Space Shuttle Discovery on July 26 , 2005 . Houston - native Beyoncé then sang the national anthem . Aerosmith performed Baby , Please Do n't Go and Dream On as part of the pre-show ceremony . The coin toss ceremony featured former NFL players and Texas natives Earl Campbell , Ollie Matson , Don Maynard , Y.A. Tittle , Mike Singletary , Gene Upshaw . Tittle tossed the coin . The NFL logo was painted at midfield for the first time since Super Bowl XXX , and the Super Bowl XXXVIII logo was placed on the 25 - yard lines . From Super Bowls XXXI through XXXVII , the Super Bowl logo was painted at midfield , and the helmets of the teams painted at the 30 - yard lines . From Super Bowl VI through Super Bowl XXX , the NFL logo was painted on the 50 - yard line , except for Super Bowls XXV and XXIX . The Super Bowl XXV logo was painted at midfield and the NFL logo was painted at each 35 - yard line . In Super Bowl XXIX , the NFL 75th Anniversary logo was painted at midfield with the Super Bowl logo at each 30 - yard line . Halftime show ( edit ) Further information : Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime - show controversy Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake ( pictured ) became the center of controversy during the end of the halftime show The most controversial and widely discussed moment of Super Bowl XXXVIII came during halftime . The show was produced by Viacom 's MTV and CBS Sports , and was sponsored by America Online 's TopSpeed software for dial - up Internet service . The show was themed supposedly around MTV 's Choose or Lose vote campaign , however beyond some flag imagery , Jessica Simpson 's declaration that Houston should `` Choose to Party ! '' and a vague call to action for younger persons to vote in a celebrity montage the first minute of the program and an audio outro about choices , the theme was not called out for the remainder of the show . After a brief appearance by Simpson , the show began with a joint performance by marching bands the Spirit of Houston , from the University of Houston , and the `` Ocean of Soul '' of Texas Southern University . Next , Janet Jackson made her first appearance , singing `` All for You '' . Then , P. Diddy , Nelly , and Kid Rock appeared respectively , and performed a mixture of their hits . After Jackson 's performance of her song `` Rhythm Nation '' , Justin Timberlake appeared , and he and Jackson sang a duet of Timberlake 's song `` Rock Your Body '' . The performance featured many suggestive dance moves by both Timberlake and Jackson . As the song reached the final line , `` I 'm gon na have you naked by the end of this song , '' Timberlake pulled off a part of Jackson 's costume , revealing her outer right breast ( adorned with a large , sun - shaped nipple shield , a piece of jewelery worn to accentuate the appearance of a nipple piercing ) . CBS quickly cut to an aerial view of the stadium , however the action was too late to be effective . Many people considered this indecent exposure , and numerous viewers contacted the network to complain , saying it was inappropriate in the context of a football game . This was the most rewatched moment in TiVo history . Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show Spirit of Houston Ocean of Soul `` All for You '' `` Hey Mickey '' `` Hot in Herre '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Bawitdaba '' `` Cowboy '' `` Rhythm Nation '' `` The Knowledge '' `` Rock Your Body '' Just before the start of the second half , a British streaker , Mark Roberts , ran onto the field disguised as a referee , undressed , and performed a dance wearing only a thong . He was tackled to the ground by Patriots linebacker Matt Chatham and arrested . It is customary for American television to avoid broadcasting such events , but it was later shown on Late Show with David Letterman . He received a $1,000 fine for trespassing . Game Summary ( edit ) This game is noted for its unusual scoring pattern between the teams . Nearly ninety percent of the first half and all of the third quarter were scoreless . Twenty - four points were scored in the last three minutes of the first half , and a record 37 points were scored in the fourth quarter . First quarter ( edit ) Most of the first half was a defensive struggle , with neither team able to score until late in the second quarter , despite several early scoring opportunities for New England . After Carolina was forced to punt on their opening drive , Patriots receiver Troy Brown gave his team great field position with a 28 - yard return to the Panthers 47 - yard line . The Patriots subsequently marched to the 9 - yard line , but Carolina kept them out of the end zone and Adam Vinatieri missed a 31 - yard field goal attempt . The Patriots forced Carolina to punt after 3 plays and again got the ball with great field position , receiving Todd Sauerbrun 's 40 - yard punt at the Panthers 49 - yard line . New England then drove to the 31 - yard line , but on third down , linebacker Will Witherspoon tackled Brown for a 10 - yard loss on an end - around play , pushing the Patriots out of field goal range . Second quarter ( edit ) Later on , New England drove 57 yards to the Panthers 18 - yard line with 6 minutes left in the second quarter , but once again they failed to score as Carolina kept them out of the end zone and Vinatieri 's 36 - yard field goal attempt was blocked by Panthers defender Shane Burton . Meanwhile , the Carolina offense was stymied by the New England defense , with quarterback Jake Delhomme completing just one out of his first nine passes , sacked three times , and fumbling once . That fumble occurred 3 plays after Vinatieri 's second missed field goal ; Delhomme lost the ball while being sacked by linebacker Mike Vrabel , and Patriots defensive tackle Richard Seymour recovered the ball at the Panthers 20 - yard line ; by this point of the game the Panthers had suffered a net loss of nine yards on twenty offensive snaps . Two plays later , New England faced a third down and 7 , but quarterback Tom Brady scrambled 12 yards to the 5 - yard line for a first down . Then wide receiver Deion Branch caught a 5 - yard touchdown pass from Brady on the next play . The play was a play - action fake to Antowain Smith . Carolina 's Dan Morgan bit on the route , causing the touchdown . Branch 's touchdown came after 26 : 55 had elapsed in the game , setting the record for the longest amount of time a Super Bowl remained scoreless . The play also suddenly set off a scoring explosion from both teams for the remainder of the first half . The Panthers stormed down the field on their ensuing possession , driving 95 yards in 8 plays , and tying the game on a 39 - yard touchdown pass from Delhomme to wide receiver Steve Smith with just 1 : 07 left in the half . The Patriots immediately countered with a 6 - play , 78 - yard scoring drive of their own . Starting from their own 22 - yard line , Brady completed a 12 - yard pass to wide receiver David Givens . Then after throwing an incompletion , Brady completed a long pass to Branch , who caught it at the Panthers 24 - yard line in stride before being tackled at the 14 - yard line for a 52 - yard gain . Three plays later , Givens caught a 5 - yard touchdown from Brady to give New England a 14 -- 7 lead with only 18 seconds left in the half . The Patriots decided to squib kick the ensuing kickoff to prevent a long return , but their plan backfired as Carolina tight end Kris Mangum picked up the ball at his own 35 - yard line and returned it 12 yards to the 47 . The Patriots expected a pass play from the Panthers , but instead running back Stephen Davis ran for 21 yards on the next play to set up kicker John Kasay 's 50 - yard field goal as time expired in the half , cutting Carolina 's deficit to 14 -- 10 . Third quarter ( edit ) The third quarter was scoreless as each team exchanged punts twice . However , with 3 : 57 left in the period , the Patriots put together a 71 - yard , 8 - play scoring drive , featuring tight end Daniel Graham 's 33 - yard reception to advance to the Carolina 9 - yard line . Fourth quarter ( edit ) Running back Antowain Smith then capped off the drive with a 2 - yard touchdown run on the second play on the fourth quarter to increase their lead , 21 -- 10 . This was the start of another scoring explosion , one that became one of the biggest explosions in Super Bowl history , with both teams scoring a combined 37 points in the last 15 minutes , the most ever in a single quarter of a Super Bowl . Delhomme started out Carolina 's ensuing drive with a 13 - yard completion to wide receiver Muhsin Muhammad . After committing a false start penalty on the next play , Delhomme completed a pair of passes to Smith for gains of 18 and 22 yards . Running back DeShaun Foster then scored on a 33 - yard touchdown run , cutting the Panthers ' deficit to 21 -- 16 after Delhomme 's 2 - point conversion pass fell incomplete . The Patriots responded on their ensuing possession by driving all the way to Carolina 's 9 - yard line , but the drive ended when Panthers defensive back Reggie Howard intercepted a third down pass from Brady in the end zone . Then on 3rd down from his own 15 - yard line , Delhomme threw for the longest play from scrimmage in Super Bowl history , an 85 - yard touchdown completion to Muhammad . Carolina 's 2 - point conversion attempt failed again , but they took their first lead of the game , 22 -- 21 , with 6 : 53 remaining . It was the first time in Super Bowl history a team down 10 + points during the 4th quarter had come back to take the lead . Three other times teams have come back to tie the game ; the Tennessee Titans against the Rams in Super Bowl XXXIV , the Rams against the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI , and the Patriots against the Falcons in Super Bowl LI . However , New England retook the lead on their next drive , advancing 68 yards with the aid of a pair of completions from Brady to Givens for gains of 18 and 25 yards . Once again the Patriots were faced with third down and goal , but this time they scored with Brady 's 1 - yard pass to Vrabel , who had lined up in an eligible tight end position . Then on a two - point conversion attempt , running back Kevin Faulk took a direct snap and ran into the end zone to make the score 29 -- 22 . Despite amassing over 1,000 combined yards , Faulk 's two - point conversion constituted the only points he scored all season . The Panthers countered on their next possession . Foster started the drive with a 9 - yard run and a 7 - yard reception . After that , Delhomme completed a 19 - yard pass to Muhammad , followed by a 31 - yard completion to receiver Ricky Proehl . Then Proehl , who caught the fourth quarter game - tying touchdown pass against the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXVI two years earlier for the St. Louis Rams , finished the drive with a 12 - yard touchdown reception . Kasay 's ensuing extra point tied the game , 29 -- 29 , with 1 : 08 to play in regulation and it appeared that the game would be the first Super Bowl ever to go into overtime . However , Kasay kicked the ensuing kickoff out of bounds , giving New England the ball on their own 40 - yard line . Brady led the Patriots offense down the field with a 13 - yard pass to Brown on second down . An offensive pass interference penalty on Brown pushed New England back to their own 43 - yard line , but another 13 - yard reception to Brown and a 4 - yard pass to Graham brought up a critical 3rd down and 3 from the Carolina 40 - yard line . The Panthers defense could not prevent the Patriots from gaining the first down , as Brady completed a 17 - yard pass to Branch . On the next play , Vinatieri kicked a 41 - yard field goal to give New England the lead , 32 -- 29 , with four seconds left in the game . Carolina failed on their last chance , as Rod Smart went nowhere on the ensuing kickoff , and the Patriots had won their second Super Bowl in three years . This was the fourth Super Bowl to be decided on a field goal in the final seconds ( Super Bowl V was won on a last second kick by the Baltimore Colts ' Jim O'Brien to defeat the Dallas Cowboys , Super Bowl XXV had the Buffalo Bills ' Scott Norwood miss his field goal chance against the New York Giants , and in Super Bowl XXXVI Vinatieri made his to defeat the St. Louis Rams ) . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XXXVIII : New England Patriots 32 , Carolina Panthers 29 Total Panthers 0 10 0 19 29 Patriots 0 14 0 18 32 at Reliant Stadium , Houston , Texas Date : February 1 , 2004 Game time : 5 : 25 p.m. CST Game weather : Played with roof closed , retractable roof stadium ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP CAR NE 3 : 05 20 2 : 10 NE Deion Branch 5 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Adam Vinatieri kick good 0 7 1 : 07 8 95 1 : 58 CAR Steve Smith 39 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Delhomme , John Kasay kick good 7 7 0 : 18 6 78 0 : 49 NE David Givens 5 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Vinatieri kick good 7 14 0 : 00 21 0 : 18 CAR 50 - yard field goal by Kasay 10 14 14 : 49 8 71 4 : 08 NE Antowain Smith 2 - yard touchdown run , Vinatieri kick good 10 21 12 : 39 6 81 2 : 10 CAR DeShaun Foster 33 - yard touchdown run , 2 - point pass failed 16 21 6 : 53 90 0 : 45 CAR Muhsin Muhammad 85 - yard touchdown reception from Delhomme , 2 - point pass failed 22 21 2 : 51 11 68 4 : 02 NE Mike Vrabel 1 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , 2 - point run good ( Kevin Faulk ) 22 29 1 : 08 7 80 1 : 43 CAR Ricky Proehl 12 - yard touchdown reception from Delhomme , Kasay kick good 29 29 0 : 04 6 37 1 : 04 NE 41 - yard field goal by Vinatieri 29 32 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 29 32 Statistical overview ( edit ) The game set a number of marks for offensive production . The two teams combined for 868 yards of total offense , the second - highest total in Super Bowl history . Both starting quarterbacks threw for at least 300 yards for only the second time in Super Bowl history , with Dan Marino and Joe Montana each passing for at least 300 yards in Super Bowl XIX . This was also only the second Super Bowl to feature one 100 - yard receiving performance on each team , with Deion Branch and Muhsin Muhammad each reaching 100 yards . Andre Reed and Michael Irvin first accomplished the feat in Super Bowl XXVII . The 37 total points scored in the 4th quarter were the most combined points in a 4th quarter in a Super Bowl and the most in any quarter by two teams . Washington 's 35 points in Super Bowl XXII was the previous high for most combined points in a single quarter in a Super Bowl . The fourth quarter was the second in Super Bowl history to have five touchdowns scored in a single quarter , the first being when the Redskins had five in Super Bowl XXII in the second quarter . It was also the first time in Super Bowl history that both teams would score at least two touchdowns in the same quarter . Delhomme finished the game with 16 completions out of 33 attempts for 323 yards , three touchdowns , and no interceptions for a passer rating of 113.6 . He was seen standing on the field during the Patriots ' post-game celebration ; he later commented : `` I wanted to catch up to the moment of what it feels like to be on the other side , to be on this side , the losing side . To let it sink in , to hurt , so when we start practice in the fall , the two - a-days and there are days during the season when I 'm tired and I want to go home , but I need to watch that extra film . I want to get back there , but I want to get on the other side of that field . They rope you off , the losing team basically . I just want to get on the other side of that rope . I just wanted to watch and let it sink in and hurt a little bit . When I have a tough day , I 'll just think about that feeling and it will make me dig down just a little deeper . '' Muhsin Muhammad caught four passes for 140 yards , an average of 35 yards per catch , and a touchdown . Steve Smith caught four passes for 80 yards and a touchdown . He also returned a punt for two yards , and returned a kickoff for 30 yards , giving him 112 total yards . Proehl caught four passes for 71 yards and a touchdown . Proehl joined Jerry Rice as only two players to score touchdowns with two different teams in Super Bowls . Tom Brady 's 32 completions were the most in Super Bowl history . His 48 attempts were the most for a winning quarterback . His 354 yards passing is now the fifth best total in Super Bowl history . Brady 's passer rating for this game was 100.5 . Branch was the top receiver of the game with 10 receptions for 143 yards and a touchdown . Brown caught 8 passes for 76 yards , and returned four punts for 40 yards . Antowain Smith was the top rusher of the game with 83 yards and a touchdown . Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVIII , Super Bowl XXXVIII Play Finder NE , Super Bowl XXXVIII Play Finder Car , USA Today Super Bowl XXXVIII Play by Play Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic Carolina Panthers New England Patriots First downs 17 29 First downs rushing 7 First downs passing 12 19 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 4 / 12 8 / 17 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 1 / 1 Net yards rushing 92 127 Rushing attempts 16 35 Yards per rush 5.8 3.6 Passing -- Completions - attempts 16 / 33 32 / 48 Times sacked - total yards 4 -- 28 0 -- 0 Interceptions thrown 0 Net yards passing 295 354 Total net yards 387 481 Punt returns - total yards 1 -- 2 5 -- 42 Kickoff returns - total yards 6 -- 116 4 -- 78 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 12 0 -- 0 Punts - average yardage 7 -- 44.3 5 -- 34.6 Fumbles - lost 1 -- 1 1 -- 0 Penalties - yards 12 -- 73 8 -- 60 Time of possession 21 : 02 38 : 58 Turnovers Individual statistics ( edit ) Panthers Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Jake Delhomme 16 / 33 323 0 113.6 Panthers Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Stephen Davis 13 49 0 21 3.77 DeShaun Foster 43 33t 14.33 Panthers Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Muhsin Muhammad 140 85t 10 Steve Smith 80 39t 9 Ricky Proehl 71 31 5 Jermaine Wiggins 21 0 15 DeShaun Foster 9 0 9 Kris Mangum 0 Brad Hoover 0 0 0 0 Patriots Passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 32 / 48 354 100.5 Patriots Rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Antowain Smith 26 83 9 3.19 Kevin Faulk 6 42 0 23 7.00 Tom Brady 12 0 12 6.00 Troy Brown -- 10 0 -- 10 -- 10.00 Patriots Receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Deion Branch 10 143 52 13 Troy Brown 8 76 0 13 10 David Givens 5 69 25 11 Daniel Graham 46 0 33 Kevin Faulk 19 0 7 Mike Vrabel 1t Larry Centers 0 0 0 0 Christian Fauria 0 0 0 0 Bethel Johnson 0 0 0 0 Dedric Ward 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) Source : Carolina Position Position New England Offense Muhsin Muhammad WR Deion Branch Todd Steussie LT Matt Light Jeno James LG Russ Hochstein Jeff Mitchell Dan Koppen Kevin Donnalley RG Joe Andruzzi Jordan Gross RT Tom Ashworth Jermaine Wiggins TE Daniel Graham Steve Smith WR Troy Brown Jake Delhomme QB Tom Brady Stephen Davis RB Antowain Smith Brad Hoover FB Larry Centers Defense Julius Peppers LDE LE Bobby Hamilton Brentson Buckner LDT NT Ted Washington Kris Jenkins RDT RE Richard Seymour Mike Rucker RDE OLB Willie McGinest Greg Favors SLB ILB Tedy Bruschi Dan Morgan MLB ILB Roman Phifer Will Witherspoon WLB OLB Mike Vrabel Ricky Manning , Jr . LCB Ty Law Reggie Howard RCB Tyrone Poole Mike Minter SS Eugene Wilson Deon Grant FS Rodney Harrison Gambling ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Most sportsbooks had the Patriots as seven - point favorites entering the game . As the Patriots only won by three points , the Patriots failed to cover this spread . The over-under bet was set at 37.5 by most sportsbooks . As the total combined score of the two teams was 61 points , the over bet won . Officials ( edit ) Referee : Ed Hochuli # 85 second Super Bowl ( XXXII ) Umpire : Jeff Rice # 44 second Super Bowl ( XXXVI ) Head Linesman : Mark Hittner # 28 second Super Bowl ( XXXVI ) Line Judge : Ben Montgomery # 117 second Super Bowl ( XXXII ) Field Judge : Tom Sifferman # 118 second Super Bowl ( XXXVII ) Side Judge : Laird Hayes # 125 second Super Bowl ( XXXV ) Back Judge : Scott Green # 19 second Super Bowl ( XXXVI ) Alternate Referee : Bill Carollo # 63 ( side judge for XXXI , referee for XXXVII ) Alternate Umpire : Jim Quirk # 5 ( umpire for XXXII ) Alternate Field Judge : Bill Lovett # 98 ( field judge for XXXIII ) Tom Sifferman became the second official to work consecutive Super Bowls on the field . The first was Jim Tunney , the referee for Super Bowls XI and XII . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ DiNitto , Marcus ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Betting History -- Underdogs on Recent Roll '' . The Linemakers . Sporting News . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . Vegas Insider . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` America 's Game '' . NFL Network . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( February 3 , 2004 ) . `` Peter King : Super Bowl XXXVIII had it all , making it the best ever '' . SI.com . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2004 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apologetic Jackson says ' costume reveal ' went awry '' . CNN . Associated Press . February 3 , 2004 . Retrieved July 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babineck , Mark ( 2004 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Columbia Astronauts Honored at Super Bowl '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NFL honors shuttle crew in ceremony '' . Amarillo Globe - News . 2004 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith setlist at Reliant Stadium , Houston , TX , USA '' . Setlist.fm. 2004 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Rock , P. Diddy Make ' Friendly ' $10,000 Bet On Super Bowl '' . Jump up ^ Nicolas Coleman . `` Good God , where do I begin '' . Super Bowl XXXVIII : Halftime . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CNN '' . February 3 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Streaker Avoids Jail '' . Sky News . July 22 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Jake Delhomme '' . Louisiana Department of Agriculture & Forestry. 2004 - 03 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII - National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 1 , 2004 . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ vegasinsider.com External links ( edit ) Super Bowl official website Game box score and play - by - play list from Pro Football Reference Super Bowl XXXVIII play - by - play from USA Today 2006 NFL Record and Fact Book . Time Inc . Home Entertainment . ISBN 1 - 933405 - 32 - 5 . All - Time Super Bowl Odds from The Sports Network ( Last accessed October 16 , 2005 ) BBC News on Jackson 's exposure Boxscore from Sports Illustrated Large online database of NFL data and statistics Super Bowl coverage from the Boston Globe Super Bowl coverage from Sports Illustrated The Sporting News : History of the Super Bowl ( Last accessed August 31 , 2006 ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XXXVIII champions 4 Adam Vinatieri 6 Rohan Davey 10 Jamin Elliott 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 13 Ken Walter 16 Kliff Kingsbury 17 Dedric Ward 18 Chas Gessner 19 Damon Huard 21 Mike Cloud 22 Asante Samuel 23 Antwan Harris 24 Ty Law 26 Eugene Wilson 30 Je'Rod Cherry 31 Larry Centers 32 Antowain Smith 33 Kevin Faulk 34 Chris Akins 35 Patrick Pass 37 Rodney Harrison 38 Tyrone Poole 39 Shawn Mayer 44 Fred McCrary 46 Brian Kinchen 48 Tully Banta - Cain 49 Sean McDermott 50 Mike Vrabel 51 Don Davis 52 Ted Johnson 53 Larry Izzo 54 Tedy Bruschi 55 Willie McGinest 58 Matt Chatham 59 Rosevelt Colvin 60 Wilbert Brown 61 Stephen Neal 62 Tim Provost 63 Joe Andruzzi 64 Gene Mruczkowski 65 Damien Woody 66 Lonie Paxton 67 Dan Koppen 68 Tom Ashworth 70 Adrian Klemm 71 Russ Hochstein 72 Matt Light 75 Jamil Soriano 76 Brandon Gorin 77 Mike Compton 80 Troy Brown 81 Bethel Johnson 82 Daniel Graham 83 Deion Branch 84 Fred Baxter 85 J.J. Stokes 86 David Patten 87 David Givens 88 Christian Fauria 90 Dan Klecko 91 Bobby Hamilton 92 Ted Washington 93 Richard Seymour 94 Ty Warren 95 Roman Phifer 96 Rick Lyle 97 Jarvis Green 98 Anthony Pleasant 99 Ethan Kelley Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Romeo Crennel Brian Daboll Jeff Davidson Ivan Fears Sean Gustus John Hufnagel Pepper Johnson Josh McDaniels Eric Mangini Markus Paul Rob Ryan Dante Scarnecchia Brad Seely Charlie Weis Mike Woicik New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 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who beat the carolina panthers in the super bowl
[ "\nSuper Bowl XXXVIII\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCarolina Panthers\n(NFC)\nNew England Patriots\n(AFC)\n\n\n29\n32\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n2\n3\n4\nTotal\n\n\nCAR\n0\n10\n0\n19\n29\n\n\nNE\n0\n14\n0\n18\n32\n\n\n\n\n\nDate\nFebruary 1, 2004 (2004-02)\n\n\nStadium\nReliant Stadium, Houston, Texas\n\n\nMVP\nTom Brady, Quarterback\n\n\nFavorite\nPatriots by 7[1][2]\n\n\nReferee\nEd Hochuli\n\n\nAttendance\n71,525[3]\n\n\nFuture Hall of Famers\n\n\nPatriots: None\nPanthers: None\n\n\nCeremonies\n\n\nNational anthem\nBeyoncé\n\n\nCoin toss\nEarl Campbell, Ollie Matson, Don Maynard, Y. A. Tittle, Mike Singletary, Gene Upshaw\n\n\nHalftime show\nJessica Simpson, Ocean of Soul, Spirit of Houston, Janet Jackson, Justin Timberlake, P. Diddy, Kid Rock, and Nelly\n\n\nTV in the United States\n\n\nNetwork\nCBS\n\n\nAnnouncers\nGreg Gumbel, Phil Simms, Armen Keteyian and Bonnie Bernstein\n\n\nNielsen ratings\n41.3\n(est. 89.8 million viewers)[4]\n\n\nMarket share\n63\n\n\nCost of 30-second commercial\n$2.2 million\n\n\n\n\n← XXXVII\nSuper Bowl\nXXXIX →\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "New England Patriots" ]
-6248780807475802932
Iron & Wine
Iron & Wine - wikipedia Iron & Wine Jump to : navigation , search Iron & Wine Beam performing in 2015 Background information Birth name Samuel Ervin Beam ( 1974 - 07 - 26 ) July 26 , 1974 ( age 43 ) Chapin , South Carolina , United States Genres Folk folk rock indie folk Instruments Vocals guitar banjo piano percussion harmonica bass Labels Sub Pop Warner Bros . 4AD Nonesuch Associated acts Calexico Rosie Thomas Ben Bridwell Jesca Hoop Website www.ironandwine.com Iron & Wine at a 2006 concert at Brooklyn 's McCarren Park Pool Samuel `` Sam '' Ervin Beam ( born July 26 , 1974 ) , better known by his stage and recording name Iron & Wine , is an American singer - songwriter . He has released five studio albums , several EPs and singles , as well as a few download - only releases , which include a live album ( a recording of his 2005 Bonnaroo performance ) . He occasionally tours with a full band . Beam was raised in South Carolina before moving to Virginia and then Florida to attend school . He now resides in Durham , North Carolina . The name Iron & Wine is taken from a dietary supplement named `` Beef , Iron & Wine '' that he found in a general store while shooting a film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Musical career 3 Personal life 4 Discography 4.1 Albums 4.2 EPs 4.3 Singles 4.4 Other contributions 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Beam was raised in Chapin , South Carolina , where his father worked in land management and his mother was a schoolteacher . When he was a child , his family took regular trips to the country , where his grandfather ran a farm . He attended Seven Oaks Elementary School , Chapin Middle School , and Chapin High School . While home from college , he was a waiter at California Dreaming restaurant in Columbia . Beam earned a bachelor 's degree in art from Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond , Virginia . He specialized in painting before graduating from the Florida State University Film School with an MFA degree . Before the release of the first Iron & Wine album , Beam 's main source of income was as a professor of film and cinematography at the University of Miami and Miami International University of Art & Design . He had been writing songs for over seven years before a friend lent him a four - track recorder . He began making demos and gave one to his friend Michael Bridwell , brother of Band of Horses lead singer , Ben Bridwell . Michael handed it to Mike McGonigal , editor of Yeti magazine , who chose `` Dead Man 's Will '' , later released on In the Reins , for inclusion on one of his magazine 's compilation CDs . Beam later came to the attention of Sub Pop Records co-owner , Jonathan Poneman , who contacted Beam to propose a deal . Musical career ( edit ) Beam released his first Iron & Wine album , The Creek Drank the Cradle , on the Sub Pop label in 2002 . Beam wrote , performed , recorded and produced the album in his home studio . Featuring acoustic guitars , banjo , and slide guitar , the album 's music has been compared to that of Nick Drake , Simon and Garfunkel , Elliott Smith , Neil Young and John Fahey . Also in 2002 , Beam recorded a cover of The Postal Service 's then - unreleased song `` Such Great Heights '' . Rather than being included on an Iron & Wine release , the track was initially included as a b - side of the original version by The Postal Service . It was later included on the B - sides and rarities album , Around the Well . He then followed up on his debut album in 2003 with The Sea & The Rhythm , an EP containing other home - recorded tracks with a similar style to the songs on the debut . Beam 's second full - length album , Our Endless Numbered Days ( 2004 ) , was recorded in a professional studio with a significant increase in fidelity . Produced in Chicago by Brian Deck , the focus was still on acoustic material , but the inclusion of other band members gave rise to a slightly different sound . That same year , he recorded the song `` The Trapeze Swinger '' for the film In Good Company , and had his version of `` Such Great Heights '' featured in an advertisement for M&M 's and in the film and soundtrack for Garden State . This version was later used in a 2006 Ask.com advertisement , and eventually released as a single in 2006 backed with recordings of `` The Trapeze Swinger '' and `` Naked as We Came '' made for Radio Vienna . Sarah Beam , Samuel 's sister , at the Beachland Ballroom in Cleveland In February 2005 , he released an EP entitled Woman King , which expanded on the sounds of his previous LP with the addition of electric guitars . Each track features a spiritual female figure , and had subtle Biblical undertones . The EP In the Reins , a collaboration with the Arizona - based rock band Calexico , was released in September 2005 . Beam wrote all of the EP 's songs years earlier , but Calexico added their trademark fusion of southwestern rock , traditional Mexican music and jazz to the songs ' arrangements . Several tracks , most notably , `` Burn That Broken Bed '' , feature brass instruments , a first for Beam 's music . The third full - length Iron & Wine album , entitled The Shepherd 's Dog , was released September 25 , 2007 . This album was voted one of the ten best of 2007 by Paste magazine . Contributors included Joey Burns and Paul Niehaus of Calexico , as well as jazz musicians Matt Lux and Rob Burger . When asked to describe the album to The Independent , Beam remarked that `` it 's not a political propaganda record , but it 's definitely inspired by political confusion , because I was really taken aback when Bush got reelected . '' Beam has released most of his music on iTunes , including several exclusive EPs . The Iron & Wine iTunes Exclusive EP features unreleased studio recordings , including a Stereolab cover and two tracks which had previously only appeared on vinyl . The Live Session ( iTunes Exclusive ) features Beam and his sister , Sarah Beam , performing a number of tracks from his albums , as well as a cover of New Order 's `` Love Vigilantes '' . Sarah Beam has contributed backing vocals on many of Beam 's studio recordings . Beam 's music has appeared in television series such as Grey 's Anatomy , The L Word and House M.D. `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' was used in the film Twilight . The song was specifically chosen for the film 's prom scene by Kristen Stewart , the female lead , and appears on the film 's soundtrack . The B - sides and rarities album Around the Well was released in 2009 . Iron & Wine also contributed the song `` Stolen Houses ( Die ) '' to the AIDS benefit album Dark Was the Night produced by the Red Hot Organization . On November 26 , 2010 Iron & Wine released a special edition Record Store Day Black Friday 12 '' vinyl and CD single called , Walking Far From Home for independent record stores . Kiss Each Other Clean , Iron & Wine 's fourth full - length album , was released on January 25 , 2011 on Warner Bros. Records in North America and 4AD for the rest of the world . With this album , Beam blended his earlier styles with a stronger pop influence . Ghost on Ghost , Iron & Wine 's fifth studio album , was released in April 2013 on Nonesuch Records in North America and 4AD for the rest of the world . Ghost on Ghost marked a further exploration into the pop sounds of Kiss Each Other Clean while also exhibiting jazz and R&B influences , with jazz drummer Brian Blade contributing to the album . In January 2014 , recording during the polar vortex in Chicago , Beam and his regular collaborator Brian Deck co-produced eight of the ten songs on Chadwick Stokes ' 2015 album The Horse Comanche . Beam contributed the Iron & Wine band to the sessions and sang backing vocals . Iron & Wine released two albums in 2015 . Archive Series : Volume 1 , released in February , featured unreleased songs recorded during the same period as The Creek Drank the Cradle . Covers album , Sing Into My Mouth , recorded with Band of Horses singer Ben Bridwell , was released in July . Love Letter for Fire , an album of duets with American singer - songwriter Jesca Hoop , was released in 2016 on Sub Pop . Produced , recorded , and mixed by Tucker Martine , the album also featured contributions from Wilco 's Glenn Kotche , Rob Burger , Eyvind Kang , Sebastian Steinberg , and Edward Rankin - Parker . In August 2017 , Iron & Wine 's sixth studio album Beast Epic was released through Sub Pop Records . The record saw Beam strip back the production and array of instruments from previous records to return to more simple and melodic song structures . Personal life ( edit ) Beam , his wife Kim , and their five daughters live in Durham , North Carolina . He was raised in the Bible belt as a Christian , but is now an agnostic : `` That was a confusing time for me , but I do n't miss being misled . I 'm not an atheist . There 's an undeniable unseen world that some people call God and think they know more about than other people . I try not to get hung up on the names . '' In 2011 , a portrait of Beam was painted by British artist Joe Simpson . The painting was exhibited around the UK , including in a solo exhibition at The Royal Albert Hall . Discography ( edit ) Albums ( edit ) List of albums , with selected chart positions , sales figures and certifications Year Album Peak chart positions US AUS CAN NLD NOR SWE SWI UK 2002 The Creek Drank the Cradle -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Our Endless Numbered Days 158 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2007 The Shepherd 's Dog 24 98 -- -- 24 -- -- 74 2011 Kiss Each Other Clean 36 15 54 10 24 57 32 2013 Ghost on Ghost 26 -- -- 88 32 43 100 40 2015 Sing into My Mouth ( with Ben Bridwell ) 116 -- -- 67 -- -- -- -- 2016 Love Letter for Fire ( with Jesca Hoop ) 173 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2017 Beast Epic 44 83 77 93 -- -- -- 60 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or was not released in that territory Compilations Year Album US Notes 2009 Around the Well 25 B - sides and rarities compilation 2015 Archive Series Volume No. 1 -- Previously unreleased early home recordings 2017 Archive Series Volume No. 3 -- 7 '' covers single Live albums Year Album 2005 Iron & Wine Live Bonnaroo 2009 Norfolk 6 / 20 / 05 2011 Morning Becomes Eclectic EPs ( edit ) Year EPs US UK Notes 2002 Iron & Wine Tour EP -- -- -- 2003 The Sea & The Rhythm -- -- -- Iron & Wine iTunes Exclusive EP -- -- iTunes only 2005 Woman King 128 -- -- 2005 In the Reins 135 -- with Calexico 2006 Live Session ( iTunes Exclusive ) -- -- iTunes only 2006 Live at Lollapalooza 2006 -- -- iTunes only Singles ( edit ) `` Call Your Boys '' b / w `` Dearest Forsaken '' via Sub Pop Singles Club ( CD + Clear 7 '' Vinyl ) ( 2002 ) `` No Moon '' b / w `` Sinning Hands '' ( Limited 7 '' Vinyl Bonus with first Pressing of Our Endless Numbered Days ) ( 2004 ) `` Passing Afternoon '' ( CD only ) ( 2004 ) `` The Trapeze Swinger '' ( iTunes only ) ( 2005 ) `` Such Great Heights '' ( UK only CD ) ( 2006 ) `` Boy with a Coin '' b / w `` Carried Home '' and `` Kingdom of the Animals '' ( CD + UK only 10 '' Vinyl ) ( 2007 ) `` Dark Eyes '' ( Bob Dylan cover w / Calexico ) ( 2007 ) `` Lovesong of the Buzzard '' ( CD + UK only 10 '' Vinyl ) ( 2008 ) `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' ( iTunes only ) ( 2008 ) `` Walking Far from Home '' ( 2010 ) Other contributions ( edit ) The Six Parts Seven Lost Notes from Forgotten Songs ( 2003 ) `` Sleeping Diagonally '' The O.C. Soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` The Sea & the Rhythm '' Garden State Soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` Such Great Heights '' Sweetheart : Love Songs ( 2004 ) -- `` Ab 's Song '' ( The Marshall Tucker Band cover ) L Word : Season Two soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Grey 's Anatomy : Season Two soundtrack ( 2004 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' In Good Company ( 2004 ) -- `` Naked as We Came , '' `` Sunset Soon Forgotten , '' `` The Trapeze Swinger '' Fighting in a Sack ( 2004 ) -- `` New Slang ( Featuring Iron & Wine ) ( Live ) '' KCRW Sounds Eclectic Volume 3 ( 2005 ) -- `` Waitin ' for a Superman '' ( Flaming Lips cover ) I Am a Cold Rock . I Am Dull Grass. ( 2006 ) -- `` We All , Us Three , Will Ride '' I 'm Not There soundtrack ( 2007 ) -- `` Dark Eyes '' ( with Calexico ) The Road Mix Volume 3 , music from One Tree Hill ( 2007 ) -- `` He Lays in the Reins '' ( with Calexico ) Acoustic 07 ( 2007 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Numb3rs Season 3 , Episode 19 , `` Pandora 's Box '' ( 2007 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Friday Night Lights Season 1 , Episode 12 ( 2007 ) -- `` Upward Over the Mountain '' Friday Night Lights : Original Television Soundtrack ( 2007 ) -- `` Dead Man 's Will '' ( with Calexico ) Twilight soundtrack ( 2008 ) -- `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 soundtrack ( 2011 ) - `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth ( wedding version ) '' 90210 Season 1 , Episode 18 , `` Off the Rails '' ( 2008 ) -- `` Cinder & Smoke '' House M.D. Season 4 , Episode 16 ( Season Finale , Part 2 ) Wilson 's Heart ( 2008 ) -- `` Passing Afternoon '' Season 6 , Episode 1 ( Season Premiere , Part 1 ) Broken ( 2009 ) -- `` Love Vigilantes '' ( New Order cover ) Dark Was the Night ( 2009 ) -- `` Stolen Houses ( Die ) '' Ugly Betty Season 3 , Episode 16 ( 2009 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' The Mysteries of Pittsburgh ( 2009 ) -- `` Naked as We Came '' Misfits Season 1 , Episode 6 ( 2009 ) -- `` Such Great Heights '' TiMER ( 2009 ) -- `` The Trapeze Swinger '' The Last Song soundtrack ( 2010 ) -- `` Each Coming Night '' Degrassi ( season 10 ) Episode 31 , Halo Part . 2 ( 2010 ) - `` Passing Afternoon '' The Lone Ranger : Wanted ( 2013 ) - `` Rattling Bone '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ACE . `` ACE Repertory '' . Mobile.ascap.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tangari , Joe `` Iron & Wine Interview '' Pitchfork - October 1 , 2007 Jump up ^ McDonald , Sam `` Iron and Wine returns for solo show '' dailypress.com - February 21 , 2014 Jump up ^ Marchese , David `` Why He 's Called ... Iron and Wine '' Spin.com - January 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Iron and Wine , Jason Ferguson , Miami New Times , April 10 , 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` '' Iron and Wine `` , Georgiana Cohen '' . Ssplendidezine.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Gross , Joe ( 26 Sep 2007 ) . `` Music '' . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Planting Together : An interview with Iron and Wine 's Sam Beam `` , Maud Newton '' . Thehighhat.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` '' Iron & Wine : Biography `` , James Christopher Monger , Rovi '' . Pandora.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Kearney , Ryan ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Iron & Wine : The Creek Drank the Cradle '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Bickford , B.R. ( 2003 - 02 - 19 ) . `` Iron & Wine : `` The Creek Drank the Cradle '' `` . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Burn That Broken Bed '' ( Media notes ) . Iron & Wine . 2011 . Jump up ^ Khanna , Vish. `` Iron and Wine 's Guiding Light '' , Exclaim ! , October 2007 . Jump up ^ Paste magazine issue # 38 Jump up ^ Khanna , Vish ( October 2007 ) . `` Iron and Wine 's Guiding Light '' . Exclaim.ca . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 2006 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Sam Beam : Love , God , death and a tree of bees '' . London : The Independent . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( 3 February 2011 ) . `` Iron & Wine 's Technicolor Roots '' . The Rolling Stone . p. 64 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine Return With New Album Ghost on Ghost , Share New Track `` Lovers ' Revolution '' News `` . Pitchfork. 2013 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Asha . `` Chadwick Stokes ' The Horse Comanche Out Now to Widespread Acclaim '' . Sacks & Co . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Shane ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Iron & Wine , Band of Horses to Collaborate on Covers Album '' . Paste . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Monroe , Jazz ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Sam Beam ( Iron & Wine ) Teams With Jesca Hoop for Duets Album and Tour '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Mason , Danielle . `` Beast Epic '' . IronandWine.com . Jump up ^ Menconi , David `` Iron & Wine finds a new home in Durham '' The News & Observer - June 26 , 2014 Jump up ^ Newton , Maud `` Planting Together : An interview with Iron and Wine 's Sam Beam '' The High Hat Jump up ^ Brown , Helen `` Iron and Wine : Do n't mention the beard '' The Telegraph - September 15 , 2007 Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom `` Ezra Koenig , Matt Berninger , Sam Beam Immortalized in Oil Paintings '' Pitchfork - February 23 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Iron & Wine -- Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron and Wine -- Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peaks in Australia : All except noted : `` Discography Iron & Wine '' . australian-charts.com . Australian Recording Industry Association . Beast Epic : `` ARIA Chart Watch # 436 '' . auspOp . September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine Album & Song Chart History : `` Canadian Albums '' `` . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Iron and Wine -- Chart history ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Dutch charts . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Norwegian charts . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Swedishcharts.com . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . Schweizer Hitparade . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Iron & Wine '' . The Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Iron & Wine 's Sam Beam announces new album with Jesca Hoop , shares `` Every Songbird Says '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Iron & Wine In the Reins Charts > Billboard Albums , AllMusic External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron & Wine . Official site ( hide ) Iron & Wine Studio albums The Creek Drank the Cradle Our Endless Numbered Days The Shepherd 's Dog Kiss Each Other Clean Ghost on Ghost Sing into My Mouth ( with Ben Bridwell ) Love Letter for Fire ( with Jesca Hoop ) Beast Epic Compilation albums Around the Well Archive Series Volume No. 1 EPs Tour EP The Sea & the Rhythm iTunes Exclusive EP Woman King In the Reins with Calexico Such Great Heights Live Session Live at Lollapalooza 2006 Live albums Norfolk 6 / 20 / 05 Iron & Wine Live Bonnaroo Singles `` Call Your Boys '' `` No Moon '' `` Passing Afternoon '' `` The Trapeze Swinger '' `` Such Great Heights '' `` Boy with a Coin '' `` Dark Eyes '' with Calexico `` Lovesong of the Buzzard '' `` Flightless Bird , American Mouth '' `` Walking Far from Home '' `` Grace for Saints and Ramblers '' Related articles Sub Pop VIAF : 261642093 LCCN : no2004049127 GND : 1075344638 MusicBrainz : c3f28da8 - 662d - 4f09 - bdc7 - 3084bf685930 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_%26_Wine&oldid=799292041 '' Categories : 1974 births American agnostics American folk guitarists American male guitarists American folk singers American rock guitarists American rock singers American rock songwriters American male singer - songwriters American singer - songwriters Florida State University alumni Singers from South Carolina Sub Pop artists Living people People from Lexington County , South Carolina 4AD artists 21st - century American singers 21st - century American guitarists Songwriters from South Carolina Guitarists from South Carolina Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does iron and wines new album come out
[ "In August 2017, Iron & Wine's sixth studio album Beast Epic was released through Sub Pop Records. The record saw Beam strip back the production and array of instruments from previous records to return to more simple and melodic song structures.[23]" ]
[ "August 2017" ]
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Le bonheur de vivre
Le bonheur de vivre - wikipedia Le bonheur de vivre Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Joy of life . Le bonheur de vivre Artist Henri Matisse Year Between October 1905 and March 1906 Medium Oil on canvas 176.5 cm × 240.7 cm ( 69.5 in × 94.75 in ) Location Barnes Foundation , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Le bonheur de vivre ( The Joy of Life ) is a painting by Henri Matisse . Along with Picasso 's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon , Le bonheur de vivre is regarded as one of the pillars of early modernism . The monumental canvas was first exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants of 1906 , where its cadmium colors and spatial distortions caused a public expression of protest and outrage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Inspiration 3 Conservation 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) In the central background of the piece is a group of figures that is similar to the group depicted in his painting The Dance ( 1909 -- 10 ) . In the picture , there are several nude bodies of women and men in a landscape drenched with vivid color . Inspiration ( edit ) `` The work is known to have invigorated fellow artists , especially Pablo Picasso , who , in an effort to outdo Matisse in terms of shock value , immediately began work on his watershed Les Demoiselles D'Avignon '' , writes Martha Lucy , associate curator at the Barnes Foundation . James B. Cuno and Thomas Puttfarken suggest that the inspiration for the work was Agostino Carracci 's engraving of Reciproco Amore or Love in the Golden Age after the similarly named painting by the 16th - century Flemish painter Paolo Fiammingo . Based on the many similarities with the engraving , in particular its theme of pastoral fantasy and its composition with the circle of dancers in the background , Cuno came to the conclusion that Carracci 's engraving had a decisive influence on the final composition of Le Bonheur de Vivre . According to Hilton Kramer Le bonheur de vivre , owing to its long sequestration in the collection of the Barnes Foundation which never permitted its reproduction in color , is the least familiar of modern masterpieces . Yet this painting was Matisse 's own response to the hostility his work had met with in the Salon d'Automne of 1905 , a response that entrenched his art even more deeply in the esthetic principles that had governed his Fauvist paintings which had caused a furor and which did so on a far grander scale , too . '' ( The `` sequestration '' Kramer referred to relates to the very limited hours of the museum , when its collection was located in suburban Merion , Pennsylvania ; in 2012 , the collection was moved to a new , more accessible facility in downtown Philadelphia . ) Conservation ( edit ) Le bonheur de vivre features a large amount of cadmium sulfide - based yellow . Portions of the painting containing cadmium sulfide are turning white or brown , degrading the work . University of Delaware Prof. Robert L. Opila , in collaboration with Barbara Buckley , head of conservation at the Barnes , and Jennifer Mass , a senior scientist and head of the Scientific Research and Analysis Laboratory at Winterthur , studied the paint 's material microstructure in an attempt to determine why the cadmium sulfide is changing color . `` It is a very disheartening phenomenon , considering the painting 's position in history , '' says Opila , professor of materials science at UD . Preliminary tests carried out by UD doctoral student Jonathan Church at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ) in Grenoble , France , show that carbon dioxide is reacting with the cadmium sulfide , causing the formation of cadmium carbonate , which is white . Also , the presence of chloride in the paint appears to be acting as a catalyst for the deterioration . Opila and his research team theorize that the binder , an oil similar to linseed oil , may be turning brown . `` The scientific studies being undertaken will contribute significantly to the preservation of the painting and to our understanding of the change that has taken place to the visual appearance of the painting , '' says Buckley . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Martha Lucy , Matisse Mystery , the Barnes Foundation Jump up ^ James B. Cuno , Matisse and Agostino Carracci : A Source for the Bonheur de Vivre , The Burlington Magazine , Vol. 122 , No. 928 , Special Issue Devoted to Twentieth Century Art ( Jul. , 1980 ) , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Thomas Puttfarken , Mutual Love and Golden Age : Matisse and ' gli Amori de ' Carracci , Burlington Magazine 124 ( Apr. 1982 ) : 203 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Andrew Graham - Dixon , The Dance by Henri Matisse Archived 2014 - 08 - 09 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kramer , Hilton , The Triumph of Modernism : The Art World , 1985 -- 2005 , 2006 , Reflections on Matisse , p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 666370 - 8 ^ Jump up to : UDaily , Matisse Mystery , Materials science reveals clues about pigment degrading on painting , University of Delaware , Dec. 20 , 2011 External links ( edit ) Barnes Foundation , Le Bonheur de vivre Photo - oxidative degradation of yellow pigments in Matisse 's Le Bonheur de Vivre ( 1905 - 6 ) : a comparison of XANES , XPS , Raman , and FTIR methodologies . ( O - 1 ) Jennifer Mass ( Winterthur Museum , Scientific Research and Analysis Laboratory , Winterthur , Delaware , U.S.A. ) Cadmium yellow degradation mechanisms in Henri Matisse 's Le Bonheur de vivre ( 1905 - 6 ) compared to the Munch Museum 's The Scream ( 1910 ) using chemical speciation as a function of depth , Jennifer L. Mass , et al Fauvism Leaders Henri Matisse André Derain Others Georges Braque Charles Camoin Kees van Dongen Raoul Dufy Othon Friesz Henri Manguin Albert Marquet Jean Metzinger Jean Puy Georges Rouault Louis Valtat Maurice de Vlaminck Paintings Luxe , Calme et Volupté Le bonheur de vivre The Open Window Landscape at Collioure Les toits de Collioure Blue Nude ( Souvenir de Biskra ) Green Stripe Paysage coloré aux oiseaux aquatique Woman with a Hat Influences Paul Cézanne Paul Gauguin Vincent van Gogh Gustave Moreau ( teacher ) Georges Seurat Paul Signac Neo-impressionism Pointillism Salon d'Automne 1905 exhibit Influenced Die Brücke Neo-Fauvism See also Louis Vauxcelles ( critic ) ( hide ) Henri Matisse Works Woman Reading ( 1894 ) Le Mur Rose ( Landscape , the Pink Wall ) ( 1898 ) Notre - Dame , une fin d'après - midi ( A Glimpse of Notre - Dame in the Late Afternoon ) ( 1902 ) Luxe , Calme et Volupté ( Luxury , Calm and Pleasure ) ( 1904 ) La Raie Verte ( The Green Line ) ( 1905 ) The Open Window ( 1905 ) Woman with a Hat ( 1905 ) Les toits de Collioure ( 1905 ) Landscape at Collioure ( 1905 ) Le bonheur de vivre ( 1906 ) The Young Sailor II ( 1906 ) Self - Portrait in a Striped T - shirt ( 1906 ) Madras Rouge ( 1907 ) Blue Nude ( Souvenir de Biskra ) ( 1907 ) The Dessert : Harmony in Red ( The Red Room ) ( 1908 ) Game of Bowls ( 1908 ) Bathers with a Turtle ( 1908 ) Dance ( 1910 ) Music ( 1910 ) Still Life with Geraniums ( 1910 ) L'Atelier Rouge ( 1911 ) The Conversation ( 1908 -- 1912 ) Zorah on the Terrace ( 1912 ) Window at Tangier ( 1912 ) Le Rifain assis ( 1912 ) View of Notre - Dame ( 1914 ) Woman on a High Stool ( 1914 ) Le rideau jaune ( The Yellow Curtain ) ( 1915 ) The Window ( 1916 ) The Painter and His Model ( 1917 ) The Music Lesson ( 1917 ) Piano Lesson ( 1918 ) Interior A Nice ( 1920 ) Odalisque with Raised Arms ( 1923 ) Yellow Odalisque ( 1926 ) The Back Series ( 1909 - 1930 ) The Dance II ( mural ) ( 1932 ) Robe violette et Anémones ( 1937 ) Woman in a Purple Coat ( 1937 ) La Blouse Roumaine ( 1940 ) Annelies , White Tulips and Anemones ( 1944 ) L'Asie ( 1946 ) Le Lanceur De Couteaux ( 1947 ) Deux fillettes , fond jaune et rouge ( 1947 ) The Plum Blossoms ( 1948 ) Beasts of the Sea ( 1950 ) Facial - maschera ( red ) ( 1951 ) The Sorrows of the King ( 1952 ) Black Leaf on Green Background ( 1952 ) La Négresse ( 1952 ) Blue Nude II ( 1952 ) The Snail ( 1953 ) Le Bateau ( 1953 ) Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence ( Chapel of the Rosary ) Jazz ( book ) People Pierre Matisse Paul Matisse Lydia Delectorskaya Museums Matisse Museum ( Le Cateau ) Musée Matisse ( Nice ) Related An Essay on Matisse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_bonheur_de_vivre&oldid=816080682 '' Categories : 1906 paintings Collection of the Barnes Foundation Paintings by Henri Matisse Nude art Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 03 : 47 . About Wikipedia
the joy of life was painted in which style
[ "Le bonheur de vivre (The Joy of Life) is a painting by Henri Matisse. Along with Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, Le bonheur de vivre is regarded as one of the pillars of early modernism.[1] The monumental canvas was first exhibited at the Salon des Indépendants of 1906, where its cadmium colors and spatial distortions caused a public expression of protest and outrage.[1]" ]
[ "early modernism" ]
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Crying in the Club
Crying in the Club - wikipedia Crying in the Club Jump to : navigation , search `` Crying in the Club '' Single by Camila Cabello Released May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) Format Digital download Genre Dance - pop tropical club Length 3 : 36 Label Epic Syco Songwriter ( s ) Camila Cabello Sia Furler Producer ( s ) Benny Blanco Happy Perez Cashmere Cat Camila Cabello singles chronology `` Hey Ma '' ( 2017 ) `` Crying in the Club '' ( 2017 ) `` Know No Better '' ( 2017 ) `` Hey Ma '' ( 2017 ) `` Crying in the Club '' ( 2017 ) `` Know No Better '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Crying in the Club '' on YouTube `` Crying in the Club '' is the debut solo single by Cuban - American singer and songwriter Camila Cabello . It was originally released on May 19 , 2017 as the lead single from her debut studio album Camila , then titled The Hurting . The Healing . The Loving . Despite being generally well received from critics , it only managed to attain moderate chart success and thus , was omitted from the album . Its music video premiered the same date . The song was written by Cabello , Sia , and Benny Blanco . It is a mid-tempo tropical pop and dance track . It is her first release as a solo artist since her departure from the girl group Fifth Harmony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrical interpretation 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Charts 6.1 Weekly charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Background and release ( edit ) Cabello previously collaborated with producers Benny Blanco and Cashmere Cat on the latter 's song `` Love Incredible '' , recorded in May 2016 . Following Cabello 's departure from the girl group Fifth Harmony , and after years of writing in her downtime , she began writing songs in earnest for her debut . In November 2016 , during a writing session with Blanco , singer - songwriter Sia conceived the concept for a demo , and both composed the song . After Blanco offered her `` Crying in the Club '' , Cabello rewrote the song 's bridge and recorded the track . `` It had a message about healing through the power of music , '' she said later , `` That theme was a key part of what I wanted for my album . '' The song was released on May 19 , 2017 to digital music stores and streaming services , following several music collaborations by Cabello , including `` Bad Things '' with Machine Gun Kelly -- which reached the top 10 on several Billboard charts . `` Crying in the Club '' was serviced to US contemporary hit radio on May 23 , 2017 . Composition and lyrical interpretation ( edit ) Benny Blanco ( left ) and Sia ( right ) contributed to the songwriting . `` Crying in the Club '' is a mid-tempo pop and dance track featuring a `` subdued '' minor - key dance groove and dancehall - inspired beat . Some critics described it as a tropical track . Lyrically , the song contains themes of the healing powers of music and dancing your heartbreak away . The song samples Christina Aguilera 's `` Genie in a Bottle '' , written by David Frank , Steve Kipner and Pamela Sheyne . The song is written in the key of F ♯ minor , with Cabello 's vocals spanning from the low note of E3 to the high belted note of F ♯ 5 . Sia Furler performed backing vocals for the song . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Joe Lynch opined the song `` demonstrates just enough vocal flair for the former Fifth Harmony star to escape the more generic tropes of top 40 , '' while in Rolling Stone , Ryan Reed noted Cabello `` finds emotional redemption '' in the song . Editors from Rap - Up wrote `` the song blends island flavors with intense pop sounds , making it a dance - ready soundtrack for optimism . '' Anna Gaca of Spin described the song as a `` dancehall - inspired beat that bears a passing resemblance to Sia 's ' Cheap Thrills ' . '' Idolator writer Mike Wass called the song a `` moody , mid-tempo bop '' , and opined , `` the 20 - year - old followed Sia 's demo a little too closely . She 's almost unrecognizable and that 's worrying for something trying to establish their independence . '' Music video ( edit ) Directed by Emil Nava , the song 's accompanying music video was released on May 19 , 2017 . The clip opens in black and white with Cabello standing against a brick wall , dancing through the fog and soaking in a tub as she performs the song `` I Have Questions '' , before transitioning into the song itself with the singer getting loose in a crowded club . The video has received positive reviews . Writing for Billboard , Gil Kaufman related the concept to Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde . In Rolling Stone , Ryan Reed opined the video `` mirrors the song 's emotional journey . It opens with black - and - white shots of the singer crying and reclining in a bathtub before exploding with color in the nightclub . '' As of 3 December 2017 , the video has reached 116 million views on YouTube . Live performances ( edit ) Cabello performed the song live for the first time at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards on May 21 . The singer started her performance by singing `` I Have Questions '' before transitioning into `` Crying in the Club '' . Wearing sparkly gold attire , Cabello danced amid male backup dancers and drummers as fires burned behind them . The singer also performed the song on Britain 's Got Talent on May 31 , and at the 2017 iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards on June 18 . Cabello delivered a `` stripped - back '' acoustic rendition on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 22 . Idolator 's Mike Wass considered it `` her best live performance yet . '' She also included the song as a part of her setlist as an opening act on tour with Bruno Mars . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 49 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 43 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 15 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 31 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 31 France ( SNEP ) 49 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 49 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 40 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) 17 Italy ( FIMI ) 62 Israel ( Galgalatz ) 6 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 39 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 54 New Zealand Heatseekers ( RMNZ ) Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 86 Portugal ( AFP ) 13 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 15 Serbia ( Top 50 Srbija ) 7 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 71 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 27 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 50 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 58 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 45 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 47 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 39 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 19 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 33 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Brazil ( Pro-Música Brasil ) Platinum 40,000 * Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various May 19 , 2017 Digital download Epic Syco United States May 23 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Epic Rhythmic contemporary References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Shares Official Trailer for Debut Solo Single `` Crying in the Club '' `` . Complex . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Is Wet And Moody In The Trailer For Her Debut Solo Single '' . MTV News . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` How Camila Cabello 's ' Crying In the Club ' Came Together After a Sia Bathroom Break '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / Mainstream > Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best New Music : Camila Cabello , Vince Staples , Linkin Park , Nick Hakim & More '' . Billboard . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Camila Cabello Drops Steamy Video for Debut Solo Singles , ' Crying in the Club ' & ' I Have Questions ' '' . Billboard . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hear Camila Cabello 's Sweeping Debut Solo Song ' Crying in the Club ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gaca , Anna ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to Camila Cabello 's `` Crying in the Club '' `` . Spin . ^ Jump up to : `` Camila Cabello Lights Up ' Britain 's Got Talent ' With `` Crying In The Club '' `` . Idolator . June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch now : Camila Cabello releases first solo single , `` Crying in the Club '' `` . ABC News Radio . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crying in the Club '' . Musicnotes.com . Jump up ^ `` Video : Camila Cabello - ' Crying in the Club ' '' . Rap - Up . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Camila Cabello Kicks Off Her Solo Career With `` Crying In The Club '' `` . idolator . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perez , Lexy ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Billboard Awards : Camila Cabello Gives First Solo Performance Since Leaving Fifth Harmony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello to Perform at Much Music Video Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Booked To Perform On Jimmy Fallon 's June 22 `` Tonight Show '' `` . Headline Planet . June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 July 15 , 2017 '' . Billboard . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201728 into search . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 21 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 29 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Charts '' ( in Hebrew ) . Glgltz . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Srbija '' . POP TOP . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201721 into search . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROMUSICAE -- Spanish Charts '' . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil gives first platinum certificate for `` Crying in the Club '' by Camila Cabello '' ( in Portuguese ) . Camila Cabello Brasil . August 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Enter Crying in the Club in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Crying in the Club '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Crying in the Club - Single '' . iTunes ( US ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Rhythmic - Crossover '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` Crying In The Club '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on YouTube ( hide ) Camila Cabello Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Camila Singles `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Bad Things '' `` Crying in the Club '' `` Havana '' `` Never Be the Same '' Promotional singles `` I Have Questions '' `` OMG '' `` Real Friends '' Featured songs `` Love Incredible '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Know No Better '' Related articles Fifth Harmony Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crying_in_the_Club&oldid=819323105 '' Categories : Debut singles 2017 songs 2017 singles Camila Cabello songs Songs about dancing Songs written by Camila Cabello Songs written by Sia ( musician ) Songs written by Benny Blanco Songs written by Cashmere Cat Songs written by David Frank ( musician ) Songs written by Steve Kipner Songs written by Pam Sheyne Song recordings produced by Benny Blanco Song recordings produced by Cashmere Cat Epic Records singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with hAudio microformats Use mdy dates from May 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 19 : 04 . 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camila cabello - crying in the club album
[ "\"Crying in the Club\" is the debut solo single by Cuban-American singer and songwriter Camila Cabello. It was originally released on May 19, 2017 as the lead single from her debut studio album Camila, then titled The Hurting. The Healing. The Loving. Despite being generally well received from critics, it only managed to attain moderate chart success and thus, was omitted from the album.[1][2] Its music video premiered the same date. The song was written by Cabello, Sia, and Benny Blanco. It is a mid-tempo tropical pop and dance track. It is her first release as a solo artist since her departure from the girl group Fifth Harmony." ]
[ "Camila" ]
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The Kill
The Kill - wikipedia The Kill Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Thirty Seconds to Mars song . For other uses of the term , see The Kill ( disambiguation ) . `` The Kill '' Single by Thirty Seconds to Mars from the album A Beautiful Lie Released January 24 , 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 24 ) Format Compact Disc , digital download Genre Alternative rock , post-hardcore Length 3 : 47 Label Immortal Virgin Songwriter ( s ) Jared Leto Producer ( s ) Josh Abraham Thirty Seconds to Mars Thirty Seconds to Mars singles chronology `` Attack '' ( 2005 ) `` The Kill '' ( 2006 ) `` From Yesterday '' ( 2006 ) `` Attack '' ( 2005 ) `` The Kill '' ( 2006 ) `` From Yesterday '' ( 2006 ) `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' Artwork for the UK version of the single . Audio sample file help Music video `` The Kill '' on YouTube `` The Kill '' ( written `` The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' on the single and music video ) is a song by American band Thirty Seconds to Mars , the song was released as the second single from their second album , A Beautiful Lie . The cover art of the single depicts a Venus flytrap . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Music video 2.1 Plot 3 Track listing 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 Accolades 7 Awards 8 In popular culture 9 Covers 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Jared Leto described the meaning of the song as , `` It 's really about a relationship with yourself . It 's about confronting your fear and confronting the truth about who you are . '' He has also said it is about `` confrontation as a crossroads '' -- coming face - to - face with who you really are . In September 2007 , `` The Kill '' was re-released again in the UK . It was also available as a Compact Disc with a A Beautiful Lie poster and two stickers , and a special limited edition 7 '' vinyl version . The song is played in 6 / 8 time . Two alternate versions of the songs exist : the `` Rebirth '' version , which adds in orchestral accompaniment and has no screaming , and an acoustic version featuring Brazilian singer Pitty that was only released in Brazil . On May 2 , 2010 , the band performed the song live with Chino Moreno from Deftones . Music video ( edit ) The video is a homage to the Stanley Kubrick 's 1980 film The Shining based on the Stephen King novel . Several scenes are based on the film , such as when Shannon Leto enters Room 6277 and encounters the woman in the bathroom and another when Matt Wachter is served drinks at the bar by a doppelgänger apparition . The video culminates in an elegant ballroom in the same manner as the photo at the end of the film . At 2 : 07 , the papers that Jared Leto has been typing are briefly made visible and the words on them appear to read , over and over , `` This is who I really am . '' This is another allusion to The Shining , in which Jack Torrance types up pages and pages of the same line , `` All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy '' , over and over in the same sense . The scene with a man in a bear costume , in a bedroom , is also from The Shining . As for the cinematography , Jared Leto adopted the split screen visual from working with Darren Aronofsky in Requiem for a Dream . The haunted room number is changed from 237 to 6277 in the video because it spells out `` Mars '' on a telephone keypad . The number also makes an appearance in the video for `` From Yesterday '' and `` Up in the Air . '' Scenes from the music video - top : Jared Leto confronting himself . Bottom : The band perform the song to the 1920s - themed audience . The music video was selected as the greatest rock video in the Kerrang Rock 100 on 27 June 2009 . When the press release info for `` The Kill '' video was released , Jared stated that the video was directed by an albino Danish man named Bartholomew Cubbins . This was intended as a joke as Cubbins is the main character of the Dr. Seuss book The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins , however airings of the video on music channels still list Cubbins as the director . Bartholomew Cubbins has remained Jared Leto 's alias for directing Thirty Seconds to Mars ' videos ( with the exception of the video for A Beautiful Lie ) . The hotel scenes in the video were filmed at The Carlu in Toronto , Ontario . Plot ( edit ) The music video features the band exploring a hotel which they are care - taking . At the start , Jared Leto states that they have the hotel all to themselves for three days ; although , later on , after the first chorus , it comes on the screen saying `` One Week Later '' , before showing the pages saying `` This is who I really am '' . In the extended version of the video , the other band members complain that they have been at the hotel longer than expected and have canceled shows because of Jared 's peculiar behavior , explaining the discrepancy . A letter from the hotel owner tells the band to `` Enjoy your stay and please stay out of Room 6277 . '' Shannon Leto does not heed the warning and opens Room 6277 . Following the opening of the door , each band member begins to experience the effects of the room opening throughout the hotel . Each member experiences the effects differently , but one thing remains constant for each individual -- they encounter a version of themselves dressed in a 1920s style tuxedo with tails . Several other apparitions then take up residence in the hotel , dispelling the promise Jared made in the beginning of the video that the band will have the hotel all to themselves and that `` there 's not gon na be a single fucking soul '' . The video reaches its climax when Tomo encounters himself in bed with a man in a bear suit ( another Shining reference ) , and immediately the band dressed in tuxedos are shown performing the song in the hotel 's ballroom in front of a crowd of twins , dressed like the roaring 1920 's , dancing with themselves . The theme of duplicity resonates throughout the video . Track listing ( edit ) Standard `` The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' -- 3 : 52 `` Attack '' ( live at CBGB , July 2006 ) -- 4 : 06 `` The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' ( acoustic , live on VH1 ) -- 3 : 48 UK release `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' -- 3 : 52 `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' ( acoustic , live on VH1 ) -- 3 : 48 UK re-release `` The Kill ( Rebirth ) '' -- 3 : 52 `` Was It a Dream ? '' ( iTunes live session ) -- 3 : 46 Brazil release `` The Kill ( acoustic ) '' ( featuring Pitty ) -- 3 : 44 Personnel ( edit ) Jared Leto -- vocals , guitar Tomo Miličević -- guitar , programming Matt Wachter -- bass guitar , keyboard Shannon Leto -- drums Matt Serletic -- piano Charts ( edit ) The song broke a record on Billboard 's Modern Rock Tracks chart by remaining on the chart for 52 weeks ; however , the song never made it to the top spot , peaking at number 3 . Their next single , `` From Yesterday '' , would be their first to reach the top , but spent less time on the charts than `` The Kill '' . The song crossed to the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 65 . Chart ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 20 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 39 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 36 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 51 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 22 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 52 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 28 US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) Accolades ( edit ) Publication Country Accolade Year Rank AOL Radio United States `` Top Alternative Songs of the Decade - 2000s '' 2009 Awards ( edit ) Won Best Single at the Kerrang ! Awards 2007 . On August 31 , 2006 , the band won the MTV2 Award for `` The Kill '' at the MTV Video Music Awards , one of their two nominations . The second nomination was for best rock video ; however , they lost to AFI 's `` Miss Murder '' . `` The Kill '' was awarded Best Video of the Year and Best Rock Video at the MTV Australia Video Music Awards ( AVMAs ) . Won The Rock Out ! Award at the 2007 MTV EMA 's ( Europe Music Awards ) . In popular culture ( edit ) The song is featured as one of the themes of The Invisible , and a live music video is included on the DVD releases , as well as the song being part of the soundtrack . The song is featured in the January 21 , 2007 Without a Trace episode , `` Primed '' . During the 2007 MTV Movie Awards , `` The Kill '' was played as the background music of the nomination screen for the film 300 , which was nominated for the Best Movie award . The song was featured in the October 25 , 2007 episode of the television show Hollyoaks . The song is available as downloadable content for Rock Band . The song is featured in the video games Guitar Hero World Tour and Guitar Hero Live . The song is featured in the video game Rock Band Track Pack Volume 1 for the PlayStation 2 and Wii . The song is used by the International Luge Federation for their TV live introductions . Covers ( edit ) The American Christian metal band Blood of the Martyrs recorded a cover of the song and released it as a single on November 23 , 2011 . The cover was a departure from the band 's deathcore style , instead opting for a metalcore sound with clean vocals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD Making of The Kill music video - Jared Leto & Matt Wachter talk about the song 's meaning . Jump up ^ Bandweblogs ( 2009 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Kerrang ! announces Greatest Rock 100 videos '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Thirty Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie CD / DVD Making of The Kill music video Jump up ^ `` The Kill - 30 Seconds to Mars '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars News 3 / 27 / 2007 '' . 30SecondsToMars.com. 2007 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 19 / 11 / 2007 - COMUICATO '' . ThirtySecondsToMars.it. 2007 - 11 - 19 . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Thirty Seconds to Mars -- The Kill ( Bury Me ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 30 Seconds to Mars Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Sara ( 2009 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Top Alternative Songs of the Decade - 2000s - AOL Radio Blog '' . AOL Radio . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Rock Band official website . Downloadable content for Rock band video game External links ( edit ) The Kill official video on YouTube Thirty Seconds to Mars Jared Leto Shannon Leto Tomo Miličević Matt Wachter Solon Bixler Studio albums 30 Seconds to Mars A Beautiful Lie This Is War Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Extended plays AOL Sessions Undercover To the Edge of the Earth MTV Unplugged Singles `` Capricorn ( A Brand New Name ) '' `` Edge of the Earth '' `` Attack '' `` The Kill '' `` From Yesterday '' `` A Beautiful Lie '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` This Is War '' `` Closer to the Edge '' `` Hurricane '' `` Up in the Air '' `` Do or Die '' `` City of Angels '' `` Walk on Water '' Other songs `` Night of the Hunter '' `` Search and Destroy '' `` Conquistador '' Tours Forever Night , Never Day Tour Welcome to the Universe Tour A Beautiful Lie Tour Into the Wild Tour Love , Lust , Faith and Dreams Tour Carnivores Tour Live personnel Kevin Drake Tim Kelleher Matt McJunkins Braxton Olita Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Artifact Into the Wild Bartholomew Cubbins 2006 -- 2014 VyRT Notes from the Outernet Angels & Airwaves Great Northern Morphic The Wondergirls Book Kerrang ! Award for Best Single `` Tequilla '' by Terrorvision ( 1999 ) `` Wait and Bleed '' by Slipknot ( 2000 ) `` Bodies '' by Drowning Pool ( 2001 ) `` Blurry '' by Puddle of Mudd ( 2002 ) `` Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous '' by Good Charlotte ( 2003 ) `` Last Train Home '' by Lostprophets ( 2004 ) `` Best of You '' by Foo Fighters ( 2005 ) `` Tears Do n't Fall '' by Bullet for My Valentine ( 2006 ) `` The Kill '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars ( 2007 ) `` From Yesterday '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars ( 2008 ) `` Omen '' by The Prodigy ( 2009 ) `` Liquid Confidence '' by You Me at Six ( 2010 ) `` Hurricane '' by Thirty Seconds to Mars ( 2011 ) `` Rebel Love Song '' by Black Veil Brides ( 2012 ) `` The Phoenix '' by Fall Out Boy ( 2013 ) `` Fresh Start Fever '' by You Me at Six ( 2014 ) `` Anaesthetist '' by Enter Shikari ( 2015 ) Blood of the Martyrs Studio albums Once More , with Feeling Completionist Extended plays Endgame Singles `` The Kill '' `` Gone Away '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Kill&oldid=801839674 '' Categories : Thirty Seconds to Mars songs 2006 singles Songs written by Jared Leto Canadian Singles Chart number - one singles 2005 songs Virgin Records singles Song recordings produced by Josh Abraham Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Galego Italiano Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 05 : 50 . 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who wrote the kill by 30 seconds to mars
[ "\n\n\"The Kill\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Thirty Seconds to Mars\n\n\nfrom the album A Beautiful Lie\n\n\nReleased\nJanuary 24, 2006 (2006-01-24)\n\n\nFormat\nCompact Disc, digital download\n\n\nGenre\nAlternative rock, post-hardcore\n\n\nLength\n3:47\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nImmortal\nVirgin\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nJared Leto\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nJosh Abraham\nThirty Seconds to Mars\n\n\n\n\n\nThirty Seconds to Mars singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Attack\"\n(2005)\n\"The Kill\"\n(2006)\n\"From Yesterday\"\n(2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Attack\"\n(2005)\n\"The Kill\"\n(2006)\n\"From Yesterday\"\n(2006)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"The Kill (Rebirth)\"\n\n\n\n\n\n\nArtwork for the UK version of the single.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"The Kill\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Jared Leto" ]
-7720331182507484373
Branch Rickey
Branch Rickey - wikipedia Branch Rickey Jump to : navigation , search Branch Rickey Rickey in 1912 Catcher / Manager / Executive Born : ( 1881 - 12 - 20 ) December 20 , 1881 Portsmouth , Ohio Died : December 9 , 1965 ( 1965 - 12 - 09 ) ( aged 83 ) Columbia , Missouri Batted : Left Threw : Right MLB debut June 16 , 1905 , for the St. Louis Cardinals Last MLB appearance August 25 , 1914 , for the St. Louis Cardinals MLB statistics Batting average . 239 Hits 82 Home runs Runs batted in 39 Games managed 1,277 Managerial record 597 -- 664 Winning % . 473 Teams As player St. Louis Browns ( 1905 -- 1906 ) New York Highlanders ( 1907 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1914 ) As manager St. Louis Browns ( 1913 -- 1915 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 1925 ) As general manager St. Louis Browns ( 1913 -- 1915 , 1919 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 1942 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1943 -- 1950 ) Pittsburgh Pirates ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Career highlights and awards 4 × World Series Champion : ( 1926 , 1931 , 1934 , 1942 ) 4 × National League pennant : 1928 , 1930 , 1947 , 1949 Played major part in development of the farm system Signed Jackie Robinson for the Dodgers and helped integrate African - American baseball players into Major League Baseball in 1947 Signed Roberto Clemente for the Pirates , opening Major League Baseball for Latino players . St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 1967 Election Method Veterans Committee Branch Rickey Battling Bishops Career information College Ohio Wesleyan University University of Michigan Career history As coach 1904 -- 1905 Allegheny College 1907 -- 1908 Ohio Wesleyan University 1910 -- 1913 University of Michigan As player 1902 -- 1903 Shelby Blues Military career Allegiance United States Service / branch U.S. Army Years of service 1917 -- 1918 Rank Major Unit Chemical Warfare Service 1st Gas Regiment Battles / wars World War I Western Front Wesley Branch Rickey ( December 20 , 1881 -- December 9 , 1965 ) was an American sports executive . He was perhaps best known for breaking Major League Baseball 's color barrier by signing African American player Jackie Robinson , for drafting the first Hispanic superstar , Roberto Clemente , for creating the framework for the modern minor league farm system , for encouraging the Major Leagues to add new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League , and for introducing the batting helmet . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967 . Rickey played in MLB for the St. Louis Browns and New York Highlanders from 1905 through 1907 . After struggling as a player , Rickey returned to college , where he learned about administration from Philip Bartelme . Returning to MLB in 1913 , Rickey embarked on a successful managing and executive career with the St. Louis Browns , the St. Louis Cardinals , Brooklyn Dodgers and Pittsburgh Pirates . The Cardinals elected him to their team Hall of Fame in 2014 . Rickey also had a career in the sport of American football , as a player for the professional Shelby Blues and as a coach at Ohio Wesleyan University and Allegheny College . His many achievements and deep Christian faith earned him the nickname `` the Mahātmā . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Professional playing career 2.1. 1 Football 2.1. 2 Baseball 2.2 Return to college 2.3 Return to professional baseball 2.4 World War I ( 1917 -- 19 ) 2.5 St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 42 ) 2.5. 1 Fruition of the farm system 2.6 Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1942 -- 50 ) 2.6. 1 Further innovations 2.6. 2 Breaking the color barrier 2.6. 3 Later career with Dodgers 2.7 Pirates 2.8 Return to Cardinals 3 Death 4 Honors and legacy 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Additional reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Rickey was born in Stockdale , Ohio , the son of Jacob Frank Rickey and Emily ( née Brown ) . Rickey was a relative of Beth Rickey , a Louisiana political activist . He graduated from Valley High School in Lucasville , Ohio , in 1899 , and he was a catcher on the baseball team at Ohio Wesleyan University , where he obtained his B.A. Rickey was a member of the Delta Tau Delta Fraternity . Rickey was a Master Mason in Tuscan Lodge # 240 in Saint Louis . After arriving in Brooklyn , Rickey joined Montauk Masonic Lodge # 286 in Brooklyn . Stricken with tuberculosis , he took the `` cure '' in Saranac Lake , New York in 1908 and 1909 at the Trudeau Sanatorium . Later , he moved into the Jacob Schiff cottage . Career ( edit ) Professional playing career ( edit ) Before his front office days , Rickey played both football and baseball professionally . He played in both baseball 's minor and major leagues . Football ( edit ) In 1902 , Rickey played professional football for the Shelby Blues of the `` Ohio League '' , the direct predecessor to the modern National Football League ( NFL . ) Rickey often played for pay with Shelby while he was attending Ohio Wesleyan . During his time with Shelby , Rickey became friends with his teammate Charles Follis , who was the first black professional football player . He also played against him on October 17 , 1903 , when Follis ran for a 70 - yard touchdown against the Ohio Wesleyan football team . After that game Rickey praised Follis , calling him `` a wonder . '' It is also possible that Follis ' poise and class under the pressures of such racial tension , as well as his exceptional play in spite of it , could have inspired Rickey to sign Jackie Robinson decades later . Baseball ( edit ) In 1903 , Rickey signed a contract with Terre Haute , Indiana of the Class B Central League , making his professional debut on June 20 . Rickey was assigned to Le Mars , Iowa of the Class D Iowa -- South Dakota League . During this period , Rickey also spent two seasons -- 1904 and 1905 -- coaching baseball , basketball and football and teaching at Allegheny College in Pennsylvania where he also served as Athletic Director . Rickey debuted in the major leagues , with the St. Louis Browns in 1905 . Sold to the New York Highlanders in 1907 , Rickey could neither hit nor field while with the club , and his batting average dropped below . 200 . One opposing team stole 13 bases in one game while Rickey was behind the plate , setting a record which still stands a century later . Rickey also injured his throwing arm and retired as a player after just one year . Return to College ( edit ) Rickey attended the University of Michigan , where he received his J.D. While at Michigan , Rickey applied for the job as Michigan 's baseball coach . Rickey asked every alumnus he had ever met to write letters to Philip Bartelme , the school 's athletic director , on his behalf . Bartelme recalled , `` Day after day those letters came in . '' Bartelme was reportedly impressed with Rickey 's passion for baseball and his idealism about the proper role of athletics on a college campus . Bartelme convinced the dean of the law school that Rickey could handle his law studies while serving as the school 's baseball coach . Bartelme reportedly called Rickey into his office to tell him he had the job if only `` to put a stop to those damn letters that come in every day . '' The hiring also marked the beginning of a lifelong friendship and business relationship between Rickey and Bartelme . Bartelme and Rickey worked together for most of the next 35 years , and in 1944 a California newspaper noted : `` He and Rickey have had a close association in baseball ever since Bartelme was head of the athletic department of the University of Michigan where Rickey took to baseball just as a means to build up his failing health . '' During his four years as head baseball coach from 1910 - 1913 his record was 68 - 32 - 4 . Return to professional baseball ( edit ) Rickey batting for the Browns in 1906 . Rickey returned to the big leagues in 1913 , as a front office executive with the Browns . He was responsible for signing young George Sisler . Rickey became the team 's manager for the final 12 games of the season , and managed the team for two more full seasons . But the Browns finished under . 500 both years . World War I ( 1917 -- 19 ) ( edit ) Rickey served as an officer in the U.S. Army in France during World War I. He commanded a chemical training unit that included Ty Cobb and Christy Mathewson . Rickey served in the 1st Gas Regiment during the war , and spent over four months as a member of the Chemical Warfare Service . St. Louis Cardinals ( 1919 -- 42 ) ( edit ) Further information : History of the St. Louis Cardinals ( 1920 -- 52 ) He then returned to St. Louis in 1919 , but clashed with new Browns owner Phil Ball and jumped to the crosstown rivals Cardinals , to become team president and manager . In 1920 , Rickey gave up the team presidency to the Cards ' new majority owner , Sam Breadon . The Cardinals wore uniforms for the first time that featured the two familiar cardinal birds perched on a baseball bat over the name `` Cardinals '' with the letter `` C '' of the word hooked over the bat in 1922 . The concept of this pattern originated in a Presbyterian church in Ferguson , Missouri , at which Rickey was speaking . He noticed a colorful cardboard arrangement featuring two cardinal birds perched on a branch on a table . The arrangement 's designer was a woman named Allie May Schmidt . Schmidt 's father , a graphic designer , assisted Rickey in creating the logo that is part of a familiar staple on Cardinals uniforms . Under Rickey 's leadership as on - the - field manager for six relatively mediocre years , the Cardinals posted winning records from 1921 to 1923 . Breadon fired him early in the 1925 season . However , he could not deny Rickey 's acumen for player development , and offered to let him stay to run the front office . An embittered Rickey stated , `` You ca n't do this to me , Sam . You are ruining me . '' `` No '' , Breadon responded . `` I am doing you the greatest favor one man has ever done to another . '' Rickey had wisely invested in several minor league baseball clubs , using them to develop future talent and supplement the Cardinals major league roster . At 43 years of age upon his firing , he had been a player , manager and executive in the Major Leagues . However , there had been little indication to this point that he would ever belong in the Baseball Hall of Fame . Although he was not the first executive titled as a general manager in Major League Baseball history -- his actual title was business manager -- through his activities , including inventing and building the farm system , Rickey came to embody the position of the baseball operations executive who mastered scouting , player acquisition and development and business affairs , which is the definition of the modern GM . Second baseman Rogers Hornsby , winner of two Major League Baseball Triple Crowns , replaced Rickey to become a player - manager , and in 1926 , his first full year as manager , Hornsby then led the Cardinals to their first World Series championship . Fruition of the farm system ( edit ) Rickey with the Cardinals By 1930 , Rickey 's Cardinals , known as the `` Gashouse Gang '' , were the class of the National League . They won 101 games in 1931 and won the World Series in seven games . The star of the 1931 World Series was rookie Pepper Martin , one of the first Cardinal stars that came from Branch 's minor league system . Soon , other minor league graduates joined the team , among them future hall of famers Dizzy Dean and Joe Medwick , nicknamed `` Ducky '' , and Dean 's brother Paul `` Daffy '' Dean . The Deans and Medwick were integral parts of the 1934 Cardinals , who won the franchise 's third World Series title . Kenesaw Mountain Landis , the Commissioner of Baseball , was concerned that Rickey 's minor league system was going to ruin baseball by destroying existing minor league teams , and he twice released over 70 Cardinal minor leaguers . Despite Landis ' efforts , Rickey 's minor league system stayed in existence , and similar systems were adopted by every major league team within a few years . Arguably , the farm system saved the minor leagues , by keeping them necessary after the television age began and minor league attendance figures declined . Rickey continued to develop the Cardinals up until the early 1940s . In his final year at St. Louis , 1942 , the Cardinals had their best season in franchise history , winning 106 games and the World Series title . The team was led by a new crop of players developed by the Cardinals , two of whom , Enos Slaughter and Stan Musial , became Hall of Famers ; and several others , among them future MVP Marty Marion , who were among the best at their position during their eras . Even their manager Billy Southworth was a product of their farm system . Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1942 -- 50 ) ( edit ) Rickey was a good friend of Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Larry MacPhail , himself a sound baseball man . MacPhail enlisted in the army to serve in World War II after the 1942 season , and the Dodgers hired Branch Rickey to replace him as President and GM , ending a tenure of over two decades with the Cardinals . Further innovations ( edit ) Rickey continued to innovate in his time with Brooklyn . He was responsible for the first full - time spring training facility , in Vero Beach , Florida , and encouraged the use of now - commonplace tools such as the batting cage , pitching machines , and batting helmets . He also pioneered the use of statistical analysis in baseball ( what is now known as sabermetrics ) , when he hired statistician Allan Roth as a full - time analyst for the Dodgers in 1947 . After viewing Roth 's evidence , Rickey promoted the idea that on - base percentage was a more important hitting statistic than batting average . While working under Rickey , Roth was also the first person to provide statistical evidence that platoon effects were real and quantifiable . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Rickey 's most memorable act with the Dodgers involved signing Jackie Robinson , thus breaking baseball 's color barrier , which had been an unwritten rule since the 1880s . This policy had continued under a succession of baseball leaders , including Landis , who was openly opposed to integrating Major League Baseball for what he regarded as legitimate reasons . Landis died in 1944 , but Rickey had already set the process in motion , having sought ( and gained ) approval from the Dodgers Board of Directors in 1943 to begin the search for `` the right man . '' On August 28 , 1945 , Rickey signed Robinson to a minor league contract . Robinson had been playing in the Negro leagues for the Kansas City Monarchs . On October 23 , 1945 , it was announced that Robinson would join the Montreal Royals , the Dodgers ' International League affiliate , for the 1946 season . He would end up as the league 's batting champion , and led the Royals to a dominant league championship . There was no statute officially banning blacks from baseball , only a universally recognized unwritten rule which no club owner was prepared to break that was perpetuated by culturally entrenched racism and a desire by club owners to be perceived as representing the values and beliefs of everyday American white men . The service of black Americans in the Second World War , and the celebrated pre-war achievements of black athletes in American sports , such as Joe Louis in boxing and Jesse Owens in track , helped pave the way for the cultural shift necessary to break the barrier . Rickey knew that Robinson would face racism and discrimination . Rickey made it clear in their momentous first meeting that he anticipated wide - scale resistance both inside and outside baseball to opening its doors to Negroes . As predicted by Rickey , right from the start Robinson faced obstacles among his teammates and other teams ' players . No matter how harsh the white people were towards Robinson , he could not retaliate . Robinson had agreed with Rickey not to lose his temper and jeopardize the chances of all the blacks who would follow him if he could help break down the barriers . Usually placing fourth in team stats he still made history ending up in Baseball 's Hall of Fame . Red Barber recounted in Ken Burns 's documentary Baseball that Rickey 's determination to desegregate Major League Baseball was born out of a combination of idealism and astute business sense . The idealism was at least partially rooted in an incident involving a team for which Rickey worked early on . While managing at Ohio Wesleyan University , a black player , Charles Thomas , was extremely upset at being refused accommodation , because of his race , at the hotel where the team stayed . Though an infuriated Rickey managed to get him into the hotel for the night , he never forgot the incident and later said , `` I may not be able to do something about racism in every field , but I can sure do something about it in baseball . '' The business element was based on the fact that the Negro Leagues had numerous star athletes , and logically , the first Major League team to hire them would get first pick of the players at an attractive price . At the time , Mexican brewery czar Jorge Pasquel was raiding America for black talent ( e.g. , Satchel Paige ) , as well as disgruntled white players , for the Mexican League with the idea of creating an integrated league that could compete on a talent level with the U.S. major leagues . However idealistic , Rickey did not compensate Monarchs ownership for the rights to obtain Robinson , nor did he pay for rights to Don Newcombe , who would also join the Dodgers from a Negro leagues club . Rickey also attempted to sign Monte Irvin but Newark Eagles business owner Effa Manley refused to allow Irvin to leave her club without compensation . When she threatened to sue him in court , Rickey stopped the pursuit of Irvin , who would later sign with the New York Giants . Amid much fanfare , Jackie debuted , and turned out to be a success . Robinson was baseball 's first rookie of the year , and while he was often jeered by opposing baseball players , managers , and fans , he became extremely popular with the American public . His success became the crowning achievement of Rickey 's illustrious career . His Dodgers would make the World Series that year . Although they lost in seven games to the New York Yankees , Rickey 's vision and action had set the stage for the Dodgers to be contenders for decades to come . And it opened the door for other leaders like Larry Doby of the Cleveland Indians , who integrated the American League in 1947 , as well . Later career with Dodgers ( edit ) In 1950 , there were four owners of the Dodgers , each with one quarter of the franchise . When one of the four ( John L. Smith ) died , Walter O'Malley took control of that quarter . Also in 1950 , Branch Rickey 's contract as Dodger president expired , and Walter O'Malley decided that were Rickey to retain the job , almost all of Rickey 's power would be gone ; for example , he would no longer take a percentage of every franchise sale ; Rickey declined a new contract as President . Then , in order to be a majority owner , O'Malley offered to buy Rickey 's portion . Seeing no reason to hold on to the club , Rickey decided to comply . However , in a final act of retaliation against O'Malley , Rickey instead offered the club percentage to a friend for one million dollars . His chances at complete franchise control at risk , O'Malley was forced to offer more money , and Rickey finally sold his portion for $1,050,000 . Pirates ( edit ) After leaving the Dodgers , Rickey was offered the position of general manager for the Pittsburgh Pirates . During the 1953 season , the Pirates became the first team to permanently adopt batting helmets on both offense and defense . These helmets resembled a primitive fiberglass `` miner 's cap '' . This was the mandate of Rickey , who also owned stock in the company producing the helmets . Under Rickey 's orders , all Pirate players had to wear the helmets both at bat and in the field . The helmets became a permanent feature for all Pirate hitters , but within a few weeks the team began to abandon their use of helmets on defense , partly because of their awkwardly heavy feel . Once the Pirates discarded the helmets on defense , the trend disappeared from the game . After presiding over a last place season with the Pirates , Branch Rickey proposed cutting the pay of power superstar Ralph Kiner . When Kiner objected , Rickey famously quipped , `` Son , we could have finished last without you ! '' Health problems forced Branch Rickey to retire in 1955 ; however , his contributions would help lead to a World Championship for Pittsburgh in 1960 . This includes the drafting of Roberto Clemente . Return to Cardinals ( edit ) On October 29 , 1962 , Rickey returned to the Cardinals exactly 20 years to the day he left to become general consultant on production and development of Cardinal players . He had previously worked as a field manager , business manager , and vice president for the Cardinals from 1917 until 1942 . He returned to be closer to home after suffering a heart attack in Canada a year earlier and after the death of his son Branch Rickey , Jr . Rickey near the stadium in Cincinnati Death ( edit ) A public speaker in his later years , on November 13 , 1965 , Rickey collapsed in the middle of a speech in Columbia , Missouri , as he was being elected to the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame . He had told a story of physical courage and was about to relate an illustration from the Holy Bible . `` Now I 'm going to tell you a story from the Bible about spiritual courage , '' he said . Rickey murmured he could not continue , collapsed and never spoke again . He faltered , fell back into his seat and slipped onto the floor . He never regained consciousness . His brain was damaged when his breathing stopped momentarily , though his heart picked up its rhythm again . Through the next 26 days , hospitalized in a coma , there was little change . On December 9 , at about 10 p.m. he died of heart failure at Boone County Memorial Hospital in Columbia , Missouri , 11 days before his 84th birthday . Branch Rickey was interred at Rush Township Burial Park in Rushtown , Ohio , near where his parents , his widow Jane ( who died in 1971 ) , and three of his children ( including his son , Branch Rickey Jr. , who died from complications of diabetes in 1961 ) also rest . Rickey 's grave overlooks the Scioto Valley , about three miles from his boyhood home in Stockdale , Ohio . Honors and legacy ( edit ) In addition to Rickey 's election to the Baseball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1967 , in 1997 he was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame , in 2009 he was elected to the College Baseball Hall of Fame . In January 2014 , the Cardinals announced Rickey among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014 . A ballpark in Portsmouth , Ohio , once used by the Portsmouth Explorers , a charter member of the Frontier League before the club folded in 1996 , is named in Rickey 's honor . The Branch Rickey Arena at Ohio Wesleyan University is also named in his honor . A section of State Highway 23 in Ohio , running north from the Franklin County border to the city of Delaware , has been named the Branch Rickey Memorial Highway . In 1992 , Rotary International of Denver , Colorado , created the Branch Rickey Award , which is given annually to a Major League Baseball player in recognition of exceptional community service . Outside of Coors Field in Denver is a monument to Rickey by the sculptor George Lundeen , dedicated in 2005 , with this simple inscription : It is not the honor that you take with you but the heritage you leave behind . Another quotation attributed to Rickey is : Luck is the residue of design . His descendants also became involved in baseball : his son , Branch Jr. , who died four years before his father , and Branch Rickey III , a president of the Pacific Coast League . In popular Culture ( edit ) In the 1950 movie The Jackie Robinson Story , he is portrayed by Minor Watson . In the 1996 HBO movie Soul of the Game Rickey is played by Edward Herrmann . In the 2013 film 42 , Rickey is played by Harrison Ford . Rickey 's great - granddaughter , actress Kelley Jakle , also appears in the film . Rickey is featured in the 2013 book Dissident Gardens by Jonathan Lethem . See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal Ohio portal Pennsylvania portal Missouri portal List of Major League Baseball player -- managers List of St. Louis Cardinals owners and executives History of the Brooklyn Dodgers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rickey , Branch ( 1890 -- 1969 ) . `` Branch Rickey papers '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Tom Sharpe , `` Eizabeth Ann ' Beth ' Rickey , 1956 - 2009 : David Duke nemesis dies in Santa Fe Activist who helped scuttle neo-Nazi's political career had hoped to rebuild life here '' `` . Santa Fe New Mexican . September 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Redrup , Jessie Dunathan . `` Branch Rickey with Delta Tau Delta fraternity brothers '' . Branch Rickey Collection . Ohio Wesleyan University . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Well Known Freemasons '' . Grand Lodge of British Columbia . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Milt ( 1980 ) . `` Charles Follis '' ( PDF ) . Coffin Corner . Professional Football Researchers Association . 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 27 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Nash , Kimberly . `` Breaking Pro Football 's Color Line : The Story of Charles W. Follis '' . Bleacher Report . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Law Quadrangle Notes '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray Polner , Branch B. Rickey ( 2007 ) . Branch Rickey : A Biography , p. 57 . McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2643 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lowenfish , p. 49 , Jump up ^ Lowenfish , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Polner , p. 57 . Jump up ^ `` Bartelme Is Scout '' . Fresno Bee Republican . 1944 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Baseball ( TV series ) Jump up ^ Polner , Murray , and Rickey , Branch . Branch Rickey : A Biography , ( Google Books ) , McFarland , 2007 , p. 76 , ( ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2643 - 8 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Theme of the week '' . www.stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goodby to Some Old Baseball Ideas '' . www.baseballthinkfactory.org . ^ Jump up to : Jackie Robinson and the Integration of Major League Baseball . By : Rubinstein , William D. , History Today , 00182753 , September 2003 , Vol. 53 , Issue 9 . Jump up ^ Beyond the box score : Jackie Robinson , civil rights crusader , Negro History Bulletin , 1995 p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` Jackie Robinson Breaks Baseball 's Color Barrier , 1945 '' . www.eyewitnesstohistory.com . Jump up ^ I never had it made . Jackie Robinson ; New York , 1972 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Ilan Stavans , ed. ( 2012 ) . Béisbol . The Ilan Stavans Library of Latino Civilization . Santa Barbara , California : Greenwood . ISBN 9780313375132 . Jump up ^ Simons , William M. Alvin L. Hall , ed . The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture , 2000 . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . ISBN 0786411201 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland A 's Fan Coalition -- Athletics baseball enthusiasts dedicated to watching a winner '' . Oaklandfans.com . July 12 , 1980 . Retrieved December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Returns to Cardinals After 20 Years '' . Nevada , Missouri : Nevada Daily Mail . 30 October 1962 . p. 6 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Jump up ^ St. Louis Walk of Fame . `` St. Louis Walk of Fame Inductees '' . stlouiswalkoffame.org . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` College Baseball Hall of Fame : Hall of Famers : 2009 Inductees '' . www.collegebaseballhall.org . Jump up ^ Cardinals Press Release ( January 18 , 2014 ) . `` Cardinals establish Hall of Fame & detail induction process '' . www.stlouis.cardinals.mlb.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Park '' . Shawnee State Bears . Retrieved April 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Branch Rickey Memorial Highway '' . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Yale Book of Quotations , citing The Sporting News , February 21 , 1946 . Jump up ^ `` Branch rickey jr. , dies '' . The Washington Post , Times Herald ( 1959 - 1973 ) . April 11 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Paisley , Joe ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Commissioner Branch Rickey III likes what PCL is doing while watching Colorado Springs Sky Sox lose '' . TCA Regional News . Jump up ^ Harris , Aisha ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Trailer Critic 42 '' . Slate . Jump up ^ `` Actress Kelley Jakle of `` 42 '' `` . The McCarthy Project . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Additional reading ( edit ) Branch Rickey : Baseball 's Ferocious Gentleman , by Lee Lowenfish ( University of Nebraska Press ) ; winner of the Seymour Medal for 2008 , nominee for 2007 CASEY Award , Roy Kaplan 's Baseball Bookshelf Branch Rickey : A Biography by Murray Polner Atheneum ; Signet ; and MacFarland , publishers Branch Rickey by Jimmy Breslin ; Viking 2011 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Branch Rickey . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Branch Rickey Career statistics and player information from Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Branch Rickey managerial career statistics at Baseball-Reference.com Branch Rickey at the Baseball Hall of Fame Branch Rickey at Find a Grave Allegheny Gators head football coaches No coach ( 1893 -- 1894 ) No team ( 1895 ) No coach ( 1896 ) Charles N. Crosby ( 1897 ) Martin Smallwood ( 1898 ) Alonzo G. Brown ( 1899 ) Fred E. Heckel ( 1900 ) Edward N. Eisenberg ( 1901 ) V.P. Whelan ( 1902 ) Walter E. Bachman ( 1903 ) Branch Rickey ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Charles B. Lewis ( 1906 ) Herbert Scheetz ( 1907 -- 1908 ) E.J. Stewart ( 1909 -- 1910 ) David L. Dunlap ( 1911 -- 1912 ) Charles Hammett ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Carl A. Gilbert ( 1918 ) Charles Hammett ( 1919 ) Clarence Applegran ( 1920 ) Herb McCracken ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Tom Davies ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Mel Merritt ( 1926 -- 1928 ) Harry W. Crum ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Waldo S. Tippin ( 1932 -- 1934 ) Karl J. Lawrence ( 1935 -- 1940 ) Alfred C. Werner ( 1941 -- 1942 ) No team ( 1943 -- 1945 ) Bob Garbark ( 1946 ) Bill Daddio ( 1947 -- 1951 ) David C. Henderson ( 1952 -- 1953 ) William R. Moore ( 1954 -- 1957 ) John R. Chuckran ( 1958 -- 1969 ) Sam T. Timer ( 1970 -- 1983 ) Robert Wolfe ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Peter Vaas ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Ken O'Keefe ( 1990 -- 1997 ) Blair Hrovat ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Mark Matlak ( 2002 -- 2015 ) B.J. Hammer ( 2016 -- ) Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops head football coaches No coach ( 1890 -- 1891 ) Lilly ( 1892 ) No coach ( 1893 ) George Dygert ( 1894 ) Scott & Holly Farrar ( 1895 ) Dick ( 1896 ) Fielding H. Yost ( 1897 ) C. Sumner Welch ( 1898 ) Ritchie ( 1899 ) G.A. Teller ( 1900 ) Sam Boyle ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Victor M. Place ( 1903 -- 1905 ) Branch Rickey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Lynn St. John ( 1909 -- 1911 ) M.B. Banks ( 1912 ) Roy Thomas ( 1913 ) Frederick Dixon ( 1914 -- 1915 ) Charles McCoy ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Harry W. Ewing ( 1918 -- 1920 ) George Gauthier ( 1921 -- 1946 ) Glenn Fraser ( 1947 -- 1963 ) Jack Fouts ( 1964 -- 1983 ) Steve Farkasovsky ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Mike Hollway ( 1987 -- 2011 ) Tom Watts ( 2012 -- ) Michigan Wolverines head baseball coaches No coach ( 1866 -- 1890 ) Pete Conway ( 1891 -- 1892 ) No coach ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Frank Sexton ( 1896 ) Charles F. Watkins ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Henry Clarke ( 1898 -- 1899 ) Charles F. Watkins ( 1900 ) Frank Sexton ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Skel Roach ( 1903 ) Jerome Utley ( 1904 ) Sport McAllister ( 1905 -- 1906 ) Bobby Lowe ( 1907 ) Sport McAllister ( 1908 -- 1909 ) Branch Rickey ( 1910 -- 1913 ) Carl Lundgren ( 1914 -- 1920 ) Ray Fisher ( 1921 -- 1958 ) Don Lund ( 1959 -- 1962 ) Moby Benedict ( 1963 -- 1979 ) Bud Middaugh ( 1980 -- 1989 ) Bill Freehan ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Geoff Zahn ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Chris Harrison ( 2002 ) Rich Maloney ( 2003 -- 2012 ) Erik Bakich ( 2013 -- ) St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles managers Hugh Duffy ( 1901 ) Jimmy McAleer ( 1902 -- 1909 ) Jack O'Connor ( 1910 ) Bobby Wallace ( 1911 -- 1912 ) George Stovall ( 1912 -- 1913 ) Jimmy Austin ( 1913 ) Branch Rickey ( 1913 -- 1915 ) Fielder Jones ( 1916 -- 1918 ) Jimmy Austin ( 1918 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1918 -- 1920 ) Lee Fohl ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Jimmy Austin ( 1923 ) George Sisler ( 1924 -- 1926 ) Dan Howley ( 1927 -- 1929 ) Bill Killefer ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Allen Sothoron ( 1933 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Jim Bottomley ( 1937 ) Gabby Street ( 1938 ) Ski Melillo ( 1938 ) Fred Haney ( 1939 -- 1941 ) Luke Sewell ( 1941 -- 1946 ) Zack Taylor ( 1946 ) Muddy Ruel ( 1947 ) Zack Taylor ( 1948 -- 1951 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1952 ) Marty Marion ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Jimmy Dykes ( 1954 ) Paul Richards ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Lum Harris ( 1961 ) Billy Hitchcock ( 1962 -- 1963 ) Hank Bauer ( 1964 -- 1968 ) Earl Weaver ( 1968 -- 1982 ) Joe Altobelli ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Cal Ripken ( 1985 ) Earl Weaver ( 1985 -- 1986 ) Cal Ripken ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Frank Robinson ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Johnny Oates ( 1991 -- 1994 ) Phil Regan ( 1995 ) Davey Johnson ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Ray Miller ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Mike Hargrove ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Lee Mazzilli ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Sam Perlozzo ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Dave Trembley ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Juan Samuel ( 2010 ) Buck Showalter ( 2010 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals managers Ned Cuthbert ( 1882 ) Ted Sullivan ( 1883 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1883 ) Jimmy Williams ( 1884 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1884 -- 1889 ) Tommy McCarthy ( 1890 ) John Kerins ( 1890 ) Chief Roseman ( 1890 ) Count Campau ( 1890 ) Joe Gerhardt ( 1890 ) Charles Comiskey ( 1891 ) Jack Glasscock ( 1892 ) Cub Stricker ( 1892 ) Jack Crooks ( 1892 ) George Gore ( 1892 ) Bob Caruthers ( 1892 ) Bill Watkins ( 1893 ) Doggie Miller ( 1894 ) Al Buckenberger ( 1895 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1895 ) Joe Quinn ( 1895 ) Lew Phelan ( 1895 ) Harry Diddlebock ( 1896 ) Arlie Latham ( 1896 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1896 ) Roger Connor ( 1896 ) Tommy Dowd ( 1896 -- 1897 ) Hugh Nicol ( 1897 ) Bill Hallman ( 1897 ) Chris von der Ahe ( 1897 ) Tim Hurst ( 1898 ) Patsy Tebeau ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Louie Heilbroner ( 1900 ) Patsy Donovan ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Kid Nichols ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jimmy Burke ( 1905 ) Stanley Robison ( 1905 ) John McCloskey ( 1906 -- 1908 ) Roger Bresnahan ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Miller Huggins ( 1913 -- 1917 ) Jack Hendricks ( 1918 ) Branch Rickey ( 1919 -- 1925 ) Rogers Hornsby ( 1925 -- 1926 ) Bob O'Farrell ( 1927 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1928 ) Billy Southworth ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1929 ) Bill McKechnie ( 1929 ) Gabby Street ( 1930 -- 1933 ) Frankie Frisch ( 1933 -- 1938 ) Mike González ( 1938 ) Ray Blades ( 1939 -- 1940 ) Mike González ( 1940 ) Billy Southworth ( 1940 -- 1945 ) Eddie Dyer ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Marty Marion ( 1951 ) Eddie Stanky ( 1952 -- 1955 ) Harry Walker ( 1955 ) Fred Hutchinson ( 1956 -- 1958 ) Stan Hack ( 1958 ) Solly Hemus ( 1959 -- 1961 ) Johnny Keane ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1965 -- 1976 ) Vern Rapp ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Jack Krol ( 1978 ) Ken Boyer ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Jack Krol ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1980 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1980 ) Whitey Herzog ( 1981 -- 1990 ) Red Schoendienst ( 1990 ) Joe Torre ( 1990 -- 1995 ) Mike Jorgensen ( 1995 ) Tony La Russa ( 1996 -- 2011 ) Mike Matheny ( 2012 -- ) St. Louis Cardinals general managers Rickey Walsingham , Jr . Meyer Lane Devine Howsam Musial Devine Claiborne Herzog McDonald Maxvill Jocketty Mozeliak Girsch Los Angeles Dodgers general managers Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1932 -- 1957 ) MacPhail Rickey Bavasi Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) Bavasi Thompson Campanis Claire Lasorda Malone Wallace Evans DePodesta Colletti Zaidi Principal owners of the Los Angeles Dodgers franchise Brooklyn Atlantics / Grays / Bridegrooms / Grooms / Superbas / Robins / Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Abell & Byrne Abell , Byrne & Chauncey Abell & C. Ebbets Abell , C. Ebbets , Hanlon & Von der Horst Abell , C. Ebbets , Hanlon & Medicus C. Ebbets & Medicus C. Ebbets , E. McKeever & S. McKeever Brooklyn Trust Company , G. Ebbets , Gilleaudeau & Stephen McKeever Brooklyn Trust Company , G. Ebbets , Gilleaudeau , J. Mulvey & D. Mulvey J. Mulvey & D. Mulvey , W. O'Malley , Rickey & Smith W. O'Malley Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) W. O'Malley P. O'Malley Fox Entertainment Group McCourt Guggenheim Baseball Management ( Walter , Johnson , Guber , Kasten , Patton and Boehly ) Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers presidents Brooklyn Atlantics / Grays / Bridegrooms / Grooms / Superbas / Robins / Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Charles Byrne Charles Ebbets Ed McKeever Wilbert Robinson Frank B. York Stephen McKeever Larry MacPhail Branch Rickey Walter O'Malley Los Angeles Dodgers ( 1958 -- present ) Walter O'Malley Peter O'Malley Bob Graziano Jamie McCourt Dennis Mannion Stan Kasten Pittsburgh Pirates general managers McKnight ( 1882 -- 1883 ) Converse ( 1884 -- 1887 ) Nimick ( 1887 -- 1890 ) O'Neill ( 1891 ) Temple ( 1892 ) Buckenberger ( 1893 ) Kerr ( 1894 -- 1897 ) Watkins ( 1898 ) Kerr ( 1899 ) Dreyfuss ( 1900 -- 1932 ) Benswanger ( 1932 -- 1945 ) Kennedy ( 1946 ) Hamey ( 1946 -- 1950 ) Rickey ( 1951 -- 1955 ) Brown ( 1956 -- 1976 ) Peterson ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Brown ( 1985 ) Thrift ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Doughty ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Simmons ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Bonifay ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Smith ( 2001 ) Littlefield ( 2001 -- 2007 ) Graham ( 2007 ) Huntington ( 2007 -- present ) Branch Rickey -- awards and honors Sporting News Executive of the Year Award 1936 : Rickey 1937 : Barrow 1938 : Giles 1939 : La . MacPhail 1940 : Briggs 1941 : Barrow 1942 : Rickey 1943 : Cl . Griffith 1944 : DeWitt 1945 : Wrigley 1946 : Yawkey 1947 : Rickey 1948 : Veeck 1949 : Carpenter 1950 : Weiss 1951 : Weiss 1952 : Weiss 1953 : Perini 1954 : Stoneham 1955 : O'Malley 1956 : Paul 1957 : Lane 1958 : Brown 1959 : Bavasi 1960 : Weiss 1961 : Topping 1962 : Haney 1963 : Devine 1964 : Devine 1965 : Ca . Griffith 1966 : Le . MacPhail 1967 : O'Connell 1968 : Campbell 1969 : Murphy 1970 : Dalton 1971 : Tallis 1972 : Hemond 1973 : Howsam 1974 : Paul 1975 : O'Connell 1976 : Burke 1977 : Veeck 1978 : Richardson 1979 : Peters 1980 : Smith 1981 : McHale 1982 : Dalton 1983 : Peters 1984 : Green 1985 : Schuerholz 1986 : Cashen 1987 : Rosen 1988 : Claire 1989 : Hemond 1990 : Quinn 1991 : A. MacPhail 1992 : Duquette 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Hart 1995 : Hart 1996 : Melvin 1997 : Bonifay 1998 : Hunsicker 1999 : Beane 2000 : Jocketty 2001 : Gillick 2002 : Ryan 2003 : Sabean 2004 : Jocketty 2005 : Shapiro 2006 : Ryan 2007 : Shapiro 2008 : Friedman 2009 : O'Dowd 2010 : Jocketty 2011 : Dombrowski / Melvin 2012 : Beane 2013 : Cherington 2014 : Duquette 2015 : Anthopoulos 2016 : Epstein Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 1967 BBWAA Vote Red Ruffing ( 86.9 % ) Veterans Committee Branch Rickey Lloyd Waner J.G. Taylor Spink Award Grantland Rice St. Louis Cardinals in the National Baseball Hall of Fame Inducted as a Cardinal Jim Bottomley Lou Brock Dizzy Dean Frankie Frisch Bob Gibson Chick Hafey Jesse Haines Rogers Hornsby Whitey Herzog Joe Medwick Johnny Mize Stan Musial Red Schoendienst Enos Slaughter Ozzie Smith Billy Southworth Bruce Sutter Inductees who played for the Cardinals Grover Cleveland Alexander Walter Alston Jake Beckley Roger Bresnahan Mordecai Brown Jesse Burkett Steve Carlton Orlando Cepeda Charles Comiskey Leo Durocher Dennis Eckersley Burleigh Grimes Miller Huggins Rabbit Maranville John McGraw Kid Nichols Wilbert Robinson Joe Torre Dazzy Vance Bobby Wallace Hoyt Wilhelm Vic Willis Cy Young Cardinals managers Roger Bresnahan Charles Comiskey Frankie Frisch Whitey Herzog Miller Huggins Tony La Russa Bill McKechnie Kid Nichols Branch Rickey Red Schoendienst Billy Southworth Joe Torre Cardinals executives Stan Musial Branch Rickey Frick Award Jack Buck Harry Caray Spink Award Bob Broeg ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) Rick Hummel ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) J.G. Taylor Spink ( The Sporting News ) J. Roy Stockton ( St. Louis Post-Dispatch ) New York Yankees Hall of Famers Inductees in Yankees cap Yogi Berra Jack Chesbro Earle Combs Joe DiMaggio Bill Dickey Whitey Ford Lou Gehrig Lefty Gomez Joe Gordon Goose Gossage Waite Hoyt Reggie Jackson Tony Lazzeri Mickey Mantle Phil Rizzuto Red Ruffing Babe Ruth Inductees who played for the Yankees Home Run Baker Wade Boggs Roger Bresnahan Frank Chance Stan Coveleski Clark Griffith Burleigh Grimes Bucky Harris Rickey Henderson Catfish Hunter Randy Johnson Willie Keeler Joe McGinnity John McGraw Johnny Mize Phil Niekro Herb Pennock Gaylord Perry Tim Raines Branch Rickey Wilbert Robinson Joe Sewell Enos Slaughter Dazzy Vance Paul Waner Dave Winfield Yankees ' managers Miller Huggins Bob Lemon Joe McCarthy Casey Stengel Joe Torre Yankees ' executives Ed Barrow Larry MacPhail Lee MacPhail George Weiss Frick Award Mel Allen Red Barber Buck Canel Jerry Coleman Joe Garagiola Curt Gowdy Russ Hodges Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Members of the National College Baseball Hall of Fame Players Jim Abbott Steve Arlin Joe Arnold Eddie Bane Sal Bando Alan Bannister Floyd Bannister Lance Berkman Bill Bordley Tom Borland Lou Brock Joe Carter Will Clark Matt DeSalvo Darren Dreifort Kirk Dressendorfer J.D. Drew Alex Fernandez Mike Fiore Terry Francona Eddy Furniss Nomar Garciaparra Ralph Garr Danny Goodwin Dick Groat Neal Heaton Don Heinkel Al Holland Burt Hooton Bob Horner Dick Howser Pete Incaviglia Tim Jorgensen Mike Kelly Brooks Kieschnick Fred Lynn Barry Larkin Tino Martinez William Clarence Matthews Ben McDonald Oddibe McDowell Dave Magadan Rick Monday Keith Moreland John Olerud Tom Paciorek Rafael Palmeiro Rick Reichardt Roy Smalley III Phil Stephenson Mickey Sullivan B.J. Surhoff Greg Swindell Derek Tatsuno Robin Ventura Frank Viola Tim Wallach Todd Walker Brad Wilkerson Dave Winfield Rich Wortham Coaches Bob Bennett Skip Bertman Robert Braddy Chuck Brayton Jim Brock Ed Cheff Rod Dedeaux Bibb Falk Ron Fraser Augie Garrido Gordie Gillespie Wayne Graham Cliff Gustafson Larry Hays Bill Holowaty Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones Wally Kincaid Jerry Kindall Demie Mainieri Ron Polk Frank Sancet Don Schaly Dick Siebert Gene Stephenson Mickey Sullivan Tommy Thomas Bob Todd Gary Ward Bill Wilhelm John Winkin Bobby Winkles Veterans Jack Barry Owen Carroll Billy Disch Lou Gehrig Christy Mathewson Branch Rickey Jackie Robinson Joe Sewell George Sisler Charles Teague VIAF : 28406260 LCCN : n81149658 ISNI : 0000 0000 8436 2113 GND : 1067914676 SNAC : w61n8w1x Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Branch_Rickey&oldid=822496866 '' Categories : 1881 births 1965 deaths Major League Baseball catchers Major League Baseball farm directors Major League Baseball general managers Major League Baseball managers Major League Baseball player - managers Major League Baseball team presidents Brooklyn Dodgers owners Brooklyn Dodgers executives New York Highlanders players St. Louis Browns players St. Louis Browns managers St. Louis Cardinals executives St. Louis Cardinals managers Pittsburgh Pirates executives Allegheny Gators football coaches Michigan Wolverines baseball coaches Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops baseball coaches Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops baseball players Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops football coaches Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops men 's basketball coaches Continental League contributors Dallas Giants players Le Mars Blackbirds players Shelby Blues players Terre Haute Hottentots players College Baseball Hall of Fame inductees National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees University of Michigan Law School alumni American military personnel of World War I United States Army officers People from Freeport , New York Sportspeople from Nassau County , New York People from Pike County , Ohio Baseball players from Ohio Burials in Ohio American Methodists Jackie Robinson Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy 日本 語 Polski Simple English Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 18 : 27 . 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who was the owner of the dodgers when jackie robinson played
[ "Wesley Branch Rickey (December 20, 1881 – December 9, 1965) was an American sports executive. He was perhaps best known for breaking Major League Baseball's color barrier by signing African American player Jackie Robinson, for drafting the first Hispanic superstar, Roberto Clemente, for creating the framework for the modern minor league farm system, for encouraging the Major Leagues to add new teams through his involvement in the proposed Continental League, and for introducing the batting helmet. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1967." ]
[ "Wesley Branch Rickey" ]
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ABO blood group system
ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system `` ABO '' redirects here . For other uses , see ABO ( disambiguation ) . `` H substance '' redirects here . For use in inflammation , see histamine . For hydrogen atom , see hydrogen . ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one , both , or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes . In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 36 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized . A very rare ( in modern medicine ) mismatch in this , or any other serotype , can cause a serious , potentially fatal , adverse reaction after a transfusion , or a contra - indicated immune response to an organ transplant . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 , for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals such as rodents and apes , including chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas . Contents 1 History 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Karl Landsteiner , discoverer of ABO blood system . The ABO blood types were first discovered by an Austrian Physician Karl Landsteiner working at the Pathological - Anatomical Institute of the University of Vienna ( now Medical University of Vienna ) . In 1900 , he found that blood sera from different persons would clump together ( agglutinate ) when mixed in test tubes , and not only that some human blood also agglutinated with animal blood . He wrote a two - sentence footnote : The serum of healthy human beings not only agglutinates animal red cells , but also often those of human origin , from other individuals . It remains to be seen whether this appearance is related to inborn differences between individuals or it is the result of some damage of bacterial kind . This was the first evidence that blood variation exists in humans -- it was believed that all humans have similar blood . The next year , in 1901 , he made a definitive observation that blood serum of an individual would agglutinate with only those of certain individuals . Based on this he classified human bloods into three groups , namely group A , group B , and group C. He defined that group A blood agglutinates with group B , but never with its own type . Similarly , group B blood agglutinates with group A. Group C blood is different in that it agglutinates with both A and B . This was the discovery of blood groups for which Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 . In his paper , he called the specific blood group interactions as isoagglutination , and also introduced the concept of agglutinins ( antibodies ) , which is the actual basis of antigen - antibody reaction in ABO system . He asserted : ( It ) may be said that there exist at least two different types of agglutinins , one in A , another one in B , and both together in C. The red blood cells are inert to the agglutinins which are present in the same serum . Thus , he discovered two antigens ( agglutinogens A and B) and two antibodies ( agglutinins - anti-A and anti-B ) . His third group ( C ) indicated absence of both A and B antigens , but contains anti-A and anti-B . The following year , his students Adriano Sturli and Alfred von Decastello discovered the fourth type ( but not naming it , and simply referred to it as `` no particular type '' ) . Ukraine marine uniform imprint , showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' . In 1910 , Ludwik Hirszfeld and Emil Freiherr von Dungern introduced the term 0 ( null ) for the group Landsteiner designated as C , and AB for the type discovered by Sturli and von Decastello . They were also the first to explain the genetic inheritance of the blood groups . ) Jan Janský , who invented type I , II , III , IV system . Czech serologist Jan Janský independently introduced blood type classification in 1907 in a local journal . He used the Roman numerical I , II , III , and IV ( corresponding to modern O , A , B , and AB ) . Unbeknown to Janský , an American physician William L. Moss devised a slightly different classification using the same numerical ; his I , II , III , and IV corresponding to modern AB , A , B , and O. These two systems created confusion and potential danger in medical practice . Moss 's system was adopted in Britain , France , and US , while Janský 's was preferred in most European countries and some parts of US . To resolve the chaos , the American Association of Immunologists , the Society of American Bacteriologists , and the Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists made a joint recommendation in 1921 that the Jansky classification be adopted based on priority . But it was not followed particularly where Moss 's system had been used . In 1927 , Landsteiner , who had moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York , and as a member of a committee of the National Research Council concerned with blood grouping suggested to substitute Janský 's and Moss 's systems with the letters 0 , A , B , and AB . ( There was another confusion on the use of figure 0 for German null as introduced by Hirszfeld and von Dungern , because others used the letter O for ohne , meaning without or zero ; Landsteiner chose the latter . ) This classification was adopted by the National Research Council and became variously known as the National Research Council classification , the International classification , and most popularly the `` new '' Landsteiner classification . The new system was gradually accepted and by the early 1950s , it was universally followed . The first practical use of blood typing in transfusion was by an American physician Reuben Ottenberg in 1907 . And the large - scale application started during the First World War ( 1914 - 1915 ) when citric acid was developed as blood clot prevention . Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 . Watkins and Morgan , in England , discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars , to be specific , N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type . After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids , Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens . The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin . Later , Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A , B and O epitopes . Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test . Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum . Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A . There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different . Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin . Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site . Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007 , an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A , B , and AB blood into type O . This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells . The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals , and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used . Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations . Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood , which could act as a substitute in emergencies . Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant , giving the AB phenotype . Blood groups are inherited from both parents . The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i , I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another term for antigen . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is , an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens . The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) . The I allele gives type A , I gives type B , and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i , only ii people have type O blood . Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood , and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes , because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance , which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child . A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i , I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens . The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells , which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group . Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O , A , B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A , B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O , A , B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A , B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A , B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A , B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A , B , or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents . Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B . The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance , but some occur more than once . Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O , A , B or AB A , B or AB O or B O , A , B or AB O or B A , B or AB AB A or B A , B or AB A , B or AB A , B or AB Historically , ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing , but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity . Occasionally , the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example , a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations , such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB . Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups , of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ) . A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood , with A2 making up almost all of the rest . These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned , as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen . Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood . With the development of DNA sequencing , it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus , each of which can be categorized as A , B , or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion , but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence . There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles , which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity . People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies , though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature . Cis AB is another rare variant , in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent . Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A , B , O and AB varies across the world according to the population . There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations . In the UK , the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen , Danes , Saxons , Celts , and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population . The two common O alleles , O01 and O02 , share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01 . However , unlike the group A allele , a guanosine base is subsequently deleted . A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation . This variant is found worldwide , and likely predates human migration from Africa . The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele . Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans . From oldest to youngest , these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09 , B101 , O02 and O01 . The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection . Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first . Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial , viral , or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens . The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life . Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus , whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction . Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria , such as E. coli , cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein . However , it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts . Thus , individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens . The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would , then , be a consequence of natural selection on individuals . HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines . Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity , cell adhesion , membrane transportation of molecules , and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands , and enzymes . ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells . Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein , which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ) . In fact , having type O blood predisposes to bleeding , as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group , and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals . In addition , vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) , the same locus as ABO blood type . Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time . The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism , and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group . Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals , non-O group ( A , AB , and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma . Conversely , type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer . The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer . Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O . According to Glass , Holmgren , et al. , those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera , and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections . The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature . ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type , which do not cross the placenta . However , in an O - type mother , IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn . Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells , the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions . Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies , it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia . Furthermore , the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium . In most human carcinomas , including oral carcinoma , a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens . Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development . More recently , a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer . Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci , including the ABO gene , identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events , as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy . The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ) . Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s , connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world . Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively . Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet , claims that group A causes severe hangovers , group O is associated with perfect teeth , and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs . Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent . Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean , Japanese and German populations Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.001 . Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.001 . Korean versus German , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ) . Fukumori et al. , 1996 . Nishimukai et al. , 1996 . Source : Table 2 , Page 333 , Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) . `` ABO blood group system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . 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PMID 25748612 . Jump up ^ American Red Cross , Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ) . `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ) . Blood : the Basics : 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu , Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ) , A Review of Sociocultural , Behavioral , Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology , The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology . Jump up ^ Hobgood , Donna K. ( 2011 ) . `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities '' . Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039 . PMID 21601990 . Jump up ^ Klein , Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Kang , Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) . Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population . Japanese Journal of Human Genetics , 42 ( 2 ) , Page 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 Retrieved July 24 , 2017 , from link to the article . Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group '' . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH ABO blood groups , antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica , ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=854465101 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Transfusion medicine Antigenic determinant Hematopathology Glycoproteins Serology Genes on human chromosome 9 Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 15 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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who figured out a way to determine the type of blood
[ "The ABO blood types were discovered by Karl Landsteiner in 1901, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930. ABO blood types are also present in some other animals such as rodents and apes, including chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas.[4]\n" ]
[ "Karl Landsteiner" ]
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Voting age
Voting age - Wikipedia Voting age Jump to : navigation , search A voting age is a minimum age established by law that a person must attain before they become eligible to vote in a public election . Today , the most common voting age is 18 years ; however , voting ages as low as 16 and as high as 25 exist ( see list below ) . Most countries have set a minimum voting age , often set in their constitution . In a number of countries voting is compulsory for those eligible to vote , while in most it is optional . When the right to vote was being established in democracies , the voting age was generally set at 21 or higher . In the 1970s many countries reduced the voting age to 18 . Debate is ongoing in a number of countries on proposals to reduce the voting age to or below 16 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Debate on lowering voting age to 16 2.1 Austria 2.2 Brazil 2.3 Malta 2.4 United Kingdom 2.4. 1 Scotland 2.5 Crown dependencies 2.6 United States 2.7 Iran 2.8 Switzerland 2.9 New Zealand 2.10 Venezuela 2.11 Australia 2.12 Luxembourg 3 Voting ages around the world 3.1 Alphabetical list of countries 3.1. 1 A 3.1. 2 B 3.1. 3 C 3.1. 4 D 3.1. 5 E 3.1. 6 F 3.1. 7 G 3.1. 8 H 3.1. 9 I 3.1. 10 J 3.1. 11 K 3.1. 12 L 3.1. 13 M 3.1. 14 N 3.1. 15 O 3.1. 16 P 3.1. 17 Q 3.1. 18 R 3.1. 19 S 3.1. 20 T 3.1. 21 U 3.1. 22 V 3.1. 23 W 3.1. 24 Y 3.1. 25 Z 4 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18 5 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16 6 Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age 6.1 Alphabetical list of countries 6.1. 1 Australia 6.1. 2 Austria 6.1. 3 Belgium 6.1. 4 Canada 6.1. 5 Denmark 6.1. 6 Estonia 6.1. 7 France 6.1. 8 Germany 6.1. 9 Greece 6.1. 10 Ireland 6.1. 11 Italy 6.1. 12 Malaysia 6.1. 13 Netherlands 6.1. 14 New Zealand 6.1. 15 Norway 6.1. 16 Portugal 6.1. 17 Romania 6.1. 18 Spain 6.1. 19 Sweden 6.1. 20 United Kingdom 6.1. 21 United States 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Before the Second World War , the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher . Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946 , and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age . Many countries , particularly in Western Europe , reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s , starting with the United Kingdom ( 1970 ) , with the United States ( 26th Amendment ) ( 1971 ) , Canada , Germany ( 1972 ) , Australia ( 1974 ) , France ( 1974 ) and others following soon afterwards . By the end of the 20th century , 18 had become by far the most common voting age . However , a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher . It was argued that 18 - year - old men could be drafted to go to war , and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18 . In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India , Switzerland , Austria and Morocco . Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016 . A dispute is continuing in the Maldives . Debate on lowering voting age to 16 ( edit ) Demonstration in favor of lowering the voting age by members of NYRA Berkeley , California ( 2004 ) Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further , with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16 . The earliest moves came during the 1990s , when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16 . Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction , in 1995 , and four other states did likewise . Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity and arguments for include encouraging interest in politics in young people . During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states , including California , Florida and Alaska , but none was successful . A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada and in the Australian state of New South Wales , but these proposals were not adopted . In May 2009 , Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16 . Austria ( edit ) In 2007 , Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes . The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992 . At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party , but was not adopted . The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000 . Three states had made the reduction by 2003 ( Burgenland , Carinthia and Styria ) , and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth . Salzburg followed suit , and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine . As a consequence of state law , reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland , Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well . After the 2006 election , the winning SPÖ - ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria . The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March , and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May . On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee . During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction , with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it ; indeed , there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea . Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl , or postal vote , and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years . A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18 . The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June , with no party voting against it . The voting age was reduced when the Bill 's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007 . Austria thus became the first member of the European Union , and the first of the developed world democracies , to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes . Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria . More sixteen and seventeen year olds voted than eighteen to twenty - one year olds in Austria . Brazil ( edit ) Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution . The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age . People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote . Malta ( edit ) On 20 November 2013 , Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015 . The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition , social scientists and youth organizations . On Monday 29 January 2018 , the Maltese Parliament will be debating to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections , European Parliament Elections and referenda . On Monday , 5 March 2018 , the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of ammeding the constitution , lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16 , making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16 . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 , with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time , but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum . The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015 . Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote . The Representation of the People ( Equal Franchise ) Act 1928 brought the voting age for women down to 21 . The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999 , when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill . This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons . The Government opposed the amendment , and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36 . The Votes at 16 coalition , a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16 , was launched on 29 January 2003 . At that time a Private Member 's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas , and received a Second Reading on 9 January . In 2004 , the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages , and received a significant response . In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18 . On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136 - 128 ( on a free vote ) against a Private Member 's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams . Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006 . On 27 February 2006 , the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age , and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons , to 16 . On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Gordon Brown , indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education . The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain , in which it proposed the establishment of a `` Youth Citizenship Commission '' . The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age . On launching the Paper in the House of Commons , PM Gordon Brown said : `` Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969 , it is right , as part of that debate , to examine , and hear from young people themselves , whether lowering that age would increase participation . '' The Scottish National Party 's conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16 , as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament . During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons , Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority . Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister 's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties . In April 2015 , Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election . There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016 . Scotland ( edit ) In September 2011 , it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum . This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013 . In June 2015 , the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008 . The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law , when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections , with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4 . Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007 , when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16 . The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour , by 25 votes to 21 , and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September . The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December , and was brought into force on 1 April , in time for the general elections in late 2008 . On 31 October 2007 , a proposal for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey , and approved by the States ' Policy Committee , was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15 . An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December , and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December . It came into force immediately , and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election , 2008 . Alderney and Sark , each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey , have autonomy in deciding the question . Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16 . United States ( edit ) Blue indicates a state that allows 17 - year - olds who will turn 18 on or before election day to vote in caucuses or primaries . Main article : Voting rights in the United States § Young people In the United States , the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War , when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote , and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states . By 1968 , several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years : Alaska and Hawaii 's minimum age was 20 , Kentucky 's was 19 , and Georgia 's was 18 . In 1970 , the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections ; however , not at local and state level . The 26th Amendment ( passed and ratified in 1971 ) set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years , but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age . Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV , XV , XIX and XXVI , voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I , Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution , which respectively state that `` The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States , and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature . '' and `` The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State , elected by the people thereof , for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote . The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures . '' 21 states permit 17 - year - olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day : Alaska , Connecticut , Hawaii , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maine , Maryland , Mississippi , Nebraska , Nevada , New Mexico , North Dakota , North Carolina , Ohio , Oregon , Virginia , Vermont , and Washington . Alaska , Kansas , North Dakota and Washington allow 17 - year - olds to participate in Democrat caucuses , but not in the Republican caucus . Minnesota allows 17 - year - olds to participate in presidential caucuses , but may not vote in primary elections for other offices . New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register , meaning some 17 - year - olds can register to vote in this state . Currently , the Maine Green Independent Party , the state branch of the Green Party of the United States , calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17 . Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts ; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age . In 2013 , the City of Takoma Park , Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16 , for local ( but not general ) elections and referendums . Iran ( edit ) Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15 , but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government . In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase . Switzerland ( edit ) On 6 May 2007 , the Swiss Canton of Glarus reduced the voting age from 18 to 16 for cantonal and local elections . New Zealand ( edit ) The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members ' Bills . When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea , citing an adverse public reaction . The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools . Venezuela ( edit ) A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007 . Cilia Flores , president of the National Assembly , announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable . Following approval in the legislature the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals , and was defeated in the 2007 referendum . Australia ( edit ) A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra , Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated . In 2015 , federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16 . Luxembourg ( edit ) Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18 . A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81 % of voters in a June 2015 referendum . Voting ages around the world ( edit ) Eighteen is the most common voting age , with a small minority of countries differing from this rule . Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor , Greece , Indonesia , North Korea , South Sudan and Sudan . The minimum age is 16 in Argentina , Austria , Brazil , Cuba , Ecuador , Nicaragua and the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey ( three self - governing British Crown Dependencies ) . People aged 16 -- 18 can vote in Bosnia , Serbia and Montenegro if employed . The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations . Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age , whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state , regional or municipal elections . The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See , where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80 . Voting age : 16 17 18 19 20 21 Alphabetical list of countries ( edit ) The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world . Contents A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Afghanistan : 18 Albania : 18 Algeria : 18 American Samoa : 18 Andorra : 18 Angola : 18 Anguilla : 18 Antigua and Barbuda : 18 Argentina : 16 , 16 to 18 and 70 + optional . Armenia : 18 Aruba : 18 Australia : 18 , voting is compulsory Austria : 16 Azerbaijan : 18 Bahamas : 18 Bahrain : 20 Bangladesh : 18 Barbados : 18 Belarus : 18 Belgium : 18 ( compulsory ) Belize : 18 Benin : 18 Bermuda : 18 Bhutan : 18 Bolivia : 18 , universal and compulsory Bosnia and Herzegovina : 18 , 16 if employed Botswana : 18 Brazil : 16 , compulsory for 18 to 70 ; optional for illiterate citizens . British Virgin Islands : 18 Brunei : 18 ( village elections only ) Bulgaria : 18 Burkina Faso : 18 Burundi : 18 Cambodia : 18 Cameroon : 21 Canada : 18 Cape Verde : 18 Cayman Islands : 18 Central African Republic : 18 Chad : 18 Chile : 18 China : 18 Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands : 18 Colombia : 18 Comoros : 18 Democratic Republic of the Congo : 18 Republic of the Congo : 18 Cook Islands : 18 Costa Rica : 18 Côte d'Ivoire : 18 Croatia : 18 Cuba : 16 Curaçao : 18 Cyprus : 18 Czech Republic : 18 Denmark : 18 Djibouti : 18 Dominica : 18 Dominican Republic : 18 , compulsory ; married persons regardless of age ( members of the armed forces and national police can not vote ) East Timor : 17 Ecuador : 16 ; universal , compulsory for literate persons ages 18 -- 65 , optional for other eligible voters Egypt : 18 El Salvador : 18 England : 18 Equatorial Guinea : 18 Eritrea : 18 Estonia : 18 ; 16 for local elections Ethiopia : 17 European Union : 18 Falkland Islands : 18 Faroe Islands : 18 Fiji : 18 , as of 2013 Constitution Finland : 18 France : 18 French Polynesia : 18 Gabon : 18 Gambia : 18 Georgia : 18 Germany : 18 Voting age 16 for state elections : Brandenburg , Bremen , Hamburg and Schleswig - Holstein . Voting age 16 for municipal elections : Baden - Württemberg , Berlin , Brandenburg , Bremen , Hamburg , Mecklenburg - Vorpommern , Lower Saxony , North Rhine - Westphalia , Saxony - Anhalt and Schleswig - Holstein . Ghana : 18 Gibraltar : 18 ; universal , plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more Greece : 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards , was 18 before 3 August 2016 Greenland : 18 Grenada : 18 Guadeloupe : 18 Guam : 18 ; US citizens , but do not vote in US presidential elections Guatemala : 18 ; active - duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day . Guernsey : 16 Guinea : 18 Guinea - Bissau : 18 Guyana : 18 Haiti : 18 Honduras : 18 Hong Kong : direct election 18 years of age ; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years ; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200 - member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings , municipal organizations , and central government bodies Hungary : 18 Iceland : 18 India : 18 Indonesia : 17 ; no threshold for married persons , except for the military and police Iran : 18 ( changed from 15 to 18 in 2007 , returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011 ) Iraq : 18 Ireland : 18 Isle of Man : 16 Israel : 18 ( 17 for municipal elections ) Italy : 18 ( 25 for Senate elections ) J ( edit ) Jamaica : 18 Japan : 18 ( changed from 20 in 2016 ) Jersey : 16 Jordan : 18 Kazakhstan : 18 Kenya : 18 Kiribati : 18 North Korea : 17 ; members of the military have the right to vote , regardless of age South Korea : 19 Kosovo ( disputed ) : 18 Kuwait : 21 for those not in the military or police forces ; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years ; current proposal for reduction to 18 Kyrgyzstan : 18 Laos : 18 Latvia : 18 Lebanon : 21 . Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass . Lesotho : 18 Liberia : 18 Libya : 18 Liechtenstein : 18 Lithuania : 18 Luxembourg : 18 , compulsory until the age of 75 . A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum ( 81 % `` no '' - votes ) Macau : direct election 18 years of age , universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years ; indirect election limited to organizations registered as `` corporate voters '' ( 973 are currently registered ) and a 300 - member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings , municipal organizations , and central government bodies Republic of Macedonia : 18 Madagascar : 18 Malawi : 18 Malaysia : 21 Maldives : 18 Mali : 18 Malta : 16 Marshall Islands : 18 Martinique : 18 Mauritania : 18 Mauritius : 18 Mayotte : 18 Mexico : 18 Federated States of Micronesia : 18 Moldova : 18 Monaco : 18 Mongolia : 18 Montenegro : 18 Montserrat : 18 Morocco : 18 Mozambique : 18 Myanmar ( Burma ) : 18 Namibia : 18 Nauru : 20 Nepal : 18 Netherlands : 18 New Caledonia : 18 New Zealand : 18 Nicaragua : 16 Niger : 18 Nigeria : 18 Niue : 18 Norfolk Island : 18 Northern Mariana Islands : 18 ; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections Norway : 18 ; however , persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held . O ( edit ) Oman : 21 , except for members of the military and police . Pakistan : 18 ; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims Palau : 18 Panama : 18 Papua New Guinea : 18 Paraguay : 18 ; universal and compulsory until the age of 75 Peru : 18 ; universal and compulsory until the age of 70 ; ( members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005 ) Philippines : 18 For youth councils : 18 to 30 ; previously from 15 to 18 . Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age . Pitcairn Islands : 18 ; universal with three years ' residency Poland : 18 Portugal : 18 Puerto Rico : 18 ; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections . Q ( edit ) Qatar : 18 Réunion : 18 Romania : 18 Russia : 18 Rwanda : 18 Saint Helena : 18 Saint Kitts and Nevis : 18 Saint Lucia : 18 Saint Pierre and Miquelon : 18 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines : 18 Samoa : 21 San Marino : 18 São Tomé and Príncipe : 18 Saudi Arabia : 18 Scotland : 16 Senegal : 18 Serbia : 18 Seychelles : 18 Sierra Leone : 18 Singapore : 21 Sint Maarten : 18 Slovakia : 18 Slovenia : 18 Solomon Islands : 21 Somalia : 18 South Africa : 18 South Sudan : 17 Spain : 18 ( 16 only for Catalonia 's 9N Referendum ) Sri Lanka : 18 Sudan : 17 Suriname : 18 Swaziland : 18 Sweden : 18 Switzerland : 18 ( 16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus ( 1 / 26 ) ) Syria : 18 Taiwan ( Republic of China ) : 18 Tajikistan : 18 Tanzania : 18 Thailand : 18 ( being a Thai citizen since birth , or at least 5 years ) Togo : 18 Tokelau : 21 Tonga : 21 Trinidad and Tobago : 18 Tunisia : 18 ( with some exceptions ) Turkey : 18 Turkmenistan : 18 Turks and Caicos Islands : 18 Tuvalu : 18 U ( edit ) Uganda : 18 Ukraine : 18 United Arab Emirates : none but at least 25 ( the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another ) United Kingdom : 18 ( 16 for the Scottish independence referendum , Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections . ) United States : 18 ; however , in many states , persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election . Uruguay : 18 Uzbekistan : 18 V. ( edit ) Vanuatu : 18 Venezuela : 18 Vietnam : 18 Virgin Islands of the United States : 18 ; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections . Wallis and Futuna : 18 Western Sahara : none ( 18 for residents of Moroccan - controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections ) Y ( edit ) Yemen : 18 Z ( edit ) Zambia : 18 Zimbabwe : 18 Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18 ( edit ) The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18 ; unless otherwise indicated , the reduction was from 21 . In some cases the age was lowered decrementally , and so the `` staging points '' are also given . Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved . Turkey : 20 April 1924 ( Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution , reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution . It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women 's suffrage , and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961 , 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995 ) Czechoslovakia : 1946 Poland : 1952 South Africa : 1958 ( white voters only ; Electoral Law Amendment Act , 1958 ) United Kingdom : 1 January 1970 ( Representation of the People Act 1969 ) Canada : 26 June 1970 ( federal elections , amendment to Canada Elections Act ) non-federal elections : Quebec in 1963 , Manitoba on 10 October 1969 , Ontario in 1971 , Nova Scotia in 1973 following reduction to 19 in 1970 and British Columbia in 1992 following reduction to 19 in 1952 Germany : 1970 Netherlands : 1971 ( previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965 ) United States : 1 July 1971 , per the Twenty - sixth Amendment . Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970 , ss. 302 , 305 ( Prior reductions : Georgia in August 1943 , Kentucky in 1955 , Guam in 1954 and American Samoa in 1965 . ) Finland : 1972 ( from 20 ; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968 / 1969 ) Sweden : 1972 ( from 20 ) Ireland : 5 January 1973 ( 4th Amendment of the Constitution ) . Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935 and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 ( Constitution of the Irish Free State ) . The only popular election ( in 1925 ) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30 . ( See also History of the franchise in Ireland . ) Australia : 1973 ( New South Wales was the first state to do so , in 1970 ) France : 5 July 1974 ( Act No. 74 - 631 ) New Zealand : November 1974 ( from 20 ; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969 ) Dominica : 1974 Italy : 1975 ( voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25 ) Trinidad and Tobago : 1976 Denmark : 19 September 1978 ( from 20 ; 53.8 % in referendum ; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953 , 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971 ) Spain : 29 December 1978 ( 1978 Constitution ) Peru : 1979 Constitution Belgium : 1981 India : 28 March 1989 ( 61st Constitution Amendment Act , 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989 ) Switzerland : 1991 ( from 20 ; referendum held on 3 March ) Austria : 1992 ( from 19 ; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970 ) Estonia : 29 July 1992 ( from 22 , according to the 1938 Constitution ; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990 ) Hong Kong : 1995 ( from 21 ) Liechtenstein : 2000 ( from 20 ; LGBl. 2000 No. 55 ) Jordan : July 2001 ( from 19 ; Provisional Election Law No. 34 / 2001 ) Pakistan : 21 August 2002 ( Legal Framework Order , 2002 ) , was 18 under 1973 Constitution , then increased to 21 , then lowered back to 18 . Morocco : 11 December 2002 ( from 20 ) Uzbekistan : July 2012 ( from 25 ) Saudi Arabia : April 2015 ( from 21 ) Japan : June 2016 ( from 20 ) Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16 ( edit ) This is a further list , similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16 ; unless otherwise indicated , the reduction was from 18 . Nicaragua : November 1984 ( from 21 ) Brazil : 5 October 1988 ( Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil , 1988 ) Estonia : 24 February 1990 ( from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution , from 18 during the Soviet occupation ) ; only for the Congress of Estonia , was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution Isle of Man : 11 July 2006 ; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006 Austria : 1 July 2007 ( BGBl . No. 1 / 1930 , as amended ) Guernsey : 19 December 2007 ( Reform ( Guernsey ) ( Amendment ) Law , 2007 ) Jersey : 1 April 2008 ( Public Elections ( Amendment No. 2 ) ( Jersey ) Law 2008 ) Ecuador : 28 September 2008 ( New constitution accepted by referendum ) for general election on 26 March 2009 . Argentina : 1 November 2012 . Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional . Malta : 20 November 2013 . Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015 . Scotland : 18 September 2014 . 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum . This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election . Estonia : 6 May 2015 in local elections only . Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal . Alphabetical list of countries ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Australian Democrats Australian Greens Australian Labor Party Austria ( edit ) The Greens -- The Green Alternative Liberal Forum Social Democratic Party of Austria vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council Belgium ( edit ) Ecolo Groen Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten Canada ( edit ) Communist Party of Canada Green Party of Canada New Democratic Party Parti Québécois voteto16.ca Denmark ( edit ) Social Democrats Socialist People 's Party Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd Estonia ( edit ) Estonian National Youth Council Young Social Democrats France ( edit ) La France Insoumise Germany ( edit ) Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations K.R. Ä. T.Z. Ä . ( demanding abolition of any age - based voting restrictions ) Greece ( edit ) Ecologist Greens Ireland ( edit ) Green Party Labour Party Sinn Féin Socialist Party In 2013 , the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16 . The then government agreed to hold a referendum , but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums . Italy ( edit ) Five Star Movement Malaysia ( edit ) No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy , resulting in public differences of view . Most parties had splits in their members and supporters , taking different sides . Malaysian civil societies ' demands ( to 18 ) Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections ( BERSIH ) ( to 18 ) Democratic Action Party ( to 18 ) National Trust Party ( to 18 ) Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party ( to 18 ) Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia ( to 18 ) Parti Sosialis Malaysia ( to 18 ) People 's Justice Party ( to 18 ) Netherlands ( edit ) GroenLinks New Zealand ( edit ) Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand New Zealand Labour Party Norway ( edit ) Liberal Party Socialist Left Party Portugal ( edit ) Left Bloc LIVRE / Tempo de Avançar Socialist Party Romania ( edit ) National Liberal Party National Union for the Progress of Romania Spain ( edit ) Izquierda Unida Sweden ( edit ) Green Party United Kingdom ( edit ) Green Party of England and Wales Green Party in Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats Liberal Party National Health Action Party Plaid Cymru Scottish Conservative Party Scottish Green Party Scottish National Party Scottish Socialist Party Social Democratic Labour Party Ulster Unionist Party Votes at 16 United States ( edit ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions ( supports full elimination of voting age ) Future Voters of America Green Party of Texas National Youth Rights Association Rock the Vote Socialist Party USA ( to 15 ) FairVote Vermont Libertarian Party See also ( edit ) Adultcentrism Age of candidacy Demeny voting Gerontocracy Mature minor doctrine Suffrage Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lowering the Minimum Voting Age to 18 Years - Pro and Con Arguments '' , Constitutional Revision Study Documents of the Maryland Constitutional Convention Commission , 1968 . Retrieved 5 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Representation of the People Act 1969 Jump up ^ Sanders , Mark ( 2000 ) . Your Right To Vote . United State : Raintree Steck - Vaugh company . ^ Jump up to : `` Lower voting age welcome , but politics remains unappealing '' . Asahi Shimbun . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Moosa , A.S.I. ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` The murderous dictator and the ' Bullet - Ballot ' propaganda '' . Dhivehi Observer . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2007 . Jump up ^ HeveeruOnline `` Committee supports lowering voting age to 18 for referendum Mar 20 , 2007 '' Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 8 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : How old is old enough ? - the minimum age of voting and candidacy in UK elections : consultation paper , July 2003 , UK Electoral Commission , para . 3.6 . 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University of British Columbia . Folkes , Alex ( January 2004 ) . `` The case for votes at 16 '' . Representation . Taylor and Francis . 41 ( 1 ) : 52 -- 56 . doi : 10.1080 / 00344890408523288 . Cowley , Philip ; Denver , David ( January 2004 ) . `` Votes at 16 ? The case against '' . Representation . Taylor and Francis . 41 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 62 . doi : 10.1080 / 00344890408523289 . Melo , Daniela F. ; Stockemer , Daniel ( January 2014 ) . `` Age and political participation in Germany , France and the UK : a comparative analysis '' . Comparative European Politics . Palgrave Macmillan . 12 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 53 . doi : 10.1057 / cep. 2012.31 . Abridged version ( pdf ) . Chan , T.W. & Clayton , M. 2006 , `` Should the Voting Age be Lowered to Sixteen ? Normative and Empirical Considerations '' , Political Studies , vol. 54 , no . 3 , pp. 533 -- 558 . External links ( edit ) Field Listing - Suffrage from the CIA World Factbook A more complete list of voting ages around the world ( in German ) Youth Suffrage Resources Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 23rd 24th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 1 July marches 2014 protests UK Mud March ( 1907 ) Women 's Sunday ( 1908 ) Black Friday ( 1910 ) Great Pilgrimage ( 1913 ) Open Christmas Letter U.S. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Susan B. Anthony Day Women 's Equality Day Eagle House Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. Garnett Popular culture `` The March of the Women '' ( 1910 song ) The Mother of Us All ( 1947 opera ) `` Sister Suffragette '' ( 1964 song ) Shoulder to Shoulder ( 1974 series ) Not for Ourselves Alone ( 1999 documentary ) Iron Jawed Angels ( 2004 film ) Great Petition ( 2008 sculpture ) Selma ( 2014 film ) Suffragette ( 2015 film ) Susan B. Anthony dollar 2020 US ten - dollar bill Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voting_age&oldid=835533532 '' Categories : Electoral restrictions Juvenile law Law - related lists Lists by country Minimum ages Youth rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Ukrainian - language external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Estonian - language external links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2008 All articles needing additional references Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά 한국어 Íslenska Lingála Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Zazaki 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 07 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
to vote an election a person should be above the age of
[ "The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[55] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[56] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that \"The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.\" and \"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.\"[57]" ]
[ "18" ]
5656133043572565130
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
Children 's online Privacy Protection Act - wikipedia Children 's online Privacy Protection Act Not to be confused with the defunct Child Online Protection Act , abbreviated `` COPA '' . `` COPPA '' redirects here . It is not to be confused with COPAA . Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Acronyms ( colloquial ) COPPA Enacted by the 105th United States Congress Effective April 21 , 2000 18 years ago Citations Public law 105 - 277 Legislative history Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal The Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 ( COPPA ) is a United States federal law , located at 15 U.S.C. § § 6501 -- 6506 ( Pub. L. 105 -- 277 , 112 Stat. 2681 - 728 , enacted October 21 , 1998 ) . The act , effective April 21 , 2000 , applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction about children under 13 years of age . It details what a website operator must include in a privacy policy , when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian , and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children 's privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13 . While children under 13 can legally give out personal information with their parents ' permission , many websites -- particularly social media sites -- disallow underage children from using their services altogether due to the cost and work involved in complying with the law . Contents 1 Background 2 Violations 3 Compliance 4 International scope 5 Criticisms 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) In 1990s , the electronic commerce was on its rise , but there have been expressed various concerns about the data collection practices and the impact of Internet commerce on the user privacy - especially children , because very few websites had their own privacy policies . Center of Media Education has petitioned Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) to investigate the data collection and use practices of the KidsCom.com website , and take legal action since the data practices violated Section 5 of FTC Act concerning `` unfair / deceptive practices '' . After FTC has completed the investigation , it issued the `` KidsCom Letter '' - the report that the data collection and use practices were indeed subject to legal action . This resulted in the need to inform parents about the risks of children 's online privacy , as well as to parental consent necessity . This resulted in the drafting of COPPA . The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC ) has the authority to issue regulations and enforce COPPA . Also under the terms of COPPA , the FTC - designated `` safe harbor '' provisioning is designed to encourage increased industry self - regulation . Under this provision , industry groups and others may request Commission approval of self - regulatory guidelines to govern participants ' compliance , such that website operators in Commission - approved programs would first be subject to the disciplinary procedures of the safe harbor program in lieu of FTC enforcement . As of June 2016 , the FTC has approved seven safe harbor programs operated by TRUSTe , ESRB , CARU , PRIVO , Aristotle , Inc. , Samet Privacy ( kidSAFE ) , and the Internet Keep Safe Coalition ( iKeepSafe ) . In September 2011 , the FTC announced proposed revisions to the COPPA rules , the first significant changes to the act since the issuance of the rules in 2000 . The proposed rule changes expanded the definition of what it meant to `` collect '' data from children . The proposed rules presented a data retention and deletion requirement , which mandated that data obtained from children be retained only for the amount of time necessary to achieve the purpose that it was collected for . It also added the requirement that operators ensure that any third parties to whom a child 's information is disclosed have reasonable procedures in place to protect the information . The act applies to websites and online services operated for commercial purposes that are either directed towards children under 13 or have actual knowledge that children under 13 are providing information online . Most recognized non-profit organizations are exempt from most of the requirements of COPPA . However , the Supreme Court ruled that non-profits operated for the benefit of their members ' commercial activities are subject to FTC regulation and consequently COPPA as well . The type of `` verifiable parental consent '' that is required before collecting and using information provided by children under 13 is based upon a `` sliding scale '' set forth in a Federal Trade Commission regulation that takes into account the manner in which the information is being collected and the uses to which the information will be put . Violations ( edit ) The FTC has brought a number of actions against website operators for failure to comply with COPPA requirements , including actions against Girls ' Life , American Pop Corn Company , Lisa Frank , Inc. , Mrs. Fields Cookies , and The Hershey Company . In February 2004 , UMG Recordings , Inc. was fined US $400,000 for COPPA violations in connection with a web site that promoted the then 13 - year - old pop star Lil ' Romeo and hosted child - oriented games and activities , and Bonzi Software , which offered downloads of an animated figure `` BonziBuddy '' that provided shopping advice , jokes , and trivia was fined US $75,000 for COPPA violations . Similarly , the owners of the Xanga website were fined US $ 1 million in 2006 for COPPA violations of repeatedly allowing children under 13 to sign up for the service without getting their parent 's consent . In 2016 , the mobile advertising network , inMobi was fined US $950,000 for tracking all ages of users ( 13 and younger and older ) geo - location unknowingly . The advertising software continuously tracked user location despite privacy preferences on the mobile device . Other websites that were directed towards children and fined due to COPPA include Imbee ( 2008 ) Kidswirl ( 2011 ) , and Skid - e-Kids ( 2011 ) . Compliance ( edit ) In December 2012 , the Federal Trade Commission issued revisions effective July 1 , 2013 , which created additional parental notice and consent requirements , amended definitions , and added other obligations for organizations that ( 1 ) operate a website or online service that is `` directed to children '' under 13 and that collects `` personal information '' from users or ( 2 ) knowingly collects personal information from persons under 13 through a website or online service . After July 1 , 2013 , operators must : Post a clear and comprehensive online privacy policy describing their information practices for personal information collected online from persons under age 13 ; Make reasonable efforts ( taking into account available technology ) to provide direct notice to parents of the operator 's practices with regard to the collection , use , or disclosure of personal information from persons under 13 , including notice of any material change to such practices to which the parents has previously consented ; Obtain verifiable parental consent , with limited exceptions , prior to any collection , use , and / or disclosure of personal information from persons under age 13 ; Provide a reasonable means for a parent to review the personal information collected from their child and to refuse to permit its further use or maintenance ; Establish and maintain reasonable procedures to protect the confidentiality , security , and integrity of the personal information collected from children under age 13 , including by taking reasonable steps to disclose / release such personal information only to parties capable of maintaining its confidentiality and security ; and Retain personal information collected online from a child for only as long as is necessary to fulfill the purpose for which it was collected and delete the information using reasonable measures to protect against its unauthorized access or use . Operators are prohibited from conditioning a child 's participation in an online activity on the child providing more information than is reasonably necessary to participate in that activity . According to a notice issued by the Federal Trade Commission an operator has actual knowledge of a user 's age if the site or service asks for -- and receives -- information from the user that allows it to determine the person 's age . An example cited by the FTC includes , an operator who asks for a date of birth on a site 's registration page has actual knowledge as defined by COPPA if a user responds with a year that suggests they 're under 13 . Another example cited by the FTC that an operator may have actual knowledge based on answers to `` age identifying '' questions like `` What grade are you in ? '' or `` What type of school do you go to ? ( a ) elementary ; ( b ) middle ; ( c ) high school ; ( d ) college . '' A small fee is charged by Microsoft under COPPA as a way to verify parent consent . The fee is donated to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children . Google , however , charges the small fee as a way to verify one 's date of birth . In the changes effective July 1 , 2013 , the definition of an operator was updated to make clear that COPPA covers a child - directed site or service that integrates outside services , such as plug - ins or advertising networks , that collect personal information from its visitors . The definition of a website or online service directed to children is expanded to include plug - ins or ad networks that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information through a child - directed website or online service . Websites and services that target children as a secondary audience may differentiate among users , and are required to provide notice and obtain parental consent only for those users who identify themselves as being younger than 13 . The definition of personal information requiring parental notice and consent before collection now includes `` persistent identifiers '' that can be used to recognize users over time and across different websites or online services . However , no parental notice and consent is required when an operator collects a persistent identifier for the sole purpose of supporting the website or online service 's internal operations . The definition of personal information after July 1 , 2013 , also includes geolocation information , as well as photos , videos , and audio files that contain a child 's image or voice . On November 19 , 2015 , the FTC announced it had approved an additional method for obtaining verifiable parental consent : `` face match to verified photo identification '' ( FMVPI ) . The two - step process allows a parent to submit a government - sanctioned ID for authentication , then submit an impromptu photo via mobile device or web camera , which is then compared to the photo on the ID . International scope ( edit ) While COPPA is an American law , the Federal Trade Commission has made it clear that the requirements of COPPA will apply to foreign - operated web sites if such sites `` are directed to children in the U.S. or knowingly collect information from children in the U.S. '' Since it is US Federal law , it 's applicable only to websites that are run : by websites under U.S. jurisdiction ; by websites which are hosted on servers in the U.S. ; by websites with owners headquartered in U.S. territory ; or by commercial websites available in U.S. market . Criticisms ( edit ) COPPA is controversial and has been criticized as ineffective and potentially unconstitutional by legal experts and mass media since it was drafted . Complaints leveled against the legislation include website owners banning users 12 and under -- which only `` encourages age fraud and allows websites to bypass the burden of obtaining parental consent '' -- and the active suppression of children 's rights to freedom of speech , self - expression , and other First Amendment rights . Delays in obtaining parental consent often result in children moving on to other activities that are less appropriate for their age or pose bigger privacy risk . In addition , age restrictions and the `` parental consent '' process is easy for children to circumvent , and parents generally help them to lie about their age . An Internet Safety Technical Task Force composed of experts from academia and commercial companies found in 2012 that mandatory age verification is not only a poor solution for privacy but also constitutes a violation of privacy . The law has also many safety flaws . For example , it does not protect kids from predatory advertising , it does not prevent kids from accessing pornography or lying about their age , and it does n't ensure a totally safe environment online . Tech journalist Larry Magid , a long - time vocal opponent of the law -- also notes that parents , not the government , hold the bulk of responsibility of protecting children online . COPPA has also been criticized for its potential chilling effect on children 's apps , content , websites and online services . For example , Snapchat released a Snapkidz version of its app in June 2013 , but unlike Snapchat , Snapkidz did n't allow photo sharing at all due to COPPA regulations . Similarly , it has been pointed out that the COPPA Rule was not necessarily about privacy protection but more about `` enforcing the laws . '' COPPA 's penalties ( $40,000 per violation ) can be potentially catastrophic for the small businesses , undermining their business model . While some major corporations have enough money to pay the fine or implement a parental consent mechanism , small businesses often can not afford it . With the rise of virtual education COPPA may inadequately represent the role of administrators , teachers , and the school in protecting student privacy under the assumption of loco parentis . Mark Zuckerberg , co-founder and CEO of Facebook , has expressed opposition to COPPA and stated `` That will be a fight we take on at some point . My philosophy is that for education you need to start at a really , really young age . '' See also ( edit ) Adultism California Online Privacy Protection Act ( OPPA ) effective as of July 1 , 2004 Child Online Protection Act ( COPA ) Child Protection Registry Acts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Complying with COPPA : Frequently Asked Questions '' . FTC Business Center . Federal Trade Commission . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What age should my kids be before I let them use Instagram , Facebook , and other social media services ? '' . Commons Sense Media . Common Sense Media , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bilton , N. ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Letting Your Kids Play in the Social Media Sandbox '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Rochman , B. ( 24 May 2011 ) . `` Should Kids Under 13 Be on Facebook ? '' . Time . Time , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Magid , L.J. ( 24 April 2000 ) . `` New Law Protects Kids Online , but It 's No Substitute for Parenting '' . Los Angeles Times . tronc , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Warmund , J. ( 2001 ) . `` Can COPPA Work ? An Analysis of the Parental Consent Measures in the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act '' . Fordham Intellectual Property , Media , and Entertainment Law Journal . 11 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Staff Sets Forth Principles For Online Information Collection From Children '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 16 July 1997 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , L.M. ( 19 August 2014 ) . `` FTC Approves iKeepSafe 's COPPA Safe Harbor Program '' . Privacy Law Corner . Winston & Strawn LLP . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , L.M. ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` FTC Approves Sixth COPPA Safe Harbor Program '' . Privacy Law Corner . Winston & Strawn LLP . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Will Propose Broader Children 's Online Privacy Safeguards '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC. 22 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC v. California Dental Association , 526 U.S. 756 ( 1999 ) '' . Justia. 24 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Trade Commission ( 3 November 1999 ) . `` 16 CFR Part 312 Children 's Online Privacy Protection Rule ; Final Rule '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . 64 ( 212 ) : 59888 -- 59915 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Announces Settlements with Web Sites That Collected Children 's Personal Data Without Parental Permission '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 19 April 2001 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popcorn Company Settles FTC Privacy Violation Charges '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 14 February 2002 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Web Site Targeting Girls Settles FTC Privacy Charges '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 2 October 2001 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Receives Largest COPPA Civil Penalties to Date in Settlements with Mrs. Fields Cookies and Hershey Foods '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 27 February 2003 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UMG Recordings , Inc. to Pay $400,000 , Bonzi Software , Inc . To Pay $75,000 to Settle COPPA Civil Penalty Charges '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 18 February 2004 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , B. ( 7 September 2006 ) . `` FTC fines Xanga for violating kids ' privacy '' . NBCNews.com . NBCUniversal Media , LLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Advertising Network InMobi Settles FTC Charges It Tracked Hundreds of Millions of Consumers ' Locations Without Permission '' . Federal Trade Commission . 2016 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Imbee.com Settles FTC Charges Social Networking Site for Kids Violated the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ; Settlement Includes $130,000 Civil Penalty '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Engle , M.K. ( 12 July 2011 ) . `` Kidswirl , LLC , FTC File No. 112 - 3034 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Trade Commission . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Operator of Social Networking Website for Kids Settles FTC Charges Site Collected Kids Personal Information Without Parental Consent '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 8 November 2011 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Percival IV , L.C. ; Johnson , E. ( 1 July 2013 ) . `` New Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Rule Now In Effect '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larose , C.J. ; Siripurapu , J.M. ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` Guide to Compliance with the Amended Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Rule '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Larose , C.J. ( 29 June 2013 ) . `` Amended Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) Rule Compliance Deadline Approaching '' . The National Law Review . Ifrah PLLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Children 's Online Privacy Protection Rule : Not Just for Kids ' Sites '' . FTC Business Center . Federal Trade Commission . April 2013 . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does Microsoft charge me when I create an account for my child ? '' . support.microsoft.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` FTC Strengthens Kids ' Privacy , Gives Parents Greater Control Over Their Information By Amending Childrens Online Privacy Protection Rule '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 19 December 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FTC Grants Approval for New COPPA Verifiable Parental Consent Method '' . FTC Press Releases . Federal Trade Commission . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Landy , G.K. ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 18 : Privacy and Use of Personal Data '' . In Mastrobattista , A . The IT / Digital Legal Companion : A Comprehensive Business Guide to Software , IT , Internet , Media and IP Law . Elsevier , Inc. p. 477 . ISBN 9781597492560 . ^ Jump up to : Matecki , L.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Update : COPPA is Ineffective Legislation ! Next Steps for Protecting Youth Privacy Rights in the Social Networking Era '' . Journal of Lawn and Social Policy . 5 ( 2 ) : 7 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Magid , L. ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` Unintended Consequences of FTC 's New COPPA Children 's Online Privacy Rules '' . The Huffington Post . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New Internet Privacy Rules Will Not Protect Kids '' . ^ Jump up to : Magid , L. ( 29 August 2014 ) . `` Magid : Protecting children online needs to allow for their right to free speech '' . The Mercury News . Digital First Media . Archived from the original on 25 March 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , J. ( 23 November 2010 ) . `` Ask CDT : Answers on First Amendment Rights Online '' . CDT Blog . Center for Democracy and Technology . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Puckett , J.M. ( 14 May 2013 ) . `` Insider insights on COPPA '' . Emoderation Blog . Emoderation Limited . Archived from the original on 18 November 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyd , D. ; Hargittai , E. ; Schultz , J. ; Palfrey , J. ( 7 November 2011 ) . `` Why parents help their children lie to Facebook about age : Unintended consequences of the Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act '' . First Monday . 16 ( 11 ) . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griggs , B. ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Parents help kids lie to get on Facebook , study finds '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , N. ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Verifying Ages Online Is a Daunting Task , Even for Experts '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kluver , C. ( 5 July 2013 ) . `` Parental Notification , the FTC and Kids Apps : What 's COPPA all about ? '' . Digital Media Diet . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Chaey , C. ( 24 June 2013 ) . `` Snapchat Debuts SnapKidz , A Sext - Free App For Kids Under 13 '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Kamenetz , A. ( 28 June 2013 ) . `` How the New COPPA Requirements Are Bad for Businesses and Kids '' . Fast Company . Mansueto Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , W. ( 25 September 2012 ) . `` IAB : Proposed Children 's Privacy Rules Undermine Business Model '' . Online Media Daily . MediaPost Communications . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Hostetler , David R ( 2013 ) . `` Children 's privacy in virtual K - 12 education : virtual solutions of the amended Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) rule '' . North Carolina Journal Of Law & Technology . Online Ed 167 . Jump up ^ Lev - Ram , M. ( 20 May 2011 ) . `` Zuckerberg : Kids under 13 should be allowed on Facebook '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act ( COPPA ) of 1998 , via Federal Trade Commission 16 C.F.R. Part 312 , the FTC 's Children 's Online Privacy Protection Rule , via Government Printing Office Six Step Compliance Plan for Your Business via Federal Trade Commission , Business Center Children 's Privacy , via Federal Trade Commission FTC FAQ on COPPA compliance , via Federal Trade Commission Cybertelecom : : COPPA Information on COPPA regulatory developments LCCN : n2011047760 VIAF : 180817956 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Children%27s_Online_Privacy_Protection_Act&oldid=850546763 '' Categories : Acts of the 105th United States Congress 1998 in law Children 's websites Child safety United States federal computing legislation Children 's rights legislation United States federal privacy legislation United States federal communications legislation Internet law in the United States Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français Nederlands Polski Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 12 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
the children's online privacy protection act (1998) is a law designed to protect consumers' right to
[ "The act, effective April 21, 2000, applies to the online collection of personal information by persons or entities under U.S. jurisdiction about children under 13 years of age. It details what a website operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent or guardian, and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online including restrictions on the marketing of those under 13.[1]\n" ]
[ "privacy" ]
-8428264654122525367
List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? top prize winners
List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners - wikipedia List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below is a list of the winners of the top prize for each international versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . This list contains 221 winners . Edition Winner Broadcast date Notes Top prize Man sa yarbah al malyoon Khaled al Mulla 000000002001 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2001 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah al malyoon Mohammad Tanirah 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2002 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah al malyoon Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali 000000002003 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2003 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon Kenaan Matar 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2007 2,000,000 Saudi Riyal Man sa yarbah al malyoon Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh 000000002010 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2010 First SR 1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12 - question format . 1,000,000 Saudi Riyal Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Rob `` Coach '' Fulton 000000002005 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2005 First winner in Australia after six and a half years . A $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Martin Flood 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 Allegations of cheating marred his top prize win , but he was cleared . Also the last winner of the original Australian version . A $1,000,000 Millionaire Hot Seat Edwin Daly 000000002016 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2016 Fifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format . First Australian winner after almost 11 years . A $1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Anton Sutterlüty 000000002001 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2001 10,000,000 Austrian Schillings Die Millionenshow Christiane de Piero 000000002002 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2002 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Sigrid Weiß - Lutz 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Monica Weinzettl 000000002003 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2003 Promi - Ausgabe # 7 . Donated the prize to St. Stephen 's Cathedral € 50,000 Die Millionenshow Karin Huber 000000002003 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2003 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Elfriede ( `` El '' ) Awadalla 000000002005 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2005 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Heide Gondek 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2006 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Philip Aschner 000000002007 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2007 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Marion Eidenhammer 000000002008 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2008 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Stefan Schwaiger 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2009 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Andreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann 000000002011 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2011 Promi - Ausgabe # 23 . € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Thomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 Promi - Ausgabe # 27 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Andrea Spatzek 000000002012 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2012 Promi - Ausgabe # 28 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Sonya Kraus 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 30 . Prize donated to Life Ball € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Peter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler 000000002013 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 31 . Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Stephan Eberharter 000000002013 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 32 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Mathias Stockinger 000000002013 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2013 First non-celebrity winner after 7 years € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Kristina Sprenger 000000002014 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2014 Promi - Ausgabe # 33 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Angelika Kirchschlager 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Julia Cencig 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Dietrich Siegl 000000002015 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 40 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Qui sera millionnaire ? ( French Version ) Katia Savignano 000000002001 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2001 10,000,000 Belgian Franc Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Dutch Version ) Ingrid Vervaeck 000000002000 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2000 20,000,000 Belgian Franc ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Gonzalo Miranda 000000002002 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2002 First and also last winner . 100,000,000 Chilean Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Juan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 First child winner on Colombian Millionaire 210,000,000 Colombian Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Enrique Carlos Castillo 000000002006 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2006 210,000,000 Colombian Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? David Huertas 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2011 300,000,000 Colombian Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Willy Pérez 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 Winner of special 2010 World Cup edition . First and also last winner . 25,000,000 colón Tko želi biti milijunaš ? Mira Bićanić 000000002003 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2003 First and also last winner . 1,000,000 kuna Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Brøndum Laursen 000000002001 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2001 First winner in the Danish version 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Anders and Peter Lund Madsens 000000002002 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2002 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to DCA 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Signe Svendsen and Søren Sko 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2004 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to AIDS Foundation 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 Winners in Special edition `` Me and my best '' 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Claus Højbak and Bertel Haarder 000000002005 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2005 Donated half the prize to a school organization 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Peter Kierkegaard , Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes 000000002007 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2007 Junior edition # 1 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Julie , Ulrik and Sia 000000002007 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2007 Junior edition # 2 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Joachim , Lukkas and Daniel 000000002008 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2008 Junior edition # 3 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Simon Ron Dalsgaard , Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2008 Junior edition # 4 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Mogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik 000000002010 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2010 Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Jon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen 000000002012 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2012 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Charlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society 2,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Bjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær 000000002013 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2013 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Morten Resen and Ellen Nybo 000000002013 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2013 Winners in 25th channel anniversary . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Anders and Peter Lund Madsens 000000002013 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2013 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to DCA , and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002 . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Daniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad 000000002015 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2015 Winners in Dating edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed 000000002016 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2016 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Tommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup 000000002016 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2016 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Maria Fernanda Compte 000000002002 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2002 First and also last winner . US $25,000 Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Frédéric Grégoire 000000002000 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2000 First winner . 4,000,000 French Franc Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Louis 000000002000 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2000 Second winner . 4,000,000 French Franc Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Marie Friedel 000000002004 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2004 Third and last winner . € 1,000,000 Vis Unda 20000 ? Manana Maisuradze 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 20,000 Lari Vis Unda 20000 ? Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 First celebrity winners . Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles . 20,000 Lari Wer wird Millionär ? Eckhard Freise 000000002000 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2000 1,000,000 Deutsche Mark Wer wird Millionär ? Marlene Grabherr 000000002001 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2001 1,000,000 Deutsche Mark Wer wird Millionär ? Gerhard Krammer 000000002002 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2002 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Dr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer 000000002004 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2004 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Stefan Lang 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Timur Hahn 000000002007 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2007 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Oliver Pocher 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 Promi - Special # 16 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Thomas Gottschalk 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 Promi - Special # 17 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Ralf Schnoor 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Barbara Schöneberger 000000002011 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2011 Promi - Special # 22 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Sebastian Langrock 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Thorsten Fischer 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 15 - year anniversary special episode € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Nadja Sidikjar 000000002015 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2015 First winner of Jackpot - Special # 2 € 1,538,450 Wer wird Millionär ? Leon Windscheid 000000002015 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2015 € 1,000,000 Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos Giorgios Georgopoulos 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 First winner . ₯ 50,000,000 Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos Stelios Stergiou 000000002003 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2003 Second and last winner . € 150,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung James Wong and Petrina Fung 000000002001 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2001 Celebrity charity special HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Stephen Chow and Erica Li 000000002001 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2001 Shaolin Soccer charity special HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Chris Chan Hon - Cheung 000000002001 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2001 First of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Cheng Tak - Cheung 000000002003 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2003 Million dollar tournament . HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung ( Pilot Episode ) Ray Fong 000000002018 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 2018 Producer of the Hong Kong Millionaire . He was given all the correct answers before the show . HK $1,000,000 Legyen Ön is milliomos ! Gábor Cserey 000000002006 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2006 First and last winner 40,000,000 Ft Viltu vinna milljón ? Sveinn Valgeirsson 000000002002 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2002 First Winner . 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Viltu vinna milljón ? Paolo Turchi 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 Second Winner . 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Viltu vinna milljón ? Jón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson 000000002004 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2004 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association `` SKB '' 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Kaun Banega Crorepati Harshvardhan Navathe 000000002000 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2000 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Vijay Raul and Arundhati 000000002001 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2001 Winner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Ravi Mohan Saini 000000002001 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2001 Winner of KBC Junior 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Sushil Kumar 000000002011 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2011 First winner of the 13 - question format . And fourth winner after 10 years . 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Sanmjeet Kaur Sahani 000000002013 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2013 Second and last winner of the 13 - question format . 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Achin and Sarthak Narula 000000002014 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2014 Highest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date . First winners of the 14 - question format and last winners of 14 - question format . 70,000,000 Rs. ( 7 crore ) Kannadada Kotyadhipati Hussain Basha 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2013 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Sanooja Rajan 000000002013 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2013 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati Mahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav 000000002014 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2014 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 Celebrity edition 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ke Bani Crorepati Rajesh Singh 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner ? Izhar Nevo 000000002000 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2000 Only winner of the Israeli version . First winner from a country located in the Middle East . 1,000,000 ₪ Chi vuol essere miliardario ? Francesca Cinelli 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 First winner . ₤ 1,000,000,000 Chi vuol essere milionario ? Davide Pavesi 000000002004 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2004 Second winner . € 1,000,000 Chi vuol essere milionario ? Michela De Paoli 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 Third and last winner . She used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million euro . € 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yasuyuki Kunimitsu 000000002000 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2000 First ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yoshiaki Nagata 000000002000 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2000 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Naoko Imao 000000002000 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2000 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hiroshi Hase 000000002000 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2000 Member of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuyuki Nose 000000002001 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2001 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kotaro Kobayashi 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 Kids Edition ¥ 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Katsuhiro Minamigawa 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 Kids Edition ¥ 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hitomi Sakamoto 000000002001 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2001 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Akishi Kikuchi 000000002002 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Michiko Eguchi 000000002002 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Naomi Osada 000000002002 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Shoko Mishima 000000002003 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2003 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Sayu Tanabashi 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Natsumi Kataoka 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Daichi Suzuki 000000002003 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2003 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Tsuyoshi Shinjo 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2004 Professional baseball player ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Jo Kihara 000000002004 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2004 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Takafumi Horie 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 Former CEO of Livedoor ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuko Hosoki 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Masaaki Sakai 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yasuo Tanaka 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 Author and governor of Nagano Prefecture ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kikuchi Tomohisa 000000002005 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Masahiko Hamada 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 Pair players ( mother and daughter ) ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kotaro Koizumi 000000002006 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2006 Japanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yūko Asano 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Junko Nozoe 000000002006 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Keiko Ohi 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Dai Tamesue 000000002006 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Bandō Mitsugorō X 000000002006 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Dewi Sukarno 000000002006 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Misako Konno 000000002007 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2007 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Shōsuke Tanihara 000000002007 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2007 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Sumiko Fuji 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuo Tokumitsu 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Takeshi Kitano 000000002009 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2009 Only person to answer the final question incorrectly once , and later return and win the top prize . ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hikari Ota 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2009 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Mana Ashida 000000002013 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2013 Celebrity Kids Edition . Youngest top - prize winner ( at the time of recording ) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide . ( 8 years and 6 months old ) ¥ 1,000,000 Kto vozmyot million Saule Akhmetova 000000002002 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2002 First woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge 5,000,000 Tenge Kto vozmyot million Irina Stalnaya 000000002003 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2003 Second woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge 5,000,000 Tenge Kto vozmyot million Yevgeny Malischuk 000000002018 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2018 Third winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format 10,000,000 Tenge Gribi būt miljonārs ? Elita Rumpe 000000002002 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2002 First and last winner 10,000 Latvian Lats ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Lucía Sánchez 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 First winner on new format . 3,000,000 Mexican Pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Rafael Lira 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2012 Second and last winner of new format . 1,500,000 Mexican Pesos Lotto Weekend Miljonairs Hans Peters 000000002001 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2001 First and also last winner . NLG 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chimuanya `` Aroma '' Ufodike 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 First and also last winner . ₦ 10,000,000 Vil du bli millionær ? Anne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik 000000002003 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2003 First winners in Norway . 2,000,000 Norwegian Krone Vil du bli millionær ? Bjørn Lien 000000002010 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2010 First winner in the Hot Seat format . And second last winner after 6.5 years . 1,000,000 Norwegian Krone Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sharon Cuneta 000000002010 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2010 Celebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise . Won P1 , 000,000 ( 14th question ) during her first appearance on December 25 , 2001 . 2,000,000 Philippine Pesos Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Karl Jonathan Aguilar 000000002011 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2011 First non-celebrity winner 2,000,000 Philippine Pesos Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr . 000000002013 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2013 First winner under Risk format outside Germany . 2,000,000 Philippine Pesos Milionerzy Krzysztof Wójcik 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 First winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years . Also second winner of the 12 - question format 1,000,000 zł Milionerzy Maria Romanek 000000002018 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2018 Second winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12 - question format and also first female winner . 1,000,000 zł Quem quer ser milionário ? Renata Morgado 000000002000 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2000 First female top - prize winner in the franchise . Also the first ever European and non-English - speaking Millionaire winner . 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? Ana Damásio 000000002000 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2000 Second female top - prize winner in the franchise 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? José Fernandes 000000002001 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2001 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? António Franco 000000002003 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2003 € 250,000 Quem quer ser milionário ? José Maria Souto de Moura 000000002014 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2014 First winner after 11 years and last winner . € 100,000 Vrei să fii miliardar ? Mihai Popa 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 First winner 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu Vrei să fii miliardar ? Tudor Hurezeanu 000000002002 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2002 Second and last winner 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Igor Sazeyev 000000002001 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2001 First winner in Russia 1,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Irina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih 000000002003 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2003 Couples version . 1,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Svetlana Yaroslavtseva 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 First woman who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Timur Budayev 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2010 First man who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Bari Alibasov and Alexander `` Danko '' Fadeev 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2013 First celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Yulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov 000000002017 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2017 Second celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format 3,000,000 Rubles Lepo je biti milijonar Peter Lazar 000000002001 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2001 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Akim Kysselef 000000002002 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Matjaž Tanko 000000002002 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Gorazd Škerbinek 000000002002 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Aleš Jankovič 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 Firefighters edition SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Jaro Leskovsek May 16 , 2004 SIT 15,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Viktor Niko 000000002005 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2005 SIT 15,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? David Paterson 000000002000 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2000 South Africa 's only winner , also the first winner outside the USA . 1,000,000 Rand ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? 50 por 15 Enrique Chicote 000000002000 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2000 Used the phone - a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question , letting her know that he 'd won , and first winner on Spanish version . ₧ 50,000,000 ¿ Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario ? Paco Reverte 000000002012 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2012 Fourth winner in the `` Hot Seat '' format . First winner in Spain in almost twelve years . € 100,000 Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) Apeksha Kumari 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 First winner 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) Moksha Madusanka 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2017 Second and last winner after 4 years . 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee Postkodmiljonären Per Hörberg 000000002006 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2006 First winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Torgny Segerstedt 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2008 Second winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Olle Laurell 000000002009 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2009 Third winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Jan Sundström 000000002010 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2010 Fourth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Mattias Östermann 000000002012 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2012 Fitfh winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Lena Angviken 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2012 Sixth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Birgitta Hedström 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 Seventh winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Alexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 Celebrity Special # 1 . And also Eighth winners . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Ylva Orrmell 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2017 Ninth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Marianne Hiller 000000002018 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2018 Tenth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon Sergey Karabinsky 000000002003 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2003 First winner of the Ukrainian version . 1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon Svyatoslav Vakarchuk 000000002005 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2005 First celebrity contestant . Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine . Second winner after 1.5 years 1,000,000 Hryvnia Milyoner - Garyache Krislo Nadezhda Beldiy 000000002011 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2011 Third top winner in the hot seat format . First and also last winner after 6 years . 1,000,000 Hryvnia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Judith Keppel 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2000 First female winner in the original UK version . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? David Edwards 000000002001 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2001 First male winner in the UK . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Robert Brydges 000000002001 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2001 First contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair . He had one lifeline at the Million pound question . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Pat Gibson 000000002004 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2004 Had two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Ingram Wilcox 000000002006 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2006 Last winner in the original UK version . Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15 - question format in the UK , and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010 . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? John Carpenter 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 First ever top - prize winner in the Millionaire franchise . He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question , when he called his father to tell him he would win the million . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Dan Blonsky 000000002000 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Joe Trela 000000002000 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Bob House 000000002000 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kim Hunt 000000002000 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire David Goodman 000000002000 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2000 First Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline . He used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kevin Olmstead 000000002001 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2001 Biggest winner on the U.S. version , with a $2.18 million jackpot . He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19 , 2013 . Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far . US $2,180,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Bernie Cullen 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ed Toutant 000000002001 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2001 Originally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000 . It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for . US $1,860,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kevin Smith 000000002003 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2003 First male winner of the syndicated series . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Nancy Christy 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 First and so far only female top - prize winner in the United States . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Sam Murray 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Murray did not go all the way to a million the first time , winning $50,000 ; then returned to win the question in the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten . '' He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning . First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise . US $1,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Giovanni Grosso 000000002002 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2002 First ever top - prize winner in South America . 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Antonio Ríos 000000002002 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2002 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Eugenio Vargas 000000002004 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2004 100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Zulay Marcano 000000002006 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2006 200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Luis Olavarrieta 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 Celebrity edition 200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? María Alejandra Requena 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 Celebrity edition 200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Hildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 Celebrity edition weekend trip to Margarita ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Carlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 Celebrity edition weekend trip to Margarita ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Diana Campos Unknown 80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Eduardo Jiménez Unknown 80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Julio Arévaloz Unknown 80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng Unknown Player 000000002011 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2011 Second top winner in the hot seat format . ₫ 120,000,000 Stripped winnings Some players had answered the top prize question correctly , but did not actually win the prize because of ineligibility , legal issues , or elimination from a contest . Edition Name of player Date Notes Koi iska da stane bogat Asen Kisimov 000000002002 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2002 His daughter , Iskra Angelova , worked for Nova TV , which airs the show , a violation of the eligibility requirements , and was forced to return the prize money . Employees of the local broadcaster , production company or distributor , sponsors , and Sony ( which owns the franchise ) are not eligible to participate in the show . As Angelov is the only Bulgarian to answer the final question correctly , no one in this version actually won the top prize . เกม เศรษฐี Lertlak Panchanawaporn 000000002002 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2002 A computer error led the player to being fed all the right answers . The cable feeding the player the answers on the computer screen was supposed to be hooked up to the presenter 's computer . The player had noticed that the right answers were constantly highlighted on her computer screen and won the million this way . The show 's producers took the million away from the player , but she was allowed to play again , but won only 25,000 baht ( answered five questions ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Charles Ingram 000000002003 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2003 He was accused of cheating by using different coughing patterns from fellow contestant Tecwen Whittock while playing the game . He was found guilty of fraud in the 2001 scandal and was stripped of his winnings . The episode was originally scheduled to air September 18 , 2001 but did not actually air until April 21 , 2003 . Was part of the final original episode . References Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120320035328/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203447/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 Jump up ^ الفائز بالمليون الثالث يفكر في الزواج ... أكثر من مرة , أولــــــى 2 ( in Arabic ) . Jump up ^ http://www.rasheed-b.com/2007/08/20/video-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-first-winner-of-2-million-sar/ Jump up ^ `` في حلقة مخصصة للجدات والأجداد من برنامج من سيربح المليون ... محمد حمزة يعود إلى حلب وفي حوزته شيك بمليون ريال سعودي '' ( in Arabic ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Second Aussie ' Millionaire ' winner emerges '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . 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'' Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/quiztool/quiztool-44230.html Jump up ^ https://www.bluewin.ch/de/entertainment/tv/artikel-redaktion1/2014/10/wer-wird-millionaer-tot-erste-millionaerin-arm-gestorben-guenther-jauch-rtl.html Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/quiztool/quiztool-44238.html Jump up ^ http://www.wa.de/hamm/zehn-jahren-gewann-maria-elisabeth-wienstroeer-eine-millionen-euro-wird-millionaer-3443309.html Jump up ^ http://www.t-online.de/unterhaltung/tv/id_71410150/-wer-wird-millionaer-guenther-jauchs-kult-quiz-feiert-15-jaehriges-jubilaeum.html Jump up ^ http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/gallery.kuriose-kandidaten-zum-1000-mal-wer-wird-millionaer-param~11~10~0~13~false.cf69fcf4-e155-465d-aeb7-a57786a26f71.html Jump up ^ http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/fernsehen/promis-bei-jauch-verlierer-und-gewinner-bid-1.569987 Jump up ^ http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/-Thomas-Gottschalk-gewinnt-1-Million-Euro-bei-Wer-wird-Millionaer-80470 Jump up ^ `` Interview mit Jauch - Millionär Ralf Schnoor '' Die Leute sollen mit anständig Kohle heimgehen `` '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/wer-wird-millionaer-schoeneberger-raeumt-die-million-ab-a-765803.html Jump up ^ `` Poker pro wins German version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gastronom aus Hannover ist der neunte Millionen - Gewinner '' . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wer wird Millionär ? 2 . Jackpot - Special '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Wer wird Millionär ? ( 07.12. 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Θέμα : Στέλιος Στεργίου : Πήρε τα 150.000 ευρώ του `` Εκατομμυριούχου '' Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-07-17/50204.html Jump up ^ Video on Youku ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-08-21/54513.html Jump up ^ 台 港澳 新闻 - 港 人 陈汉翔 成 首 名 `` 百 万 富翁 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ 「 百 萬 富翁 」 抬 錢 減 樓 債 ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ https://www.bilibili.com/video/av18778041/?p=1 Jump up ^ `` Főnyeremény volt a negyvenmilliós kérdés az RTL - nek '' ( in Hungarian ) . 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Jump up ^ `` 15 Questions , 10 Million Naira ! Chimuanya ' Aroma ' Ufodike slays ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' '' . Jump up ^ `` TV2 - millionærer holdt tett i 17 uker '' ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Her vinner Bjørn 1 million ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Cuneta wins P2 - M in ' Millionaire ' game show '' . Jump up ^ `` TV5 shows topped Sunday primetime , based on Nielsen Media Research data '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://philnews.ph/2013/10/22/eduardo-pajinag-jr-winner-of-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-2013/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20160821050210/http://deser.gazeta.pl/deser/1,97052,7709861,Milionerzy__pierwszy_MILION_wygral_27_letni_Krzysztof.html Jump up ^ http://plejada.pl/newsy/milionerzy-maria-romanek-wygrala-milion-kim-jest-pytanie-o-milion/bxdd1j Jump up ^ António Franco não gosta de arriscar . Mas foi até ao fim Jump up ^ Vencedor do `` Quem Quer Ser Milionário ? '' causa polémica Jump up ^ http://www.movenoticias.com/2014/02/vencedor-do-quem-quer-ser-milionario-causa-polemica/ Jump up ^ http://www.cmjornal.pt/mais-cm/domingo/detalhe/ele-ganhou-100-mil-euros-no-quem-quer-ser-milionario Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20020215000750/http://www.primatv.ro/shows/?id=13 Jump up ^ http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/al-doilea-miliardar-la-prima-16188.html Jump up ^ Игорь Сазеев выиграл миллион , чтобы найти сына ! ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Миллионеры - победители игры `` Кто хочет стать миллионером '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Photo gallery Jump up ^ < http://www.trud.ru/article/18-04-2010/240383_timur_budaev_o_tom_chto_stal_millionerom_nikomu_ne_skazal.html Jump up ^ http://izvestia.ru/news/361246 Jump up ^ http://www.vokrug.tv/article/show/bari_alibasov_i_danko_natselilis_na_3_milliona_40381/ Jump up ^ http://www.na-nax.com/alibasov/75-2010-06-02-17-36-51/2309-2013-11-14-07-16-16.html Jump up ^ http://www.topnews.ru/news_id_111471.html Jump up ^ https://www.cosmo.ru/stars/news/03-12-2017/yulianna-karaulova-i-timur-solovev-vyigrali-3-milliona-rubley-na-shou/ Jump up ^ https://www.vokrug.tv/article/show/vedushchie_shou_russkii_nindzya_yulianna_karaulova_i_timur_solovev_vyigrali_tri_milliona_rublei_v_programme_kto_hochet_stat_millionerom_63571/ Jump up ^ `` V petek smo dobili novega desetmilijonarja '' ( in Slovenian ) . Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 Jump up ^ Podelili smo novih deset milijonov Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 Jump up ^ Nedeljski `` milijonar '' letos najbolj gledana oddaja na POP tv Jump up ^ `` Jonas drugič kot milijonar '' ( in Slovenian ) . Jump up ^ PE brainbox becomes TV millionaire Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Mercedes . `` ' Gran slam ' reunirá a los mejores concursantes de espacios televisivos '' ( in Spanish ) . El Norte de Castilla . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.20minutos.tv/video/gikAGO67-el-millonario-da-su-premio-de-100000-e Jump up ^ http://lankanstuff.blogspot.co.il/2013/02/apeksha-kumari-gets-2-million-from.html Jump up ^ https://vk.com/video-97638035_456240470 Jump up ^ Per Hörberg klarade slutfrågan -- och vann en miljon Jump up ^ Före detta Piteåbo blev TV - miljonär Jump up ^ http://news.cision.com/se/svenska-postkodlotteriet/i/miljonaren,c62125 Jump up ^ Gävleson blev miljonär i tv - frågelek Jump up ^ Mattias Österman jublar efter miljonvinsten Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/bibliotekarien-lena-62-svarade-till-sig-1-miljon/ Jump up ^ http://www.st.nu/medelpad/sundsvall/15-fragor-gjorde-henne-till-miljonar Jump up ^ http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/tv/article18708653.ab Jump up ^ http://kvinnatillkvinna.se/blog/2014/11/14/en-miljon-till-kvinnors-rattigheter/ Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/noje/ylva-61-vinner-miljonen-i-postkodmiljonaren/ Jump up ^ http://www.na.se/orebro-lan/orebro/marianne-fran-orebro-gick-hela-vagen-i-postkodmiljonaren Jump up ^ Первый украинский телемиллионер Сергей Карабинский : `` после победы мне ломанулись девушки из зала со словами : `` дайте подержаться за миллионера '' Jump up ^ Святослав Вакарчук : `` я никогда не верил , что можно выиграть миллион ! '' Jump up ^ http://www.kreschatic.kiev.ua/ua/2611/art/23536.html Jump up ^ В Украине стало на одного миллионера больше Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1032776.stm Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1289519.stm Jump up ^ `` Coughs ' aided Millionaire win ' '' . Cable News Network LP. 5 March 2003 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/life/516604/Pat-Gibson-TV-quiz-king Jump up ^ https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/exclusive-millionaire-mastermind-641527 ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . 2001 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Daily Finance . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 19 February 2003 ) . `` His final answer : not me '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE ' PULLS OUT ALL THE STOPS FOR NOVEMBER SWEEPS '' . Buena Vista Television . 2004 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091126043733/http://buzzerblog.flashgameshows.com/sam-murray-wins-1000000-on-millionaire-tournament-of-ten ^ Jump up to : `` El público sigue llamando a `` ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? '' '' ( in Spanish ) . eluniversal.com. 2007 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.quepasa.com.ve/cultura-y-farandula/roque-penalver-a-punto-de-ser-el-quinto-gran-millonario/ Jump up ^ http://talentovenezolano.blogspot.co.il/2006/04/zulay-marcano-millonaria-en.html Jump up ^ https://vk.com/videos-97638035?q=2016&z=video-97638035_456241432%2Fclub97638035 Jump up ^ https://vk.com/videos-97638035?q=2016&z=video-97638035_456241432%2Fclub97638035 Jump up ^ https://vk.com/videos-97638035?q=2016&z=video-97638035_456241432%2Fclub97638035 Jump up ^ vi : Ai là triệu phú # Kỉ lục của chương trình Jump up ^ `` 100 - те хиляди на Асен Ангелов ще бъдат дарени '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Jump up ^ Dear Valued Customer : You Are a Loser ... And Over 100 Other Embarrassing and Funny Stories of Technology Gone Mad , Rick Broadhead Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? National variants and hosts Top prize winners Play It ! 50 -- 50 Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Quiz ( play ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_top_prize_winners&oldid=841062277 '' Categories : Lists of award winners Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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1 million dollar winner on who wants to be a millionaire
[ "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n", "\n\nEdition\nWinner\nBroadcast date\nNotes\nTop prize\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Khaled al Mulla[1]\n000000002001-11-21-0000November 21, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Tanirah[2]\n000000002002-03-15-0000March 15, 2002\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Sidi Ahmed Weld Ali[3]\n000000002003-01-02-0000January 2, 2003\n\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon\n Kenaan Matar[4]\n000000002007-05-15-0000May 15, 2007\n\n2,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Man sa yarbah al malyoon\n Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh[5]\n000000002010-03-23-0000March 23, 2010\nFirst SR1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12-question format.\n1,000,000 Saudi Riyal\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRob \"Coach\" Fulton[6]\n000000002005-10-17-0000October 17, 2005\nFirst winner in Australia after six and a half years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nMartin Flood[6]\n000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005\nAllegations of cheating marred his top prize win, but he was cleared. Also the last winner of the original Australian version.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Millionaire Hot Seat\nEdwin Daly[7]\n000000002016-08-29-0000August 29, 2016\nFifth Winner in the Hot Seat Format. First Australian winner after almost 11 years.\nA$1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAnton Sutterlüty[8]\n000000002001-02-19-0000February 19, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Austrian Schillings\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nChristiane de Piero[9]\n000000002002-11-11-0000November 11, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSigrid Weiß-Lutz[10]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMonica Weinzettl[11][12]\n000000002003-10-18-0000October 18, 2003\nPromi-Ausgabe #7. Donated the prize to St. Stephen's Cathedral\n€50,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKarin Huber[13]\n000000002003-11-03-0000November 3, 2003\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nElfriede (\"El\") Awadalla[14]\n000000002005-03-14-0000March 14, 2005\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nHeide Gondek[15]\n000000002006-09-18-0000September 18, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPhilip Aschner[16]\n000000002007-10-20-0000October 20, 2007\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMarion Eidenhammer[17]\n000000002008-06-28-0000June 28, 2008\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStefan Schwaiger[18]\n000000002009-05-23-0000May 23, 2009\nJunior-Special\n€100,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann[19]\n000000002011-10-24-0000October 24, 2011\nPromi-Ausgabe #23.\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nThomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger[20]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #27. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAndrea Spatzek[21]\n000000002012-11-26-0000November 26, 2012\nPromi-Ausgabe #28. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nSonya Kraus[22]\n000000002013-05-13-0000May 13, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #30. Prize donated to Life Ball\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nPeter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler[23]\n000000002013-10-21-0000October 21, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #31. Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nStephan Eberharter[24]\n000000002013-12-02-0000December 2, 2013\nPromi-Ausgabe #32. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nMathias Stockinger[25]\n000000002013-12-09-0000December 9, 2013\nFirst non-celebrity winner after 7 years\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nKristina Sprenger[26]\n000000002014-02-10-0000February 10, 2014\nPromi-Ausgabe #33. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nAngelika Kirchschlager[27]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nJulia Cencig[28]\n000000002015-02-02-0000February 2, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #37. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Die Millionenshow\nDietrich Siegl[29]\n000000002015-11-23-0000November 23, 2015\nPromi-Ausgabe #40. Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel\n€75,000\n\n\n Qui sera millionnaire? (French Version)\nKatia Savignano[30][31]\n000000002001-06-04-0000June 4, 2001\n\n10,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n Wie wordt multimiljonair? (Dutch Version)\nIngrid Vervaeck[32]\n000000002000-10-10-0000October 10, 2000\n\n20,000,000 Belgian Franc\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGonzalo Miranda[33][34]\n000000002002-09-09-0000September 9, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\n100,000,000 Chilean Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJuan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez[35][36][37]\n000000002002-10-28-0000October 28, 2002\nFirst child winner on Colombian Millionaire\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEnrique Carlos Castillo[38]\n000000002006-10-30-0000October 30, 2006\n\n210,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDavid Huertas[39]\n000000002011-10-29-0000October 29, 2011\n\n300,000,000 Colombian Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nWilly Pérez[40][41]\n000000002010-06-29-0000June 29, 2010\nWinner of special 2010 World Cup edition. First and also last winner.\n25,000,000 colón\n\n\n Tko želi biti milijunaš?\nMira Bićanić[42][43]\n000000002003-06-14-0000June 14, 2003\nFirst and also last winner.\n1,000,000 kuna\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Brøndum Laursen[44]\n000000002001-10-08-0000October 8, 2001\nFirst winner in the Danish version\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[45]\n000000002002-09-16-0000September 16, 2002\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSigne Svendsen and Søren Sko[46]\n000000002004-01-01-0000January 1, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to AIDS Foundation\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand[47]\n000000002005-03-21-0000March 21, 2005\nWinners in Special edition \"Me and my best\"\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nClaus Højbak and Bertel Haarder[48]\n000000002005-10-03-0000October 3, 2005\nDonated half the prize to a school organization\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nPeter Kierkegaard, Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes[49][50]\n000000002007-10-15-0000October 15, 2007\nJunior edition #1\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJulie, Ulrik and Sia[51]\n000000002007-11-24-0000November 24, 2007\nJunior edition #2\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJoachim, Lukkas and Daniel[52]\n000000002008-03-15-0000March 15, 2008\nJunior edition #3\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSimon Ron Dalsgaard, Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen[53]\n000000002008-05-09-0000May 9, 2008\nJunior edition #4\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik[54]\n000000002010-10-11-0000October 11, 2010\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nJon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen[55][56]\n000000002012-03-12-0000March 12, 2012\n\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nCharlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer[57]\n000000002012-10-22-0000October 22, 2012\nWinners in celebrity edition. Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society\n2,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nBjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær[58]\n000000002013-04-19-0000April 19, 2013\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nMorten Resen and Ellen Nybo[59]\n000000002013-09-30-0000September 30, 2013\nWinners in 25th channel anniversary.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nAnders and Peter Lund Madsens[60]\n000000002013-10-28-0000October 28, 2013\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to DCA, and they became second millionaires after 16 September 2002.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nDaniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad[61]\n000000002015-03-03-0000March 3, 2015\nWinners in Dating edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nSøren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed[62]\n000000002016-03-06-0000March 6, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n Hvem vil være millionær?\nTommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup[63]\n000000002016-05-08-0000May 8, 2016\nWinners in celebrity edition.\n1,000,000 Danish Krone\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaria Fernanda Compte[64]\n000000002002-11-24-0000November 24, 2002\nFirst and also last winner.\nUS$25,000\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nFrédéric Grégoire[65]\n000000002000-09-30-0000September 30, 2000\nFirst winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nLouis[66]\n000000002000-11-04-0000November 4, 2000\nSecond winner.\n4,000,000 French Franc\n\n\n Qui Veut Gagner des Millions?\nMarie Friedel[67]\n000000002004-08-27-0000August 27, 2004\nThird and last winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\nManana Maisuradze[68]\n000000002002-01-01-00002002\n\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Vis Unda 20000?\n Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova[69]\n000000002011-02-22-0000February 22, 2011\nFirst celebrity winners. Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles.\n20,000 Lari\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nEckhard Freise[70]\n000000002000-12-02-0000December 2, 2000\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nMarlene Grabherr[71]\n000000002001-05-20-0000May 20, 2001\n\n1,000,000 Deutsche Mark\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nGerhard Krammer[72]\n000000002002-10-18-0000October 18, 2002\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nDr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer[73]\n000000002004-03-29-0000March 29, 2004\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nStefan Lang[74]\n000000002006-10-09-0000October 9, 2006\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nTimur Hahn[75]\n000000002007-01-08-0000January 8, 2007\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nOliver Pocher[76]\n000000002008-05-30-0000May 30, 2008\nPromi-Special #16\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThomas Gottschalk[77]\n000000002008-11-20-0000November 20, 2008\nPromi-Special #17\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nRalf Schnoor[78]\n000000002010-11-26-0000November 26, 2010\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nBarbara Schöneberger[79]\n000000002011-05-30-0000May 30, 2011\nPromi-Special #22\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nSebastian Langrock[80]\n000000002013-03-11-0000March 11, 2013\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nThorsten Fischer[81]\n000000002014-10-17-0000October 17, 2014\n15-year anniversary special episode\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nNadja Sidikjar[82]\n000000002015-11-13-0000November 13, 2015\nFirst winner of Jackpot-Special #2\n€1,538,450\n\n\n Wer wird Millionär?\nLeon Windscheid[83]\n000000002015-12-07-0000December 7, 2015\n\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nGiorgios Georgopoulos[84]\n000000002001-10-02-0000October 2, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₯ 50,000,000\n\n\n Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos\nStelios Stergiou[84]\n000000002003-11-21-0000November 21, 2003\nSecond and last winner.\n€150,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nJames Wong and Petrina Fung[85]\n000000002001-07-15-0000July 15, 2001\nCelebrity charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nStephen Chow and Erica Li[86][87]\n000000002001-08-20-0000August 20, 2001\nShaolin Soccer charity special\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nChris Chan Hon-Cheung [88]\n000000002001-11-02-0000November 2, 2001\nFirst of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung\nCheng Tak-Cheung[89]\n000000002003-02-07-0000February 7, 2003\nMillion dollar tournament.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Baak Maan Fu Yung (Pilot Episode)\nRay Fong[90]\n000000002018-01-01-0000January 2018\nProducer of the Hong Kong Millionaire. He was given all the correct answers before the show.\nHK$1,000,000\n\n\n Legyen Ön is milliomos!\nGábor Cserey[91][92]\n000000002006-03-20-0000March 20, 2006\nFirst and last winner\n40,000,000 Ft\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nSveinn Valgeirsson[93][94]\n000000002002-03-24-0000March 24, 2002\nFirst Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nPaolo Turchi[95]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nSecond Winner.\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Viltu vinna milljón?\nJón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson[96]\n000000002004-04-11-0000April 11, 2004\nWinners in charity edition. Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association \"SKB\"\n5,000,000 Icelandic Krona\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nHarshvardhan Navathe[97][98][99][100]\n000000002000-09-18-0000September 18, 2000\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nVijay Raul and Arundhati[101]\n000000002001-05-02-0000May 2, 2001\nWinner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nRavi Mohan Saini[102][103][104]\n000000002001-07-08-0000July 8, 2001\nWinner of KBC Junior\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSushil Kumar[105]\n000000002011-11-02-0000November 2, 2011\nFirst winner of the 13-question format. And fourth winner after 10 years.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nSanmjeet Kaur Sahani[106]\n000000002013-01-12-0000January 12, 2013\nSecond and last winner of the 13-question format.\n50,000,000 Rs. (5 crore)\n\n\n Kaun Banega Crorepati\nAchin and Sarthak Narula[107][108]\n000000002014-10-09-0000October 9, 2014\nHighest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date. First winners of the 14-question format and last winners of 14-question format.\n70,000,000 Rs. (7 crore)\n\n\n Kannadada Kotyadhipati\nHussain Basha[109]\n000000002013-04-29-0000April 29, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran\nSanooja Rajan[110][111]\n000000002013-05-01-0000May 1, 2013\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati\nMahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav[112]\n000000002014-03-17-0000March 17, 2014\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti\nAamir Khan and Kiran Rao[113]\n000000002011-07-08-0000July 8, 2011\nCelebrity edition\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Ke Bani Crorepati\nRajesh Singh[114]\n000000002011-07-27-0000July 27, 2011\n\n10,000,000 Rs. (1 crore)\n\n\n Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner?\nIzhar Nevo[115][116]\n000000002000-08-07-0000August 7, 2000\nOnly winner of the Israeli version. First winner from a country located in the Middle East.\n1,000,000 ₪\n\n\n Chi vuol essere miliardario?\nFrancesca Cinelli[117]\n000000002001-03-18-0000March 18, 2001\nFirst winner.\n₤ 1,000,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nDavide Pavesi[118]\n000000002004-10-17-0000October 17, 2004\nSecond winner.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Chi vuol essere milionario?\nMichela De Paoli[119][120][121]\n000000002011-01-27-0000January 27, 2011\nThird and last winner. She used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million euro.\n€1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuyuki Kunimitsu[122]\n000000002000-07-27-0000July 27, 2000\nFirst ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYoshiaki Nagata[citation needed]\n000000002000-08-10-0000August 10, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaoko Imao[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-02-0000November 2, 2000\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHiroshi Hase[citation needed]\n000000002000-11-23-0000November 23, 2000\nMember of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuyuki Nose[123]\n000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Kobayashi[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKatsuhiro Minamigawa[citation needed]\n000000002001-09-06-0000September 6, 2001\nKids Edition\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHitomi Sakamoto[citation needed]\n000000002001-12-13-0000December 13, 2001\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nAkishi Kikuchi[citation needed]\n000000002002-06-27-0000June 27, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMichiko Eguchi[124]\n000000002002-08-01-0000August 1, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNaomi Osada[citation needed]\n000000002002-11-14-0000November 14, 2002\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShoko Mishima[125]\n000000002003-05-08-0000May 8, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSayu Tanabashi[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nNatsumi Kataoka[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-04-0000September 4, 2003\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDaichi Suzuki[citation needed]\n000000002003-09-18-0000September 18, 2003\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTsuyoshi Shinjo[126]\n000000002004-01-02-0000January 2, 2004\nProfessional baseball player\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJo Kihara[citation needed]\n000000002004-08-26-0000August 26, 2004\nKids Edition\n¥500,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakafumi Horie[127]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\nFormer CEO of Livedoor\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuko Hosoki[citation needed]\n000000002004-12-30-0000December 30, 2004\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasaaki Sakai[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYasuo Tanaka[128]\n000000002005-04-07-0000April 7, 2005\nAuthor and governor of Nagano Prefecture\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKikuchi Tomohisa[citation needed]\n000000002005-04-28-0000April 28, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMasahiko Hamada[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima[citation needed]\n000000002005-05-26-0000May 26, 2005\nPair players (mother and daughter)\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKotaro Koizumi[citation needed]\n000000002006-01-02-0000January 2, 2006\nJapanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nYūko Asano[citation needed]\n000000002006-03-23-0000March 23, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nJunko Nozoe[citation needed]\n000000002006-06-29-0000June 29, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKeiko Ohi[citation needed]\n000000002006-07-27-0000July 27, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDai Tamesue[citation needed]\n000000002006-09-14-0000September 14, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nBandō Mitsugorō X[citation needed]\n000000002006-10-05-0000October 5, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nDewi Sukarno[129]\n000000002006-10-26-0000October 26, 2006\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMisako Konno[citation needed]\n000000002007-02-15-0000February 15, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nShōsuke Tanihara[citation needed]\n000000002007-07-05-0000July 5, 2007\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nSumiko Fuji[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nKazuo Tokumitsu[citation needed]\n000000002008-03-27-0000March 27, 2008\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nTakeshi Kitano[130]\n000000002009-01-30-0000January 30, 2009\nOnly person to answer the final question incorrectly once, and later return and win the top prize.\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nHikari Ota[131]\n000000002009-04-01-0000April 1, 2009\n\n¥10,000,000\n\n\n Quiz $ Millionaire\nMana Ashida[132]\n000000002013-01-02-0000January 2, 2013\nCelebrity Kids Edition. Youngest top-prize winner (at the time of recording) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide. (8 years and 6 months old)\n¥1,000,000\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nSaule Akhmetova[133][134]\n000000002002-04-18-0000April 18, 2002\nFirst woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nIrina Stalnaya[135]\n000000002003-07-24-0000July 24, 2003\nSecond woman who won 5,000,000 Tenge\n5,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Kto vozmyot million\nYevgeny Malischuk[136][137][138]\n000000002018-03-24-0000March 24, 2018\nThird winner and first male winner after 15 years on new format\n10,000,000 Tenge\n\n\n Gribi būt miljonārs?\nElita Rumpe[139][140]\n000000002002-12-18-0000December 18, 2002\nFirst and last winner\n10,000 Latvian Lats\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLucía Sánchez[141][142]\n000000002010-04-22-0000April 22, 2010\nFirst winner on new format.\n3,000,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nRafael Lira[citation needed]\n000000002012-04-21-0000April 21, 2012\nSecond and last winner of new format.\n1,500,000 Mexican Pesos\n\n\n Lotto Weekend Miljonairs\nHans Peters[143]\n000000002001-01-06-0000January 6, 2001\nFirst and also last winner.\nNLG 1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nChimuanya \"Aroma\" Ufodike[144]\n000000002009-09-11-0000September 11, 2009\nFirst and also last winner.\n₦10,000,000\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nAnne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik[145]\n000000002003-03-10-0000March 10, 2003\nFirst winners in Norway.\n2,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Vil du bli millionær?\nBjørn Lien[146]\n000000002010-01-19-0000January 19, 2010\nFirst winner in the Hot Seat format. And second last winner after 6.5 years.\n1,000,000 Norwegian Krone\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nSharon Cuneta[147]\n000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010\nCelebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise. Won P1,000,000 (14th question) during her first appearance on December 25, 2001.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nKarl Jonathan Aguilar[148]\n000000002011-09-18-0000September 18, 2011\nFirst non-celebrity winner\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nEduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr.[149]\n000000002013-10-20-0000October 20, 2013\nFirst winner under Risk format outside Germany.\n2,000,000 Philippine Pesos\n\n\n Milionerzy\nKrzysztof Wójcik[150]\n000000002010-03-28-0000March 28, 2010\nFirst winner in Poland and first winner after 11 years. Also second winner of the 12-question format\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Milionerzy\nMaria Romanek[151]\n000000002018-03-21-0000March 21, 2018\nSecond winner after 7.5 years . Also third winner of the 12-question format and also first female winner.\n1,000,000 zł\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nRenata Morgado[citation needed]\n000000002000-05-01-0000May 2000\nFirst female top-prize winner in the franchise. Also the first ever European and non-English-speaking Millionaire winner.\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAna Damásio[citation needed]\n000000002000-09-01-0000September 2000\nSecond female top-prize winner in the franchise\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Fernandes[citation needed]\n000000002001-04-01-0000April 2001\n\n50,000,000 Portuguese escudos\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nAntónio Franco[152]\n000000002003-12-29-0000December 29, 2003\n\n€250,000\n\n\n Quem quer ser milionário?\nJosé Maria Souto de Moura[153][154][155]\n000000002014-02-07-0000February 7, 2014\nFirst winner after 11 years and last winner.\n€100,000\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nMihai Popa[156]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nFirst winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Vrei să fii miliardar?\nTudor Hurezeanu[157]\n000000002002-04-08-0000April 8, 2002\nSecond and last winner\n1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIgor Sazeyev[158]\n000000002001-03-12-0000March 12, 2001\nFirst winner in Russia\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nIrina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih[159]\n000000002003-01-18-0000January 18, 2003\nCouples version.\n1,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nSvetlana Yaroslavtseva[160]\n000000002006-02-19-0000February 19, 2006\nFirst woman who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nTimur Budayev[161][162]\n000000002010-04-17-0000April 17, 2010\nFirst man who won 3.000.000 Rubles. Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nBari Alibasov and Alexander \"Danko\" Fadeev[163][164]\n000000002013-11-23-0000November 23, 2013\nFirst celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Kto khochet stat' millionerom?\nYulianna Karaulova and Timur Solovyov[165][166][167]\n000000002017-12-02-0000December 2, 2017\nSecond celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format\n3,000,000 Rubles\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nPeter Lazar[168]\n000000002001-10-01-0000October 2001\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAkim Kysselef[169]\n000000002002-04-01-0000April 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nMatjaž Tanko[170]\n000000002002-03-29-0000March 29, 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nGorazd Škerbinek[171]\n000000002002-11-01-0000November 2002\n\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nAleš Jankovič[172]\n000000002003-03-30-0000March 30, 2003\nFirefighters edition\nSIT 10,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nJaro Leskovsek[173]\nMay 16, 2004\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Lepo je biti milijonar\nViktor Niko[citation needed]\n000000002005-07-01-0000July 2005\n\nSIT 15,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Paterson[174]\n000000002000-03-19-0000March 19, 2000\nSouth Africa's only winner, also the first winner outside the USA.\n1,000,000 Rand\n\n\n ¿Quiere ser millonario? 50 por 15\nEnrique Chicote[175]\n000000002000-05-21-0000May 21, 2000\nUsed the phone-a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question, letting her know that he'd won, and first winner on Spanish version.\n₧ 50,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario?\nPaco Reverte[176]\n000000002012-03-15-0000March 15, 2012\nFourth winner in the \"Hot Seat\" format. First winner in Spain in almost twelve years.\n€100,000\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nApeksha Kumari[177]\n000000002013-02-22-0000February 22, 2013\nFirst winner\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi (Sinhalese)\nMoksha Madusanka[178]\n000000002017-07-02-0000July 2, 2017\nSecond and last winner after 4 years.\n2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nPer Hörberg[179]\n000000002006-02-17-0000February 17, 2006\nFirst winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nTorgny Segerstedt[180]\n000000002008-03-01-0000March 1, 2008\nSecond winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nOlle Laurell[181]\n000000002009-12-04-0000December 4, 2009\nThird winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nJan Sundström[182]\n000000002010-12-17-0000December 17, 2010\nFourth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMattias Östermann[183]\n000000002012-03-02-0000March 2, 2012\nFitfh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nLena Angviken[184]\n000000002012-09-29-0000September 29, 2012\nSixth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nBirgitta Hedström[185][186]\n000000002014-04-11-0000April 11, 2014\nSeventh winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nAlexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag[187]\n000000002014-11-15-0000November 15, 2014\nCelebrity Special #1. And also Eighth winners.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nYlva Orrmell[188]\n000000002017-02-18-0000February 18, 2017\nNinth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Postkodmiljonären\nMarianne Hiller[189]\n000000002018-03-02-0000March 2, 2018\nTenth winner.\n1,000,000 Swedish Krona\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSergey Karabinsky[190]\n000000002003-06-06-0000June 6, 2003\nFirst winner of the Ukrainian version.\n1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Khto khoche staty milyonerom? – Pershyi milyon\nSvyatoslav Vakarchuk[191][192]\n000000002005-01-22-0000January 22, 2005\nFirst celebrity contestant. Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine. Second winner after 1.5 years\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Milyoner - Garyache Krislo\nNadezhda Beldiy[193]\n000000002011-08-06-0000August 6, 2011\nThird top winner in the hot seat format. First and also last winner after 6 years.\n1,000,000 Hryvnia\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJudith Keppel[194]\n000000002000-11-20-0000November 20, 2000\nFirst female winner in the original UK version.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nDavid Edwards[195]\n000000002001-04-21-0000April 21, 2001\nFirst male winner in the UK.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nRobert Brydges[196]\n000000002001-09-29-0000September 29, 2001\nFirst contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair. He had one lifeline at the Million pound question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\n Pat Gibson[197]\n000000002004-04-24-0000April 24, 2004\nHad two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nIngram Wilcox[198]\n000000002006-09-23-0000September 23, 2006\nLast winner in the original UK version. Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15-question format in the UK, and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010.\n£1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\nJohn Carpenter[199]\n000000001999-11-19-0000November 19, 1999\nFirst ever top-prize winner in the Millionaire franchise. He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question, when he called his father to tell him he would win the million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDan Blonsky[199]\n000000002000-01-18-0000January 18, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nJoe Trela[199]\n000000002000-03-23-0000March 23, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBob House[199]\n000000002000-06-13-0000June 13, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKim Hunt[199]\n000000002000-07-06-0000July 6, 2000\n\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nDavid Goodman[199]\n000000002000-07-11-0000July 11, 2000\nFirst Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline. He used all three on the last question, just to be sure to win a million.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Olmstead[200]\n000000002001-04-10-0000April 10, 2001\nBiggest winner on the U.S. version, with a $2.18 million jackpot. He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19, 2013. Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far.\nUS$2,180,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nBernie Cullen[201]\n000000002001-04-15-0000April 15, 2001\nHad two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nEd Toutant[202]\n000000002001-09-07-0000September 7, 2001\nOriginally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000. It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for.\nUS$1,860,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nKevin Smith[203]\n000000002003-02-18-0000February 18, 2003\nFirst male winner of the syndicated series.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nNancy Christy[204]\n000000002003-05-09-0000May 9, 2003\nFirst and so far only female top-prize winner in the United States.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n Who Wants to Be a Millionaire\nSam Murray[205]\n000000002009-11-20-0000November 20, 2009\nMurray did not go all the way to a million the first time, winning $50,000; then returned to win the question in the \"Million Dollar Tournament of Ten.\" He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning. First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise.\nUS$1,000,000\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nGiovanni Grosso[206]\n000000002002-03-20-0000March 20, 2002\nFirst ever top-prize winner in South America.\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nAntonio Ríos[207]\n000000002002-05-22-0000May 22, 2002\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEugenio Vargas[206]\n000000002004-12-22-0000December 22, 2004\n\n100,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nZulay Marcano[208]\n000000002006-03-29-0000March 29, 2006\n\n200,000,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nLuis Olavarrieta[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nMaría Alejandra Requena[citation needed]\n000000002008-12-31-0000December 31, 2008\nCelebrity edition\n200,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nHildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nCarlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona[citation needed]\n000000002009-12-24-0000December 24, 2009\nCelebrity edition\nweekend trip to Margarita\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nDiana Campos[209]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nEduardo Jiménez[210]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n ¿Quién quiere ser millonario?\nJulio Arévaloz[211]\nUnknown\n\n80,000 Venezuelan Bolívar\n\n\n Ai là triệu phú - Ghế nóng\nUnknown Player[212][better source needed]\n000000002011-05-24-0000May 24, 2011\nSecond top winner in the hot seat format.\n₫120,000,000\n\n" ]
[ "John Carpenter", "Dan Blonsky", "Joe Trela", "Bob House", "Kim Hunt", "David Goodman", "Bernie Cullen", "Kevin Smith", "Nancy Christy", "Sam Murray" ]
736196887533028309
Wall Drug
Wall Drug - wikipedia Wall Drug Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 43 ° 59 ′ 36 '' N 102 ° 14 ′ 30 '' W  /  43.993231 ° N 102.241795 ° W  / 43.993231 ; - 102.241795 Wall Drug Wall Drug Store , often called simply `` Wall Drug , '' is a tourist attraction located in the town of Wall , South Dakota . It is a shopping mall consisting of a drug store , gift shop , restaurants and various other stores . Unlike a traditional shopping mall , all the stores at Wall Drug operate under a single entity instead of being individually run stores . The New York Times has described Wall Drug as `` a sprawling tourist attraction of international renown ( that ) draws some two million annual visitors to a remote town . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Marketing campaign 3 Today 3.1 Media references 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Wall Drug historic display , including items from Hustead 's early practice The small town drugstore made its first step towards fame when it was purchased by Ted Hustead in 1931 . Hustead was a Nebraska native and pharmacist who was looking for a small town with a Catholic church in which to establish his business . He bought Wall Drug , located in a 231 - person town in what he referred to as `` the middle of nowhere , '' and strove to make a living . Business was very slow until his wife , Dorothy , thought of advertising free ice water to parched travelers heading to the newly opened Mount Rushmore monument 60 miles ( 97 km ) to the west . From that time on business was brisk . Wall Drug grew into a cowboy - themed shopping mall / department store . Wall Drug includes a western art museum , a chapel based on the one found at New Melleray Abbey near Dubuque , Iowa , and an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) apatosaurus ( formerly brontosaurus ) that can be seen right off Interstate 90 . It was designed by Emmet Sullivan who also created the dinosaurs at Dinosaur Park in Rapid City and Dinosaur World in Arkansas . Marketing campaign ( edit ) Wall Drug earns much of its fame from its self - promotion . Billboards advertising the establishment can be seen for hundreds of miles throughout South Dakota and the neighboring states . In addition , many visitors of Wall Drug have erected signs throughout the world announcing the miles to Wall Drug from famous locations . By 1981 Wall Drug was claiming it was giving away 20,000 cups of water per day during the peak tourist season , lasting from Memorial Day until Labor Day , and during the hottest days of the summer . Most of Wall Drug 's advertisement billboards can be found on an approximately 650 - mile - long ( 1,050 km ) stretch of Interstate 90 from Minnesota to Billings , Montana . The signs are created by South Dakota billboard artists , including Dobby Hansen and Barry Knutson of Philip and Mike Kurtz , KurtzSigns.com ( 1 ) formerly of Rapid City . Today ( edit ) The Wall Drug Dinosaur To date , Wall Drug still offers free ice water , but as they have become more popular , they have started to offer free bumper stickers and signs to aid in promotion , and coffee for 5 cents . Some popular free bumper stickers read `` Where the heck is Wall Drug ? '' , `` How many miles to Wall Drug ? '' , and `` Where in the world is Wall Drug ? '' . When the United States Air Force was still operating Minuteman missile silos in the western South Dakota plains , Wall Drug used to offer free coffee and doughnuts to service personnel if they stopped in on their way to or from Ellsworth Air Force Base ( 50 miles ( 80 km ) west on Interstate 90 ) . Ted Hustead died in 1999 . The following day , South Dakota Governor Bill Janklow began his annual State of the State address by commemorating Hustead as `` a guy that figured out that free ice water could turn you into a phenomenal success in the middle of a semi-arid desert way out in the middle of someplace . '' Media references ( edit ) In 1981 , Wall Drug was featured in Time magazine as one of the largest tourist attractions in the north . In his 1989 book The Lost Continent , Bill Bryson wrote , `` It 's an awful place , one of the world 's worst tourist traps , but I loved it and I wo n't have a word said against it . '' The history of Wall Drug was told in a two - episode story arc of the podcast The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd . In 2016 `` Z Nation '' featured wall Drug in season 3 , episode 8 . Gallery ( edit ) The Wall Drug Cowboy Orchestra A typical Wall Drug billboard Sign in Afghanistan Wall Drug sign in Antarctica -- Free Ice Water , 9,333 miles Wall Drug Jackalope , man for size reference See also ( edit ) South of the Border , a similar attraction off Interstate 95 in South Carolina just ' south ' of the North Carolina border Breezewood , Pennsylvania References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Robert McG . Thomas , Jr. , `` Ted Hustead Is Dead at 96 ; Built the Popular Wall Drug '' , The New York Times , January 17 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Zimny , Michael ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` All Roads Lead to Wall Drug '' . South Dakota Magazine . Jump up ^ `` In South Dakota : Buffalo Burgers at Wall Drug '' , TIME , August 13 , 1981 ( pay site ) . Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , The Lost Continent : Travels in Small - Town America ( Random House Digital , 2011 ed . ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67456 - 0 , p. 199 . Excerpts available at Google Books . External links ( edit ) Media related to Wall Drug at Wikimedia Commons www.walldrug.com -- Wall Drug site RoadsideAmerica. com 's Report Wall Drug in postcards -- History site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_Drug&oldid=800111541 '' Categories : Roadside attractions in South Dakota Buildings and structures in Pennington County , South Dakota Pharmacies of the United States Landmarks in South Dakota Restaurants in South Dakota American companies established in 1931 Retail companies established in 1931 1931 establishments in South Dakota Tourist attractions in Pennington County , South Dakota Health care companies based in South Dakota Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 15 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is wall drug located in south dakota
[ "Wall Drug Store, often called simply \"Wall Drug,\" is a tourist attraction located in the town of Wall, South Dakota. It is a shopping mall consisting of a drug store, gift shop, restaurants and various other stores. Unlike a traditional shopping mall, all the stores at Wall Drug operate under a single entity instead of being individually run stores. The New York Times has described Wall Drug as \"a sprawling tourist attraction of international renown [that] draws some two million annual visitors to a remote town.\"[1]" ]
[ "in the town of Wall" ]
-847148627797120052
List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs
List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs - wikipedia List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs Jump to : navigation , search Play media Video showing the space around the nearest stars to the Sun . This list contains all known stars and brown dwarfs at a distance of up to 5 parsecs ( 16.3 light - years ) from the Solar System . In addition to the Solar System , there are another 56 stellar systems currently known lying within this distance . These systems contain a total of 60 hydrogen - fusing stars ( of which 50 are red dwarfs ) , 13 brown dwarfs , and 4 white dwarfs . Despite the relative proximity of these objects to Earth , only nine of them have an apparent magnitude less than 6.5 , which means only about 12 % of these objects can be observed with the naked eye . Besides the Sun , only three are first - magnitude stars : Alpha Centauri , Sirius , and Procyon . All of these objects are located in the Local Bubble , a region within the Orion -- Cygnus Arm of the Milky Way . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 Maps of nearby stars 3 Future and past 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links List ( edit ) Stars visible to the unaided eye have their magnitude shown in light blue below . Brown dwarfs are shown with their designations in brown . White dwarfs are shown with their designation in beige . The classes of the stars and brown dwarfs are shown in the color of their spectral types ( these colors are derived from conventional names for the spectral types and do not represent the star 's observed color ) . Many brown dwarfs are not listed by visual magnitude but are listed by near - IR J band magnitude . Some of the parallax and distance results are preliminary measurements . # Distance Light - years ( ± err ) Designation Stellar class Apparent magnitude ( m or m ) Absolute magnitude ( M or M ) Epoch J2000. 0 Parallax mas ( ± err ) Discovery date Notes and additional references System Star Star # Right ascension Declination 0 Solar System Sun G2V − 26.74 4.85 -- -- -- -- has eight known planets 4.2421 ( 16 ) Alpha Centauri ( Rigil Kentaurus ) Proxima Centauri ( V645 Centauri ) M5. 5Ve 11.09 15.53 14 29 43.0 − 62 ° 40 ′ 46 '' 768.87 ( 029 ) 1915 has one known planet 4.3650 ( 68 ) α Centauri A ( HD 128620 ) G2V 0.01 4.38 14 39 36.5 − 60 ° 50 ′ 02 '' 747.23 ( 117 ) α Centauri B ( HD 128621 ) K1V 1.34 5.71 14 39 35.1 − 60 ° 50 ′ 14 '' 1689 has two suspected planets ( b & c ) 5.9630 ( 109 ) Barnard 's Star ( BD + 04 ° 3561a ) M4. 0Ve 9.53 13.22 17 57 48.5 + 04 ° 41 ′ 36 '' 546.98 ( 1 00 ) 1916 largest known proper motion 6.59 ( 7 ) Luhman 16 ( WISE 1049 − 5319 ) Luhman 16A 5 L8 ± 1 10.7 J 14.2 J 10 49 15.57 − 53 ° 19 ′ 06 '' 495 ( 5 ) 2013 has one suspected planet Luhman 16B 5 T1 ± 2 7.2 ( 6 ) WISE 0855 − 0714 7 Y 08 55 10.83 − 07 ° 14 ′ 42.5 '' 2014 sub-brown dwarf 5 7.7825 ( 390 ) Wolf 359 ( CN Leonis ) 8 M6. 0V 13.44 16.55 10 56 29.2 + 07 ° 00 ′ 53 '' 419.10 ( 210 ) 1919 6 8.2905 ( 148 ) Lalande 21185 ( BD + 36 ° 2147 ) 9 M2. 0V 7.47 10.44 11 03 20.2 + 35 ° 58 ′ 12 '' 393.42 ( 070 ) 1801 has one suspected planet 7 8.5828 ( 289 ) Sirius ( α Canis Majoris ) Sirius A 10 A1V − 1.46 1.42 06 45 08.9 − 16 ° 42 ′ 58 '' 380.02 ( 128 ) brightest star in the night sky Sirius B 10 DA2 8.44 11.34 1844 8 8.7280 ( 631 ) Luyten 726 - 8 Luyten 726 - 8 A ( BL Ceti ) 12 M5. 5Ve 12.54 15.40 01 39 01.3 − 17 ° 57 ′ 01 '' 373.70 ( 270 ) 1949 Luyten 726 - 8 B ( UV Ceti ) 12 M6. 0Ve 12.99 15.85 9 9.6813 ( 512 ) Ross 154 ( V1216 Sagittarii ) 14 M3. 5Ve 10.43 13.07 18 49 49.4 − 23 ° 50 ′ 10 '' 336.90 ( 178 ) 1925 10 10.322 ( 36 ) Ross 248 ( HH Andromedae ) 15 M5. 5Ve 12.29 14.79 23 41 54.7 + 44 ° 10 ′ 30 '' 316.00 ( 110 ) 1925 11 10.522 ( 27 ) Epsilon Eridani ( BD − 09 ° 697 ) 16 K2V 3.73 6.19 03 32 55.8 − 09 ° 27 ′ 30 '' 309.99 ( 079 ) 150 at least one planet 12 10.742 ( 31 ) Lacaille 9352 ( CD − 36 ° 15693 ) 17 M0. 5V 7.34 9.75 23 05 52.0 − 35 ° 51 ′ 11 '' 303.64 ( 087 ) 1753 13 10.919 ( 49 ) Ross 128 ( FI Virginis ) 18 M4. 0Vn 11.13 13.51 11 47 44.4 + 00 ° 48 ′ 16 '' 298.72 ( 135 ) 1925 has one known planet 14 11.089 WISE 1506 + 7027 19 T6 14.3 J 16.6 J 15 06 49.9 + 70 ° 27 ′ 36 '' 310 ( 042 ) 2011 15 11.266 ( 171 ) EZ Aquarii ( Gliese 866 , Luyten 789 - 6 ) EZ Aquarii A 20 M5. 0Ve 13.33 15.64 22 38 33.4 − 15 ° 17 ′ 57 '' 289.50 ( 440 ) 1937 EZ Aquarii B 20 M ? 13.27 15.58 - EZ Aquarii C 20 M ? 14.03 16.34 1995 16 11.402 ( 32 ) Procyon ( α Canis Minoris ) Procyon A 23 F5V -- IV 0.38 2.66 07 39 18.1 + 05 ° 13 ′ 30 '' 286.05 ( 081 ) Procyon B 23 DQZ 10.70 12.98 1844 17 11.403 ( 22 ) 61 Cygni 61 Cygni A ( BD + 38 ° 4343 ) 25 K5. 0V 5.21 7.49 21 06 53.9 + 38 ° 44 ′ 58 '' 286.04 ( 056 ) 1725 first star ( other than the Sun ) to have its distance measured 61 Cygni B ( BD + 38 ° 4344 ) 25 K7. 0V 6.03 8.31 21 06 55.3 + 38 ° 44 ′ 31 '' - 18 11.525 ( 69 ) Struve 2398 ( Gliese 725 , BD + 59 ° 1915 ) Struve 2398 A ( HD 173739 ) 27 M3. 0V 8.90 11.16 18 42 46.7 + 59 ° 37 ′ 49 '' 283.00 ( 169 ) 1835 Struve 2398 B ( HD 173740 ) 27 M3. 5V 9.69 11.95 18 42 46.9 + 59 ° 37 ′ 37 '' 1835 19 11.624 ( 39 ) Groombridge 34 ( Gliese 15 ) Groombridge 34 A ( GX Andromedae ) 29 M1. 5V 8.08 10.32 0 18 22.9 + 44 ° 01 ′ 23 '' 280.59 ( 095 ) 1813 has one planet Groombridge 34 B ( GQ Andromedae ) 29 M3. 5V 11.06 13.30 - 20 11.824 ( 30 ) Epsilon Indi ( CPD − 57 ° 10015 ) Epsilon Indi A 31 K5Ve 4.69 6.89 22 03 21.7 − 56 ° 47 ′ 10 '' 275.84 ( 069 ) 1597 one suspected planet Epsilon Indi Ba 31 T1. 0V 12.3 J 22 04 10.5 − 56 ° 46 ′ 58 '' 2003 Epsilon Indi Bb 31 T6. 0V 13.2 J 2003 21 11.826 ( 129 ) DX Cancri ( G 51 - 15 ) 34 M6. 5Ve 14.78 16.98 08 29 49.5 + 26 ° 46 ′ 37 '' 275.80 ( 300 ) 1972 22 11.887 ( 33 ) Tau Ceti ( BD − 16 ° 295 ) 35 G8Vp 3.49 5.68 01 44 04.1 − 15 ° 56 ′ 15 '' 274.39 ( 076 ) 150 possibly five planets 23 11.991 ( 57 ) GJ 1061 ( LHS 1565 ) 36 M5. 5V 13.09 15.26 03 35 59.7 − 44 ° 30 ′ 45 '' 272.01 ( 130 ) 1995 24 12.068 WISE 0350 − 5658 37 Y1 22.8 J 03 50 00.32 − 56 ° 58 ′ 30.2 '' 291 ( 050 ) 2011 25 12.132 ( 133 ) YZ Ceti ( LHS 138 ) 38 M4. 5V 12.02 14.17 01 12 30.6 − 16 ° 59 ′ 56 '' 268.84 ( 295 ) 1961 has three known planets 26 12.366 ( 59 ) Luyten 's Star ( BD + 05 ° 1668 ) 39 M3. 5Vn 9.86 11.97 07 27 24.5 + 05 ° 13 ′ 33 '' 263.76 ( 125 ) 1935 has two known planets 27 12.514 ( 129 ) Teegarden 's star ( SO025300. 5 + 165258 ) 40 M6. 5V 15.14 17.22 02 53 00.9 + 16 ° 52 ′ 53 '' 260.63 ( 269 ) 2003 possible planetary system 28 12.571 ( 54 ) SCR 1845 - 6357 SCR 1845 - 6357 A 41 M8. 5V 17.39 19.41 18 45 05.3 − 63 ° 57 ′ 48 '' 259.45 ( 111 ) SCR 1845 - 6357 B 41 T6 13.3 J 18 45 02.6 − 63 ° 57 ′ 52 '' 2006 29 12.777 ( 43 ) Kapteyn 's Star ( CD − 45 ° 1841 ) 43 M1. 5V 8.84 10.87 05 11 40.6 − 45 ° 01 ′ 06 '' 255.27 ( 086 ) 1898 has two known planets 30 12.870 ( 57 ) Lacaille 8760 ( AX Microscopii ) 44 M0. 0V 6.67 8.69 21 17 15.3 − 38 ° 52 ′ 03 '' 253.43 ( 112 ) 1753 31 13.0 + 6.0 − 3.1 WISE 0535 − 7500 45 ≥ Y1 > 21.1 J 05 35 16.8 − 75 ° 00 ′ 24.9 '' 250 2012 32 13.149 ( 74 ) Kruger 60 ( BD + 56 ° 2783 ) Kruger 60 A 46 M3. 0V 9.79 11.76 22 27 59.5 + 57 ° 41 ′ 45 '' 248.06 ( 139 ) 1880 Kruger 60 B ( DO Cephei ) 46 M4. 0V 11.41 13.38 1890 ? 33 13.167 ( 82 ) DEN 1048 - 3956 48 M8. 5V 17.39 19.37 10 48 14.7 − 39 ° 56 ′ 06 '' 247.71 ( 155 ) 34 13.259 UGPS 0722 - 05 49 T9 16.52 J 07 22 27.3 -- 05 ° 40 ′ 30 '' 246 35 13.349 ( 110 ) Ross 614 ( V577 Monocerotis , Gliese 234 ) Ross 614A ( LHS 1849 ) 50 M4. 5V 11.15 13.09 06 29 23.4 − 02 ° 48 ′ 50 '' 244.34 ( 201 ) 1927 Ross 614B ( LHS 1850 ) 50 M5. 5V 14.23 16.17 1936 36 13.820 ( 98 ) Wolf 1061 ( Gliese 628 , BD − 12 ° 4523 ) 52 M3. 0V 10.07 11.93 16 30 18.1 − 12 ° 39 ′ 45 '' 236.01 ( 167 ) 1919 potentially three planets , second out in habitable zone 37 14.066 ( 109 ) Van Maanen 's star ( Gliese 35 , LHS 7 ) 53 DZ7 12.38 14.21 00 49 09.9 + 05 ° 23 ′ 19 '' 231.88 ( 179 ) 1896 38 14.231 ( 66 ) Gliese 1 ( CD − 37 ° 15492 ) 54 M1. 5 V 8.55 10.35 00 05 24.4 − 37 ° 21 ′ 27 '' 229.20 ( 107 ) 1884 39 14.312 ( 289 ) Wolf 424 ( FL Virginis , LHS 333 , Gliese 473 ) Wolf 424 A 55 M5. 5Ve 13.18 14.97 12 33 17.2 + 09 ° 01 ′ 15 '' 227.90 ( 460 ) Wolf 424 B 55 M7Ve 13.17 14.96 40 14.4 2MASS J154043. 42 - 510135.7 57 M7V 15.26 17.04 15 40 43.42 − 51 ° 01 ′ 35.7 '' 228 ( 024 ) 2014 41 14.509 ( 187 ) L 1159 - 16 ( TZ Arietis , Gliese 83.1 ) 58 M4. 5V 12.27 14.03 02 00 13.2 + 13 ° 03 ′ 08 '' 224.80 ( 290 ) 42 14.793 ( 55 ) Gliese 687 ( LHS 450 , BD + 68 ° 946 ) 59 M3. 0V 9.17 10.89 17 36 25.9 + 68 ° 20 ′ 21 '' 220.49 ( 082 ) has one known planet 43 14.805 ( 242 ) LHS 292 ( LP 731 - 58 ) 60 M6. 5V 15.60 17.32 10 48 12.6 − 11 ° 20 ′ 14 '' 220.30 ( 360 ) 44 14.809 ( 107 ) Gliese 674 ( LHS 449 ) 61 M3. 0V 9.38 11.09 17 28 39.9 − 46 ° 53 ′ 43 '' 220.25 ( 159 ) has one known planet 45 14.812 ( 67 ) G 208 - 44 G 208 - 45 ( GJ 1245 ) G 208 - 44 A ( V1581 Cyg ) 62 M5. 5V 13.46 15.17 19 53 54.2 + 44 ° 24 ′ 55 '' 220.20 ( 100 ) G 208 - 45 62 M6. 0V 14.01 15.72 19 53 55.2 + 44 ° 24 ′ 56 '' G 208 - 44 B 62 M5. 5 16.75 18.46 19 53 54.2 + 44 ° 24 ′ 55 '' 46 15.060 ( 140 ) LP 145 - 141 ( WD 1142 - 645 , Gliese 440 ) 65 DQ6 11.50 13.18 11 45 42.9 − 64 ° 50 ′ 29 '' 216.57 ( 201 ) 47 15.313 ( 259 ) GJ 1002 66 M5. 5V 13.76 15.40 00 06 43.8 − 07 ° 32 ′ 22 '' 213.00 ( 360 ) 48 15.342 ( 141 ) Gliese 876 ( Ross 780 ) 67 M3. 5V 10.17 11.81 22 53 16.7 − 14 ° 15 ′ 49 '' 212.59 ( 196 ) has four known planets 49 15.610 ( 204 ) LHS 288 ( Luyten 143 - 23 ) 68 M5. 5V 13.90 15.51 10 44 21.2 − 61 ° 12 ′ 36 '' 208.95 ( 273 ) 50 15.832 ( 83 ) Gliese 412 Gliese 412 A 69 M1. 0V 8.77 10.34 11 05 28.6 + 43 ° 31 ′ 36 '' 206.02 ( 108 ) Gliese 412 B ( WX Ursae Majoris ) 69 M5. 5V 14.48 16.05 11 05 30.4 + 43 ° 31 ′ 18 '' 51 15.848 ( 52 ) Groombridge 1618 ( Gliese 380 ) 71 K7. 0V 6.59 8.16 10 11 22.1 + 49 ° 27 ′ 15 '' 205.81 ( 067 ) 52 15.942 ( 218 ) AD Leonis 72 M3. 0V 9.32 10.87 10 19 36.4 + 19 ° 52 ′ 10 '' 204.60 ( 280 ) 53 16.067 DENIS J081730. 0 - 615520 73 T6 13.6 08 17 30.1 − 61 ° 55 ′ 16 '' 203 54 16.085 ( 105 ) Gliese 832 74 M1. 5 V 8.66 10.20 21 33 34.0 − 49 ° 00 ′ 32 '' 202.78 ( 132 ) has two known planets 55 16.197 ( 313 ) DEN 0255 - 4700 75 L7. 5V 22.92 24.44 02 55 03.7 − 47 ° 00 ′ 52 '' 201.37 ( 389 ) 1999 ? 56 16.265 ( 765 ) GJ 1005 GJ 1005 A 76 M4V 11.48 00 15 28.11 − 16 ° 08 ′ 01.6 '' 200.53 ( 941 ) GJ 1005 B 76 ? ? ? # Distance Light - years ( ± err ) System Star Star # Stellar class Apparent magnitude ( m or m ) Absolute magnitude ( M or M ) Right ascension Declination Parallax mas ( ± err ) Discovery date Additional references Designation Epoch J2000. 0 Maps of Nearby stars ( edit ) This map shows all of the star systems within 14 light - years of the Sun ( shown as Sol ) , except for brown dwarfs discovered after 2009 . Double and triple stars are shown `` stacked '' , but the true location is the star closest to the central plane . Color corresponds to the table above . This is a 3D map of the nearest stars using the coordinates listed above . The stars in the front have a right ascension of 18h . An animated version is available here . 3D red green glasses are recommended to view this image correctly . The locations of the four star systems closest to the Sun . Two , a brown dwarf and a free planet were found by the WISE satellite . The year when the distance to each system was determined is listed after the system 's name . Future and past ( edit ) Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future Backwards extrapolation of the motion of Gamma Microscopii has shown that approximately 3.8 million years ago , it was only around 6 light - years from the Sun . Because it is a yellow giant , it would then have had an apparent magnitude of − 3 , brighter than Sirius currently is . It is estimated that Scholz 's star and its companion brown dwarf passed about 52,000 astronomical units ( 0.25 parsecs ; 0.82 light - years ) from the Sun about 70,000 years ago . Ross 248 , currently at a distance of 10.3 light - years , has a radial velocity of − 81 km / s . In about 31,000 years it may be the closest star to the Sun for several millennia , with a minimum distance of 0.927 parsecs ( 3.02 light - years ) in 36,000 years . Gliese 445 , currently at a distance of 17.6 light - years , has a radial velocity of − 119 km / s . In about 40,000 years it will be the closest star for a period of several thousand years . Gliese 710 is currently about 63.8 light - years ( 19.6 parsecs ) from Earth , but its proper motion , distance , and radial velocity indicate that it will approach within a very small distance -- perhaps under one light year -- from the Sun within 1.4 million years , based on past and current Hipparcos data . At closest approach it will be a first - magnitude star about as bright as Antares . The proper motion of Gliese 710 is very small for its distance , meaning it is traveling nearly directly in our line of sight . In a time interval of ± 10 million years from the present , Gliese 710 is the star whose combination of mass and close approach distance will cause the greatest gravitational perturbation of the Solar System . HIP 85605 's spectral type and trajectory are not fully understood . More - accurate astrometry is required to determine the distance to the star , and thus if it will pass close to the Sun . It was estimated in 2014 that HIP 85605 could approach to about 0.13 to 0.65 light - years ( 0.04 to 0.2 pc ) from the Sun within 240,000 to 470,000 years . Known Hipparcos stars that have passed or will pass within 5.1 light - years of the Sun within ± 2 million years : Star name HIP # Minimum distance in light - years ( parsecs ) Approach date in kiloyears Current distance in light - years ( parsecs ) Stellar classification Mass in M Current apparent magnitude Constellation Right ascension Declination Gliese 710 89825 0.14 -- 0.27 ly ( 0.043 -- 0.083 pc ) 1340 ! 1320 - 1390 062.3 ! 62.3 ( 19.1 ) K7V 0.4 -- 0.6 09.6 ! 9.6 Serpens 18 19 50.843 − 01 ° 56 ′ 18.98 '' Scholz 's star and companion brown dwarf 0.59 -- 1.17 ly ( 0.18 -- 0.36 pc ) 0.1 ! -- 70 020 ! 20 ( 6 ) M9 + T5 0.15 18.3 ! 18.3 Monoceros 07 20 03.20 − 08 ° 46 ′ 51.2 '' HIP 85605 85605 0.13 -- 0.65 ly ( 0.04 -- 0.2 pc ) ( ? ) 0355 ! 240 -- 470 022.2 ! 22.2 ( 6.8 ) ? K or M 0.4 ! unknown 11.03 ! 11.03 Hercules 17 29 36.24527 24 ° 39 ′ 14.1204 '' Gamma Microscopii 103738 0.35 -- 1.34 ly ( 0.11 -- 0.41 pc ) 0.0001 ! − 3800 229 ! 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 ± 4 ( 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 ± 1 ) G6III 2.5 04.68 ! 4.68 Microscopium 21 01 17.46047 − 32 ° 15 ′ 27.9574 '' Proxima Centauri 70890 2.90 ( 0.890 ) 0027.4 ! 27.4 004.24 ! 4.24 ( 1.29 ) M5Ve 0.15 11.05 ! 11.05 Centaurus 14 29 42.949 − 62 ° 40 ′ 46.14 '' Alpha Centauri A 71683 2.97 ( 0.910 ) 0028.4 ! 28.4 004.36 ! 4.36 ( 1.338 ) G2V 1.100 - 00.01 ! − 0.01 Centaurus 14 39 36.495 − 60 ° 50 ′ 02.31 '' Alpha Centauri B 71681 2.97 ( 0.910 ) 0028.4 ! 28.4 004.36 ! 4.36 ( 1.338 ) K1V 0.907 01.33 ! 1.33 Centaurus 14 39 35.080 − 60 ° 50 ′ 13.76 '' AC + 79 3888 57544 3.45 ( 1.059 ) 0046.0 ! 46.0 017.6 ! 17.6 ( 5.39 ) M4 0.15 ? 10.8 ! 10.8 Camelopardalis 11 47 41.377 + 78 ° 41 ′ 28.18 '' Barnard 's Star 87937 3.74 ( 1.148 ) 0009.8 ! 9.8 005.98 ! 5.98 ( 1.834 ) sdM4 0.144 09.54 ! 9.54 Ophiuchus 17 57 48.498 + 04 ° 41 ′ 36.25 '' Zeta Leporis 27288 4.16 ( 1.275 ) 0.001 ! − 861 070.2 ! 70.2 ( 21.5 ) A2Vann 2.0 03.55 ! 3.55 Lepus 05 46 57.341 − 14 ° 49 ′ 19.02 '' Lalande 21185 54035 4.65 ( 1.426 ) 0020.5 ! 20.5 008.32 ! 8.32 ( 2.55 ) M2V 0.39 07.52 ! 7.52 Ursa Major 11 03 20.194 + 35 ° 58 ′ 11.55 '' Gliese 208 26335 5.01 ( 1.537 ) 0.01 ! − 500 037.1 ! 37.1 ( 11.38 ) K7 0.47 08.9 ! 8.9 Orion 05 36 30.991 + 11 ° 19 ′ 40.32 '' The distance to HIP 85605 was probably underestimated by a factor of ten due to it being an optical double that is particularly problematic in the Hipparcos data reduction . See also ( edit ) Book : The Nearest Stars Interstellar travel List of brightest stars List of star systems within 20 -- 25 light - years List of star systems within 25 -- 30 light - years List of nearest bright stars List of nearest exoplanets List of nearest galaxies Lists of stars Nearby Stars Database Stars and planetary systems in fiction The Magnificent Seven List of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion List of trans - Neptunian objects Star portal Astronomy portal Solar System portal Space portal Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Parallaxes given by RECONS are a weighted mean of values in the sources given , as well as measurements by the RECONS program . Jump up ^ Before 1900 : earliest certain recorded observation . 1900 -- 1930 : first catalogued . After 1930 : earliest trigonometric or spectroscopic parallax . ^ Jump up to : Systems with their first accurate trigonometric parallaxes measured by RECONS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. ( 1947 ) . `` The Visibility of Stars Without Optical Aid '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 59 ( 350 ) : 232 -- 243 . Bibcode : 1947PASP ... 59 ... 232W . doi : 10.1086 / 125956 . ^ Jump up to : `` The One Hundred Nearest Star Systems '' . Research Consortium on Nearby Stars ( RECONS ) . Georgia State University . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : From parallax . ^ Jump up to : General Catalogue of Trigonometric Parallaxes . ^ Jump up to : Hipparcos Catalogue . ^ Jump up to : Visual binary orbits and masses post Hipparcos , Staffan Söderhjelm , Astronomy and Astrophysics 341 ( January 1999 ) , pp. 121 -- 140 . Jump up ^ `` The exoplanet next door : Earth - sized world discovered in nearby α Centauri star system '' . Eric Hand , Nature , October 16 , 2012 . Accessed October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnard , E.E. ( 1916 ) . `` A small star with large proper motion '' . Astronomical Journal . 29 ( 695 ) : 181 . Bibcode : 1916AJ ... 29 ... 181B . doi : 10.1086 / 104156 . ^ Jump up to : Luhman , K.L. `` Discovery of a Binary Brown Dwarf at 2 Parsecs from the Sun '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 767 : L1 . arXiv : 1303.2401 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 767L ... 1L . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 767 / 1 / L1 . Jump up ^ Boffin , H.M.J. ; Pourbaix , D. ; Muzic , K. ; Ivanov , V.D. ; Kurtev , R. ; Beletsky , Y. ; Mehner , A. ; Berger , J.P. ; Girard , J.H. ; Mawet , D. ( 2013 ) . `` Possible astrometric discovery of a substellar companion to the closest binary brown dwarf system WISE J104915. 57 - 531906.1 '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561 : L4 . arXiv : 1312.1303 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 561L ... 4B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201322975 . Jump up ^ Luhman , K.L. ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Discovery of a ~ 250 K Brown Dwarf at 2 pc from the Sun '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 786 ( 2 ) : L18 . arXiv : 1404.6501 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 786L ... 18L . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 786 / 2 / L18 . Jump up ^ `` The LCES HIRES / Keck Precision Radial Velocity Exoplanet Survey '' . Butler et al. ( 2017 ) Jump up ^ Janson , M. ; et al. ( September 2008 ) , `` A comprehensive examination of the ε Eridani system . Verification of a 4 micron narrow - band high - contrast imaging approach for planet searches '' , Astronomy and Astrophysics , 488 ( 2 ) : 771 -- 780 , arXiv : 0807.0301 , Bibcode : 2008A&A ... 488 ... 771J , doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 200809984 Jump up ^ ESO . `` A temperate exo - Earth around a quiet M dwarf at 3.4 parsecs '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Marsh , Kenneth A. ; Wright , Edward L. ; Kirkpatrick , J. Davy ; Gelino , Christopher R. ; Cushing , Michael C. ; Griffith , Roger L. ; Skrutskie , Michael F. ; Eisenhardt , Peter R. ( 2013 ) . `` Parallaxes and Proper Motions of Ultracool Brown Dwarfs of Spectral Types Y and Late T '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 762 ( 2 ) : 119 . arXiv : 1211.6977 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 762 ... 119M . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 762 / 2 / 119 . Jump up ^ Bessel , F.W. ( 1839 ) . `` Bestimmung der Entfernung des 61sten Sterns des Schwans . Von Herrn Geheimen - Rath und Ritter Bessel '' . Astronomische Nachrichten ( in German ) . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 65 . Bibcode : 1839AN ... 16 ... 65B . doi : 10.1002 / asna. 18390160502 . ( page 92 ) Ich bin daher der Meinung , daß nur die jährliche Parallaxe = 0 `` 3136 als das Resultat der bisherigen Beobachtungen zu betrachten ist A parallax of 313.6 mas yields a distance of 10.4 light years Jump up ^ `` The NASA - UC - UH Eta - Earth Program : IV . A Low - mass Planet Orbiting an M Dwarf 3.6 PC from Earth '' . Andrew W. Howard , Geoffrey W. Marcy , Debra A. Fischer , Howard Isaacson , Philip S. Muirhead , Gregory W. Henry , Tabetha S. Boyajian , Kaspar von Braun , Juliette C. Becker , Jason T. Wright , John Asher Johnson . Accessed August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zechmeister , M. ; Kürster , M ; Endl , M. ; Lo Curto , G. ; Hartman , H. ; Nilsson , H. ; Henning , T. ; Hatzes , A. ; Cochran , W.D. ( April 2013 ) . `` The planet search programme at the ESO CES and HARPS. IV . The search for Jupiter analogues around solar - like stars '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 552 : 62 . arXiv : 1211.7263 . Bibcode : 2013A&A ... 552A ... 78Z . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201116551 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Gelino , Davy Kirkpatrick , Adam Burgasser . `` DwarfArchives.org : Photometry , spectroscopy , and astrometry of M , L , and T dwarfs '' . caltech.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 10 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( main page ) Jump up ^ Henry , Todd J. ; Ianna , Philip A. ; Kirkpatrick , J. Davy ; Jahreiss , Hartmut ( July 1997 ) . `` The solar neighborhood IV : discovery of the twentieth nearest star '' . The Astronomical Journal . 114 ( 1 ) : 388 -- 395 . Bibcode : 1997AJ ... 114 ... 388H . doi : 10.1086 / 118482 . ^ Jump up to : Henry , Todd J. ; Jao , Wei - Chun ; Subasavage , John P. ; Beaulieu , Thomas D. ; Ianna , Philip A. ; Costa , Edgardo ; Méndez , René A. ( December 2006 ) . `` The Solar Neighborhood . XVII . Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9 m Program : 20 New Members of the RECONS 10 Parsec Sample '' . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 6 ) : 2360 -- 2371 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608230 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132.2360 H . doi : 10.1086 / 508233 . ^ Jump up to : Kirkpatrick , J. Davy ; Gelino ; Cushing ; Mace ; Griffith ; Skrutskie ; Marsh ; Wright ; Eisenhardt ; McLean ; Mainzer ; Burgasser ; Tinney ; Parker ; Salter ( 2012 ) . `` Further Defining Spectral Type `` Y '' and Exploring the Low - mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf mass Function `` . The Astrophysical Journal . 753 : 156 . arXiv : 1205.2122 v1 ( astro-ph.SR ) . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 753 ... 156K . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 753 / 2 / 156 . Jump up ^ `` The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLII . A system of Earth - mass planets around the nearby M dwarf YZ Cet '' . N. Astudillo - Defru1 , R.F. Díaz , X . Bonfils , J.M. Almenara , J. - B. Delisle , F. Bouchy , X . Delfosse , T. Forveille , C. Lovis , M. Mayor , F. Murgas , F. Pepe , N.C. Santos , D. Ségransan , S. Udry , A. Wünsche ( August 10 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ `` The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLI . A dozen planets around the M dwarfs GJ 3138 , GJ 3323 , GJ 273 , GJ 628 , and GJ 3293 '' . N. Astudillo - Defru , T. Forveille , X . Bonfils , D. Ségransan , F. Bouchy , X . Delfosse , C. Lovis , M. Mayor , F. Murgas , F. Pepe , N.C. Santos , S. Udry , A. Wunsche ( March 15 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Barnes , J.R. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` ROPS : A New Search for Habitable Earths in the Southern Sky '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 424 ( 1 ) : 591 -- 604 . arXiv : 1204.6283 . Bibcode : 2012MNRAS. 424 ... 591B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2012. 21236. x . Jump up ^ The very nearby M / T dwarf binary SCR 1845 - 6357 , Markus Kasper , Beth A. Biller , Adam Burrows , Wolfgang Brandner , Jano Budaj , and Laird M. Close , Astronomy and Astrophysics 471 , # 2 ( August 2007 ) , pp. 655 -- 659 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20077881 Jump up ^ Guillem Anglada - Escudé ; Pamela Arriagada ; Mikko Tuomi ; Mathias Zechmeister ; James S. Jenkins ; Aviv Ofir ; Stefan Dreizler ; Enrico Gerlach ; Chris J. Marvin ; Ansgar Reiners ; Sandra V. Jeffers ; R. Paul Butler ; Steven S. Vogt ; Pedro J. Amado ; Cristina Rodríguez - López ; Zaira M. Berdiñas ; Julian Morin ; Jeff D. Crane ; Stephen A. Shectman ; Ian B. Thompson ; Matías Díaz ; Eugenio Rivera ; Luis F. Sarmiento ; Hugh R.A. Jones ( 2014 ) . `` Two planets around Kapteyn 's star : a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red - dwarf '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society : Letters. 443 : L89 -- L93 . arXiv : 1406.0818 v1 ( astro - ph. EP ) . Bibcode : 2014MNRAS. 443L ... 89A . doi : 10.1093 / mnrasl / slu076 . Jump up ^ The Solar Neighborhood . XIII . Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9 Meter Program : Stars with μ > = 1.0 '' yr ( Motion sample ) , Wei - Chun Jao , Todd J. Henry , John P. Subasavage , Misty A. Brown , Philip A. Ianna , Jennifer L. Bartlett , Edgardo Costa , René A. Méndez , The Astronomical Journal 129 , # 4 ( April 2005 ) , pp. 1954 -- 1967 . doi : 10.1086 / 428489 ^ Jump up to : The Solar Neighborhood . XIV . Parallaxes from the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory Parallax Investigation -- First Results from the 1.5 m Telescope Program , Edgardo Costa , René A. Méndez , W. - C. Jao , Todd J. Henry , John P. Subasavage , Misty A. Brown , Philip A. Ianna , and Jennifer Bartlett , The Astronomical Journal 130 , # 1 ( July 2005 ) , pp. 337 -- 349 . doi : 10.1086 / 430473 Jump up ^ Lucas ; Tinney ; Ben Burningham ; Leggett ; Pinfield ; Richard Smart ; Jones ; Federico Marocco ; Barber ( 2010 ) . `` The discovery of a very cool , very nearby brown dwarf in the Galactic plane '' . arXiv : 1004.0317 v2 ( astro-ph.SR ) . Jump up ^ Lucas , Philip W. ; Tinney ; Burningham ; Leggett ; Pinfield ; Smart ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Discovery of a very cool brown dwarf amongst the ten nearest stars to the Solar System '' . arXiv : 1004.0317 v1 ( astro-ph.SR ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Nearby star hosts closest alien planet in the ' habitable zone ' '' . Phys.org . December 16 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 16 . The planet , more than four times the mass of the Earth , is one of three that the team detected around a red dwarf star called Wolf 1061 . Jump up ^ Perez - Garrido , A. ; Lodieu , N. ; Bejar , V.J.S. ; Ruiz , M.T. ; Gauza , B. ; Rebolo , R. ; Zapatero Osorio , M.R. ( 2014 ) . `` 2MASS J154043. 42 - 510135.7 : a new addition to the 5 pc population '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 567 : A6 . arXiv : 1405.5439 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 567A ... 6P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201423615 . Jump up ^ The Lick -- Carnegie exoplanet survey : Gliese 687 b : A Neptune - mass planet orbiting a nearby red dwarf Jump up ^ `` The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia -- Catalog Listing '' . Jump up ^ Rivera , Eugenio J. ; et al. ( July 2010 ) . `` The Lick - Carnegie Exoplanet Survey : A Uranus - mass Fourth Planet for GJ 876 in an Extrasolar Laplace Configuration '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 719 ( 1 ) : 890 -- 899 . arXiv : 1006.4244 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ ... 719 ... 890R . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 719 / 1 / 890 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Jeremy ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` A Jupiter - like Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ832 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 690 ( 1 ) : 743 -- 747 . arXiv : 0809.0172 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 690 ... 743B . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 690 / 1 / 743 . Jump up ^ Wittenmyer , R.A. ; Tuomi , Mikko ; Butler , R.P. ; Jones , H.R.A. ; Anglada - Escude , Guillem ; Horner , Jonathan ; Tinney , C.G. ; Marshall , J.P. ; Carter , B.D. ; Bailey , J. ; Salter , G.S. ; O'Toole , S.J. ; Wright , D. ; Crane , J.D. ; Schectman , S.A. ; Arriagada , P. ; Thompson , I. ; Minniti , D. ; Jenkins , J.S. ; Diaz , M. ( 2014 ) . `` GJ 832c : A super-earth in the habitable zone '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 791 ( 2 ) : 114 . arXiv : 1406.5587 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 791 ... 114W . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 791 / 2 / 114 . ^ Jump up to : `` G 158 - 50 - SIMBAD '' . SIMBAD . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Research : Closest known flyby of star to our solar system : Dim star passed through Oort Cloud 70,000 years ago '' . Science Daily . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Matthews , R.A.J. ( 1994 ) . `` The Close Approach of Stars in the Solar Neighborhood '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society . 35 : 1 . Bibcode : 1994QJRAS ... 35 ... 1M . Jump up ^ See also : Stellar kinematics . ^ Jump up to : Table 3 , Bobylev , Vadim V. ( March 2010 ) . `` Searching for Stars Closely Encountering with the Solar System '' . Astronomy Letters. 36 ( 3 ) : 220 -- 226 . arXiv : 1003.2160 . Bibcode : 2010AstL ... 36 ... 220B . doi : 10.1134 / S1063773710030060 . ^ Jump up to : Coryn A.L. Bailer - Jones ( 2015 ) . `` Close encounters of the stellar kind '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 575 : A35 . arXiv : 1412.3648 . Bibcode : 2015A&A ... 575A ... 35B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201425221 . Jump up ^ `` HIP 85605 '' . Strasbourg astronomical Data Center . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A Family Portrait of the Alpha Centauri System ( eso0307 ) , European Southern Observatory . 15 March 2003 . Accessed online 24 January 2011 . External links ( edit ) `` The 100 nearest star systems '' , Research Consortium on Nearby Stars `` NStars database '' . Northern Arizona University . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 24 . Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds . ( March 18 , 2001 ) . `` Map of the 25 nearest star systems '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 24 . `` Notable Nearby Stars '' . SolStation . Retrieved 2005 - 10 - 24 . `` Cool stars in the solar Neighbourhood '' . D. Montes , UCM . Retrieved 2005 - 11 - 14 . The dynamics of the closest stars Takeda , G. ; E.B. Ford ; A. Sills ; F.A. Rasio ; D.A. Fischer ; J.A. Valenti ( 2006 ) . `` Structure and Evolution of Nearby Stars with Planets II . Physical Properties of ~ 1000 Cool Stars from the SPOCS Catalog '' . California & Carnegie Planet Search . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 13 . Nearest Stars 3D View Table 4 `` The Census of Stars and Brown Dwarfs within 8 Parsecs of the Sun '' in Kirkpatrick et al. ( 2012 ) Further Defining Spectral Type `` Y '' and Exploring the Low - mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function , http://arxiv.org/pdf/1205.2122v1.pdf http://phl.upr.edu/projects/nearby-stars-catalog Star Formation Accretion Molecular cloud Bok globule Young stellar object Protostar Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be Orion T Tauri FU Orionis Herbig -- Haro object Hayashi track Henyey track Evolution Main sequence Red giant branch Horizontal branch Red clump Asymptotic giant branch Protoplanetary nebula Planetary nebula PG1159 star Dredge - up Instability strip Luminous blue variable Blue straggler Stellar population Supernova Supernova impostor Hypernova Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Color -- color diagram Luminosity class Subdwarf Dwarf Blue Red White Yellow Brown Subgiant Giant Blue Red Bright giant Supergiant Blue Red Yellow Hypergiant Yellow Spectral classification WR Be OB Subdwarf O Subdwarf B Late - type Chemically peculiar Am Ap / Bp Barium Carbon CH CN Extreme helium Lambda Boötis Lead HgMn Technetium Shell Remnants White dwarf Helium planet Neutron star Radio - quiet Pulsar Binary X-ray Magnetar Stellar black hole X-ray binary Burster Theoretical stars Black dwarf Exotic Quark Strange Preon Planck Electroweak star Dark - matter star Dark - energy star Black star Gravastar Frozen star Q star Quasi-star Thorne -- Żytkow object Iron star Blitzar Nucleosynthesis Deuterium burning Lithium burning Proton -- proton chain CNO cycle Helium flash Triple - alpha process Alpha process Carbon burning Neon burning Oxygen burning Silicon burning S - process R - process Fusor Nova Symbiotic Remnant Luminous red nova Structure Core Convection zone Microturbulence Oscillations Radiation zone Atmosphere Photosphere Starspot Chromosphere Corona Stellar wind Bubble Bipolar outflow Accretion disk Asteroseismology Helioseismology Eddington luminosity Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Properties Designation Dynamics Effective temperature Kinematics Magnetic field Absolute magnitude Mass Metallicity Rotation UBV color Variable star Mira variable Star systems Binary Contact Common envelope Eclipsing Multiple Star cluster Open cluster Globular cluster Super star cluster Planetary system Earth 's Solar System Earth - centric observation of Pole star Circumpolar star Constellation Asterism Magnitude Apparent Extinction Photographic Radial velocity Proper motion Parallax Photometric - standard star Lists Star names Arabic Chinese Extremes Most massive Highest temperature Largest volume Smallest volume Brightest Historical Most luminous Nearest Nearest bright Stars with exoplanets Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Milky Way novae Notable supernovae Supernova candidates Supernova remnants Planetary nebulae Timeline of stellar astronomy Related articles Substellar object Brown dwarf Sub-brown dwarf Planet Galactic year Galaxy Supercluster Guest star Gravity Intergalactic star Infrared dark cloud Starfield Category : Stars Star portal Known celestial objects within 20 light - years Primary member type Celestial objects by systems . Secondary members are listed in small print . 0 -- 5 ly → Main - sequence stars G - type Sun ( 0 ly ) rest of Solar System α Cen ( 4.366 ± 0.007 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B red dwarf C ( Proxima Centauri ) ( 4.2430 ± 0.0017 ly ) planet b ← 5 -- 10 ly → Main - sequence stars A-type Sirius ( α CMa ) ( 8.60 ± 0.04 ly ) white dwarf B M - type ( red dwarfs ) Barnard 's Star ( 5.980 ± 0.003 ly ) Wolf 359 ( 7.856 ± 0.031 ly ) Lalande 21185 ( 8.307 ± 0.014 ly ) L 726 - 8 ( 8.73 ± 0.06 ly ) red dwarf UV Cet Ross 154 ( 9.60 ± 0.05 ly ) Brown dwarfs L - type Luhman 16 ( 6.59 ± 0.06 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B Sub-brown dwarfs and rogue planets Y - type WISE 0855 − 0714 ( 7.27 ± 0.13 ly ) ← 10 -- 15 ly → Subgiant stars F - type Procyon ( α CMi ) ( 11.41 + 0.04 − 0.03 ly ) white dwarf B Main - sequence stars G - type τ Cet ( 11.905 ± 0.007 ly ) 5 ? planets : b d f K - type ε Eri ( 10.475 ± 0.003 ly ) 1 ( 2 ? ) planets : b c ? 61 Cyg ( 11.409 ± 0.022 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B ε Ind ( 11.815 ± 0.012 ly ) 2 T - type brown dwarfs : Ba Bb 1 ? planets M - type ( red dwarfs ) Ross 248 ( 10.298 ± 0.023 ly ) Lac 9352 ( 10.685 + 0.025 − 0.024 ly ) Ross 128 ( 10.94 ± 0.06 ly ) EZ Aqr ( 11.08 ± 0.13 ly ) 2 red dwarfs : B Σ 2398 ( 11.40 ± 0.07 ly ) red dwarf B Gmb 34 ( 11.70 ± 0.03 ly ) red dwarf B planet Ab SIPS 1259 - 4336 ( 11.8 + 2.1 − 1.5 ly ) DX Cnc ( 11.83 ± 0.13 ly ) Gliese 1061 ( 12.04 ± 0.06 ly ) YZ Cet ( 12.20 ± 0.14 ly ) Luyten 's Star ( 12.20 ± 0.04 ly ) Kapteyn 's Star ( 12.78 ± 0.04 ly ) 1 ( 2 ? ) planets : b Lac 8760 ( 12.87 ± 0.04 ly ) Kruger 60 ( 13.18 ± 0.08 ly ) red dwarf B Ross 614 ( 13.36 ± 0.04 ly ) red dwarf B Wolf 1061 ( 14.0 ± 0.1 ly ) 3 planets : b d Wolf 424 ( 14.05 + 0.27 − 0.26 ly ) red dwarf B GJ 1 ( 14.15 ± 0.06 ly ) TZ Ari ( 14.51 + 0.19 − 0.18 ly ) LHS 292 ( 14.76 ± 0.24 ly ) GJ 687 ( 14.77 ± 0.06 ly ) planet b GJ 674 ( 14.81 + 0.10 − 0.09 ly ) planet b G 208 - 44 ( 14.81 ± 0.07 ly ) 2 red dwarfs : B G 208 - 45 Degenerate stars White dwarfs van Maanen 2 ( 14.03 + 0.12 − 0.11 ly ) Brown dwarfs M - type SCR 1845 - 6357 ( 12.57 ± 0.05 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B Teegarden 's star ( 12.58 ± 0.05 ly ) DEN 1048 − 3956 ( 13.15 ± 0.03 ly ) 2M1540 ( 14.3 + 1.7 − 1.4 ly ) T - type WISE 1506 + 7027 ( 11.1 + 2.3 − 1.3 ly ) UGPS 0722 - 05 ( 13.43 ± 0.13 ly ) Y - type WISE 0350 − 5658 ( 12.1 + 5.2 − 1.3 ly ) ← 15 -- 20 ly Subgiant stars G - type δ Pav ( 19.923 ± 0.021 ly ) Main - sequence stars A-type Altair ( α Aql ) ( 16.73 ± 0.05 ly ) G - type σ Dra ( 18.769 ± 0.019 ly ) η Cas ( 19.42 ± 0.06 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B e ( 82 G . ) Eri ( 19.711 ± 0.023 ly ) 3 planets : b d K - type Groombridge 1618 ( 15.89 ± 0.04 ly ) ο2 ( 40 ) Eri ( 16.257 ± 0.019 ly ) white dwarf B red dwarf C 70 Oph ( 16.58 ± 0.07 ly ) K - type main - sequence star B GJ 570 ( 19.05 + 0.11 − 0.10 ly ) 2 red dwarfs : B T - type brown dwarf D 36 Oph ( 19.35 ± 0.06 ly ) 2 K - type main - sequence stars : B HR 7703 ( 19.62 ± 0.03 ly ) red dwarf B M - type ( red dwarfs ) GJ 876 ( 15.198 ± 0.014 ly ) 4 ( 6 ? ) planets : d f ? g ? LHS 288 ( 15.61 + 0.21 − 0.20 ly ) GJ 1002 ( 15.74 + 0.24 − 0.23 ly ) GJ 412 ( 15.81 ± 0.08 ly ) red dwarf B AD Leo ( 16.00 ± 0.22 ly ) GJ 832 ( 16.16 ± 0.08 ly ) 2 planets : c EV Lac ( 16.37 ± 0.08 ly ) GJ 682 ( 16.56 ± 0.18 ly ) 2 planets : b GJ 3379 ( 16.85 ± 0.16 ly ) G 9 - 38 ( 17.05 + 0.23 − 0.22 ly ) red dwarf B LHS 1723 ( 17.29 ± 0.07 ly ) GJ 445 ( 17.58 + 0.14 − 0.13 ly ) GJ 526 ( 17.73 ± 0.10 ly ) Stein 2051 ( 18.06 ± 0.08 ly ) white dwarf B GJ 251 ( 18.22 ± 0.16 ly ) GJ 205 ( 18.45 ± 0.12 ly ) LP 816 - 60 ( 18.6 ± 0.4 ly ) GJ 229 ( 18.77 ± 0.11 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B 1 ? planets : Ab ? GJ 693 ( 18.95 + 0.25 − 0.24 ly ) Ross 47 ( 18.99 ± 0.12 ly ) GJ 752 ( 19.05 ± 0.08 ly ) red dwarf B ( vB 10 ) GJ 754 ( 19.30 ± 0.18 ly ) TYC 3980 - 1081 - 1 ( 19.3 ± 4.3 ly ) GJ 588 ( 19.34 ± 0.15 ly ) YZ CMi ( 19.43 + 0.27 − 0.26 ly ) GJ 908 ( 19.50 ± 0.14 ly ) GJ 1005 ( 19.58 ± 0.09 ly ) red dwarf B 2MASS J05332802 - 4257205 ( ~ 19.6 ly ) 2MASS J18450079 - 1409036 ( ~ 19.6 ly ) red dwarf B Scholz 's star ( 19.60 + 0.40 − 0.28 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B GJ 268 ( 19.74 ± 0.25 ly ) red dwarf B Degenerate stars White dwarfs LP 145 - 141 ( 15.11 ± 0.09 ly ) G 240 - 72 ( 19.80 + 0.29 − 0.28 ly ) Brown dwarfs M - type 2MASS 1835 + 3259 ( 18.48 ± 0.05 ly ) L - type DEN 0255 - 4700 ( 16.20 + 0.32 − 0.31 ly ) T - type DEN 0817 - 6155 ( 16.1 + 1.1 − 1.0 ly ) WISE J0521 + 1025 ( 16.3 ± 4.2 ly ) 2MASS 0939 - 2448 ( 17.4 ± 0.4 ly ) T - type brown dwarf B WISE 1741 + 2553 ( 18.1 + 1.6 − 1.4 ly ) 2MASS 1114 - 2618 ( 18.20 ± 0.14 ly ) 2MASS 0415 - 0935 ( 18.62 ± 0.18 ly ) WISE J2000 + 3629 ( 19.4 ± 6.7 ly ) 2MASS 0937 + 2931 ( 19.96 + 0.22 − 0.21 ly ) Y - type WISE 1639 - 6847 ( 16.12 + 0.25 − 0.24 ly ) WISE 0359 − 5401 ( 19.2 + 4.2 − 2.6 ly ) Sub-brown dwarfs and rogue planets Y - type WISE 1541 − 2250 ( 18.6 ± 0.5 ly ) Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs&oldid=810525178 '' Categories : Lists of stars Local Bubble Lists of superlatives in astronomy Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use mdy dates from December 2015 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 20 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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which is the nearest star to earth after sun
[ "\n\n#\nDistance[3]\nLight-years (±err)\nDesignation\nStellar class\nApparent magnitude (mV or mJ)\nAbsolute magnitude (MV or MJ)\nEpoch J2000.0\nParallax[2][note 1]\nmas (±err)\nDiscovery date[note 2]\nNotes and additional\nreferences\n\nSystem\nStar\nStar #\nRight ascension[2]\nDeclination[2]\n\n\n\n\n0\nSolar System\nSun\n\nG2V[2]\n−26.74[2]\n4.85[2]\n—\n—\n—\n—\nhas eight known planets\n\n\n1\n4.2421(16)\nAlpha Centauri\n(Rigil Kentaurus)\nProxima Centauri (V645 Centauri)\n1\nM5.5Ve\n11.09[2]\n15.53[2]\n14h 29m 43.0s\n−62° 40′ 46″\n768.87(029)[4][5]\n1915\nhas one known planet\n\n\n4.3650(68)\nα Centauri A (HD 128620)\n2\nG2V[2]\n0.01[2]\n4.38[2]\n14h 39m 36.5s\n−60° 50′ 02″\n747.23(117)[4][6]\n\n\n\n\nα Centauri B (HD 128621)\n2\nK1V[2]\n1.34[2]\n5.71[2]\n14h 39m 35.1s\n−60° 50′ 14″\n1689\nhas two suspected planets (b & c)[7]\n\n\n2\n5.9630(109)\nBarnard's Star (BD+04°3561a)\n4\nM4.0Ve\n9.53[2]\n13.22[2]\n17h 57m 48.5s\n+04° 41′ 36″\n546.98(1 00)[4][5]\n1916\nlargest known proper motion[8]\n\n\n3\n6.59(7)\nLuhman 16\n(WISE 1049−5319)\nLuhman 16A\n5\nL8±1[9]\n10.7 J\n14.2 J\n10h 49m 15.57s\n−53° 19′ 06″\n495 (5)[9]\n2013\nhas one suspected planet[10]\n\n\nLuhman 16B\n5\nT1±2[9]\n\n\n\n\n4\n7.2(6)[11]\nWISE 0855−0714\n7\nY\n\n\n08h 55m 10.83s\n−07° 14′ 42.5″\n\n2014\nsub-brown dwarf\n\n\n5\n7.7825(390)\nWolf 359 (CN Leonis)\n8\nM6.0V[2]\n13.44[2]\n16.55[2]\n10h 56m 29.2s\n+07° 00′ 53″\n419.10(210)[4]\n1919\n\n\n\n6\n8.2905(148)\nLalande 21185 (BD+36°2147)\n9\nM2.0V[2]\n7.47[2]\n10.44[2]\n11h 03m 20.2s\n+35° 58′ 12″\n393.42(070)[4][5]\n1801\nhas one suspected planet[12]\n\n\n7\n8.5828(289)\nSirius\n(α Canis Majoris)\nSirius A\n10\nA1V[2]\n−1.46[2]\n1.42[2]\n06h 45m 08.9s\n−16° 42′ 58″\n380.02(128)[4][5]\n\nbrightest star in the night sky\n\n\nSirius B\n10\nDA2[2]\n8.44[2]\n11.34[2]\n1844\n\n\n8\n8.7280(631)\nLuyten 726-8\nLuyten 726-8 A (BL Ceti)\n12\nM5.5Ve\n12.54[2]\n15.40[2]\n01h 39m 01.3s\n−17° 57′ 01″\n373.70(270)[4]\n1949\n\n\n\nLuyten 726-8 B (UV Ceti)\n12\nM6.0Ve\n12.99[2]\n15.85[2]\n\n\n9\n9.6813(512)\nRoss 154 (V1216 Sagittarii)\n14\nM3.5Ve\n10.43[2]\n13.07[2]\n18h 49m 49.4s\n−23° 50′ 10″\n336.90(178)[4][5]\n1925\n\n\n\n10\n10.322(36)\nRoss 248 (HH Andromedae)\n15\nM5.5Ve\n12.29[2]\n14.79[2]\n23h 41m 54.7s\n+44° 10′ 30″\n316.00(110)[4]\n1925\n\n\n\n11\n10.522(27)\nEpsilon Eridani (BD−09°697)\n16\nK2V[2]\n3.73[2]\n6.19[2]\n03h 32m 55.8s\n−09° 27′ 30″\n309.99(079)[4][5]\n150\nat least one planet[13]\n\n\n12\n10.742(31)\nLacaille 9352 (CD−36°15693)\n17\nM0.5V\n7.34[2]\n9.75[2]\n23h 05m 52.0s\n−35° 51′ 11″\n303.64(087)[4][5]\n1753\n\n\n\n13\n10.919(49)\nRoss 128 (FI Virginis)\n18\nM4.0Vn\n11.13[2]\n13.51[2]\n11h 47m 44.4s\n+00° 48′ 16″\n298.72(135)[4][5]\n1925\nhas one known planet [14]\n\n\n14\n11.089[15]\nWISE 1506+7027\n19\nT6\n14.3 J\n16.6 J\n15h 06m 49.9s\n+70° 27′ 36″\n310(042)[15]\n2011\n\n\n\n15\n11.266(171)\nEZ Aquarii\n(Gliese 866, Luyten 789-6)\nEZ Aquarii A\n20\nM5.0Ve\n13.33[2]\n15.64[2]\n22h 38m 33.4s\n−15° 17′ 57″\n289.50(440)[4]\n1937\n\n\n\nEZ Aquarii B\n20\nM?\n13.27[2]\n15.58[2]\n-\n\n\nEZ Aquarii C\n20\nM?\n14.03[2]\n16.34[2]\n1995\n\n\n16\n11.402(32)\nProcyon\n(α Canis Minoris)\nProcyon A\n23\nF5V–IV[2]\n0.38[2]\n2.66[2]\n07h 39m 18.1s\n+05° 13′ 30″\n286.05(081)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\nProcyon B\n23\nDQZ[2]\n10.70[2]\n12.98[2]\n1844\n\n\n17\n11.403(22)\n61 Cygni\n61 Cygni A (BD+38°4343)\n25\nK5.0V[2]\n5.21[2]\n7.49[2]\n21h 06m 53.9s\n+38° 44′ 58″\n286.04(056)[4][5]\n1725\nfirst star (other than the Sun) to have its distance measured[16]\n\n\n61 Cygni B (BD+38°4344)\n25\nK7.0V[2]\n6.03[2]\n8.31[2]\n21h 06m 55.3s\n+38° 44′ 31″\n-\n\n\n18\n11.525(69)\nStruve 2398\n(Gliese 725, BD+59°1915)\nStruve 2398 A (HD 173739)\n27\nM3.0V[2]\n8.90[2]\n11.16[2]\n18h 42m 46.7s\n+59° 37′ 49″\n283.00(169)[4][5]\n1835\n\n\n\nStruve 2398 B (HD 173740)\n27\nM3.5V[2]\n9.69[2]\n11.95[2]\n18h 42m 46.9s\n+59° 37′ 37″\n1835\n\n\n19\n11.624(39)\nGroombridge 34\n(Gliese 15)\nGroombridge 34 A (GX Andromedae)\n29\nM1.5V[2]\n8.08[2]\n10.32[2]\n0h 18m 22.9s\n+44° 01′ 23″\n280.59(095)[4][5]\n1813\nhas one planet[17]\n\n\nGroombridge 34 B (GQ Andromedae)\n29\nM3.5V[2]\n11.06[2]\n13.30[2]\n-\n\n\n\n20\n11.824(30)\nEpsilon Indi\n(CPD−57°10015)\nEpsilon Indi A\n31\nK5Ve[2]\n4.69[2]\n6.89[2]\n22h 03m 21.7s\n−56° 47′ 10″\n275.84(069)[4][5]\n1597\none suspected planet[18]\n\n\nEpsilon Indi Ba\n31\nT1.0V\n12.3 J[19]\n\n22h 04m 10.5s\n−56° 46′ 58″\n2003\n\n\n\nEpsilon Indi Bb\n31\nT6.0V\n13.2 J[19]\n\n2003\n\n\n\n21\n11.826(129)\nDX Cancri (G 51-15)\n34\nM6.5Ve\n14.78[2]\n16.98[2]\n08h 29m 49.5s\n+26° 46′ 37″\n275.80(300)[4]\n1972\n\n\n\n22\n11.887(33)\nTau Ceti (BD−16°295)\n35\nG8Vp[2]\n3.49[2]\n5.68[2]\n01h 44m 04.1s\n−15° 56′ 15″\n274.39(076)[4][5]\n150\npossibly five planets\n\n\n23\n11.991(57)\nGJ 1061 (LHS 1565)\n36\nM5.5V[2]\n13.09[2]\n15.26[2]\n03h 35m 59.7s\n−44° 30′ 45″\n272.01(130)[note 3]\n1995\n[20][21]\n\n\n24\n12.068[15]\nWISE 0350−5658\n37\nY1\n22.8 J[22]\n\n03h 50m 00.32s\n−56° 58′ 30.2″\n291(050)[15]\n2011\n\n\n\n25\n12.132(133)\nYZ Ceti (LHS 138)\n38\nM4.5V[2]\n12.02[2]\n14.17[2]\n01h 12m 30.6s\n−16° 59′ 56″\n268.84(295)[4][5]\n1961\nhas three known planets[23]\n\n\n26\n12.366(59)\nLuyten's Star (BD+05°1668)\n39\nM3.5Vn\n9.86[2]\n11.97[2]\n07h 27m 24.5s\n+05° 13′ 33″\n263.76(125)[4][5]\n1935\nhas two known planets[24]\n\n\n27\n12.514(129)\nTeegarden's star (SO025300.5+165258)\n40\nM6.5V\n15.14[2]\n17.22[2]\n02h 53m 00.9s\n+16° 52′ 53″\n260.63(269)[note 3]\n2003\npossible planetary system[21][25]\n\n\n28\n12.571(54)\nSCR 1845-6357\nSCR 1845-6357 A\n41\nM8.5V[2]\n17.39\n19.41\n18h 45m 05.3s\n−63° 57′ 48″\n259.45(111)[note 3]\n2004\n[21]\n\n\nSCR 1845-6357 B\n41\nT6[26]\n13.3 J[19]\n\n18h 45m 02.6s\n−63° 57′ 52″\n2006\n\n\n29\n12.777(43)\nKapteyn's Star (CD−45°1841)\n43\nM1.5V[2]\n8.84[2]\n10.87[2]\n05h 11m 40.6s\n−45° 01′ 06″\n255.27(086)[4][5]\n1898\nhas two known planets[27]\n\n\n30\n12.870(57)\nLacaille 8760 (AX Microscopii)\n44\nM0.0V[2]\n6.67[2]\n8.69[2]\n21h 17m 15.3s\n−38° 52′ 03″\n253.43(112)[4][5]\n1753\n\n\n\n31\n13.0+6.0\n−3.1\nWISE 0535−7500\n45\n≥Y1\n>21.1 J[15]\n\n05h 35m 16.8s\n−75° 00′ 24.9″\n250[15]\n2012\n\n\n\n32\n13.149(74)\nKruger 60\n(BD+56°2783)\nKruger 60 A\n46\nM3.0V[2]\n9.79[2]\n11.76[2]\n22h 27m 59.5s\n+57° 41′ 45″\n248.06(139)[4][6]\n1880\n\n\n\nKruger 60 B (DO Cephei)\n46\nM4.0V[2]\n11.41[2]\n13.38[2]\n1890?\n\n\n33\n13.167(82)\nDEN 1048-3956\n48\nM8.5V[2]\n17.39[2]\n19.37[2]\n10h 48m 14.7s\n−39° 56′ 06″\n247.71(155)[note 3]\n2001\n[28][29]\n\n\n34\n13.259\nUGPS 0722-05\n49\nT9[2]\n16.52 J[30]\n\n07h 22m 27.3s\n–05° 40′ 30″\n246\n2010\n[31]\n\n\n35\n13.349(110)\nRoss 614\n(V577 Monocerotis, Gliese 234)\nRoss 614A (LHS 1849)\n50\nM4.5V[2]\n11.15[2]\n13.09[2]\n06h 29m 23.4s\n−02° 48′ 50″\n244.34(201)[4][6]\n1927\n\n\n\nRoss 614B (LHS 1850)\n50\nM5.5V\n14.23[2]\n16.17[2]\n1936\n\n\n36\n13.820(98)\nWolf 1061 (Gliese 628, BD−12°4523)\n52\nM3.0V[2]\n10.07[2]\n11.93[2]\n16h 30m 18.1s\n−12° 39′ 45″\n236.01(167)[4][5]\n1919\npotentially three planets, second out in habitable zone[32]\n\n\n37\n14.066(109)\nVan Maanen's star (Gliese 35, LHS 7)\n53\nDZ7[2]\n12.38[2]\n14.21[2]\n00h 49m 09.9s\n+05° 23′ 19″\n231.88(179)[4][5]\n1896\n\n\n\n38\n14.231(66)\nGliese 1 (CD−37°15492)\n54\nM1.5 V [2]\n8.55[2]\n10.35[2]\n00h 05m 24.4s\n−37° 21′ 27″\n229.20(107)[4][5]\n1884\n\n\n\n39\n14.312(289)\nWolf 424\n(FL Virginis, LHS 333, Gliese 473)\nWolf 424 A\n55\nM5.5Ve\n13.18[2]\n14.97[2]\n12h 33m 17.2s\n+09° 01′ 15″\n227.90(460)[4]\n\n\n\n\nWolf 424 B\n55\nM7Ve\n13.17[2]\n14.96[2]\n\n\n\n40\n14.4\n2MASS J154043.42-510135.7\n57\nM7V\n15.26\n17.04\n15h 40m 43.42s\n−51° 01′ 35.7″\n228(024)\n2014\n[33]\n\n\n41\n14.509(187)\nL 1159-16 (TZ Arietis, Gliese 83.1)\n58\nM4.5V[2]\n12.27[2]\n14.03[2]\n02h 00m 13.2s\n+13° 03′ 08″\n224.80(290)[4]\n\n\n\n\n42\n14.793(55)\nGliese 687 (LHS 450, BD+68°946)\n59\nM3.0V[2]\n9.17[2]\n10.89[2]\n17h 36m 25.9s\n+68° 20′ 21″\n220.49(082)[4][5]\n\nhas one known planet[34]\n\n\n43\n14.805(242)\nLHS 292 (LP 731-58)\n60\nM6.5V[2]\n15.60[2]\n17.32[2]\n10h 48m 12.6s\n−11° 20′ 14″\n220.30(360)[4]\n\n\n\n\n44\n14.809(107)\nGliese 674 (LHS 449)\n61\nM3.0V[2]\n9.38[2]\n11.09[2]\n17h 28m 39.9s\n−46° 53′ 43″\n220.25(159)[4][5]\n\nhas one known planet[35]\n\n\n45\n14.812(67)\nG 208-44\nG 208-45\n(GJ 1245)\nG 208-44 A (V1581 Cyg)\n62\nM5.5V[2]\n13.46[2]\n15.17[2]\n19h 53m 54.2s\n+44° 24′ 55″\n220.20(100)[4]\n\n\n\n\nG 208-45\n62\nM6.0V[2]\n14.01[2]\n15.72[2]\n19h 53m 55.2s\n+44° 24′ 56″\n\n\n\nG 208-44 B\n62\nM5.5\n16.75[2]\n18.46[2]\n19h 53m 54.2s\n+44° 24′ 55″\n\n\n\n46\n15.060(140)\nLP 145-141 (WD 1142-645, Gliese 440)\n65\nDQ6[2]\n11.50[2]\n13.18[2]\n11h 45m 42.9s\n−64° 50′ 29″\n216.57(201)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\n47\n15.313(259)\nGJ 1002\n66\nM5.5V[2]\n13.76[2]\n15.40[2]\n00h 06m 43.8s\n−07° 32′ 22″\n213.00(360)[4]\n\n\n\n\n48\n15.342(141)\nGliese 876 (Ross 780)\n67\nM3.5V[2]\n10.17[2]\n11.81[2]\n22h 53m 16.7s\n−14° 15′ 49″\n212.59(196)[4][5]\n\nhas four known planets[36]\n\n\n49\n15.610(204)\nLHS 288 (Luyten 143-23)\n68\nM5.5V[2]\n13.90[2]\n15.51[2]\n10h 44m 21.2s\n−61° 12′ 36″\n208.95(273)[note 3]\n\n[21]\n\n\n50\n15.832(83)\nGliese 412\nGliese 412 A\n69\nM1.0V[2]\n8.77[2]\n10.34[2]\n11h 05m 28.6s\n+43° 31′ 36″\n206.02(108)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\nGliese 412 B (WX Ursae Majoris)\n69\nM5.5V[2]\n14.48[2]\n16.05[2]\n11h 05m 30.4s\n+43° 31′ 18″\n\n\n\n51\n15.848(52)\nGroombridge 1618 (Gliese 380)\n71\nK7.0V[2]\n6.59[2]\n8.16[2]\n10h 11m 22.1s\n+49° 27′ 15″\n205.81(067)[4][5]\n\n\n\n\n52\n15.942(218)\nAD Leonis\n72\nM3.0V[2]\n9.32[2]\n10.87[2]\n10h 19m 36.4s\n+19° 52′ 10″\n204.60(280)[4]\n\n\n\n\n53\n16.067[22]\nDENIS J081730.0-615520\n73\nT6\n13.6\n\n08h 17m 30.1s\n−61° 55′ 16″\n203 [22]\n2010\n\n\n\n54\n16.085(105)\nGliese 832\n74\nM1.5 V[2]\n8.66[2]\n10.20[2]\n21h 33m 34.0s\n−49° 00′ 32″\n202.78(132)[4][5]\n\nhas two known planets[37][38]\n\n\n55\n16.197(313)\nDEN 0255-4700\n75\nL7.5V[2]\n22.92[2]\n24.44[2]\n02h 55m 03.7s\n−47° 00′ 52″\n201.37(389)[note 3]\n1999?\n[29]\n\n\n56\n16.265(765)\nGJ 1005\nGJ 1005 A\n76\nM4V[39]\n11.48[39]\n\n00h 15m 28.11s\n−16° 08′ 01.6″\n200.53(941)[39]\n\n\n\n\nGJ 1005 B\n76\n ?\n ?\n ?\n\n\n\n\n\n\n#\nDistance[3]\nLight-years (±err)\nSystem\nStar\nStar #\nStellar class\nApparent magnitude (mV or mJ)\nAbsolute magnitude (MV or MJ)\nRight ascension[2]\nDeclination[2]\nParallax[2][note 1]\nmas (±err)\nDiscovery date\nAdditional\nreferences\n\nDesignation\nEpoch J2000.0\n" ]
[ "Proxima Centauri" ]
-3223271450149228060
Voltron: Legendary Defender
Voltron : Legendary Defender - wikipedia Voltron : Legendary Defender Jump to : navigation , search Voltron : Legendary Defender Genre Action / Adventure Comedy - drama Mecha Science fantasy Based on Beast King GoLion by Toei Animation Voltron : Defender of the Universe by World Events Productions Voices of Josh Keaton Steven Yeun Jeremy Shada Bex Taylor - Klaus Tyler Labine Kimberly Brooks Rhys Darby Neil Kaplan Cree Summer A.J. Locascio Opening theme Alex Geringas Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joaquim Dos Santos Lauren Montgomery Ted Koplar Bob Koplar Yoo Jae Myung Producer ( s ) Choi Goun Kim Young Hyun Kim Seul Ki Lee Soo Kyung Running time 23 minutes 69 minutes ( The Rise of Voltron ) Production company ( s ) Studio Mir ( animation ) World Events Productions DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor Netflix NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Netflix Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Voltron Voltron : Fleet of Doom Voltron : The Third Dimension Voltron Force External links Website Voltron : Legendary Defender is an animated web television series produced by American companies DreamWorks Animation and World Events Productions and animated by South Korean Studio Mir . It is a reboot of Japanese anime series Beast King GoLion and the Voltron franchise , and its animation is a mix of anime - influenced traditional animation for characters and background and CGI for Voltron action sequences . Voltron : Legendary Defender is set in a science fiction universe where planetary energy called `` quintessence '' can be used to power vehicles and magic . The series follows the adventures of the Paladins of Voltron who must learn to work together to form the giant robot Voltron and use it to defeat the evil Galra Empire . The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10 , 2016 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . It has been released globally in United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Scandinavia , Benelux Union and Latin America . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13 , 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consists of six episodes . The sixth season will premiere on June 15 , 2018 and will consist of seven episodes . The series ' success has spawned several comics , action figures , and other toys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Comics 6.1 Volume 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Volume 3 ( 2018 ) 7 International broadcast 8 Home media 9 Promotion and merchandising 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) For millennia , the evil Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races . The only known threat strong enough against the empire 's power and plans is the legendary `` Defender of the Universe '' Voltron , a 100 - meter tall robot warrior composed of five lion mechas whose pilots are known as the Paladins . At the crux of the war that ended with the destruction of planet Altea , Voltron was separated by King Alfor of Altea in order to protect Voltron from falling into the Galran Emperor Zarkon 's possession . King Alfor bonded the five lion 's energies to his daughter Allura 's life force and sent them across the universe to different locations until the time for the next generation of Paladins to appear and pilot Voltron arrived . Princess Allura , her retainer Coran , and the Altean Castle of Lions were hidden on planet Arus along with the Black Lion . In the present , the Galra Empire 's path of conquest and search for Voltron has led them to Earth 's solar system . A group of space pilots -- Shiro , Keith , Lance , Pidge , and Hunk -- discover the Blue Lion and immediately get swept up into the Galran War . They meet Princess Allura , become Paladins , and reunite the five lions to form Voltron to combat Emperor Zarkon 's nefarious schemes , with the hopes of ultimately defeating the entire Galra Empire . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Voltron characters Main ( edit ) Josh Keaton as Takashi `` Shiro '' Shirogane - The Black Paladin , the pilot of the Black Lion and Guardian Spirit of Sky . The Leader of the Defenders of the Universe , Shiro was captured by the Galra Empire a year before the start of the series during which he was given a weaponized prosthetic right arm . A natural , decisive leader , Shiro is calm and always in control . At the end of season two , Shiro reclaims his personal bayard weapon from Zarkon that enables them to defeat him , but Shiro mysteriously vanishes afterwards . In season three , it is revealed he was teleported to a Galra ship , as he ended up on one before escaping and was eventually found by the team . After finding that the Black Lion no longer accepts him as its true paladin , he continues to aid the team by providing guidance and support to them from the Castle of the Lions . At the start of season four , Shiro manages to re-establish his bond with the Black Lion when Keith was absent during an intense battle . In season five , he has become an unwitting mole of Haggar , who can see through his eyes to keep an eye on Lotor . Steven Yeun as Keith - The Red Paladin , the pilot of the Red Lion and Guardian Spirit of Fire . Formerly a cadet at Galaxy Garrison academy before being expelled , Keith is an orphan and a lone wolf as a result . Sullen and temperamental , Keith spends his free time honing his skills for battle . In season two , Keith discovers he has Galra blood , apparently from his maternal side of the family . The revelation comes from a knife which associated him with a secret rebel group of the Galra called the `` Blade of Marmora , '' but also ends up straining Allura 's trust in him for a while . Due to Shiro 's absence , Keith takes over as the head of Voltron as the new pilot of the Black Lion in season three . At the start of season four , Keith officially steps down as the leader of Voltron , handing the position back to Shiro so that he can continue to work with the Blade of Marmora . At the end of season five , Keith is reunited with the Galra who is his mother . Jeremy Shada as Lance - The Blue Paladin , the pilot of the Blue Lion and Guardian Spirit of Water . Lance was the fighter pilot of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . Cocky and confident , Lance is the comic relief of the Defenders and likes to think of himself as a ladies ' man as well as the sharpshooter . Lance has maintained a one - sided rivalry with Keith from when the two were at the Galaxy Garrison together , but the two have shown to be an effective team . Lance takes over piloting the Red Lion in season three . Bex Taylor - Klaus as Katie `` Pidge '' Holt - The Green Paladin , the pilot of the Green Lion and Guardian Spirit of Forest . Katie disguised herself as a boy named Pidge Gunderson to get into Galaxy Garrison academy to find out what happened to her father and brother who disappeared whilst on the same mission which Shiro was captured on . A technical genius , Pidge is the smartest member of the team able to create specialist modifications for the Green Lion such as a cloaking device ( which only lasts thirty seconds ) and she re-purposed a Galran drone to work for her , naming it Rover , who later sacrifice itself to protect her . During her time as a Paladin , she eventually rescues her family and while her brother , Matt keeps fighting for the alliance , her father returns to Earth to warn the Galaxy Garrison about the war against the Galra . Tyler Labine as Hunk - The Yellow Paladin , the pilot of the Yellow Lion and Guardian Spirit of Land . Hunk was the engineer of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . A gentle giant with an equally large appetite , Hunk is the heart of the team , lifting them up and making peace between them . After witnessing first hand the devastation and misery that Zarkon 's conquest of the universe has brought upon the people of various worlds , Hunk is determined to free those enslaved . Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura - Crown Princess of Altea , the daughter of King Alfor , Allura is the last known female Altean . Pilot and keeper of the Castle of Lions , a structure that is both a castle and a spaceship , Allura granted the Defenders their titles and sent them on their mission to defeat Zarkon and liberate the universe . Allura wishes more than anything to finish her father 's work in stopping Zarkon . In season three , she becomes the new pilot of the Blue Lion as the Pink Paladin . As an Altean , Allura 's abilities include the chameleon - like ability to blend in with other species and magical abilities related to quintessence . She has a telepathic bond with some Altean mice that had ended up in the same cryo - pod that she was hibernating inside of . Rhys Darby as Coran - The Royal advisor to Princess Allura 's family and the last known male Altean . Energetic and excitable , Coran serves Allura dutifully whilst being fiercely protective of her . He tends to ramble on and on about his past , particularly about his supposedly daring feats or past experiences . Despite his odd and quirky character , he is a reliable and steadfast ally to his princess and the Paladins . Neil Kaplan as Emperor Zarkon - The Emperor of the ruthless Galra Empire , and the ruler of most of the known universe after spending the last ten thousand years conquering it . He desires the Lions of Voltron , not only because they represent the biggest threat to his campaign , but because he is later revealed to be the former Black Paladin . As such , he views the Lions as his own property rather than seeing himself as a former chosen one to pilot the Black Lion . He is powerful enough to go toe - to - toe directly with the Lions themselves . At the end of season two , Zarkon faces Voltron and the Paladins in an experimental mecha armor and is defeated but left in critical condition , unconscious and requiring life - support . By the end of season three , his history is fully revealed and Haggar successfully reawakens him and he starts a manhunt for Lotor . In season five , Lotor seems to have killed him in a duel to the death , and he is declared dead by the empire . Cree Summer as Witch Haggar - Zarkon 's primary advisor , and leader of the Druids , dark mystics who fanatically serve the Galra Empire . Haggar is both a dangerous sorceress and a mad scientist . She combines her unnatural magic with abominable science to arm Galra soldiers with powerful weapons , create terrible monsters ( dubbed `` Ro - beasts '' in the second season ) to fight Voltron , and leech all manner of living things , including entire planets , of the mystical energy known as Quintessence for the Galra to use in their conquest of the universe . In battle , her magical abilities allow her to teleport , cast illusions , fog the minds of others with hallucinations , and use her hands to project energy blasts and shields . Haggar is revealed to be Altean in the second - season finale , and after Zarkon 's defeat , orders the remaining Galran commanders to summon their lord 's son , Prince Lotor . By the end of season three , she is revealed to be Honerva , an Altean alchemist and wife to Zarkon before both of them were corrupted by dark creatures , that are linked to Voltron 's origins , ten thousand years ago . Haggar seemed to have lost her memory of her former life , only recently discovering this knowledge with her magic and using it to gradually recover the rest of her memories , learning that Prince Lotor is her own son . A.J. Locascio as Prince Lotor - The son of Zarkon and Honerva ( Witch Haggar ) and heir to the Galra Empire , who assumes control of the Galra following his father 's defeat . Lotor follows a different philosophy than other Galra , believing that strength comes from bringing in worthy followers from the worlds they conquer rather than expending further resources to keep them subjugated . He has a personal all - female strike team consisting of individuals who are , like himself , only half - Galra . During his leadership of the Galra , he ignores matters that he deems a waste of time . It is eventually revealed that he has been working on his own plans to obtain Quintessence , and as a result , Zarkon declares him an outlaw . At the end of season 4 , he provides assistance to the Paladins , saving them from an ambush by Haggar and offers an alliance with them . In season 5 , Lotor defeats his father in a fight to the death and assumes control of the Empire , while forming an alliance with the Paladins and dealing with insurgents who question his authority . Production ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced a new original animated Voltron series to debut in 2016 as an expansion of their existing multi-year agreement . Voltron is one of several series planned for initial development and debut in 2016 , including Guillermo del Toro 's animated Trollhunters . Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos , both known for their work on the Avatar : The Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer . On March 25 , 2016 , at WonderCon it was announced that the voice cast would consist of Steven Yeun as Keith , Jeremy Shada as Lance , Bex Taylor - Klaus as Pidge , Josh Keaton as Shiro , Tyler Labine as Hunk , Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura ; and Rhys Darby as Coran and Neil Kaplan as King Zarkon . Cree Summer later confirmed that she would be voicing Witch Haggar . It was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that season two will premiere on Netflix in late 2016 . A few months later , at New York Comic Con , it was announced that the second season will premiere on January 20 , 2017 . The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7 , 2016 , where an episode was shown at the Voltron panel . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes . The fourth season premiered on October 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The sixth season is set to release June 15 , 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Voltron : Legendary Defender episodes Season Episodes Originally released First aired 13 June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 13 January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 7 August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 6 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 5 6 March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 6 7 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) Voltron : Legendary Defender has received critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the first season , based on 11 reviews , with Critic Consensus being that `` Voltron : Legendary Defender honors its source material with beautifully expressive animation and impactful action . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Status Ref . 2017 44th Annie Awards Best / Animated TV Broadcast Production For Children 's Audience Episode : `` Return of the Gladiator '' Nominated Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated IGN 's Best of 2016 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 6th Annual BTVA Awards BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a New Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Won Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Jeremy Shada ( Lance ) Nominated Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Kimberly Brooks ( Allura ) Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 2018 Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated Comics ( edit ) Three comic series detailing events happening in between seasons were announced in January 2016 . Taking story ideas that were deemed too outlandish and too epic to be contained in a 23 - minute episode from the animated series , these comic series bridges the time lapse between seasons . Volume 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The first miniseries consisted of 5 issues , published by Lion Forge Comics . It was written by show head writer Tim Hedrick and Mitch Iverson , and illustrated by Digital Art Chefs . A special cover variant of issue # 1 was available at San Diego Comic - Con in 2016 , with a limited release of 250 copies . Issue # 2 was released on August 2 , 2016 , followed by issue # 3 on October 5 , 2016 , issue # 4 on November 9 , 2016 , and issue # 5 on November 20 , 2016 . The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release , but got pushed back to January 3 , 2017 , then was finally released January 25 , 2017 , according to Lion Forge . The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel . A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15 , 2017 , at the DreamWorksTV YouTube channel . Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 July 13 , 2016 Tim Hedrick Mitch Iverson Digital Art Chefs Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 RELEASED JANUARY 25 , 2017 9781941302217 # 2 August 24 , 2016 # 3 October 5 , 2016 # 4 November 9 , 2016 # 5 November 30 , 2016 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) During the Voltron : Legendary Defender panel at WonderCon 2017 , it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017 . The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays. , however the date was pushed back on October 4 , 2017 where was published where lssue 2 and 3 was published on the same day , November 1 , 2017 and issue 4 was published on November 15 , 2017 , lssue 5 was published on December 13 , 2017 , the Vol. 2 Trade Paperback was published on January 31 , 2018 . Volume 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Volume 3 is set to debut on July 11 , 2018 . International broadcast ( edit ) Country Channel United Kingdom Netflix Google Play Pop Italy K2 Germany Netflix Super RTL Philippines Netflix TV5 Asia DreamWorks Channel Canada Family Chrgd Netflix Australia Netflix ABC Me Hungary Minimax Home media ( edit ) A DVD collection of all episodes from seasons one and two will be released on DVD on June 12 , 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . It is also scheduled for DVD releases in the UK , Italy , and Germany . Promotion and merchandising ( edit ) To promote the series in between the release of season 1 and 2 , a Robeast fanart contest was announced via social media on October 18 , 2016 . The winner was announced on December 27 , 2016 on social media under the username `` Zilla B '' . A virtual - reality video game based on the series , known as Voltron VR Chronicles , was released for Steam , Oculus and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Voltron Online Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Voltron : Legendary Defender announces season 2 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Shamus ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Voltron Season 3 Confirmed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' Season 5 Release Date Revealed '' . TV Shows . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for `` Voltron Legendary Defender '' Season 5 , Streaming Starting March 2 , 2018 `` . Toonzone . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron ' Season 6 Release Date Confirmed ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 1 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Voltron Legendary Defender 14 '' Electronic Voltron `` . Voltron.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Expand Global Relationship '' . Netflix Media Center . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And DreamWorks Are Working On An Animated Reboot Of ' Voltron ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks and Netflix reveal Voltron : Legendary Defender animated series showrunners '' . Nerd Reactor . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , By . `` WonderCon : Netflix 's Voltron Animated Series - Release Date Set , Voice Cast Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cree Summer will voice Haggar the Witch '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' gets a second season on Netflix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic - Con '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Season 4 '' . Dreamworks . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Leads Annie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2017 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2016 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 BTVA Voice Acting Awards '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2018 Kidscreen Awards go to ... '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron Legendary Defender Graphic Novel initial date '' . Dreamworks . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic SDCC Cover Variant '' . Comicsalliance.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 2 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 3 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 4 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 5 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Trade Paper Back Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 Trade Paperback Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( MOTION COMIC ) Shakedown at the Fripping Bulgogian DREAMWORKS VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER ( Motion comic ) . DreamWorksTV . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 2 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 3 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 4 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 5 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Comic Series 2 Announcement '' . Lionforge. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Series 2 new Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER VOL 3 # 1 CVR A YAMASHIN ( MAY181839 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender - ' Seasons 1 & 2 ' of the Current Show are Soaring to DVD Soon ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . 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when is season 6 of voltron coming out
[ "The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10, 2016, and consisted of 13 episodes. The series has a 78-episode commitment from Netflix. It has been released globally in United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Benelux Union and Latin America.[1][2] The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20, 2017, and consisted of 13 episodes.[3] The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4, 2017, and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13, 2017, and consisted of 6 episodes.[4] The fifth season premiered on March 2, 2018, and consists of six episodes.[5][6] The sixth season will premiere on June 15, 2018 and will consist of seven episodes.[7] The series' success has spawned several comics,[8] action figures, and other toys.[9]" ]
[ "June 15, 2018" ]
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Sweetener (album)
Sweetener ( album ) - wikipedia Sweetener ( album ) 2018 studio album by Ariana Grande Sweetener Studio album by Ariana Grande Released August 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) Studio Various ( show ) Glenwood Place ( Burbank , California ) Jungle City and Germano ( New York City ) Chalice , Conway and East West ( Hollywood , California ) MXM and The Lunchtable ( Los Angeles , California ) Midnight Blue and South Beach ( Miami , Florida ) MXM and Wolf Cousins ( Stockholm , Sweden ) District 4 - 12 ( Northridge , California ) Genre Pop R&B trap Length 47 : 25 Label Republic Producer Ariana Grande ( exec. ) Scooter Braun ( exec . ) Charles Anderson Brian Malik Baptiste Tommy Brown Michael Foster Hit - Boy Ilya Max Martin Pharrell Williams Ariana Grande chronology The Best ( 2017 ) Sweetener ( 2018 ) Singles from Sweetener `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Released : April 20 , 2018 `` God Is a Woman '' Released : July 13 , 2018 `` Breathin '' Released : September 18 , 2018 Sweetener is the fourth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande . It was released on August 17 , 2018 , through Republic Records . The album is the follow - up to her 2016 studio album , Dangerous Woman , and features guest appearances from Pharrell Williams , Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott . The lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , was released on April 20 , 2018 , and debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 . `` The Light Is Coming '' , featuring Minaj , was released as a promotional single on June 20 , 2018 , along with the pre-order of the album . `` God Is a Woman '' was released as the second single on July 13 , 2018 , and peaked at number 8 . The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , becoming her third to reach the top position in the country . It also topped several international album charts , including in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , Italy , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 2.1 Music and lyrics 2.2 Songs and lyrical content 3 Promotion 4 Singles 4.1 Promotional singles 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Personnel 9 Charts 10 Certifications 11 Release history 12 References Background On November 13 , 2016 , Grande stated on Snapchat that she had finished her fourth album . She later clarified by saying , `` I did n't mean to make an album , and I do n't know if it 's done at all , but I just have a bunch of songs that I really really like . I 've been working a lot and have been creating and feeling inspired . '' In December 2017 , she confirmed that she was still working on the album . Grande 's manager Scooter Braun told Variety that the album has a more mature sound : `` It 's time for ( Ariana ) to sing the songs that define her ... Whitney , Mariah , Adele -- when they sing , that 's their song . Ariana has big vocal moments ; it 's time for her song . '' Pharrell Williams told Los Angeles Times : `` The things that ( Ariana ) has to say on this album , it 's pretty next - level . '' Producers Max Martin and Savan Kotecha were later confirmed to have collaborated with Grande in the album . On December 28 , 2017 , Grande shared several pictures of her in the studio throughout the year . The following week , Grande shared a snippet from the album on her Instagram , which was later revealed to be a track titled `` Get Well Soon '' . On April 16 , 2018 , it was reported that Grande may move up the lead single release to April 20 , 2018 , due to labelmate Post Malone 's album being released on April 27 . On April 17 , 2018 , Grande announced that the album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , would be released on April 20 , 2018 . On The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon , Grande announced that her album would be called Sweetener . She said the meaning behind the title is `` It 's kind of about like bringing light to a situation , or to someone 's life , or somebody else who brings light to your life , or sweetening the situation . '' A May 2018 cover article in Time magazine by Sam Lansky notes that , for the first time with this album , Grande `` took the lead on writing '' . In late May 2018 , she announced that the album would feature 15 tracks and three collaborations , which are Missy Elliott , Nicki Minaj and Pharrell Williams . In early June 2018 , Grande announced at Wango Tango that the album would be available for pre-order on June 20 , and `` The Light Is Coming '' would be released along with it . The second single , `` God Is a Woman '' , was initially scheduled to be released on July 20 , 2018 , however , she later moved the release forward a week to July 13 . Prior to the album 's release , Spencer Kornhaber of The Atlantic commented that the first three singles from the album `` sparked with a sense of defiance and rattled mortality ... ( a ) trifecta of pseudo-spiritualism and sneaky innovation ... Grande 's music and videos radiate ( intoxicating , unworried confidence ) '' . Composition Music and lyrics `` It 's definitely more personal . You know , I feel like ' Dangerous Woman ' was a grown - up ' My Everything , ' and this is a grown - up ' Yours Truly . ' '' -- Ariana Grande on the album 's sound . Sweetener consists mostly of pop , R&B , and trap songs that include elements of house , funk , neo soul and hip hop music on its beats and productions . The melodies and harmonies on the album are diverse and include uptempo songs and many different down tempo sentimental ballads . It explores a diversity of other music genres , including tropical house , EDM , synthpop and minimalist urban influences . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic stated that the album `` deepens the R&B inclinations of 2016 's Dangerous Woman . '' In an interview with Zach Sang she said : `` Listen , the thing that I love most about this project sonically , is that all I really did was sing in my sweet lower register '' . Songs and lyrical content The album begins with 38 - second a cappella intro , `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' , written by Bob Gaudio and performed by The Four Seasons . The song is known to completely show Grande 's vocals . `` Blazed '' is a high tempo funk - influenced song . It features vocals and background vocals by Pharrell Williams , who also produced the track . She first admitted the name of the song on her Twitter account . Lyrically , it is about `` loving someone and being with them . '' `` The Light Is Coming '' merges hip hop and R&B elements . Grande sings the lyrics `` The light is coming / to give back everything the darkness stole '' . Which is sung over a `` jittery beat '' that is used with quick drums and synths . It samples a CNN archive clip of a man who is shouting at former senator Arlen Specter at a town hall meeting in Pennsylvania in 2009 concerning healthcare ( `` You would n't let anybody speak for this and instead ! '' ) . Israel Daramola described the song as a `` glitchy , thumping '' dance record with a sample that highlights Grande 's `` nursery rhyme - style melody '' `` R.E.M '' is an R&B song that is built over a smooth doo - wop beat . The song 's title stands for `` rapid eye movement '' , which is where memorable and vivid dreams occur . In an interview with Jimmy Fallon for the Tonight Show , she admitted that `` R.E.M '' was her favourite song . She later confirmed on Twitter that `` R.E.M. '' is a song based on Beyoncé 's demo titled `` Wake Up '' , a leftover from the singer 's 2013 self - titled album . Missy Elliott ( left ) , Nicki Minaj ( middle ) and Pharrell Williams ( right ) all perform , and Williams is a producer , on the album . The track `` God Is a Woman '' contains lyrics about female sexual empowerment and spirituality ; Time described the song as `` an anthemic , sultry banger '' . a trap - pop song , `` God Is a Woman '' contains influences of reggae. and is performed in the key of E ♭ minor with a tempo of 72 -- 76 beats per minute . `` Sweetener '' ( which is the title track ) was the first song that Grande recorded for the album , and it features Williams vocals in the background similar to `` R.E.M '' . Being a trap - inspired song , the chorus contains the lyrics `` When life deals us cards / Make everything taste like it is salt / Then you come through like the sweetener you are . '' which symbolises empowerment . `` Successful '' is a 90s - inspired neo soul song , that has elements of gospel and trap . Lyrically , it 's about `` girls feeling good about their own individual success . '' `` Everytime '' is a `` trap - pop '' song that contains a pop - rap chorus . `` Breathin '' is a dance - pop song that contains influences of synthpop . It was written by songwriter Peter Svensson . The Independent called the song an `` emotional highlight '' and that it is a `` mental health bop over a good , solid pop beat . '' Lyrically , it is about Grande 's overcoming growth from anxiety . `` No Tears Left To Cry '' is a dance - pop and disco song with a UK garage beat. and was served as the first official single for the album . Lyrically , it is about the Manchester Arena bombing . `` Borderline '' is a 90s contemporary R&B song features American rapper Missy Elliott . It 's one of Grande 's favourites on the album . `` Better Off '' is a power ballad that discusses a toxic relationship that Grande was in with former - boyfriend Mac Miller . `` Goodnight n Go '' is an EDM song with deep house and tropical influences . It contains a sample of `` Goodnight and Go '' , written and performed by Grande 's inspiration Imogen Heap . In an interview with Billboard Heap said that `` it feels like a gift '' . She went on saying : `` When somebody that famous picks up on a song that has had its day and gives it a second life , it 's a real gift . I think she 's done a lovely version of it . '' `` Pete Davidson '' is an interlude of the album and has a trap and hip hop production . Lyrically , it is about her then - fiancé , Pete Davidson . `` Get Well Soon '' is a soul - ballad that has a laid back R&B melody . At the end of the song , 40 seconds of silence are played as a tribute to the twenty - two victims of the Manchester Arena bombing , which took place after her concert on May 22 , 2017 . Promotion See also : The Sweetener Sessions and Sweetener World Tour Grande went silent on all social media after sharing a snippet of a song from the album on December 31 , 2017 . On April 17 , 2018 , Grande broke her silence by sharing a teaser of the album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , which was released on April 20 , 2018 , alongside its music video . She first performed the song at Coachella later that night , as a guest during the performance of DJ Kygo . Grande announced the title of the album and several song titles on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on May 1 , 2018 , shortly before performing `` No Tears Left to Cry '' . She also opened the 2018 Billboard Music Awards with a performance of the song on May 20 , 2018 . On June 2 , 2018 , Grande performed at Wango Tango in California , closing her set with a performance of `` No Tears Left to Cry '' and also sharing a snippet of `` The Light Is Coming '' . On August 8 , 2018 , three dates were announced for a series of promotional concerts in the United States , titled The Sweetener Sessions , in partnership with American Express . Grande also announced a world tour in support of the album . The tour , titled Sweetener World Tour is scheduled to begin on March 18 , 2019 . Singles The album 's lead single , `` No Tears Left to Cry '' , was released on April 20 , 2018 alongside its music video . The track debuted at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Grande 's ninth Hot 100 top 10 and sixth to debut in the top 10 , tying Grande with Lady Gaga and Rihanna in sixth among acts with the most top 10 debuts on the chart . The single made Grande the first artist in the chart 's 60 - year history to debut in the top 10 with lead single from each of her first four albums . The second single , `` God Is a Woman '' , was released on July 13 , 2018 , with its music video premiering 12 hours after the song 's release . The single debuted at number eleven on the Hot 100 and peaked at number eight , making it Grande 's tenth top ten song on the chart and placing her as the twelfth overall artist and seventh female artist with the most Hot 100 top 10s in the 2010s decade . `` Breathin '' was released to US contemporary hit radio as the third single from the album on September 18 , 2018 . The song has reached number 22 on the Hot 100 . Promotional Singles A promotional single , `` The Light Is Coming '' , featuring Nicki Minaj , was released on June 20 , 2018 , along with the pre-order of the album . The song debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Hot 100 and later peaked at number 89 , after the release of the album . Critical reception Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating AnyDecentMusic ? 7.5 / 10 Metacritic 81 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph Entertainment Weekly A -- The Guardian The Independent The Irish Times NME Pitchfork 8.1 / 10 Rolling Stone The Times At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , Sweetener has an average score of 81 based on 20 reviews . In The New York Times , Jon Pareles wrote that Grande 's voice `` can be silky , breathy or cutting , swooping through long melismas or jabbing out short R&B phrases ; it 's always supple and airborne , never forced. ... Ms. Grande sails above any fray , past or present . Her aplomb is her triumph . '' Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone called the album `` a refreshing , cohesive package. ... ( The producers ' approach lets ) Grande 's easy way with trap phrasing find a home next to her flair for Broadway-esque dramatic runs '' ; it combines `` the sensual romance of the album 's plentiful love songs and the aching heartbreak of the others . '' Spanos concludes that it is Grande 's `` best album yet , and one of 2018 's strongest pop releases to date . Kate Solomon of The Independent commented that with music that is `` often unexpected , sometimes in a good way , it is an album by an artist in flux -- trying to move forward while reluctant to fully relinquish old ideas . '' Writing for NME , Douglas Greenwood deemed the album `` ( a ) confident , accomplished , sometimes left - field collection of pop bangers , proving that she 's not shy of experimentation . '' He also commented that `` there are a couple of songs on Sweetener that you 'd happily leave on the shelf . '' Similarly , in The Guardian , Alexis Petridis said that `` her collaborations with Pharrell really push the boundaries . But they make the rest of this album seem formulaic . '' He considered the album `` uneven '' , with its attempts to balance out what Grande called a `` weird '' record . Petridis felt that `` the world could use more pop music as imaginative as Sweetener 's highlights . '' Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph felt that `` the quality of the songs is high , although there are moments when they might be trying too hard to demonstrate that the teen queen is all grown up now , '' and argued , `` as modern , branded , blockbuster pop albums go , Sweetener is a delightful confection . '' He commented less favorably about guest rappers Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott , who `` sound like they dialled in clichéd verses for a pay cheque . '' Commercial performance In the United States , Sweetener opened at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , of which 127,000 were from traditional album sales , thus becoming Grande 's third number - one album in the United States . It also logged the largest streaming week for a non-hip hop album by a female artist ; the songs were streamed 126.7 million times in the album 's first week . On the US Billboard Hot 100 chart issue dated September 1 , ten songs ( nine of which are from Sweetener ) appeared simultaneously , placing Grande as the fourth female artist with the most simultaneous entries on the chart by a solo female artist behind Taylor Swift , Beyoncé , and Cardi B. Grande also topped the Artist 100 chart the same week due to album sales and song streams . In its second week , Sweetener dropped to number four moving 75,000 equivalent album units , while in its third week , it fell one position to number five moving an additional 56,000 equivalent album units . In the United Kingdom , Sweetener debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart , moving 45,000 album - equivalent units . It became her second number - one album in the UK , and her fastest selling album to date . Following its release , two album tracks entered the UK Singles Chart as `` Breathin '' debuted at number 8 , and `` Sweetener '' landed at number 22 , while the single `` God Is a Woman '' ascended six places to number 6 . In Australia , the album became Grande 's third number one on the ARIA Albums Chart , with all 15 of its tracks placing on the ARIA Singles Chart in the same week . Track listing Sweetener No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' Bob Gaudio Ilya Max Martin 0 : 37 2 . `` Blazed '' ( featuring Pharrell Williams ) Pharrell Williams Williams 3 : 16 3 . `` The Light Is Coming '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ) Williams Onika Maraj Ariana Grande Williams 3 : 48 4 . `` R.E.M '' Williams Williams 4 : 05 5 . `` God Is a Woman '' Grande Ilya Salmanzadeh Savan Kotecha Martin Rickard Göransson Ilya 3 : 17 6 . `` Sweetener '' Williams Grande Williams 3 : 28 7 . `` Successful '' Williams Williams 3 : 47 8 . `` Everytime '' Grande Salmanzadeh Kotecha Martin Martin Ilya 2 : 52 9 . `` Breathin '' Grande Salmanzadeh Kotecha Peter Svensson Ilya 3 : 18 10 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' Grande Martin Kotecha Salmanzadeh Martin Ilya 3 : 25 11 . `` Borderline '' ( featuring Missy Elliott ) Williams Melissa Elliott Williams 2 : 57 12 . `` Better Off '' Tommy Brown Chauncey Hollis Brian Malik Baptiste Kim `` Kaydence '' Krysiuk Grande Hit - Boy Brown Baptiste 2 : 51 13 . `` Goodnight n Go '' Imogen Heap Brown Charles Anderson Michael Foster Grande Victoria McCants Brown Anderson Foster 3 : 09 14 . `` Pete Davidson '' Grande Brown Anderson McCants Brown Anderson 1 : 13 15 . `` Get Well Soon '' Williams Grande Williams 5 : 22 Total length : 47 : 25 show Japan bonus tracks No . Title Length 16 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( instrumental ) 3 : 25 17 . `` God Is a Woman '' ( instrumental ) 3 : 17 show Japan deluxe edition ( bonus DVD ) No . Title Length 1 . `` No Tears Left to Cry '' ( music video ) 3 : 59 2 . `` The Light Is Coming '' ( featuring Nicki Minaj ; music video ) 3 : 53 Notes All track titles are stylized in all lowercase , except `` R.E.M '' and the proper noun `` God '' in tracks 4 and 5 respectively . `` Raindrops ( An Angel Cried ) '' is a cover of `` An Angel Cried '' , written by Bob Gaudio and performed by The Four Seasons . `` R.E.M '' contains a sample elements of Beyoncé 's unreleased demo entitled `` Wake Up '' . `` Goodnight n Go '' contains a sample of and incorporates lyrics from `` Goodnight and Go '' , written and performed by Imogen Heap . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Sweetener . Performers and musicians Ariana Grande -- vocals Pharrell Williams -- featured artist ( 2 ) , additional vocals ( 4 , 6 ) Nicki Minaj -- featured artist ( 3 ) Missy Elliott -- featured artist ( 11 ) Rickard Göransson -- guitar ( 5 ) Peter Lee Johnson -- strings ( 12 , 14 ) Max Martin -- bass ( 8 , 10 ) , drums ( 8 , 10 ) , keyboards ( 8 -- 10 ) , percussion ( 10 ) Ilya Salmanzadeh -- background vocals ( 5 , 9 ) , drums ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , guitar ( 5 , 9 ) , keyboard ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , bass ( 8 -- 9 ) , percussion ( 10 ) Production Charles Anderson -- production ( 13 -- 14 ) Brian Malik Baptiste -- production ( 12 ) Cory Bice -- recording engineer assistance ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Scooter Braun -- executive production Tommy Brown -- production ( 12 -- 14 ) Andrew Coleman -- recording ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) , digital editing ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) , arrangement ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 ) Kris Crawford -- recording assistance ( 3 ) Thomas Cullison -- recording assistance ( 2 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Aubrey `` Big Juice '' Delaine -- vocals recording ( 3 ) Jacob Dennis -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 , 6 ) Scott Desmarais -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Corte Ellis -- recording ( 11 ) Missy Elliott -- recording ( 11 ) Iain Findlay -- recording assistance ( 6 ) Robin Florent -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Michael Foster -- production ( 13 ) Chris Galland -- mix assistance ( 3 ) Serban Ghenea -- mixing ( 5 , 8 -- 14 ) Ariana Grande -- executive production Hart Gunther -- recording assistance ( 7 ) John Hanes -- mix assistance ( 5 , 8 -- 14 ) Hit - Boy -- production ( 12 ) Sam Holland -- recording ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Chris Khan -- recording assistance ( 6 ) David Kim -- recording assistance ( 6 ) Mike Larson -- recording ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , digital editing ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , arrangement ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) , additional programming ( 3 -- 4 ) Guillermo Lefeld -- recording assistance ( 4 ) Jeremy Lertola -- recording engineer assistance ( 1 , 8 -- 10 ) Manny Marroquin -- mixing ( 3 ) Max Martin -- production ( 1 , 8 , 10 ) , programming ( 8 , 10 ) Randy Merrill -- mastering Brendan Morawski -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 ) Manny Park -- recording assistance ( 3 ) Noah Passovoy -- recording ( 9 ) Ramon Rivas -- recording engineer assistance ( 3 ) Ilya Salmanzadeh -- production ( 1 , 5 , 8 -- 10 ) , mixing ( 1 ) , programming ( 5 , 8 -- 10 ) Ben `` Bengineer '' Sedano -- recording assistance ( 2 -- 3 , 6 , 11 ) Jon Sher -- recording assistance ( 4 ) Phil Tan -- mixing ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Pharrell Williams -- production ( 2 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Bill Zimmerman -- additional engineering ( 2 , 4 , 6 -- 7 , 11 , 15 ) Artwork Dave Meyers -- photography Jessica Severn -- art direction , design Charts Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) French Albums ( SNEP ) German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 6 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) Japanese Albums ( Oricon ) 5 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 24 Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Certifications Region Certification Certified units / Sales New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 100,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history Region Date Format Label Ref . Various August 17 , 2018 CD digital download streaming Republic Island United Kingdom August 21 , 2018 Cassette Island Various October 15 , 2018 Republic November , 2018 LP References ^ Jump up to : Mapes , Jillian . `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener Review '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : Out of the darkness came sweetness '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elias ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Proves That Trap Is the New Pop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Taps Nicki Minaj for New Song `` The Light Is Coming '' : Listen `` . Pitchfork. 2018 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Is Already Working On Her Fourth Album '' . Idolator. 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's Been So ' Inspired ' That She Already Made Her Next Album '' . MTV . 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Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's ' The Light Is Coming ' Contains a Prominent Voice Sample With a Political Message '' . Billboard . June 21 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daramola , Israel . `` Ariana Grande 's ' The Light Is Coming ' Is Hypnotic and Wonderfully Bizarre '' , Spin , June 22 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` REM SLEEP -- TYPES AND STAGES OF SLEEP '' . How Sleep Occurs . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Predicted She Would Marry Pete Davidson Three Years Ago '' . YouTube . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's `` REM '' is a flip of a leaked Beyoncé song `` . Fader . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spanos , Britanny . `` Watch Ariana Grande 's Cosmic New Lyric Video for ' God Is a Woman ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Neid , Mike . `` Ariana Grande 's `` God Is A Woman '' Is A Sexually Liberated Bop `` . Idolator . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . 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Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Briones , Issis ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` 48 Hours in Hong Kong With Ariana Grande '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Replying to @ sweetaner @ bedwithgrande '' . Twitter . June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande on iTunes '' . Apple Music . August 17 , 2018 . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Taylor ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetener : A Track - by - Track Review '' . Pride . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` issa remix & a cover wa few new parts '' . Twitter . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Ilana ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Imogen Heap Talks Ariana Grande 's Version of ' Goodnight and Go ' : ' It 's a Real Gift ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis . `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener review -- pop 's ponytailed paragon gets weird '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Hinzman , Denis ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Track - by - Track Review : Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Does Not Disappoint '' . OUT . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barbour , Shannon ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fans Think Ariana Grande 's New Song `` Get Well Soon '' Is a Tribute to the Manchester Bombing Victims `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fans Speculate Ariana Grande 's Sweetener Track `` Get Well Soon '' Is 5 : 22 Long to Honor Manchester Attack `` . Billboard . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Billie , Braudie ; Minsker , Evan ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Ariana Grande Cover Kendrick in the Style of Evanescence on `` Fallon '' `` . Pitchfork . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Opens the Billboard Music Awards With Fiery Performance of ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Performs ' The Light is Coming ' for the First Time Live : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Rita ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Announces Intimate ' Sweetener Sessions ' in New York City , Los Angeles & Chicago '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Announces ' Sweetener ' World Tour : See the Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Scores 9th Billboard Hot 100 Top 10 With ' No Tears Left to Cry ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Leads Billboard Hot 100 , Ariana Grande Arrives at No. 3 & J. Cole Collects Record Three Debuts in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Tops Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week With Record - Breaking 116.2 Million U.S. Streams '' . billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Just outside the Hot 100 's top 10 , Ariana Grande launches at No. 11 with `` God Is a Woman , '' the official follow - up single to `` Tears '' from her album Sweetener , due Aug. 17 . Following the July 13 premiere of its official video , `` God '' starts at No. 4 on Digital Song Sales ( 42,000 ) and No. 8 on Streaming Songs ( 26.5 million ) . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' In My Feelings ' Leads Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week , Ariana Grande 's ' God Is A Woman ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . All Access . September 18 , 2018 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2018 . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande reviews '' . Any Decent Music . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Sweetener by Ariana Grande '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande 's Sweetner is a sneakily complex pop album '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : `` Ariana Grande , Sweetener review : A portrait of an artist in flux '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener -- celebrating the art of being okay '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will . `` Pop review : Ariana Grande : Sweetener '' . The Times . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Sails Above Sorrow on Sweetener '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Caulfield , Keith ( August 26 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Earns Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Sweetener ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Earns 10th Top 10 Hit , Lands 10 Songs on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Zellner , Xander ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande Returns to No. 1 On the Artist 100 Chart , Aretha Franklin Reaches No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` BTS Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Love Yourself : Answer ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( September 9 , 2018 ) . `` Eminem Earns Ninth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart With ' Kamikaze ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/ariana-grandes-sweetener-earns-her-a-second-number-1-on-the-official-albums-chart-im-so-grateful-__23727/ Jump up ^ http://www.mtv.co.uk/ariana-grande/news/ariana-grande-sweetener-uk-album-chart-number-1 Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 : 24 August 2018 -- 30 August 2018 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener lands Ariana Grande third # 1 album '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 25 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 487 '' . auspOp . August 25 , 2018 . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( booklet ) . Ariana Grande . New York City : Republic Records . 2018 . B002881502 . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener by Ariana Grande '' . Tidal . Canada . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` アリアナ ・ グランデ 『 Sweetener 』 特設 サイト '' . Universal Music Japan . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Farley , Rebecca ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Everything We Know About Ariana Grande 's New Album Sweetener '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( July 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ariana Grande 's `` REM '' is a flip of a leaked Beyoncé song `` . Fader ( thefader.com ) . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sweetener ( Media notes ) . Ariana Grande . Republic Records . 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201834 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande : Sweetener '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums -- SNEP ( Week 34 , 2018 ) '' . SNEP . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 34 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Ariana Grande '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oricon Top 50 Albums : 2018 - 08 - 27 '' ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Album Chart -- Week 36 , 2018 '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon . Retrieved September 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Ariana Grande -- Sweetener '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select albums in the Format field . Select Gold in the Certification field . Type Sweetener in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Sweetener '' . Universal Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener Cassette + Album -- Ariana Grande Official Store '' . Universal Music Group . Jump up ^ `` Sweetener Vinyl + Album -- Ariana Grande Official Store '' . Universal Music Group . Ariana Grande Discography Awards and nominations Songs Live performances Studio albums Yours Truly My Everything Dangerous Woman Sweetener EPs and compilations Christmas Kisses The Remix Christmas & Chill The Best Singles `` Put Your Hearts Up '' `` The Way '' `` Baby I '' `` Right There '' `` Problem '' `` Break Free '' `` Bang Bang '' `` Love Me Harder '' `` Santa Tell Me '' `` One Last Time '' `` E Più Ti Penso '' `` Focus '' `` Dangerous Woman '' `` Into You '' `` Side to Side '' `` Everyday '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' `` No Tears Left to Cry '' `` God Is a Woman '' `` Breathin '' Promotional singles `` Almost Is Never Enough '' `` Best Mistake '' `` Be Alright '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` The Light Is Coming '' Featured singles `` Popular Song '' `` All My Love '' `` Adore '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Over and Over Again '' `` Research '' `` My Favorite Part '' `` Faith '' `` Heatstroke '' `` Dance to This '' `` Bed '' Other songs `` Greedy '' `` Goodnight n Go '' `` Get Well Soon '' Concert tours The Listening Sessions The Honeymoon Tour Dangerous Woman Tour The Sweetener Sessions Sweetener World Tour Related articles Frankie Grande One Love Manchester Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweetener_(album)&oldid=866469512 '' Categories : 2018 albums Albums produced by Ilya Salmanzadeh Albums produced by Max Martin Albums produced by Pharrell Williams Ariana Grande albums Republic Records albums Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018 Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when is ariana grande's album sweetener coming out
[ "Sweetener is the fourth studio album by American singer Ariana Grande. It was released on August 17, 2018, through Republic Records.[4] The album is the follow-up to her 2016 studio album, Dangerous Woman, and features guest appearances from Pharrell Williams, Nicki Minaj and Missy Elliott.\n" ]
[ "August 17, 2018" ]
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2018–19 NBA season
2018 -- 19 NBA season - wikipedia 2018 -- 19 NBA season 2018 -- 19 NBA season League National Basketball Association Sport Basketball Duration October 16 , 2018 -- April 10 , 2019 April -- May 2019 ( Playoffs ) May -- June 2019 ( Finals ) Number of games 82 Number of teams 30 TV partner ( s ) ABC , TNT , ESPN , NBA TV Draft Top draft pick Deandre Ayton Picked by Phoenix Suns Regular season Playoffs Finals NBA seasons ← 2017 -- 18 2019 -- 20 → The 2018 -- 19 NBA season will be the 73rd season of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The regular season will begin on October 16 , 2018 , and end on April 10 , 2019 . The playoffs will begin shortly after , with the NBA Finals concluding in June . The 2019 NBA All - Star Game will be played on February 17 , 2019 , at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents 1 Transactions 1.1 Retirement 1.2 Free agency 1.3 Coaching changes 1.3. 1 Off - season 2 Preseason 2.1 International games 3 Regular season 3.1 International games 4 Arenas 5 Media 6 Uniforms 6.1 Uniform sponsorships 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Transactions Main article : List of 2018 -- 19 NBA season transactions Retirement On May 10 , 2018 , Nick Collison announced his retirement from the NBA . Collison played all his 15 seasons with the Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder franchise . On May 25 , 2018 , after playing 13 seasons in the NBA for seven teams , Mo Williams announced his retirement from the NBA to take the assistant head coaching job at Cal State Northridge . On July 17 , 2018 , after playing 10 seasons in the NBA for four teams , Roy Hibbert retired from the NBA . On August 27 , 2018 , Manu Ginóbili announced his retirement from the NBA . Ginóbili played all his 16 seasons with the San Antonio Spurs franchise . Free agency Free agency negotiations began on July 1 . Players began signing on July 6 after the July moratorium ended . Coaching changes Coaching changes Off - season Team 2017 -- 18 season 2018 -- 19 season Atlanta Hawks Mike Budenholzer Lloyd Pierce Charlotte Hornets Steve Clifford James Borrego Detroit Pistons Stan Van Gundy Dwane Casey Milwaukee Bucks Joe Prunty ( interim ) Mike Budenholzer New York Knicks Jeff Hornacek David Fizdale Orlando Magic Frank Vogel Steve Clifford Phoenix Suns Jay Triano ( interim ) Igor Kokoškov Toronto Raptors Dwane Casey Nick Nurse Off - season On April 12 , 2018 , the New York Knicks fired head coach Jeff Hornacek after the team missed the playoffs . In addition , associate head coach Kurt Rambis was also fired . On April 12 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic fired head coach Frank Vogel after the team missed the playoffs . On April 13 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets fired head coach Steve Clifford after the team missed the playoffs . On April 25 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks and Mike Budenholzer had mutually agreed to part ways . On May 1 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies announced that J.B. Bickerstaff would become the new permanent head coach of the team . On May 2 , 2018 , the Phoenix Suns hired Igor Kokoškov as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the New York Knicks hired David Fizdale as head coach . On May 7 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Stan Van Gundy after the team missed the playoffs for the second consecutive season . On May 10 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets hired James Borrego as head coach . On May 11 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors fired Dwane Casey after the team was swept by the Cleveland Cavaliers for the second consecutive time in the postseason . On May 11 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks hired Lloyd Pierce as head coach . On May 17 , 2018 , the Milwaukee Bucks hired Mike Budenholzer as head coach . On May 30 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic hired Steve Clifford as head coach . On June 11 , 2018 , the Detroit Pistons hired Dwane Casey as head coach . On June 14 , 2018 , the Toronto Raptors promoted assistant coach Nick Nurse as their head coach . Preseason The Preseason will begin on September 29 and will end on October 12 . International games The Toronto Raptors will play two preseason games in Canada first beginning with the Portland Trail Blazers in Vancouver at the Rogers Arena on September 29 . And then the Brooklyn Nets in Montreal at the Bell Centre on October 10 . The Dallas Mavericks and the Philadelphia 76ers will play two preseason games in China at Shanghai on October 5 and Shenzhen on October 8 . Regular season The regular season will begin on October 16 , 2018 and will end on April 10 , 2019 . The entire schedule was released on August 10 , 2018 . International games On June 20 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Washington Wizards would play the New York Knicks at the O2 Arena in London , United Kingdom on January 17 , 2019 . On August 7 , 2018 , the NBA announced that the Orlando Magic would play two games at Mexico City Arena in Mexico City . They will play the Chicago Bulls on December 13 , 2018 , and they will play the Utah Jazz on December 15 , 2018 . Arenas This will be the Golden State Warriors ' final season at Oracle Arena in Oakland , before moving to the new Chase Center in San Francisco . The Warriors will play their final regular season game there in April 2019 . This will be the Milwaukee Bucks ' first season at the new Fiserv Forum after playing at the Bradley Center from 1988 to 2018 . The Bucks will play their first game there in October 2018 . The Toronto Raptors ' home arena was renamed Scotiabank Arena on July 1 , 2018 . Media This will be the third year of the current nine - year contracts with ABC , ESPN , TNT , and NBA TV . Uniforms On June 6 , 2018 , the Denver Nuggets unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On July 25 , 2018 , the Charlotte Hornets unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On July 31 , 2018 , the Los Angeles Lakers unveiled their new uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 2 , 2018 , the Memphis Grizzlies unveiled their new logos and uniforms to enter the 2018 -- 19 season . On August 8 , 2018 , the Orlando Magic unveiled their first `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 30th anniversary . On August 16 , 2018 , the Atlanta Hawks unveiled their new `` Classic Edition '' uniform to commemorate their 50th anniversary since moving from St. Louis to Atlanta . Uniform sponsorships In April 2016 , the NBA announced that teams would be permitted to sign a uniform sponsorship contract for the 2017 -- 18 season . Prior and during the 2017 -- 18 season 21 teams signed a uniform sponsorship contract . Before the 2018 -- 19 season two more teams signed such contract : Memphis Grizzlies -- FedEx San Antonio Spurs -- Frost Bank As of August 22 , 2018 , seven teams have not signed a uniform sponsorship contract : Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , Indiana Pacers , Oklahoma City Thunder , Phoenix Suns , Portland Trail Blazers , and Washington Wizards . See also National Basketball Association portal References Jump up ^ Gallo , Nick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Seeing Off a True Pro -- Thunder Fan Favorite Nick Collison Retires '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fenno , Nathan ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Former UCLA coach Jim Harrick and former NBA player Mo Williams join coaching staff at Cal State Northridge '' . latimes.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2018/07/17/roy-hibbert-nba-future-lakers-moving-on/ Jump up ^ Schad , Matt ( August 27 , 2018 ) . `` Manu Ginobili announces retirement '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jeff Hornacek Relieved of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Orlando Magic Dismiss Frank Vogel as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Relieve Clifford of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Part Ways With Head Coach Mike Budenholzer '' . NBA.com. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies introduce J.B. Bickerstaff Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Suns Agree to Terms with Igor Kokoškov To Become New Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 2 , 2018 . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` New York Knicks name David Fizdale new coach '' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Van Gundy to Be Replaced as Head Coach and President of Basketball Operations '' . Detroit Pistons . May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Name James Borrego Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dwane Casey Relieved Of Head Coaching Duties '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Reach Agreement in Principle With Lloyd Pierce To Become Team 's Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Budenholzer Named Head Coach Of The Milwaukee Bucks '' . NBA.com . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Orlando Magic Name Steve Clifford Head Coach '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Pistons Name Dwane Casey as Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raptors Name Nick Nurse Head Coach '' . NBA.com . June 14 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Raptors Will Play Preseason Game In Vancouver '' . Nationalpost.com . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA China Games 2018 Mavericks Vs 76ers '' . NBA.com. April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA TV to reveal full 2018 - 19 regular - season schedule on Friday at 4 p.m. ET '' . NBA.com . August 9 , 2018 . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA London Game 2019 official '' . NBA.com . June 20 , 2018 . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Mexico City Games 2018 to feature Orlando Magic hosting Chicago Bulls and Utah Jazz '' . NBA.com . August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saracevic , Al ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` Warriors ' Chase Center arena rising from the ground in SF '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirchen , Rich ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Bucks ' last regular season game at BMO Harris Bradley Center ends with a win , memories : Slideshow '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fiserv Forum is the New Home of the Milwaukee Bucks '' . Bucks.com . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . July 26 , 2018 . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Krashinsky Robertson , Susan ; Bradshaw , James ; Gray , Jeff ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto 's Air Canada Centre to be renamed Scotiabank Arena in $800 - million deal '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Blake ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` Air Canada Centre officially becomes Scotiabank Arena '' . Raptors Republic . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Denver Nuggets Reveal Evolved Brand Identity '' . NBA.com . June 6 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , Christopher ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Evolve : Nuggets Usher in a New Era with Reimagined Logos , Uniforms '' . Denver Nuggets . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets Unveil New White Classic Uniform For 2018 - 19 Season '' . NBA . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unveil New Uniforms for 2018 - 19 '' . NBA.com . July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil reimagined brand identity system and newly designed uniforms '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denton , John . `` Orlando Magic Unveil 30 Years of Pure Magic '' . nba.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Hawks Basketball Club Announces Major Next - Generation Initiatives at Season Preview Event '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tomorrow Starts Today '' . NBA.com . August 16 , 2018 . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` NBA to begin selling jersey sponsorships in 2017 - 18 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memphis Grizzlies unveil new uniforms with FedEx as jersey sponsor '' . NBA.com . August 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FROST BANK BECOMES FIRST - EVER JERSEY PARTNER OF THE SAN ANTONIO SPURS '' . NBA.com . August 22 , 2018 . Retrieved August 22 , 2018 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when does the 2018 19 nba schedule come out
[ "The regular season will begin on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.[22]\n" ]
[ "August 10, 2018" ]
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Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
Hierarchy of the Catholic Church - wikipedia Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Part of a series on the Hierarchy of the Catholic Church Saint Peter Ecclesiastical titles ( order of precedence ) Pope Cardinal Cardinal Vicar Moderator of the curia Chaplain of His Holiness Papal legate Papal majordomo Apostolic Nuncio Apostolic Delegate Apostolic Syndic Apostolic visitor Vicar Apostolic Apostolic Exarch Apostolic Prefect Assistant at the Pontifical Throne Eparch Metropolitan Patriarch Bishop Archbishop Bishop Emeritus Diocesan bishop Major archbishop Primate Suffragan bishop Titular bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Territorial prelate Territorial abbot Liturgical titles ( show ) Acolyte Consecrator Lector Reader Subdeacon Administrative and pastoral titles ( show ) Auditor Brother Chancellor Chaplain Military chaplain Military ordinary Coarb Confessor Consultor Curate Deacon Defender of the Bond Definitor Devil 's advocate Diocesan administrator Ecclesiastical judge Episcopal vicar Exorcist Judicial vicar Lay brother Lay cardinal Monsignor Officialis Pastor Assistant pastor Personal prelate Preacher Prefect Presbyter Priest Protonotary Apostolic Saint Blessed Venerable Seminarian Vicar forane Vicar general Consecrated and professed titles ( show ) Abbess Abbot Consecrated virgin Corrector Custos Friar Dean Grand Master Hermit Master general Master of novices Monk Novice Nun Postulant Oblate Prior Provincial superior Rector Religious Superior general Additional titles ( show ) Almoner Altar server Archimandrite Archpriest Archdeacon Canon Captain General of the Church Chorbishop Commissary Apostolic Datarius Honorary Prelate Minor canon Notarius Ostiarius Peritus Postulator Precentor Prince - bishop Promotor Fidei Protopriest Protodeacon Protosyncellus Regionarius Organization titles ( show ) Grand Master Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of the Holy Sepulchre Teutonic Knights Catholicism portal Part of a series on the Catholic Church St. Peter 's Basilica , Vatican City Overview Pope : Francis Hierarchy History ( Timeline ) Theology Liturgy Sacraments Mary Background ( show ) Jesus Crucifixion Resurrection Ascension Early Christianity History of the Catholic Church History of the papacy Ecumenical Councils Four Marks of the Church One true church Apostolic succession Organisation ( show ) Holy See College of Cardinals Ecumenical Councils Episcopal polity Latin Church Eastern Churches Canon law Theology ( show ) Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Ten Commandments Three States of the Church Purgatory Paschal Mystery Passion Crucifixion Harrowing of Hell Resurrection Ascension Mary Mariology Veneration Immaculate Conception Theotokos Perpetual virginity Assumption Titles Morality Body Lectures Sexuality Apologetics Divine grace Salvation Original sin Saints Dogma Catechism Philosophy ( show ) Natural law Catholic ethics Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Worship ( show ) Liturgy Mass Divine Office Liturgical year Sacraments Baptism Penance Eucharist Confirmation Anointing of the Sick Matrimony Holy Orders Prayer Devotions Bible Biblical canon Rites ( show ) Latin Roman Ordinary form Tridentine Anglican Use Zaire Use Gallican Ambrosian Braga Mozarabic Eastern Antiochian Maronite West Syrian Syro - Malankara Chaldean East Syrian Syro - Malabar Byzantine Armenian Alexandrian Ethiopic Controversies ( show ) Antipopes Anti-Catholicism Criticism Homosexuality Sex and gender roles Sexual abuse cases Other topics ( show ) Art Ecumenism Evolution Health care Monasticism Music Science Role in civilization Links and resources ( show ) Index Outline Glossary Category Media Templates WikiProject Book Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops , priests , and deacons . In the ecclesiological sense of the term , `` hierarchy '' strictly means the `` holy ordering '' of the Church , the Body of Christ , so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity . ( 1 Cor 12 ) In canonical and general usage , it refers to those who exercise authority within a Christian church . In the Catholic Church , authority rests chiefly with the bishops , while priests and deacons serve as their assistants , co-workers or helpers . Accordingly , `` hierarchy of the Catholic Church '' is also used to refer to the bishops alone . As of 31st of December 2014 , the Catholic Church consisted of 2,998 dioceses or equivalent jurisdictions , each overseen by a bishop . Dioceses are divided into individual communities called parishes , each staffed by one or more priest , deacon , or lay ecclesial minister . Ordinarily , care of a parish is entrusted to a priest , though there are exceptions . Approximately 22 % of all parishes do not have a resident pastor , and 3,485 parishes worldwide are entrusted to a deacon or lay ecclesial minister . All clergy , including deacons , priests , and bishops , may preach , teach , baptize , witness marriages , and conduct funeral liturgies . Only priests and bishops can celebrate the sacraments of the Eucharist ( though others may be ministers of Holy Communion ) , Penance ( Reconciliation , Confession ) , Confirmation ( priests may administer this sacrament with prior ecclesiastical approval ) , and Anointing of the Sick . Only bishops can administer the sacrament of Holy Orders , by which men are ordained as bishops , priests or deacons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Bishop 1.1 Pope ( Bishop of Rome ) 1.1. 1 Offices and titles 1.1. 2 Election 1.2 Patriarchs 1.3 Major archbishops 1.4 Cardinals 1.5 Primates 1.6 Metropolitans 1.7 Archbishops 1.8 Diocesan bishops 1.8. 1 Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law 1.9 Other bishops 2 Ordinaries and local ordinaries 3 Presbyterate 3.1 In general 3.2 Priests in service outside their diocese 3.3 Positions within a diocese at diocesan level 3.4 Vicars Forane or Deans 3.5 Parish priest / pastor 3.6 Assistant priests / parochial vicars 3.7 Honorary titles 4 Diaconate 5 Laity 6 Religious 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Bishop ( edit ) Main article : Bishop ( Catholic Church ) The bishops , who possess the fullness of orders , and therefore the fullness of both priesthood and diaconate , are as a body ( the College of Bishops ) considered the successors of the Apostles and are `` constituted Pastors in the Church , to be the teachers of doctrine , the priests of sacred worship and the ministers of governance '' and `` represent the Church . '' In the year 2012 , there were 5,133 Catholic bishops ; at the end of 2014 , there were 5,237 Catholic bishops . The Pope himself is a bishop ( the bishop of Rome ) and traditionally uses the title `` Venerable Brother '' when writing formally to another bishop . The typical role of a bishop is to provide pastoral governance for a diocese . Bishops who fulfill this function are known as diocesan ordinaries , because they have what canon law calls ordinary ( i.e. not delegated ) authority for a diocese . These bishops may be known as hierarchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches . Other bishops may be appointed to assist ordinaries ( auxiliary bishops and coadjutor bishops ) or to carry out a function in a broader field of service to the Church , such as appointments as papal nuncios or as officials in the Roman Curia . Bishops of a country or region may form an episcopal conference and meet periodically to discuss current problems . Decisions in certain fields , notably liturgy , fall within the exclusive competence of these conferences . The decisions of the conferences are binding on the individual bishops only if agreed to by at least two - thirds of the membership and confirmed by the Holy See . Bishops are normally ordained to the episcopate by at least three other bishops , though for validity only one is needed and a mandatum from the Holy See is required . Ordination to the episcopate is considered the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders ; even when a bishop retires from his active service , he remains a bishop , since the ontological effect of Holy Orders is permanent . On the other hand , titles such as archbishop or patriarch imply no ontological alteration , and existing bishops who rise to those offices do not require further ordination . Sacramentally , all bishops are equal . According to jurisdiction , office , and privileges , however , various ranks are distinguished , as indicated below . All bishops are `` vicars of Christ '' . Pope ( bishop of Rome ) ( edit ) Main article : Pope Pope Francis , bishop of Rome The pope is the bishop of Rome . He is also , by virtue of that office : Vicar of Jesus Christ , Successor of the Prince of the Apostles , Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church , Patriarch of the Latin Church , Primate of Italy , Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province , Sovereign of the Vatican City State , Servant of the servants of God . Offices and titles ( edit ) `` Pope '' is a pronominal honorific , not an office or a title , meaning `` Father '' ( the common honorific for all clergy ) . The honorific `` pope '' was from the early 3rd century used for any bishop in the West , and is known in Greek as far back as Homer 's Odyssey ( 6 : 57 ). ( 18 ) In the East , `` pope '' is still a common form of address for clergy in the Russian Orthodox Church , and is the style of the Bishop of Alexandria . Pope Marcellinus ( d . 304 ) is the first Bishop of Rome shown in sources to have had the title `` pope '' used of him . From the 6th century , the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. ( 18 ) From the early 6th century , it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome , a practice that was firmly in place by the 11th century , when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome . As bishop of the Church of Rome , he is successor to the co-patrons of that local Church , Saint Peter and Saint Paul . As such , the Church of Rome , and its bishop , has always had a prominence in the Catholic communion and at least to some degree primacy among his peers , the other bishops , as Peter had a certain primacy among his peers , the other apostles . The exact nature of that primacy is one of the most significant ecumenical issues of the age , and has developed as a doctrine throughout the entire history of the Church . The Catechism of the Catholic Church , quoting the Second Vatican Council 's document Lumen gentium , states : `` The pope , Bishop of Rome and Peter 's successor , ' is the perpetual and visible source and foundation of the unity both of the bishops and of the whole company of the faithful . ' '' Communion with bishop of Rome has become such a significant identifier of Catholic identity that at times the Catholic Church has been known in its entirety as `` Roman Catholic '' , though this is inaccurate in Catholic theology ( ecclesiology ) . Three other of the pope 's offices stem directly from his office as bishop of the Church of Rome . As the Latin Church owes its identity and development to its origins in the liturgical , juridical , and theological patrimony of Rome , the bishop of Rome is de facto the patriarch of the Latin Church . According to no less than Pope Benedict XVI , there has been much ' confusion ' between the pope 's primacy as patriarch of the western church and his primacy as first patriarch among equals , that this `` failure to distinguish '' between the roles and responsibilities of these two distinct positions lead in time to the `` extreme centralization of the Catholic Church '' and the schism between East and West . As the first local Church of Italy , the bishop of Rome is the Primate of Italy and is empowered to appoint the president of the Italian Bishops ' Conference . The Church of Rome is also the principal church of the Province of Rome , so the bishop of Rome is Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman province . As a bishop , the pope is referred to as a Vicar of Christ . This title was common to all bishops from the fourth through twelfth centuries , reserved to the bishop of Rome from the twelfth through early twentieth centuries , and restored to all bishops at the Second Vatican Council . The pope resides in Vatican City , an independent state within the city of Rome , set up by the 1929 Lateran Pacts between the Holy See and Italy . As popes were sovereigns of the papal states ( 754 -- 1870 ) , so do they exercise absolute civil authority in the microstate of Vatican City since 1929 . Ambassadors are accredited not to Vatican City State but to the Holy See , which was a subject of international law even before the state was instituted . The body of officials that assist the Pope in governance of the Church as a whole is known as the Roman curia . The term `` Holy See '' ( i.e. of Rome ) is generally used only of Pope and curia , because the Code of Canon Law , which concerns governance of the Latin Church as a whole and not internal affairs of the see ( diocese ) of Rome itself , necessarily uses the term in this technical sense . Finally , the title `` Servant of the servants of God '' was an addition of Pope Gregory the Great , a reminder that in Christianity , leadership is always about service / ministry ( diakonia ) . The style of address for the bishop of Rome is `` His Holiness '' . Election ( edit ) The present rules governing the election of a pope are found in the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis . This deals with the powers , from the death of a pope to the announcement of his successor 's election , of the cardinals and the departments of the Roman curia ; with the funeral arrangements for the dead pope ; and with the place , time and manner of voting of the meeting of the cardinal electors , a meeting known as a conclave . This word is derived from Latin com - ( together ) and clavis ( key ) and refers to the locking away of the participants from outside influences , a measure that was introduced first as a means instead of forcing them to reach a decision . Like all bishops , the pope has the option of resigning , though unlike other bishops , it is not required . The best known cases are those of Pope Celestine V in 1294 , Pope Gregory XII in 1415 and Pope Benedict XVI in 2013 . Approximately 10 % of all popes left or were removed from office before death . Patriarchs ( edit ) The heads of some autonomous ( in Latin , sui iuris ) particular Churches consisting of several local Churches ( dioceses ) have the title of Patriarch . The pope , as patriarch of the Latin Church , is the head of the only sui iuris Church in the West , leading to the relatively short - lived title Patriarch of the West ( in use 1863 -- 2006 ) . Eastern patriarchs are elected by the synod of bishops of their particular Church . The Patriarchs who head autonomous particular Churches are : The Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria ( Coptic Catholic Church ) The Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Melkite Greek Catholic Church ) The Maronite Patriarch of Antioch ( Maronite Church ) The Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch ( Syriac Catholic Church ) The Armenian Catholic Patriarch of Cilicia ( Armenian Catholic Church ) The Chaldean Catholic Patriarch of Babylonia ( Chaldean Catholic Church ) These have authority not only over the bishops of their particular Church , including metropolitans , but also directly over all the faithful . Eastern Catholic patriarchs have precedence over all other bishops , with the exceptions laid down by the Pope . The honorary title prefixed to their names is `` His Beatitude '' . There are also titular patriarchs in the Latin Church , who , for various historical reasons , were granted the title , but never the corresponding office and responsibilities , of `` patriarch '' . They include the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem , the Patriarch of Venice , the Patriarch of Lisbon , and the Patriarch of the East Indies . All of these offices are honorary , and the patriarchs are not the heads of autonomous particular Churches . The Patriarch of the East Indies is the archbishop of Goa , while the other patriarchs are the archbishops of the named cities . The title of Patriarch of the West Indies was in the past granted to some Spanish bishops ( not always of the same see ) , but is long in abeyance . Current and historical Catholic patriarchates Type Church Patriarchate Patriarch Patriarchs of sui iuris Churches Coptic Alexandria Patriarch Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak Greek - Melkite Antioch Patriarch Youssef Absi Maronite Antioch Patriarch Bechara Boutros al - Rahi Syriac Antioch Patriarch Ignatius Joseph III Younan Armenian Cilicia Patriarch Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan Chaldean Babylon Patriarch Louis Raphaël I Sako Titular Patriarchs Latin Jerusalem Sede vacante Latin East Indies Patriarch Filipe Neri Ferrão Latin Lisbon Cardinal Manuel Clemente Latin Venice Patriarch Francesco Moraglia Suppressed or vacant titles Latin Alexandria suppressed in 1964 Latin Antioch suppressed in 1964 Latin Constantinople suppressed in 1964 Latin West Indies vacant from 1963 Latin Aquileia suppressed in 1751 Latin Grado transferred to Venice in 1451 Major archbishops ( edit ) Sviatoslav Shevchuk , the Major Archbishop of Kiev -- Galicia Other autonomous particular Churches are headed by a major archbishop . The Syro - Malankara Catholic Church uses the title Catholicos for their major archbishop . With few exceptions , the authority of a major archbishop in his sui iuris Church is equivalent to that of a patriarch in his Church . This less prestigious office was established in 1963 for those Eastern Catholic Churches which have developed in size and stability to allow full self - governance if historical , ecumenical , or political conditions do not allow their elevation to a patriarchate . At present , there are four major archbishops : Major archdiocese Country Church Archbishop Ernakulam - Angamaly India Syro - Malabar Cardinal George Alencherry Făgăraş and Alba Iulia Romania Romanian Cardinal Lucian Mureșan Kiev -- Galicia Ukraine Ukrainian Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk Trivandrum India Syro - Malankara Cardinal Baselios Cleemis Cardinals ( edit ) Main article : Cardinal ( Catholicism ) A cardinal ( second from left ) and bishops Cardinals are princes of the Church appointed by the Pope . He generally chooses bishops who head departments of the Roman Curia or important episcopal sees throughout the world . As a whole , the cardinals compose a College of Cardinals which advises the Pope , and those cardinals under the age of 80 at the death or resignation of a Pope elect his successor . Their heraldic achievement is surmounted by the red galero and tassels as a form of martyred position in the Church . Not all cardinals are bishops . Domenico Bartolucci , Karl Josef Becker , Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye are examples of 21st - century non-bishop cardinals . The 1917 Code of Canon Law introduced the requirement that a cardinal must be at least a priest . Previously , they need only be in minor orders and not even deacons . Teodolfo Mertel , who died in 1899 , was the last non-priest cardinal . In 1962 , Pope John XXIII made it a rule that a man who has been nominated a cardinal is required to be consecrated a bishop , if not one already , but some ask for and obtain dispensation from this requirement . It is rare that the Pope will appoint Cardinals who are priests only and not consecrated as a bishop . The 1917 Code of Canon Law , continuing the tradition observed , for instance , at the First Vatican Council , laid down that cardinals have precedence over all other prelates , even patriarchs . The 1983 Code of Canon Law did not deal with questions of precedence . The cardinalate is not an integral part of the theological structure of the Catholic Church , but largely an honorific distinction that has its origins in the 1059 assignation of the right of electing the Pope exclusively to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian dioceses . Because of their resulting importance , the term cardinal ( from Latin cardo , meaning `` hinge '' ) was applied to them . In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began . Each cardinal is still assigned a church in Rome as his `` titular church '' or is linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses . Of these sees , the Dean of the College of Cardinals holds that of Ostia , while keeping his preceding link with one of the other six sees . Traditionally , only six cardinals held the rank of Cardinal Bishop , but when Eastern patriarchs are made cardinals , they too hold the rank of Cardinal Bishop , without being assigned a suburbicarian see . The other cardinals have the rank either of Cardinal Priest or Cardinal Deacon , the former rank being normally assigned to bishops in charge of dioceses , and the latter to officials of the Curia and to priests raised to the cardinalate . Primates ( edit ) The Latin Church title of primate has in some countries been granted to the bishop of a particular ( usually metropolitan ) see . It once involved authority over all the other sees in the country or region , but now only gives a `` prerogative of honor '' with no power of governance unless an exception is made in certain matters by a privilege granted by the Holy See or by an approved custom . The title is usually assigned to the ordinary of the first diocese or the oldest archdiocese in the country . Thus in Poland , the primate is the archbishop of the oldest archdiocese ( Gniezno , founded in 1000 ) , and not the oldest diocese ( Poznań , founded in 968 ) . Notably , the Archbishop of Baltimore is not formally considered a primate of the Catholic Church in the United States , but `` prerogative of the place '' . The closest equivalent position in Eastern Orthodoxy is an exarch holding authority over other bishops without being a patriarch . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , exarchs , whether apostolic or patriarchal , do not hold authority over other bishops ( see below , # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) . Metropolitans ( edit ) Archbishop Robert Carlson , Metropolitan Archbishop of St. Louis . Note his wearing of the pallium . A Latin Church Metropolitan is the bishop of the principal ( the `` metropolitan '' ) see of an ecclesiastical province composed of several dioceses . The metropolitan receives a pallium from the pope as a symbol of his office . The metropolitan bishop has limited oversight authority over the suffragan dioceses in their province , including ensuring that the faith and ecclesiastical discipline are properly observed . He also has the power to name a diocesan administrator for a vacant suffragan see if the diocesan council of consultors fails to properly elect one . His diocesan tribunal additionally serves by default as the ecclesiastical court of appeal for suffragans ( court of second instance ) , and the metropolitan has the option of judging those appeals personally . Eastern metropolitans in patriarchal or major archiepiscopal churches have a level of authority similar to that of Latin metropolitans , subject to the specific laws and customs of their sui iuris church . Eastern metropolitans who head a metropolitan sui iuris church have much greater authority within their church , although it is less than that of a major archbishop or patriarch . All metropolitans have the title of Archbishop , and the metropolitan see is usually referred to as an archdiocese or archeparchy , a title held not only by the 553 metropolitan sees but also by 77 other sees . An exception is the metropolitan Diocese of Rome . Archbishops ( edit ) The title of archbishop is held not only by bishops who head metropolitan sees , but also by those who head archdioceses that are not metropolitan sees ( most of these are in Europe and the Levant ) . In addition , it is held by certain other bishops , referred to as `` Titular Archbishops '' ( see `` Other Bishops '' below ) who have been given no - longer - residential archdioceses as their titular sees -- many of these in administrative or diplomatic posts , for instance as papal nuncios or secretaries of curial congregations . The bishop of a non-archiepiscopal see may be given the personal title of archbishop without also elevating his see ( such a bishop is known as an archbishop ad personam ) , though this practice has seen significantly reduced usage since the Second Vatican Council . Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The bishop or eparch of a see , even if he does not also hold a title such as Archbishop , Metropolitan , Major Archbishop , Patriarch or Pope , is the centre of unity for his diocese or eparchy , and , as a member of the College of Bishops , shares in responsibility for governance of the whole Church ( cf . Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 ) . As each local particular Church is an embodiment of the whole Catholic Church , not just an administrative subdivision of something larger , the bishop who is its head is not a delegate of the Pope . Instead , he has of himself primary teaching , governance and sanctifying responsibility for the see for which he has been ordained bishop . Within each diocese , even if the Eucharist is celebrated by another bishop , the necessary communion with the Bishop of the diocese is signified by the mention of his name . In Eastern eparchies the name of the patriarch , major archbishop or metropolitan is also mentioned , because these also have direct responsibility within all the eparchies of the particular Church in question . For the same reason , every Catholic celebration of the Eucharist has a mention of the Pope by name . Ordination to the episcopate is the fullness of the priesthood and the completion of the sacrament of Holy Orders . Bishops are considered the successors of the apostles . Within the Catholic Church the following posts have similarities to that of a diocesan bishop , but are not necessarily held by a bishop . Equivalents of diocesan bishops in Law ( edit ) Canon 368 of the Code of Canon Law lists five Latin Church jurisdictional areas that are considered equivalent to a diocese . These are headed by : A Territorial Prelate , formerly called a Prelate nullius dioceseos ( of no diocese ) , in charge of a geographical area that has not yet been raised to the level of diocese A Territorial Abbot , in charge of an area , which in mission countries can be quite vast , associated with an abbey A Vicar Apostolic ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic vicariate , usually in a mission country , not yet ready to be made a diocese A Prefect Apostolic ( usually not a bishop ) , in charge of an apostolic prefecture , not yet ready to be made an apostolic vicariate A Permanent Apostolic Administrator , in charge of a geographical area that for serious reasons can not be made a diocese . To these may be added : An Apostolic Exarch ( normally a bishop of a titular see ) , in charge of an apostolic exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area that is situated outside the home territory of that Eastern Church . A Patriarchal Exarch , a bishop in charge of a patriarchal exarchate -- not yet ready to be made an eparchy -- for the faithful of an Eastern Catholic Church in an area situated within the home territory of that patriarchal Eastern Church . A Military Ordinary , serving Catholics in a country 's armed forces A Personal Prelate , in charge of a group of persons without regard to geography : the only personal prelature existing is that of Opus Dei . An Apostolic Administrator of a Personal Apostolic Administration : only one exists , the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney An Ordinary of a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans A Superior of an autonomous mission Of somewhat similar standing is the Diocesan Administrator ( formerly called a Vicar Capitular ) elected to govern a diocese during a vacancy . Apart from certain limitations of nature and law , he has , on a caretaker basis , the same obligations and powers as a Diocesan Bishop ( canons 427 -- 429 of the Code of Canon Law ) . Occasionally an Apostolic Administrator is appointed by the Holy See to run a vacant diocese , or even a diocese whose bishop is incapacitated or otherwise impeded . Other bishops ( edit ) A Diocesan Bishop may have bishops who assist in his ministry . The Coadjutor Bishop of a see has the right of succession on the death or resignation of the Diocesan Bishop , and , if the see is an archdiocese , holds the title of Archbishop . Similarly , a retired Diocesan Bishop keeps his connection with the see to which he was appointed , and is known as Bishop ( or Archbishop ) Emeritus of that see . On the other hand , an Auxiliary Bishop , who may also hold posts such as vicar general or episcopal vicar , is appointed bishop of a titular see , a see that in the course of history has ceased to exist as an actual jurisdictional unit . The titular sees -- which may be archiepiscopal or simply episcopal -- assigned to such bishops were once known as sees in partibus infidelium , because they were situated in areas lost to Christianity as a result of Muslim conquests . Now former sees even in Christian countries are assigned as titular sees . These sees are also assigned to bishops who serve in the Roman Curia , as Papal Nuncios , or as equivalents of Diocesan Bishops in law ( see above ) , such as Vicars Apostolic and Apostolic Exarchs . The term `` Titular Bishop '' is frequently used for such bishops , but is , strictly speaking , inaccurate , since they are indeed bishops , even if they do not serve the see to which they are appointed , and are not merely holders of an honorary title of bishop . They are members of the College of Bishops as much as the Diocesan Bishops . In most English - speaking countries , the honorary title prefixed to the name of a bishop is `` The Most Reverend '' . However , in the United Kingdom and in those countries most strongly influenced by English ( not Irish ) practice , `` The Most Reverend '' is reserved for archbishops , and other bishops are called `` The Right Reverend '' . Important titles or functions usually , but not necessarily , held by ( arch ) bishops who are not in charge of a diocese or an equivalent community include those of Apostolic Delegate , Apostolic Nuncio , Papal Legate , Patriarchal Vicar , Pontifical Delegate . Ordinaries and local ordinaries ( edit ) Main article : Ordinary ( officer ) Local ordinaries are placed over or exercise ordinary executive power in particular churches or equivalent communities . The Supreme Pontiff ( the Pope ) is a local ordinary for the whole Catholic Church . In Eastern Catholic Churches , Patriarchs , major archbishops , and metropolitans have ordinary power of governance for the whole territory of their respective autonomous particular churches . Diocesan / eparchial bishops / eparchs Other prelates who head , even if only temporarily , a particular church or a community equivalent to it ( see above # Equivalents of diocesan bishops in law ) Vicars general and protosyncelli Main article : Vicar general Episcopal vicars and syncelli Main article : Vicar general Major superiors of religious institutes ( including abbots ) and of societies of apostolic life are ordinaries of their respective memberships , but not local ordinaries . Presbyterate ( edit ) Main article : Priesthood in the Catholic Church In general ( edit ) Bishops are assisted by priests and deacons . All priests and deacons are incardinated in a diocese or religious order . Parishes , whether territorial or person - based , within a diocese are normally in the charge of a priest , known as the parish priest or the pastor . In the Latin Church , only celibate men , as a rule , are ordained as priests , while the Eastern Churches , again as a rule , ordain both celibate and married men . Among the Eastern particular Churches , the Ethiopic Catholic Church ordains only celibate clergy , while also having married priests who were ordained in the Orthodox Church , while other Eastern Catholic Churches , which do ordain married men , do not have married priests in certain countries . The Western or Latin Church does sometimes , though rarely , ordain married men , usually Protestant clergy who have become Catholics . All sui iuris Churches of the Catholic Church maintain the ancient tradition that , following ordination , marriage is not allowed . Even a married priest whose wife dies may not then marry again . The Catholic Church and the ancient Christian Churches see priestly ordination as a sacrament dedicating the person ordained to a permanent relationship of service , and , like Baptism and Confirmation , having an ontological effect on the person . It is for this reason that a person may be ordained to each of the three orders only once . They also consider that ordination can be conferred only on males . Priests in service outside their diocese ( edit ) Although priests are incardinated into a diocese or order , they may obtain the permission of their diocesan ordinary or religious superior to serve outside the normal jurisdiction of the diocese or order . These assignments may be temporary or more permanent in nature . Temporary assignments may include studying for an advanced degree at a Pontifical University in Rome . They may also include short - term assignments to the faculty of a seminary located outside the diocese 's territory . Long - term assignments include serving the universal church on the staff of a dicastery or tribunal of the Roman Curia or in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See . They may also be appointed the rector or to long - term teaching assignments to the faculty of a seminary or Catholic university . Priests may also serve on the staff of their episcopal conference , as military chaplains in the military ordinariates , or as missionaries . Positions within a diocese at diocesan level ( edit ) The diocesan bishop appoints a vicar general to assist him in the governance of the diocese . Usually , only one vicar general is appointed ; particularly large dioceses may have more than one vicar general . The vicar general or one of them is usually appointed moderator of the curia who coordinates the diocesan administrative offices and ministries . A diocesan bishop can also appoint one or more episcopal vicars for the diocese . They have the same ordinary power as a vicar general , however , it is limited to a specified division of the diocese , to a specific type of activity , to the faithful of a particular rite , or to certain groups of people . Vicars general and episcopal vicars must be priests or bishops . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , they are called protosyncelli and syncelli ( canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . Diocesan bishops are required to appoint a judicial vicar to whom is delegated the bishop 's ordinary power to judge cases ( canon 1420 of the Code of Canon Law , canon 191 of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ) . In the Latin church , the judicial vicar may also be called officialis . The person holding this post must be a priest , have earned a doctorate in canon law ( or at least a license ) , be at least thirty years old , and , unless the smallness of the diocese or the limited number of cases suggests otherwise , must not be the vicar general . As one of the jobs of the judicial vicar is to preside over collegiate tribunals , many dioceses have adjutant judicial vicars who can preside over collegiate tribunals in place of the judicial vicar and must have the same qualifications . The diocesan bishop appoints a chancellor , possibly a vice-chancellor , and notaries to the diocesan chancery . These officials maintain the records and archives of the diocese . They also serve as the secretaries of the diocesan curia . The bishop also appoints a finance officer and a finance council to oversee the budget , temporal goods , income , and expenses of the diocese . The diocesan bishop may appoint priests to be members of the chapter of his cathedral or of a collegiate church ( so called after their chapter ) . These priests are given the title of canon . He also appoints six to twelve priests from the presbyteral council to serve as a college of consultors . They have the responsibility to elect the diocesan administrator in the event of the vacancy of the see . The bishop appoints priests and other members of the faithful to various advisory bodies . These include the presbyteral council , the diocesan synod , and the pastoral council . Vicars forane or deans ( edit ) `` The Vicar Forane known also as the Dean or the Archpriest or by some other title , is the priest who is placed in charge of a vicariate forane '' ( canon 553 of the Code of Canon Law ) , namely of a group of parishes within a diocese . Unlike a regional Episcopal Vicar , a Vicar Forane acts as a help for the Parish Priests and other priests in the vicariate forane , rather than as an intermediate authority between them and the Diocesan Bishop . Parish priest / pastor ( edit ) This section concerns the priest who in the Code of Canon Law is referred to by the term parochus , which is some English - speaking countries is rendered as `` the parish priest '' , in others as `` the pastor '' . The English term `` pastor '' is also used in a more generic sense corresponding instead to the Latin term pastor : The parish priest is the proper pastor of the parish entrusted to him . He exercises the pastoral care of the community entrusted to him under the authority of the diocesan Bishop , whose ministry of Christ he is called to share , so that for this community he may carry out the offices of teaching , sanctifying and ruling with the cooperation of other priests or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of Christ 's faithful , in accordance with the law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society The pastor ( parochus ) is the proper pastor ( pastor ) of the parish entrusted to him , exercising the pastoral care of the community committed to him under the authority of the diocesan bishop in whose ministry of Christ he has been called to share , so that for that same community he carries out the functions of teaching , sanctifying , and governing , also with the cooperation of other presbyters or deacons and with the assistance of lay members of the Christian faithful , according to the norm of law -- canon 519 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America ) . Assistant priests / parochial vicars ( edit ) The parish priest / pastor may be assisted by one or more other priests : Whenever it is necessary or opportune for the due pastoral care of the parish , one or more assistant priests can be joined with the parish priest . As cooperators with the parish priest and sharers in his concern , they are , by common counsel and effort with the parish priest and under his authority , to labour in the pastoral ministry -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland , assisted by the Canon Law Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Canadian Canon Law Society Whenever it is necessary or opportune in order to carry out the pastoral care of a parish fittingly , one or more parochial vicars can be associated with the pastor . As co-workers with the pastor and sharers in his solicitude , they are to offer service in the pastoral ministry by common counsel and effort with the pastor and under his authority -- canon 545 of the Code of Canon Law in the English translation by the Canon Law Society of America Honorary titles ( edit ) The honorary title of monsignor is conferred by the Pope upon diocesan priests ( not members of religious institutes ) in the service of the Holy See , and may be granted by him also to other diocesan priests at the request of the priest 's bishop . The priest so honored is considered to be a member of the papal household . The title goes with any of the following three awards : Chaplain of His Holiness ( called Papal Chamberlain until a 1969 reform ) , the lowest level , distinguished by purple buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash . Honorary Prelate ( until 1969 called Domestic Prelate ) , the middle level , distinguished by red buttons and trim on the black cassock , with a purple sash , and by choir dress that includes a purple cassock . Protonotary Apostolic , the highest level , with the same dress as that of an Honorary Prelate , except that the non-obligatory purple silk cape known as a ferraiolo may be worn also . In December 2013 , Pope Francis decided to make future grants of the title of Monsignor to priests not in the service of the Holy See only in the rank of Chaplain of His Holiness and only to priests aged 65 or over . Under legislation of Pope Pius X , vicars general and vicars capitular ( the latter are now called diocesan administrators ) are titular ( not actual ) Protonotaries durante munere , i.e. , as long as they hold those offices , and so are entitled to be addressed as Monsignor , as indicated also by the placing of the abbreviated title `` Mons . '' before the name of every member of the secular ( diocesan ) clergy listed as a vicar general in the Annuario Pontificio . ( Honorary titles such as that of `` Monsignor '' are not considered appropriate for religious . ) Some of the Eastern Catholic Churches of Syriac tradition use the title Chorbishop , roughly equivalent to the Western title of Monsignor . Other Eastern Catholic Churches bestow the honorific title of Archimandrite upon unmarried priests as a mark of respect or gratitude for their services . Married presbyters may be honored with the position of Archpriest , which has two grades , the higher is `` Mitred Archpriest '' which permits the priest to wear a mitre . In the Latin Church titles of Archpriest is sometimes attached to the pastor of a few number of historic churches including the major basilicas in Rome . These archpriests are not presbyers , but bishops or cardinals . Similarly , the title of Archdeacon is sometimes conferred on presbyters . Diaconate ( edit ) Deacons are ordained ministers of the Church who are co-workers with the bishop alongside presbyters , but are intended to focus on the ministries of direct service and outreach to the poor and needy , rather than pastoral leadership . They are usually related to a parish , where they have a liturgical function as the ordinary minister of the Gospel and the Prayers of the Faithful , They may preach homilies , and in the Roman Rite , may preside at non-Eucharistic liturgies such as baptisms , weddings , funerals , and adoration / benediction . In the Eastern Catholic Churches , in the absence of a priest , deacons do not vest and may only lead services as a reader , never presiding at weddings or funerals . The scriptural basis and description of the role and qualifications of the deacon can be found in Acts 6 : 1 -- 9 , and in 1 Timothy 3 : 1 -- 13 . They may be seminarians preparing for ordination to the priesthood , `` transitional deacons '' , or `` permanent deacons '' who do not intend to be ordained as priests . To be ordained deacons , the latter must be at least 25 years old , if unmarried ; if married , a prospective deacon must be at least 35 years old and have the consent of his wife . In the Latin Church , married deacons are permanent deacons . In most diocese there is a cut - off age for being accepted into formation for the diaconate . The passage from membership of the laity to that of the clergy occurs with ordination to the diaconate . Previously , the Latin Church rule was that one became a cleric on receiving clerical tonsure , which was followed by minor orders and by the subdiaconate , which was reckoned as one of the major orders . By his motu proprio Ministeria quaedam of 15 August 1972 , Pope Paul VI decreed : `` The orders hitherto called minor are henceforth to be spoken of as ' ministries ' . '' The same motu proprio also decreed that the Latin Church would no longer have the major order of subdiaconate , but it permitted any episcopal conference that so desired to apply the term `` subdeacon '' to those who hold the ministry ( formerly called the minor order ) of `` acolyte '' . Even in those societies within the Latin Church that , with the approval of the Holy See , continue to administer the rites of tonsure , minor orders and subdiaconate , those who receive those rites remain lay people , becoming clerics only on being ordained as deacons . Laity ( edit ) Most of the people of God are the laity , a term derived from Greek λαὸς Θεοῦ ( Laos Theou ) , meaning `` people of God '' . All Christian faithful have the right and duty to bring the gospel message increasingly to `` all people in every age and every land '' . They all have a share in the Church 's mission and have the right to undertake apostolic activity according to their own state and condition . Lay ministry can take the form of exercising the priesthood of all the baptized , and more specifically undertaking the work of catechists . serving the Church pastorally , administratively , and in other ways , including the liturgical services as acolytes , lectors , cantors , and the like , initiation sponsors , pastoral care ministers , and members of parish and diocesan consultative bodies . Some lay Catholics carry out full - time professional and vocational service in the name of the Church , rather than in a secular calling . Though the phenomenon is widespread in North America and much of Europe , the organization and definition of the ministry is left to national bishops conferences . The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops has adopted the term lay ecclesial ministry for these individuals , as intentionally distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above . The consultative leadership of the church , in both the diocese and the parish , usually comprises a Pastoral Council and a Finance Council , as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church 's life and mission , such as Faith Formation or Christian Education , Liturgy , Social Justice , Ecumenism , or Stewardship . Religious ( edit ) See also : Religious institute ( Catholic ) Religious -- who can be either lay people or clergy -- are members of religious institutes , societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common . This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other forms , such as that of secular institutes . It is distinct also from forms that do not involve membership of an institute , such as that of consecrated hermits , that of consecrated virgins , and other forms whose approval is reserved to the Holy See . Religious institutes have historically been subdivided into the categories of orders and congregations . See also ( edit ) Order of precedence in the Catholic Church Catholic Church by country Global organisation of the Catholic Church List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( alphabetical ) List of Roman Catholic dioceses ( structured view ) List of Roman Catholic archdioceses List of Roman Catholic military dioceses List of Roman Catholic apostolic administrations List of Roman Catholic apostolic vicariates List of Eastern Catholic exarchates List of Roman Catholic apostolic prefectures List of Roman Catholic territorial prelatures List of Roman Catholic missions sui juris Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Anglican ministry Apostolic Syndic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 873 Archived 2010 - 09 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` If any one saith , that , in the Catholic Church there is not a hierarchy by divine ordination instituted , consisting of bishops , priests , and ministers ; let him be anathema '' ( Council of Trent , session XXIII , canon VI on the sacrament of Order ) . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 1911 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ __P2A. HTM Catechism of the Catholic Church , 874 -- 896 Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church , 886 , 888 , 893 , 939 Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hierarchy '' in John Hardon , Modern Catholic Dictionary Jump up ^ Vatican , Annuario Pontificio 2016 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 52 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Requested Church Statistics '' . Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate . Georgetown University . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Committee on the Diaconate . `` Frequently Asked Questions About Deacons '' . United States Conference of Catholic Bishops . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone '' ( __P38. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 900 § 1 ) . While in the English language , the word `` priest '' usually means someone received into the second of the three holy orders ( also called the presbyterate ) but not into the highest , that of bishop , the Latin text underlying this statement uses the Latin term sacerdos , which comprises both bishops and , in the common English sense , priests . To refer exclusively to priests in the more common English sense , Latin uses the word presbyter . See Dennis Chester Smolarski , The General Instruction of the Roman Missal , 1969 -- 2002 : A Commentary ( Liturgical Press 2003 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 2936 - 9 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Canon 42 Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Canon 375 Archived 2008 - 02 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Catholic Church Canon Law . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Barry , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 42 '' . Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The College of Bishops '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : __P1D. HTM `` Canon 375 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Instruction on the Ecclesial Vocation of Theologian , 19 Member of the Episcopal College by virtue of his sacramental ordination and hierarchical communion , the bishop represents his Church just as all the bishops , in union with the Pope , represent the Church universal in the bonds of peace , love , unity , and truth . Jump up ^ Carol Glatz , Vatican statistics : Church growth remains steady worldwide , Catholic Herald ( May 5 , 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Junno Arocho Esteves , Vatican statistics report increase in baptized Catholics worldwide , Catholic News Service ( March 7 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Canon 1014 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P3O. HTM `` Canon 1013 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Lumen Gentium . Catholic Church . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio , published annually by Libreria Editrice Vaticana , p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 209 - 8722 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : Apostolic Succession '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 331 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ __P15. HTM `` Canon 330 '' Check url = value ( help ) . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schatz , Klaus ( 1996 ) . Papal Primacy : From its Origins to the Present . Michael Glazier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8146 - 5522 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` # 882 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 336 '' . Code of Canon Law . 1983 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Adam A.J. ( 2011 ) . Orthodoxy and the Roman Papacy : Ut Unum Sint and the Prospects of East - West Unity . University of Notre Dame Press . Jump up ^ `` Second Vatican Council , Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium § 27 '' . Site da Santa Sé . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2014 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( February 22 , 1996 ) . `` Apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 55 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 63 '' . Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches. 1990 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Coptic Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Melkite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Maronite Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Syrian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Armenian Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Ronald Roberson , CSP ( 2006 ) . `` The Chaldean Catholic Church '' , The Eastern Christian Churches : A Brief Survey ( 6th edition ) . Jump up ^ Canon 53 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 58 , Ibid Jump up ^ __P1J. HTM Canon 438 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 151 , 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ `` Syro Malankara Church says it can use Catholicos title '' , Indian Catholic News Service , July 21 , 2005 Jump up ^ Canon 152 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canon 154 , 1990 Code of Canons for the Eastern Churches ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 232 § 1 Jump up ^ Pope John XXIII ( 15 April 1962 ) . `` Cum gravissima '' . Jump up ^ Chas . Augustine , A Commentary on the New Code of Canon Law ( Herder 1918 ) , book II , pp. 36 -- 37 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law ( 1917 ) , canon 239 § 1 21 ° ^ Jump up to : Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Primate '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 438 Jump up ^ Canons 435 -- 437 , Ibid . Jump up ^ __P1H. HTM Canon 421 § 2 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1438 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canon 1419 § 1 , Ibid . Jump up ^ Canons 133 - 139 , Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Jump up ^ Canons 155 - 173 , Ibid Jump up ^ Annuario Pontificio 2017 . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . p. 1136 . ISBN 9788820999759 . Jump up ^ According to Catholic-Hierarchy.org , as of 2007 , non-metropolitan archdioceses include 37 in Europe ( 10 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop , 25 suffragan archdioceses , and 1 military archdiocese ) , 37 in Southwest Asia ( 3 immediately subject to the Holy See , 21 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs , 4 suffragan archdioceses ) , 4 in Africa ( 2 immediately subject to the Holy See , 2 immediately subject to Eastern Catholic patriarchs ) , 2 in North America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in South America ( 1 immediately subject to the Holy See , 1 military archdiocese ) , 2 in Australia ( both immediately subject to the Holy See ) , 1 in Southeast Asia ( immediately subject to the Holy See ) , and 1 in South Asia ( immediately subject to an Eastern Catholic major archbishop ) Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canon 314 § 1 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. ; cf . Bert Groen , William Peter van den Bercken ( editors ) , Four Hundred Years Union of Brest ( Peeters 1998 ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 0670 - 9 ) , p. 197 , which also mentions Eastern Catholic exarchs appointed in the past even by a metropolitan Jump up ^ Apostolic Constitution Anglicanorum coetibus of 4 November 2009 Archived 27 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Id. c. 134 § § 1 -- 2 Jump up ^ __P1D. HTM `` Canon 134 , § 1 and § 2 '' Check url = value ( help ) . 1983 Code of Canon Law . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Retrieved 21 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 43 and 45 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches , canons 78 , 152 and 157 Archived 2011 - 06 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The priesthood '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 475 '' . 1983 Code of Canon Law . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Canon 476 '' . __P1O. HTM 1983 Code of Canon Law Check url = value ( help ) . The Holy See . 1983 - 01 - 28 . ISBN 0 - 943616 - 79 - 4 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church -- Guide Jump up ^ O'Connell , Gerard ( 4 January 2014 ) . `` Pope abolishes honorary title of monsignor for diocesan priests under the age of 65 '' . Vatican Insider . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pariter , qui vicarii generalis aut etiam capitularis munere fungitur , hoc munere dumtaxat perdurante , erit protonotarius titularis '' ( Pope Pius X , Inter multiplices curas , 62 . 21 February 1905 ) Jump up ^ See Archpriest # Roman Catholicism . Jump up ^ `` The Deacon '' . St. Brendan Church . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 266 Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , II Jump up ^ Ministeria quaedam Archived 2011 - 11 - 03 at the Wayback Machine. , IV Jump up ^ Instruction on the Application of the Apostolic Letter Summorum Pontificum Archived 2016 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine. , 30 Jump up ^ Canon 211 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 216 Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __PV. HTM Canon 230 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law ^ Jump up to : Roman Catholicism ( at `` Structure of the Church : The laity '' ) . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ Canon 228 § 2 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Co-Workers in the Vineyard ( pdf ) , United States Conference of Catholic Bishops , 2005 Jump up ^ __P1T. HTM Canon 512 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 536 § 1 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Q. HTM Canon 492 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ Canon 537 , 1983 Code of Canon Law Jump up ^ __P1Z. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 607 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 710 Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 603 Jump up ^ Code of Canon Law , canon 604 Archived 2016 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ __P1Y. HTM Code of Canon Law , canon 605 External links ( edit ) Explanations of the hierarchy Book II : The People of God Liber II . De Populo Dei , Part II : The Hierarchical Constitution from the Code of Canon Law on the Holy See official website Catholic Encyclopedia `` hierarchy '' article Barry , Rev. Msgr . John F ( 2001 ) . One Faith , One Lord : A Study of Basic Catholic Belief . Gerard F. Baumbach , Ed. D. ISBN 0 - 8215 - 2207 - 8 . Directory of officials Catholic-Hierarchy.org . This is an online database of bishops and dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church . It contains geographical , organizational and address information on each Catholic diocese in the world , including Eastern Catholic Churches in communion with the Holy See , such as the Maronite Catholic Church or the Syro - Malabar Church . It also gives biographical information on current and previous bishops of each diocese , such as dates of birth , ordinations and ( when applicable ) death . Not officially sanctioned by the church , the website is run as a private project by David M. Cheney in Kansas City . For the sources used by Cheney in his compilation , see http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/sources.html . GCatholic.org Catholic Church Index Outline History ( Timeline ) Jesus Holy Family Mary Joseph Apostles Early Christianity History of the papacy Ecumenical councils Missions Great Schism of East Crusades Great Schism of West Age of Discovery Protestant Reformation Council of Trent Counter-Reformation Catholic Church by country Vatican City index outline Second Vatican Council Hierarchy ( Precedence ) Pope ( List ) Pope Francis ( 2013 -- present ) conclave inauguration theology canonizations visits Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI ( 2005 -- 2013 ) Roman Curia College of Cardinals Cardinal List Patriarchate Episcopal conference Patriarch Major archbishop Primate Metropolitan Archbishop Diocesan bishop Coadjutor bishop Auxiliary bishop Titular bishop Bishop emeritus Abbot Abbess Superior general Provincial superior Grand Master Prior ( - ess ) Priest Brother Friar Sister Monk Nun Hermit Master of novices Novice Oblate Postulant Laity Theology Body and soul Bible Catechism Divine grace Dogma Ecclesiology Four Marks of the Church Original sin List Salvation Sermon on the Mount Ten Commandments Trinity Worship Mariology Assumption History Immaculate Conception Mariology of the popes Mariology of the saints Mother of God Perpetual virginity Veneration Philosophy Natural law Moral theology Personalism Social teaching Philosophers Sacraments Baptism Confirmation Eucharist Penance Anointing of the Sick Last rites Holy orders Matrimony Saints Mary Apostles Archangels Confessors Disciples Doctors of the Church Evangelists Church Fathers Martyrs Patriarchs Prophets Virgins Doctors of the Church Gregory the Great Ambrose Augustine of Hippo Jerome John Chrysostom Basil of Caesarea Gregory of Nazianzus Athanasius of Alexandria Cyril of Alexandria Cyril of Jerusalem John of Damascus Bede the Venerable Ephrem the Syrian Thomas Aquinas Bonaventure Anselm of Canterbury Isidore of Seville Peter Chrysologus Leo the Great Peter Damian Bernard of Clairvaux Hilary of Poitiers Alphonsus Liguori Francis de Sales Peter Canisius John of the Cross Robert Bellarmine Albertus Magnus Anthony of Padua Lawrence of Brindisi Teresa of Ávila Catherine of Siena Thérèse of Lisieux John of Ávila Hildegard of Bingen Gregory of Narek Institutes , orders , and societies Assumptionists Annonciades Augustinians Basilians Benedictines Bethlehemites Blue nuns Camaldoleses Camillians Carmelites Carthusians Cistercians Clarisses Conceptionists Crosiers Dominicans Franciscans Good Shepherd Sisters Hieronymites Jesuits Mercedarians Minims Olivetans Oratorians Piarists Premonstratensians Redemptorists Servites Theatines Trappists Trinitarians Visitandines Associations of the faithful International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements International Federation of Catholic Universities International Kolping Society Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement International Union of Catholic Esperantists Community of Sant'Egidio Charities Aid to the Church in Need Caritas Internationalis Catholic Home Missions Catholic Relief Services CIDSE Particular churches ( By country ) Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches : Albanian Armenian Belarusian Bulgarian Chaldean Coptic Croatian and Serbian Eritrean Ethiopian Georgian Greek Hungarian Italo - Albanian Macedonian Maronite Melkite Romanian Russian Ruthenian Slovak Syriac Syro - Malabar Syro - Malankara Ukrainian Liturgical rites Alexandrian Antiochian Armenian Byzantine East Syrian Latin Anglican Use Ambrosian Mozarabic Roman West Syrian Malabar Malankara Catholicism portal Pope portal Vatican City portal Book Name Media Category Templates WikiProject Religions by country Bahá'í Faith Buddhism Christianity Catholic Church Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Sikhism Zoroastrian Lists of countries by religious rankings Buddhism Christianity Catholic Church Latter - day Saints Orthodoxy Protestantism Hinduism Importance of religion Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Judaism type Sikhism Zoroastrianism List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church&oldid=848861584 '' Categories : Catholic Church organisation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages with URL errors Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Tiếng Việt 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 21 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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what is the hierarchy in the roman catholic church
[ "The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons.[1][2] In the ecclesiological sense of the term, \"hierarchy\" strictly means the \"holy ordering\" of the Church, the Body of Christ, so to respect the diversity of gifts and ministries necessary for genuine unity. (1 Cor 12)\n" ]
[ "bishops, priests, and deacons" ]
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Barbie (film series)
Barbie ( film series ) - Wikipedia Barbie ( film series ) For other uses , see Barbie ( disambiguation ) . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : tone , check for potential OR Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Barbie Film Collection Barbie logo Produced by Mattel Creations Production company Mainframe Entertainment ( 2001 -- 2007 ) ( except The Barbie Diaries ) Rainmaker Studios ( 2007 -- date ) Arc Productions ( 2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) Technicolor ( 2011 , 2013 ) Distributed by Artisan Entertainment / FHE ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Lionsgate ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Universal Studios ( 2006 -- date ) Sony Pictures Entertainment ( upcoming live action ) Country United States Canada Language English French Barbie is a fashion doll manufactured by the American toy company Mattel , Inc. who has been a computer animated virtual actress starring in direct - to - DVD animated films . Although Barbie has appeared in miniseries and short films since 1987 , the series officially began in 2001 with Barbie in the Nutcracker which is tagged as `` ( Barbie ) Starring in Her First ( Feature - length ) Movie '' . It is followed by a total of thirty - five films while the series is on hiatus as of 2017 . Other appearances of Barbie as a character in other films including Mattel 's My Scene line as well as the Toy Story film series are not considered part of the franchise . Created by Mattel Creations ( formerly Mattel Entertainment ) , the films have sold more than 27 million units worldwide , as of 2006 . The Barbie films and their plot lines center on Barbie as a singular CGI actress , and often frame Barbie as a modern girl telling the story to a younger friend while simultaneously starring in the film . Scholars examining how the Barbie films differ from Disney and other princess narratives have concluded that Mattel intentionally attempted to remediate its brand based on feminist criticisms through story - telling in the films . Barbie is always placed as the central heroine of the story , with male characters and romantic interests serving as secondary to the plot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Films 3 Live action film adaptation 4 References 5 External links Origins ( edit ) Barbie 's popularity on the toy market began to decline in the 1990s , and struggled further when MGA Entertainment introduced a line of Bratz dolls , whose sexualized characters contrasted with Barbie 's older , chaste image . Mattel therefore attempted to overhaul the Barbie brand to keep the toy relevant to consumers in the modern age by bringing in consultants and conducting research on key market groups . Mattel consultants initially considered reducing the Barbie 's breast size , but later claimed that the doll 's figure could not be changed because `` being consistent is one of her biggest strengths . '' This move might also have been rejected because of the success of the sexualized Bratz dolls of Mattel 's competitors . Mattel 's team also considered targeting market audiences of career women and their daughters by introducing lines of Doctor or Lawyer Barbies . However , Mattel 's research showed that girls were spending more time online than playing with physical dolls . Therefore , targeted career Barbies were discarded in favor of looking for more interactive platforms through online or digital media . This resulted in the creation of the Barbie film series , which initially revolved around Barbie being reimagined a princess and eventually expanded into various worlds of fashion and fantasy . A primary benefit of this strategy revolved around marketing , as Mattel could sell dolls specific to each film separately from the DVDs and merchandise related to props , costumes , and sets from the films . Tim Kilpin , the senior vice-president for girls marketing at Mattel , stated that `` What you see now are several different Barbie worlds anchored by content and storytelling . A girl can understand what role Barbie is playing , what the other characters are doing , and how they interrelate . That 's a much richer level of story that leads to a richer level of play . '' The strategy worked : US Barbie sales , led by the princess line , `` increased by two percent in 2006 , saving Mattel 's bottom line at a time when its worldwide share of the toy market was declining . '' Within the films , Mattel includes performances by well - known companies and orchestras , such as the London Symphony Orchestra , the Czech Philharmonic and the New York City Ballet . These associations could have been included as an enrichment strategy on behalf of Mattel 's marketing team , to help the films be seen as educational . Films ( edit ) The following is the official list of thirty - six films in the Barbie film series . # Title Barbie 's Role ( s ) Release Date Director ( s ) Barbie in the Nutcracker Clara / Sugarplum Princess October 23 , 2001 Owen Hurley Barbie as Rapunzel Rapunzel October 1 , 2002 Owen Hurley Barbie of Swan Lake Odette September 30 , 2003 Owen Hurley Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper Princess Anneliese / Erika September 28 , 2004 William Lau 5 Barbie : Fairytopia Elina March 8 , 2005 Walter P. Martishius 6 Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus Princess Annika September 20 , 2005 Greg Richardson 7 Barbie Fairytopia : Mermaidia Elina March 14 , 2006 William Lau Walter P. Martishius 8 The Barbie Diaries Barbie May 9 , 2006 Eric Fogel 9 Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses Princess Genevieve September 19 , 2006 Greg Richardson 10 Barbie Fairytopia : Magic of the Rainbow Elina March 13 , 2007 William Lau 11 Barbie as the Island Princess Ro / Rosella September 18 , 2007 Greg Richardson 12 Barbie : Mariposa Elina / Mariposa February 26 , 2008 Conrad Helten 13 Barbie & the Diamond Castle Barbie / Liana September 9 , 2008 Gino Nichele 14 Barbie in A Christmas Carol Barbie / Eden Starling November 4 , 2008 William Lau 15 Barbie Presents : Thumbelina Barbie March 17 , 2009 Conrad Helten 16 Barbie and the Three Musketeers Corinne September 15 , 2009 William Lau 17 Barbie in A Mermaid Tale Merliah Summers March 2 , 2010 Adam L. Wood 18 Barbie : A Fashion Fairytale Barbie September 14 , 2010 William Lau 19 Barbie : A Fairy Secret Barbie March 15 , 2011 William Lau 20 Barbie : Princess Charm School Blair Willows / Princess Sophia September 13 , 2011 Ezekiel Norton 21 Barbie : A Perfect Christmas Barbie November 8 , 2011 Mark Baldo 22 Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2 Merliah Summers February 27 , 2012 William Lau 23 Barbie : The Princess & the Popstar Princess Tori / Keira September 11 , 2012 Ezekiel Norton 24 Barbie in the Pink Shoes Kristyn Farraday / Giselle / Odette February 26 , 2013 Owen Hurley 25 Barbie : Mariposa & the Fairy Princess Mariposa August 27 , 2013 William Lau 26 Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale Barbie Roberts October 22 , 2013 Kyran Kelly 27 Barbie : The Pearl Princess Princess Lumina March 11 , 2014 Ezekiel Norton 28 Barbie and the Secret Door Princess Alexa September 16 , 2014 Karen J. Lloyd 29 Barbie in Princess Power Princess Kara March 4 , 2015 Ezekiel Norton 30 Barbie in Rock ' N Royals Princess Courtney September 8 , 2015 Karen J. Lloyd 31 Barbie and Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure Barbie Roberts October 27 , 2015 Andrew Tan 32 Barbie : Spy Squad Barbie February 8 , 2016 Conrad Helten 32 Barbie : Star Light Adventure Barbie of Para-Den August 29 , 2016 Andrew Tan 34 Barbie and Her Sisters In A Puppy Chase Barbie Roberts October 18 , 2016 Conrad Helten 35 Barbie : Video Game Hero Barbie January 31 , 2017 Conrad Helten Ezekiel Norton 36 Barbie : Dolphin Magic Barbie Roberts October 13 , 2017 Conrad Helten Live action film adaptation ( edit ) In 1986 , a St. Petersburg Times newspaper reported that Cannon Films planned to make a Barbie film , but nothing came to fruition . Sony Pictures and Mattel are developing a comedic live - action Barbie movie with Walter F. Parkes and Laurie MacDonald producing and Jenny Bicks writing the film . On March 4 , 2015 it was announced that Diablo Cody will be doing rewrites on the script . In December 2015 it was announced that Sony would hire three different writers to write scripts , and that they would choose the best one . They are working with the draft written by Hilary Winston . On August 5 , 2015 , Sony Pictures set the film 's release date on June 2 , 2017 . On December 2 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that Amy Schumer had been cast as Barbie . It also reported that minor changes would be made in terms of the character and the story itself , centering on a Barbie , who after she is exiled from a world full of Barbies , enters the real world as a normal woman who is imperfect . On March 23 , 2017 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Schumer had dropped out of the project due to scheduling conflicts ; similar reports stated that the film was without a director . In August 2017 , it was announced that Anne Hathaway would star as the titular character and that up - and - coming director Alethea Jones would helm the film . Originally scheduled for release on May 12 , 2017 , it was reported that the live - action film adaptation was pushed back and was set for a June 29 , 2018 release in the United States ; it was later pushed back to August 8 , 2018 . The film would later move its release date to May 8 , 2020 . On April 26 , 2018 , Diablo Cody announced she has dropped out of the project . Cody said that she spent too much time involved working on the screenplay for Tully to focus on writing the live action Barbie movie and that she does n't feel she is the right person to write the script . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brandweek '' . Brandweek . Adweek. 47 ( 14 - 26 ) : 8 . April 2006 . To date , the Barbie brand 's seven released , animated direct - to - DVDs have collectively sold more than 27 million units worldwide . ^ Jump up to : Vered , Karen Orrl & Maizonniaux , Christèlel , `` Barbie and the straight - to - DVD movie : pink post-feminist pedagogy '' , Feminist Media Studies . Apr2017 , Vol. 17 Issue 2 , p198 - 214 . 17p . Jump up ^ Still , Julie , `` Feminist Barbie : Mattel 's Remakes of Classic Tales '' , MP : A Feminist Journal Online . Oct2010 , Vol. 3 Issue 2 , p148 - 164 . 17p . ^ Jump up to : Ault , Susanne , `` Girl Power Builds Barbie muscle : Mattel Takes Kids ' Fave Forward with U Pact , '' Daily Variety ( February 12 , 2007 ) . A11 - A13 . ^ Jump up to : Orr , Lisa , `` ' Difference That is Actually Sameness Mass - Reproduced , : Barbie Joins the Princess Convergence , '' Jeunesse : Young People , Texts Cultures 1.1 ( 2009 ) : 9 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Holding Back the Years . '' Marketing Week . Marketing Week , 14 Aug. 2008 . Web . 22 Apr. 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gogoi , Pallavi . `` Mattel 's Barbie Trouble . '' Business Week Online 18 July 2006 : 7 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 15 Mar. 2009 . Jump up ^ Netherby , Jennifer . `` Doll Shape Shifts with Times . '' Daily Variety 9 Feb. 2007 . LexisNexis . Web . 25 Oct. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie 's Midlife Crisis . '' Brand Strategy 14 May 2004 : 20 + . LexisNexis . Web . 25 Oct. 2008 . Jump up ^ Mattel . `` Mattel Incorporated Fourth Quarter 2008 Earnings Conference Call . '' Mattel . Mattel , 2 Feb. 2009 . Web . 16 Mar. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Teams With Mattel To Fashion Film Franchise Based On Barbie Toyline '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony 's ' Barbie ' Movie Draws Diablo Cody for Rewrite '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Barbie ' Movie : Sony Trying Three Poses With Three Scripts '' . Jump up ^ `` Amy Schumer exits live - action Barbie movie '' . Jump up ^ CS ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through 2019 ! '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Amy Schumer in Talks to Star in ' Barbie ' Movie From Sony '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Amy Schumer Exits ' Barbie ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sony Sets Dates for ' Spider - Man ' Spinoff ' Silver & Black ' and ' Sicario 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Columbia Pictures also confirmed that Anne Hathaway will star in Barbie ( news she was in talks for the role broke last month ) and said it has moved the film back a few weeks to Aug. 8 , 2018 ( it was previously set for June 29 , 2018 ) . Alethea Jones directs the film . Jump up ^ `` Barbie Release Date Set for Summer 2018 '' . ComingSoon.net . December 10 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Dates ' Silver And Black ' , ' Sicario 2 ' ; Moves ' Holmes And Watson ' , ' Bad Boys 3 ' Unset & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Anne Hathaway 's ' Barbie ' Moved Back Two Years to 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Diablo Cody Never Actually Wrote a Script for the ' Barbie ' Movie '' . Slash Film . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website http://barbie.mattel.com/ hide Barbie Dolls Basics Blaine Burqa Computer Engineer Earring Magic Ken Fashion Model Collection Francie Ken List of friends and family Midge Nikki The Rockers Skipper Teen Talk Tefillin Teresa Totally Hair Films 2000s The Nutcracker ( 2001 ) Rapunzel ( 2002 ) Swan Lake ( 2003 ) The Princess and the Pauper ( 2004 ) Fairytopia ( 2005 ) The Magic of Pegasus ( 2005 ) Mermaidia ( 2006 ) The Barbie Diaries ( 2006 ) The 12 Dancing Princesses ( 2006 ) The Island Princess ( 2007 ) Mariposa ( 2008 ) The Diamond Castle ( 2008 ) Thumbelina ( 2009 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2009 ) 2010s A Mermaid Tale ( 2010 ) A Fashion Fairytale ( 2010 ) A Fairy Secret ( 2011 ) Princess Charm School ( 2011 ) A Mermaid Tale 2 ( 2012 ) The Princess & the Popstar ( 2012 ) The Secret Door ( 2014 ) Star Light Adventure ( 2016 ) Dolphin Magic ( 2017 ) TV series Life in the Dreamhouse ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Dreamtopia ( 2016 -- present ) Dreamhouse Adventures ( 2018 - present ) Shorts and specials The Rockers : Out of This World ( 1987 ) The Sensations : Rockin ' Back to Earth ( 1987 ) Other animation Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) My Scene : Jammin ' in Jamaica ( 2004 ) My Scene Goes Hollywood : The Movie ( 2005 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Video games 1980s Barbie ( 1984 ) 1990s Barbie ( 1991 ) Game Girl Magic Fairy Tales : Barbie as Rapunzel Super Model Vacation Adventure Race & Ride Super Sports Nail Designer Storymaker 2000s Beach Vacation Magic Genie Adventure Explorer Horse Adventures Blue Ribbon Race Mystery Ride Wild Horse Rescue Riding Camp The Island Princess Fashion Show : An Eye for Style Series Detective Barbie Related `` Barbie Girl '' Barbie Liberation Organization Barbie Shanghai Barbie 's careers Elliot Handler Ruth Handler `` Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy '' Mattel Inc v 3894207 Canada Inc Mattel , Inc. v. MCA Records , Inc . Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History Kitty Black Perkins LaVonne Salleé Superstar : The Karen Carpenter Story The Tribe Willows , Wisconsin Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbie_(film_series)&oldid=847985328 '' Categories : Film series introduced in 1987 American animated films Films set in the 21st century Universal Studios franchises American direct - to - video films Computer - animated films Film series Barbie films Canadian animated films Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from June 2018 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 02 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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when is the new barbie movie coming out
[ "Originally scheduled for release on May 12, 2017, it was reported that the live-action film adaptation was pushed back and was set for a June 29, 2018 release in the United States;[19] it was later pushed back to August 8, 2018.[20] The film would later move its release date to May 8, 2020.[21] On April 26, 2018, Diablo Cody announced she has dropped out of the project. Cody said that she spent too much time involved working on the screenplay for Tully to focus on writing the live action Barbie movie and that she doesn't feel she is the right person to write the script.[22]\n" ]
[ "May 8, 2020" ]
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Military history of New Zealand during World War I
Military History of New Zealand during World war I - wikipedia Military History of New Zealand during World war I Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand troops unloading at a French port in 1918 . The military history of New Zealand during World War I began in August 1914 when Great Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War , the New Zealand government followed without hesitation , despite its geographic isolation and small population . It was believed at the time that any declaration of war by the United Kingdom automatically included New Zealand . The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914 -- 18 , excluding those in British and other Dominion forces , was 100,444 , from a population of just over a million . Forty - two percent of men of military age served in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force , fighting in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front . 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war -- a 58 percent casualty rate . Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war 's end , as a result of injuries sustained , and 507 died while training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918 . The First World War saw Māori soldiers serve for the first time in a major conflict with the New Zealand Army ( although a number had fought in the Second Boer War when New Zealand recruiters chose to ignore British military policy of the time of disallowing ' native ' soldiers ) . A contingent took part in the Gallipoli Campaign , and later served with distinction on the Western Front as part of the New Zealand ( Māori ) Pioneer Battalion. 2688 Māori and 346 Pacific islanders , including 150 Niueans , served with New Zealand forces in total . Contents ( hide ) 1 Outbreak of the war 2 Samoa 3 Middle East 3.1 Training in Egypt 3.2 Gallipoli , Turkey 3.3 Evacuation from Gallipoli 3.4 Palestine Campaign 4 Training in England 5 Western Front 6 Other theatres 7 Recruiting and Conscription 8 Hospitals 9 Repatriation 10 Cemeteries and Memorials 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Outbreak of the war ( edit ) Upon the outbreak of the war , the New Zealand Government authorised the raising of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( NZEF ) for service overseas . Mobilisation for the NZEF had already begun , with preparations discreetly beginning a few days prior to the declaration of war . Samoa ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of German Samoa The Union Flag being raised at the courthouse at Apia on 30 August 1914 The day after the declaration of war , the British Government requested New Zealand seize the wireless station on the island of Upolu , part of Imperial Germany 's protectorate of German Samoa , deeming it an `` a great and urgent Imperial service . '' A mixed force of 1,413 men , known as the Samoan Expeditionary Force ( SEF ) under the command of Colonel Robert Logan , plus six nursing sisters , sailed from New Zealand on 15 August 1914 . After stopping in Fiji to collect some guides and interpreters as well as additional escort ships , the New Zealanders arrived at Apia on 29 August 1914 . Germany refused to officially surrender the islands but with only a minimal military presence , there was little prospect for meaningful resistance . The Governor of German Samoa , Dr. Erich Schultz , sent a message from the island 's radio station that no resistance would be offered . The New Zealanders proceeded to land at Apia and seized key buildings and facilities without interference . The only opposition encountered was at the radio station , where the equipment was sabotaged by the German operators . Logan officially declared German Samoa to be under the control of New Zealand the following day , 30 August 1914 , in a ceremony at the courthouse in Apia . When Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Maximilian von Spee , commander of Germany 's East Asia Squadron , learned of the occupation , he hastened to Samoa with the armoured cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau . Arriving at Apia on 14 September 1914 , the approach of the German ships was observed and the New Zealanders prepared to defend themselves . However , von Spee and his ships soon departed for Tahiti , with neither side opening fire . The SEF remained in Samoa until March 1915 at which time it began returning to New Zealand , a process completed by the following month . Middle east ( edit ) Training in Egypt ( edit ) Map of the landing at Anzac Cove on 25 April 1915 As early as October 1914 the main body of the NZEF sailed from Wellington . Diverted from their original destination in Europe , the New Zealanders were landed in Egypt , where they helped repulse a Turkish attack on the Suez Canal in February 1915 . The New Zealand volunteer soldiers remained encamped in Egypt , alongside their Australian comrades , undergoing training prior to being sent to France . Gallipoli , Turkey ( edit ) On 25 April 1915 , as part of the New Zealand and Australian Division , the New Zealanders landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula , and fought in the Gallipoli Campaign under the command of British General Alexander Godley . The combined British Empire and French operation was mounted in order to eventually capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople ( now Istanbul ) . Because of a navigational error , the Anzacs came ashore about a mile north of the intended landing point in their initial landing . Instead of facing the expected beach and gentle slope they found themselves at the bottom of steep cliffs , offering the few Turkish defenders an ideal defensive position . Establishing a foothold , the Anzacs found an advance to be impossible . On 30 April 1915 , when the first news of the landing reached New Zealand a half - day holiday was declared and impromptu services were held -- the origin of the commemorative public holiday , ANZAC Day , recognised by New Zealand and Australia and held each year on 25 April . Evacuation from Gallipoli ( edit ) Despite the blunder at ANZAC Cove , the New Zealand soldiers fought valiantly throughout the campaign but it was a failed venture overall . The estimated casualties on both sides were 392,000 of whom 131,000 were killed , with New Zealand casualties of 2,721 dead and 4,852 wounded . The Allied forces eventually evacuated in December 1915 and early January 1916 . The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign was strongly felt in New Zealand ( and Australia ) where it was the first great conflict experienced by the fledgling nation . Before Gallipoli the citizens of New Zealand were confident of the superiority of the British Empire and were proud and eager to offer their service . The campaign in Gallipoli shook that confidence . The New Zealand Rifle Brigade ( less two battalions ) had meanwhile reached Egypt in November 1915 and was sent into the Egyptian desert to help defeat a Senussi invasion from Libya . The 1st Battalion fought two brisk but inexpensive actions south - west of Matruh as part of a mixed force ( including British , Australians , and Indians ) , one on Christmas Day , the other on 23 January 1916 . Both were successful and broke the back of the invasion . In mid-February the 1st Battalion rejoined the rest of the brigade at Moascar in the Suez Canal area . Palestine Campaign ( edit ) In Egypt , the New Zealand Expeditionary Force was reorganised into the New Zealand Mounted Brigade and the New Zealand Division ( infantry ) . Reinforcements from New Zealand replaced the Australian component of the division , which embarked for France in April 1916 . The New Zealand Mounted Brigade , 147 officers and 2,897 other ranks , remained in Egypt as part of the Anzac Mounted Division . In April 1916 , it was deployed to the Sinai Peninsula where it took part in the ultimately successful Sinai and Palestine Campaign against the Turks . New Zealanders fought in most of the battles leading up to the fall of Jerusalem and the defeat of the Ottoman Army , and were praised for their fighting alongside their Australian and British comrades . In 1919 , Field Marshal Sir Edmund Allenby , said this of the New Zealand soldiers in the Sinai campaign ; `` Nothing daunted these intrepid fighters : to them nothing was impossible . '' A total of 17,723 New Zealanders served in this campaign and New Zealand casualties were 640 killed in action and 1,146 wounded . Training in England ( edit ) While in England -- either freshly arrived from New Zealand or having already served at Gallipoli and awaiting transfer to the Western Front -- New Zealand troops were stationed at Sling Camp , an annexe of Bulford Camp in Wiltshire . The troops who were still stationed at the camp at the end of the war created the giant chalk kiwi known as the Bulford Kiwi whilst waiting to be repatriated . Western Front ( edit ) Infantry from the 2nd Battalion , Auckland Regiment , New Zealand Division in the Switch Line near Flers , taken some time in September 1916 , after the Battle of Flers - Courcelette In France , the New Zealand Division settled in on the stalemated Western Front and their first major trial was during the Battle of the Somme . It took part in the Fourth Army 's attack on 15 September , under the command of the British XV Corps . By the time they were relieved on 4 October , the New Zealanders had advanced three kilometres and captured eight kilometres of enemy front line . 7,048 had become casualties , of whom 1,560 were killed . In June 1917 , the New Zealand Division further distinguished itself in the storming of Messines Ridge and the capture of the village of Messines . On 7 June , after the detonation of nearly 500 tons of explosives in huge mines on both sides of the New Zealand sector , the 2nd and 3rd Brigades scrambled over the top , in and out of shell holes , and up the battered slopes . Carrying the German front line and supports , they were soon into the ruined village . The 1st Brigade passed through , helped on the left by a solitary tank , to the final objective . With prisoners and booty including many guns it was a striking success at no great cost ; but the German artillery revived and by the time the division was relieved on 9 and 10 June it had lost 3,700 men , evenly distributed between the three brigades . The New Zealand Division 's next major engagement was at Passchendaele in October 1917 . The division had been training since the end of August to overcome the numerous concrete pillboxes in this sector . The first objective was the Gravenstafel Spur , attacked before dawn on 4 October , as part of a major advance . The 1st and 4th Brigades forestalled a heavy German counter-attack , and the supporting artillery barrage inflicted frightful slaughter on the waiting Germans . Crossing this scene of carnage , the 1st and 4th Brigades gained their objectives after a hard fight , inflicting exceptionally heavy loss on the enemy and capturing much equipment . For such a resounding success the 1,700 New Zealand casualties , though a sad loss , did not in current terms seem excessive . But heavy rain turned the countryside into a bog and tragedy lay ahead . A British attack on the ninth on Bellevue Spur and part of the main Passchendaele ridge gained a little ground at prohibitive cost . Heavy swathes of barbed wire still girdled the hillside , however , and belated and meagre heavy artillery made no impression on them , nor on the many pillboxes beyond . New Zealand gunners slaved to breaking point to get only a few guns and howitzers forward , but stable platforms and accurate fire were unattainable . The division returned to the attack on 12 October , with the 2nd and 3rd Brigades . There was little to encourage the men as they waited overnight in a morass under steady rain . Shelled in their assembly area , some were shelled again by their own guns when the thin barrage opened at 5.25 a.m. , and then they led off into a deluge of small - arms fire , speckled with geyser - like eruptions as shells exploded in the mud . Worst of all was the wire , covered with deadly fire , its few gaps deliberate deathtraps . Some men tried to crawl under it , some threw themselves at it , two got right through and were killed in the act of hurling grenades at the loopholes of the nearest pillbox . The left gained 500 yards of slippery slope , the centre 200 heartbreaking yards , the right nothing until the 80 - odd occupants of two blockhouses and a trench used up all their ammunition . Then they were captured , blockhouses and all , by two brave and skillful men , sole survivors of two Otago platoons . For these small gains , the New Zealanders suffered 640 dead and 2,100 wounded . For the first time the division had failed in a major operation . After this failure , the division continued to hold a sector of the line . The steady drain of men while units only held the line was less spectacular , though it made up half the losses of the division . Here , before withdrawing from the front , 400 more men were lost in the 4th Brigade alone . The division now had four brigades , making it one of the largest on the Western Front , and was stationed in the Polygon Wood area . An attack by the 2nd Brigade on 3 December 1917 gained useful ground but failed to capture Polderhoek Chateau . When the division was relieved , on 24 February 1918 , three `` quiet '' months had cost 3,000 men , more than 1,873 of them killed . As the Germans launched their great Spring Offensive of 1918 , the New Zealand Division was rushed to stem a breakthrough in the First Battle of the Somme , which threatened Amiens . The gap was between the British IV and V Corps in the Ancre Valley . After confused fighting , the New Zealanders eventually gained the upper hand and soon were counter-attacking advantageous land , stabilising the British line . Later in the year , they excelled in the open country fighting that was brought about by the Allied counter-offensive . The advance of the New Zealand Division -- part of the Third Army 's IV Corps -- during the 100 Days Offensive . In their last action of the war , the division captured the ancient fortress ( Vauban - designed ) town of Le Quesnoy in a daring assault on 4 November 1918 . The day proved to be the division 's most successful of their whole time on the Western Front as they pushed east and advanced ten kilometres , capturing 2,000 German soldiers and 60 field guns . The town occupied a strategic position in north - eastern France and had been held by the Germans since 1914 . Although with no specific orders indicating that the town need to be captured with any haste , the New Zealand soldiers were determined to and just before midday the first New Zealand troops reached the outer walls and scaled them with ladders . Propping the ladders against the precariously narrow inner walls , sections of one New Zealand battalion ascended the walls and engaged in hand - to - hand fighting with fleeing German defenders . The few thousand strong German garrison surrendered soon after New Zealand soldiers entered the town itself . The infantry were relieved on the eastern side of the forest at midnight on 5 -- 6 November and the war ended five days later . The division left the Third Army on 28 November , and marched through Belgium , to entrain at the German frontier for Cologne and take up billets in neighbouring towns as part of the army of occupation . Demobilisation soon started and at Mülheim near Cologne the division was finally disbanded on 25 March 1919 . The cost of maintaining the division for two and a half years on the Western Front was appalling . Altogether some 13,250 New Zealanders died of wounds or sickness as a direct result of this campaign , including 50 as prisoners of war and more than 700 at home . Another 35,000 were wounded , and 414 prisoners of war were ultimately repatriated . The total casualties therefrom approached 50,000 , well over half the number of those who served in France or Belgium . Other theatres ( edit ) New Zealand also contributed to the war at sea . The New Zealand Naval Forces was a Division of the Royal Navy . Immediately after the start of the war , the cruiser HMS Philomel , loaned to New Zealand as a training ship , was augmented with 70 New Zealand reservists and sailed with two Royal Navy cruisers to escort the New Zealand troops sent to occupy German Samoa . Later in 1914 these three ships also escorted the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to Egypt . From January 1915 , Philomel patrolled the Gulf of Alexandretta in the Eastern Mediterranean , supporting several landings and sustaining three fatal casualties , one being the first New Zealander killed in action in the war . She also took part in the defence of the Suez Canal , operations in the Gulf of Aden and patrols in the Persian Gulf . Although refitting from time to time at Malta or Bombay kept her seaworthy , age eventually forced her out of the war and in March 1917 she returned to Wellington for a major overhaul . New Zealand was not subject to any significant direct military threat during the war . Although Germany had plans for naval raids on Australia and New Zealand , the threat from her Asiatic Squadron did not eventuate , as that force moved across the Pacific before being destroyed at the Battle of the Falkland Islands . In June 1917 , a German surface raider , the SMS Wolf entered New Zealand waters . She laid two small minefields in New Zealand waters and sank two merchant ships . One ( the Port Kembla ) off Farewell Spit , and another ( the Wairuna ) off the Kermadec Islands . Two fishing trawlers , the Nora Niven and Simplon , were fitted as minesweepers and took up sweeping duties in these areas . Another brief flurry of activity occurred when Felix von Luckner , imprisoned on Motuihe Island after being captured in the Society Islands , escaped and commandeered a small vessel before being recaptured in the Kermadec Islands . New Zealand also contributed a wireless troop to the Mesopotamian Campaign . The Wireless Troop was formed in New Zealand and arrived at Basra in April 1916 . In Mesopotamia the New Zealand troop was amalgamated with the 1st Australian Wireless Signal Squadron , forming `` C '' Wireless Troop of the Anzac Squadron . The troop was much affected by disease , but once in operation was attached to the Cavalry Division in the assault on Baghdad . The Wireless Troop was among the first batch of troops to enter the city on 11 March 1917 . The Wireless Troop joined further operations in Mesopotamia and was then moved to Persia . In June 1917 , the troop was redirected to France , where it was absorbed into the New Zealand Divisional Signal Company . New Zealand had no air force of her own during the First World War but several hundred New Zealanders served with the Royal Flying Corps , the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Air Force . Recruiting and conscription ( edit ) When the supply of volunteers for reinforcements for the New Zealand Expeditionary Force slowed , conscription was introduced , with the first ballot held in Wellington on 16 November 1916 . Men between 20 and 45 could be conscripted , subject to a medical check and limited rights of objection on conscience , family or business grounds . Conscription was extended to Māori for the `` Native Contingent '' in late 1917 , with the first `` Māori ballot '' for the Waikato district held in May 1918 . There wes resistance in the Waikato ( led by Princess Te Puea ) to conscription . By the end of the war 552 Māori had been balloted , but no Māori conscripts had been sent overseas . And 2,227 Māori served in the war ; about 4.5 % of the Māori population or under half of the total contribution per head of the total New Zealand population . Hospitals ( edit ) Walton - on - Thames railway station was about one and a quarter miles from No 2 New Zealand General Hospital New Zealand Hospitals were set up at Port Said and Suez in 1915 , Walton - on - Thames in 1915 , and Amiens , Brockenhurst , Codford and Hornchurch in 1916 . Hospital ships Maheno and Marama were converted in 1915 . Walton closed in 1919 . Repatriation ( edit ) Shortages of shipping , influenza and strikes were among causes for delays in repatriating troops after the war . The frustration of the delay resulted in riots at Sling Camp in March 1919 and at Ismailia in July . Allied governments paid compensation for looted Egyptian shops . New Zealand 's share of the cost was £ 2,529 ( 2016 equivalent $250,000 ) . Cemeteries and memorials ( edit ) New Zealand war deaths are buried or commemorated in CWGC ( Commonwealth War Graves Commission ) cemeteries with other allied soldiers . Gallipoli dead are buried in 24 CWGC cemeteries in Turkey , and in CWGC cemeteries in Egypt , Gibraltar , Greece and Malta . There are memorials to the New Zealand missing on Chunuk Bair and at three CWGC cemeteries : Hill 60 Cemetery , Lone Pine Cemetery and Twelve Tree Copse Cemetery . On the Western Front missing New Zealand soldiers are commemorated in cemeteries near where they were lost rather than at the large memorials of Menin Gate and the Thiepval Memorial on the Somme . The New Zealand monuments to the missing are at Messines in Belgium and Armentierses , Longueval ( Caterpillar Valley Cemetery ) , Grevillers , and Marfaux in France . There are four national battlefield memorials at Passchendaele , Messines , the Somme and Le Quesnoy . See also ( edit ) New Zealand Expeditionary Force Bere Ferrers rail accident in which ten NZEF soldiers died in 1917 . SS Marquette troopship sunk 1915 with 32 New Zealanders including 10 nurses lost List of New Zealand soldiers executed during World War I Bulford Kiwi a memento to New Zealand soldiers who were stationed in Wiltshire . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` Dunedin family 's pride as soldier honoured '' . Otago Daily Times . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Niuean war heroes marked '' . Western Leader . 21 May 2008 . Retrieved 25 October 2011 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 1991 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 1991 , p. 248 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 25 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 32 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 59 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 93 -- 94 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2007 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Smith 1924 , pp. 130 -- 131 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , Maureen ( 1981 ) . `` Anzac Day in New Zealand , 1916 - 1939 '' . THE NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF HISTORY. 15 ( 2 ) : 97 - 114 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Eveline ( Apr 23 , 2008 ) . `` How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Recruiting and Conscription '' . NZ History . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Māori objection to conscription '' . NZ History . New Zealand Government . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker 1988 , pp. 220,221 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZANS History - 1915 - 1922 '' . www.nzans.org . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Hospitals in the United Kingdom '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A vessel with a noble mission : the steamer Marama , New Zealand 's second hospital ship , which left Wellington for the front last Saturday . ( New Zealand Herald , 1915 - 12 - 08 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` HOSPITAL SHIP MARAMA IMPERIAL CONFERENCE ( North Otago Times , 1915 - 12 - 06 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` WALTON - ON - THAMES . ( New Zealand Herald , 1919 - 05 - 28 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Woodfin , E ( 2012 ) . Camp and Combat on the Sinai and Palestine Front : The Experience of the British Empire Soldier , 1916 - 18 . Springer . ISBN 9781137264800 . ^ Jump up to : `` RIOT AT SLING CAMP . ( Wanganui Herald , 1919 - 05 - 13 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` SHIPPING CONTROL MUDDLE . ( Oamaru Mail , 1919 - 04 - 26 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` THE ESTIMATES ( Waikato Times , 1920 - 11 - 12 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation calculator - Reserve Bank of New Zealand '' . www.rbnz.govt.nz . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ McGibbon , Ian ( 2004 ) . Gallipoli : A Guide to New Zealand Battlefields and Memorials . Auckland : Reed Books . pp. 16 , 24 , 26,120 . ISBN 0 - 7900 - 0999 - 4 . Jump up ^ McGibbon , Ian ( 2001 ) . New Zealand Battlefields and Memorials of the Western Front . Auckland : Oxford University Press . pp. 6 , 16 , 59 . References ( edit ) Baker , Paul ( 1988 ) . King and Country Call : New Zealanders , Conscription and the Great War . Auckland : Auckland University Press . ISBN 1 - 86940 - 034 - 8 . McGibbon , Ian ( 1991 ) . The Path to Gallipoli : Defending New Zealand 1840 -- 1915 . New Zealand : GP Books . ISBN 0 - 477 - 00026 - 6 . McGibbon , Ian ( 2007 ) . `` The Shaping of New Zealand 's War Effort , August -- October 1914 '' . In Crawford , John ; McGibbon , Ian . New Zealand 's Great War : New Zealand , the Allies & the First World War . Auckland , New Zealand : Exisle Publishing . pp. 49 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 908988 - 85 - 3 . Smith , Stephen John ( 1924 ) . The Samoa ( N.Z. ) Expeditionary Force 1914 -- 1915 . Wellington , New Zealand : Ferguson & Osborn . OCLC 8950668 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Zealand in World War I . Three e-books on WW1 in NZetc e-book Featherston Training Camp in Digger History e-book New Zealand at the Front ( 1917 ) in Digger History Letters and Papers of Cecil Malthus ( digitised ) New Zealand Mounted Rifles New Zealand and the First World War ( NZHistory ) Military history of New Zealand Timeline of Māori battles Musket Wars New Zealand Wars World War I World War II Malaysia Korean War Vietnam War New Zealand Army Royal New Zealand Navy Royal New Zealand Air Force Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) Expeditionary Forces 1st Australian Imperial Force ( 1st AIF ) Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( AN&MEF ) New Zealand Expeditionary Force ( 1st NZEF ) Corps Australian and New Zealand Army Corps I ANZAC Corps II ANZAC Corps Australian Corps Divisions Australia 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th New Zealand New Zealand Division New Zealand and Australian Division Brigades Australia 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 1st Light Horse 2nd Light Horse 3rd Light Horse 4th Light Horse 5th Light Horse New Zealand 1st Infantry Brigade 2nd Infantry Brigade 3rd New Zealand ( Rifle ) Brigade 4th Infantry Brigade New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade Military history during World War I Australia New Zealand History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_I&oldid=827150356 '' Categories : Military history of New Zealand New Zealand in World War I Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская עברית Norsk Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 01 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many new zealand soldiers died in ww1
[ "The total number of New Zealand troops and nurses to serve overseas in 1914–18, excluding those in British and other Dominion forces, was 100,444, from a population of just over a million. Forty-two percent of men of military age served in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, fighting in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front. 16,697 New Zealanders were killed and 41,317 were wounded during the war – a 58 percent casualty rate.[1] Approximately a further thousand men died within five years of the war's end, as a result of injuries sustained, and 507 died while training in New Zealand between 1914 and 1918." ]
[ "16,697" ]
94169181720489886
Education in Wales
Education in Wales - wikipedia Education in Wales Education in Wales Department for Education and Skills Cabinet Secretary for Education Kirsty Williams National education budget ( 2014 / 15 ) Budget £ 2,055.5 million General details Primary languages Welsh and English System type National Compulsory education Literacy ( 2003 ) Total 99 % Male 99 % Female 99 % Education in Wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the United Kingdom . For example , a significant minority of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh : in 2014 / 15 , 15.7 % of children and young people received Welsh - medium education - a drop from the 15.9 % in 2010 / 11 . And additional 10 % attend schools which had a significant portion of the curriculum is bilingual . The study of the Welsh language is available to all age groups through nurseries , schools , colleges and universities and in adult education . The study of the language is compulsory for all pupils in State Schools until the age of 16 . Since devolution , education policy in the four constituent countries of the UK has diverged : for example , England has pursued reforms based on diversity of school types and parental choice ; Wales ( and Scotland ) remain more committed to the concept of the community - based comprehensive school . Systems of governance and regulation - the arrangements for planning , funding , quality - assuring and regulating learning , and for its local administration - are becoming increasingly differentiated across the four home countries . Education researcher David Reynolds claims that policy in Wales is driven by a `` producerist '' paradigm emphasising collaboration between educational partners . He also alludes to lower funding in Welsh schools compared to England , echoing similar concerns at university level . He concludes that performance data does not suggest that Wales has improved more rapidly than England , although there are considerable difficulties in making these kinds of assessments . Contents ( hide ) 1 The structure of the Welsh educational system 1.1 Compulsory schooling 1.1. 1 Primary education 1.1. 2 Secondary education 1.2 Further education 1.3 Adult community learning 1.4 Higher education 2 See also 3 References 4 External links The structure of the Welsh Educational system ( edit ) Compulsory schooling ( edit ) A child 's age on 1 September determines the point of entry into the relevant stage of education . Education is compulsory beginning with the term following the child 's fifth birthday , but may take place at either home or school . Most parents choosing to educate through school - based provision , however , enrol their children in the reception year in September of that school year , with most children thus beginning school at age four or four and a half . This age was traditionally much earlier than in most other Western nations , but in recent years many European countries have lowered their age of compulsory education , usually by making one or more years of kindergarten compulsory . Primary education ( edit ) Primary school pupils in 1960 , in Barmouth , celebrating St David 's Day Main article : Primary education in Wales In 2014 / 15 , there were 1,330 primary schools in Wales with 273,400 pupils and 12,240 full - time equivalent ( FTE ) teachers . The teacher / pupil ratio was 1 : 22 and the average class size was 26 pupils . In the same year , there were 13 nursery schools in with 1,076 pupils and 43 full - time equivalent teachers . In 2015 / 16 , there were 276,950 pupils in 1,310 primary schools - a rise of 3,550 since 2014 / 15 . In 2008 a unique new curriculum - the Foundation phase - was rolled out to all schools in Wales . It began for 3 - to 4 - year - olds and by 2011 is in place for 3 - to 7 - year - olds . It is based on experiential learning , in small groups , with a teacher ratio of 1 : 8 for the youngest ages . In 2014 / 15 , there were 435 Welsh - medium primary schools with 65,460 pupils , rising from 64,366 in 2013 / 14 but the number of Welsh - medium primary schools decreasing from 444 . Secondary education ( edit ) Main article : Secondary education in Wales Pupils in secondary school take part in the compulsory GCSE and the non-compulsory A-level or BTEC qualifications at age 16 and 18 respectively . Since 2007 the Welsh Baccalaureate Qualification has also been available as an option although it was ungraded until 2014 . In 2014 / 15 there were 207 secondary schools ( a drop of six since 2013 / 14 ) in Wales with 182,408 pupils and 11,269 FTE teachers ( a drop of 310 since 2013 / 14 ) . The pupil / teacher ratio was 17 : 1 , which has remained largely the same since 2000 / 01 . In 2015 / 16 , there were 178,650 pupils in 205 secondary schools - a drop of 3,700 since 2014 / 15 . The same report found that in 2015 / 16 , there were 8,000 pupils in 34 independent schools , 4,540 pupils in 32 independent special schools , and 730 pupils in 25 pupil referral units . In 2014 / 15 , there were 50 Welsh - medium secondary ( a drop of 2 since 2013 / 14 ) schools with 36,485 pupils , dropping from 37,400 in 2013 / 14 . In the same year , there were 4 Welsh - medium middle schools ( a rise of 2 since 2013 / 14 ) with 2,448 pupils , a rise from 1,577 in 2013 / 14 . In 2016 , 60 / 3 % of Year 11 pupils ( aged 16 ) achieved the Level 2 inclusive threshold ( Level 2 including a grade A * - C in English or Welsh first language and Mathematics ) . 35.6 % of pupils eligible for FSM ( free school meals ) achieved the L2 inclusive threshold. 66.9 % of pupils achieved A * - C in maths. 70.4 % of pupils achieved A * - C in either English or Welsh first language . PISA results , by which the performance of Welsh pupils is compared to that of other countries , is also of enormous concern , with Wales lagging behind all other countries in the UK , leading to the then Minister of Education Leighton Andrews to describe the performance as `` unacceptable '' . Education Consortia There are four formal education consortia in Wales covering : North Wales ( Flintshire , Conwy , Wrexham , Gwynedd , Isle of Anglesey , Denbighshire ) South West and Mid Wales ( Swansea , Neath Port Talbot , Carmarthenshire , Pembrokeshire , Powys , Ceredigion ) Central South Wales ( Bridgend , Cardiff , Merthyr Tydfil , Rhondda Cynon Taff , Vale of Glamorgan ) South East Wales ( Caerphilly , Monmouthshire , Newport , Blaenau Gwent , Torfaen ) Each of the consortia are responsible for school improvement services throughout their respective local authorities and schools . Whilst all aspects of school improvement are considered consortia roles , they are specifically targeted with addressing the three Ministerial priorities of ; improving levels of literacy , numeracy and reducing the impact of poverty on education attainment . Further education ( edit ) Main article : List of further education colleges in Wales Further education ( FE ) includes full - and part - time learning for people over compulsory school age , excluding higher education . FE and publicly funded training in Wales is provided by 15 FE institutions in 2014 / 15 and a range of public , private and voluntary sector training providers , such as the Workers ' Educational Association . Colleges vary in size and mission , and include general FE , tertiary and specialist institutions , including one Roman Catholic Sixth Form College and a residential adult education college . Many colleges offer leisure learning and training programmes designed to meet the needs of business . In 2014 / 15 there were 263,315 FE students in Wales spanning the entire availability of FE at multiple placements , including FE , HE ( higher education ) , LA ( local authority ) Community , and work - based learning . Adult Community learning ( edit ) Adult Community learning is a form of adult education or lifelong learning delivered and supported by local authorities in Wales . Programmes can be formal or informal , non-accredited or accredited , and vocational , academic or leisure orientated . In 2015 / 16 there were 28,710 learners in Local Authority Community Learning . Higher education ( edit ) See also : List of universities in Wales Main Building of Cardiff University St David 's building of the University of Wales Lampeter - Wales ' oldest University Students normally enter higher education ( HE ) from 18 onwards . All undergraduate education is largely state - financed ( with Welsh students contributing £ 1,255 ) , and students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance . The state does not control syllabi , but it does influence admission procedures and monitors standards through the Higher Education Funding Council for Wales . The typical first degree offered at Welsh universities is the Bachelor 's degree , typically taking three years to complete full - time . Some institutions offer an undergraduate master 's degree as a first degree , typically lasting four years . During a first degree students are known as undergraduates . Some universities offer a vocationally based Foundation degree , typically two years in length . Within Wales , medical undergraduate education is provided by only Cardiff University , while graduate fast track route training is provided at Swansea University . In recent years there has been an increase in the number of universities with their own degree awarding powers owing to the change in the University of Wales from a single awarding body for most of the Universities in Wales to a confederal structure , along with former institutes gaining university status . In 2014 / 15 , there were 8 HE institutions in Wales including one music conservatoire , the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in Cardiff which is part of the University of Glamorgan Group . The University of Glamorgan , the second largest university in Wales , has never been a member of the University of Wales and awards its own degrees : the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama also awards University of Glamorgan degrees . In 2014 / 15 there were 145,735 enrolments at HE institutions in Wales , including 97,900 first degree and other undergraduates and 27,780 postgraduates . Welsh HE institutions had a total of 10,140 full - time and part - time staff . In 2012 , the minister with responsibility for education within Wales , Leighton Andrews , made a significant statement in relation to the merger of Cardiff Metropolitan University ( CMU , formerly UWIC ) , the University of Glamorgan and University of Wales , Newport ( UWN ) , in which he proposed the dissolution of CMU and UN as part of the process towards merger . However significant such changes may seem , it is arguable that the effective imposition of an average undergraduate fee of £ 7.5 K pa for the three institutions ( and others , but not to Cardiff , Swansea , Bangor and Aberystwyth all of whom will charge £ 9 K pa ) will cause much more substantial long term damage to these universities and reinvent the ' binary divide ' between universities and the former polytechnics and HE institutes . See also ( edit ) Wales portal Estyn , the education and training inspectorate for Wales Music education in Wales Primary education in Wales Secondary education in Wales Treachery of the Blue Books Education in England Education in Northern Ireland Education in Scotland List of education articles by country Home education in the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estimate for the United Kingdom , from United Kingdom , CIA World Factbook Jump up ^ `` Comisiynydd : Nifer y plant mewn addysg Gymraeg yn ' sioc ' '' . BBC Cymru Fyw ( in Welsh ) . BBC . 4 August 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raffe , D. and Byrne , D. ( 2005 ) Policy Learning From ' Home International ' Comparisons . Centre for Educational Sociology briefing '' ( PDF ) . ed.ac.uk . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , D. ( 2008 ) `` New Labour , Education and Wales : The Devolution Decade '' inOxford Review of Education , v34 n6 p753 - 765 Dec 2008 Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - UK - Education - Is five too soon to start school ? '' . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/images/2/24/Compulsory_Education_in_Europe_2016_2017.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Key Education Statistics Wales 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Welsh Government . 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Annual Report of Her Majesty 's Chief Inspector of Education and Training in Wales 2015 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . estyn. gov. wales . ESTYN. 2016 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An annual report collated from examination bodies on the results of external examinations taken by pupils aged 15 or 17 , which includes GCSE and A Levels by subject '' . gov. wales. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pisa tests show pupils in Wales falling behind '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Education Act 1996 , Part 1 , Chapter 1 , Paragraph 2 Jump up ^ Welcome to fforwm Archived February 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` National Training Federation Wales '' . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' . archive.org. 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Delivering Skills that Work for Wales : A new approach to Adult Community Learning . Consultation document issued 29 September 2008 Jump up ^ `` Cardiff Metropolitan University included in merger plan '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welsh university fees set to fall after Hefcw decision to reallocate spaces '' . walesonline. 11 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales in English and Welsh Welsh FE Colleges Education in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Education in the United Kingdom Modern systems England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales History England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Higher education England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales UK Topics Academies Comprehensives English medium education Free school ( England ) Gaelic medium education in Scotland Irish medium education in Northern Ireland Grammar schools Studio schools UTCs Welsh medium education Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Wales&oldid=846852962 '' Categories : Education in Wales Secondary education by country Hidden categories : CS1 Welsh - language sources ( cy ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 08 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
how many secondary schools are there in wales
[ "In 2014/15 there were 207 secondary schools (a drop of six since 2013/14) in Wales with 182,408 pupils and 11,269 FTE teachers (a drop of 310 since 2013/14). The pupil/teacher ratio was 17:1, which has remained largely the same since 2000/01.[7] In 2015/16, there were 178,650 pupils in 205 secondary schools - a drop of 3,700 since 2014/15.[8] The same report found that in 2015/16, there were 8,000 pupils in 34 independent schools, 4,540 pupils in 32 independent special schools, and 730 pupils in 25 pupil referral units.\n" ]
[ "205" ]
-8218928690194694568
Oval Office
Oval Office - wikipedia Oval Office For the NASCAR command station , see Oval Office ( NASCAR ) . President Donald Trump meets with ( from left ) U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price ; Vice President Mike Pence ; Speaker of the House Paul Ryan ; Dr. Zeke Emanuel ; and Director of Domestic Policy Council Andrew Bremberg , Monday , March 20 , 2017 , in the Oval Office . The Oval Office in 1981 The Oval Office is the working office space of the President of the United States located in the West Wing of the White House , Washington , D.C. . The room features three large south - facing windows behind the president 's desk , and a fireplace at the north end . It has four doors : the east door opens to the Rose Garden ; the west door leads to a private study and dining room ; the northwest door opens onto the main corridor of the West Wing ; and the northeast door opens to the office of the president 's secretary . Presidents generally decorate the office to suit their personal taste , choosing new furniture , new drapery , and designing their own oval - shaped carpet to take up most of the floor . Artwork is selected from the White House 's own collection , or borrowed from museums for the president 's term in office . Contents 1 Cultural history 2 Antecedents 2.1 Washington 's Bow Window 2.2 White House 2.3 West Wing 3 Taft Oval Office : 1909 -- 1933 4 Modern Oval Office : 1934 -- present 4.1 Decoration 4.1. 1 Desks 4.1. 2 Artwork 4.2 Redecoration 4.3 Alterations 4.4 Conservation 4.5 Dimensions 5 Taft Oval Office , 1909 -- 1933 6 Modern Oval Office , 1934 -- present 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Cultural History ( edit ) The Oval Office has become associated in Americans ' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images , such as a young John F. Kennedy , Jr. peering through the front panel of his father 's desk , President Richard Nixon speaking by telephone with the Apollo 11 astronauts during their moonwalk , and daughter Amy Carter bringing her Siamese cat Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten President Jimmy Carter 's day . Several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion . Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) , Nixon announcing his resignation from office ( 1974 ) , Ronald Reagan following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster ( 1986 ) , and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks ( 2001 ) . In 2018 , former White House stenographer Beck Dorey - Stein published a memoir about her years working for Obama called `` From the Corner of the Oval . '' Antecedents ( edit ) President 's House , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . George Washington 's Bow Window ( not depicted ) is echoed in the shape of the Oval Office . Washington 's Bow Window ( edit ) George Washington never occupied the White House . He spent most of his presidency in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , which served as the temporary national capital for 10 years , 1790 -- 1800 , while Washington , D.C. was under construction . In 1790 , Washington built a large , two - story , semi-circular addition to the rear of the President 's House in Philadelphia , creating a ceremonial space in which the public would meet the President . Standing before the three windows of this Bow Window , he formally received guests for his Tuesday afternoon levees , delegations from Congress and foreign dignitaries , and the general public at open houses on New Year 's Day , the Fourth of July , and his birthday . `` Washington received his guests , standing between the windows in his back drawing - room . The company , entering a front room and passing through an unfolding door , made their salutations to the President , and turning off , stood on one side . '' President John Adams occupied the Philadelphia mansion beginning in March 1797 , and used the Bow Window in the same manner as his predecessor . Curved foundations of Washington 's Bow Window were uncovered during a 2007 archaeological excavation of the President 's House site . They are exhibited under glass at the President 's House Commemoration , just north of the Liberty Bell Center . White House ( edit ) The Yellow Oval Room as President Grover Cleveland 's library and study , 1886 . Note his use of the Resolute desk . Architect James Hoban visited President Washington in Philadelphia in June 1792 and would have seen the Bow Window . The following month , he was named winner of the design competition for The White House . The `` elliptic salon '' at the center of the White House was the outstanding feature of Hoban 's original plan . An oval interior space was a Baroque concept that was adapted by Neoclassicism . Oval rooms became popular in eighteenth century neoclassical architecture . In November 1800 , John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House . He and his successor , President Thomas Jefferson , used Hoban 's oval rooms in the same ceremonial manner that Washington had used the Bow Window , standing before the three windows at the south end to receive guests . During the 19th century , a number of presidents used the White House 's second - floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library . West Wing ( edit ) The West Wing was the idea of President Theodore Roosevelt , brought about by his wife 's opinion that the second floor of the White House , then shared between bedrooms and offices , should be just a domestic space . The one - story Executive Office Building was intended to be a temporary structure , for use until a permanent building was erected either on that site or elsewhere . Building it to the west of the White House allowed the removal of a vast , dilapidated set of pre-Civil War greenhouses that had been constructed by President James Buchanan . Roosevelt moved the offices of the executive branch to the newly constructed wing in 1902 . His workspace was a two - room suite of Executive Office and Cabinet Room , located just west of the present Cabinet Room . The furniture , including the president 's desk , was designed by architect Charles Follen McKim and executed by A.H. Davenport and Company , of Boston . Location of the Yellow Oval Room on the second floor of the White House . A number of presidents used this as their private office or library . The Yellow Oval Room about 1868 used as President Andrew Johnson 's library . Note the bearskin chair on the right . Taft Oval Office : 1909 -- 1933 ( edit ) Taft Oval Office , completed 1909 . Nearly identical in size to the modern office , it was damaged by fire in 1929 and demolished in 1933 . President William Howard Taft made the West Wing a permanent building , expanding it southward , doubling its size , and building the first Oval Office . Designed by Nathan C. Wyeth and completed in 1909 , the office was centered on the south side of the building , much as the oval rooms in the White House are . Taft intended it to be the hub of his administration , and , by locating it in the center of the West Wing , he could be more involved with the day - to - day operation of his presidency . The Taft Oval Office had simple Georgian Revival trim , and was likely the most colorful in history ; the walls were covered with vibrant seagrass green burlap . On December 24 , 1929 , during President Herbert Hoover 's administration , a fire severely damaged the West Wing . Hoover used this as an opportunity to create more space , excavating a partial basement for additional offices . He restored the Oval Office , upgrading the quality of trim and installing air - conditioning . He also replaced the furniture , which had undergone no major changes in twenty years . Exterior of the West Wing ( circa 1910s ) , showing the curve of the Taft Oval Office . President Hoover views West Wing fire ruins , January 15 , 1930 . West Wing construction , 1934 . Exterior of the Oval Office as viewed from the South Lawn , July 15 , 2006 . Modern Oval Office : 1934 -- present ( edit ) Location of the Oval Office in the West Wing . The newly built FDR Oval Office in 1934 . Plaster ceiling medallion installed in 1934 includes elements of the Seal of the President of the United States . Ronald Reagan discussing Grenada with Prime Minister Eugenia Charles of Dominica in the Oval Office Dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing , President Franklin D. Roosevelt engaged New York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933 . To create additional space without increasing the apparent size of the building , Gugler excavated a full basement , added a set of subterranean offices under the adjacent lawn , and built an unobtrusive `` penthouse '' story . The directive to wring the most office space out of the existing building was responsible for its narrow corridors and cramped staff offices . Gugler 's most visible addition was the expansion of the building eastward for a new Cabinet Room and Oval Office . The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing 's southeast corner , offering FDR , who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair , more privacy and easier access to the Residence . He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two rooms , with more robust Georgian details : doors topped with substantial pediments , bookcases set into niches , a deep bracketed cornice , and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal . Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture , the room is illuminated by light bulbs hidden within the cornice that `` wash '' the ceiling in light . In small ways , hints of Art Moderne can be seen , in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion . FDR and Gugler worked closely together , often over breakfast , with Gugler sketching the president 's ideas . One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room 's furniture , is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace . The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left , and a visiting head of state on the right . This allowed FDR to be seated , with his guests at the same level , de-emphasizing his inability to stand . Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934 . Decoration ( edit ) The basic Oval Office furnishings have been a desk in front of the three windows at the south end , a pair of chairs in front of the fireplace at the north end , a pair of sofas , and assorted tables and chairs . The Neoclassical mantel was made for the Taft Oval Office in 1909 , and salvaged after the 1929 West Wing fire . A tradition of displaying potted Swedish ivy ( Plectranthus verticillatus ) atop the mantel goes back to the administration of John F. Kennedy , and the current plants were rooted from the original plant . A Federal longcase clock , made in Boston by John and Thomas Seymour c. 1795 -- 1805 -- commonly known as the Oval Office grandfather clock -- was purchased by the White House Historical Association in 1972 , and has stood next to the Oval Office 's northeast door since 1975 . The carpet of the Oval Office bears the Seal of the President . President Harry S. Truman 's oval carpet was the first to incorporate the presidential seal . In Truman 's carpet , the seal was represented monochromatically through varying depths of the cut pile . His carpet was used in the Eisenhower and Kennedy administrations . In recent years most administrations have created their own rug , working with an interior designer and the Curator of the White House . As part of her overall restoration of the White House , Jacqueline Kennedy had a redecoration of the Oval Office begun on November 21 , 1963 , when she accompanied President John F. Kennedy on a trip to Texas . The next day , November 22 , a new carpet was installed just as the Kennedys were making their way through Dallas and the President was assassinated . Desks ( edit ) Caroline Kennedy and Kerry Kennedy beneath the Resolute desk in 1963 Six desks have been used in the Oval Office by U.S. Presidents . The Theodore Roosevelt desk was used there by seven presidents -- most recently by Dwight Eisenhower -- and by Theodore Roosevelt in his non-oval office . Equally popular is the Resolute Desk , so named because it was made from the timbers of the British frigate HMS Resolute . The ship had been frozen in Arctic ice and abandoned but was later found and freed by American seamen . It was refurbished and presented as a gift from the United States to Queen Victoria in 1856 . When the ship was decommissioned from the British Navy in 1879 , Queen Victoria ordered twin desks made from its timbers , keeping one and presenting the other as a gift to President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1880 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered a kneehole panel with the Presidential Seal added , but work was not completed until after his 1945 death in office . First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy had the desk restored , and she was the first to place it in the Oval Office . Following the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy , the desk toured the country as part of a traveling exhibit for the Kennedy Presidential Library and was then lent to the Smithsonian Institution . President Jimmy Carter brought the desk back to the Oval Office in the 1970s . Since then , Presidents Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , Barack Obama and Donald Trump have also used it as their Oval Office desk . When not in use in the Oval Office , a desk is often placed in the adjacent Oval Office Study , in the White House , or is used by the vice-president . Artwork ( edit ) Oval Office floor , replaced during the administration of Ronald Reagan . Designed by Nancy Reagan , the installation is arranged in a contrasting cross pattern of quarter sawn oak and walnut . Decorator Ted Graber arranged for the floor to be built , installed and donated by Rode Brothers from Los Angeles . Art may be selected from the White House collection , or may be borrowed from museums or individuals for the length of an administration . Most presidents have hung a portrait of George Washington -- usually the Rembrandt Peale `` Porthole '' portrait or the Charles Willson Peale three - quarter - length portrait -- over the mantel at the north end of the room . A portrait of Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully hung in Lyndon Johnson 's office , and in Ronald Reagan 's , George H.W. Bush 's and Bill Clinton 's . A portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story hung in George W. Bush 's office , and continued in Barack Obama 's . Three landscapes / cityscapes by minor artists -- City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke , Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly , and The President 's House , a copy after William Henry Bartlett -- have adorned the walls in multiple administrations . The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam and Working on the Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell flanked the Resolute Desk in Bill Clinton 's office , and did the same in Barack Obama 's . Statuettes , busts , heads , and figurines are frequently displayed in the Oval Office . Abraham Lincoln has been the most common subject , in works by sculptors Augustus Saint - Gaudens , Gutzon Borglum , Adolph Alexander Weinman , Leo Cherne and others . In recent administrations , traditional busts of George Washington , Thomas Jefferson or Benjamin Franklin have given way to heads of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman or Dwight Eisenhower . Western bronzes by Frederic Remington have been frequent choices : Harry S. Truman displayed Fired On ; Lyndon Johnson displayed The Bronco Buster , as did Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush and Barack Obama . Presidents Reagan and Bush added its companion piece , Rattlesnake . President Harry S. Truman displayed works related to his home state of Missouri , illustrations of biplanes , and models of jet - airplanes . He hung a large photograph of the White House portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt , under whom he had served as Vice-President , who died in office in 1945 . President Dwight Eisenhower filled the office walls with landscape paintings , as well as a painting of Robert E. Lee . President John F. Kennedy surrounded himself with paintings of naval battles from the War of 1812 , photographs of sailboats , and ship models . President Lyndon Johnson installed sconces on either side of the mantel , and added the office 's first painting by a woman artist , Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff . President Richard Nixon tried three different George Washington portraits over the mantel , and hung a copy of Earthrise -- a photograph of the earth taken from the moon 's orbit during the Apollo 8 mission -- beside his desk . President Gerald Ford displayed tasteful , conservative works ; paintings that remained mostly in place through the administrations of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan . President George H.W. Bush added luminist landscapes . President Bill Clinton chose the Childe Hassam and Norman Rockwell paintings mentioned above , along with Waiting for the Hour by William T. Carlton , a genre painting showing African - Americans gathered in anticipation of the Emancipation Proclamation going into effect . President George W. Bush mixed traditional works with paintings by Texas artists and Western sculptures . Following the September 11 , 2001 attacks , British Prime Minister Tony Blair lent him a bust of Winston Churchill , who had guided Great Britain through World War II . President Barack Obama honored Abraham Lincoln with the portrait by Story , a bust by Augustus Saint - Gaudens , and a copy of the Emancipation Proclamation . Below the proclamation was a bust of Martin Luther King Jr. by Charles Alston , and in the nearby bookcase was a program from the August 28 , 1963 March on Washington , at which Dr. King gave his `` I Have a Dream Speech . '' Redecoration ( edit ) A tradition evolved in the latter part of the twentieth century of each new administration redecorating the office to the President 's liking . A new administration usually selects an oval carpet , new drapery , the paintings on the walls , and some furniture . Most incoming presidents continue using the rug of their predecessor until their new one is installed . The retired carpet very often is then moved to the presidential library of the president for whom it was made . The redecoration of the Oval Office is usually coordinated by the First Lady 's office in the East Wing , working with an interior designer and the White House Curator . Alterations ( edit ) Since the present Oval Office 's construction in 1934 during the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally . More than any president , FDR left an impression on the room and its use . Doors and window frames have been modified slightly . A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring . The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to remove accumulated paint , and a series of electrified wall sconces have come and gone . Though some presidents have chosen to do day - to - day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office , most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings . Traffic from the large numbers of staff , visitors , and pets over time takes its toll . There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office . The original floor was made of cork installed over soft wood ; however , President Dwight D. Eisenhower was an avid golfer and damaged the floor with his golf spikes . Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood - grain linoleum . In 1982 , President Ronald Reagan had the floor replaced with quarter sawn oak and walnut , in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to Eric Gugler 's 1933 sketch , which had never been installed . In August 2005 , the floor was replaced again under President George W. Bush , in exactly the same pattern as the Reagan floor . Conservation ( edit ) In the late 1980s , a comprehensive assessment of the entire house , including the Oval Office , was made as part of the National Park Service 's Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) . Detailed photographs and measured drawings were made documenting the interior and exterior and showing even slight imperfections . A checklist of materials and methods was generated for future conservation and restoration . Dimensions ( edit ) Dimensions US SI Major axis ( north - south ) 35 ft 10 in 10.9 m Minor axis ( east - west ) 29 ft 8.8 m Eccentricity 0.59 0.59 Height 18 ft 6 in 5.6 m Line of rise ( the point at which the ceiling starts to arch ) 16 ft 7 in 5.0 m Approximate circumference 102 ft 5 in 31.2 m Approximate area 816.2 sq ft 75.8 sq m The ratio of the major axis to the minor axis is approximately 21 : 17 or 1.24 . John F. Kennedy 's children visit the Oval Office The Oval Office during the presidency of Gerald Ford President Richard M. Nixon and Bob Hope play golf in the Oval Office , a tradition harking back to the tenure of Lyndon B. Johnson President George W. Bush chose a more muted color palette than his predecessor , using shades of taupe , celadon and navy . One of many hand - shake photos in front of the fireplace . President George W. Bush sitting to the viewer 's right , the guest ( Paul Kagame , President of Rwanda ) to the left . One of the rare images where there is fire in the fireplace . March 2003 . Taft Oval Office , 1909 -- 1933 ( edit ) President Image Designer Furnishings Artwork Notes William Howard Taft 1909 -- 1913 Nathan C. Wyeth , 1909 Marble Neoclassical mantel Bookcases with glass doors Lighting fixtures by E.F. Caldwell & Co . Walls covered in green burlap Skylight Theodore Roosevelt desk Green drapery Green rug 2 leather `` Davenport '' sofas Leather armchairs Side chairs covered in leather President Roosevelt 's Executive Office , 1904 . President Taft used the desk and furniture from President Roosevelt 's office . Woodrow Wilson 1913 -- 1921 President Wilson rarely used the Oval Office , preferring to work in the Treaty Room . Warren G. Harding 1921 -- 1923 President Harding died in office on August 2 , 1923 . This photo , taken on the day of his funeral , shows a mourning crepe tied to the desk chair and blotter . Calvin Coolidge 1923 -- 1929 President Coolidge 's first official photograph , taken August 15 , 1923 . Herbert Hoover 1929 -- 1933 Before fire : Theodore Roosevelt desk After fire : Hoover desk Art Moderne - style sconces 6 cane - back armchairs Upholstered furniture President Hoover rebuilt the West Wing after the December 24 , 1929 fire . He installed air - conditioning , and replaced the Oval Office 's Colonial - Revival lighting fixtures with Art Moderne ones . He replaced the leather sofas and chairs with upholstered furniture , and added the 6 cane - back armchairs that are still used in the modern Oval Office . Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 Hoover desk Note the Art Moderne sconces in this 1933 photo . President Roosevelt moved the marble mantel , 2 of the sconces , the rug , drapery , desk , and furniture to the modern Oval Office . Modern Oval Office , 1934 -- present ( edit ) President Image Designer Furnishings Artwork Notes Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 Eric Gugler , 1934 Marble mantel ( from prior Oval Office ) 2 sconces ( from prior Oval Office ) Hoover desk Green drapery Green rug Arched - back desk chair Arched - back armchairs ( against the wall ) `` Lawson '' sofa ( against the wall ) 6 cane - back armchairs George Washington by Rembrandt Peale Prints of the Hudson Valley Ship models George Washington by Rembrandt Peale Oval Office replica at Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum . Harry S. Truman 1945 -- 1953 Theodore Roosevelt desk Gray drapery Blue - gray rug with the Presidential Seal Television set George Washington by Rembrandt Peale George Washington by Luis Cadena ( gift of Ecuador ) Simón Bolívar by Tito Salas ( gift of Venezuela ) José de San Martín , copy after Jean Baptiste Madou ( gift of Argentina ) USS Constitution by Gordon Grant Missouri State Seal plaque Fired On by Frederic Remington Equestrian Statue of Andrew Jackson by Charles Keck Photograph of Portrait of Franklin Delano Roosevelt by Frank O. Salisbury Jet - airplane models Truman receiving a bust of Simón Bolívar ( gift of Venezuela ) , 1946 . Oval Office replica at Harry S. Truman Presidential Library . Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 -- 1961 Theodore Roosevelt desk Truman drapery Truman rug Landscape paintings Seated Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum Seated Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum . John F. Kennedy 1961 -- 1963 Stéphane Boudin , 1963 Resolute desk White drapery Red rug Rocking chair 2 white sofas ( not against the wall ) Round coffee table , with phone attached Replaced sconces with brass lanterns USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian by Thomas Birch Paintings of naval battles Photographs of sailboats Ship models First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy restored the Resolute desk . Redecoration of the Oval Office was nearing completion at the time of JFK 's assassination . Lyndon B. Johnson 1963 -- 1969 Johnson desk Truman rug Kennedy drapery Cabinet for Teletype Banquette with three televisions Kennedy rocking chair Kennedy sofas Round coffee table , with phone in drawer Federal - style tall - case clock Replaced brass lanterns with brass sconces Covered floor with wood - grained linoleum George Washington by Gilbert Stuart Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1966 ) by Jimilu Mason Franklin D. Roosevelt by Elizabeth Shoumatoff ( on mantel ) . Richard Nixon 1969 -- 1974 Wilson desk Yellow drapery Royal blue rug 1st . George Washington by Gilbert Stuart 2nd . George Washington by Rembrandt Peale 3rd . George Washington by Charles Willson Peale The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Leo Cherne Bird figurines by Edward Marshall Boehm Earthrise ( photograph of the earth from the moon 's orbit ) Oval Office replica at Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum . First Lady Pat Nixon designed the Oval Office 's royal blue rug . Gerald Ford 1974 -- 1977 Wilson desk Red drapery Yellow floral rug 2 yellow Queen Anne - style armchairs 2 yellow wing chairs 2 striped sofas Seymour tall - case clock Removed the brass sconces George Washington by Charles Willson Peale The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Benjamin Franklin by Charles Willson Peale Standing Lincoln by Adolph Alexander Weinman The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington President Ford first placed the Seymour tall - case clock in the Oval Office . Jimmy Carter 1977 -- 1981 1977 Resolute desk Ford drapery Ford rug Placed the Ford sofas back - to - back George Washington by Charles Willson Peale . The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly The City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Bust of Benjamin Franklin by Jean - Antoine Houdon Bust of George Washington by Hiram Powers Bust of Thomas Jefferson by Jean - Antoine Houdon The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Harry S. Truman by Charles Keck Ship model Oval Office replica at Jimmy Carter Library and Museum . Ronald Reagan 1981 -- 1989 Ted Graber , 1981 Ted Graber , 1988 Resolute desk Ford drapery Ford rug ( First Term ) Replaced the wood floor `` Sunbeam '' rug ( Second Term ) George Washington by Charles Willson Peale . The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly The City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Rattlesnake by Frederic Remington Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . First Lady Nancy Reagan designed the rug . George H.W. Bush 1989 -- 1993 Mark Hampton C&O desk Pale blue drapery Pale blue rug George Washington by Rembrandt Peale The President 's House , copy after William Henry Bartlett Rutland Falls , Vermont by Frederic Edwin Church The Three Tetons by Thomas Moran Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully Ship model Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at George Bush Presidential Library . Bill Clinton 1993 -- 2001 Kaki Hockersmith , 1993 Resolute desk Yellow drapery Navy blue rug George Washington by Rembrandt Peale The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell The City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke Waiting for the Hour by William Tolman Carlton Andrew Jackson by Thomas Sully The Thinker by Auguste Rodin The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Appeal to the Great Spirit by Cyrus Dallin Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Robert Berks Bust of Franklin D. Roosevelt by Jo Davidson Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at William J. Clinton Presidential Library . George W. Bush 2001 -- 2009 Ken Blasingame , 2001 Resolute desk Gold drapery `` Sunbeam '' rug Replaced the wood floor George Washington by Rembrandt Peale . A Charge to Keep by W.H.D. Koerner Rio Grande by Tom Lea Near San Antonio by Julian Onderdonk Chili Queens at the Alamo by Julian Onderdonk Cactus Flower by Julian Onderdonk Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Rattlesnake by Frederic Remington Bust of Dwight D. Eisenhower by Nison Tregor Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein ( lent by British Prime Minister Tony Blair from the British Government Art Collection ) Numerous family pictures Oval Office replica at George W. Bush Presidential Center . First Lady Laura Bush designed the `` Sunbeam '' rug . Barack Obama 2009 -- 2017 Michael S. Smith , 2010 Resolute desk Red drapery Taupe rug with quotes in border Striped wallpaper George Washington by Rembrandt Peale The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam Statue of Liberty by Norman Rockwell The Three Tetons by Thomas Moran Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story Cobb 's Barns , South Truro by Edward Hopper Burly Cobb 's House , South Truro by Edward Hopper The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Bust of Martin Luther King , Jr. by Charles Alston Copy of the Emancipation Proclamation Numerous family pictures The rug 's border incorporates quotes from Abraham Lincoln , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Martin Luther King , Jr . Donald Trump 2017 -- present 2017 Resolute desk Clinton drapery Reagan sunburst rug Classic White motif wallpaper G.W. Bush cream - colored sofas Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story George Washington by Gilbert Stuart Thomas Jefferson by Gilbert Stuart The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington Bust of Abraham Lincoln by Augustus Saint - Gaudens Bust of Winston Churchill by Jacob Epstein Bust of Martin Luther King , Jr. by Charles Alston Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson by Clark Mills Letter from President Nixon Pictures of Trump 's parents ( Fred and Mary Anne Trump ) Collection of Challenge coins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herbers , John . `` The 37th President Is First to Quit Post '' . The New York Times ( 9 August 1974 ) . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the Nation on the Explosion of the Space Shuttle Challenger '' . reaganlibrary.archives.gov . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Eidenmuller . `` The Rhetoric of 9 / 11 : President George W. Bush -- Address to the Nation on 9 - 11 - 01 '' . Americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Why is the Oval Office oval ? from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Recollections of Judge John B. Wallace , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography , vol. 2 ( 1878 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 ) , p. 490 . Jump up ^ A Window with Its Place in History . Philadelphia Inquirer , May 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Photos of the archaeology . Jump up ^ `` There can be little doubt that in Washington 's bow can be found the seed that was later to flower in the oval shape of the Blue Room . '' William Seale , The President 's House , A History ( Washington , D.C. , 1986 ) , 8 . Jump up ^ William Seale , `` James Hoban : Builder of the White House , '' in White House History no . 22 ( Spring 2008 ) , pp. 8 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Architect Daniel Burnham recommended that it be erected on the opposite side of Pennsylvania Avenue in Lafayette Park , to assure that it would remain a temporary building . Seale , The President 's House , p. 664 . Jump up ^ The greenhouses were disassembled and relocated . Jump up ^ William Allman , White House Curator , `` Oval Office Tour , December 1 , 2008 , '' CSPAN documentary , 14 : 45 . Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , p. 895 . Jump up ^ `` The White House : Inside America 's Most Famous Home '' -- CSPAN Documentary Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , pp. 946 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , p. 948 . Jump up ^ William Allman , White House Curator , `` Oval Office Tour , December 1 , 2008 , '' CSPAN documentary , 00 : 45. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Treasures of the White House : Seymour Tall Case Clock '' . WHHA . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Brandus , Paul ( September 2015 ) . Under This Roof The White House and the Presidency -- 21 Presidents , 21 Rooms , 21 Inside Stories . Globe Pequot Press / Lyons Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4930 - 0834 - 6 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , Dwight ( August 9 , 1960 ) , Letter to Leon W. Scott , retrieved December 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Waiting for the Hour from Virginia Memory . Jump up ^ `` Clinton announces first image of a Black is on display at the White House '' . Jet . March 14 , 2000 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . DC - 37 , `` White House , 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue , Northwest , Washington , District of Columbia , DC '' , 599 photos , 3 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 8 data pages , 35 photo caption pages Jump up ^ Monkman , p. 198 . Jump up ^ Seale , The President 's House , p. 812 . Jump up ^ After the fire , the president used `` the great mahogany desk presented to Hoover by furniture makers in Grand Rapids . '' Seale , The President 's House , p. 918 . Jump up ^ George Washington by Luis Cadena from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ Simón Bolívar by Tito Salas from Harry S. Truman Presidential Library . Jump up ^ USS United States vs. HMS Macedonian ( 1813 ) from Sotheby 's Auction , May 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kennedy Oval Office from White House Museum . Scroll to bottom for photo . Jump up ^ President Johnson used the same desk he had used as a U.S. Senator and Vice-President . Jump up ^ FDR by Elizabeth Shoumatoff from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ Bust of Lyndon B. Johnson from U.S. Senate Vice-Presidential Bust Collection . Jump up ^ Seymour tall - case clock from White House Historical Association . Jump up ^ `` Oval Office has new face for Reagan , '' from Los Angeles Herald - Examiner , September 5 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Oval Office Flooring from HuffPostLive . Jump up ^ `` Easy come , easy go , '' from Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ A Charge to Keep from Wikimedia Commons . Lent by the Bush Family . Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Bush 's Remarks for 100th Anniversary of the West Wing Symposium '' . -- White House Historical Association . -- November 13 , 2002 . -- Light from the Sky : A Tom Lea Retrospective , 1907 -- 2001 . -- Mid-America Arts Alliance . -- ( Adobe Acrobat *. PDF document ) . -- Retrieved : July 5 , 2008 Lent by the El Paso Museum . Jump up ^ Lent by the San Antonio Museum of Art. `` Julian Onderdonk '' from Questroyal Fine Art , LLC . Jump up ^ Lent by the Witte Museum . Jump up ^ Lent by the Witte Museum . Jump up ^ `` Bush weaves Rug story into many an occasion , '' from The Washington Post , March 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Manetti , Michelle ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Here 's How President Trump Has Already Redecorated the Oval Office '' . House Beautiful . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Janie ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Of Course Trump Already Installed Gold Curtains In The Oval Office '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Martha ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Trump or Obama : Who decorated the Oval Office better ? '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hannity , Sean ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` President Trump gives ' Hannity ' a tour of the Oval Office '' . Fox News . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Karni , Annie . `` Trump plans personal touch for Oval Office wall '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Valverde , Miriam ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` In context : Churchill , MLK busts in Oval Office '' . PolitiFact . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ President Trump signs tax bill - CNN Further reading ( edit ) Portions of this article are based on public domain text from the White House . The White House : An Historic Guide . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 79 - 6 . Abbott James A. , and Elaine M. Rice . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold : 1998 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Clinton , Hillary Rodham . An Invitation to the White House : At Home with History . Simon & Schuster : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85799 - 5 . Monkman , Betty C. The White House : The Historic Furnishing & First Families . Abbeville Press : 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0624 - 2 . Ryan , William and Desmond Guinness . The White House : An Architectural History . McGraw Hill Book Company : 1980 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 054352 - 6 . Seale , William . The President 's House . White House Historical Association and the National Geographic Society : 1986 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 28 - 1 . Seale , William , The White House : The History of an American Idea . White House Historical Association : 1992 , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 912308 - 85 - 0 . West , J.B. with Mary Lynn Kotz . Upstairs at the White House : My Life with the First Ladies . Coward , McCann & Geoghegan : 1973 . ISBN 0 - 698 - 10546 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oval Office . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Oval Office Oval Office historical photo essay Pictures of the Oval Office during different presidencies ( 1909 -- 2005 ) Washington Post : `` Inside the Real West Wing '' Oval Office and Presidential desks White House Museum online tour : the Oval Office The Oval Office on Whitehouse.gov Google Sketchup 3D Model 2010 Oval Office Makeover An Office Fitted for a President -- slideshow by The New York Times White House Executive Residence Basement Basement Chief Floral Designer Ground floor China Room collection Office of the Curator Diplomatic Reception Room Library Map Room Vermeil Room State floor Blue Room Cross Hall East Room Entrance Hall Family Dining Room Grand Staircase Green Room Red Room South Portico State Dining Room Chief Usher Second floor Center Hall Dressing Room East Bedroom East Sitting Hall Family Kitchen Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room President 's Bedroom President 's Dining Room Private Sitting Room Queens ' Bedroom Queens ' Sitting Room Treaty Room Truman Balcony West Bedroom West Sitting Hall Yellow Oval Room Third floor Center Hall Diet Kitchen Linen Room Music Room Sun Room Work - out Room West Wing Cabinet Room Executive Office Oval Office desk clock Oval Office Study Press Briefing Room Roosevelt Room Situation Room East Wing Office of the First Lady Graphics and Calligraphy Office Presidential Emergency Operations Center White House Family Theater Social Secretary Visitors Office White House Military Office Grounds The Ellipse Jacqueline Kennedy Garden Lafayette Square North Lawn President 's Park Rose Garden South Lawn White House to Treasury Building tunnel Annex Eisenhower Executive Office Building New Executive Office Building White House Conference Center Blair House Trowbridge House Presidential Townhouse Nearby streets 15th Street 17th Street Constitution Avenue E Street East Executive Avenue H Street NW Hamilton Place Jackson Place Madison Place Pennsylvania Avenue State Place West Executive Avenue Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 51 '' N 77 ° 02 ′ 15 '' W  /  38.8974 ° N 77.0374 ° W  / 38.8974 ; - 77.0374 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oval_Office&oldid=853929815 '' Categories : Rooms in the White House Georgian Revival architecture in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Boarisch Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where is the oval office in the white house
[ "The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing's southeast corner, offering FDR, who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair, more privacy and easier access to the Residence. He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two rooms, with more robust Georgian details: doors topped with substantial pediments, bookcases set into niches, a deep bracketed cornice, and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal. Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture, the room is illuminated by light bulbs hidden within the cornice that \"wash\" the ceiling in light.[17] In small ways, hints of Art Moderne can be seen, in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion. FDR and Gugler worked closely together, often over breakfast, with Gugler sketching the president's ideas. One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room's furniture, is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace. The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left, and a visiting head of state on the right. This allowed FDR to be seated, with his guests at the same level, de-emphasizing his inability to stand. Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934.\n" ]
[ "at the West Wing's southeast corner" ]
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History of the United Kingdom during the First World War
History of the United Kingdom during the First World War - wikipedia History of the United Kingdom during the First World War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the effect of the war on civilian and military life in the United Kingdom , 1914 -- 18 . For information on the engagements in which its armed forces fought , see First World War . See also : Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during the First World War Britain in the First World War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1919 ) British First World War propaganda poster Preceded by Edwardian era Followed by Interwar Britain Monarch ( s ) George V Leader ( s ) Civil ( show ) H.H. Asquith David Lloyd George Army ( show ) William Robertson John French Douglas Haig Royal Navy ( show ) Jackie Fisher Henry Jackson John Jellicoe Rosslyn Wemyss RNAS & RFC ( show ) David Henderson Frederick Sykes Hugh Trenchard Godfrey Paine Timeline of the United Kingdom during the First World War 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one of the Allied Powers during the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 , fighting against the Central Powers ( the German Empire , the Austro - Hungarian Empire , the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria ) . The state 's armed forces were reorganised -- the war marked the founding of the Royal Air Force , for example -- and increased in size because of the introduction , in January 1916 , of conscription for the first time in the country 's history as well as the raising of what was , at the time , the largest all - volunteer army in history , known as Kitchener 's Army , of more than 2,000,000 men . The outbreak of war has generally been regarded as a socially unifying event , although this view has been challenged by more recent scholarship . In any case , responses in Great Britain in 1914 were similar to those amongst populations across Europe . On the eve of war , there was serious domestic unrest in the UK ( amongst the labour and suffrage movements and especially in Ireland ) but much of the population rapidly rallied behind the government . Significant sacrifices were made in the name of defeating the Empire 's enemies and many of those who could not fight contributed to philanthropic and humanitarian causes . Fearing food shortages and labour shortfalls , the government passed legislation such as the Defence of the Realm Act 1914 , to give it new powers . The war saw a move away from the idea of `` business as usual '' under Prime Minister H.H. Asquith , and towards a state of total war ( complete state intervention in public affairs ) under the premiership of David Lloyd George ; the first time this had been seen in Britain . The war also witnessed the first aerial bombardments of cities in Britain . Newspapers played an important role in maintaining popular support for the war . Large quantities of propaganda were produced by the government under the guidance of such journalists as Charles Masterman and newspaper owners such as Lord Beaverbrook . By adapting to the changing demographics of the workforce ( or the `` dilution of labour '' , as it was termed ) , war - related industries grew rapidly , and production increased , as concessions were quickly made to trade unions . In that regard , the war is also credited by some with drawing women into mainstream employment for the first time . Debates continue about the impact the war had on women 's emancipation , given that a large number of women were granted the vote for the first time in 1918 . The experience of individual women during the war varied ; much depended on locality , age , marital status and occupation . The civilian death rate rose due to food shortages and Spanish Flu , which hit the country in 1918 . Military deaths are estimated to have exceeded 850,000 . The Empire reached its zenith at the conclusion of peace negotiations . However , the war heightened not only imperial loyalties but also individual national identities in the Dominions ( Canada , Newfoundland , Australia , New Zealand and South Africa ) and India . Irish nationalists after 1916 moved from collaboration with London to demands for immediate independence ( see Easter Rising ) , a move given great impetus by the Conscription Crisis of 1918 . Military historians continue to debate matters of tactics and strategy . However , in terms of memory of the war , historian Adrian Gregory argues that : `` The verdict of popular culture is more or less unanimous . The First World War was stupid , tragic and futile . The stupidity of the war has been a theme of growing strength since the 1920s . From Robert Graves , through ' Oh ! What a Lovely War ' to ' Blackadder Goes Forth , ' the criminal idiocy of the British High Command has become an article of faith . '' Ireland did not want to be part of the British side they held a rebellion during the war Contents ( hide ) 1 Government 1.1 Asquith as Prime Minister 1.2 Lloyd George as Prime Minister 1.3 Collapse of the Liberal Party 1.4 Finance 2 Monarchy 3 Defence of the Realm Act 4 Armed forces 4.1 Army 4.2 Royal Navy 4.3 British air services 5 Recruitment and conscription 5.1 Conscription Crisis of 1918 5.2 Conscientious objectors 6 Naval and air raids 6.1 Naval raids 6.2 Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft 6.3 Air raids 7 Media 7.1 Propaganda 7.2 Newspapers 7.3 News magazines 7.4 Music 7.5 War poems 8 Economy 8.1 Rationing 8.2 Industry 8.3 Labour 8.4 Energy 9 Social change 10 Regional conditions 11 Casualties 12 Legacy and memory 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 16 Further reading 16.1 Surveys 16.2 Politics 16.3 Empire 16.4 Economics 16.5 Propaganda and popular culture 16.6 Year books 16.7 Women , family and society 16.8 Primary sources 16.9 Historiography and memory Government ( edit ) Further information : Causes of World War I H.H. Asquith ( c. 1915 ) , Prime Minister at the beginning of the war Asquith as prime minister ( edit ) Main article : Asquith coalition ministry On 4 August , the King took Britain ( and her Empire ) into the Great War with H.H. Asquith of the Liberal Party as Prime Minister . Britain 's reasons for declaring war were complex . The ostensible reason given was that Britain was required to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality under the 1839 Treaty of London . The German invasion of Belgium was , therefore , the casus belli and , importantly , legitimized and galvanized popular support for the war . The strategic risk posed by German control of the Belgian and ultimately French coast was considered unacceptable . German guarantees of post-war behaviour were cast into doubt by her blasé treatment of Belgian neutrality . However , the Treaty of London had not committed Britain on her own to safeguard Belgium 's neutrality . Moreover , naval war planning demonstrated that Britain herself would have violated Belgian neutrality by blockading her ports ( to prevent imported goods passing to Germany ) in the event of war with Germany . Britain 's relationship with her Entente partners , both France and Russia , were equally significant factors . The Foreign Secretary Edward Grey argued that the secret naval agreements with France ( although they had not been approved by the Cabinet ) created a moral obligation vis a vis Britain and France . What is more , in the event that Britain abandoned its Entente friends , it was feared that if Germany won the war , or the Entente won without British support , then , either way , Britain would be left without any friends . This would have left both Britain and her Empire vulnerable to attack . British Foreign office mandarin Eyre Crowe said : `` Should the war come , and England stand aside , one of two things must happen . ( a ) Either Germany and Austria win , crush France and humiliate Russia . What will be the position of a friendless England ? ( b ) Or France and Russia win . What would be their attitude towards England ? What about India and the Mediterranean ? '' The Liberal Party might have survived a short war , but the totality of the Great War called for strong measures that the Party had long rejected . The result was the permanent destruction of the ability of the Liberal Party to lead a government . Historian Robert Blake explains the dilemma : the Liberals were traditionally the party of freedom of speech , conscience and trade . They were against jingoism , heavy armaments and compulsion ... Liberals were neither wholehearted nor unanimous about conscription , censorship , the Defence of the Realm Act , severity toward aliens and pacifists , direction of labour and industry . The Conservatives ... had no such misgivings . Blake further notes that it was the Liberals , not the Conservatives who needed the moral outrage of Belgium to justify going to war , while the Conservatives called for intervention from the start of the crisis on the grounds of realpolitik and the balance of power . Asquith 's Liberal government was brought down in May 1915 , due in particular to a crisis in inadequate artillery shell production and the protest resignation of Jackie Fisher over the Gallipoli Campaign against Turkey . Reluctant to face doom in an election , Asquith formed a new coalition government on 25 May , with the majority of the new cabinet coming from his own Liberal party and the Unionist ( Conservative ) party , along with a token Labour representation . The new government lasted a year and a half , and was the last time Liberals controlled the government . Lloyd George as prime minister ( edit ) Main article : Lloyd George ministry This coalition government lasted until 1916 , when the Unionists became dissatisfied with Asquith and the Liberals ' conduct of affairs , particularly over the Battle of the Somme . Asquith 's opponents now took control , led by Bonar Law ( leader of the Conservatives ) , Sir Edward Carson ( leader of the Ulster Unionists ) , and David Lloyd George ( then a minister in the cabinet ) . Law , who had few allies outside his own party , lacked sufficient support to form a new coalition ; the Liberal Lloyd George , on the other hand , enjoyed much wider support and duly formed a majority - Conservative coalition government with Lloyd George Liberals and Labour . Asquith was still the party head but he and his followers moved to the opposition benches in Parliament . Lloyd George immediately set about transforming the British war effort , taking firm control of both military and domestic policy . In the first 235 days of its existence , the War Cabinet met 200 times . Its creation marked the transition to a state of total war -- the idea that every man , woman and child should play his or her part in the war effort . Moreover , it was decided that members of the government should be the men who controlled the war effort , primarily utilising the power they had been given under the Defence of the Realm Act . For the first time , the government could react quickly , without endless bureaucracy to tie it down , and with up - to - date statistics on such matters as the state of the merchant navy and farm production . The policy marked a distinct shift away from Asquith 's initial policy of laissez - faire , which had been characterised by Winston Churchill 's declaration of `` business as usual '' in November 1914 . The success of Lloyd George 's government can also be attributed to a general lack of desire for an election , and the practical absence of dissent that this brought about . David Lloyd George ( c. 1920 ) , prime minister at the end of the war In rapid succession in spring 1918 came a series of military and political crises . The Germans , having moved troops from the Eastern front and retrained them in new tactics , now had more soldiers on the Western Front than the Allies . On 21 March 1918 Germany launched a full scale Spring Offensive against the British and French lines , hoping for victory on the battlefield before United States troops arrived in large numbers . The Allied armies fell back 40 miles in confusion , and facing defeat London realized it needed more troops to fight a mobile war . Lloyd George found half a million soldiers and rushed them to France , asked American President Woodrow Wilson for immediate help , and agreed to the appointment of the French Marshal Foch as commander in chief on the Western Front , so that Allied forces could be coordinated to handle the German offensive . Despite strong warnings that it was a bad idea , the War Cabinet decided to impose conscription on Ireland in 1918 . The main reason was that labour in Britain demanded it as the price for cutting back on exemptions for certain workers . Labour wanted the principle established that no one was exempt , but it did not demand that conscription should actually take place in Ireland . The proposal was enacted , but never enforced . The Roman Catholic bishops for the first time entered the fray , calling for open resistance to compulsory military service , while the majority of Irish nationalists moved to supporting the intransigent Sinn Féin movement ( away from the constitutional Irish National Party ) . This proved a decisive moment , marking the end of Irish willingness to stay inside the Union . On 7 May 1918 , a senior army officer on active duty , Major - General Sir Frederick Maurice , prompted a second crisis when he went public with allegations that Lloyd George had lied to Parliament on military matters . Asquith , the Liberal leader in the House , took up the allegations and attacked Lloyd George ( also a Liberal ) . While Asquith 's presentation was poor , Lloyd George vigorously defended his position , treating the debate as a vote of confidence . He won over the House with a powerful refutation of Maurice 's allegations . The main results were to strengthen Lloyd George , weaken Asquith , end public criticism of overall strategy , and strengthen civilian control of the military . Meanwhile , the German offensive stalled and was ultimately reversed . Victory came on 11 November 1918 . Historian George H. Cassar has evaluated Lloyd George 's legacy as a war leader : After all that has been said and done , what are we to make of Lloyd George 's legacy as a war leader ? On the home front he achieved varied results in tackling difficult , and in some instances , unprecedented problems . It would be hard to have improved on his dealings with labour and the program to increase homegrown food , but in the sectors of manpower , price control and food distribution he adopted the same approach as his predecessor , taking action only in response to the changing nature of the conflict . In the vital area of national morale , while he did not have the technical advantages of Churchill , his personal conduct damaged his ability to do more to inspire the nation . All things considered , it is unlikely that any of his political contemporaries could have handled matters at home as effectively as he did , although it can be argued that if someone else had been in charge , the difference would not have been sufficient to change the final outcome . In his conduct of the war he did advance the cause of the Entente significantly in some ways , but in determining strategy , one of the most important tasks for which a prime minister must be responsible , he was undeniably a failure . To sum up , while Lord George 's contributions outweighed his mistakes , the margin is too narrow , in my opinion , to include him In the pantheon of Britain 's outstanding war leaders . Collapse of the Liberal party ( edit ) In the general election of 1918 , Lloyd George , `` the Man Who Won the War '' , led his coalition into another khaki election and won a sweeping victory over the Asquithian Liberals and the newly emerging Labour Party . Lloyd George and the Conservative leader Bonar Law wrote a joint letter of support to candidates to indicate they were considered the official Coalition candidates -- this `` coupon '' , as it became known , was issued to opponents of many sitting Liberal MPs , devastating the incumbents . Asquith and most of his Liberal colleagues lost their seats . Lloyd George was increasingly under the influence of the rejuvenated Conservative party . The Liberal party never recovered . Finance ( edit ) Before the war , the government spent 13 percent of gross national product ( GNP ) ; in 1918 it spent 59 percent of GNP . The war was financed by borrowing large sums at home and abroad , by new taxes , and by inflation . It was implicitly financed by postponing maintenance and repair , and cancelling unneeded projects . The government avoided indirect taxes because they raised the cost of living , and caused discontent among the working class . In 1913 - 14 , indirect taxes on tobacco and alcohol yielded £ 75 million , while direct taxes yielded £ 88 million , including an income tax of £ 44 million and estate duties of £ 22 million . That is , 54 percent of revenue came from direct taxes ; by 1918 , direct taxes were 80 percent of revenue . There was a strong emphasis on being `` fair '' and being `` scientific . '' The public generally supported the heavy new taxes , with minimal complaints . The Treasury rejected proposals for a stiff capital levy , which the Labour Party wanted to use to weaken the capitalists . Instead , there was an excess profits tax , of 50 percent of profits above the normal prewar level ; the rate was raised to 80 percent in 1917 . Excise taxes were added on luxury imports such as automobiles , clocks and watches . There was no sales tax or value added tax . The main increase in revenue came from income tax , which in 1915 went up to 3s . 6d in the pound ( 17.5 % ) , and individual exemptions were lowered . The income tax rate grew to 5s in the pound ( 25 % ) in 1916 , and 6s ( 30 % ) in 1918 . Altogether , taxes provided at most 30 percent of national expenditure , with the rest from borrowing . The national debt soared from £ 625 million to £ 7,800 million . Government bonds typically paid five percent . Inflation escalated so that the pound in 1919 purchased only a third of the basket it had purchased it 1914 . Wages were laggard , and the poor and retired were especially hard hit . Monarchy ( edit ) `` A good riddance '' A 1917 Punch cartoon depicts King George sweeping away his German titles . Further information : George V § First World War The British Royal Family faced a serious problem during the First World War because of its blood ties to the ruling family of Germany , Britain 's prime adversary in the war . Before the war , the British royal family had been known as the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha . In 1910 , George V became King on the death of his father , King Edward VII , and remained king throughout the war . He was the first cousin of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II , who came to symbolise all the horrors of the war . Queen Mary , although British like her mother , was the daughter of the Duke of Teck , a descendant of the German Royal House of Württemberg . During the war H.G. Wells wrote about Britain 's `` alien and uninspiring court '' , and George famously replied : `` I may be uninspiring , but I 'll be damned if I 'm alien . '' On 17 July 1917 , to appease British nationalist feelings , King George issued an Order in Council that changed the name of the British Royal Family to the House of Windsor . He specifically adopted Windsor as the surname for all descendants of Queen Victoria then living in Britain , excluding women who married into other families and their descendants . He and his relatives who were British subjects relinquished the use of all German titles and styles , and adopted English surnames . George compensated several of his male relatives by creating them British peers . Thus , his cousin , Prince Louis of Battenberg , became the Marquess of Milford Haven , while his brother - in - law , the Duke of Teck , became the Marquess of Cambridge . Others , such as Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig - Holstein and Princess Helena Victoria of Schleswig - Holstein , simply stopped using their territorial designations . The system for titling members of the royal family was also simplified . Relatives of the British royal family who fought on the German side were simply cut off ; their British peerages were suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 . King George V ( right ) with his first cousin Tsar Nicholas II , Berlin , 1913 Developments in Russia posed another set of issues for the monarchy . Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was King George 's first cousin and the two monarchs looked very much alike . When Nicholas was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the liberal Russian Government asked that the tsar and his family be given asylum in Britain . The cabinet agreed but the king was worried that public opinion was hostile and said no . It is likely the tsar would have refused to leave Russia in any case . He remained and in 1918 he and his family were ordered killed by Lenin , the Bolshevik leader . The Prince of Wales -- the future Edward VIII -- was keen to participate in the war but the government refused to allow it , citing the immense harm that would occur if the heir to the throne were captured . Despite this , Edward witnessed trench warfare at first hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as he could , for which he was awarded the Military Cross in 1916 . His role in the war , although limited , led to his great popularity among veterans of the conflict . King George V and his son the Prince of Wales visiting the Grand Fleet in 1918 . From left to right : Admiral David Beatty , RN ; Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman , USN ; King George V ; Prince of Wales ; Vice Admiral William S. Sims , USN Other members of the royal family were similarly involved . Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later George VI ) , was commissioned in the Royal Navy and saw action as a turret officer aboard HMS Collingwood at the battle of Jutland but saw no further action in the war , largely because of ill health . Princess Mary , the King 's only daughter , visited hospitals and welfare organisations with her mother , assisting with projects to give comfort to British servicemen and assistance to their families . One of these projects was Princess Mary 's Christmas Gift Fund , through which £ 162,000 worth of gifts was sent to all British soldiers and sailors for Christmas 1914 . She took an active role in promoting the Girl Guide movement , the Voluntary Aid Detachment ( VAD ) , the Land Girls and in 1918 , she took a nursing course and went to work at Great Ormond Street Hospital . Defence of the Realm Act ( edit ) Main article : Defence of the Realm Act 1914 The first Defence of the Realm Act ( DORA ) was passed on 8 August 1914 , during the early weeks of the war , though in the next few months its provisions were extended . It gave the government wide - ranging powers , such as the ability to requisition buildings or land needed for the war effort . Some of the things the British public were prohibited from doing included loitering under railway bridges , feeding wild animals and discussing naval and military matters . British Summer Time was also introduced . Alcoholic beverages were now to be watered down , pub closing times were brought forward from 12.30 am to 10 pm , and , from August 1916 , Londoners were no longer able to whistle for a cab between 10 pm and 7 am . It has been criticised for both its strength and its use of the death penalty as a deterrent -- although the act itself did not refer to the death penalty , it made provision for civilians breaking these rules to be tried in army courts martial , where the maximum penalty was death . Armed forces ( edit ) Army ( edit ) August 1914 : London army volunteers await their pay at St. Martin - in - the - Fields The British Army during World War I was small in size when compared to the other major European powers . In 1914 , the British had a small , largely urban English , volunteer force of 400,000 soldiers , almost half of whom were posted overseas to garrison the British Empire . ( In August 1914 , 74 of the 157 infantry battalions and 12 of the 31 cavalry regiments were posted overseas . ) This total included the Regular Army and reservists in the Territorial Force . Together they formed the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) , for service in France and became known as the Old Contemptibles . The mass of volunteers in 1914 -- 1915 , popularly known as Kitchener 's Army , was destined to go into action at the battle of the Somme . In January 1916 , conscription was introduced , and by the end of 1918 , the army had reached its peak of strength of four million men . Royal Navy ( edit ) Further information : Naval warfare of World War I Ships of the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Royal Navy 's Grand Fleet The Royal Navy at the start of the war was the largest navy in the world due , for the most part , to the Naval Defence Act 1889 and the two - power standard which called for the navy to maintain a number of battleships such as their strength was at least equal to the combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world , which at that point were France and Russia . The major part of the Royal Navy 's strength was deployed at home in the Grand Fleet , with the primary aim of drawing the German High Seas Fleet into an engagement . No decisive victory ever came . The Royal Navy and the German Imperial Navy did come into contact , notably in the Battle of Heligoland Bight , and at the Battle of Jutland . In view of their inferior numbers and firepower , the Germans devised a plan to draw part of the British fleet into a trap and put it into effect at Jutland in May 1916 , but the result was inconclusive . In August 1916 , the High Seas Fleet tried a similar enticement operation and was `` lucky to escape annihilation '' . The lessons learned by the Royal Navy at Jutland made it a more effective force in the future . In 1914 , the navy had also formed the 63rd ( Royal Naval ) Division from reservists , and this served extensively in the Mediterranean and on the Western Front . Almost half of the Royal Navy casualties during the War were sustained by this division , fighting on land and not at sea . British Air services ( edit ) Further information : Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service Royal Flying Corps recruitment poster At the start of the war , the Royal Flying Corps ( RFC ) , commanded by David Henderson , was sent to France and was first used for aerial spotting in September 1914 , but only became efficient when they perfected the use of wireless communication at Aubers Ridge on 9 May 1915 . Aerial photography was attempted during 1914 , but again only became effective the next year . In 1915 Hugh Trenchard replaced Henderson and the RFC adopted an aggressive posture . By 1918 , photographic images could be taken from 15,000 feet ( 4,600 m ) , and interpreted by over 3,000 personnel . Planes did not carry parachutes until 1918 , though they had been available since before the war . On 17 August 1917 , General Jan Smuts presented a report to the War Council on the future of air power . Because of its potential for the ' devastation of enemy lands and the destruction of industrial and populous centres on a vast scale ' , he recommended a new air service be formed that would be on a level with the army and navy . The formation of the new service however would make the under utilised men and machines of the Royal Naval Air Service ( RNAS ) available for action across the Western Front , as well as ending the inter-service rivalries that at times had adversely affected aircraft procurement . On 1 April 1918 , the RFC and the RNAS were amalgamated to form a new service , the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . Recruitment and conscription ( edit ) Main article : Recruitment to the British Army during the First World War Poster by the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee , featuring St. George and the Dragon . Particularly in the early stages of the war , many men , for a wide variety of reasons , decided to `` join up '' to the armed forces -- by 5 September 1914 , over 225,000 had signed up to fight for what became known as Kitchener 's Army . Over the course of the war , a number of factors contributed to recruitment rates , including patriotism , the work of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee in producing posters , dwindling alternative employment opportunities , and an eagerness for adventure to escape humdrum routine . Pals battalions , where whole battalions were raised from a small geographic area or employer , also proved popular . Higher recruitment rates were seen in Wales and Scotland , though in the case of the Welsh and Irish , political tensions tended to `` put something of a blight upon enlistment '' . A 1914 poster shows a Scottish soldier in Belgium , in response to Germany describing the Treaty of London , which protected Belgium 's independence and neutrality , as a `` scrap of paper '' when they invaded in August 1914 . Recruitment remained fairly steady through 1914 and early 1915 , but fell dramatically during the later years , especially after the Somme campaign , which resulted in 500,000 casualties . As a result , conscription was introduced for the first time in January 1916 for single men , and extended in May -- June to all men aged 18 to 41 across England , Wales and Scotland , by way of the Military Service Acts . Urban centres , with their poverty and unemployment were favourite recruiting grounds of the regular British army . Dundee , where the female dominated jute industry limited male employment had one of the highest proportion of reservists and serving soldiers than almost any other British city . Concern for their families ' standard of living made men hesitate to enlist ; voluntary enlistment rates went up after the government guaranteed a weekly stipend for life to the survivors of men who were killed or disabled . After the introduction of conscription from January 1916 every part of the country was affected . The policy of relying on volunteers had sharply reduced the capacity of heavy industry to produce the munitions needed for the war . Historian R.J.Q. Adams reports that 19 % of the men in the iron and steel industry entered the Army , 22 % of the miners , 20 % in the engineering trades , 24 % in the electrical industries , 16 % among small arms craftsmen , and 24 % of the men who had been engaged in making high explosives . In response critical industries were prioritised over the army ( `` reserved occupations '' ) , including munitions , food production and merchant shipping . Conscription Crisis of 1918 ( edit ) Main article : Conscription Crisis of 1918 In April 1918 legislation was brought forward which allowed for extension of conscription to Ireland . Though this ultimately never materialised , the effect was `` disastrous '' . Despite significant numbers volunteering for Irish regiments , the idea of enforced conscription proved unpopular . The reaction was based particularly on the fact that implementation of conscription in Ireland was linked to a pledged `` measure of self - government in Ireland '' . The linking of conscription and Home Rule in this way outraged the Irish parties at Westminster , who walked out in protest and returned to Ireland to organise opposition . As a result , a general strike was called , and on 23 April 1918 , work was stopped in railways , docks , factories , mills , theatres , cinemas , trams , public services , shipyards , newspapers , shops , and even official munitions factories . The strike was described as `` complete and entire , an unprecedented event outside the continental countries '' . Ultimately the effect was a total loss of interest in Home Rule and of popular support for the nationalist Irish Party who were defeated outright by the separatist republican Sinn Féin party in the December 1918 Irish general election , one of the precursors of the Anglo - Irish War . Conscientious objectors ( edit ) Further information : Conscientious objector § United Kingdom The conscription legislation introduced the right to refuse military service , allowing for conscientious objectors to be absolutely exempted , to perform alternative civilian service , or to serve as a non-combatant in the army , according to the extent to which they could convince a Military Service Tribunal of the quality of their objection . Around 16,500 men were recorded as conscientious objectors , with Quakers playing a large role . 4,500 objectors were sent to work on farms to undertake `` work of national importance '' , 7,000 were ordered non-combatant duties as stretcher bearers , but 6,000 were forced into the army , and when they refused orders , they were sent to prison , as in the case of the Richmond Sixteen . Some 843 conscientious objectors spent more than two years in prison ; ten died while there , seventeen were initially given the death penalty ( but received life imprisonment ) and 142 were imprisoned on life sentences . Conscientious objectors who were deemed not to have made any useful contribution were disenfranchised for five years after the war . Naval and Air raids ( edit ) German bombardments were concentrated on the east coast of England At the start of the First World War , for the first time since the Napoleonic Wars , the population of the British Isles was in danger of attack from naval raids . The country also came under attack from air raids by zeppelins and fixed - wing aircraft , another first . Naval raids ( edit ) Main articles : Raid on Yarmouth and Raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby The Raid on Yarmouth , which took place in November 1914 , was an attack by the German Navy on the British North Sea port and town of Great Yarmouth . Little damage was done to the town itself , since shells only landed on the beach once German ships laying mines offshore were interrupted by British destroyers . One British submarine was sunk by a mine as it attempted to leave harbour and attack the German ships , while one German armoured cruiser was sunk after striking two mines outside its own home port . British propaganda fuelled by the German raid on Scarborough In December 1914 , the German navy carried out attacks on the British coastal towns of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby . The attack resulted in 137 fatalities and 593 casualties , many of which were civilians . The attack made the German navy very unpopular with the British public , as an attack against British civilians in their homes . Likewise , the British Royal Navy was criticised for failing to prevent the raid . Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft ( edit ) Main article : Bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft In April 1916 a German battlecruiser squadron with accompanying cruisers and destroyers bombarded the coastal ports of Yarmouth and Lowestoft . Although the ports had some military importance , the main aim of the raid was to entice out defending ships which could then be picked off either by the battlecruiser squadron or by the full High Seas Fleet , which was stationed at sea ready to intervene if an opportunity presented itself . The result was inconclusive : nearby Royal Navy units were too small to intervene so largely kept clear of the German battlecruisers , and the German ships withdrew before the first British fast response battlecruiser squadron or the Grand Fleet could arrive . British propaganda poster from 1915 , drawing on the fear of zeppelin attacks to aid recruitment Air raids ( edit ) Further information : Zeppelins in World War I German zeppelins bombed towns on the east coast , starting on 19 January 1915 with Great Yarmouth . London was also hit later in the same year , on 31 May . Propaganda supporting the British war effort often used these raids to their advantage : one recruitment poster claimed : `` It is far better to face the bullets than to be killed at home by a bomb '' ( see image ) . The reaction from the public , however , was mixed ; whilst 10,000 visited Scarborough to view the damage there , London theatres reported having fewer visitors during periods of `` Zeppelin weather '' -- dark , fine nights . Throughout 1917 Germany began to deploy increasing numbers of fixed - wing bombers , the Gotha G. IV 's first target being Folkestone on 25 May 1917 , following this attack the number of airship raids decreased rapidly in favour of raids by fixed wing aircraft , before Zeppelin raids were called off entirely . In total , Zeppelins dropped 6,000 bombs , resulting in 556 dead and 1,357 wounded . Soon after the raid on Folkestone , the bombers began raids on London : one daylight raid on 13 June 1917 by 14 Gothas caused 162 deaths in the East End of London . In response to this new threat , Major General Edward Bailey Ashmore , a RFC pilot who later commanded an artillery division in Belgium , was appointed to devise an improved system of detection , communication and control , The system , called the Metropolitan Observation Service , encompassed the London Air Defence Area and would later extend eastwards towards the Kentish and Essex coasts . The Metropolitan Observation Service was fully operational until the late summer of 1918 ( the last German bombing raid taking place on 19 May 1918 ) . During the war , the Germans carried out 51 airship raids and 52 fixed - wing bomber raids on England , which together dropped 280 tons of bombs . The casualties amounted to 1,413 killed , and 3,409 wounded . The success of anti-air defence measures was limited ; of the 397 aircraft that had taken part in raids , only 24 Gothas were shot down ( though 37 more were lost in accidents ) , despite an estimated rate of 14,540 anti-air rounds per aircraft . Anti-zeppelin defences were more successful , with 17 shot down and 21 lost in accidents . Media ( edit ) Propaganda ( edit ) Main article : British propaganda during World War I A world map showing territory that `` Germany Wants '' by Edward Stanford . 1917 . Close reading of the quoted material shows that the map is misleading : it implies that Germany plans to annex all the territory in red , but this is only the case for a small fraction of it . Propaganda and censorship were closely linked during the war . The need to maintain morale and counter German propaganda was recognised early in the war and the War Propaganda Bureau was established under the leadership of Charles Masterman in September 1914 . The Bureau enlisted eminent writers such as HG Wells , Arthur Conan Doyle , Rudyard Kipling as well as newspaper editors . Until its abolition in 1917 , the department published 300 books and pamphlets in 21 languages , distributed over 4,000 propaganda photographs every week , and circulated maps , cartoons , and lantern slides to the media . Masterman also commissioned films about the war such as The Battle of the Somme , which appeared in August 1916 , while the battle was still in progress as a morale - booster and in general it met with a favourable reception . The Times reported on 22 August 1916 that `` Crowded audiences ... were interested and thrilled to have the realities of war brought so vividly before them , and if women had sometimes to shut their eyes to escape for a moment from the tragedy of the toll of battle which the film presents , opinion seems to be general that it was wise that the people at home should have this glimpse of what our soldiers are doing and daring and suffering in Picardy '' . Newspapers ( edit ) Newspapers during the war were subject to the Defence of the Realm Act , which eventually had two regulations restricting what they could publish : Regulation 18 , which prohibited the leakage of sensitive military information , troop and shipping movements ; and Regulation 27 , which made it an offence to `` spread false reports '' , `` spread reports that were likely to prejudice recruiting '' , `` undermine public confidence in banks or currency '' or cause `` disaffection to His Majesty '' . Where the official Press Bureau failed ( it had no statutory powers until April 1916 ) , the newspaper editors and owners operated a ruthless self - censorship . Having worked for government , press barons Viscount Rothermere , Baron Beaverbrook ( in a sea of controversy ) , and Viscount Northcliffe all received titles . For these reasons , it has been concluded that censorship , which at its height suppressed only socialist journals ( and briefly the right wing The Globe ) had less effect on the British press than the reductions in advertising revenues and cost increases which they also faced during the war . One major loophole in the official censorship lay with parliamentary privilege , when anything said in Parliament could be reported freely . The most infamous act of censorship in the early days of the war was the sinking of HMS Audacious in October 1914 , when the press was directed not to report on the loss , despite the sinking being observed by passengers on the liner RMS Olympic and quickly reported in the American press . The most popular papers of the period included dailies such as The Times , The Daily Telegraph and The Morning Post , weekly newspapers such as The Graphic and periodicals like John Bull , which claimed a weekly circulation of 900,000 . The public demand for news of the war was reflected in the increased sales of newspapers . After the German Navy raid on Hartlepool and Scarborough , the Daily Mail devoted three full pages to the raid and the Evening News reported that The Times had sold out by a quarter past nine in the morning , even with inflated prices . The Daily Mail itself increased in circulation from 800,000 a day in 1914 to 1.5 million by 1916 . News magazines ( edit ) The public 's thirst for news and information was in part satisfied by news magazines , which were dedicated to reporting the war . They included amongst others The War Illustrated , The Illustrated War News , and The War Pictorial , and were lavishly filled with photographs and illustrations , regardless of their target audience . Magazines were produced for all classes , and ranged both in price and tone . Many otherwise famous writers contributed towards these publications , of which H.G. Wells , Arthur Conan Doyle and Rudyard Kipling were three examples . Editorial guidelines varied ; in cheaper publications especially it was considered more important to create a sense of patriotism than to relay up - to - the - minutes news of developments of the front . Stories of German atrocities were commonplace . Music ( edit ) On 13 August 1914 , the Irish regiment the Connaught Rangers were witnessed singing `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' as they marched through Boulogne by the Daily Mail correspondent George Curnock , who reported the event in that newspaper on 18 August 1914 . The song was then picked up by other units of the British Army . In November 1914 , it was sung in a pantomime by the well - known music hall singer Florrie Forde , which helped contribute to its worldwide popularity . Another song from 1916 , which became very popular as a music hall and marching song , boosting British morale despite the horrors of that war , was `` Pack Up Your Troubles in Your Old Kit - Bag '' . War poems ( edit ) Further information : War poetry during World War I There was also a notable group of war poets who wrote about their own experiences of war , which caught the public attention . Some died on active service , most famously Rupert Brooke , Isaac Rosenberg , and Wilfred Owen , while some , such as Siegfried Sassoon survived . Themes of the poems included the youth ( or naivety ) of the soldiers , and the dignified manner in which they fought and died . This is evident in lines such as `` They fell with their faces to the foe '' , from the `` Ode of Remembrance '' taken from Laurence Binyon 's For the Fallen , which was first published in The Times in September 1914 . Female poets such as Vera Brittain also wrote from the home front , to lament the losses of brothers and lovers fighting on the front . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economic history of World War I § British Empire On the whole the British successfully managed the economics of the war . There had been no prewar plan for mobilization of economic resources . Controls were imposed slowly , as one urgent need followed another . With the City of London the world 's financial capital , it was possible to handle finances smoothly ; in all Britain spent 4 million pounds everyday on the war effort . The economy ( in terms of GDP ) grew about 14 % from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services ; by contrast the German economy shrank 27 % . The War saw a decline of civilian consumption , with a major reallocation to munitions . The government share of GDP soared from 8 % in 1913 to 38 % in 1918 ( compared to 50 % in 1943 ) . The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from private and government creditors in the United States . Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining his productivity . The financing was generally successful , as the City 's strong financial position minimized the damaging effects of inflation , as opposed to much worse conditions in Germany . Overall consumer consumption declined 18 % from 1914 to 1919 . Women were available and many entered munitions factories and took other home front jobs vacated by men . Scotland specialized in providing manpower , ships , machinery , food ( particularly fish ) and money . Its shipbuilding industry expanding by a third . Rationing ( edit ) Main article : Rationing in the United Kingdom A British government wartime leaflet detailing the consequences of breaking the rationing laws In line with its `` business as usual '' policy , the government was initially reluctant to try to control the food markets . It fought off efforts to try to introduce minimum prices in cereal production , though relenting in the area of controlling of essential imports ( sugar , meat and grains ) . When it did introduce changes , they were only limited in their effect . In 1916 , it became illegal to consume more than two courses whilst lunching in a public eating place or more than three for dinner ; fines were introduced for members of the public found feeding the pigeons or stray animals . In January 1917 , Germany started using U-boats ( submarines ) in order to sink Allied and later neutral ships bringing food to the country in an attempt to starve Britain into surrender under their unrestricted submarine warfare programme . One response to this threat was to introduce voluntary rationing in February 1917 , a scheme said to have been endorsed by the King and Queen themselves . Bread was subsidised from September that year ; prompted by local authorities taking matters into their own hands , compulsory rationing was introduced in stages between December 1917 and February 1918 , as Britain 's supply of wheat stores decreased to just six weeks worth . It is said to have in the most part benefited the health of the country , through the ' levelling of consumption of essential foodstuffs ' . To assist with rationing , ration books were introduced on 15 July 1918 for butter , margarine , lard , meat , and sugar . During the war , average calorific intake decreased only three percent , but protein intake six percent . Industry ( edit ) Forging steel shell cases Total British production fell by ten percent over the course of the war ; there were , however , increases in certain industries such as steel . Although Britain faced a highly contentious Shell Crisis of 1915 With severe shortages of artillery shells reported from the Western Front . In 1915 , a powerful new Ministry of Munitions under David Lloyd George was formed to control munitions production . The Government 's policy , according to historian and Conservative politician J.A.R. Marriott , was that : no private interest was to be permitted to obstruct the service , or imperil the safety , of the State . Trade Union regulations must be suspended ; employers ' profits must be limited , skilled men must fight , if not in the trenches , in the factories ; man - power must be economize by the dilution of labour and the employment of women ; Private factories must pass under the control of the State , and new national factories be set up . Results justified the new policy : the output was prodigious ; the goods were at last delivered . By April 1915 , just two million rounds of shells had been sent to France ; by the end of the war the figure had reached 187 million , and a year 's worth of pre-war production of light munitions could be completed in just four days by 1918 . Aircraft production in 1914 provided employment for 60,000 men and women ; by 1918 British firms employed over 347,000 . Labour ( edit ) Industrial production of munitions was a central feature of the war , and with a third of the men in the labour force moved into the military , demand was very high for industrial labour . Large numbers of women were employed temporarily . Most trade unions gave strong support to the war effort , cutting back on strikes and restrictive practices . However the coal miners and engineers were less enthusiastic . Trade unions were encouraged as membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918 , peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 . Membership soared from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918 , peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923 . In 1914 , 65 % of union members had been associated with the Trades Union Congress ( TUC ) rising to 77 % in 1920 . Women were grudgingly admitted to the trade unions . Looking at a union of unskilled workers , Cathy Hunt concludes its regard for women workers , `` was at best inconsistent and at worst aimed almost entirely at improving and protecting working conditions for its male members . '' Labour 's prestige had never been higher , and it systematically placed its leaders into Parliament . The Munitions of War Act 1915 followed the Shell Crisis of 1915 when supplies of material to the front became a political issue . The Act forbade strikes and lockouts and replaced them with compulsory arbitration . It set up a system of controlling war industries , and established munitions tribunals that were special courts to enforce good working practices . It suspended , for the duration , restrictive practices by trade unions . It tried to control labour mobility between jobs . The courts ruled the definition of munitions was broad enough to include textile workers and dock workers . The 1915 act was repealed in 1919 , but similar legislation took effect during the Second World War . It was only as late as December 1917 that a War Cabinet Committee on Manpower was established , and the British government refrained from introducing compulsory labour direction ( though 388 men were moved as part of the voluntary National Service Scheme ) . Belgian refugees became workers , though they were often seen as `` job stealers '' . Likewise , the use of Irish workers , because they were exempt from conscription , was another source of resentment . Worried about the impact of the dilution of labour caused by bringing external groups into the main labour pool , workers in some areas turned to strike action . The efficiency of major industries improved markedly during the war . For example , the Singer Clydebank sewing machine factory received over 5000 government contracts , and made 303 million artillery shells , shell components , fuzes , and airplane parts , as well as grenades , rifle parts , and 361,000 horseshoes . Its labour force of 14,000 was about 70 percent female at war 's end . Energy ( edit ) Energy was a critical factor for the British war effort . Most of the energy supplies came from coal mines in Britain , where the issue was labour supply . Critical however was the flow of oil for ships , lorries and industrial use . There were no oil wells in Britain so everything was imported . The U.S. pumped two - thirds of the world 's oil . In 1917 , total British consumption was 827 million barrels , of which 85 percent was supplied by the United States , and 6 percent by Mexico . The great issue in 1917 was how many tankers would survive the German u-boats . Convoys and the construction of new tankers solved the German threat , while tight government controls guaranteed that all essential needs were covered . An Inter-Allied Petroleum Conference allocated American supplies to Britain , France and Italy . Fuel oil for the Royal Navy was the highest priority . In 1917 , the Royal Navy consumed 12,500 tons a month , but had a supply of 30,000 tons a month from the Anglo - Persian Oil Company , using their oil wells in Persia . Social change ( edit ) Main article : Women 's roles in the World Wars § World War I Variously throughout the war , serious shortage of able - bodied men ( `` manpower '' ) occurred in the country , and women were required to take on many of the traditional male roles , particularly in the area of arms manufacture ; though this was only significant in the later years of the war , since unemployed men were often prioritised by employers . Women both found work in the munitions factories ( as `` munitionettes '' ) despite initial trade union opposition , which directly helped the war effort , but also in the Civil Service , where they took men 's jobs , releasing them for the front . The number of women employed by the service increased from 33,000 in 1911 to over 102,000 by 1921 . The overall increase in female employment is estimated at 1.4 million , from 5.9 to 7.3 million , and female trade union membership increased from 357,000 in 1914 to over a million by 1918 -- an increase of 160 percent . Beckett suggests that most of these were working class women going into work at a younger age than they would otherwise have done , or married women returning to work . This taken together with the fact that only 23 percent of women in the munitions industry were actually doing men 's jobs , would limit substantially the overall impact of the war on the long - term prospects of the working woman . First World War poster When the government targeted women early in the war focussed on extending their existing roles -- helping with Belgian refugees , for example -- but also on improving recruitment rates amongst men . They did this both through the so - called `` Order of the White Feather '' and through the promise of home comforts for the men while they were at the front . In February 1916 , groups were set up and a campaign started to get women to help in agriculture and in March 1917 , the Women 's Land Army was set up . One goal was to attract middle - class women who would act as models for patriotic engagement in nontraditional duties . However the uniform of the Women 's Land Army included male overalls and trousers , which sparked debate on the propriety of such cross-dressing . The government responded with rhetoric that explicitly feminized the new roles . In 1918 , the Board of Trade estimated that there were 148,000 women in agricultural employment , though a figure of nearly 260,000 has also been suggested . The war also caused a split in the British suffragette movement , with the mainstream , represented by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel 's Women 's Social and Political Union , calling a ' ceasefire ' in their campaign for the duration of the war . In contrast , more radical suffragettes , like the Women 's Suffrage Federation run by Emmeline 's other daughter , Sylvia , continued their ( at times violent ) struggle . Women were also allowed to join the armed forces in a non-combatant role and by the end of the War 80,000 women had joined the armed forces in auxiliary roles such as nursing and cooking . Following the war , millions of returning soldiers were still not entitled to vote . This posed another dilemma for politicians since they could be seen to be withholding the vote from the very men who had just fought to preserve the British democratic political system . The Representation of the People Act 1918 attempted to solve the problem , enfranchising all adult males as long as they were over 21 years old and were resident householders . It also gave the vote to women over 30 who met minimum property qualifications . The enfranchisement of this latter group was accepted as recognition of the contribution made by women defence workers , though the actual feelings of members of parliament ( MPs ) at the time is questioned . In the same year the Parliament ( Qualification of Women ) Act 1918 allowed women over 21 to stand as MPs . The new coalition government of 1918 charged itself with the task of creating a `` land fit for heroes '' , from a speech given in Wolverhampton by David Lloyd George on 23 November 1918 , where he stated `` What is our task ? To make Britain a fit country for heroes to live in . '' More generally , the war has been credited , both during and after the conflict , with removing some of the social barriers that had pervaded Victorian and Edwardian Britain . Regional conditions ( edit ) The War had a profound influence upon rural areas , as the U-boat blockade required the government to take full control of the food chain , as well as agricultural labour . Cereal production was a high priority , and the Corn Production Act 1917 guaranteed prices , regulated wage rates , and required farmers to meet efficiency standards . The government campaigned heavily for turning marginal land into cropland . The Women 's Land Army brought in 23,000 young women from the towns and cities to milk cows , pick fruit and otherwise replace the men who joined the services . More extensive use of tractors and machinery also replaced farm labourers . However , there was a shortage of both men and horses on the land by late 1915 . County War Agricultural Executive Committees reported that the continued removal of men was undercutting food production because of the farmers ' belief that operating a farm required a set number of men and horses . Kenneth Morgan argues that , `` the overwhelming mass of the Welsh people cast aside their political and industrial divisions and threw themselves into the war with gusto . '' Intellectuals and ministers actively promoted the war spirit . With 280,000 men enrolled in the services ( 14 % of the population ) , the proportionate effort in Wales outstripped both England and Scotland . However Adrian Gregory points out that the Welsh coal miners , while officially supporting the war effort , refused the government request to cut short their vacation time . After some debate , the miners agreed to extend the working day . Scotland 's distinctive characteristics have attracted significant attention from scholars . Daniel Coetzee shows it supported the war effort with widespread enthusiasm . Casualties ( edit ) See also : World War I casualties Poster for a fundraising event in support of Welsh troops by Frank Brangwyn In the post war publication Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 ( The War Office , March 1922 ) , the official report lists 908,371 ' soldiers ' as being either killed in action , dying of wounds , dying as prisoners of war or missing in action in the World War . ( This is broken down into Britain and its colonies 704,121 ; British India 64,449 ; Canada 56,639 ; Australia 59,330 ; New Zealand 16,711 ; South Africa 7,121 . ) Listed separately were the Royal Navy ( including the Royal Naval Air Service until 31 March 1918 ) war dead and missing of 32,287 and the Merchant Navy war dead of 14,661 . The figures for the Royal Flying Corps and the nascent Royal Air Force were not given in the War Office report . A second publication , Casualties and Medical Statistics ( 1931 ) , the final volume of the Official Medical History of the War , gives British Empire Army losses by cause of death . The total losses in combat from 1914 to 1918 were 876,084 , which included 418,361 killed , 167,172 died of wounds , 113,173 died of disease or injury , 161,046 missing presumed dead and 16,332 died as a prisoner of war . The Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists 888,246 war dead from the UK and colonies ( excluding the dominions , which are listed separately ) . This figure includes identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials ; there are an additional 187,644 unidentified burials from the Commonwealth ( then Empire ) as a whole . The civilian death rate exceeded the prewar level by 292,000 , which included 109,000 deaths due to food shortages and 183,577 from Spanish Flu . The 1922 War Office report detailed the deaths of 1,260 civilians and 310 military personnel due to air and sea bombardment the home islands . Losses at sea were 908 civilians and 63 fisherman killed by U-boat attacks . With a population of 4.8 million in 1911 , Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war , of whom 74,000 died in combat or from disease , and 150,000 were seriously wounded . At times Scottish troops made up large proportions of the active combatants , and suffered corresponding loses , as at the Battle of Loos , where there were three full Scots divisions and other Scottish units . Thus , although Scots were only 10 per cent of the British population , they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead . Some areas , like the thinly populated Island of Lewis and Harris suffered some of the highest proportional losses of any part of Britain . Clydeside shipyards and the engineering shops of west - central Scotland became the most significant centre of shipbuilding and arms production in the Empire . In the Lowlands , particularly Glasgow , poor working and living conditions led to industrial and political unrest . Legacy and Memory ( edit ) The extent of the British Empire in 1898 The extent of the British Empire in 1914 The extent of the British Empire in 1921 The horrors of the Western Front as well as Gallipoli and Mesopotamia were seared into the collective consciousness of the twentieth century . To a large extent the understanding of the war in popular culture focused on the first day of the Battle of the Somme . Historian A.J.P. Taylor argued , `` The Somme set the picture by which future generations saw the First World War : brave helpless soldiers ; blundering obstinate generals ; nothing achieved . '' Images of trench warfare became iconic symbols of human suffering and endurance . The post-war world had many veterans who were maimed or damaged by shell shock . In 1921 1,187,450 men were in receipt of pensions for war disabilities , with a fifth of these having suffered serious loss of limbs or eyesight , paralysis or lunacy . The war was a major economic catastrophe as Britain went from being the world 's largest overseas investor to being its biggest debtor , with interest payments consuming around 40 percent of the national budget . Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920 , while the value of the Pound Sterling fell by 61.2 percent . Reparations in the form of free German coal depressed the local industry , precipitating the 1926 General Strike . During the war British private investments abroad were sold , raising £ 550 million . However , £ 250 million new investment also took place during the war . The net financial loss was therefore approximately £ 300 million ; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928 . Material loss was `` slight '' : the most significant being 40 percent of the British merchant fleet sunk by German U-boats . Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war . The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that `` in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain '' but that the war only `` crippled the British psychologically '' ( emphasis in original ) . Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of the Dominions within the British Empire . Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand , and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to London . These battles were often portrayed favourably in these nations ' propaganda as symbolic of their power during the war . The war released pent - up indigenous nationalism , as populations tried to take advantage of the precedent set by the introduction of self - determination in eastern Europe . Britain was to face unrest in Ireland ( 1919 -- 21 ) , India ( 1919 ) , Egypt ( 1919 -- 23 ) , Palestine ( 1920 -- 21 ) and Iraq ( 1920 ) at a time when they were supposed to be demilitarising . Nevertheless , Britain 's only territorial loss came in Ireland , where the delay in finding a resolution to the home rule issue , along with the 1916 Easter Rising and a failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland , increased support for separatist radicals , and led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919 . Further change came in 1919 . With the Treaty of Versailles , London took charge of an additional 1,800,000 square miles ( 4,700,000 km ) and 13 million new subjects . The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers ( and to Australia , New Zealand and South Africa ) as League of Nations mandates , with the United Kingdom at least gaining control of Palestine and Transjordan , Iraq , parts of Cameroon and Togo , and Tanganyika . Indeed , the British Empire reached its territorial peak after the settlement . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Diplomatic history of World War I References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , `` A State of War , '' August 4 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28861 ( August 5 , 1914 ) : 6161 `` . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Austria - Hungary , August 12 , 1914 , Supplement to the London Gazette no . 28868 ( August 13 , 1914 ) : 6375 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Turkey , November 5 , 1914 , London Gazette no . 28965 ( November 6 , 1914 ) : 9011 '' . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Office , Notice of State of War Between Great Britain and Bulgaria , October 15 , 1915 , London Gazette no . 29333 ( October 19 , 1915 ) : 10257 -- 58 '' . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ; Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The war and the changing face of British society '' . National Archives . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Gregory ( 2008 ) ; Pennell ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Baker ( 1921 ) p 21 ^ Jump up to : Trueman , Chris . `` Total war '' . History Learning Site . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 394 -- 395 ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 341 -- 343 ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 455 -- 460 Jump up ^ Braybon ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Braybon ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : The War Office ( 1992 ) , p. 339 ^ Jump up to : Mitchell ( 1931 ) , p 12 ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 564 ^ Jump up to : Pierce ( 1992 ) , p 5 Jump up ^ Adrian Gregory ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge UP . p. 10 . ISBN 9781107650862 . Jump up ^ Clark , Christopher . The Sleepwalkers : How Europe Went to War in 1914 . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 219922 - 5 . Jump up ^ Robert Blake , The Decline of Power : 1915 - 1964 ( 1985 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Blake , The Decline of Power ( 1985 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Barry McGill , `` Asquith 's Predicament , 1914 - 1918 . '' Journal of Modern History 39.3 ( 1967 ) : 283 - 303 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Barry McGill , `` Asquith 's Predicament , 1914 -- 1918 , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1967 ) 39 # 3 pp. 283 -- 303 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John M. McEwen , `` The Struggle for Mastery in Britain : Lloyd George versus Asquith , December 1916 . '' Journal of British Studies 18 # 1 ( 1978 ) : 131 - 156 . Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 1 -- 30 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 73 -- 99 Jump up ^ The Oxford Library of Words and Phrases . Oxford University Press . 1981 . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 499 -- 500 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 100 -- 106 Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) vol 4 pp 478 -- 83 Jump up ^ Alan J. Ward , `` Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish Conscription Crisis , '' Historical Journal ( 1974 ) 17 # 1 pp. 107 -- 129 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Grigg , Lloyd George vol 4 pp 465 -- 88 Jump up ^ John Gooch , `` The Maurice Debate 1918 , '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 1968 ) 3 # 4 pp. 211 -- 228 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : War leader , 1916 -- 1918 ( London : Penguin , 2002 ) , pp 489 -- 512 Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History , 1914 -- 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 108 -- 11 Jump up ^ George H. Cassar , Lloyd George at War , 1916 - 1918 ( 2009 ) p 351 online at JSTOR Jump up ^ Trevor Wilson , `` The Coupon and the British General Election of 1918 , '' Journal of Modern History , ( 1964 ) 36 # 1 pp. 28 -- 42 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Wilson , The Downfall of the Liberal Party : 1914 -- 1935 ( 1966 ) pp 135 -- 85 Jump up ^ Martin Horn , Britain , France , and the financing of the First World War ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Dewey , War and progress : Britain 1914 - 1945 ( 1997 ) pp 28 - 31 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Arnold , `` ' A paradise for profiteers ' ? The importance and treatment of profits during the First World War . '' Accounting History Review 24 # 2 - 3 ( 2014 ) : 61 - 81 . Jump up ^ Mark Billings and Lynne Oats , `` Innovation and pragmatism in tax design : Excess Profits Duty in the UK during the First World War . '' Accounting History Review 24 # 2 - 3 ( 2014 ) : 83 - 101 . Jump up ^ A.J.P. Taylor , English History 1914 - 1945 ( 1965 ) pp 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ M.J. Daunton , `` How to Pay for the War : State , Society and Taxation in Britain , 1917 -- 24 , '' English Historical Review ( 1996 ) 111 # 443 pp. 882 -- 919 Jump up ^ Nicolson ( 1952 ) , p 308 Jump up ^ `` The Royal Family name '' . Official web site of the British monarchy . Archived from the original on 15 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2009 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 86278 - 194 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor ( 2001 ) , p 116 Jump up ^ Silence in castle to honour First World War conscientious objectors dated 25 June 2013 at thenorthernecho.co.uk , accessed 19 October 2014 Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 507 Jump up ^ Corbett Julian . `` Yorkshire Coast Raid , 15 -- 16 December 1914 '' . Official History of the War , Naval Operations Vol. II . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Massie ( 2004 ) , pp 309 -- 311 Jump up ^ His Majesty 's stationery Office ( 1922 ) , pp 674 -- 677 Jump up ^ `` Damage by German Raids '' . UK Parliament `` Hansard '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` German Attacks on Unfortified Towns '' . UK Parliament `` Hansard '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Wood & Murphy ( 2005 ) , P. 193 ^ Jump up to : Beckett ( 2007 ) , pp 258 -- 261 Jump up ^ Powers ( 1976 ) , pp 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Bourne ( 2001 ) , p 10 Jump up ^ Bourne ( 2001 ) , p 20 Jump up ^ `` Air Raids '' . National Archives . 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London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . Jump up ^ William Ashworth , An Economic History of England , 1870 -- 1939 ( 1960 ) pp 265 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Tom Kington . `` Recruited by MI5 : the name 's Mussolini . Benito Mussolini '' . Jump up ^ David Stevenson ( 2011 ) . With Our Backs to the Wall : Victory and Defeat in 1918 . Harvard U.P. p. 370 . ISBN 9780674062269 . Jump up ^ Niall Ferguson , The Pity of War ( 1998 ) p 249 Jump up ^ Steven Lobell , `` The Political Economy of War Mobilization : From Britain 's Limited Liability to a Continental Commitment , '' International Politics ( 2006 ) 43 # 3 pp 283 -- 304 Jump up ^ M.J. Daunton , `` How to Pay for the War : State , Society and Taxation in Britain , 1917 -- 24 , '' English Historical Review ( 1996 ) 111 # 443 pp. 882 -- 919 in JSTOR Jump up ^ T. Balderston , `` War finance and inflation in Britain and Germany , 1914 -- 1918 , '' Economic History Review ( 1989 ) 42 # 2 pp 222 -- 244 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) p 371 Jump up ^ Gail Braybon , Women Workers in the First World War : The British Experience ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( OUP , 2005 ) pp. 777 - 793 . Jump up ^ Adrian Gregory ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge U.P. ISBN 9780521728836 . Jump up ^ Samuel J. Hurwitz ( 1949 ) . State Intervention in Great Britain : Study of Economic Control and Social Response , 1914 -- 1919 . pp. 12 -- 29 . ISBN 9781136931864 . Jump up ^ Condell & Liddiard ( 1987 ) , p 18 Jump up ^ Morrow ( 2005 ) , p 202 Jump up ^ Beckett attributes this quotation ( page 382 ) to Margaret Barnett , but does not give further details . Jump up ^ Palmer ( 1992 ) , pp 355 -- 356 Jump up ^ Bentley Gilbert , David Lloyd George : Organizer of Victory 1912 -- 1916 ( 1992 ) , pp 209 -- 50 Jump up ^ John Grigg , Lloyd George : From Peace to War 1912 -- 1916 ( 1985 ) pp 223 -- 56 Jump up ^ J.A.R. Marriott , Modern England : 1885 - 1945 ( 4th ed. 1948 ) p. 376 Jump up ^ `` The war and the changing face of British society '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ John N. Horne , Labour at war : France and Britain , 1914 - 1918 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( 2005 ) pp. 819 - 821 ^ Jump up to : B.R. Mitchell , Abstract of British Historical Statistics ( 1962 ) p 68 Jump up ^ Cathy Hunt , `` ' Her Heart and Soul were with The Labour Movement ' : Using a Local Study to Highlight the Work Of Women Organizers Employed by the Workers ' Union in Britain From the First World War to 1931 . '' Labour History Review 70.2 ( 2005 ) : 167 - 184 , quote p 180 . Jump up ^ David Swift , `` Patriotic labour in the era of the great war '' ( PhD . Dissertation University of Central Lancashire , 2014 ) online Detailed bibliography on pp 220 - 35 . Jump up ^ F.M. Leventhal , ed . Twentieth - Century Britain : An Encyclopedia ( 1995 ) p 78 - 80 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 369 Jump up ^ Gerry R. Rubin , `` Law , War and Economy : The Munitions Acts 1915 - 17 and Corporatism in Context . '' Journal of Law and Society 11.3 ( 1984 ) : 317 - 333 . Jump up ^ Beckett ( 2007 ) , p 366 Jump up ^ Robert Bruce Davies , Peacefully working to conquer the world ( Arno Press , 19760 p 170 Jump up ^ Harold F. Williamson , The American Petroleum Industry : the Age of Energy 1899 -- 1959 ( 1963 ) 2 : 267 Jump up ^ Daniel Yergin , The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money and Power ( 1991 ) pp 176 -- 77 Jump up ^ Ronald W. Ferrier ; J.H. Bamberg ( 1982 ) . The History of the British Petroleum Company : Volume 1 , The Developing Years , 1901 -- 1932 . Cambridge UP . pp. A -- 13 . ISBN 9780521246477 . ^ Jump up to : Professor Joanna Bourke . `` Women on the Home Front in World War One '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Susan R. Grayzel , `` Nostalgia , Gender , and The Countryside : Placing the ' Land Girl ' in First World War Britain , '' Rural History ( 1999 ) 10 # 2 pp 155 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Professor Joanna Bourke . `` Women and the Military during World War One '' . Retrieved 13 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fraser ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Law ( 1997 ) , p 115 Jump up ^ The Times , 25 November 1918 . Jump up ^ Pamela Horn , Rural Life in England in the First World War ( St. Martin 's Press , 1984 ) Jump up ^ Peter E. Dewey , `` British Farming Profits and Government Policy During the First World War . '' Economic History Review ( 1984 ) 37 # 3 pp : 373 -- 390 . Jump up ^ Peter E. Dewey , British Agriculture in the First World War ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Bonnie White , The Women 's Land Army in First World War Britain ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bonnie White , `` Feeding the war effort : agricultural experiences in First World War Devon , 1914 -- 17 , '' Agricultural History Review ( 2010 ) 58 # 1 pp 95 -- 112 . Jump up ^ Kenneth O. Morgan ( 1981 ) . Rebirth of a Nation : Wales , 1880 -- 1980 . Oxford UP . pp. 159 -- 60 . ISBN 9780198217367 . Jump up ^ Adrian Gregory ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge UP . ISBN 9781107650862 . ch 1 Jump up ^ C.M.M. Macdonald and E.W. McFarland , eds , Scotland and the Great War ( Edinburgh : Tuckwell Press , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Daniel Coetzee , `` Measures of enthusiasm : new avenues in quantifying variations in voluntary enlistment in Scotland , August 1914 -- December 1915 '' , Local Population Studies , Spring 2005 , Issue 74 , pp. 16 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth War Graves Commission Annual Report 2010 - 2011 Archived 4 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. , page 45 . Jump up ^ Gilbert ( 1994 ) , pp 674 -- 678 Jump up ^ Gilbert ( 1994 ) , p 78 Jump up ^ I.F.W. Beckett and K.R. Simpson , eds . A Nation in Arms : a Social Study of the British Army in the First World War ( Manchester : Manchester University Press , 1985 ) p. 11 . Jump up ^ R.A. Houston and W.W. Knox , eds , The New Penguin History of Scotland ( London : Penguin , 2001 ) , p. 426 . ^ Jump up to : J. Buchanan , Scotland ( Langenscheidt , 3rd edn. , 2003 ) , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Brian Bond ( 2002 ) . The Unquiet Western Front : Britain 's Role in Literature and History . Cambridge UP . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 9781139434096 . Jump up ^ Chris Wrigley , `` The Impact of the First World War , '' in Chris Wrigley , ed. , A Companion to Early Twentieth - Century Britain ( 2003 ) pp 502 , 512 ^ Jump up to : `` Inflation value of the Pound '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 February 2006 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2001 ) , p 123 Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2001 ) , p 122 Jump up ^ Barnett ( 2002 ) , pp 424 -- 426 ^ Jump up to : Beaumont ( 1995 ) , pp 125 -- 148 Jump up ^ Hennessey ( 1998 ) , p 220 Jump up ^ Ferguson ( 2004 ) , p 315 Jump up ^ Olson ( 1996 ) , p 658 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United Kingdom in World War I . Badsey , Stephen : Great Britain , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Johnson , Matthew : Governments , Parliaments and Parties ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Wrigley , Chris : Labour , Labour Movements , Trade Unions and Strikes ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Pennell , Catriona : Making Sense of the War ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Monger , David : Press / Journalism ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Noakes , Lucy : Women 's Mobilization for War ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Monger , David : Propaganda at Home ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Meyer , Jessica : Subjectivity and Emotions ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Millman , Brock : War Aims and War Aims Discussions ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Horn , Martin : War Finance ( Great Britain and Ireland ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sheffield City Council Libraries and Archives : `` Sources for the Study of World War I in Sheffield '' website -- research guide links . Further reading ( edit ) Surveys ( edit ) Encyclopædia Britannica ( 12th ed. 1922 ) comprises the 11th edition plus three new volumes 30 - 31 - 32 that cover events since 1911 with very thorough coverage of the war as well as every country and colony . Included also in 13th edition ( 1926 ) partly online Beckett , Ian F.W. ( 2007 ) . The Great war ( 2 ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1252 - 4 . Available on Google books . Beckett , Ian F.W. The Home Front , 1914 -- 1918 : How Britain Survived the Great War ( 2006 ) excerpt and text search Chandler , David ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of the British Army . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280311 - 5 . The Cambridge History of the First World War Volume 3 : Civil Society ( 2014 ) online Ferguson , Niall ( 1999 ) . The Pity of War . Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 027523 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 1994 ) . Atlas of World War I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 521077 - 8 . Marriott , J.A.R. Modern England , 1885 - 1945 A History Of My Own Times ( 4th ed. 1949 ) pp 347 -- 456 online free Massie , Robert ( 2004 ) . Castles of Steel : Britain , Germany , and the Winning of the Great War at Sea . London : Jonathan Cape . ISBN 0 - 224 - 04092 - 8 . Mitchell , T.J. ( 1931 ) . Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War . London : Reprinted by Battery Press ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 89839 - 263 - 2 . Palmer , Alan ; Palmer , Veronica ( 1992 ) . The Chronology of British History . London : Century Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 5616 - 2 . Searle , G.R. A New England ? : Peace and War , 1886 - 1918 ( New Oxford History of England , Oxford University Press , 2005 ) pp 663 -- 838 ... Somervell , D.C. The Reign of King George V , ( 1936 ) pp 101 -- 202 ; wide - ranging survey . online free Taylor , A.J.P. ( 2001 ) . English History 1914 -- 1945 ( The Oxford History of England ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280140 - 6 . Turner , John , ed . Britain and the First World War ( 1988 ) Wilson , Trevor . The Myriad Faces of War : Britain and the Great War 1914 -- 1918 ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search 864pp ; covers both the homefront and the battlefields Winter , Jay , and Jean - Louis Robert , eds . Capital Cities at War : Paris , London , Berlin 1914 -- 1919 ( 2 vol. 1999 , 2007 ) , 30 chapters 1200pp ; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt ; vol 2 excerpt and text search Woodward , Llewellyn . Great Britain and the War of 1914 - 1918 ( 1967 ) 610pp ; thorough scholarly coverage of military operations , diplomacy , and high politics , with the chapter on economics ; more recent histories cover much more social , cultural and intellectual history . Politics ( edit ) Adams , R.J.Q. ( 1999 ) . Bonar Law . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3716 - 6 . Available on Google books . Bourne , JM ( 2001 ) . Who 's who in World War One . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 14179 - 6 . Gilbert , Bentley Brinkerhoff . David Lloyd George : Organizer of Victory 1912 -- 1916 ( 1992 ) Grigg , John . Lloyd George : From Peace to War 1912 -- 1916 ( 1985 ) Grigg , John . Lloyd George : War Leader 1916 -- 1918 ( 2002 ) Hennessey , Thomas ( 1998 ) . Dividing Ireland , World War I and Partition , The Irish Convention and Conscription . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17420 - 1 . McEwen , John M. `` The Struggle for Mastery in Britain : Lloyd George versus Asquith , December 1916 . '' Journal of British Studies 18 # 1 ( 1978 ) : 131 - 156 . McGill , Barry . `` Asquith 's Predicament , 1914 - 1918 . '' Journal of Modern History 39.3 ( 1967 ) : 283 - 303 . in JSTOR Martin , Ged . `` Asquith , the Maurice Debate and the Historians . '' Australian Journal of Politics & History 31.3 ( 1985 ) : 435 - 444 . Nicolson , Sir Harold ( 1952 ) . King George the Fifth : His Life and Reign . London : Constable and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 453181 - 9 . Pennell , Catriona ( 2012 ) . A Kingdom United : Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 959058 - 2 . Pugh , Martin D. `` Asquith , Bonar Law and the First Coalition . '' Historical Journal 17 # 4 ( 1974 ) : 813 - 836 . in JSTOR Robbins , Keith . The Abolition of War : The '' Peace Movement '' in Britain , 1914 - 1919 ( U of Wales Press , 1976 ) . Rose , Kenneth ( 1983 ) . King George V. London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 78245 - 2 . Turner , John . British Politics and the Great War : Coalition and Conflict 1915 -- 1918 ( 1992 ) Empire ( edit ) Beaumont , Broken Nation : Australians in the Great War ( 2014 ) Beaumont , Joan ( 1995 ) . Australia 's War , 1914 -- 1918 . St Leonards : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 - 86373 - 461 - 9 . Fogarty , Richard S. , and David Killingray . `` Demobilization in British and French Africa at the End of the First World War . '' Journal of Contemporary History ( 2015 ) 50 # 1 pp : 100 -- 123 . McCreery , Christopher ( 2005 ) . The Order of Canada . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 3940 - 5 . Available on Google books . Olson , James ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29366 - X . Morrow , John Howard ( 2005 ) . The Great War : An Imperial History . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 20440 - 2 . Pierce , John ( Spring 1992 ) . `` Constructing Memory : The Vimy Memorial '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Military History . 1 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 5 -- 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . The War Office ( 1922 ) . Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914 -- 1920 . Reprinted by Naval & Military Press . ISBN 1 - 84734 - 682 - 0 . Economics ( edit ) Adams , R.J.Q. `` Delivering the Goods : Reappaising the Ministry of Munitions : 1915 -- 1916 . '' Albion : A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies ( 1975 ) 7 # 3 pp : 232 -- 244 in JSTOR Adams , R.J.Q. Arms and the Wizard : Lloyd George and the Ministry of Munitions. ( 1978 ) Ashworth , William . An Economic History of England , 1870 -- 1939 ( 1960 ) Baker , Charles Whiting ( 1921 ) . Government control and operation of industry in Great Britain and the United States during the World War . New York : Oxford University Press . Retrieved 18 May 2009 . As available from Archive.org . Barnett , Margaret . British food policy during the First World War ( Routledge , 2014 ) Barnett , Correlli ( 2002 ) . The Collapse of British Power . Pan books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 49181 - 4 . Burk , Kathleen . Britain , America and the sinews of war , 1914 - 1918 ( 1985 ) online free Great Britain . Ministry of Munitions . History of the Ministry of Munitions ( 8 vol. 1922 ) , online free Grieves , Keith . The politics of manpower , 1914 - 18 ( Manchester UP , 1988 ) . Hancock , W.K. and M.M. Gowing . British War Economy ( 1949 ) pp 3 -- 40 Hurwitz , Samuel J. ( 1949 ) . State Intervention in Great Britain : Study of Economic Control and Social Response , 1914 -- 1919 . Routledge . ISBN 9781136931864 . McVey , Frank L. The financial history of Great Britain , 1914 - 1918 ( 1918 ) online free Whetham , Edith H. The Agrarian History of England and Wales : Volume VIII : 1914 -- 39 ( Cambridge University Press , 1978 ) , pp 70 -- 123 Propaganda and popular culture ( edit ) Bell , Stuart . `` ' Soldiers of Christ arise ' : Religious Nationalism in the East Midlands during World War I . '' Midland History 39.2 ( 2014 ) : 219 -- 235 . Field , Clive . `` Keeping the Spiritual Home Fires Burning : Religious Belonging in Britain during the First World War . '' War & Society 33.4 ( 2014 ) : 244 -- 268 . Fussell , Paul . The Great War and modern memory ( 1975 ) , highly influential cultural interpretation online free Goebel , Stefan and White , Jerry . `` London and the First World War '' . London Journal 41 : 3 ( 2016 ) : 1 -- 20 , < URL : http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03058034.2016.1216758 > Green , Leanne . `` Advertising war : Picturing Belgium in First World War publicity . '' Media , War & Conflict 7.3 ( 2014 ) : 309 -- 325 . Haste , Cate . Keep the home fires burning : Propaganda in the First World War ( Lane , Allen , 1977 ) Hynes , Samuel . A war imagined : the First World War and English culture ( 2011 ) Kennedy , Kate . `` ' A music of grief ' : classical music and the First World War . '' International Affairs 90.2 ( 2014 ) : 379 -- 395 . Lasswell , Harold D ... Propaganda Technique in World War I. ( 1927 ) Lonsdale , Sarah . `` `` Roast Seagull and other Quaint Bird Dishes '' The development of features and `` lifestyle '' journalism in British newspapers during the First World War . '' Journalism Studies ( 2014 ) : 1 -- 16 . Millman , Brock . Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain ( Routledge , 2014 ) Monger , David . Patriotism and Propaganda in First World War Britain : The National War Aims Committee and Civilian Morale ( 2013 ) online edition O'Prey , Paul . `` Poetry of the First World War : Dispelling the Myths . '' The RUSI Journal 159.4 ( 2014 ) : 102 -- 105 . Paddock , Troy RE ( 2004 ) . A call to arms : propaganda , public opinion , and newspapers in the Great War . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 275 - 97383 - 2 . Wilkinson , Alan . The Church of England and the First World War ( Lutterworth Press , 2014 ) Williams , Vanessa . `` ' Welded in a single mass ' : Memory and Community in London 's Concert Halls during the First World War . '' Journal of Musicological Research 3.1 -- 3 ( 2014 ) : 27 -- 38 . Year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1915 , ighly detailed political history of UK and British Empire Annual Register 1916 Annual Register 1917 Annual Register 1918 Annual Register 1919 Women , family and Society ( edit ) Braybon , Gail ( 1990 ) . Women Workers in the First World War : The British Experience . London : Routledge . Condell , Diana ; Liddiard , Jean ( 1987 ) . Working for victory ? : images of women in the First World War , 1914 -- 18 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0974 - 6 . Available on Google books . Grayzel , Susan R. Women 's identities at war : gender , motherhood , and politics in Britain and France during the First World War . UNC Press Books , 1999 . Gregory , Adrian ( 2008 ) . The Last Great War : British Society and the First World War . Cambridge . Law , Cheryl ( 1997 ) . Suffrage and power : the women 's movement , 1918 -- 1928 . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 86064 - 201 - 2 . Available on Google books . Marwick , Arthur ( 1965 ) The Deluge : British Society and the First World War ISBN 0 - 393 - 00523 - 2 Peel , Mrs. C.S. ( Dorothy Constance ) ( 1929 ) How We Lived Then , 1914 -- 1918 : a Sketch of Social and Domestic Life in England during the War , London : Bodley Head Shields , Rosemary , and Linda Shields . `` Dame Maud McCarthy ( 1859 -- 1949 ) : Matron - in - Chief , British Expeditionary Forces France and Flanders , First World War . '' Journal of medical biography ( 2015 ) : 0967772013480610 . Primary sources ( edit ) Gooch , G.P. Recent Revelations Of European Diplomancy ( 1940 ) , pp 343 -- 429 summarizes published memoirs by main participants Historiography and Memory ( edit ) Bond , Brian , ed . The First World War and British Military History ( Oxford UP , 1991 ) DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198222996.001. 0001 online . 11 topical essays by experts . Braybon , Gail ( 2005 ) . Evidence , History and the Great War : Historians and the Impact of 14 -- 18 . Berghahn Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 801 - 0 . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 - 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 - 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Gaffney , Angela . Aftermath : Remembering the Great War in Wales ( 1998 ) Korte , Barbara and Ann - Marie Einhaus . `` Short - Term Memories : The First World War in British Short Stories , 1914 -- 39 , '' Literature & History ( 2009 ) 18 # 1 pp 54 -- 67 . McCartney , Helen B . `` The First World War soldier and his contemporary image in Britain , '' International Affairs ( 2014 ) 90 # 2 pp 299 -- 315 . Reynolds , David J. `` Britain , the Two World Wars , and the Problem of Narrative '' Historical Journal , 60 # 1 , 197 - 231 . https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S0018246X16000509 Wolford , Scott . `` Teaching the First World War in ' Real Time ' '' ( 2015 ) . online History of World War I by region and country Africa Angola East Africa Egypt Liberia Morocco South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia North America Canada United States South America Brazil Asia Caucasus India Iran Iraq Japan Levant Siam Vietnam Yemen Europe Austria - Hungary Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Luxembourg Poland Ottoman Empire Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Category Portal United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War&oldid=836265286 '' Categories : United Kingdom in World War I British Empire in World War I 1910s in the United Kingdom Military history of the United Kingdom during World War I World War I by country 20th century in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Español Հայերեն Русский Suomi Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who was the queen of britain during ww1
[ "The British Royal Family faced a serious problem during the First World War because of its blood ties to the ruling family of Germany, Britain's prime adversary in the war. Before the war, the British royal family had been known as the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. In 1910, George V became King on the death of his father, King Edward VII, and remained king throughout the war. He was the first cousin of the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who came to symbolise all the horrors of the war. Queen Mary, although British like her mother, was the daughter of the Duke of Teck, a descendant of the German Royal House of Württemberg. During the war H. G. Wells wrote about Britain's \"alien and uninspiring court\", and George famously replied: \"I may be uninspiring, but I'll be damned if I'm alien.\"[46]" ]
[ "George V" ]
-7249652168478153057
Government of Karnataka
Government of Karnataka - wikipedia Government of Karnataka Government of Karnataka The state of India Seat of Government Vidhana Soudha , Bangalore Executive Governor Vajubhai Vala Chief Minister H.D. Kumaraswamy Deputy Chief Minister G. Parameshwara Legislature Assembly Karnataka State Assembly Speaker K.R. Ramesh Kumar Members in Assembly 224 Council Karnataka Legislative Council Chairman D.H. Shankaramurthy Members in Council 75 Judiciary High Court Karnataka High Court Chief Justice Dinesh Maheshwari The Government of Karnataka is a democratically elected body with the governor as the constitutional head . The governor who is appointed for five years appoints the chief minister and on the advice of the chief minister appoints his council of ministers . Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state , the day - to - day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great amount of legislative powers are vested . Contents ( hide ) 1 Administrative divisions 1.1 Political and administrative reorganisation 2 Legislature 3 Ministry 4 Chief Minister 5 Cabinet 6 Karnataka Panchayat Raj 7 Executive 8 Police Administration 9 Politics 9.1 Elections 9.2 LNG Terminal in Karawar , Karnataka ( India ) 9.3 Asia 's largest FSRU planned for Karnataka 9.4 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References Administrative divisions ( edit ) A map showing the 30 districts of Karnataka See also : Taluks of Karnataka Karnataka State has been divided into four revenue divisions , 49 sub-divisions , 30 districts , 176 taluks and 747 hoblies / revenue circles and 5628 gram panchayats for administrative purposes . The state has 281 towns and 7 municipal corporations . Bangalore is the fifth largest urban agglomeration out of 23 metropolis , urban agglomerations and cities in India . It is among the fastest growing cities in the world . Political and administrative reorganisation ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Karnataka Karnataka took its present shape in 1956 , when the states of Mysore and Coorg ( Kodagu ) were merged with the Kannada - speaking districts of the former states of Bombay and Hyderabad , and Madras . Mysore state was made up of 10 districts : Bangalore , Kolar , Tumkur , Mandya , Mysore , Hassan , Chikmagalur ( Kadur ) , Shimoga and Chitradurga ; Bellary had been transferred from Madras state to Mysore in 1953 , when the new Andhra State was created out of Madras ' northern districts . Kodagu became a district , and Dakshina Kannada ( South Kanara ) district was transferred from Madras state , Uttara Kannada ( North Kanara ) , Dharwad , Belgaum District , and Bijapur District from Bombay state , and Bidar District , Kalaburgi District , and Raichur District from Hyderabad state . In 1989 , Bangalore rural district was split from Bangalore and , in 1997 , Bagalkot district split from Vijayapur , Chamrajnagar district split from Mysore , Gadag district split from Dharwad , Haveri district split from Dharwad , Koppal district split from Raichur , Udupi district split from Dakshina Kannada , and Davanagere district was created from parts of Bellary , Chitradurga , Dharwad , and Shimoga . Legislature ( edit ) The Vidhana Soudha Main article : Karnataka legislature The state legislature is bicameral and consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council . The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members with one member nominated by the governor to represent the Anglo - Indian community . The term of office of the members is five years and the term of a member elected to the council is six years . The Legislative Council is a permanent body with one - third of its members retiring every two years . Ministry ( edit ) The government is headed by the governor who appoints the chief minister and his council of ministers . The governor is appointed for five years and acts as the constitutional head of the state . Even though the governor remains the ceremonial head of the state , the day - to - day running of the government is taken care of by the chief minister and his council of ministers in whom a great deal of legislative powers is vested ... The secretariat headed by the secretary to the governor assists the council of ministers . The council of ministers consists of cabinet ministers , ministers of state and deputy ministers . The chief minister is assisted by the chief secretary , who is the head of the administrative services . As of June 2018 , the Government of Karnataka consists of 27 ministers including Chief Minister and a Deputy Chief Minister . Chief Minister ( edit ) The present Chief Minister of Karnataka is H.D. Kumaraswamy ( List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka ) Cabinet ( edit ) Designation / Portfolio Minister Chief minister ( including portfolios like Finance , Energy , Textiles , Cabinet Affairs , Personnel and Administrative Reforms , Intelligence Wing , Planning and Statistics , Small Scale Industries and Sugar , and other portfolios not allocated to or vacated by any ministers ) H.D. Kumaraswamy Deputy Chief Minister ( Home , Bangalore City Development ) G. Parameshwara Public Works Department excluding Ports & Inland Transport H.D. Revanna Revenue excluding Muzrai , Skill Development and Entrepreneurship R.V. Deshpande Co-operation Bandeppa Kashempur Medium and Major Irrigation and Medical Education D.K. Shivakumar Forest , Ecology & Environment Department Ramesh Jarkiholi Transport D.C. Thammanna Large & Medium Scale Industries , IT and BT , Science and Technology K.J. George Higher Education GT Devegowda Horticulture and Agricultural marketing Srinivas Rural Development and Panchayat Raj , Parliamentary Affairs , Law , Justice and Human Rights Krishna Byregowda Social Welfare ( excluding Minority Welfare ) , Backward Classes Priyank M. Kharge Municipalities & local bodies , Public Enterprises Ramesh Jarkiholi Urban development ( excluding Bangalore ) , City Corporations ( excluding BBMP ) , Urban Land Transport , KUWSDB & KUIDFC , Housing U.T. Khader Health and Family Welfare ( excluding Medical Education ) Shivanand Patil Labour Venkataramanappa Primary and Secondary Education , N. Mahesh Mujarayi Rajashekar Patil Food and Civil Supplies , Consumer Affairs , Haj Information and Wakf Zameer Ahmed Khan Women & Child Welfare and Kannada & Culture Jayamala Minor Irrigation , C.S. Puttaraju Fisheries and Youth services & Sports Venkataramanappa Agriculture N.H. Shivashankar Reddy Mines and Geology Rajshekhar Baswaraj Patil Animal Husbandry , Sericulture Venkatarao Nadagowda Karnataka Panchayat Raj ( edit ) ( Rule of Village Committee ) is a three - tier system in the state with elected bodies at the village , taluk and district levels . It ensures greater participation of people and more effective implementation of rural development programmes . There will be a Grama Panchayat for a village or group of villages , a taluk level and the Zilla Panchayat at the district level . All the three institutions will have elected representatives and there is no provision for nomination by the government to any of these councils . s the first in the country to enact new Panchayat Raj Act incorporating all provisions of 73rd Amendment to the Constitution . In 2014 Karantaka State Grama Panchayats Delimitation committee constituted By govt. of Karnataka . Chairmen SG Nanjaiahna mutt and 6 members . joint secretory of the committee Dr. Revaiah Odeyar . Report Submitted 2014 October 30 . This report implemented 2015 Gram Panchayath Elections . Executive ( edit ) A district of an Indian state is an administrat , headed by a deputy commissioner or district magistrate , an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service . The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka Civil Service and other Karnataka state services . A Deputy Commissioner of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district . The commissioner is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service and other Karnataka Police officials . A Deputy Conservator of Forests , an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service , is responsible for managing the forests , environment and wildlife related issues of the district . He is assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Forest Service and other Karnataka forest and wildlife officials . Sectoral development is looked after by the district head of each development department such as PWD , Health , Education , Agriculture , Animal husbandry , etc . These officers belong to the State Services . Police administration ( edit ) The state is divided into 20 police districts , 77 sub-divisions , 178 circles , State Police consists of 20 police districts , 5 Police Commissioners at Bangalore , Mysore , Mangalore , belgaum and Hubli - Dharwad cities , 77 sub-divisions , 178 circles , 696 police stations , and 317 police outposts . There are six ranges : Central Range at Bangalore , Eastern Range at Davanagere , Northern Range at Gulbarga , Southern Range at Mysore and Western Range at Mangalore . The government Railway Police is headed by a D.I.G. of Police . Units that assist the state in law and order include Criminal Investigation Department ( Forest Cell , Anti-Dowry Cell , etc . ) , Dog Squad , Civil Rights Enforcement Wing , Police Wireless and Police Motor Transport Organization and special units . Village Defence Parties protect persons and property in the village and assist the police when necessary . The police force is at times supplemented by Home Guards . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Karnataka Politics Karnataka politics is dominated by the Indian National Congress ( INC ) , Janata Dal ( Secular ) ( JDS ) and the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) . Current politics of Karnataka has roots in 2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly elections . It saw unstable coalition governments of JDS and Congress , JDS and BJP during 2004 to 2007 period . The Karnataka Government for an initial term of 20 months was led by N. Dharam Singh then by H.D. Kumaraswamy of JDS and the post was supposed to subsequently be transferred to BJP 's B.S. Yeddyurappa with JDS and BJP making 20 - 20 agreement to topple Congress government in 2006 . A political fall out , due to the failure in transfer of power to Yeddyurappa broke the coalition . The state was then under President 's rule until the elections in May 2008 . As a result of the BJP victory in those elections B.S. Yeddyurappa became chief minister of Karnataka opening southern gateway to BJP for the first time . But he resigned on 31 July 2011 , following his indictment by the Karnataka Lokayukta in illegal iron ore export scam . D.V. Sadananda Gowda was sworn in as the 26th chief minister of the state on 4 August 2011 . Sadananda Gowda resigned in 2012 . Jagadish Shettar replaced him as new chief minister of Karnataka and administered until general assembly elections May 2013 . The assembly elections held to choose new assembly in May 2013 and INC got a clear majority with winning 121 of 224 seats in the assembly of Karnataka . Siddaramaiah was sworn in as the new chief minister of Karnataka . In recent election conducted in May 2018 BJP emerged as single largest party with 104 seats leaving behind INC with 79 , JDS with 38 and others 2 . B.S. Yeddyurappa took oath as Chief Minister on 17th May 2018 and he could not prove the majority . After his resignation current Chief Minister Shri . H.D. Kumaraswamy was sworn in on 23rd May 2018 . Elections ( edit ) Last assembly elections : Karnataka Legislative Assembly election , 2018 LNG Terminal in Karawar , Karnataka ( India ) ( edit ) Asia 's Biggest LNG Terminal in Karawar , Karnataka ( India ) . MOU Between Fox Petroleum and Govt of Karnataka worth $1,038 Million USD has been signed between Ajay Kumar and Minister of Industry - Government of Karnataka ( India Govt ) . Asia 's largest FSRU planned for Karnataka ( edit ) NEW DELHI , January 6 , 2017 -- Fox Petroleum has signed a deal with Hyundai Heavy Industries for the construction of a floating storage and regasification unit ( FSRU ) . The USD 560 - million contract will see Hyundai construct Asia 's biggest FSRU , with a processing capacity of 28.3 mcm ( 1 bcf ) . It is expected to be completed by late 2018 , after which it will moored n 40 metres of water The vessel is intended to serve Fox 's USD 1.05 - billion Karnataka LNG development in southwest India . A memorandum of understanding was signed with the state government in April 2016 for the project , which includes 330,000 square metres of storage capacity and an LNG plant at Karawar in Karnataka . The mix of facilities is expected to create around 3,000 jobs , 90 % of which are intended for local workers . Among the other entities vying for the FSRU contract were Samsung , Excelerate and Exmar . http://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/asias-largest-fsru-planned-for-karnataka/ See also ( edit ) Karnataka List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics - Karnataka state '' . Online webpage of the Forest Department . Government of Karnataka . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ A Jayaram . `` Council polls may not give Congress majority '' . Online Edition of The Hindu , dated 2002 - 05 - 31 . 2002 , The Hindu . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka Legislative Council '' . Online webpage of Legislative bodies in India . Government of India . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ karnatakastatepolice.org - de beste bron van informatie over karnataka state police . Deze website is te koop References ( edit ) https://web.archive.org/web/20070311212509/http://www.kar.nic.in/kla/histry.htm http://www.karnataka.com/govt/ https://web.archive.org/web/20100619201924/http://kla.kar.nic.in/cabm.htm Police http://www.karnatakastatepolice.org/First.htm Judiciary http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/30102003/r301020037.html http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/ Transport http://www.rto.kar.nic.in Transport Department - All RTO 's in Karnataka LNG http://www.theoilandgasyear.com/news/asias-largest-fsru-planned-for-karnataka/ State governments of India State governments Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Telangana Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal NCT Delhi Territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands Chandigarh Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu Lakshadweep Puducherry Indian state of Karnataka Overviews Architecture Cinema Climate Cuisine Demography Economy Education Folk Arts Geography History Media People Sports Transportation Wildlife History Aihole Alupa dynasty Amoghavarsha Badami Banavasi Balligavi Belur Chalukya dynasty Chitradurga Nayakas Deva Raya II Durvinita Halebidu Haleri Kingdom Halmidi Hampi Hoysala Empire Kadamba dynasty Kalyani Chalukyas Keladi Nayakas Shivappa Nayaka Kittur Chennamma Kingdom of Mysore Mayurasharma Pattadakal Pulakeshin II Rashtrakuta dynasty Sringeri Srirangapatna Tipu Sultan Unification of Karnataka Vijayanagara Empire Vijayanagara Vishnuvardhana Veera Ballala II Vikramaditya II Vikramaditya VI Western Ganga dynasty Geography Cities and towns Districts Rivers Dams and Reservoirs Taluks Villages Highest point Bayalu Seeme Malenadu Karavali Western Ghats Culture Bharata Natyam Buta Kola Bidriware Channapatna toys Chitrakala Parishat Gaarudi Gombe Ilkal saree Kamsale Kannada Karnatik music Kasuti Khedda Mysore Dasara Togalu Gombeyaata Udupi cuisine Veeragase Yakshagana Mysore musicians Literature Kannada Milestones Epics Medieval Rashtrakuta Western Ganga Western Chalukya Hoysala Vijayanagara Vachana Haridasa Mysore Play Modern Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Sahitya Sammelana Karnataka Noted poets Asaga Gunavarma I Adikavi Pampa Sri Ponna Ranna Devar Dasimayya Basava Akka Mahadevi Allama Prabhu Siddharama Harihara Raghavanka Rudrabhatta Janna Kumara Vyasa Chamarasa Nijaguna Shivayogi Ratnakaravarni Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijaya Dasa Gopala Dasa Jagannatha Dasa Lakshmisa Sarvajna Shishunala Sharif Krishnaraja Wadiyar III D.R. Bendre Gopalakrishna Adiga K.S. Narasimhaswamy M. Govinda Pai Kuvempu D.V. Gundappa G.S. Shivarudrappa People and Society Karnataka ethnic groups List of people from Karnataka Tourism Beaches Dams Forts National Parks Hindu Temples Jain Temples Waterfalls Awards Karnataka Ratna Pampa Award Nrupatunga Award Basava Puraskara Rajyotsava Prashasti Jakanachari Award Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award Kempegowda Award Media Cinema Newspapers Magazines Television Radio Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Karnataka&oldid=849911501 '' Categories : Government of Karnataka Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ಕನ್ನಡ नेपाल भाषा संस्कृतम् தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 07 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who is the minister of karnataka in 2018
[ "Government of Karnataka The state of India\nSeat of Government\nVidhana Soudha, BangaloreExecutiveGovernor\nVajubhai ValaChief Minister\nH. D. KumaraswamyDeputy Chief Minister\nG. ParameshwaraLegislatureAssembly\nKarnataka State AssemblySpeaker\nK. R. Ramesh KumarMembers in Assembly\n224Council\nKarnataka Legislative CouncilChairman\nD. H. ShankaramurthyMembers in Council\n75JudiciaryHigh Court\nKarnataka High CourtChief Justice\nDinesh Maheshwari" ]
[ "H. D. Kumaraswamy" ]
-4407124027501847756
Ode on a Grecian Urn
Ode on a Grecian urn - wikipedia Ode on a Grecian urn Jump to : navigation , search Tracing of an engraving of the Sosibios vase by Keats `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' is a poem written by the English Romantic poet John Keats in May 1819 and published anonymously in the January 1820 , Number 15 , issue of the magazine Annals of the Fine Arts ( see 1820 in poetry ) . The poem is one of several `` Great Odes of 1819 '' , which includes `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , and `` Ode to Psyche '' . Keats found earlier forms of poetry unsatisfactory for his purpose , and the collection represented a new development of the ode form . He was inspired to write the poem after reading two articles by English artist and writer Benjamin Haydon . Keats was aware of other works on classical Greek art , and had first - hand exposure to the Elgin Marbles , all of which reinforced his belief that classical Greek art was idealistic and captured Greek virtues , which forms the basis of the poem . Divided into five stanzas of ten lines each , the ode contains a narrator 's discourse on a series of designs on a Grecian urn . The poem focuses on two scenes : one in which a lover eternally pursues a beloved without fulfilment , and another of villagers about to perform a sacrifice . The final lines of the poem declare that `` ' beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all / Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know '' , and literary critics have debated whether they increase or diminish the overall beauty of the poem . Critics have focused on other aspects of the poem , including the role of the narrator , the inspirational qualities of real - world objects , and the paradoxical relationship between the poem 's world and reality . `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' was not well received by contemporary critics . It was only by the mid-19th century that it began to be praised , although it is now considered to be one of the greatest odes in the English language . A long debate over the poem 's final statement divided 20th - century critics , but most agreed on the beauty of the work , despite various perceived inadequacies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Structure 3 Poem 4 Themes 5 Critical response 5.1 Beauty is truth debate 5.2 Later responses 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Background ( edit ) John Keats in 1819 , painted by his friend Joseph Severn By the spring of 1819 , Keats had left his job as dresser , or assistant house surgeon , at Guy 's Hospital , Southwark , London , to devote himself entirely to the composition of poetry . Living with his friend Charles Brown , the 23 - year - old was burdened with money problems and despaired when his brother George sought his financial assistance . These real - world difficulties may have given Keats pause for thought about a career in poetry , yet he did manage to complete five odes , including `` Ode to a Nightingale '' , `` Ode to Psyche '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , `` Ode on Indolence '' , and `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' . The poems were transcribed by Brown , who later provided copies to the publisher Richard Woodhouse . Their exact date of composition is unknown ; Keats simply dated `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' May 1819 , as he did its companion odes . While the five poems display a unity in stanza forms and themes , the unity fails to provide clear evidence of the order in which they were composed . In the odes of 1819 Keats explores his contemplations about relationships between the soul , eternity , nature , and art . His idea of using classical Greek art as a metaphor originated in his reading of Haydon 's Examiner articles of 2 May and 9 May 1819 . In the first article , Haydon described Greek sacrifice and worship , and in the second article , he contrasted the artistic styles of Raphael and Michelangelo in conjunction with a discussion of medieval sculptures . Keats also had access to prints of Greek urns at Haydon 's office , and he traced an engraving of the `` Sosibios Vase '' , a Neo-Attic marble volute krater , signed by Sosibios , in The Louvre , which he found in Henry Moses 's A Collection of Antique Vases , Altars , Paterae . Keats 's inspiration for the topic was not limited to Haydon , but embraced many contemporary sources . He may have recalled his experience with the Elgin Marbles and their influence on his sonnet `` On Seeing the Elgin Marbles '' . Keats was also exposed to the Townley , Borghese , and Holland House vases and to the classical treatment of subjects in Robert Burton 's The Anatomy of Melancholy . Many contemporary essays and articles on these works shared Keats 's view that classical Greek art was both idealistic and captured Greek virtues . Although he was influenced by examples of existing Greek vases , in the poem he attempted to describe an ideal artistic type , rather than a specific original vase . Although `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' was completed in May 1819 , its first printing came in January 1820 when it was published with `` Ode to a Nightingale '' in the Annals of Fine Art , an art magazine that promoted views on art similar to those Keats held . Following the initial publication , the Examiner published Keats 's ode together with Haydon 's two previously published articles . Keats also included the poem in his 1820 collection Lamia , Isabella , The Eve of St Agnes , and Other Poems . Structure ( edit ) In 1819 , Keats had attempted to write sonnets , but found that the form did not satisfy his purpose because the pattern of rhyme worked against the tone that he wished to achieve . When he turned to the ode form , he found that the standard Pindaric form used by poets such as John Dryden was inadequate for properly discussing philosophy . Keats developed his own type of ode in `` Ode to Psyche '' , which preceded `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' and other odes he wrote in 1819 . Keats 's creation established a new poetic tone that accorded with his aesthetic ideas about poetry . He further altered this new form in `` Ode to a Nightingale '' and `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' by adding a secondary voice within the ode , creating a dialogue between two subjects . The technique of the poem is ekphrasis , the poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words . Keats broke from the traditional use of ekphrasis found in Theocritus 's Idyll , a classical poem that describes a design on the sides of a cup . While Theocritus describes both motion found in a stationary artwork and underlying motives of characters , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' replaces actions with a series of questions and focuses only on external attributes of the characters . `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' is organized into ten - line stanzas , beginning with an ABAB rhyme scheme and ending with a Miltonic sestet ( 1st and 5th stanzas CDEDCE , 2nd stanza CDECED , and 3rd and 4th stanzas CDECDE ) . The same overall pattern is used in `` Ode on Indolence '' , `` Ode on Melancholy '' , and `` Ode to a Nightingale '' ( though their sestet rhyme schemes vary ) , which makes the poems unified in structure as well as theme . The word `` ode '' itself is of Greek origin , meaning `` sung '' . While ode - writers from antiquity adhered to rigid patterns of strophe , antistrophe , and epode , the form by Keats 's time had undergone enough transformation that it represented a manner rather than a set method for writing a certain type of lyric poetry . Keats 's odes seek to find a `` classical balance '' between two extremes , and in the structure of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , these extremes are the symmetrical structure of classical literature and the asymmetry of Romantic poetry . The use of the ABAB structure in the beginning lines of each stanza represents a clear example of structure found in classical literature , and the remaining six lines appear to break free of the traditional poetic styles of Greek and Roman odes . Keats 's metre reflects a conscious development in his poetic style . The poem contains only a single instance of medial inversion ( the reversal of an iamb in the middle of a line ) , which was common in his earlier works . However , Keats incorporates spondees in 37 of the 250 metrical feet . Caesurae are never placed before the fourth syllable in a line . The word choice represents a shift from Keats 's early reliance on Latinate polysyllabic words to shorter , Germanic words . In the second stanza , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , which emphasizes words containing the letters `` p '' , `` b '' , and `` v '' , uses syzygy , the repetition of a consonantal sound . The poem incorporates a complex reliance on assonance , which is found in very few English poems . Within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , an example of this pattern can be found in line 13 ( `` Not to the sensual ear , but , more endear 'd '' ) where the `` e '' of `` sensual '' connects with the `` e '' of `` endear 'd '' and the `` ea '' of `` ear '' connects with the `` ea '' of `` endear 'd '' . A more complex form is found in line 11 ( `` Heard melodies are sweet , but those unheard '' ) with the `` ea '' of `` Heard '' connecting to the `` ea '' of `` unheard '' , the `` o '' of `` melodies '' connecting to the `` o '' of `` those '' and the `` u '' of `` but '' connecting to the `` u '' of `` unheard '' . Poem ( edit ) First known copy of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , transcribed by George Keats in 1820 The poem begins with the narrator 's silencing the urn by describing it as the `` bride of quietness '' , which allows him to speak for it using his own impressions . The narrator addresses the urn by saying : Thou still unravish 'd bride of quietness ! Thou foster - child of silence and slow time ( lines 1 -- 2 ) The urn is a `` foster - child of silence and slow time '' because it was created from stone and made by the hand of an artist who did not communicate through words . As stone , time has little effect on it and ageing is such a slow process that it can be seen as an eternal piece of artwork . The urn is an external object capable of producing a story outside the time of its creation , and because of this ability the poet labels it a `` sylvan historian '' that tells its story through its beauty : Sylvan historian , who canst thus express A flow'ry tale more sweetly than our rhyme : What leaf - fring 'd legend haunts about thy shape Of deities or mortals , or of both , In Tempe or the dales of Arcady ? What men or gods are these ? What maidens loth ? What mad pursuit ? What struggle to escape ? What pipes and timbrels ? What wild ecstasy ? ( lines 3 -- 10 ) The questions presented in these lines are too ambiguous to allow the reader to understand what is taking place in the images on the urn , but elements of it are revealed : there is a pursuit with a strong sexual component . The melody accompanying the pursuit is intensified in the second stanza : Heard melodies are sweet , but those unheard Are sweeter ; therefore , ye soft pipes , play on ; Not to the sensual ear , but , more endear 'd , Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone : ( lines 11 -- 14 ) There is a hint of a paradox in that indulgence causes someone to be filled with desire and that music without a sound is desired by the soul . There is a stasis that prohibits the characters on the urn from ever being fulfilled : Bold Lover , never , never canst thou kiss , Though winning near the goal -- yet , do not grieve ; She can not fade , though thou hast not thy bliss , For ever wilt thou love , and she be fair ! ( lines 17 -- 20 ) In the third stanza , the narrator begins by speaking to a tree , which will ever hold its leaves and will not `` bid the Spring adieu '' . The paradox of life versus lifelessness extends beyond the lover and the fair lady and takes a more temporal shape as three of the ten lines begin with the words `` for ever '' . The unheard song never ages and the pipes are able to play forever , which leads the lovers , nature , and all involved to be : For ever panting , and for ever young ; All breathing human passion far above , That leaves a heart high - sorrowful and cloyed , A burning forehead , and a parching tongue . ( lines 27 -- 30 ) Raphael 's The Sacrifice at Lystra A new paradox arises in these lines because these immortal lovers are experiencing a living death . To overcome this paradox of merged life and death , the poem shifts to a new scene with a new perspective . The fourth stanza opens with the sacrifice of a virgin cow , an image that appeared in the Elgin Marbles , Claude Lorrain 's Sacrifice to Apollo , and Raphael 's The Sacrifice at Lystra Who are these coming to the sacrifice ? To what green altar , O mysterious priest , Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies , And all her silken flanks with garlands drest ? What little town by river or sea shore , Or mountain - built with peaceful citadel , Is emptied of its folk , this pious morn ? And , little town , thy streets for evermore Will silent be ; and not a soul to tell Why thou art desolate , can e'er return . ( lines 31 -- 40 ) All that exists in the scene is a procession of individuals , and the narrator conjectures on the rest . The altar and town exist as part of a world outside art , and the poem challenges the limitations of art through describing their possible existence . The questions are unanswered because there is no one who can ever know the true answers , as the locations are not real . The final stanza begins with a reminder that the urn is a piece of eternal artwork : O Attic shape ! Fair attitude ! with brede Of marble men and maidens overwrought , With forest branches and the trodden weed ; Thou , silent form , dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity : Cold pastoral ! ( lines 41 -- 45 ) The audience is limited in its ability to comprehend the eternal scene , but the silent urn is still able to speak to them . The story it tells is both cold and passionate , and it is able to help mankind . The poem concludes with the urn 's message : When old age shall this generation waste , Thou shalt remain , in midst of other woe Than ours , a friend to man , to whom thou sayst , `` Beauty is truth , truth beauty , '' -- that is all Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . ( lines 46 -- 50 ) Themes ( edit ) Keats , Listening to a Nightingale on Hampstead Heath by Joseph Severn Like many of Keats 's odes , `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' discusses art and art 's audience . He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems , and works such as `` Ode to a Nightingale '' appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual . Keats reverses this when describing an urn within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' to focus on representational art . He previously used the image of an urn in `` Ode on Indolence '' , depicting one with three figures representing Love , Ambition and Poesy . Of these three , Love and Poesy are integrated into `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' with an emphasis on how the urn , as a human artistic construct , is capable of relating to the idea of `` Truth '' . The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities : an attempt at courtship , the making of music , and a religious rite . The figures are supposed to be beautiful , and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic . Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator , the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images . The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem , which creates ambiguity in the poem 's final lines : `` ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all / Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . '' The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words , to whom they are speaking , and what is meant by the words , which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator . As a symbol , an urn can not completely represent poetry , but it does serve as one component in describing the relationship between art and humanity . The nightingale of `` Ode to a Nightingale '' is separated from humanity and does not have human concerns . In contrast , being a piece of art , the urn requires an audience and is in an incomplete state on its own . This allows the urn to interact with humanity , to put forth a narrative , and allows for the imagination to operate . The images on the urn provoke the narrator to ask questions , and the silence of the urn reinforces the imagination 's ability to operate . This interaction and use of the imagination is part of a greater tradition called ut pictura poesis -- the contemplation of art by a poet -- which serves as a meditation upon art itself . In this meditation , the narrator dwells on the aesthetic and mimetic features of art . The beginning of the poem posits that the role of art is to describe a specific story about those with whom the audience is unfamiliar , and the narrator wishes to know the identity of the figures in a manner similar to `` Ode on Indolence '' and `` Ode to Psyche '' . The figures on the urn within `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' lack identities , but the first section ends with the narrator believing that if he knew the story , he would know their names . The second section of the poem , describing the piper and the lovers , meditates on the possibility that the role of art is not to describe specifics but universal characters , which falls under the term `` Truth '' . The three figures would represent how Love , Beauty , and Art are unified together in an idealised world where art represents the feelings of the audience . The audience is not supposed to question the events but instead to rejoice in the happy aspects of the scene in a manner that reverses the claims about art in `` Ode to a Nightingale '' . Similarly , the response of the narrator to the sacrifice is not compatible with the response of the narrator to the lovers . The two contradictory responses found in the first and second scenes of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' are inadequate for completely describing art , because Keats believed that art should not provide history or ideals . Instead , both are replaced with a philosophical tone that dominates the meditation on art . The sensual aspects are replaced with an emphasis on the spiritual aspects , and the last scene describes a world contained unto itself . The relationship between the audience with the world is for benefiting or educating , but merely to emphatically connect to the scene . In the scene , the narrator contemplates where the boundaries of art lie and how much an artist can represent on an urn . The questions the narrator asks reveal a yearning to understand the scene , but the urn is too limited to allow such answers . Furthermore , the narrator is able to visualise more than what actually exists on the urn . This conclusion on art is both satisfying , in that it allows the audience to actually connect with the art , and alienating , as it does not provide the audience the benefit of instruction or narcissistic fulfilment . Besides the contradictions between the various desires within the poem , there are other paradoxes that emerge as the narrator compares his world with that of the figures on the urn . In the opening line , he refers to the urn as a `` bride of quietness '' , which serves to contrast the urn with the structure of the ode , a type of poem originally intended to be sung . Another paradox arises when the narrator describes immortals on the side of an urn meant to carry the ashes of the dead . In terms of the actual figures upon the urn , the image of the lovers depicts the relationship of passion and beauty with art . In `` Ode to a Nightingale '' and `` Ode on Melancholy '' , Keats describes how beauty is temporary . However , the figures of the urn are able to always enjoy their beauty and passion because of their artistic permanence . The urn 's description as a bride invokes a possibility of consummation , which is symbolic of the urn 's need for an audience . Charles Patterson , in a 1954 essay , explains that `` It is erroneous to assume that here Keats is merely disparaging the bride of flesh wed to man and glorifying the bride of marble wed to quietness . He could have achieved that simple effect more deftly with some other image than the richly ambivalent unravished bride , which conveys ... a hint of disparagement : It is natural for brides to be possessed physically ... it is unnatural for them not to be . '' John Jones , in his 1969 analysis , emphasises this sexual dimension within the poem by comparing the relationship between `` the Eve Adam dreamed of and who was there when he woke up '' and the `` bridal urn '' of `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' . Helen Vendler expands on the idea , in her 1983 analysis of Keats 's odes , when she claimed `` the complex mind writing the Urn connects stillness and quietness to ravishment and a bride '' . In the second stanza , Keats `` voices the generating motive of the poem -- the necessary self - exhaustion and self - perpetuation of sexual appetite . '' To Vendler , desire and longing could be the source of artistic creativity , but the urn contains two contradicting expressions of sexuality : a lover chasing after a beloved and a lover with his beloved . This contradiction reveals Keats 's belief that such love in general was unattainable and that `` The true opponent to the urn - experience of love is not satisfaction but extinction . '' Critical response ( edit ) The first response to the poem came in an anonymous review in the July 1820 Monthly Review , which claimed , `` Mr Keats displays no great nicety in his selection of images . According to the tenets of that school of poetry to which he belongs , he thinks that any thing or object in nature is a fit material on which the poet may work ... Can there be a more pointed concetto than this address to the Piping Shepherds on a Grecian Urn ? '' Another anonymous review followed in the 29 July 1820 Literary Chronicle and Weekly Review that quoted the poem with a note that said that `` Among the minor poems , many of which possess considerable merit , the following appears to be the best '' . Josiah Conder , in a September 1820 Eclectic Review , argues that : Mr Keats , seemingly , can think or write of scarcely any thing else than the ' happy pieties ' of Paganism . A Grecian Urn throws him into an ecstasy : its ' silent form , ' he says , ' doth tease us out of thought as doth Eternity , ' -- a very happy description of the bewildering effect which such subjects have at least had upon his own mind ; and his fancy having thus got the better of his reason , we are the less surprised at the oracle which the Urn is made to utter : ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty , ' -- that is all Ye know on earth , and all ye need to know . That is , all that Mr Keats knows or cares to know. -- But till he knows much more than this , he will never write verses fit to live . George Gilfillan , in an 1845 essay on Keats , placed the poem among `` The finest of Keats ' smaller pieces '' and suggested that `` In originality , Keats has seldom been surpassed . His works ' rise like an exhalation . ' His language has been formed on a false system ; but , ere he died , was clarifying itself from its more glaring faults , and becoming copious clear , and select . He seems to have been averse to all speculative thought , and his only creed , we fear , was expressed in the words -- Beauty is truth , -- truth beauty '' . The 1857 Encyclopædia Britannica contained an article on Keats by Alexander Smith , which stated : `` Perhaps the most exquisite specimen of Keats ' poetry is the ' Ode to the Grecian Urn ' ; it breathes the very spirit of antiquity , -- eternal beauty and eternal repose . '' During the mid-19th century , Matthew Arnold claimed that the passage describing the little town `` is Greek , as Greek as a thing from Homer or Theocritus ; it is composed with the eye on the object , a radiancy and light clearness being added . '' Beauty is truth debate ( edit ) The 20th century marked the beginning of a critical dispute over the final lines of the poem and their relationship to the beauty of the whole work . Poet laureate Robert Bridges sparked the debate when he argued : The thought as enounced in the first stanza is the supremacy of ideal art over Nature , because of its unchanging expression of perfect ; and this is true and beautiful ; but its amplification in the poem is unprogressive , monotonous , and scattered ... which gives an effect of poverty in spite of the beauty . The last stanza enters stumbling upon a pun , but its concluding lines are very fine , and make a sort of recovery with their forcible directness . Bridges believed that the final lines redeemed an otherwise bad poem . Arthur Quiller - Couch responded with a contrary view and claimed that the lines were `` a vague observation -- to anyone whom life has taught to face facts and define his terms , actually an uneducated conclusion , albeit most pardonable in one so young and ardent . '' The debate expanded when I. A. Richards , an English literary critic who analysed Keats 's poems in 1929 , relied on the final lines of the `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' to discuss `` pseudo-statements '' in poetry : On the one hand there are very many people who , if they read any poetry at all , try to take all its statements seriously -- and find them silly ... This may seem an absurd mistake but , alas ! it is none the less common . On the other hand there are those who succeed too well , who swallow ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty ... , ' as the quintessence of an aesthetic philosophy , not as the expression of a certain blend of feelings , and proceed into a complete stalemate of muddle - mindedness as a result of their linguistic naivety . Poet and critic T.S. Eliot , in his 1929 `` Dante '' essay , responded to Richards : I am at first inclined to agree ... But on re-reading the whole Ode , this line strikes me as a serious blemish on a beautiful poem , and the reason must be either that I fail to understand it , or that it is a statement which is untrue . And I suppose that Keats meant something by it , however remote his truth and his beauty may have been from these words in ordinary use . And I am sure that he would have repudiated any explanation of the line which called it a pseudo-statement ... The statement of Keats seems to me meaningless : or perhaps the fact that it is grammatically meaningless conceals another meaning from me . In 1930 , John Middleton Murry gave a history of these responses `` to show the astonishing variety of opinion which exists at this day concerning the culmination of a poem whose beauty has been acknowledged for many years . Whether such another cause , and such another example , of critical diversity exists , I can not say ; if it does , it is unknown to me . My own opinion concerning the value of those two lines in the context of the poem itself is not very different from Mr. Eliot 's . '' Cleanth Brooks defended the lines from critics in 1947 and argued : We shall not feel that the generalization , unqualified and to be taken literally , is meant to march out of its context to compete with the scientific and philosophical generalizations which dominate our world . ' Beauty is truth , truth beauty ' has precisely the same status , and the same justification as Shakespeare 's ' Ripeness is all . ' It is a speech ' in character ' and supported by a dramatic context . To conclude thus may seem to weight the principle of dramatic propriety with more than it can bear . This would not be fair to the complexity of the problem of truth in art nor fair to Keats 's little parable . Granted ; and yet the principle of dramatic propriety may take us further than would first appear . Respect for it may at least insure our dealing with the problem of truth at the level on which it is really relevant to literature . M.H. Abrams responded to Brooks 's view in 1957 : I entirely agree , then , with Professor Brooks in his explication of the Ode , that ' Beauty is truth ' ... is to be considered as a speech ' in character ' and ' dramatically appropriate ' to the Urn . I am uneasy , however , about his final reference to ' the world - view ... ' For the poem as a whole is equally an utterance by a dramatically presented speaker , and none of its statements is proffered for our endorsement as a philosophical generalization of unlimited scope . They are all , therefore , to be apprehended as histrionic elements which are ' in character ' and ' dramatically appropriate , ' for their inherent interest as stages in the evolution of an artistically ordered ... experience of a credible human being . Earl Wasserman , in 1953 , continued the discussion over the final lines and claimed , `` the more we tug at the final lines of the ode , the more the noose of their meaning strangles our comprehension of the poem ... The aphorism is all the more beguiling because it appears near the end of the poem , for its apparently climactic position has generally led to the assumption that it is the abstract summation of the poem ... But the ode is not an abstract statement or an excursion into philosophy . It is a poem about things '' . Walter Evert , discussing the debate in 1965 , justified the final lines of the poem to declare `` The poem , then , accepts the urn for the immediate meditative imaginative pleasure that it can give , but it firmly defines the limits of artistic truth . In this it is wholly consistent with all the great poetry of Keats 's last creative period . '' Hugh Kenner , in 1971 , explained that Keats `` interrogates an urn , and answers for it , and its last answer , about Beauty and Truth , may seem almost intolerably enigmatic '' . To Kenner , the problem with Keats 's Beauty and Truth statement arises out of the reader 's inability to distinguish between the poet , his reflections on the urn , and any possible statement made by the urn . He concluded that Keats fails to provide his narrator with enough characterization to be able to speak for the urn . Charles Rzepka , in 1986 , offered his view on the matter : `` The truth - beauty equation at the end of the ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' offers solace but is finally no more convincing than the experience it describes is durable . '' Rick Rylance picked up the debate again in 1990 and explained that the true meaning of the final lines can not be discerned merely by studying the language . This posed a problem for the New Critics , who were prone to closely reading a poem 's text . Later responses ( edit ) Not every 20th - century critic opined primarily on the quality of the final lines when discussing the success or failure of the poem ; Sidney Colvin , in 1920 , explained that `` while imagery drawn from the sculptures on Greek vases was still floating through his mind , he was able to rouse himself to a stronger effort and produce a true masterpiece in his famous Ode on a Grecian Urn . '' In his 1926 analysis , H.W. Garrod felt that the end of the poem did not match with the rest of the poem : `` Perhaps the fourth stanza is more beautiful than any of the others -- and more true . The trouble is that it is a little too true . Truth to his main theme has taken Keats rather farther than he meant to go ... This pure cold art makes , in fact , a less appeal to Keats than the Ode as a whole would pretend ; and when , in the lines that follow these lines , he indulges the jarring apostrophe ' Cold Pastoral ' ( ... ) he has said more than he meant -- or wished to mean . '' In 1933 , M.R. Ridley described the poem as a `` tense ethereal beauty '' with a `` touch of didacticism that weakens the urgency '' of the statements . Douglas Bush , following in 1937 , emphasized the Greek aspects of the poem and stated , `` as in the Ode to Maia , the concrete details are suffused with a rich nostalgia . The hard edges of classical Greek writing are softened by the enveloping emotion and suggestion . In his classical moments Keats is a sculptor whose marble becomes flesh . '' In 1954 , Charles Patterson defended the poem and claimed , `` The meaningfulness and range of the poem , along with its controlled execution and powerfully suggestive imagery , entitle it to a high place among Keats 's great odes . It lacks the even finish and extreme perfection of To Autumn but is much superior in these qualities to the Ode to a Nightingale despite the magic passages in the latter and the similarities of over-all structure . In fact , the Ode on a Grecian Urn may deserve to rank first in the group if viewed in something approaching its true complexity and human wisdom . '' Walter Jackson Bate argued in 1962 that `` the Grecian Urn possesses a quiet and constrained composure hardly equaled by the other odes of this month and perhaps even unsurpassed by the ode To Autumn of the following September ... there is a severe repose about the Ode on a Grecian Urn ; it is both ' interwoven ' and ' complete ' ; and within its tensely braced stanzas is a potential energy momentarily stilled and imprisoned . '' In 1964 , literary critic David Perkins claimed in his essay `` The Ode on a Nightingale '' that the symbol of the urn `` may possibly not satisfy as the principal concern of poetry ... but is rather an element in the poetry and drama of human reactions '' . F.W. Bateson emphasized in 1966 the poem 's ability to capture truth : `` The Ode to a Nightingale had ended with the explicit admission that the ' fancy ' is a ' cheat , ' and the Grecian Urn concludes with a similar repudiation . But this time it is a positive instead of a negative conclusion . There is no escape from the ' woe ' that ' shall this generation waste , ' but the action of time can be confronted and seen in its proper proportions . To enable its readers to do this is the special function of poetry . '' Ronald Sharp followed in 1979 with a claim that the theme of `` the relationship between life and art ... receives its most famous , and its most enigmatic and controversial , treatment '' within the poem . In 1983 , Vendler praised many of the passages within the poem but argued that the poem was unable to fully represent what Keats wanted : `` The simple movement of entrance and exit , even in its triple repetition in the Urn , is simply not structurally complex enough to be adequate , as a representational form , to what we know of aesthetic experience -- or indeed to human experience generally . '' Later in 1989 , Daniel Watkins claimed the poem as `` one of ( Keats 's ) most beautiful and problematic works . '' Andrew Bennett , in 1994 , discussed the poem 's effectiveness : `` What is important and compelling in this poem is not so much what happens on the urn or in the poem , but the way that a response to an artwork both figures and prefigures its own critical response '' . In 1999 , Andrew Motion claimed that the poem `` tells a story that can not be developed . Celebrating the transcendent powers of art , it creates a sense of imminence , but also registers a feeling of frustration . '' Ayumi Mizukoshi , in 2001 , argued that early audiences did not support `` Ode to Psyche '' because it `` turned out to be too reflexive and internalised to be enjoyed as a mythological picture . For the same reason , the ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' drew neither attention nor admiration . Although the poet is gazing round the surface of the urn in each stanza , the poem can not readily be consumed as a series of ' idylls ' . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Raphael is one of the Raphael Cartoons then at Hampton Court Palace . The Claude is now usually called Landscape with the Father of Psyche sacrificing to Apollo , and is now at Anglesey Abbey . It was one of the pair of `` Altieri Claudes '' , among the most famous and expensive paintings of the day . See Reitlinger , Gerald ; The Economics of Taste , Vol I : The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices 1760 -- 1960 , Barrie and Rockliffe , London , 1961 , and Art and Money Archived July 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Robert Hughes . Image of the Raphael , and image of the Claude References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sheats 2001 p. 86 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 487 -- 527 ^ Jump up to : Gittings 1968 p. 311 Jump up ^ Gittings 1968 pp. 305 -- 319 Jump up ^ Louvre Museum : Volute krater `` Sosibios '' accessed 5 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Motion 1999 p. 391 Jump up ^ Blunden 1967 p. 103 Jump up ^ Magunson 1998 p. 208 Jump up ^ Gittings 1968 p. 319 Jump up ^ Gumpert 1999 Jump up ^ Motion 1999 pp. 390 -- 391 Jump up ^ Motion 1999 p. 390 Jump up ^ MacGillivray 1938 pp. 465 -- 466 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 pp. 149 , 159 , 162 Jump up ^ Gittings 1968 pp. 310 -- 311 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 498 -- 500 Jump up ^ Kelley 2001 pp. 172 -- 173 Jump up ^ Swanson 1962 pp. 302 -- 305 Jump up ^ Bate 1962 pp. 133 -- 135 , 137 -- 140 , 58 -- 60 Jump up ^ Sheley 2007 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 p. 416 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 pp. 416 -- 417 ^ Jump up to : Bloom 1993 p. 417 ^ Jump up to : Bloom 1993 p. 418 Jump up ^ Bush 1959 p. 349 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 pp. 418 -- 419 Jump up ^ Bloom 1993 p. 419 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 510 -- 511 Jump up ^ Bennett 1994 pp. 128 -- 134 ^ Jump up to : Perkins 1964 p. 103 Jump up ^ Bate 1963 pp. 511 -- 512 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 118 -- 120 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 120 -- 123 Jump up ^ Brooks 1947 pp. 151 -- 167 Jump up ^ Wigod 1968 p. 59 Jump up ^ Patterson 1968 pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Jones 1969 p. 176 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 p. 140 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 p. 141 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 pp. 141 -- 142 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 162 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . pp. 163 -- 164 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 237 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 306 Jump up ^ Matthews 1971 qtd . p. 367 Jump up ^ Arnold 1962 p. 378 ^ Jump up to : Murry 1955 qtd p. 210 Jump up ^ Richards 1929 pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ Eliot 1932 pp. 230 -- 231 Jump up ^ Murry 1955 p. 212 Jump up ^ Brooks 1947 p. 165 Jump up ^ Abrams 1968 p. 111 Jump up ^ Wasserman 1967 pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Evert 1965 p. 319 ^ Jump up to : Kenner 1971 p. 26 Jump up ^ Rzepka 1986 p. 177 Jump up ^ Rylance 1990 pp. 730 -- 733 Jump up ^ Colvin 1920 pp. 415 -- 416 Jump up ^ Patterson 1968 qtd . pp. 48 -- 49 Jump up ^ Ridley 1933 p. 281 Jump up ^ Bush 1937 p. 109 Jump up ^ Patterson 1968 p. 57 Jump up ^ Bate 1962 pp. 140 -- 141 Jump up ^ Bateson 1968 p. 108 Jump up ^ Sharp 1979 p. 151 Jump up ^ Vendler 1983 p. 152 Jump up ^ Watkins 1989 p. 105 Jump up ^ Bennet 1994 p. 134 Jump up ^ Mizukoshi 2001 p. 170 Bibliography ( edit ) Abrams , M.H. `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keats 's Odes Editor Jack Stillinger . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall , 1968 . OCLC 190950 . Arnold , Matthew . Lectures and Essays in Criticism . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press , 1962 . OCLC 3487294 . Bate , Walter Jackson . John Keats . Cambridge MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , 1963 . OCLC 291522 . Bate , Walter Jackson . The Stylistic Development of Keats . New York : Humanities Press , 1962 . OCLC 276912 . Bateson , F.W. `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keats 's Odes Editor Jack Stillinger . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall , 1968 . OCLC 190950 . Bennett , Andrew . Keats , Narrative , and Audience . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44565 - 5 Bloom , Harold . The Visionary Company . Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0622 - 6 Blunden , Edmund . Leigh Hunt 's `` Examiner '' Examined . Hamden : Archon Books , 1967 . OCLC 310443971 . Brooks , Cleanth . The Well - Wrought Urn : Studies in the Structure of Poetry . New York : Harcourt , Brace & World , 1947 . OCLC 265162960 . Bush , Douglas . `` Introduction '' in John Keats : Selected Poems and Letters . Ed . Douglas Bush . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press , 1959 . OCLC 276449 . Bush , Douglas . Mythology and the Romantic Tradition in English Poetry . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1937 . OCLC 55449294 Carr , J.W. Comyns . `` The Artistic Spirit in Modern Poetry '' . New Quarterly Magazine , Vol. 5 ( 1876 ) , pp. 146 -- 165 . OCLC 2264902 . Colvin , Sidney . John Keats . London : Macmillan , 1920 . OCLC 257603790 Eliot , T.S. `` Dante '' in Selected Essays . London : Faber and Faber , 1932 . OCLC 250331242 . Evert , Walter . Aesthetics and Myth in the Poetry of Keats . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1965 . OCLC 291999 . Gittings , Robert . John Keats . London : Heinemann , 1968 . OCLC 251576301 . Gumpert , Matthew . `` Keats 's ' To Haydon , With a Sonnet on Seeing the Elgin Marbles ' and ' On Seeing the Elgin Marbles ' . '' The Explicator , Vol. 58 , No. 1 ( 1999 ) , pp. 19 -- 22 . doi : 10.1080 / 00144949909596992 Hofmann , Klaus , ' Keats 's Ode to a Grecian Urn , ' Studies in Romanticism 45 , 2 ( Summer 2006 ) , 251 -- 84 . Jones , John . John Keats 's Dream of Truth . London : Barnes and Noble , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 389 - 01002 - 2 ' Kelley , Theresa . `` Keats and ' Ekphrasis ' '' in The Cambridge Companion to John Keats . Editor Susan Wolfston . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65839 - X Kenner , Hugh . The Pound Era . University of California Press , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01860 - 5 MacGillivray , J.R. `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' , Times Literary Supplement ( 9 July 1938 ) : 465 -- 466 . Magunson , Paul . Reading Public Romanticism . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 05794 - X Matthews , G.M. John Keats : The Critical Heritage . New York : Barnes & Noble Publishers , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 389 - 04440 - 7 Mizukoshi , Ayumi . Keats , Hunt and the Aesthetics of Pleasure . New York : Palgrave , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 92958 - 6 Motion , Andrew . Keats . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 54240 - 8 Murry , John . Keats . New York : Noonday Press , 1955 . OCLC 360836 Patterson , Charles . `` Passion and Permanence in Keats 's Ode on a Grecian Urn '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keats 's Odes Editor Jack Stillinger . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall , 1968 . OCLC 190950 . Perkins , David . `` The Ode on a Nightingale '' in Keats : A Collection of Critical Essays . Ed . Walter Jackson Bate , 103 -- 112 . Englewood , NJ : Prentice - Hall , 1964 . OCLC 711263 Richards , I.A. Practical Criticism . London : Kegan Paul , Trench , Trubner , 1929 . OCLC 317672795 Ridley , Maurice . Keats ' Craftsmanship . Oxford : Clarendon , 1933 . OCLC 1842818 Rylance , Rick . `` The New Criticism '' . Encyclopedia of Literature and Criticism . Ed . Martin Cole et al. 730 -- 731 . London : Routledge , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8103 - 8331 - 4 Rzepka , Charles . The Self as Mind . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 80085 - 0 Sharp , Ronald . Keats , Skepticism , and the Religion of Beauty . Athens : University of Georgia Press , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8203 - 0470 - 0 Sheats , Paul . `` Keats and the Ode '' in The Cambridge Companion to John Keats . Editor Susan Wolfston . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65839 - X Sheley , Erin . `` Re-Imagining Olympus : Keats and the Mythology of Individual Consciousness '' . Harvard University . Reprinted in `` Romanticism on the Net '' , No. 45 ( November 2007 ) . Accessed 6 December 2008 . Sikka , Sonia . `` On The Truth of Beauty : Nietzsche , Heidegger , Keats '' . The Heythrop Journal , Vol. 39 , No. 3 ( 1998 ) , pp. 243 -- 263 . doi : 10.1111 / 1468 - 2265.00076 . Accessed 30 June 2011 . Swanson , Roy Arthur . `` Form and Content in Keats 's ' Ode on a Grecian Urn ' '' . College English , Vol. 23 , No. 4 ( January 1962 ) , pp. 302 -- 305 . Vendler , Helen . The Odes of John Keats . Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 63075 - 0 Wasserman , Earl . The Finer Tone . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1967 . OCLC 271028805 Watkins , Daniel . Keats 's Poetry and the Politics of the Imagination . Rutherford : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3358 - 7 Wigod , Jacob . `` Keats 's Ideal in the Ode on a Grecian Urn '' in Twentieth Century Interpretations of Keats 's Odes Editor Jack Stillinger . Englewood Cliffs : Prentice - Hall , 1968 . OCLC 190950 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Ode on a Grecian Urn Media related to Sosibios vase at Wikimedia Commons Ode on a Grecian Urn - Annotated text and analysis aligned to Common Core Standards ( hide ) John Keats Bibliography John Keats bibliography List of poems by John Keats Poetry collections 1819 odes ( 1819 ) Short poems `` On First Looking into Chapman 's Homer '' ( 1816 ) `` Sleep and Poetry '' ( 1817 ) `` Ode to a Nightingale '' ( 1819 ) `` La Belle Dame sans Merci '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode on a Grecian Urn '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode on Melancholy '' ( 1820 ) `` Ode to Psyche '' ( 1820 ) `` To Autumn '' ( 1820 ) `` Bright star , would I were steadfast as thou art '' ( 1838 ) `` Ode on Indolence '' ( 1848 ) `` When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be '' ( 1848 ) `` You say you love ; but with a voice '' ( 1914 ) Long poems Endymion ( 1818 ) Isabella , or the Pot of Basil ( 1820 ) Hyperion ( 1820 ) Lamia ( 1820 ) The Eve of St. Agnes ( 1820 ) The Fall of Hyperion : A Dream ( 1856 - 7 ) People Fanny Brawne Charles Armitage Brown Charles Cowden Clarke Leigh Hunt George Keats John Hamilton Reynolds Joseph Severn Percy Bysshe Shelley ( see his poem on Keats : Adonaïs ) Related Keats House Keats -- Shelley Memorial House Keats and His Nightingale : A Blind Date Bright Star Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ode_on_a_Grecian_Urn&oldid=799712577 '' Categories : 1820 poems British poems Poetry by John Keats Works originally published in British magazines Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Català Deutsch Français Italiano Latina Polski Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 11 : 31 . 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who wrote beauty is truth truth is beauty
[ "Like many of Keats's odes, \"Ode on a Grecian Urn\" discusses art and art's audience. He relied on depictions of natural music in earlier poems, and works such as \"Ode to a Nightingale\" appeal to auditory sensations while ignoring the visual. Keats reverses this when describing an urn within \"Ode on a Grecian Urn\" to focus on representational art. He previously used the image of an urn in \"Ode on Indolence\", depicting one with three figures representing Love, Ambition and Poesy. Of these three, Love and Poesy are integrated into \"Ode on a Grecian Urn\" with an emphasis on how the urn, as a human artistic construct, is capable of relating to the idea of \"Truth\". The images of the urn described within the poem are intended as obvious depictions of common activities: an attempt at courtship, the making of music, and a religious rite. The figures are supposed to be beautiful, and the urn itself is supposed to be realistic.[28] Although the poem does not include the subjective involvement of the narrator, the description of the urn within the poem implies a human observer that draws out these images.[29] The narrator interacts with the urn in a manner similar to how a critic would respond to the poem, which creates ambiguity in the poem's final lines: \"'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,' – that is all / Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.\" The lack of a definite voice of the urn causes the reader to question who is really speaking these words, to whom they are speaking, and what is meant by the words, which encourages the reader to interact with the poem in an interrogative manner like the narrator.[30]" ]
[ "Keats" ]
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Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives - wikipedia Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Seal of the Speaker of the House Flag of the Speaker of the House Incumbent Paul Ryan since October 29 , 2015 U.S. Congress U.S. House of Representatives Style Mr. or Madame Speaker ( Informal and within the House ) The Honorable ( Formal ) Type Presiding officer of one chamber in a bicameral legislature Residence Washington , D.C. Seat United States Capitol , District of Columbia , U.S. Nominator Anyone who is qualified to be a representative ; in practice member of the house and party leadership . Nominations are submitted to the Clerk , but anyone eligible can be voted for as the Speaker , even without being formally nominated . Appointer U.S. House of Representatives Elected by the House , sworn in by the Dean Term length At the House 's pleasure ; elected at the start of each session of Congress , and upon a vacancy Constituting instrument U.S. Constitution Formation March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) First holder Frederick Muhlenberg April 1 , 1789 Succession Second Deputy The Speaker can delegate to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore , presiding over the House in his absence Salary $223,500 / year Website Speaker.gov This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) The Speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the United States Constitution . The Speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , de facto leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the Speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the Speaker regularly participate in floor debates or vote . The Constitution does not require the Speaker to be an elected member of the House of Representatives , although every Speaker thus far has been . The Speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the Vice President and ahead of the President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate . The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin . He was elected to the office on October 29 , 2015 , and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Selection 2 History 2.1 Notable elections 3 Partisan role 4 Presiding officer 5 Other functions 6 List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives 7 Recent election results 7.1 January 2011 7.2 January 2013 7.3 January 2015 7.4 October 2015 7.5 January 2017 8 See also 9 Bibliography 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Selection ( edit ) The House of Representatives elects the Speaker of the House on the first day of every new Congress and in the event of the death , resignation or removal from the Chair of an incumbent Speaker . The Clerk of the House of Representatives requests nominations : there are normally two , one from each major party ( each party having previously met to decide on its nominee ) . The Clerk then calls the roll of the Representatives , each Representative indicating the surname of the candidate the Representative is supporting . Representatives are not restricted to voting for one of the nominated candidates and may vote for any person , even for someone who is not a member of the House at all . They may also abstain by voting `` present '' . Although no rule exists , based on tradition and practice from the earliest days of the nation , to be elected speaker a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , i.e. excluding those who abstain . If no candidate wins such a majority , then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected . The last time repeated votes were required was in 1923 , when the Speaker was elected on the ninth ballot . The new Speaker is then sworn in by the Dean of the United States House of Representatives , the chamber 's longest - serving member . In modern practice , the Speaker is chosen by the majority party from among its senior leaders either when a vacancy in the office arrives or when the majority party changes . Previous Speakers have been minority leaders ( when the majority party changes , as they are already the House party leader , and as the minority leader are usually their party 's nominee for Speaker ) , or majority leaders ( upon departure of the current Speaker in the majority party ) , assuming that the party leadership hierarchy is followed . In the past , other candidates have included chairpersons of influential standing committees . So far , the Democrats have always elevated their minority leader to the speakership upon reclaiming majority control of the House . However , Republicans have not always followed this leadership succession pattern . In 1919 , Republicans bypassed James Robert Mann , R - IL , who had been Minority Leader for eight years , and elected a backbencher representative , Frederick H. Gillett , R - MA , to be Speaker . Mann had `` angered many Republicans by objecting to their private bills on the floor , '' and was also a protégé of autocratic Speaker Joseph Gurney Cannon ( R - IL18 ) who had been Speaker from 1903 to 1911 , and was still in the House . Many members `` suspected that he ( Mann ) would try to re-centralize power in his hands if elected Speaker . '' More recently , although Robert H. Michel was Minority Leader in 1994 when the Republicans regained control of the House in the 1994 midterm elections , he had already announced his retirement and had little or no involvement in the campaign , including the `` Contract with America '' , which was unveiled six weeks before Election Day . Michel opted not to seek re-election because he had been isolated in the caucus by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich and other younger and more aggressive Congressmen . It is expected that members of the House vote for their party 's candidate . If they do not , they usually vote for someone else in their party or vote `` present '' . Those who vote for the other party 's candidate often face serious consequences , up to and including the loss of seniority . The last instance where a representative voted for the other party 's candidate was in 2000 , when Democrat Jim Traficant of Ohio voted for Republican Dennis Hastert . In response , the Democrats stripped him of his seniority and he lost all of his committee posts . If the Speaker 's party loses control of the House in an election , and if the Speaker and Majority Leader both remain in the leadership hierarchy , they would become the Minority Leader and Minority Whip , respectively . As the minority party has historically had one less leadership position after losing the Speaker 's chair , there may be a contest for the remaining leadership positions ; upon losing control of the House after the 2010 election , the Democrats created the position of Assistant Democratic Leader in order to prevent such a contest . Most Speakers whose party has lost control of the House have not returned to the party leadership ( Tom Foley lost his seat , Dennis Hastert returned to the backbenches and resigned from the House in late 2007 ) . However , Speakers Joseph William Martin , Jr. and Sam Rayburn did seek the post of Minority Leader in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Nancy Pelosi is the most recent example of an outgoing Speaker who was elected Minority Leader , after the Democrats lost control of the House in the 2010 elections . History ( edit ) Frederick Muhlenberg ( 1789 -- 1791 , 1793 -- 1795 ) , was the first Speaker . The first Speaker was Frederick Muhlenberg : he was elected as a Pro-Administration candidate to the 1st Congress , an Anti-Administration candidate to the 2nd and 3rd Congresses , and a Republican candidate to the 4th Congress , according to the Biographical Directory of Congress , though Oswald Seidensticker wrote that he was elected as a Federalist for the first four Congresses . Henry Clay ( 1813 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , 1823 -- 1825 ) used his influence as speaker to ensure the passage of measures he favored The position of Speaker started to gain its partisan role and its power in legislative development under Henry Clay ( 1811 -- 1814 , 1815 -- 1820 , and 1823 -- 1825 ) . In contrast to many of his predecessors , Clay participated in several debates , and used his influence to procure the passage of measures he supported -- for instance , the declaration of the War of 1812 , and various laws relating to Clay 's `` American System '' economic plan . Furthermore , when no candidate received an Electoral College majority in the 1824 presidential election causing the President to be elected by the House , Speaker Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams instead of Andrew Jackson , thereby ensuring Adams ' victory . Following Clay 's retirement in 1825 , the power of the speakership once again began to decline , despite speakership elections becoming increasingly bitter . As the Civil War approached , several sectional factions nominated their own candidates , often making it difficult for any candidate to attain a majority . In 1855 and again in 1859 , for example , the contest for Speaker lasted for two months before the House achieved a result . During this time , Speakers tended to have very short tenures . For example , from 1839 to 1863 there were eleven Speakers , only one of whom served for more than one term . To date , James K. Polk is the only Speaker of the House later elected President of the United States . Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) was one of the most powerful speakers . Towards the end of the 19th century , the office of Speaker began to develop into a very powerful one . At the time , one of the most important sources of the Speaker 's power was his position as Chairman of the Committee on Rules , which , after the reorganization of the committee system in 1880 , became one of the most powerful standing committees of the House . Furthermore , several Speakers became leading figures in their political parties ; examples include Democrats Samuel J. Randall , John Griffin Carlisle , and Charles F. Crisp , and Republicans James G. Blaine , Thomas Brackett Reed , and Joseph Gurney Cannon . The power of the Speaker was greatly augmented during the tenure of the Republican Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1889 -- 1891 , 1895 -- 1899 ) . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was called by his opponents , sought to end the obstruction of bills by the minority , in particular by countering the tactic known as the `` disappearing quorum '' . By refusing to vote on a motion , the minority could ensure that a quorum would not be achieved , and that the result would be invalid . Reed , however , declared that members who were in the chamber but refused to vote would still count for the purposes of determining a quorum . Through these and other rulings , Reed ensured that the Democrats could not block the Republican agenda . The speakership reached its apogee during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( 1903 -- 1911 ) . Cannon exercised extraordinary control over the legislative process . He determined the agenda of the House , appointed the members of all committees , chose committee chairmen , headed the Rules Committee , and determined which committee heard each bill . He vigorously used his powers to ensure that Republican proposals were passed by the House . In 1910 , however , Democrats and several dissatisfied Republicans joined together to strip Cannon of many of his powers , including the ability to name committee members and his chairmanship of the Rules Committee . Fifteen years later , Speaker Nicholas Longworth restored much , but not all , of the lost influence of the position . One of the most influential Speakers in history was Democrat Sam Rayburn . Rayburn was the longest - serving Speaker in history , holding office from 1940 to 1947 , 1949 to 1953 , and 1955 to 1961 . He helped shape many bills , working quietly in the background with House committees . He also helped ensure the passage of several domestic measures and foreign assistance programs advocated by Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman . Rayburn 's successor , Democrat John William McCormack ( served 1962 -- 1971 ) , was a somewhat less influential speaker , particularly because of dissent from younger members of the Democratic Party . During the mid-1970s , the power of the speakership once again grew under Democrat Carl Albert . The Committee on Rules ceased to be a semi-independent panel , as it had been since 1910 . Instead , it once again became an arm of the party leadership . Moreover , in 1975 , the Speaker was granted the authority to appoint a majority of the members of the Rules Committee . Meanwhile , the power of committee chairmen was curtailed , further increasing the relative influence of the Speaker . Albert 's successor , Democrat Tip O'Neill , was a prominent Speaker because of his public opposition to the policies of President Ronald Reagan . O'Neill is the longest continually serving Speaker , from 1977 through 1987 . He challenged Reagan on domestic programs and on defense expenditures . Republicans made O'Neill the target of their election campaigns in 1980 and 1982 but Democrats managed to retain their majorities in both years . The roles of the parties reversed in 1994 when , after spending forty years in the minority , the Republicans regained control of the House with the `` Contract with America '' , an idea spearheaded by Minority Whip Newt Gingrich . Speaker Gingrich would regularly clash with Democratic President Bill Clinton , leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 , in which Clinton was largely seen to have prevailed . Gingrich 's hold on the leadership was weakened significantly by that and several other controversies , and he faced a caucus revolt in 1997 . After the Republicans lost House seats in 1998 ( although retaining a majority ) he did not stand for a third term as Speaker . His successor , Dennis Hastert , had been chosen as a compromise candidate , since the other Republicans in the leadership were more controversial . Hastert played a much less prominent role than other contemporary Speakers , being overshadowed by House Majority Leader Tom DeLay and President George W. Bush . The Republicans came out of the 2000 elections with a further reduced majority but made small gains in 2002 and 2004 . The periods of 2001 -- 2002 and 2003 -- 2007 were the first times since 1953 -- 1955 that there was single - party Republican leadership in Washington , interrupted from 2001 -- 2003 as Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican Party to become independent and caucused with Senate Democrats to give them a 51 - 49 majority . In the 2006 midterm elections , the Democrats won a majority in the House . Nancy Pelosi became Speaker when the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , making her the first female to hold the office . With the election of Barack Obama as President and Democratic gains in both houses of Congress , Pelosi became the first Speaker since Tom Foley to hold the office during single - party Democratic leadership in Washington . During the 111th Congress , Pelosi was the driving force behind several of Obama 's major initiatives that proved controversial , and the Republicans campaigned against the Democrats ' legislation by staging a `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour and regained control of the House in the 2010 midterm elections . House Minority Leader John Boehner was elected as Speaker . Notable elections ( edit ) Speaker Nancy Pelosi ( right ) with Vice President Dick Cheney behind President George W. Bush at the 2007 State of the Union Address making history as the first woman to sit behind the podium at such an address . President Bush acknowledged this by beginning his speech with the words , `` Tonight , I have a high privilege and distinct honor of my own -- as the first President to begin the State of the Union message with these words : Madam Speaker '' . This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas Historically , there have been several controversial elections to the speakership , such as the contest of 1839 . In that case , even though the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2 , the House could not begin the speakership election until December 14 because of an election dispute in New Jersey known as the `` Broad Seal War '' . Two rival delegations , one Whig and the other Democrat , had been certified as elected by different branches of the New Jersey government . The problem was compounded by the fact that the result of the dispute would determine whether the Whigs or the Democrats held the majority . Neither party agreed to permit a speakership election with the opposite party 's delegation participating . Finally , it was agreed to exclude both delegations from the election and a Speaker was finally chosen on December 17 . Another , more prolonged fight occurred in 1855 in the 34th United States Congress . The old Whig Party had collapsed but no single party had emerged to replace it . Candidates opposing the Democrats had run under a bewildering variety of labels , including Whig , Republican , American ( Know Nothing ) , and simply `` Opposition '' . By the time Congress actually met in December 1855 , most of the northerners were concentrated together as Republicans , while most of the southerners and a few northerners used the American or Know Nothing label . Opponents of the Democrats held a majority in House , with the party makeup of the 234 Representatives being 83 Democrats , 108 Republicans , and 43 Know Nothings ( primarily southern oppositionists ) . The Democratic minority nominated William Alexander Richardson of Illinois as Speaker , but because of sectional distrust , the various oppositionists were unable to agree on a single candidate for Speaker . The Republicans supported Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of Massachusetts , who had been elected as a Know Nothing but was now largely identified with the Republicans . The southern Know Nothings supported first Humphrey Marshall of Kentucky , and then Henry M. Fuller of Pennsylvania . The voting went on for almost two months with no candidate able to secure a majority , until it was finally agreed to elect the Speaker by plurality vote , and Banks was elected . The House found itself in a similar dilemma when the 36th Congress met in December 1859 . Although the Republicans held a plurality , the Republican candidate , John Sherman , was unacceptable to southern oppositionists due to his anti-slavery views , and once again the House was unable to elect a Speaker for several months . After Democrats allied with southern oppositionists to nearly elect the North Carolina oppositionist William N.H. Smith , Sherman finally withdrew in favor of compromise candidate William Pennington of New Jersey , a former Whig of unclear partisan loyalties , who was finally elected Speaker at the end of January 1860 . The last speakership elections in which the House had to vote more than once occurred in the 65th and 72nd United States Congress . In 1917 , neither the Republican nor the Democratic candidate could attain a majority because three members of the Progressive Party and other individual members of other parties voted for their own party . The Republicans had a plurality in the House but James `` Champ '' Clark remained Speaker of the House because of the support of the Progressive Party members . In 1931 , both the Republicans and the Democrats had 217 members with the Minnesota Farmer - Labor Party having one member who served as the deciding vote . The Farmer - Labor Party eventually voted for the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker , John Nance Garner , who later became Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt . In 1997 , several Republican congressional leaders tried to force Speaker Newt Gingrich to resign . However , Gingrich refused since that would have required a new election for Speaker , which could have led to Democrats along with dissenting Republicans voting for Democrat Dick Gephardt ( then Minority Leader ) as Speaker . After the 1998 midterm elections where the Republicans lost seats , Gingrich did not stand for re-election . The next two figures in the House Republican leadership hierarchy , Majority Leader Richard Armey and Majority Whip Tom DeLay , chose not to run for the office . The chairman of the House Appropriations Committee , Bob Livingston , declared his bid for the speakership , which was unopposed , making him Speaker - designate . It was then revealed , by Livingston himself , who had been publicly critical of President Bill Clinton 's perjury during his sexual harassment trial , that he had engaged in an extramarital affair . He opted to resign from the House , despite being urged to stay on by House Democratic leader Gephardt . Subsequently , chief deputy whip Dennis Hastert was selected as Speaker . The Republicans retained their majorities in the 2000 , 2002 , and 2004 elections . The Democrats won a majority of seats in the 2006 midterm elections . On November 16 , 2006 , Nancy Pelosi , who was then Minority Leader , was selected as Speaker - designate by House Democrats . When the 110th Congress convened on January 4 , 2007 , she was elected as the 52nd Speaker by a vote of 233 - 202 , becoming the first woman elected Speaker of the House . Pelosi remained Speaker through the 111th Congress . For the 112th Congress , Republican John Boehner was unanimously designated Speaker - designate by House Republicans and was elected the 53rd Speaker of the House . As a show of dissent , nineteen Democratic representatives voted for Democrats other than Pelosi , who had been chosen as House Minority Leader and the Democrats ' candidate for Speaker . Partisan role ( edit ) The sitting Speaker , Paul Ryan , seen taking his oath of office following his election on October 29 , 2015 The Constitution does not spell out the political role of the Speaker . As the office has developed historically , however , it has taken on a clearly partisan cast , very different from the speakership of most Westminster - style legislatures , such as the Speaker of the British House of Commons , which is meant to be scrupulously non-partisan . The Speaker in the United States , by tradition , is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives , outranking the Majority Leader . However , despite having the right to vote , the Speaker usually does not participate in debate and rarely votes . The Speaker is responsible for ensuring that the House passes legislation supported by the majority party . In pursuing this goal , the Speaker may use their power to determine when each bill reaches the floor . They also chair the majority party 's steering committee in the House . While the Speaker is the functioning head of the House majority party , the same is not true of the President pro tempore of the Senate , whose office is primarily ceremonial and honorary . When the Speaker and the President belong to the same party , the Speaker tends to play the role in a more ceremonial light , as seen when Dennis Hastert played a very low - key role during the presidency of fellow Republican George W. Bush . Nevertheless , there are times when the Speaker plays a much larger role if the President is a fellow member of their party , and thus , the Speaker is tasked with pushing through the agenda of the majority party , often at the expense of the minority opposition . This can be seen , most of all , in the speakership of Democratic - Republican Henry Clay , who personally ensured the presidential victory of fellow Democratic - Republican John Quincy Adams . Democrat Sam Rayburn was a key player in the passing of New Deal legislation under the presidency of fellow Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt . Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon ( under Theodore Roosevelt ) was particularly infamous for his marginalization of the minority Democrats and centralizing of authority to the speakership . In more recent times , Speaker Nancy Pelosi played a role in continuing the push for health care reform during the presidency of fellow Democrat Barack Obama . The Republicans campaigned against Pelosi and the Democrats ' legislation with their `` Fire Pelosi '' bus tour . On the other hand , when the Speaker and the President belong to opposite parties , the public role and influence of the Speaker tend to increase . As the highest - ranking member of the opposition party ( and de facto Leader of the Opposition ) , the Speaker is normally the chief public opponent of the President 's agenda . In this scenario , the Speaker is known for undercutting the President 's agenda by blocking measures by the minority party or rejecting bills by the Senate . One famous instance came in the form of Thomas Brackett Reed ( under Grover Cleveland ) , a Speaker notorious for his successful attempt to force the Democrats to vote on measures where the Republicans had clear majorities , which ensured that Cleveland 's Democrats were in no position to challenge the Republicans in the House . Joseph Cannon was particularly unique in that he led the conservative `` Old Guard '' wing of the Republican Party , while his President -- Theodore Roosevelt -- was of the more progressive clique , and more than just marginalizing the Democrats , Cannon used his power to punish the dissidents in his party and obstruct the progressive wing of the Republican Party . More modern examples include Tip O'Neill , who was a vocal opponent of President Ronald Reagan 's economic and defense policies ; Newt Gingrich , who fought a bitter battle with President Bill Clinton for control of domestic policy ; Nancy Pelosi , who argued with President George W. Bush over the Iraq War ; and John Boehner , who clashed with President Barack Obama over budget issues and health care . Presiding officer ( edit ) James Polk is the only Speaker to also serve as President of the United States . As presiding officer of the House of Representatives , the Speaker holds a variety of powers over the House and is ceremonially the highest - ranking legislative official in the US government . The Speaker may delegate his powers to a member of the House to act as Speaker pro tempore and preside over the House in the Speaker 's absence ; when this has occurred the delegation has always been to a member of the same party . During important debates , the Speaker pro tempore is ordinarily a senior member of the majority party who may be chosen for his skill in presiding . At other times , more junior members may be assigned to preside to give them experience with the rules and procedures of the House . The Speaker may also designate , with approval of the House , a Speaker pro tempore for special purposes , such as designating a Representative whose district is near Washington , D.C. to sign enrolled bills during long recesses . Under the Rules of the House , the Speaker , `` as soon as practicable after the election of the Speaker and whenever appropriate thereafter , '' must deliver to the Clerk of the House a confidential list of Members who are designated to act as Speaker in the case of a vacancy or physical inability of the Speaker to perform their duties . On the floor of the House , the presiding officer is always addressed as `` Mister Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker , '' even if it is a Speaker pro tempore , and not the Speaker themselves . When the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole , the Speaker designates a member to preside over the Committee as the Chairman , who is addressed as `` Mister Chairman '' or `` Madam Chairwoman . '' To speak , members must seek the presiding officer 's recognition . The presiding officer also rules on all points of order but such rulings may be appealed to the whole House . The Speaker is responsible for maintaining decorum in the House and may order the Sergeant - at - Arms to enforce House rules . The Speaker 's powers and duties extend beyond presiding in the chamber . In particular , the Speaker has great influence over the committee process . The Speaker selects nine of the thirteen members of the powerful Committee on Rules , subject to the approval of the entire majority party . The leadership of the minority party chooses the remaining four members . Furthermore , the Speaker appoints all members of select committees and conference committees . Moreover , when a bill is introduced , the Speaker determines which committee will consider it . As a member of the House , the Speaker is entitled to participate in debate and to vote but , by custom , only does so in exceptional circumstances . Ordinarily , the Speaker votes only when the Speaker 's vote would be decisive or on matters of great importance , such as constitutional amendments or major legislation . Other functions ( edit ) The speaker 's office in the US Capitol , during the term of Dennis Hastert ( 1999 to 2007 ) Because joint sessions and joint meetings of Congress are held in the House chamber , the Speaker presides over joint sessions to hear addresses by the President , and joint meetings to hear addresses from foreign leaders or other invited guests . However , the Twelfth Amendment and 3 U.S.C. § 15 require that the President of the Senate preside over joint sessions of Congress assembled to count electoral votes and to certify the results of a presidential election . The Speaker is also responsible for overseeing the officers of the House : the Clerk , the Sergeant - at - Arms , the Chief Administrative Officer , and the Chaplain . The Speaker can dismiss any of these officers . The Speaker appoints the House Historian and the General Counsel and , jointly with the Majority and Minority Leaders , appoints the House Inspector General . The Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession , immediately after the Vice President , under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 . The Speaker is followed in the line of succession by the President pro tempore of the Senate and by the heads of federal executive departments . To date , the implementation of the Presidential Succession Act has never been necessary and no Speaker has ever acted as President . Implementation of the law almost became necessary in 1973 after the resignation of Vice President Spiro Agnew . At the time , many believed that President Richard Nixon would resign because of the Watergate scandal , allowing Speaker Carl Albert to succeed to the Presidency . However , before he resigned , Nixon appointed Gerald Ford as Vice President in accordance with the Twenty - fifth Amendment . Nevertheless , the United States government takes the Speaker 's place in the line of succession seriously enough that , for example , following the terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , Speakers used military jets to fly back and forth to their districts and for other travel until Speaker Boehner discontinued the practice in 2011 . The Speaker of the House is one of the officers to whom declarations of presidential inability or ability to resume the Presidency must be addressed under the Twenty - fifth Amendment . List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Recent election results ( edit ) Main article : List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections To be elected as Speaker , a candidate must receive an absolute majority of all votes cast for individuals , excluding those who abstain . January 2011 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 5 , 2011 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 242 55.6 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 173 40.0 % Heath Shuler ( D ) 11 2.5 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.5 % Dennis Cardoza ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Costa ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Steny Hoyer ( D ) 0.2 % Marcy Kaptur ( D ) 0.2 % Total 433 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 0.2 % January 2013 ( edit ) Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 3 , 2013 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 220 50.8 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 192 44.3 % Eric Cantor ( R ) 0.7 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.5 % Allen West ( R ) 0.5 % Justin Amash ( R ) 0.2 % John Dingell ( D ) 0.2 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.2 % Raul Labrador ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % David Walker ( R ) 0.2 % Total 426 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 6 1.4 % Vacant 0.5 % January 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , January 2015 Source : Election of the Speaker Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives . January 6 , 2015 . Candidate Votes % ✓ John Boehner ( R ) 216 52.9 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 164 40.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 12 2.9 % Louie Gohmert ( R ) 0.7 % Ted Yoho ( R ) 0.5 % Jim Jordan ( R ) 0.5 % Jeff Duncan ( R ) 0.2 % Rand Paul ( R ) 0.2 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Trey Gowdy ( R ) 0.2 % Kevin McCarthy ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % Peter DeFazio ( D ) 0.2 % Jeff Sessions ( R ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 408 100.0 % `` Present '' 0.2 % Not voting 25 5.7 % Vacant 0.2 % October 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , October 2015 On September 25 , 2015 , Speaker Boehner formally announced to the Republican congressional caucus of his intention to resign from the House on October 30 , 2015 , which necessitated an election for a new speaker before that time . The election was held on October 29 . Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 236 54.3 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 184 42.3 % Dan Webster ( R ) 9 2.0 % Colin Powell ( R ) 0.2 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Total 432 Not voting Vacant 0 January 2017 ( edit ) Main article : Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election , 2017 Candidate Votes % ✓ Paul Ryan ( R ) 239 55.2 % Nancy Pelosi ( D ) 189 43.6 % Tim Ryan ( D ) 0.5 % Jim Cooper ( D ) 0.2 % John Lewis ( D ) 0.2 % Dan Webster ( R ) 0.2 % Total 433 Not voting Vacant 0 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal List of Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Leaders of the United States House of Representatives Bibliography ( edit ) Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 -- 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Garraty , John , ed . American National Biography ( 1999 ) 20 volumes ; contains scholarly biographies of all Speakers no longer alive . Green , Matthew N. The Speaker of the House : A Study of Leadership ( Yale University Press ; 2010 ) 292 pages ; Examines partisan pressures and other factors that shaped the leadership of the speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives ; focuses on the period since 1940 . Grossman , Mark . Speakers of the House of Representatives ( Amenia , NY : Grey House Publishing , 2009 ) . The comprehensive work on the subject , covering , in depth , the lives of the Speakers from Frederick Muhlenberg to Nancy Pelosi . Remini , Robert V . The House : the History of the House of Representatives ( Smithsonian Books , 2006 ) . The standard scholarly history . Rohde , David W. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House ( 1991 ) . Smock , Raymond W. , and Susan W. Hammond , eds . Masters of the House : Congressional Leadership Over Two Centuries ( 1998 ) . Short biographies of key leaders . Zelizer . Julian E. ed . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy ( 2004 ) . A comprehensive history by 40 scholars . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Not a sitting member of the House of Representatives . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See the United States Presidential Line of Succession statute , 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ Beth , Richard S. ; Heitshusen , Valerie ( January 4 , 2017 ) . Speakers of the House : Elections , 1913 - 2017 ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` We 're sorry , that page ca n't be found '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Ripley , Party Leaders in the House of Representatives , pp. 98 - 99 . Jump up ^ `` Muhlenberg , Frederick Augustus Conrad '' http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M001063 . Jump up ^ Oswald Seidensticker , `` Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg , Speaker of the House of Representatives , in the First Congress , 1789 , '' Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography Vol. 13 , No. 2 ( Jul. 1889 ) , pp. 184 - 206 in JSTOR Jump up ^ C Stewart III , Architect or tactician ? Henry Clay and the institutional development of the US House of Representatives '' 1998 , online Jump up ^ Robinson , William A. `` Thomas B. Reed , Parliamentarian '' . The American Historical Review , October 1931 . pp. 137 -- 138 . Jump up ^ Oleszek , Walter J. ( December 1998 ) . `` A Pre-Twentieth Century Look at the House Committee on Rules '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2005 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles O. Jones , `` Joseph G. Cannon and Howard W. Smith : An Essay on the Limits of Leadership in the House of Representatives , '' Journal of Politics ( 1968 ) , 30 : 617 - 646 doi : 10.2307 / 2128798 Jump up ^ `` Sam Rayburn House Museum '' . Texas Historical Commission . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ See Party Divisions of United States Congresses ^ Jump up to : Condon , Stephanie ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` GOP to Launch `` Fire Pelosi '' Bus Tour `` . CBS News . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sanchez , Ray ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Nancy Pelosi : House Speaker 's Exclusive Interview With Diane Sawyer -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bush , George W. ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address '' . The White House . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . Ordeal of the Union , Volume II : A House Dividing 1852 -- 1857 ( New York , 1947 ) , 413 - 415 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins . The Emergence of Lincoln , Volume II : Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( New York , 1950 ) , 116 - 123 . Jump up ^ San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... City & County of San Francisco , November 16 , 2006 . Retrieved on July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ John M. Broder ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Jubilant Democrats Assume Control on Capitol Hill '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Pelosi steeled White House for health push -- Carrie Budoff Brown and Glenn Thrush '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hurst , Steven R. ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Republicans take charge of US House , poised for clashes with Obama over spending , health care '' . 1310 News . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Speaker of the House Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Speaker Pro Tempore Law & Legal Definition . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . January 6 , 2015 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( Americapedia : Taking the Dumb Out of Freedom Jodi Lynn Anderson , Daniel Ehrenhaft & Andisheh Nouraee ) 2011 , Bloomsbury Publishing Page 26 . Jump up ^ Heitshusen , Valerie ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Electing the Speaker of the House of Representatives : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Shesgreen , Deirdre ; Allen , Cooper ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Speaker John Boehner to resign from Congress '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` FINAL VOTE RESULTS FOR ROLL CALL 581 '' . Clerk of US House of Representatives . October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Speaker of the House of Representatives '' . Retrieved 30 October 2016 . Official Website , Information about role as party leader , powers as presiding officer . `` Capitol Questions . '' C - SPAN ( 2003 ) . Notable elections and role . The Cannon Centenary Conference : The Changing Nature of the Speakership. ( 2003 ) . House Document 108 - 204 . History , nature and role of the Speakership . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress , 5th ed. ( 2000 ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . Wilson , Woodrow. ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Vice President Mike Pence 2nd in line Succeeded by President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Muhlenberg Trumbull Dayton Sedgwick Macon Varnum Clay Cheves Taylor Barbour Stevenson Bell Polk Hunter White Jones Davis Winthrop Cobb Boyd Banks Orr Pennington Grow Colfax Pomeroy Blaine Kerr Randall Keifer Carlisle Reed Crisp Henderson Cannon Clark Gillett Longworth Garner Rainey Byrns Bankhead Rayburn Martin McCormack Albert O'Neill Wright Foley Gingrich Hastert Pelosi Boehner Ryan Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( John Sullivan ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( Robert Wilkie ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Sullivan serves as the Acting Secretary of State , and is thus ineligible for the presidency . Mike Pompeo has been formally nominated for the position by Donald Trump . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . 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who is the speaker of the house in the house of representatives
[ "The current House Speaker is Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin. He was elected to the office on October 29, 2015, and is the 54th person to serve as Speaker." ]
[ "Congressman Paul Ryan from Wisconsin" ]
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Can't You See (The Marshall Tucker Band song)
Ca n't You See ( the Marshall Tucker Band song ) - wikipedia Ca n't You See ( the Marshall Tucker Band song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Ca n't You See '' Single by The Marshall Tucker Band from the album The Marshall Tucker Band Released 1973 ( Original release ) 1977 ( Re-release ) Recorded 1973 Genre Country rock , southern rock Length 6 : 05 Label Capricorn Songwriter ( s ) Toy Caldwell Producer ( s ) Paul Hornsby The Marshall Tucker Band singles chronology `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1973 ) `` My Jesus '' ( 1973 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1973 ) `` My Jesus '' ( 1973 ) `` Heard It in a Love Song '' ( 1977 ) Heard It in a Love Song 1977 `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1977 ) Ca n't You See1977 `` Dream Lover '' ( 1978 ) Dream Lover1978 `` Ca n't You See '' is a song written by Toy Caldwell of The Marshall Tucker Band . The song was originally recorded by the band on their 1973 debut album , The Marshall Tucker Band , and released as the album 's first single . It was re-released in 1977 and peaked at number 75 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Cover versions of `` Ca n't You See '' have charted for Waylon Jennings ( in 1976 ) and the Zac Brown Band with Kid Rock ( 2010 ) . The song is featured in the 2001 films Blow and Scotland , PA , the 2008 Joshua Michael Stern film Swing Vote , and at least two commercials : one for Busch Beer ( 2011 ) and one for tourism in Gatlinburg , Tennessee ( 2012 ) . A live version is included as the final track on the band 's 1975 album , Searchin ' for a Rainbow . The original recording is noted for its flute introduction and ending , both by Jerry Eubanks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Artistry 2 Cover versions 2.1 Waylon Jennings 2.2 Other versions 3 Chart performance 3.1 The Marshall Tucker Band 3.2 Waylon Jennings 3.3 Zac Brown Band with Kid Rock 4 References 5 External links Artistry ( edit ) The song , musically , is a cross between country rock and Southern rock . The lyrics are noted as being dark , reflecting heartache and `` a man running as far away as he can to begin the process of healing himself '' . Cover versions ( edit ) Waylon Jennings ( edit ) `` Ca n't You See '' Single by Waylon Jennings from the album Are You Ready for the Country B - side `` I 'll Go Back To Her '' Released July 1976 Genre Country Length 3 : 46 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Toy Caldwell Producer ( s ) Waylon Jennings Ken Mansfield Waylon Jennings singles chronology `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Ready for the Country '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' ( 1975 ) `` Ca n't You See '' ( 1976 ) `` Are You Ready for the Country '' ( 1976 ) `` Ca n't You See '' was covered by American country music artist Waylon Jennings for his 1976 album Are You Ready for the Country . Jennings ' version was released as the album 's first single in July 1976 and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart . It also reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada . Other versions ( edit ) Hank Williams , Jr. covered `` Ca n't You See '' for his album Hank Williams , Jr. and Friends in 1975 . The Minglewood Band of the Canadian Maritimes covered `` Ca n't You See '' from their self - penned 1979 album , which became a much - requested staple of its live act . The Charlie Daniels Band covered `` Ca n't You See '' for their 1981 live album Volunteer Jam VII and the 1999 album Tailgate Party . Alabama covered `` Ca n't You See '' for their 1988 Alabama Live album with Jeff Cook on lead vocals . The Zac Brown Band , along with Kid Rock , covered `` Ca n't You See '' on their 2010 live benefit album , Pass the Jar . Black Stone Cherry covered the song on their 2011 album Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea . Poison covered the song on their album Poison 'd in 2007 . The Allman Brothers Band covered the song live with Kid Rock in 2009 . Sam Morrison Band of Fullerton , CA covered the song in their self - titled CD around 2008 and later covered it again as a single in 2013 . Lost Possum covered `` Ca n't You See '' on their 2008 album , Juggernaut . Halfway to Gone covered `` Ca n't You See '' for the compilation album Sucking the 70s . DJ Andy Beneker ( DJ AndyB ) covered the song in 2014 as a mashup with Nelly 's Country Grammar . Vinyl Gypsies cover at the Chop Shop 08 / 27 / 2016 Chart performance ( edit ) The Marshall Tucker Band ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 8 Chart ( 1977 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 75 Canadian RPM Top Singles 57 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary 39 Waylon Jennings ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 97 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Zac Brown Band with Kid Rock ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://ultimateclassicrock.com/marshall-tucker-band-cant-you-see-top-100-classic-rock-songs/ Jump up ^ `` The Marshall Tucker Band singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings singles '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Singles for October 9 , 1976 '' . RPM . Retrieved 16 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mark Allan . `` Minglewood Band - The Minglewood Band Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Marshall Tucker Band Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The Marshall Tucker Band Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Waylon Jennings Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Zac Brown Band Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` ( I 'm A ) Stand by My Woman Man '' by Ronnie Milsap RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 2 , 1976 Succeeded by `` All I Can Do '' by Dolly Parton ( hide ) Waylon Jennings Albums Singles Studio albums Waylon at JD 's Folk - Country Leavin ' Town Nashville Rebel Waylon Sings Ol ' Harlan Love of the Common People The One and Only Hangin ' On Only the Greatest Jewels Just to Satisfy You Waylon Singer of Sad Songs The Taker / Tulsa Cedartown , Georgia Good Hearted Woman Ladies Love Outlaws Lonesome , On'ry and Mean Honky Tonk Heroes This Time The Ramblin ' Man Dreaming My Dreams Are You Ready for the Country Ol ' Waylon I 've Always Been Crazy What Goes Around Comes Around Music Man Black on Black It 's Only Rock + Roll Waylon and Company Never Could Toe the Mark Turn the Page Sweet Mother Texas Will the Wolf Survive Hangin ' Tough A Man Called Hoss Full Circle The Eagle Too Dumb for New York City , Too Ugly for L.A. Ol ' Waylon Sings Ol ' Hank Cowboys , Sisters , Rascals & Dirt Waymore 's Blues ( Part II ) Right for the Time Closing In on the Fire Waylon Forever Goin ' Down Rockin ' : The Last Recordings Live albums Waylon Live Never Say Die : Live Live from Austin , TX Never Say Die : The Final Concert Notable singles 1960s `` That 's the Chance I 'll Have to Take '' `` Stop the World ( And Let Me Off ) '' `` Anita , You 're Dreaming '' `` Time to Bum Again '' `` ( That 's What You Get ) For Lovin ' Me '' `` Green River '' `` Mental Revenge '' `` The Chokin ' Kind '' `` Walk On Out of My Mind '' `` I Got You '' with Anita Carter `` Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line '' `` Yours Love '' `` Something 's Wrong in California '' `` The Days of Sand and Shovels '' `` Brown Eyed Handsome Man '' 1970s `` Singer of Sad Songs '' `` The Taker '' `` ( Do n't Let the Sun Set on You ) Tulsa '' `` Mississippi Woman '' `` Under Your Spell Again '' with Jessi Colter `` Cedartown , Georgia '' `` Good Hearted Woman '' `` Sweet Dream Woman '' `` Pretend I Never Happened '' `` You Can Have Her '' `` We Had It All '' `` You Ask Me To '' `` This Time '' `` I 'm a Ramblin ' Man '' `` Rainy Day Woman '' `` Dreaming My Dreams with You '' `` Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way '' `` Bob Wills Is Still the King '' `` Ca n't You See '' `` Are You Ready for the Country '' `` Luckenbach , Texas ( Back to the Basics of Love ) '' `` I 've Always Been Crazy '' `` Do n't You Think This Outlaw Bit 's Done Got Out of Hand '' `` Amanda '' `` Come With Me '' `` I Ai n't Living Long Like This '' 1980s -- 1990s `` Clyde '' `` Good Ol ' Boys '' `` Storms Never Last '' with Jessi Colter `` Shine '' `` Just to Satisfy You '' with Willie Nelson `` Women Do Know How to Carry On '' `` Lucille ( You Wo n't Do Your Daddy 's Will ) '' `` Breakin ' Down '' `` Hold On , I 'm Comin ' '' with Jerry Reed `` The Conversation '' with Hank Williams Jr . `` I May Be Used ( But Baby I Ai n't Used Up ) '' `` Never Could Toe the Mark '' `` America '' `` Waltz Me to Heaven '' `` Drinkin ' and Dreamin ' '' `` The Devil 's on the Loose '' `` Working Without a Net '' `` Will the Wolf Survive '' `` What You 'll Do When I 'm Gone '' `` Rose in Paradise '' `` Fallin ' Out '' `` My Rough and Rowdy Days '' `` If Ole Hank Could Only See Us Now '' `` How Much Is It Worth to Live in L.A. '' `` Which Way Do I Go ( Now That I 'm Gone ) '' `` Trouble Man '' `` You Put the Soul in the Song '' `` Wrong '' `` Where Corn Do n't Grow '' `` What Bothers Me Most '' `` The Eagle '' `` Just Talkin ' '' `` Too Dumb for New York City '' `` Wild Ones '' `` I Know About Me Do n't Know About You '' `` Outlaw Shit '' Collaborations Waylon & Willie Albums : Waylon & Willie WWII Take It to the Limit Clean Shirt Super Hits Singles : `` The Wurlitzer Prize ( I Do n't Want to Get Over You ) '' `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' `` ( Sittin ' On ) The Dock of the Bay '' `` Take It to the Limit '' `` If I Can Find a Clean Shirt '' Other collaborations Country - Folk with The Kimberlys Leather and Lace with Jessi Colter Heroes with Johnny Cash Old 97 's & Waylon Jennings with Old 97 's Collaboration singles `` MacArthur Park '' with The Kimberlys `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter `` Good Hearted Woman '' with Willie Nelson ( Re-recording ) `` Suspicious Minds '' with Jessi Colter ( Re-release from Wanted ! The Outlaws ) `` There Ai n't No Good Chain Gang '' with Johnny Cash `` Wish I Was Crazy Again '' with Johnny Cash `` The Wild Side of Life / It Was n't God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels '' with Jessi Colter `` Leave Them Boys Alone '' with Hank Williams Jr. and Ernest Tubb `` Even Cowgirls Get the Blues '' with Johnny Cash `` Ballad of Forty Dollars '' with Johnny Cash `` Somewhere Between Ragged and Right '' with John Anderson `` High Ridin ' Heroes '' with David Lynn Jones `` One Good Love '' with Neil Diamond Compilations The Best of Waylon Jennings Do n't Think Twice Ruby , Do n't Take Your Love to Town Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line Heartaches by the Number Greatest Hits Waylon 's Greatest Hits , Vol. 2 The Best of Waylon New Classic Waylon Only Daddy That 'll Walk the Line : The RCA Years The Journey : Six Strings Away The Journey : Destiny 's Child The Restless Kid : Live at JD 's 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Waylon Jennings RCA Country Legends Ultimate Waylon Jennings 16 Biggest Hits Nashville Rebel The Essential Waylon Jennings Related The Waylors Outlaw country Wanted ! The Outlaws `` We Are the World '' The Highwaymen Old Dogs Jessi Colter Waylon Albright `` Shooter '' Jennings Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_You_See_(The_Marshall_Tucker_Band_song)&oldid=830148390 '' Categories : 1976 singles 1977 singles 1973 songs Waylon Jennings songs The Marshall Tucker Band songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Zac Brown Band songs Kid Rock songs Capricorn Records singles RCA Records singles Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 01 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who wrote the song can't you see
[ "\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n\n\nSingle by The Marshall Tucker Band\n\n\nfrom the album The Marshall Tucker Band\n\n\nReleased\n1973 (Original release)\n1977 (Re-release)\n\n\nRecorded\n1973\n\n\nGenre\nCountry rock,[1] southern rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n6:05\n\n\nLabel\nCapricorn\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nToy Caldwell\n\n\nProducer(s)\nPaul Hornsby\n\n\nThe Marshall Tucker Band singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n(1973)\n\"My Jesus\"\n(1973)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n(1973)\n\"My Jesus\"\n(1973)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Heard It in a Love Song\"\n(1977) Heard It in a Love Song1977\n\n\n\"Can't You See\"\n(1977) Can't You See1977\n\n\n\"Dream Lover\"\n(1978) Dream Lover1978\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "Toy Caldwell" ]
3544451114693583080
An American Girl: Grace Stirs Up Success
An American Girl : Grace Stirs up Success - wikipedia An American Girl : Grace Stirs up Success Jump to : navigation , search An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success Cover art for the film . Directed by Vince Marcello Screenplay by Jessica O'Toole Amy Rardin Based on Grace by Mary Casanova Starring Olivia Rodrigo Virginia Madsen Eloise Webb Caitlin Carmichael Notlim Taylor Production company Universal Studios Distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment Release date June 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 09 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success is a 2015 family - drama film starring newcomer Olivia Rodrigo in the title role , Virginia Madsen , Eloise Webb , Caitlin Carmichael , Notlim Taylor , Lili Bordán , Fabrice Michel , Roxane Bret , Krisztina Peremartoni and András Bálint in supporting roles , along with an appearance from restaurateur Joe Bastianich as himself . As with the previous films , Grace was directed by Vince Marcello , with screenplay by Jessica O'Toole and Amy Rardin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2015 ) The film focuses on 2015 Girl of the Year Grace Thomas , as she takes an unexpected trip to Paris and finds a way to save her grandparents ' ailing bakery by joining in a season of MasterChef Junior . Cast ( edit ) Olivia Rodrigo as Grace Thomas Virginia Madsen as Mrs. Thomas Eloise Webb as Sylvie Caitlin Carmichael as Maddy Notlim Taylor as Ella Rafael Edholm as Mr. Thomas Krisztina Peremartoni as Grandma András Bálint as Grandpa Fabrice Michel as Uncle Bernard Lili Bordán as Aunt Sophie Roxane Bret ( fr ) as Colette Thierry Harcourt as Jean - Luc Pernaud Joe Bastianich as himself Tom Doherty as Josh Maxime Leigh - Wood as Carter Release ( edit ) The direct - to - video film was released on video - on - demand services on June 9 , 2015 , and was released for DVD and Blu - Ray on June 23 . A limited theatrical screening of the film was held at the Backus Community Center in International Falls , Minnesota on June 23 , 2015 . Similar film - viewing events were also held at all American Girl Place stores . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success ( 2015 ) '' . Moviefone . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` From Universal Pictures Home Entertainment : An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success '' . PR Newswire. 19 May 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Galarza , Daniela ( 8 April 2015 ) . `` American Girl Flick Captures Timeless Drama of MasterChef Junior '' . Eater . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Padovano , Joanna ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Endemol Shine Inks Promo Deal with American Girl & MasterChef Junior '' . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lafayette , Jon ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` ' MasterChef Junior ' Whips Up American Girl Promo '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Characters '' . American Girl . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Steven ( 4 March 2015 ) . `` ' An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success ' Blu - ray Announced for June '' . High - Def Digest . Retrieved 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Girl movie to hit the big screen '' . International Falls Journal . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success on IMDb Official site An American Girl : Grace Stirs Up Success at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) American Girl Films Samantha : An American Girl Holiday Felicity : An American Girl Adventure Molly : An American Girl on the Home Front Kit Kittredge : An American Girl ( Soundtrack ) Chrissa Stands Strong McKenna Shoots for the Stars Saige Paints the Sky Isabelle Dances Into the Spotlight Grace Stirs Up Success Melody 1963 : Love Has to Win Maryellen 1955 : Extraordinary Christmas Authors Megan McDonald Connie Porter Valerie Tripp Laurence Yep Video games The American Girls Premiere Other Book series Bitty Baby Girls of Many Lands Götz Characters ( Kit Kittredge ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_American_Girl:_Grace_Stirs_Up_Success&oldid=826664275 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films American films Films based on American novels Films set in Massachusetts Paris in fiction American children 's films American Girl Films based on toys MasterChef ( U.S. ) Films set in Paris Universal Pictures direct - to - video films Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from June 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 10 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
who plays grace in grace stirs up success
[ "An American Girl: Grace Stirs Up Success is a 2015 family-drama film starring newcomer Olivia Rodrigo in the title role, Virginia Madsen, Eloise Webb, Caitlin Carmichael, Notlim Taylor, Lili Bordán, Fabrice Michel, Roxane Bret, Krisztina Peremartoni and András Bálint in supporting roles, along with an appearance from restaurateur Joe Bastianich as himself.[4][5]" ]
[ "Olivia Rodrigo" ]
-7344129939930603675
List of convention centers in the United States
List of Convention centers in the United States - wikipedia List of Convention centers in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The Grand Concourse of McCormick Place in Chicago , Illinois The Orange County Convention Center in Orlando , Florida The New Orleans Morial Convention Center in New Orleans , Louisiana The Anaheim Convention Center in Anaheim , California This is a list of convention centers in the United States by state or insular area . Contents ( hide ) 1 By state 1.1 Alabama 1.2 Arizona 1.3 Arkansas 1.4 California 1.5 Colorado 1.6 Connecticut 1.7 District of Columbia 1.8 Florida 1.9 Georgia 1.10 Hawaii 1.11 Idaho 1.12 Illinois 1.13 Indiana 1.14 Iowa 1.15 Kansas 1.16 Kentucky 1.17 Louisiana 1.18 Maine 1.19 Maryland 1.20 Massachusetts 1.21 Michigan 1.22 Minnesota 1.23 Mississippi 1.24 Missouri 1.25 Nevada 1.26 New Jersey 1.27 New Mexico 1.28 New York 1.29 North Carolina 1.30 Ohio 1.31 Oklahoma 1.32 Oregon 1.33 Pennsylvania 1.34 Rhode Island 1.35 South Carolina 1.36 Tennessee 1.37 Texas 1.38 Utah 1.39 Virginia 1.40 Washington 1.41 West Virginia 1.42 Wisconsin 2 By insular area 2.1 Puerto Rico 3 By size 4 See also 5 References By state ( edit ) Alabama ( edit ) Bessemer Civic Center Birmingham -- Jefferson Convention Complex Celebration Arena ( Decatur ) Daphne Civic Center Ozark Civic Center Mobile Convention Center Pelham Civic Center Von Braun Center ( Huntsville ) Arizona ( edit ) Mojave Crossing ( Fort Mohave ) Phoenix Convention Center Tucson Convention Center Walkup Skydome ( Flagstaff ) WestWorld ( Scottsdale ) Arkansas ( edit ) Pine Bluff Convention Center Statehouse Convention Center ( Little Rock ) California ( edit ) Alameda County Fairgrounds ( Pleasanton ) Anaheim Convention Center Bill Graham Civic Auditorium ( San Francisco ) Bren Events Center ( Irvine ) Business Expo Center ( Anaheim ) Carson Community Center Centennial Hall Convention Center ( Hayward ) Cow Palace ( Daly City ) Del Mar Fairgrounds ( Del Mar ) El Dorado County Fair ( Placerville ) Eureka Municipal Auditorium Fresno Convention Center Granlibakken ( Tahoe City ) Kaiser Convention Center ( Oakland ) Long Beach Convention and Entertainment Center Los Angeles Convention Center Monterey Conference Center Moscone Center ( San Francisco ) Oakland Convention Center Palm Springs Convention Center Pasadena Civic Auditorium Paso Robles Event Center Rabobank Theater and Convention Center ( Bakersfield ) Riverside Convention Center Sacramento Convention Center San Diego Convention Center San Jose Convention Center Santa Clara Convention Center Santa Monica Civic Auditorium Shrine Auditorium ( Los Angeles ) Visalia Convention Center 160th Regiment State Armory ( Los Angeles ) Colorado ( edit ) Colorado Convention Center ( Denver ) Island Grove ( Greeley ) Connecticut ( edit ) Connecticut Convention Center ( Hartford ) XL Center ( Hartford ) District of Columbia ( edit ) Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center Walter E. Washington Convention Center Florida ( edit ) Broward County Convention Center ( Fort Lauderdale ) Clemente Center ( Melbourne ) Donald L. Tucker Center ( Tallahassee ) Emerald Coast Convention Center ( Okaloosa Island / Destin ) Knight International Center ( Miami ) Miami Airport Convention Center ( Miami ) Miami Beach Convention Center Ocean Center ( Daytona Beach ) Orange County Convention Center ( Orlando ) Palm Beach County Convention Center ( West Palm Beach ) Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center ( Jacksonville ) Tampa Convention Center Volusia County Fair and Expo Center ( DeLand ) Georgia ( edit ) Atlanta Exposition Centers Centennial Olympic Park ( Atlanta ) Cobb Galleria Centre ( Atlanta ) Georgia International Convention Center ( College Park ) Georgia World Congress Center ( Atlanta ) TEE Center ( Augusta ) Hawaii ( edit ) Hawai'i Convention Center ( Honolulu ) Idaho ( edit ) Boise Centre Idaho Center ( Nampa ) Illinois ( edit ) Bank of Springfield Center ( Springfield ) Donald E. Stephens Convention Center ( Rosemont ) i wireless Center ( Moline ) McCormick Place ( Chicago ) Oakley - Lindsay Center ( Quincy ) Odeum Expo Center ( Villa Park ) Peoria Civic Center Progress City USA ( Decatur ) Renaissance Schaumburg Convention Center Hotel Tinley Park Convention Center Indiana ( edit ) Allen County War Memorial Coliseum and Exposition Center ( Fort Wayne ) Old National Events Plaza ( Evansville ) Century Center ( South Bend ) Genesis Convention Center ( Gary ) Grand Wayne Convention Center ( Fort Wayne ) Honeywell Center ( Wabash ) Indiana Convention Center ( Indianapolis ) Iowa ( edit ) Grand River Event Center ( Dubuque ) Iowa Events Center ( Des Moines ) Mid-America Center ( Council Bluffs ) Quad Cities Waterfront Convention Center ( Bettendorf ) RiverCenter / Adler Theatre ( Davenport ) Kansas ( edit ) Century II Convention Hall ( Wichita ) Overland Park Convention Center Kentucky ( edit ) Eastern Kentucky Exposition Center ( Pikeville ) Frankfort Convention Center Kentucky Exposition Center ( Louisville ) Kentucky International Convention Center ( Louisville ) Lexington Center The Center for Rural Development ( Somerset ) Louisiana ( edit ) Alario Center ( Westwego ) Blackham Coliseum ( Lafayette ) Bossier Civic Center ( Bossier City ) Burton Coliseum ( Lake Charles ) Cajundome ( Lafayette ) Houma Terrebonne Civic Center ( Houma ) Ike Hamilton Expo Center ( West Monroe ) Lake Charles Civic Center Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans ) Municipal Auditorium ( New Orleans ) Natchitoches Events Center New Orleans Morial Convention Center Pontchartrain Center ( Kenner ) Raising Cane 's River Center ( Baton Rouge ) Rapides Parish Coliseum ( Alexandria ) Shreveport Convention Center Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans ) Thomas Assembly Center ( Ruston ) University Center ( Hammond ) Vidalia Convention Center ( Vidalia ) Warren J. Harang Jr . Municipal Auditorium ( Thibodaux ) Maine ( edit ) Cross Insurance Center ( Bangor ) Portland Maine Convention Center Maryland ( edit ) Aspen Institute Wye River Conference Centers ( Queenstown ) Baltimore Convention Center Belmont Estate ( Belmont Conference Center ) ( Moore 's Morning Choice ) ( Elkridge ) Gaylord National Resort & Convention Center ( National Harbor ) Roland E. Powell Convention Center ( Ocean City ) UMUC Inn & Conference Center ( Adelphi ) Massachusetts ( edit ) Bayside Expo Center ( Boston ) - sold in 2010 to the University of Massachusetts Boston for future redevelopment Boston Convention and Exhibition Center ( Boston ) DCU Center ( Worcester ) Hynes Convention Center ( Boston ) Massachusetts Convention Center Authority MassMutual Center ( Springfield ) Michigan ( edit ) Cobo Center ( Detroit ) DeVos Place Convention Center ( Grand Rapids ) Lansing Center ( Lansing ) Suburban Collection Showplace ( Novi ) Minnesota ( edit ) Duluth Entertainment Convention Center ( DECC ) ( Duluth ) Mayo Civic Center ( Rochester ) Minneapolis Convention Center ( Minneapolis ) RiverCentre ( Saint Paul ) River 's Edge Convention Center ( Saint Cloud ) Verizon Wireless Center ( Mankato ) Mississippi ( edit ) Hattiesburg Lake Terrace Convention Center ( Hattiesburg ) Jackson Convention Complex ( Jackson ) Missouri ( edit ) America 's Center ( St. Louis ) Bartle Hall Convention Center ( Kansas City ) Branson Convention Center ( Branson ) Nevada ( edit ) See also : List of convention centers in the Las Vegas Valley Cashman Center ( Las Vegas ) Las Vegas Convention Center ( Las Vegas ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center ( Las Vegas ) MGM Grand Hotel and Casino ( Las Vegas ) Sands Expo ( Las Vegas ) New Jersey ( edit ) Atlantic City Convention Center ( Atlantic City ) Garden State Exhibit Center ( Somerset ) Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall ( frequently called Boardwalk Hall ) ( Atlantic City ) New Jersey Convention and Exposition Center ( Edison ) Meadowlands Exposition Center ( Secaucus ) Wildwoods Convention Center ( Wildwood ) New Mexico ( edit ) Albuquerque Convention Center ( Albuquerque ) Las Cruces Convention Center ( Las Cruces ) New York ( edit ) Albany Capital Center ( opening March 2017 ) ( Albany ) Brooklyn Expo Center ( Brooklyn , New York City ) Buffalo Niagara Convention Center ( Buffalo ) The Dome Center ( Henrietta ) Empire Expo Center ( Syracuse ) Jacob K. Javits Convention Center ( Manhattan , New York City ) Madison Square Garden ( Manhattan , New York City ) Madison Square Garden ( 1890 ) ( demolished ) ( Manhattan , New York City ) Madison Square Garden ( 1925 ) ( demolished ) ( Manhattan , New York City ) Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum ( Uniondale ) New York Coliseum ( demolished ) ( Manhattan , New York City ) Oncenter ( Syracuse ) Rochester Riverside Convention Center ( Rochester ) Westchester County Center ( White Plains ) North Carolina ( edit ) Charlotte Convention Center ( Charlotte ) Durham Convention Center ( Durham ) The Empire Room ( Greensboro ) Joseph S. Koury Convention Center ( Greensboro ) M.C. Benton Convention Center ( Winston - Salem ) Raleigh Convention Center ( Raleigh ) Wilmington Convention Center ( Wilmington ) Ohio ( edit ) Dayton Convention Center ( Dayton ) Duke Energy Convention Center ( Cincinnati ) Greater Columbus Convention Center ( Columbus ) Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland and Global Center for Health Innovation International Exposition ( I-X ) Center ( Cleveland ) John S. Knight Center ( Akron ) SeaGate Centre ( Toledo ) Sharonville Convention Center Oklahoma ( edit ) Cox Business Center ( formerly Tulsa Convention Center ) ( Tulsa ) Cox Convention Center ( Oklahoma City ) QuikTrip Center ( Tulsa ) Oregon ( edit ) Oregon Convention Center ( Portland ) Seaside Civic and Convention Center ( Seaside ) Pennsylvania ( edit ) Bayfront Convention Center ( Erie ) Blair County Convention Center ( Altoona ) Carlisle Expo Center ( Carlisle ) David L. Lawrence Convention Center ( Pittsburgh ) Frank J. Pasquerilla Conference Center ( Johnstown ) Greater Philadelphia Expo Center ( Oaks ) Greater Reading Expo Center ( closed ) ( Reading ) Hershey Lodge and Convention Center ( Hershey ) Lancaster County Convention Center ( Lancaster ) Pennsylvania Convention Center ( Philadelphia ) Pennsylvania Farm Show Complex & Expo Center ( Harrisburg ) York Expo Center ( York ) Rhode Island ( edit ) Rhode Island Convention Center ( Providence ) South Carolina ( edit ) TD Convention Center ( Greenville ) Charleston Area Convention Center ( Charleston ) Columbia Metropolitan Convention Center ( Columbia ) Myrtle Beach Convention Center ( Myrtle Beach ) Spartanburg Expo & Event Center ( Spartanburg ) Tennessee ( edit ) Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center ( Nashville ) Memphis Convention Center ( Memphis ) Music City Center ( Nashville ) Gatlinburg Convention Center ( Gatlinburg ) Texas ( edit ) American Bank Center ( Corpus Christi ) Fort Worth Convention Center Austin Convention Center ( Austin ) George R. Brown Convention Center ( Houston ) Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center ( San Antonio ) Irving Convention Center at Las Colinas ( Irving ) Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center ( Dallas ) Kay Yeager Colosseum ( Wichita Falls ) NRG Center ( Houston ) Pitser Garrison Convention Center ( Lufkin ) South Padre Island Convention Centre ( South Padre Island ) Waco Convention Center ( Waco ) Utah ( edit ) David Eccles Conference Center ( Ogden ) Davis Conference Center ( Layton ) Dixie Center ( St. George ) Golden Spike Arena ( Ogden ) Salt Palace ( Salt Lake City ) South Towne Exposition Center ( Sandy ) Utah Valley Convention Center ( Provo ) Virginia ( edit ) Chesapeake Conference Center ( Chesapeake ) Greater Richmond Convention Center ( Richmond ) Hampton Roads Convention Center ( Hampton ) The National Conference Center ( Lansdowne ) Virginia Beach Convention Center ( Virginia Beach ) Washington ( edit ) Greater Tacoma Convention and Trade Center ( Tacoma ) Spokane Convention Center ( Spokane ) Three Rivers Convention Center ( Tri-Cities ) Washington State Convention Center ( Seattle ) West Virginia ( edit ) Beckley - Raleigh County Convention Center ( Beckley ) Big Sandy Superstore Arena ( Huntington ) Charleston Civic Center ( Charleston ) Morgantown Event Center ( Morgantown ) Wisconsin ( edit ) Alliant Energy Center ( Madison ) Fox Cities Exhibition Center ( Appleton ) Under construction Kalahari Resorts ( Wisconsin Dells ) Monona Terrace ( Madison ) Shopko Hall ( Ashwaubenon ) Wisconsin Center ( Milwaukee ) By insular area ( edit ) Puerto Rico ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of convention centers in Puerto Rico . By size ( edit ) Name Location Exhibition space Total space McCormick Place Chicago , Illinois 2,670,000 sq ft ( 248,000 m ) Orange County Convention Center Orlando , Florida 2,100,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) . 7,000,000 sq ft ( 650,000 m ) Georgia World Congress Center Atlanta , Georgia 1,500,000 sq ft ( 140,000 m ) 3,900,000 sq ft ( 360,000 m ) Las Vegas Convention Center Las Vegas , Nevada 2,182,167 sq ft ( 202,729.9 m ) 3,200,000 sq ft ( 300,000 m ) New Orleans Morial Convention Center New Orleans , Louisiana 1,100,000 sq ft ( 100,000 m ) 3,100,000 sq ft ( 290,000 m ) San Diego Convention Center San Diego , California 615,700 sq ft ( 57,200 m ) 2,600,000 sq ft ( 240,000 m ) Cobo Center Detroit , Michigan 722,500 sq ft ( 67,120 m ) 2,400,000 sq ft ( 220,000 m ) Walter E. Washington Convention Center Washington , D.C. 703,000 sq ft ( 65,300 m ) 2,300,000 sq ft ( 210,000 m ) Sands Expo and Convention Center Las Vegas , Nevada 2,250,000 sq ft ( 209,000 m ) International Exposition Center ( I-X Center ) Cleveland , Ohio 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) 2,200,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) Colorado Convention Center Denver , Colorado 584,000 sq ft ( 54,300 m ) 2,200,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) Dallas Convention Center Dallas , Texas 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) 2,000,000 sq ft ( 190,000 m ) George R. Brown Convention Center Houston , Texas 853,000 sq ft ( 79,200 m ) 1,800,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Jacob K. Javits Convention Center New York City , New York 840,000 sq ft ( 78,000 m ) 1,800,000 sq ft ( 170,000 m ) Mandalay Bay Convention Center Las Vegas , Nevada 1,700,000 sq ft ( 160,000 m ) Greater Columbus Convention Center Columbus , Ohio 426,000 sq ft ( 39,600 m ) 1,700,000 sq ft ( 160,000 m ) Anaheim Convention Center Anaheim , California 815,000 sq ft ( 75,700 m ) 1,600,000 sq ft ( 150,000 m ) Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center San Antonio , Texas 514,000 sq ft ( 47,800 m ) 1,500,000 sq ft ( 140,000 m ) David L. Lawrence Convention Center Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 330,000 sq ft ( 31,000 m ) 1,450,000 sq ft ( 135,000 m ) NRG Center Houston , Texas 706,000 sq ft ( 65,600 m ) 1,400,000 sq ft ( 130,000 m ) Indiana Convention Center Indianapolis , Indiana 566,600 sq ft ( 52,640 m ) 1,300,000 sq ft ( 120,000 m ) Baltimore Convention Center Baltimore , Maryland 425,000 sq ft ( 39,500 m ) 1,225,000 sq ft ( 113,800 m ) Music City Center Nashville , Tennessee 350,000 sq ft ( 33,000 m ) 2,100,000 sq ft ( 200,000 m ) Kentucky Exposition Center Louisville , Kentucky 1,200,000 sq ft ( 110,000 m ) Hawaii Convention Center Honolulu , Hawaii 1,100,000 sq ft ( 100,000 m ) Cleveland Convention Center and Global Center for Health Innovation Cleveland , Ohio 767,000 sq ft ( 71,300 m ) 1,002,000 sq ft ( 93,100 m ) Oregon Convention Center Portland , Oregon 255,000 sq ft ( 23,700 m ) 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) Pennsylvania Convention Center Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 679,000 sq ft ( 63,100 m ) 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Beach , Florida 502,000 sq ft ( 46,600 m ) 1,000,000 sq ft ( 93,000 m ) Boston Convention and Exhibition Center Boston , Massachusetts 516,000 sq ft ( 47,900 m ) 976,000 sq ft ( 90,700 m ) Phoenix Convention Center Phoenix , Arizona 312,000 sq ft ( 29,000 m ) 900,000 sq ft ( 84,000 m ) Austin Convention Center Austin , Texas 246,092 sq ft ( 22,862.7 m ) 881,400 sq ft ( 81,880 m ) Donald E. Stephens Convention Center Rosemont , Illinois 840,000 sq ft ( 78,000 m ) Los Angeles Convention Center Los Angeles , California 720,000 sq ft ( 67,000 m ) 867,000 sq ft ( 80,500 m ) Moscone Convention Center San Francisco , California 700,000 sq ft ( 65,000 m ) Tampa Convention Center Tampa , Florida 600,000 sq ft ( 56,000 m ) America 's Center St. Louis , Missouri 523,000 sq ft ( 48,600 m ) Salt Palace Convention Center Salt Lake City , Utah 515,000 sq ft ( 47,800 m ) 679,000 sq ft ( 63,100 m ) Atlantic City Convention Center Atlantic City , New Jersey 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m ) Raleigh Convention Center Raleigh , North Carolina 150,000 sq ft ( 14,000 m ) 500,000 sq ft ( 46,000 m ) Bartle Hall Convention Center Kansas City , Missouri 388,000 sq ft ( 36,000 m ) Reno - Sparks Convention Center Reno , Nevada 381,000 sq ft ( 35,400 m ) Charlotte Convention Center Charlotte , North Carolina 280,000 sq ft ( 26,000 m ) 850,000 sq ft ( 79,000 m ) Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center Jacksonville , Florida 265,000 sq ft ( 24,600 m ) Wisconsin Center Milwaukee , Wisconsin 226,201 sq ft ( 21,014.8 m ) Washington State Convention Center Seattle , Washington 205,700 sq ft ( 19,110 m ) Hynes Convention Center Boston , Massachusetts 193,000 sq ft ( 17,900 m ) Roland E. Powell Convention Center Ocean City , Maryland 182,200 sq ft ( 16,930 m ) Connecticut Convention Center Hartford , Connecticut 140,000 sq ft ( 13,000 m ) 191,500 sq ft ( 17,790 m ) San Jose Convention Center San Jose , California 143,000 sq ft ( 13,300 m ) See also ( edit ) List of convention and exhibition centers List of convention centers named after people References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Convention centers in the United States . Jump up ^ Forry , Ed ( 16 Dec 2009 ) . `` UMass - Boston Seeks to Buy Bayside Expo -- Motley Says No Plans for Dorms '' . The Dorchester Reporter . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hil ( 18 Dec 2009 ) . `` Boston 's Bayside Expo Site Sold to University '' . Trade Show Executive . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.albanycapitalcenter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Durham Convention Center '' . www.visitnc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` theempireroom.com '' . theempireroom.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` businessmadecasual.com '' . businessmadecasual.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Salt Palace Convention Center '' . visitsaltlake.com/salt-palace-convention-center . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ McCormickPlace.com . `` About Us '' . Mccormickplace.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Booking a Trade Show or Convention at the OCCC '' . Orange County Convention Center . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fun Facts '' . Georgia World Congress Center . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Convention Center Las Vegas Meeting Facilities '' . Vegasmeansbusiness.com. 2010 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Convention Center '' . Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority . Retrieved August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Convention Center : Convention Facility Floor Plans '' . Visitsandiego.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.dcconvention.com Jump up ^ `` Sands Expo and Convention Center - Show Managers - Why Meet at Sands Expo '' . Sandsexpo.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Booking Information '' . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2013 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.facilitiesonline.com/pdf/Javitz.pdf Jump up ^ `` Javits Convention Center - I.M. Pei - Great Buildings Architecture '' . Greatbuildings.com. 1992 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Meeting Facilities - Mandalay Bay Convention Center '' . Mandalaybay.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Convention Center '' . Anaheim Convention Center . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Henry B. González Convention Center '' . City of San Antonio . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` About cmm '' . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Convention Center '' . VisitNC.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Events and Conventions '' . Wscc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_convention_centers_in_the_United_States&oldid=801759346 '' Categories : Lists of convention centers in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 17 : 36 . 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what is the biggest convention center in the us
[ "\n\nName\nLocation\nExhibition space[citation needed]\nTotal space[citation needed]\n\n\nMcCormick Place\nChicago, Illinois\n2,670,000 sq ft (248,000 m2)[8]\n\n\n\nOrange County Convention Center\nOrlando, Florida\n2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2).\n7,000,000 sq ft (650,000 m2)[9]\n\n\nGeorgia World Congress Center\nAtlanta, Georgia\n1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2)\n3,900,000 sq ft (360,000 m2)[10]\n\n\nLas Vegas Convention Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n2,182,167 sq ft (202,729.9 m2)[11]\n3,200,000 sq ft (300,000 m2)[12]\n\n\nNew Orleans Morial Convention Center\nNew Orleans, Louisiana\n1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2)\n3,100,000 sq ft (290,000 m2)\n\n\nSan Diego Convention Center\nSan Diego, California\n615,700 sq ft (57,200 m2)\n2,600,000 sq ft (240,000 m2)[13]\n\n\nCobo Center\nDetroit, Michigan\n722,500 sq ft (67,120 m2)\n2,400,000 sq ft (220,000 m2)\n\n\nWalter E. Washington Convention Center\nWashington, D.C.\n703,000 sq ft (65,300 m2)\n2,300,000 sq ft (210,000 m2)[14]\n\n\nSands Expo and Convention Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n\n2,250,000 sq ft (209,000 m2)[15]\n\n\nInternational Exposition Center (I-X Center)\nCleveland, Ohio\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)[16]\n\n\nColorado Convention Center\nDenver, Colorado\n584,000 sq ft (54,300 m2)\n2,200,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)\n\n\nDallas Convention Center\nDallas, Texas\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2)\n\n\nGeorge R. Brown Convention Center\nHouston, Texas\n853,000 sq ft (79,200 m2)\n1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)\n\n\nJacob K. Javits Convention Center\nNew York City, New York\n840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2)[17]\n1,800,000 sq ft (170,000 m2)[18]\n\n\nMandalay Bay Convention Center\nLas Vegas, Nevada\n\n1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2)[19]\n\n\nGreater Columbus Convention Center\nColumbus, Ohio\n426,000 sq ft (39,600 m2)\n1,700,000 sq ft (160,000 m2)\n\n\nAnaheim Convention Center\nAnaheim, California\n815,000 sq ft (75,700 m2)[20]\n1,600,000 sq ft (150,000 m2)\n\n\nHenry B. Gonzalez Convention Center\nSan Antonio, Texas\n514,000 sq ft (47,800 m2)[21]\n1,500,000 sq ft (140,000 m2)\n\n\nDavid L. Lawrence Convention Center\nPittsburgh, Pennsylvania\n330,000 sq ft (31,000 m2)\n1,450,000 sq ft (135,000 m2)\n\n\nNRG Center\nHouston, Texas\n706,000 sq ft (65,600 m2)\n1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m2)\n\n\nIndiana Convention Center\nIndianapolis, Indiana\n566,600 sq ft (52,640 m2)\n1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m2)\n\n\nBaltimore Convention Center\nBaltimore, Maryland\n425,000 sq ft (39,500 m2)\n1,225,000 sq ft (113,800 m2)\n\n\nMusic City Center\nNashville, Tennessee\n350,000 sq ft (33,000 m2)\n2,100,000 sq ft (200,000 m2)\n\n\nKentucky Exposition Center\nLouisville, Kentucky\n\n1,200,000 sq ft (110,000 m2)\n\n\nHawaii Convention Center\nHonolulu, Hawaii\n\n1,100,000 sq ft (100,000 m2)\n\n\nCleveland Convention Center and Global Center for Health Innovation\nCleveland, Ohio\n767,000 sq ft (71,300 m2)\n1,002,000 sq ft (93,100 m2)[22]\n\n\nOregon Convention Center\nPortland, Oregon\n255,000 sq ft (23,700 m2)\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n\n\nPennsylvania Convention Center\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\n679,000 sq ft (63,100 m2)\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n\n\nMiami Beach Convention Center\nMiami Beach, Florida\n502,000 sq ft (46,600 m2)\n1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2)\n\n\nBoston Convention and Exhibition Center\nBoston, Massachusetts\n516,000 sq ft (47,900 m2)\n976,000 sq ft (90,700 m2)\n\n\nPhoenix Convention Center\nPhoenix, Arizona\n312,000 sq ft (29,000 m2)\n900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2)\n\n\nAustin Convention Center\nAustin, Texas\n246,092 sq ft (22,862.7 m2)\n881,400 sq ft (81,880 m2)\n\n\nDonald E. Stephens Convention Center\nRosemont, Illinois\n840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2)\n\n\n\nLos Angeles Convention Center\nLos Angeles, California\n720,000 sq ft (67,000 m2)\n867,000 sq ft (80,500 m2)\n\n\nMoscone Convention Center\nSan Francisco, California\n700,000 sq ft (65,000 m2)\n\n\n\nTampa Convention Center\nTampa, Florida\n\n600,000 sq ft (56,000 m2)\n\n\nAmerica's Center\nSt. Louis, Missouri\n523,000 sq ft (48,600 m2)\n\n\n\nSalt Palace Convention Center\nSalt Lake City, Utah\n515,000 sq ft (47,800 m2)\n679,000 sq ft (63,100 m2)\n\n\nAtlantic City Convention Center\nAtlantic City, New Jersey\n500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2)\n\n\n\nRaleigh Convention Center\nRaleigh, North Carolina\n150,000 sq ft (14,000 m2)\n500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2)\n\n\nBartle Hall Convention Center\nKansas City, Missouri\n388,000 sq ft (36,000 m2)\n\n\n\nReno-Sparks Convention Center\nReno, Nevada\n381,000 sq ft (35,400 m2)\n\n\n\nCharlotte Convention Center\nCharlotte, North Carolina\n280,000 sq ft (26,000 m2)\n850,000 sq ft (79,000 m2)[23]\n\n\nPrime F. Osborn III Convention Center\nJacksonville, Florida\n\n265,000 sq ft (24,600 m2)\n\n\nWisconsin Center\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin\n\n226,201 sq ft (21,014.8 m2)\n\n\nWashington State Convention Center\nSeattle, Washington\n205,700 sq ft (19,110 m2)[24]\n\n\n\nHynes Convention Center\nBoston, Massachusetts\n\n193,000 sq ft (17,900 m2)\n\n\nRoland E. Powell Convention Center\nOcean City, Maryland\n\n182,200 sq ft (16,930 m2)\n\n\nConnecticut Convention Center\nHartford, Connecticut\n140,000 sq ft (13,000 m2)\n191,500 sq ft (17,790 m2)\n\n\nSan Jose Convention Center\nSan Jose, California\n\n143,000 sq ft (13,300 m2)\n\n" ]
[ "McCormick Place" ]
-8492009711467415278
Lord Voldemort
Lord Voldemort - wikipedia Lord Voldemort `` Voldemort '' redirects here . For the software project , see Voldemort ( distributed data store ) . `` He Who Cannot Be Named '' redirects here . For the member of the Dwarves , see Dwarves ( band ) . For Him Who Is Not to be Named , see Hastur . Lord Voldemort Harry Potter character Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Ralph Fiennes , as the Dark Lord finally resurrected from HP4 to the end of the film series in HP7 -- Part 2 Frank Dillane , as a fifteen - year - old in HP6 Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , as an eleven - year - old in HP6 Christian Coulson , as a sixteen - year - old in HP2 Ian Hart , voice in HP1 Richard Bremmer , non-faced in HP1 Voiced by Eddie Izzard , The Lego Batman Movie House Slytherin Full name Tom Marvolo Riddle Lord Voldemort ( / ˈvoʊldəmɔːr / , / - mɔːrt / in the films ; born Tom Marvolo Riddle ) is a fictional character and the main antagonist in J.K. Rowling 's series of Harry Potter novels . Voldemort first appeared in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , which was released in 1997 . Voldemort appears either in person or in flashbacks in each book and its film adaptation in the series , except the third , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , where he is only mentioned . Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter , who according to a prophecy has `` the power to vanquish the Dark Lord '' . Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name , and refers to him instead with such expressions as `` You - Know - Who '' , `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' or `` the Dark Lord '' . Voldemort 's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle ( non-magical ) heritage and to conquer both worlds , Muggle and wizarding , to achieve pure - blood dominance . Through his mother 's family , he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin , one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . He is the leader of the Death Eaters , a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.8 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 3 Portrayals within films 4 Characterisation 4.1 Outward appearance 4.2 Personality 4.3 Magical abilities and skills 5 Pronunciation 6 Family 6.1 Family tree 6.2 Riddle family 6.3 Gaunt family 7 Reception 8 In popular culture 9 References 10 External links Character development In a 2001 interview , Rowling said Voldemort was invented as a nemesis for Harry Potter ( the protagonist of the novels ) , and she intentionally did not flesh out Voldemort 's backstory at first . `` The basic idea ( was that Harry ) did n't know he was a wizard ... And so then I kind of worked backwards from that position to find out how that could be , that he would n't know what he was ... When he was one year old , the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years attempted to kill him . He killed Harry 's parents , and then he tried to kill Harry -- he tried to curse him ... Harry has to find out , before we find out . And -- so -- but for some mysterious reason the curse did n't work on Harry . So he 's left with this lightning bolt shaped scar on his forehead and the curse rebounded upon the evil wizard , who has been in hiding ever since . '' In the second book , Rowling establishes that Voldemort hates non-pure - blood wizards , despite being a half - blood himself . In a 2000 interview with the BBC , Rowling described Voldemort as a self - hating bully : `` Well I think it is often the case that the biggest bullies take what they know to be their own defects , as they see it , and they put them right on someone else and then they try and destroy the other and that 's what Voldemort does . '' In the same year , Rowling became more precise about Voldemort . She began to link him to real - life tyrants , describing him as `` a raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' . In 2004 , though , Rowling said that she did not base Voldemort on any real person . In 2006 , Rowling told an interviewer that Voldemort at his core has a human fear : the fear of death . She said : `` Voldemort 's fear is death , ignominious death . I mean , he regards death itself as ignominious . He thinks that it 's a shameful human weakness , as you know . His worst fear is death . '' Throughout the series , Rowling establishes that Voldemort is so feared in the wizarding world that it is considered dangerous even to speak his name . Most characters in the novels refer to him as `` You - Know - Who '' or `` He - Who - Must - Not - Be-Named '' rather than say his name aloud . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , a `` taboo '' spell is placed upon the name , such that Voldemort or his followers may trace anyone who utters it . By this means , his followers eventually find and capture Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger . In the second book , Rowling reveals that I am Lord Voldemort is an anagram of the character 's birth name , Tom Marvolo Riddle . According to the author , Voldemort 's name is an invented word . Some literary analysts have considered possible meanings in the name : Philip Nel believes that Voldemort is derived from the French for `` flight of death '' , and in a 2002 paper , Nilsen and Nilsen suggest that readers get a `` creepy feeling '' from the name Voldemort , because of the French word `` mort '' ( `` death '' ) within it and that word 's association with cognate English words derived from the Latin mors . Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort on the back of Professor Quirrell 's head in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Voldemort makes his debut in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . In this story , Rowling introduces him as the Dark Lord who murdered Harry 's parents , James and Lily , but as a result of his mother 's love and willingness to sacrifice herself for him , baby Harry survives when Voldemort tries to murder him with a Killing Curse . Voldemort is disembodied , and Harry carries a mysterious scar on his forehead as a result . In the book , Voldemort unsuccessfully tries to regain his dissolved body by stealing the titular Philosopher 's Stone . To achieve his objective , Voldemort uses Professor Quirrell 's aid by latching onto the back of Quirrell 's head . However , at the climax of the book , Harry manages to prevent Voldemort from stealing the stone . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets In the second instalment , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Rowling introduces Tom Marvolo Riddle , a manifestation of a teenage Voldemort that resides inside a magical diary found by Ginny Weasley . In this book , Ginny is written as a shy girl with a crush on Harry . Feeling anxious and lonely , she begins to write into the diary and shares her deepest fears with the sympathetic Tom . However , at the climax of the story , when Riddle rearranges the letters in his name to write `` I am Lord Voldemort '' , Riddle is revealed as a magical manifestation of the boy who would later grow up to become the Dark Lord . Riddle states he has grown strong on Ginny 's fears and eventually possesses her , using her as a pawn to unlock the Chamber of Secrets , whence a basilisk is set free and petrifies several Hogwarts students . Harry defeats the manifestation of Riddle from the diary and the basilisk . In Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Albus Dumbledore reveals to Harry that the diary was one of Voldemort 's Horcruxes . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Voldemort does not appear in the third book , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , either in person or as a magical manifestation . He is , however , heard when Harry passes out from the harsh effects of a Dementor . Towards the end of the story Sybill Trelawney , the Divination professor , makes a rare genuine prophecy : The Dark Lord lies alone and friendless , abandoned by his followers . His servant has been chained these twelve years . Tonight , before midnight , the servant will break free and set out to rejoin his master . The Dark Lord will rise again with his servant 's aid , greater and more terrible than ever before . Tonight ... before midnight ... the servant ... will set out ... to rejoin ... his master ... Though it is initially implied that the prophecy refers to Sirius Black , the book 's ostensible antagonist , the servant is eventually revealed to be Peter Pettigrew , who , for the 12 years since Voldemort 's fall , has been disguised as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire In the fourth instalment of the series , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort appears at the start and the climax of the book . Rowling lets many seemingly unrelated plot elements fall into order . It is revealed that Voldemort 's minion Barty Crouch Jr , disguised as Hogwarts professor Mad - Eye Moody , has manipulated the events of the Triwizard Tournament in Harry 's favour . Voldemort 's goal is to teleport Harry under Dumbledore 's watch as a reluctant participant to the Little Hangleton graveyard , where the Riddle family is buried . Harry is captured and , after Pettigrew uses Harry 's blood to fulfil a gruesome magical ritual , Voldemort regains his body and is restored to his full power . For the first time in the series , Rowling describes his appearance : `` tall and skeletally thin '' , with a face `` whiter than a skull , with wide , livid scarlet eyes and a nose that was as flat as a snake 's with slits for nostrils '' . Rowling writes that his `` hands were like large , pale spiders ; his long white fingers caressed his own chest , his arms , his face ; the red eyes , whose pupils were slits , like a cat 's , gleamed still more brightly through the darkness '' . It was revealed that , while in Albania , Pettigrew had captured the Ministry of Magic official Bertha Jorkins , who was tortured for information about the Ministry . After they learned that Barty Crouch Jr , a faithful Death Eater , had been smuggled out of Azkaban and was privately confined at his father 's house , they killed her . With Pettigrew 's help , Voldemort creates a small , rudimentary body , corporeal enough to travel and perform magic , and formulated a plan to restore his own body by capturing Harry . A portion of the plan had been overheard by Frank Bryce , a gardener , whom Voldemort then killed . Voldemort then completes his plan and returns to life in his full body as a result of the ritual with Harry 's blood . He then summons his Death Eaters to the graveyard to witness the death of Harry as he challenges Harry to a duel . However , when Voldemort duels Harry , their wands become magically locked together due to the twin Phoenix feather cores of the wands . Because of a phenomenon later revealed as Priori Incantatem , ghost - like manifestations of Voldemort 's most recent victims ( including Harry 's parents ) then appear and distract Voldemort , allowing Harry just enough time to escape via Portkey with the body of fellow - student , Cedric Diggory , who was murdered by Pettigrew on Voldemort 's orders . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Voldemort appears at the climax of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , having again plotted against Harry . In this book , Harry goes through extreme emotional stress , and according to Rowling , it was necessary to prove that Harry is emotionally vulnerable and thus human , in contrast to his nemesis Voldemort , who is emotionally invulnerable and thus inhuman : `` ( Harry is ) a very human hero , and this is , obviously , there 's a contrast , between him , as a very human hero , and Voldemort , who has deliberately dehumanised himself . ( ... ) and Harry , therefore , did have to reach a point where he did almost break down . '' In this book , Voldemort makes liberal use of the Ministry of Magic 's refusal to believe that he has returned . Voldemort engineers a plot to free Bellatrix Lestrange and other Death Eaters from Azkaban and then embarks on a scheme to retrieve the full record of a prophecy stored in the Department of Mysteries regarding Harry and himself . He sends a group of Death Eaters to retrieve the prophecy , where the Order of the Phoenix meets them . All but Bellatrix are captured , and Voldemort engages in a ferocious duel with Dumbledore . When Dumbledore gets the upper hand , Voldemort attempts to possess Harry but finds that he can not ; Harry is too full of that which Voldemort finds incomprehensible , and which he detests as weakness : love . Sensing that Dumbledore could win , Voldemort disapparates , but not before the Minister for Magic sees him in person , making his return to life public knowledge in the next book . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Voldemort does not appear in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , although his presence and actions are felt : he once again declares war , and begins to rise to power once more . He murders Amelia Bones of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement , and begins to target members of the Order of the Phoenix , including Emmeline Vance . Rowling uses several chapters as exposition to establish Voldemort 's backstory . In a series of flashbacks , using the pensieve as a plot device , she reveals that Voldemort was the son of the witch Merope Gaunt and a Muggle called Tom Riddle . Riddle abandoned Merope before their child 's birth , soon after which Merope died , just hours after giving birth . After living in an orphanage , young Riddle met Dumbledore , who told him he was a wizard and arranged for him to attend Hogwarts . Riddle was outwardly a model student , but was in reality a psychopath who takes sadistic pleasure in using his powers to harm and control people . He eventually murdered his father and grandparents as revenge for abandoning him . The book also discusses Riddle 's hatred of `` Muggles '' , his obsession with Horcruxes , and his desire to split his soul to achieve immortality . Rowling stated Voldemort 's conception under the influence of a love potion symbolises the prejudicial circumstances under which he was brought into the world . In the main plot of the book , Voldemort 's next step is to engineer an assault on Hogwarts , and to attack Dumbledore . This is accomplished by Draco Malfoy , who arranges transportation of Death Eaters into Hogwarts by a pair of Vanishing Cabinets , which bypass the extensive protective enchantments placed around the school . The cabinets allow Voldemort 's Death Eaters to enter Hogwarts , where battle commences and Dumbledore is cornered . Hogwarts professor ( and re-doubled agent ) Severus Snape uses the Killing Curse against Dumbledore when Draco could not force himself to do so . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Further information : Deathly Hallows ( objects ) In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort furthers his quest for ultimate power . He disposes of the Minister for Magic and replaces him with Pius Thicknesse , who is under the Imperius Curse . Establishing a totalitarian police state , he has Muggle - borns persecuted and arrested for `` stealing magic '' from the `` pure blood '' wizards . After failing to kill Harry with Draco 's father Lucius Malfoy 's borrowed wand ( to avoid the effect of Priori Incantatem ) , he goes on a murderous search for the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand ever created , seeing it as the weapon he needs to overcome Harry 's wand and make him truly invincible . He goes on a quest that takes him out of the country to Gregorovitch 's wand shop , where he kills the old wandmaker . His journey also takes him to Nurmengard , the prison where Gellert Grindelwald is kept , and he kills Grindelwald as well . He finally locates the Elder Wand and steals it from Dumbledore 's tomb . Later , Voldemort finds out that Harry and his friends are hunting and destroying his Horcruxes when informed of their heist on the Lestranges ' vault at Gringotts in search for Hufflepuff 's Cup . After offering the occupants of Hogwarts mercy if they give up Harry , he assembles a large army and launches an invasion of the castle , where Harry is searching for Ravenclaw 's Diadem . Voldemort orders his pet snake Nagini to execute Snape , believing it would make him the true master of the Elder Wand , since Snape killed Dumbledore . He then calls an hour 's armistice , in exchange for Harry . When Harry willingly walks into Voldemort 's camp in the Forbidden Forest , Voldemort strikes him down with the Elder Wand . However , the use of Harry 's blood to resurrect Voldemort 's body proves to be a major setback : while Harry 's blood runs in Voldemort 's veins , Harry can not be killed as his mother 's protection lives on now in Voldemort too . Instead , Voldemort destroys the part of his own soul that resides in Harry 's body . Voldemort forces Rubeus Hagrid to carry Harry 's apparently lifeless body back to the castle as a trophy , sparking another battle during which Nagini , his last Horcrux , is destroyed by Neville Longbottom . The battle then moves into the Great Hall , where Voldemort fights Minerva McGonagall , Kingsley Shacklebolt , and Horace Slughorn simultaneously . Harry then reveals himself and explains to Voldemort that Draco became the true master of the Elder Wand when he disarmed Dumbledore ; Harry , in turn , won the wand 's allegiance when he took Draco 's wand . Refusing to believe this , Voldemort casts the Killing Curse with the Elder Wand while Harry uses a Disarming Charm with Draco 's , but the Elder Wand refuses to kill its master and the spell rebounds on Voldemort who , with all of his Horcruxes destroyed , finally dies . His body is laid in a different chamber from all the others who died battling him . Rowling stated that after his death , Voldemort is forced to exist in the stunted infant - like form that Harry sees in the King 's Cross-like Limbo after his confrontation with Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest . Rowling also mentioned that , despite his extreme fear of death , he can not become a ghost . Harry Potter and the Cursed child In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , it is revealed that Bellatrix gave birth to Voldemort 's daughter Delphi in Malfoy Manor before the Battle of Hogwarts . Twenty - two years later , Delphi poses as Cedric 's cousin and manipulates Harry and Ginny 's second son Albus Severus Potter , his friend , Draco and Astoria Greengrass 's son Scorpius Malfoy into stealing a prototype Time Turner with which she hopes to resurrect her father . Using the Time Turner , Scorpius accidentally creates an alternative timeline where Voldemort killed Harry at the battle and now rules the wizarding world . In an attempt to achieve this future , Delphi travels to Godric 's Hollow on the night Voldemort killed Harry 's parents , hoping to avert the prophecy that led to her father 's downfall . After receiving a message from his son , Harry , together with Ron , Hermione and Draco ( who by now has become friends with Harry after they join forces to save their respective sons ) transfigures himself into Voldemort so that he can distract Delphi , allowing them to overpower her . The real Voldemort kills Harry 's parents as prophesied , and Delphi is sent to Azkaban . Portrayals within films Young Tom in his fifth year at Hogwarts as played by Christian Coulson in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Voldemort appears in seven Harry Potter films , namely Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Several actors have portrayed him in his varying incarnations and ages . In Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , Voldemort 's manifestation is as a face on the back of Quirrell 's head , an effect achieved by computer generated imagery . Ian Hart , the actor who played Quirrell in the same film , provided the voice and the facial source for this character . Voldemort also appears in a scene in the Forbidden Forest where he is seen drinking the blood of a unicorn . As Voldemort 's face was altered enough by CG work , and Hart 's voice was affected enough , there was no confusion by Hart 's playing of the two roles . In that film , he was also shown in a flashback sequence when he arrived at the home of James and Lily Potter to kill them . In this scene Voldemort is played by Richard Bremmer , though his face is never seen . His next appearance would be in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets as the 16 - year - old Tom Marvolo Riddle ( portrayed by Christian Coulson ) . Ralph Fiennes portrays Voldemort from Goblet of Fire to Deathly Hallows Part 2 . In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , Voldemort is initially only heard , possessing the scratchy , weak voice heard in the first film . By the film 's climax , however , he appears in his physical form for the first time , played by Ralph Fiennes . As in the book , Voldemort is shown clad in dark black robes , being tall and emaciated , with no hair and yellowish teeth ; his wand has a white tone and the handle appears to be made of bone ; his finger nails are long and pale blue while his toe nails appear to be infected . Unlike in the book , his pupils are not cat - like and his eyes are blue , because producer David Heyman felt that his evil would not be able to be seen and would not fill the audience with fear ( his eyes do briefly take on a snake - like appearance when he opens them after turning human , but quickly turn normal ) . As in the book , the film version of Voldemort has snake - like slit nostrils with the flesh of his nose significantly pressed back . Ralph Fiennes ' nose was not covered in makeup on the set , but was digitally removed in post-production . In this first appearance , Voldemort also has a forked tongue , but this element was removed for the subsequent films . Fiennes stated that he had two weeks to shoot the climactic showdown scene where he is gloating over a terrified Harry , played by Daniel Radcliffe . Fiennes said with a chuckle : `` I have no doubt children will be afraid of me now if they were n't before . '' In preparation , he read the novel Goblet of Fire , but jokingly conceded : `` I was only interested in my scene , and I had to go through thousands and thousands of other scenes which I did , dutifully , until I got to my scene and I read it many , many , many , many , many times and that was my research . '' Fiennes reprised his role as Voldemort in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Part 2 . Fiennes 's nephew , Hero Fiennes - Tiffin , portrayed Tom Riddle as a child in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . By the time filming arrived Christian Coulson was 29 , and not considered suitable to return as the adolescent Riddle . Thomas James Longley was originally scheduled to take over the role , but last minute renegotiations saw Frank Dillane cast instead . Characterisation Outward appearance After he regains his body in the fourth book , Rowling describes Voldemort as having pale skin , a chalk - white , skull - like face , snake - like slits for nostrils , red eyes and cat - like slits for pupils , a skeletally thin body and long , thin hands with unnaturally long fingers . As mentioned in the first chapter of the seventh book , he also has no hair or lips . Earlier in life , as seen through flashbacks contained in the second and sixth books , Tom Marvolo Riddle was handsome and tall with pale skin , jet black hair , and dark brown eyes . He could charm many people with his looks . The transformation into his monstrous state is believed to have been the result of creating his Horcruxes and becoming less human as he continued to divide his soul . In the films , Voldemort 's eyes are blue with round pupils . Personality Rowling described Voldemort as `` the most evil wizard for hundreds and hundreds of years '' . She elaborated that he is a `` raging psychopath , devoid of the normal human responses to other people 's suffering '' , and whose only ambition in life is to become all - powerful and immortal . He is also a sadist who hurts and murders people -- especially Muggles -- just for pleasure . He has no conscience , feels no remorse , and does not recognise the worth and humanity of anybody except himself . He feels no need for human companionship or friendship , and can not comprehend love or affection for another . He believes he is superior to everyone around him , to the point that he frequently refers to himself in the third - person as `` Lord Voldemort '' . Rowling also stated that Voldemort is `` incredibly power hungry . Racist , really '' , and that if Voldemort were to look into the Mirror of Erised , he would see `` Himself , all - powerful and eternal . That 's what he wants . '' Rowling also stated that Voldemort 's conception by influence of Amortentia -- a love potion administered by his mother , a witch named Merope Gaunt , to the Muggle Tom Riddle -- is related to his inability to understand love ; it is `` a symbolic way of showing that he came from a loveless union -- but of course , everything would have changed if Merope had survived and raised him herself and loved him . The enchantment under which Tom Riddle fathered Voldemort is important because it shows coercion , and there ca n't be many more prejudicial ways to enter the world than as the result of such a union '' . Like most archetypical villains , Voldemort 's arrogance leads to his downfall . He also suffers from a pathological fear of death , which he regards as a shameful and ignominious human weakness . However , while he had many traits of a megalomaniac , he did not have all , as one common trait associated with megalomania and narcissists was shifting blame . Voldemort admitted he paid an expensive price in attacking the parents of Harry Potter , and carefully studied what went wrong when reorganizing his Death Eaters , ultimately placing the blame upon himself . According to Rowling , his Boggart would be his own corpse . Rowling also said that the difference between Harry and Voldemort is that Harry accepts mortality , and thus Harry is in the end stronger than his nemesis . Magical abilities and skills Throughout the series , Rowling establishes Voldemort as an extremely powerful , intelligent , and ruthless Dark Wizard . He is known as one of the greatest Legilimens in the world and a highly accomplished Occlumens ; he can read minds and shield his own from penetration . Besides Dumbledore , he is also the only wizard ever known to be able to apparate silently . Voldemort was also said to fear one wizard alone , Dumbledore . In the final book , Voldemort flies unsupported , something that amazes those who see it . Voldemort , like his ancestral family , the Gaunts , is a Parselmouth , meaning he can converse with serpents . This skill was inherited from his ancestor , Salazar Slytherin . The Gaunt family speak Parseltongue among themselves . This highly unusual trait may be preserved through inbreeding , a practice employed by the Gaunt Family to maintain their blood 's purity . When Voldemort attempts to kill Harry his ability to speak Parseltongue is passed to Harry through the small bit of the former 's soul . After that bit of soul is destroyed , Harry loses this ability . In a flashback in the sixth novel , Voldemort boasts to Dumbledore during a job interview that he has `` pushed the boundaries of magic farther than they had ever before '' . Dumbledore states that Voldemort 's knowledge of magic is more extensive than any wizard alive and that even Dumbledore 's most powerful protective spells and charms would likely be insufficient if Voldemort returned to full power . Dumbledore also said that Voldemort was probably the most brilliant student Hogwarts has ever seen . Although Voldemort remains highly accomplished and prodigious in skill , he is enormously lacking and highly inept in the most powerful magic , love . This inability to love and trust others proves to be Voldemort 's greatest weakness in the series . Voldemort initially voices scepticism that his own magic might not be the most powerful , but upon returning to power , he admits to his Death Eaters that he had overlooked the ancient and powerful magic which Lily Potter invoked and that would protect Harry from harm . On her website , Rowling wrote that Voldemort 's wand is made of yew , whose sap is poisonous and which symbolises death . It forms a deliberate contrast to Harry 's wand , which is made of holly , which she chose because holly is alleged to repel evil . Rowling establishes in the books that Voldemort is magically connected to Harry via Harry 's forehead scar . He disembodies himself when his Killing Curse targeting Harry rebounds on him , leaving the scar on Harry 's forehead . In the books , and to a lesser extent in the films , Harry 's scar serves as an indicator of Voldemort 's presence : it burns when the Dark Lord is near or when Voldemort is feeling murderous or exultant . According to Rowling , by attacking Harry when he was a baby Voldemort gave him `` tools ( that ) no other wizard possessed -- the scar and the ability it conferred , a magical window into Voldemort 's mind '' . Pronunciation According to Rowling , the ' t ' in `` Voldemort '' is silent , as it is in the French word for death , `` mort '' . Jim Dale pronounced it so in the US audiobooks that came before the release of the film version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , where the characters pronounced the `` t '' . After this , Dale changed his audiobook pronunciation accordingly . For all the UK audiobooks Stephen Fry pronounced the name including the `` t '' . Family Family tree Note : The names ' Thomas ' and ' Mary ' Riddle are taken from the films , and Delphini appears only in the Cursed Child play . The Potter Family is not shown . show Voldemort family tree Salazar Slytherin The Peverell Family Thomas Riddle Mary Riddle Marvolo Gaunt Tom Riddle Sr . Merope Gaunt Morfin Gaunt Tom Marvolo Riddle Bellatrix Lestrange Delphini Harry Potter Notes : Riddle family The Riddle family , an old gentry family , consisted of old Thomas and Mary Riddle and their son , Tom Riddle , Esq . They owned over half of the valley that the town of Little Hangleton lay in , and Thomas was the most prominent inhabitant of that town . They lived in a large house with fine gardens , but were unpopular amongst the local residents due to their snobbish attitudes . Tom , apparently the only child of Thomas and Mary , indulged in the typical pursuits of the upper class in the first half of the twentieth century , socialising with attractive women of his class , riding horses , and enjoying his status in the town . Rowling revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince that young Merope Gaunt made efforts to get as close to Tom as she could , peering at him through the windows and bushes at every opportunity . Morfin noticed his sister 's affection for Tom and hexed him as he rode by , covering him in hives . This breach of wizarding law , and the ensuing violent struggle with Ministry of Magic officials , led to Marvolo and Morfin being imprisoned in Azkaban . As surmised by Dumbledore , once Merope was alone and no longer dominated by her father , she could make her move for Tom . Merope offered Tom a drink laced with a love potion as he rode by one day without his attractive companion , Cecilia . He became infatuated with Merope and they eloped . Within three months of the marriage , Merope became pregnant . Merope decided to stop giving Tom the love potion , having come to the belief such enchantment of a man was tantamount to slavery . She also revealed her witch status to Tom , believing either that he had fallen in love with her on his own or he would at least stay for their unborn child . She was wrong , and Tom quickly left his pregnant wife and went home to his parents , claiming to have been `` hoodwinked '' and tricked into marrying Merope . Tom Marvolo Riddle , their son , was born on 31 December 1926 and was left to grow up in an orphanage , as Merope had died soon after giving birth . Readers first learn about the doom of the Riddles in the beginning of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Tom Riddle , Esq. and his parents were murdered by Tom Marvolo Riddle . The Riddles ' gardener Frank Bryce was blamed for the murders in the Muggle world , though he was never charged or tried , while in the wizarding world Morfin Gaunt was framed for them and died in Azkaban prison . In the film adaptation of The Goblet of Fire , Voldemort 's grandparents were given the names Thomas and Mary Riddle . Gaunt family Most of the exposition of the House of Gaunt 's background occurs in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , through the medium of Dumbledore 's Pensieve . The Gaunts were once a powerful and influential family , and are the last known descendants of Salazar Slytherin . However , an infamous streak of instability and violence that was reinforced by cousin marriages intended to preserve the pureblood line had reduced them to poverty and squalour , as shown in the Pensieve 's `` memory '' that Harry and Dumbledore witnessed . Like Salazar Slytherin , the Gaunts spoke Parseltongue . At the time of the story , the Gaunts owned hardly any assets save for a ramshackle shanty in Little Hangleton , which stood in a thicket in a valley opposite the Riddle House . Like the Riddles , the Gaunts were also unpopular with the local residents , but for the opposite reason ; their squalour was looked down upon and the vicious behavior of the Gaunt men earned them a reputation for being vulgar and intimidating . Marvolo Gaunt was the last Gaunt family patriarch . He was sentenced to a short term in Azkaban for his and his son 's assault upon a Ministry of Magic official ; this affected his health and he died soon after returning home . His signet ring passed to his son , Morfin Gaunt , who was convicted of assaulting a Muggle , and later died in Azkaban , convicted this time as a party to the murder of Tom Riddle Sr and Riddle 's parents by his nephew . The real culprit was discovered much later by Dumbledore , who visited Morfin in Azkaban to gather information about Voldemort . After Dumbledore successfully extracted Morfin 's memory of his encounter with his nephew , he tried to use the evidence to have Morfin released , but Morfin died before the decision could be made . Morfin being the last male Gaunt , the House of Gaunt ended with his death . Merope Gaunt ( / mɛˈroʊpi / ) was the daughter of Marvolo , sister of Morfin . Harry 's first impression of her was that she looked `` like the most defeated person he had ever seen '' , probably because she lived in raggedness , squalour , and abuse . She married Tom Riddle Sr and became pregnant within three months of the wedding . It is suggested that she tricked her husband into loving her by using a love potion , but when she became pregnant , she chose to stop administering the potion . It is implied that Merope had grown tired of living the lie and thought that her husband might have grown to love her , or that he might have stayed for the sake of their unborn child ; however , he left her . Desperate , Merope wandered through the streets of London . The only thing she had left was the heavy gold locket that had once belonged to Salazar Slytherin , one of her family 's most treasured items , which she sold for a small amount . When she was due to give birth , she stumbled into a Muggle orphanage , where she gave birth to her only son , Tom Marvolo Riddle . She died within the next hour . Gormlaith Gaunt was a 17th - century descendant of Salazar Slytherin , and like Salazar , a Parselmouth . Her wand was that which once belonged to Salazar himself . Educated at Hogwarts , Gormlaith lived in Ireland in the early 1600s . In about 1608 , Gormlaith killed her estranged unnamed sister , and her sister 's husband , William Sayre ( a descendant of the Irish witch Morrigan ) , and kidnapped their five - year - old daughter , Isolt Sayre , raising her in the neighbouring valley of Coomcallee , or `` Hag 's Glen '' , because she felt that her parents ' association with Muggles would badly influence Islot . Fanatical and cruel , Gormlaith used Dark magic to isolate Islot from others , forbade her a wand , and did not allow her to attend Hogwarts as she herself had , disgusted that it was now filled with Muggle - borns . After twelve years with Gormlaith , Islot stole Gormlaith 's wand and fled to the Colonies and settled in Massachusetts , where she founded the Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . When Gormlaith learned of the school , she pursued her niece in Massachusetts , where she was killed by Isolt 's friend , William the Pukwudgie , with a venom - tipped arrow . The Gaunts , including Voldemort , are distantly related to Harry because they are descendants of the Peverell brothers . Reception Several people have drawn a parallel between Voldemort and some politicians . Rowling has admitted that Voldemort was `` a sort of '' Adolf Hitler , and that there is some parallel with Nazism in her books . Rowling also compared Voldemort with Joseph Stalin , with whom he shares several traits , including that of renouncing his family name in favour of one which would invoke fear and strength . Alfonso Cuarón , director of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban compared Voldemort with George W. Bush and Saddam Hussein , as the two of them `` ... have selfish interests and are very much in love with power . Also , a disregard for the environment . A love for manipulating people . '' Andrew Slack and the Harry Potter Alliance compare media consolidation in the US to Voldemort 's regime in Deathly Hallows and its control over the Daily Prophet and other media saying that `` Once Voldemort took over every form of media in the wizarding world , Dumbledore 's Army and the Order of the Phoenix formed an independent media movement called ' Potterwatch ' . Now the HP Alliance and Wizard Rock have come together to fight for a Potterwatch movement in the real world to fight back against Big VoldeMedia from further pushing out local and foreign news , minority representation , and the right to a Free Press . '' Julia Turner from Slate Magazine also noted similarities between the events of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince and the current War on Terror . She said that Voldemort takes up terrorism by destroying bridges , murdering innocents , and forcing children to kill their elders . Voldemort has also been compared with other characters within fiction , for example Sauron from The Lord of the Rings ; they are , during the time when the main plot takes place , seeking to recover their lost power after having been considered dead or at least no longer a threat , and are also so feared that they are sometimes unnamed . IGN listed Voldemort as their seventh favourite Harry Potter character , calling him `` truly frightening '' . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 7 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list , while they ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Most Evil Harry Potter Villains '' and `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' lists two years later . In popular culture Several campaigns have used Voldemort to compare his evilness to the influence of politicians , large media and corporations . `` Lord Voldemort '' is a nickname sometimes used for Peter Mandelson . Voldemort is also a recurring theme among wizard rock bands . Voldemort Ca n't Stop the Rock ! is the second album from Harry and the Potters , and the character is mentioned in songs such as `` The Dark Lord Lament '' and `` Flesh , Blood , and Bone '' . Voldemort has been parodied in various venues . In The Simpsons 13th season 's premiere , `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' , Montgomery Burns appears as Lord Montymort . A parody of Voldemort appears in The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy as Lord Moldybutt , an enemy of Nigel Planter ( a parody of Harry ) . Voldemort also appears in the Potter Puppet Pals sketches by Neil Cicierega . One of the episodes including him was the seventeenth most viewed video of all time as of 2008 and the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube . In Time , Lon Tweeten shows with Continuing the Magic possible future book covers laced with pop culture references . One of them , the `` Dark Lord of the Dance '' , shows Voldemort teaming up with Harry on Broadway . In the MAD Magazine parodies of the films , the character is called Lord Druckermort , a backwards reference to the magazine 's longtime caricaturist Mort Drucker . In Alan Moore 's League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 , a young Tom Marvolo Riddle ( introduced as `` Tom '' , whose middle name is a `` marvel '' and last name is a `` conundrum '' ) appears , and becomes the new avatar of Oliver Haddo at the story 's conclusion . In A Very Potter Musical , Voldemort is played by actor Joe Walker . Voldemort also appeared in the 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in London as an inflatable representation of children 's literature villains , alongside The Queen of Hearts , Captain Hook , and Cruella de Vil . Outside of the Harry Potter video games , Voldemort is also playable in Lego Dimensions , with archive audio of Ralph Fiennes 's portrayal in the films used for his voiceovers . Voldemort also appears in The Lego Batman Movie voiced by Eddie Izzard as one of the prisoners in the Phantom Zone that the Joker recruits to take over Gotham City . A 2018 Italian fan film titled Voldemort : Origins of the Heir depicts the story of Tom Riddle 's rise to power . References ^ Jump up to : Takahama , Valerie ( 26 October 1999 ) . `` Enchanted with Potter Literature : Fans line up for hours to get their books signed '' . The Orange County Register . Santa Ana , California : Digital First Media . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . ^ Jump up to : HPL : Lord Voldemort : Quick facts Archived 24 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . ; Rowling , J. K. ( 2005 ) . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747581088 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling on The Diane Rehm Show '' . WAMU Radio Washington , D.C. 20 October 1999 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . 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Jump up ^ `` Section : Extra Stuff WANDS '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` jkrowling.com F.A.Q '' . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Clarifies Voldemort Pronunciation in Harry Potter '' . / Film . 11 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` You got this Harry Potter character 's name wrong '' . Digital Spy. 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling responds to Stephen Fry ' Harry Potter ' feud rumours '' . NME. 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ F.A.Q Archived 14 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Ilvermorny School of Witchcraft and Wizardry '' . Pottermore . Jump up ^ `` TIME Person of The Year Runner - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' `` . The Volkskrant. 19 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling outs Dumbledore ! '' . Entertainment Weekly -- PopWatch Blog . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ New Interview with J.K. Rowling for Release of Dutch Edition of `` Deathly Hallows '' -- The Leaky Cauldron Jump up ^ * Pierce , Nev . Reel Life , 28 July 2003 BBC Carla Power & Devin Gordon ( 4 August 2003 ) . `` Caution : Wizard at Work '' . Newsweek magazine . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ * Steel , Sharon ( 20 December 2007 ) . `` Challenging Voldemedia '' . The Boston Phoenix Slack , Andrew ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Harry Potter Fans and the Fight Against ' VoldeMedia ' '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Turner , Julia When Harry Met Osama ; Terrorism comes to Hogwarts , 20 July 2005 Jump up ^ Monroe , Caroline . `` How Much Was Rowling Inspired by Tolkien ? '' . GreenBooks . TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph page 23 , 20 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treehouse of Horror XII '' episode capsule at The Simpsons Archive Archived 15 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Yankovic Biography ( 1959 -- ) '' ... filmreference.com . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Lon Tweeten ( 2007 ) . `` Continuing the Magic '' ( PDF ) . Time . Retrieved 11 May 2010 . Jump up ^ League of Extraordinary Gentlemen : 1969 by Alan Moore and Kevin O'Neill ( July 2011 ) Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics opening ceremony -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Echites , Giulia ( 16 January 2018 ) . `` CINEMA Le origini di Voldemort in un film tutto italiano '' . Repubblica.it ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( 2018 ) . `` Voldemort : Origins of the Heir review : a fun - free Harry Potter fan film lifted by magical effects '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Tom Riddle on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Lord Voldemort at Harry Potter Lexicon Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lord Voldemort hide The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Ginny Weasley Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 Lego Creator : Harry Potter Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Exhibitions Harry Potter : The Exhibition Harry Potter : A History of Magic Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Wizarding World Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Voldemort&oldid=846565731 '' Categories : Fictional English people Harry Potter characters Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional characters with immortality Fictional cult leaders Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional mass murderers Fictional necromancers Fictional orphans Fictional patricides Fictional serial killers Fictional telepaths Fictional torturers Literary villains Male characters in film Male characters in literature Narcissism in fiction Psychopathy in fiction Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2011 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2018 EngvarB from April 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 55 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 15 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
harry potter the name that cannot be said
[ "Voldemort is the archenemy of Harry Potter, who according to a prophecy has \"the power to vanquish the Dark Lord\". Nearly every witch or wizard dares not utter his unmentionable name, and refers to him instead with such expressions as \"You-Know-Who\", \"He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named\" or \"the Dark Lord\". Voldemort's obsession with blood purity signifies his aim to rid the wizarding world of Muggle (non-magical) heritage and to conquer both worlds, Muggle and wizarding, to achieve pure-blood dominance. Through his mother's family, he is the last descendant of wizard Salazar Slytherin,[3] one of the four founders of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. He is the leader of the Death Eaters, a group of evil wizards and witches dedicated to ridding the Wizarding World of Muggles and establishing Voldemort as its supreme ruler." ]
[ "Voldemort" ]
2094392886389474592
College Area, San Diego
College Area , San Diego - wikipedia College Area , San Diego Community of San Diego in California , United States of America College Area , San Diego Community of San Diego College Area Campanile Drive College Area , San Diego Location within San Diego Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 19 '' N 117 ° 04 ′ 08 '' W  /  32.771831 ° N 117.068939 ° W  / 32.771831 ; - 117.068939 Country United States of America State California County San Diego City San Diego The College Area is a neighborhood of the Mid-City region of San Diego , California , United States . The College Area is dominated by San Diego State University ( SDSU ; once known as San Diego State College ) , after which the area is named . Several neighborhoods in the College Area were developed in the 1930s , with others becoming established in the post-war period . The College Area is bordered on the west by Kensington and Talmadge and on the east by the city of La Mesa . El Cajon Boulevard is a busy shopping district ; additional retail is in development near SDSU . The College Area includes the neighborhoods of the Catoctin Area , Dennstedt Point , East Falls View Drive , Saranac - Mohawk , and an Orthodox Jewish neighborhood in the area near Congregation Beth Jacob Orthodox Synagogue on College Avenue . The region includes Alvarado Hospital , a 306 - bed acute care facility , and the College - Rolando branch of the San Diego Public Library . Contents 1 Geography 2 Transportation 3 Traffic 4 Education 4.1 Elementary schools 4.2 K through 8 4.3 K through 12 4.4 Colleges and universities 5 References 6 External links Geography ( edit ) The college area lies on a plateau which overlooks Interstate 8 . The neighborhood 's borders are defined by Montezuma Road / Collwood Boulevard to the southwest , Interstate 8 to the north , 73rd Street to the east , and El Cajon Boulevard to the south . Transportation ( edit ) MTS ( Metropolitan Transit System ) operates the San Diego Trolley to SDSU Transit Center and the Alvarado Medical Center trolley station , both of which are in the College Area . The trolley station at SDSU , as well as a bus plaza , make up the SDSU Transit Center . Bus routes 11 , 11A , 14 , 936 , and Rapid Bus 215 go to the Transit Center , to name a few . Transfers are made from the SDSU trolley subway station located at the Transit Center , underneath the bus plaza . Riders can go up to the bus plaza via elevator or stairs . As of October 12 , 2014 , the SDSU Transit Station serves as the starting point for MTS Rapid Bus Route 215 . A high - frequency , limited - stop service runs between San Diego State University and Downtown San Diego via El Cajon Boulevard and Park Boulevard . This route provides a convenient transit option for visitors and nearby neighbors from downtown San Diego , North Park and Hillcrest to shop and dine in the busy commercial corridor . All mass transit routes noted enable visitors from the San DIego region to explore San Diego State University 's beautiful campus and enjoy the leisure , arts and culture provided by this institution of higher learning . Traffic ( edit ) The College Area is accessible from Interstate 8 , State Route 94 . Surface streets entering into the College Area include 70th Street ( accessible from I - 8 ) , College Avenue ( accessible from I - 8 and SR94 ) and 54th Street and Montezuma Road ( accessible from I - 8 ) . Built in July 2005 there is also a mass transit connection by MTS San Diego Trolley accessing the SDSU on - campus underground station . Traffic can be high during the day however , local residents and City officials working together to increase pedestrian and bicycle routes and modifying the street infrastructure to eleviate any congestion in the area as the population grows in the neighborhoods . Education ( edit ) The college area is home to one traditional elementary school , one private K - 8 school , two alternative K - 8 schools , and SDSU . Elementary schools ( edit ) Hardy ( San Diego Unified School District ) K through 8 ( edit ) Blessed Sacrament Parish School K through 12 ( edit ) San Diego Unified School District Language Academy Tubman Village Charter Colleges and universities ( edit ) San Diego State University References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Neighborhoods . '' College Neighborhoods , 2013 . http://collegeneighborhoods.com/history/baja.html . Jump up ^ Transit.511sd.com External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to College Area , San Diego . City Council District 9 Neighborhood : College Area College Area Community Council Alvarado Estates College View Estates Rolando Community Council Rolando Village , located in San Diego 's college area , 92115 College Neighborhoods Foundation Mission Times Courier , community newspaper College Area Business District Neighborhoods of San Diego Northern Bay Ho Bay Park Carmel Valley Clairemont Del Mar Heights Del Mar Mesa La Jolla La Jolla Village Mission Beach North City Pacific Beach Pacific Highlands Ranch Torrey Hills Torrey Pines University City Village of La Jolla Northeastern Black Mountain Ranch Carmel Mountain Ranch Mira Mesa Miramar Rancho Bernardo Rancho Encantada Rancho Peñasquitos Sabre Springs San Pasqual Valley Scripps Ranch Sorrento Valley Sorrento Mesa Torrey Highlands Eastern Birdland East Elliott Kearny Mesa Mission Valley East Navajo ( Allied Gardens Del Cerro Grantville San Carlos ) Serra Mesa Tierrasanta Western Burlingame Hillcrest ( Marston Hills ) Linda Vista Midtown Mission Hills Mission Valley West Morena North Park Ocean Beach Old Town Point Loma ( La Playa Liberty Station Loma Portal Midway Point Loma Heights Roseville - Fleetridge Sunset Cliffs Wooded Area ) University Heights Central Downtown ( Columbia Core Cortez Hill East Village Gaslamp Quarter Harborview Little Italy Marina ) Balboa Park Bankers Hill Barrio Logan Golden Hill Grant Hill Logan Heights Memorial Middletown Sherman Heights South Park Stockton Mid-City City Heights College Area El Cerrito Fairmount Park Gateway Islenair Kensington Normal Heights Oak Park Redwood Village Rolando Rolando Park Swan Canyon Talmadge Webster Southeastern Alta Vista Bay Terraces Broadway Heights Chollas View Emerald Hills Encanto Jamacha Lincoln Park Lomita Mountain View Mount Hope Paradise Hills Shelltown Skyline Southcrest Valencia Park Southern Border Egger Highlands Nestor Ocean View Hills Otay Mesa Otay Mesa West Palm City San Ysidro Tijuana River Valley Coordinates : 32 ° 46 ′ 18.59 '' N 117 ° 4 ′ 8.18 '' W  /  32.7718306 ° N 117.0689389 ° W  / 32.7718306 ; - 117.0689389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_Area,_San_Diego&oldid=844919870 '' Categories : Neighborhoods in San Diego Urban communities in San Diego San Diego State University Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 02 : 48 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
what area of san diego is sdsu in
[ "The College Area is a neighborhood of the Mid-City region of San Diego, California, United States. The College Area is dominated by San Diego State University (SDSU; once known as San Diego State College), after which the area is named. Several neighborhoods in the College Area were developed in the 1930s, with others becoming established in the post-war period.[1] The College Area is bordered on the west by Kensington and Talmadge and on the east by the city of La Mesa. El Cajon Boulevard is a busy shopping district; additional retail is in development near SDSU.\n" ]
[ "The College Area" ]
-403849479092276536
List of Major League Baseball perfect games
List of major League Baseball perfect games - wikipedia List of major League Baseball perfect games Jump to : navigation , search Lee Richmond , pitcher of the first perfect game in major league history Over the 140 years of Major League Baseball history , and over 210,000 games played , there have been 23 official perfect games by the current definition . No pitcher has ever thrown more than one . The perfect game thrown by Don Larsen in game 5 of the 1956 World Series is the only postseason perfect game in major league history and one of only two postseason no - hitters , the other being a no - hitter thrown by Roy Halladay in game 1 of the 2010 National League Division Series against the Cincinnati Reds . The first two major league perfect games , and the only two of the premodern era , were thrown in 1880 , five days apart . The most recent perfect game was thrown on August 15 , 2012 by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners . There were three perfect games in 2012 , with no other year ever having more than two thrown . By contrast , there have been spans of 23 and 33 consecutive seasons in which not a single perfect game was thrown . The first two pitchers to accomplish the feat did so in 1880 , under rules that differed in many important respects from those of today 's game : for example , only underhand pitching -- from a flat , marked - out box 45 feet from home plate -- was allowed , it took eight balls to draw a walk , and a batter was not awarded first base if hit by a pitch . Lee Richmond , a left - handed pitcher for the Worcester Ruby Legs , threw the first perfect game . He played professional baseball for six years and pitched full - time for only three , finishing with a losing record . The second perfect game was thrown by John Montgomery Ward for the Providence Grays . Ward , an excellent pitcher who became an excellent position player , went on to be inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame . Though convention has it that the modern era of Major League Baseball begins in 1900 , the essential rules of the modern game were in place by the 1893 season . That year the pitching distance was moved back to 60 feet , 6 inches , where it remains , and the pitcher 's box was replaced by a rubber slab against which the pitcher was required to place his rear foot . Two other crucial rules changes had been made in recent years : In 1887 , the rule awarding a hit batsman first base was instituted in the National League ( this had been the rule in the American Association since 1884 : first by the umpire 's judgment of the impact ; as of the following year , virtually automatically ) . In 1889 , the number of balls required for a walk was reduced to four . Thus , from 1893 on , pitchers sought perfection in a game whose most important rules are the same as today , with two significant exceptions : counting a foul ball as a first or second strike , enforced by the National League as of 1901 and by the American League two years later , and the use of the designated hitter in American League games since the 1973 season . During baseball 's modern era , 21 pitchers have thrown perfect games . Most were accomplished major leaguers . Six have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame : Cy Young , Addie Joss , Jim Bunning , Sandy Koufax , Catfish Hunter , and Randy Johnson . Roy Halladay won two Cy Young Awards and was named to eight All - Star teams . David Cone won the Cy Young once and was named to five All - Star teams . Four other perfect - game throwers , Dennis Martínez , Kenny Rogers , David Wells and Mark Buehrle each won over 200 major league games . Matt Cain is a three - time All - Star and three - time World Series champion and has finished in the top ten of the Cy Young voting twice . Félix Hernández has also been a Cy Young Award winner , as well as a six - time All - Star . For a few , the perfect game was the highlight of an otherwise unremarkable career . Mike Witt and Tom Browning were solid major league pitchers ; Browning was a one - time all - star with a career record of 123 - 90 in 12 seasons , while Witt was a two - time all - star , going 117 - 116 in 12 seasons . Larsen , Charlie Robertson , and Len Barker were journeyman pitchers ; each finished his major - league career with a losing record . Dallas Braden retired with a losing record after five seasons due to a shoulder injury . Philip Humber had never before thrown so much as a complete game prior to his perfect game , and his 16 career wins through the 2013 season are less than a third of any other perfect game pitcher 's total aside from Braden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Major League Baseball perfect games 1.1 19th century 1.1. 1 Lee Richmond 1.1. 2 John Montgomery Ward 1.2 Modern era 1.2. 1 Cy Young 1.2. 2 Addie Joss 1.2. 3 Charlie Robertson 1.2. 4 Don Larsen 1.2. 5 Jim Bunning 1.2. 6 Sandy Koufax 1.2. 7 Catfish Hunter 1.2. 8 Len Barker 1.2. 9 Mike Witt 1.2. 10 Tom Browning 1.2. 11 Dennis Martínez 1.2. 12 Kenny Rogers 1.2. 13 David Wells 1.2. 14 David Cone 1.2. 15 Randy Johnson 1.2. 16 Mark Buehrle 1.2. 17 Dallas Braden 1.2. 18 Roy Halladay 1.2. 19 Philip Humber 1.2. 20 Matt Cain 1.2. 21 Félix Hernández 1.3 General notes 2 Perfect games by team 3 Unofficial perfect games 4 Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter 5 Other notable near - perfect games 5.1 Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection 5.2 No - hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch 6 See also 7 References Major League Baseball perfect games ( edit ) 19th century ( edit ) Pitcher Date Game Lee Richmond ( Wor ) LHP , 23 5 K June 12 , 1880 Cleveland Blues , 0 at Worcester Worcesters , 1 Venue : Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds Time : 1 : 26 Caught by : Charlie Bennett Umpired by : Foghorn Bradley Box score John Montgomery Ward ( Prov ) RHP , 20 5 K June 17 , 1880 Providence Grays , 5 vs. Buffalo Bisons , 0 Venue : Messer Street Grounds Attendance : n.a. Time : n.a. Caught by : Emil Gross Umpired by : Charles F. Daniels Box score Lee Richmond ( edit ) Scorecard for Richmond 's perfect game : `` R-A '' notation in fifth inning represents the 9 -- 3 putout Richmond was pitching in his first full season in the big leagues after appearing in one game in 1879 . He was apparently considered a good hitter , as he batted second in the lineup . His perfect game featured an unusual 9 -- 3 putout , with Worcester right fielder Lon Knight throwing out Cleveland 's Bill Phillips at first . The play came on one of three balls Cleveland hit out of the infield . Three outs were recorded on `` foul bounds '' : balls caught after bouncing once in foul territory ( the foul bound rule was eliminated three years later ) . In the seventh inning , the game was delayed for seven minutes due to rain ; Richmond dried the ball off with sawdust when he returned to the mound . A monument marks the site of the Worcester Agricultural Fairgrounds where the game took place , now part of the campus of Becker College . The feat was recognized as unusual : a newspaper report described it as `` the most wonderful game on record '' . John Montgomery Ward ( edit ) Monte Ward threw his perfect game at the Grays ' park in Providence , but Buffalo , by virtue of a coin toss , which was the custom under the rules at that time , was officially the `` home '' team , batting in the bottom of each inning . At the age of 20 years , 105 days , Ward is the youngest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game . He batted sixth in the lineup . Beginning in 1881 , the year after his perfect game , Ward spent more time as a position player than a pitcher ; in 1885 , following an arm injury , he became a full - time infielder . The five days between Ward 's game and Richmond 's is the shortest amount of time between major - league perfect games . Modern era ( edit ) Pitcher Date Game Cy Young ( BOS ) RHP , 37 8 K May 5 , 1904 Philadelphia A 's , 0 at Boston Americans , 3 Venue : Huntington Avenue Grounds , day game Attendance : 10,267 Time : 1 : 25 Caught by : Lou Criger Umpired by : Frank Dwyer Box score Addie Joss ( CLE ) RHP , 28 74 pitches , 3 K October 2 , 1908 Chicago White Sox , 0 at Cleveland Naps , 1 Venue : League Park , day game Attendance : 10,598 Time : 1 : 40 Caught by : Nig Clarke Umpired by : Tommy Connolly Box score Charlie Robertson ( CHW ) RHP , 26 90 pitches , 6 K April 30 , 1922 Chicago White Sox , 2 at Detroit Tigers , 0 Venue : Navin Field , day game Attendance : 25,000 Time : 1 : 55 Caught by : Ray Schalk Umpires : HP : Dick Nallin 1B : Billy Evans Box score Don Larsen ( NYY ) RHP , 27 97 pitches , 7 K October 8 , 1956 Brooklyn Dodgers , 0 at New York Yankees , 2 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game ( Game 5 of the World Series ) Attendance : 64,519 Time : 2 : 06 Caught by : Yogi Berra Umpires : HP : Babe Pinelli 1B : Hank Soar 2B : Dusty Boggess 3B : Larry Napp LF : Tom Gorman RF : Ed Runge Box score and play - by - play Jim Bunning ( PHI ) RHP , 32 90 pitches , 10 K June 21 , 1964 Philadelphia Phillies , 6 at New York Mets , 0 Venue : Shea Stadium , day game ( first game of doubleheader ) Attendance : 32,026 Time : 2 : 19 Caught by : Gus Triandos Umpires : HP : Ed Sudol 1B : Paul Pryor 2B : Frank Secory 3B : Ken Burkhart Box score and play - by - play Sandy Koufax ( LAD ) LHP , 29 113 pitches , 14 K September 9 , 1965 Chicago Cubs , 0 at Los Angeles Dodgers , 1 Venue : Dodger Stadium , night game Attendance : 29,139 Time : 1 : 43 Caught by : Jeff Torborg Umpires : HP : Ed Vargo 1B : Chris Pelekoudas 2B : Bill Jackowski 3B : Paul Pryor Box score and play - by - play Catfish Hunter ( OAK ) RHP , 22 107 pitches , 11 K May 8 , 1968 Minnesota Twins , 0 at Oakland A 's , 4 Venue : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , night game Attendance : 6,298 Time : 2 : 28 Caught by : Jim Pagliaroni Umpires : HP : Jerry Neudecker 1B : Larry Napp 2B : Al Salerno 3B : Bill Haller Box score and play - by - play Len Barker ( CLE ) RHP , 25 103 pitches , 11 K May 15 , 1981 Toronto Blue Jays , 0 at Cleveland Indians , 3 Venue : Cleveland Stadium , night game Attendance : 7,290 Time : 2 : 09 Caught by : Ron Hassey ( 1 ) Umpires : HP : Rich Garcia 1B : Greg Kosc 2B : Don Denkinger 3B : Jim McKean Box score and play - by - play Mike Witt ( CAL ) RHP , 24 94 pitches , 10 K September 30 , 1984 California Angels , 1 at Texas Rangers , 0 Venue : Arlington Stadium , day game Attendance : 8,375 Time : 1 : 49 Caught by : Bob Boone Umpires : HP : Greg Kosc 1B : Ted Hendry 2B : Drew Coble 3B : Jim Evans Box score and play - by - play Tom Browning ( CIN ) LHP , 28 100 pitches , 7 K September 16 , 1988 Los Angeles Dodgers , 0 at Cincinnati Reds , 1 Venue : Riverfront Stadium , night game Attendance : 16,591 Time : 1 : 51 Caught by : Jeff Reed Umpires : HP : Jim Quick 1B : Mark Hirschbeck 2B : John Kibler 3B : Eric Gregg Box score and play - by - play Dennis Martínez ( MON ) RHP , 36 95 pitches , 5 K July 28 , 1991 Montreal Expos , 2 at Los Angeles Dodgers , 0 Venue : Dodger Stadium , day game Attendance : 45,560 Time : 2 : 14 Caught by : Ron Hassey ( 2 ) Umpires : HP : Larry Poncino 1B : Bruce Froemming 2B : Dana DeMuth 3B : Greg Bonin Box score and play - by - play Kenny Rogers ( TEX ) LHP , 29 98 pitches , 8 K July 28 , 1994 California Angels , 0 at Texas Rangers , 4 Venue : The Ballpark in Arlington , night game Attendance : 46,581 Time : 2 : 08 Caught by : Iván Rodríguez Umpires : HP : Ed Bean 1B : Don Denkinger 2B : John Shulock 3B : Tim Tschida Box score and play - by - play David Wells ( NYY ) LHP , 34 120 pitches , 11 K May 17 , 1998 Minnesota Twins , 0 at New York Yankees , 4 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game Attendance : 49,820 Time : 2 : 40 Caught by : Jorge Posada Umpires : HP : Tim McClelland 1B : John Hirschbeck 2B : Rich Garcia 3B : Mike Reilly Box score and play - by - play David Cone ( NYY ) RHP , 36 88 pitches , 10 K July 18 , 1999 Montreal Expos , 0 at New York Yankees , 6 Venue : Yankee Stadium , day game Attendance : 41,930 Time : 2 : 16 ( with a 33 - minute rain delay ) Caught by : Joe Girardi Umpires : HP : Ted Barrett ( 1 ) 1B : Larry McCoy 2B : Jim Evans 3B : Chuck Meriwether Box score and play - by - play Randy Johnson ( ARI ) LHP , 40 117 pitches , 13 K May 18 , 2004 Arizona Diamondbacks , 2 at Atlanta Braves , 0 Venue : Turner Field , night game Attendance : 23,381 Time : 2 : 13 Caught by : Robby Hammock Umpires : HP : Greg Gibson 1B : Bruce Dreckman 2B : Gerry Davis 3B : Larry Poncino Box score and play - by - play Mark Buehrle ( CHW ) LHP , 30 116 pitches , 6 K July 23 , 2009 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Chicago White Sox , 5 Venue : U.S. Cellular Field , day game Attendance : 28,036 Time : 2 : 03 Caught by : Ramón Castro Umpires : HP : Eric Cooper 1B : Mike Reilly 2B : Chuck Meriwether 3B : Laz Díaz Box score and play - by - play Dallas Braden ( OAK ) LHP , 26 109 pitches , 6 K May 9 , 2010 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Oakland Athletics , 4 Venue : Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , day game Attendance : 12,288 Time : 2 : 07 Caught by : Landon Powell Umpires : HP : Jim Wolf 1B : Derryl Cousins 2B : Jim Joyce 3B : Todd Tichenor Box score and play - by - play Roy Halladay ( PHI ) RHP , 34 115 pitches , 11 K May 29 , 2010 Philadelphia Phillies , 1 at Florida Marlins , 0 Venue : Sun Life Stadium , night game Attendance : 25,086 Time : 2 : 13 Caught by : Carlos Ruiz Umpires : HP : Mike DiMuro 1B : Tim Welke 2B : Jim Reynolds 3B : Bill Welke Box score and play - by - play Philip Humber ( CHW ) RHP , 29 96 pitches , 9 K April 21 , 2012 Chicago White Sox , 4 at Seattle Mariners , 0 Venue : Safeco Field , day game Attendance : 22,472 Time : 2 : 17 Caught by : A.J. Pierzynski Umpires : HP : Brian Runge 1B : Marvin Hudson 2B : Tim McClelland 3B : Ted Barrett Box score and play - by - play Matt Cain ( SF ) RHP , 27 125 pitches , 14 K June 13 , 2012 Houston Astros , 0 at San Francisco Giants , 10 Venue : AT&T Park , night game Attendance : 42,298 Time : 2 : 36 Caught by : Buster Posey Umpires : HP : Ted Barrett ( 2 ) 1B : Mike Muchlinski 2B : Angel Campos 3B : Brian Runge Box score and play - by - play Félix Hernández ( SEA ) RHP , 26 113 pitches , 12 K August 15 , 2012 Tampa Bay Rays , 0 at Seattle Mariners , 1 Venue : Safeco Field , day game Attendance : 21,889 Time : 2 : 22 Caught by : John Jaso Umpires : HP : Rob Drake 1B : Joe West 2B : Sam Holbrook 3B : Andy Fletcher Box score and play - by - play Cy Young ( edit ) Main article : Cy Young 's perfect game Young 's perfect game was part of a hitless streak of 24 or 251⁄3 straight innings -- depending on whether partial innings at either end of the streak are included . In either calculation , the streak remains a record . It was also part of a streak of 45 straight innings in which Young did not give up a run , which was then a record . Of the 20 perfect games for which pitch counts are available , Addie Joss 's was the most efficient -- 74 pitches , fewer than three per batter . Addie Joss ( edit ) Main article : Addie Joss ' perfect game Joss 's was the most pressure - packed of any regular - season perfect game . With just four games left on their schedule , the Cleveland Naps were involved in a three - way pennant race with the Tigers and the White Sox , that day 's opponents . Joss 's counterpart , the great Ed Walsh , struck out 15 and gave up just four scattered singles . The lone , unearned run scored as a result of a botched pickoff play and a wild pitch . The Naps ended the day tied with the Tigers for first , with the White Sox two games back ; the Tigers would ultimately win the league by a half game over the Naps . Joss would throw a second no - hitter against the White Sox in 1910 , making him and Tim Lincecum of the San Francisco Giants the only major league pitchers ever to throw two no - hitters against the same team . Charlie Robertson ( edit ) Main article : Charlie Robertson 's perfect game Robertson 's perfect game was only his fifth appearance , and fourth start , in the big leagues . He finished his career with the fewest wins and lowest winning percentage ( 49 -- 80 , . 380 ) of any perfect - game pitcher until Philip Humber , who pitched his perfect game in 2012 . The Tigers , led by player - manager Ty Cobb , accused Robertson of illegally doctoring the ball with oil or grease . In terms of the opposing team 's ability to get on base , this is statistically the most unlikely of perfectos : the 1922 Tigers had an on - base percentage ( OBP ) of . 373 . Don Larsen ( edit ) Main article : Don Larsen 's perfect game See also : 1956 World Series Larsen did not know he would pitch in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series until a few hours before gametime . This was his second start of the Series ; he 'd lasted less than two innings in Game 2 . In his perfect game , Larsen employed the style he had adopted in mid-season , working without a windup . Just one Dodgers batter -- Pee Wee Reese , in the first inning -- worked a three - ball count . The Dodgers had the highest season winning percentage of any team ever to lose a perfect game : . 604 . The image of catcher Yogi Berra leaping into Larsen 's arms after the final strike is one of the most famous in baseball history . The 34 years between Robertson 's feat and Larsen 's is the longest gap between perfect games . Jim Bunning ( edit ) Main article : Jim Bunning 's perfect game Bunning 's perfect game , pitched on Father 's Day , was the first in the National League since Ward 's 84 years before . Defying the baseball superstition that holds one should not talk about a no - hitter in progress , Bunning spoke to his teammates about the perfect game as it developed to loosen them up and relieve the pressure . Sandy Koufax ( edit ) Main article : Sandy Koufax 's perfect game Sandy Koufax 's perfect game was the last of his four no - hitters , pitched in four consecutive seasons . Koufax 's perfect game was the first one pitched at night . It was nearly a double no - hitter , as Cubs pitcher Bob Hendley gave up only one hit , a bloop double to left - fielder Lou Johnson in the seventh inning that did not figure in the scoring . The Dodgers scored their only run in the fifth inning : Lou Johnson reached first on a walk , advanced to second on a sacrifice bunt , stole third , and scored when Cubs catcher Chris Krug overthrew third base on the play . The game also set records for the fewest number of hits by both teams , one , and the fewest number of base runners by both teams , two ( both Johnson ) . Koufax 's 14 strikeouts are tied with Matt Cain for the most ever thrown by a perfect game pitcher . Catfish Hunter ( edit ) Main article : Catfish Hunter 's perfect game Hunter , a talented batter , was also the hitting star of his perfect game . He went 3 for 4 with a double and 3 RBIs , including a bunt single that drove home the first and thus winning run in the seventh inning -- easily the best offensive performance ever by a perfect game pitcher . This was the first no - hitter of the Athletics ' Oakland tenure , which was only 25 games old . He was also the youngest pitcher ever to pitch a modern - era perfect game , at 22 years and 30 days old . Len Barker ( edit ) Main article : Len Barker 's perfect game Barker 's perfect game was the first one in which designated hitters were used . He did n't reach a three - ball count in the entire game . Toronto shortstop Alfredo Griffin , who played for the losing team in this game , went on to play for the losers in the perfect games of Browning and Martínez . Also on the losing end of this game was Danny Ainge , who would play 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association . All 11 of Barker 's strikeouts were swinging . Mike Witt ( edit ) Main article : Mike Witt 's perfect game Witt 's perfect game came on the last day of the 1984 season . Reggie Jackson , who drove in the only run of the game on a seventh - inning fielder 's choice ground ball , was also on the winning team in Witt 's perfect game . On April 11 , 1990 , Witt , pitching out of the bullpen , combined with starting pitcher Mark Langston to throw a no - hitter for the California Angels . Tom Browning ( edit ) A ticket from Browning 's perfect game . Main article : Tom Browning 's perfect game Browning 's perfect game , for the Cincinnati Reds against the Los Angeles Dodgers in September 1988 , came against the team that eventually won that year 's World Series , the only time that has happened . A two - hour , twenty - seven - minute rain delay caused the game to start at approximately 10 PM . Right fielder Paul O'Neill , who played for the winning side in this game , also played for the winning side in the perfect games of Wells and Cone . The following July 4 , Browning came within an inning of becoming the first pitcher to throw two perfect games , retiring the first 24 batters in a game against the Phillies before surrendering a leadoff double in the ninth . Dennis Martínez ( edit ) Main article : Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Martínez , born in Granada , Nicaragua , was the first major league pitcher born outside of the United States to throw a perfect game . He achieved the feat for the Montreal Expos against the Los Angeles Dodgers in July 1991 . Martínez reached only one three - ball count . Opposing pitcher Mike Morgan was perfect through five full innings , the latest the opposing starter in a perfect game has remained perfect . Two days earlier , Expos pitcher Mark Gardner no - hit the Dodgers through nine innings but lost the no - hitter in the tenth , meaning the Expos narrowly missed throwing a no - hitter and a perfect game in the same series . Martínez 's catcher , Ron Hassey , had also caught Len Barker 's perfect game . This was the third perfect game pitched against the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers , joining those of Larsen and Browning ; the only other teams to lose more than one perfect game are the Twins ( Hunter and Wells ) and the Rays ( Buehrle , Hernandez and Braden ) . Kenny Rogers ( edit ) Main article : Kenny Rogers ' perfect game Rogers benefited from center fielder Rusty Greer 's fantastic diving catch of a line drive hit by Rex Hudler , leading off the ninth inning. Rogers ' performance against the Angels came 10 seasons after Witt 's perfect game against the Rangers . The Angels and Rangers are the only major league teams to record perfect games against each other . The home plate umpire was a minor league fill - in , Ed Bean , who was working his 29th Major League game and seventh behind the plate . Bean , who was substituting for 17 - year veteran Ken Kaiser , worked only seven more MLB games following Rogers ' performance . David Wells ( edit ) Main article : David Wells ' perfect game Wells attended the same high school as Don Larsen : Point Loma High School , San Diego , California . They also both enjoyed the night life . Casey Stengel once said of Larsen , `` The only thing he fears is sleep . '' Wells has claimed to have been `` half - drunk '' and suffering from a `` raging , skull - rattling hangover '' during his perfect game . Wells ' perfect game comprised the core of a streak of 38 consecutive retired batters ( May 12 -- 23 , 1998 ) , an American League record he held until 2007 . David Cone ( edit ) Main article : David Cone 's perfect game Cone 's perfect game occurred on Yogi Berra Day . Don Larsen threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Berra , who had been his catcher during the 1956 World Series perfect game . As the game wore on , television cameras showed Larsen , the only perfect game pitcher to attend another perfect game . No Expo worked even a three - ball count . Cone 's perfect game took only 88 pitches even though it was interrupted by a 33 - minute rain delay and is the only one to date in regular - season interleague play . Following teammate Wells ' perfect game the previous season , this also represents the only time two successive perfect games have been thrown by the same team . This was the third perfect game in Yankee history ; the Indians ( Joss and Barker ) , White Sox ( Robertson , Buehrle , and Humber ) , A 's ( Hunter and Braden ) , and Phillies ( Bunning and Halladay ) are the other teams to have more than one perfect game . In 2004 , Randy Johnson , then with the Arizona Diamondbacks , became the oldest pitcher ever to throw a perfect game . Randy Johnson ( edit ) Main article : Randy Johnson 's perfect game Johnson threw his perfect game at the age of 40 years , 256 days , becoming by more than three and a half years the oldest pitcher to achieve the feat . The former holder of the mark , Cy Young , threw his at the age of 37 years , 37 days . Johnson is also the tallest perfect game pitcher at 6 ' 10 `` , surpassing Mike Witt by three inches . Of the 20 teams to have a perfect game thrown against them , the 2004 Braves have the second - highest OBP (. 343 ) and are tied for the second - highest winning percentage (. 593 ) . In contrast , the Diamondbacks had by far the worst season winning percentage (. 315 ) of any team to benefit from a perfect game . Mark Buehrle ( edit ) Main article : Mark Buehrle 's perfect game Buehrle was assisted by a dramatic ninth - inning wall - climbing catch by center fielder DeWayne Wise to rob Gabe Kapler of a home run ; Wise had just entered the game as a defensive replacement before Kapler 's at - bat . This was the first major league perfect game in which the pitcher and catcher were battery - mates for the first time ; Ramón Castro had been acquired by the White Sox less than two months before . This was also the first perfect game to feature a grand slam , by Josh Fields in the bottom of the second inning . Umpire Eric Cooper , who called the game , had been behind the plate for Buehrle 's previous no - hitter . On July 28 , Buehrle followed up with another 5 2 / 3 perfect innings to set the major league record for consecutive batters retired at 45 ( this includes the final batter he faced in his appearance before the perfect game ) . That record was broken by Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants in 2014 Dallas Braden ( edit ) Main article : Dallas Braden 's perfect game Braden 's perfect game , pitched on Mother 's Day , was the first complete game of his career . His grandmother attended the game and celebrated on the field with him . It was the first time a perfect game had been pitched against the team with the best record in the majors at the time ; coming into the contest , the Rays were 22 -- 8 . The 2010 Rays are tied for the second - highest winning percentage (. 593 ) of any team to be on the receiving end of a perfect game . MLB 's previous perfect game had also been thrown against the Rays , making them the second team to have successive perfect games against them ( the first was the Dodgers in 1988 and 1991 ) . This game came 290 days after Buehrle 's , the shortest period between modern - day perfect games -- a record which would last just three weeks until Halladay 's . Roy Halladay ( edit ) Main article : Roy Halladay 's perfect game Halladay pitched the second perfect game of the 2010 season 20 days after Braden 's , the shortest period between perfect games in the modern era . Mark Buehrle 's perfect game had been 10 months earlier , marking the first time that three perfect games occurred within a one - year span . Seven batters reached three - ball counts against Halladay . Halladay nearly pitched a second perfect game in the 2010 NL Division Series against the Reds but gave up a walk to Jay Bruce . The hurler had to settle for a no - hitter and became the only perfect game pitcher to throw another no - hitter in the same season , and the fifth with two no - hitters . Halladay is the second pitcher to throw a perfect game and win the Cy Young Award in the same season ; Sandy Koufax did so in 1965 . Philip Humber ( edit ) Main article : Philip Humber 's perfect game On April 21 , 2012 , Philip Humber of the Chicago White Sox pitched the third perfect game in White Sox history . The final out of Humber 's perfect game came after a full - count check - swing third strike to Brendan Ryan on a ball that catcher A.J. Pierzynski dropped . As Ryan disputed umpire Brian Runge 's decision that he had swung , Pierzynski threw the ball to first base for the final out . As with Braden , Humber 's perfect game was the first complete game of his career . Humber , who last pitched in Major League Baseball in 2013 , has a lifetime record of 16 - 23 , thus having the fewest career wins and lowest career winning percentage of any pitcher who has thrown a perfect game in the Major Leagues . The White Sox became the second franchise with three perfect games , joining the Yankees . Matt Cain ( edit ) Main article : Matt Cain 's perfect game On June 13 , 2012 , Matt Cain of the San Francisco Giants pitched the first perfect game in Giants franchise history , the second of 3 in 2012 , and the 22nd in MLB history . Third baseman Joaquín Árias threw out Jason Castro for the final out on a deep 1 - 2 ground ball . Buster Posey was the catcher . Cain tallied 14 strikeouts , tying Sandy Koufax for the most strikeouts in a perfect game . Cain 's 125 pitches are the most ever thrown in a perfect game . Cain was aided by a running catch at the wall by Melky Cabrera in the 6th and a diving catch by Gregor Blanco in the 7th . The winning Giants scored 10 runs , making this the highest scoring perfect game . Félix Hernández ( edit ) Main article : Félix Hernández 's perfect game On August 15 , 2012 , Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners threw the 23rd perfect game in MLB history ( and the first in August ) against the Tampa Bay Rays . This was the first perfect game in Mariners history , and the franchise 's fourth no - hitter . Hernandez 's performance was highlighted by 12 strikeouts and a career - high 26 swinging - strikes . In an on - field interview immediately following the last out , Hernandez said he had started thinking about the possibility of a perfect game in the second inning . It was the third time in the last four seasons that Tampa Bay was the losing side of a perfect game . Four Rays -- Evan Longoria , Carlos Peña , B.J. Upton and Ben Zobrist -- joined Alfredo Griffin in having played in three perfect games for the losing team ; all four players participated in Buehrle 's and Braden 's . General notes ( edit ) Three perfect - game pitchers had RBIs in their games : Hunter ( 3 ) , Bunning ( 2 ) , and Young ( 1 ) . Hunter had three hits ; Richmond , Ward , Bunning , Martínez , and Cain each had one . Cain is the only pitcher to score a run during a perfect game ( Gregor Blanco followed him in the order and hit a home run ) . Barker , Witt , Rogers , Wells , Cone , Buehrle , Braden , Humber , and Hernández did not bat in their perfect games , as the American League adopted the designated hitter rule in 1973 . The latest the winning runs have been scored in a perfect game is the seventh inning -- this occurred in the games of Hunter ( bottom ) , Witt ( top ) , and Martínez ( top ) . Seven perfect - game pitchers have also thrown at least one additional no - hitter : Young , Joss , Bunning , Koufax , Johnson , Buehrle , and Halladay . Witt participated in a combined no - hitter . Koufax has the most total no - hitters of any perfect - game pitcher , with four . Richmond and Robertson were rookies , though each had made a single appearance in a previous season . Although by the latter part of the twentieth century , major league games were being played predominantly at night , six of the last ten perfect games , and four of the last six , have taken place in the daytime . Since 1973 , nine perfect games have been thrown with the DH rule in effect ( including one interleague game held at an American League park ) and only five without it . Perfect games by team ( edit ) Of the thirty franchises that currently make up Major League Baseball , seven have never as of the end of the 2016 season been involved in a perfect game ( win or lose ) , including three of the `` Original 16 '' franchises ( the Cardinals , Pirates and Orioles ) and four of the fourteen teams that joined MLB in the expansion era ( the Royals , Brewers , Padres and Rockies ) . The number of perfect games won and lost by the remaining twenty - three extant franchises is as follows . Franchise Perfect games won Perfect games won against Angels Astros 0 Athletics / A 's Blue Jays 0 Braves 0 Cubs 0 Diamondbacks 0 Dodgers Giants 0 Indians 0 Mariners Marlins 0 Mets 0 Expos / Nationals Phillies 0 Senators / Rangers Devil Rays / Rays 0 Reds 0 Americans / Red Sox 0 Tigers 0 Senators / Twins 0 White Sox Yankees 0 Unofficial perfect games ( edit ) Boston Red Sox pitchers Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore . In a 1917 game , Ruth was ejected after walking the first batter . Shore replaced him , erased the baserunner , and completed the game without allowing another . There have been three instances in which a major league pitcher retired every player he faced over nine innings without allowing a baserunner , but , by the current definition , is not credited with a perfect game , either because there was already a baserunner when he took the mound , or because the game went into extra innings and an opposing player eventually reached base : On June 23 , 1917 , Babe Ruth , then a pitcher with the Boston Red Sox , walked the Washington Senators ' first batter , Ray Morgan , on four straight pitches . Ruth , who had already been shouting at umpire Brick Owens about the quality of his calls , became even angrier and , in short order , was ejected . Enraged , Ruth charged Owens , swung at him , and had to be led off the field by a policeman . Ernie Shore came in to replace Ruth , while catcher Sam Agnew took over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas . Morgan was caught stealing by Agnew on the first pitch by Shore , who proceeded to retire the next 26 batters . All 27 outs were made while Shore was on the mound . Once recognized as a perfect game by Major League Baseball , this still counts as a combined no - hitter . On May 26 , 1959 , Harvey Haddix of the Pittsburgh Pirates pitched what is often referred to as the greatest game in baseball history . Haddix carried a perfect game through 12 innings against the Milwaukee Braves , only to have it ruined when an error by third baseman Don Hoak allowed Félix Mantilla , the leadoff batter in the bottom of the 13th inning , to reach base . A sacrifice by Eddie Mathews and an intentional walk to Hank Aaron followed ; the next batter , Joe Adcock , hit a home run that became a double when he passed Aaron on the bases . Haddix and the Pirates had lost the game 1 -- 0 ; despite their 12 hits in the game , they could not bring a run home . The 12 perfect innings -- 36 consecutive batters retired in a single game -- remains a record . On June 3 , 1995 , Pedro Martínez of the Montreal Expos had a perfect game through nine innings against the San Diego Padres . The Expos scored a run in the top of the tenth inning , but in the bottom , Martínez gave up a leadoff double to Bip Roberts , and was relieved by Mel Rojas , who retired the next three batters . Martínez was therefore the winning pitcher in a 1 -- 0 Expos victory . Four other games in which one team failed to reach base are not official perfect games because they were called off before nine innings were played : On August 11 , 1907 , Ed Karger of the St. Louis Cardinals pitched seven perfect innings against the Boston Braves ; second game of doubleheader called by prior agreement . On October 5 , 1907 , Rube Vickers of the Philadelphia Athletics pitched five perfect innings against the Senators ; second game of doubleheader called on account of darkness . Vickers achieved his feat on the last day of the season . He also pitched the final 12 innings of the 15 - inning first game . His back - to - back victories were his only wins of the year . On August 6 , 1967 , Dean Chance of the Minnesota Twins pitched five perfect innings against the Red Sox ; game called on account of rain . On April 21 , 1984 , David Palmer of the Expos pitched five perfect innings against the Cardinals ; second game of doubleheader called on account of rain . On March 14 , 2000 , in a spring training game -- by definition unofficial -- the Red Sox used six pitchers to retire all 27 Toronto Blue Jays batters in a 5 -- 0 victory . The starting pitcher for the Red Sox was Pedro Martínez ( see above ) . Perfect games spoiled by the 27th batter ( edit ) On thirteen occasions in Major League Baseball history , a perfect game has been spoiled when the batter representing what would have been the third and final out in the ninth inning reached base . Unless otherwise noted , the pitcher in question finished and won the game without allowing any more baserunners : On July 4 , 1908 , Hooks Wiltse of the New York Giants hit Philadelphia Phillies pitcher George McQuillan on a 2 -- 2 count in a scoreless game -- the only time a 0 -- 0 perfect game has been broken up by the 27th batter . Umpire Cy Rigler later admitted that he should have called the previous pitch strike 3 . Wiltse pitched on , winning 1 -- 0 ; his ten - inning no - hitter set a record for longest complete game no - hitter that has been tied twice but never broken . On August 5 , 1932 , Tommy Bridges of the Detroit Tigers gave up a pinch - hit single to the Washington Senators ' Dave Harris . On June 27 , 1958 , Billy Pierce of the Chicago White Sox gave up a double , which landed just inches in fair territory , on his first pitch to Senators pinch hitter Ed Fitz Gerald . On September 2 , 1972 , Milt Pappas of the Chicago Cubs walked San Diego Padres pinch hitter Larry Stahl on a borderline 3 -- 2 pitch . Pappas finished with a no - hitter . The umpire , Bruce Froemming , was in his second year ; he went on to a 37 - year career in which he umpired a record 11 no - hitters . Pappas believed he had struck out Stahl , and years later continued to bear ill will toward Froemming . On April 15 , 1983 , Milt Wilcox of the Tigers surrendered a pinch - hit single to the White Sox ' Jerry Hairston , Sr . On May 2 , 1988 , Ron Robinson of the Cincinnati Reds gave up a two - strike single to the Montreal Expos ' Wallace Johnson . Robinson then allowed a two - run homer to Tim Raines and was removed from the game . The final score was 3 -- 2 , with Robinson the winner . ( Robinson 's teammate Tom Browning threw his perfect game later that season . ) On August 4 , 1989 , Dave Stieb of the Toronto Blue Jays gave up a double to the New York Yankees ' Roberto Kelly , followed by an RBI single by Steve Sax . Stieb finished with a 2 -- 1 victory . This was the third time Stieb had a no - hitter broken up with two outs in the ninth inning . On April 20 , 1990 , Brian Holman of the Seattle Mariners gave up a home run to Ken Phelps of the Oakland Athletics . On September 2 , 2001 , Mike Mussina of the Yankees gave up a two - strike single to Boston Red Sox pinch hitter Carl Everett . The opposing pitcher in the game was David Cone , who had thrown the most recent perfect game two years earlier as a Yankee . On June 2 , 2010 , Armando Galarraga of the Tigers was charged with a single when first - base umpire Jim Joyce incorrectly ruled Jason Donald of the Cleveland Indians safe on an infield grounder . After the game , Joyce acknowledged his mistake : `` I just cost that kid a perfect game . I thought he beat the throw . I was convinced he beat the throw , until I saw the replay . '' Tyler Kepner of the New York Times wrote that no call had been `` so important and so horribly botched '' since the 1985 World Series . Galarraga retired the next batter as Donald advanced to third base via defensive indifference . Having taken place just four days after Halladay 's feat , the game would have set a new mark for proximity had it been perfect ; it would also have been the third perfect game in a 25 - day span . Donald was awarded first base on Galarraga 's 83rd pitch , which would have made it the second most efficient perfect game on record . Main article : Armando Galarraga 's near - perfect game On April 2 , 2013 , Yu Darvish of the Texas Rangers gave up a first pitch single to Marwin González of the Astros on a ground ball between Darvish 's legs and through the middle infield . Darvish was removed from the game without facing another batter , having thrown 111 pitches . With 14 strikeouts through the first 26 batters , Darvish had a chance to tie ( or exceed , had he struck out González ) a record for a perfect game . The Rangers would go on to win the game 7 - 0 . On September 6 , 2013 , Yusmeiro Petit of the San Francisco Giants retired the first 26 Arizona Diamondbacks batters before giving up a single to pinch hitter Eric Chávez on a 3 - 2 pitch . Giants right fielder Hunter Pence dove for the ball but came up just a couple of inches short . Petit retired the next batter to finish the one - hit shutout . On June 20 , 2015 , Max Scherzer of the Washington Nationals retired the first 26 Pittsburgh Pirates batters before hitting pinch - hitter José Tábata with a pitch in a 2 - 2 count . It has been contested that Tábata intentionally leaned into the pitch , which , if called as such , would not have resulted in him being awarded first base , preserving the perfect game . Scherzer retired the following batter to achieve the no - hitter . Other notable near - perfect games ( edit ) Nine or more consecutive innings of perfection ( edit ) There have been fifteen occasions in Major League Baseball history when a pitcher -- or , in one case , multiple pitchers -- recorded at least 27 consecutive outs after one or more runners reached base . In four instances , the game went into extra innings and the pitcher ( s ) recorded more than 27 consecutive outs : On May 11 , 1919 , Walter Johnson , pitching for the Senators against the Yankees , retired 28 batters in row : After surrendering a one - out single in the first to Roger Peckinpaugh and then retiring the next two batters to end the inning , he was perfect in the second through the ninth . He recorded two outs in the tenth , before giving up a walk to Home Run Baker . The first Sunday game to be played legally in New York , it was ended after the 12th inning , still scoreless , because Yankee owner Jacob Ruppert mistakenly believed the new law barred play after 6 PM . On September 24 , 1919 , Waite Hoyt , pitching for the Red Sox against the Yankees in the second game of a doubleheader , gave up a run in the second inning . The Red Sox tied the game in the ninth on a solo home run by Babe Ruth , his then record - breaking 28th of the season . The game report in the New York Times states , `` Hoyt gave a remarkable performance of his pitching skill , and from the fourth inning to the thirteenth he did not allow a hit and not a Yankee runner reached first base . In these nine hitless innings the youngster was at the top of his form '' . The Yankees eventually won 2 -- 1 when , in the 13th , Wally Pipp tripled and was brought home by a sacrifice fly . ( The New York Times report states that Pipp tripled with `` two out '' -- evidently a typographical or counting error , as the subsequent sacrifice fly , which is described in detail , would not then have been possible . ) Play - by - play records are not currently available for the game , but it appears that Hoyt recorded no less than 28 consecutive outs -- the last out in the third inning and 27 in the perfect nine innings encompassing the fourth through the 12th . On September 18 , 1971 , Rick Wise , pitching for the Phillies against the Cubs , gave up a home run to the leadoff batter in the second inning , Frank Fernández . He did not allow another baserunner until Ron Santo singled with two outs in the top of the 12th . Wise retired the next batter and the Phillies scored in the bottom of the inning , making him the winner , 4 -- 3 . Wise had been perfect for 10 2 / 3 , retiring 32 consecutive batters -- the record for most consecutive outs in a game by a winning pitcher . At the plate , Wise helped his cause by going 3 for 6 , with a double and the game - winning RBI in the bottom of the 12th . The starting pitcher for the Cubs was Milt Pappas , who would have his near - perfect game one year later . On July 6 , 2005 , A.J. Burnett , then pitching for the Florida Marlins , surrendered a two - out single in the third inning that gave the Milwaukee Brewers a 4 -- 1 lead . It was the fourth hit he had given up , on top of five walks . He then retired the next ten batters before leaving the game with the Marlins trailing 4 -- 2 . In his six innings , he struck out 14 . Jim Mecir pitched a perfect seventh and Guillermo Mota pitched a perfect eighth and ninth as the Marlins rallied to send the game into extra innings . Todd Jones was perfect in the 10th and 11th and Valerio de los Santos picked up the win with a perfect 12th , for a total of 28 straight batters retired starting with the final batter of the third inning . Cy Young , first perfect game pitcher of the modern era . His 1908 no - hitter was a solo version of the Ruth -- Shore game of 1917 : a leadoff walk , a caught stealing , and perfection the rest of the way . In the eleven other instances , the leadoff batter ( or batters ) reached base in the first inning , followed by 27 consecutive batters ( or batters and baserunners ) being retired through the end of a nine - inning game . In one case , the leadoff baserunner was retired , meaning the pitcher faced the minimum : On June 30 , 1908 , Red Sox pitcher Cy Young walked the New York Highlanders ' leadoff batter , Harry Niles , who was caught stealing . No one else reached base against Young , who also had three hits and four RBIs in Boston 's 8 -- 0 win . It was the third no - hitter of Young 's career and about as close as possible to being his second perfect game . He is the only pitcher in major league history to retire 27 consecutive men in a game on two separate occasions . The remaining instances in which a pitcher recorded 27 consecutive outs in a game , noting how the opponent 's leadoff batter ( or batters ) reached base : May 24 , 1884 , Al Atkinson / Philadelphia Athletics ( Pittsburgh Alleghenys ' Ed Swartwood hit by pitch , stole second , reached third on a groundout , and scored on a passed ball ) On June 23 , 1917 , Babe Ruth and Ernie Shore pitched their combined no - hitter in which the leadoff hitter walked and was thrown out stealing second ( see `` Unofficial perfect games '' above ) . May 16 , 1953 , Curt Simmons / Philadelphia Phillies ( single by Milwaukee Braves ' Bill Bruton ) May 13 , 1954 , Robin Roberts / Phillies ( home run by Reds ' Bobby Adams ) July 1 , 1966 , Woodie Fryman / Pittsburgh Pirates ( single by New York Mets ' Ron Hunt ) May 19 , 1981 , Jim Bibby / Pirates ( single by Atlanta Braves ' Terry Harper ) June 11 , 1982 , Jerry Reuss / Los Angeles Dodgers ( double by Reds ' Eddie Milner , who reached third on a sacrifice bunt and scored on a fielder 's choice ) April 22 , 1993 , Chris Bosio / Seattle Mariners ( walks by Red Sox Ernest Riles and Carlos Quintana , the latter of whom was retired on a double play ) July 7 , 2006 , John Lackey / Los Angeles Angels ( double by Oakland Athletics ' Mark Kotsay ) May 10 , 2013 , Shelby Miller / St. Louis Cardinals ( single by Colorado Rockies ' Eric Young , Jr . ) No - hitters with no walks issued and no batters hit by pitch ( edit ) On eleven occasions in Major League Baseball history , a pitcher recorded 27 outs without surrendering a hit , walk , or having a batter reach on a hit - by - pitch , but lost a perfect game because a baserunner reached through a fielding error : Perfect games ruined by errors committed by the pitcher : July 19 , 1974 -- Dick Bosman , Cleveland Indians vs. Oakland Athletics ( throwing error by Bosman with two outs in the 4th inning ) Perfect games ruined by errors committed by other players : June 13 , 1905 -- Christy Mathewson , New York Giants vs. Chicago Cubs ( fielding error by Bill Dahlen with one out in the 4th inning , and fielding error by Billy Gilbert with one out in the 6th inning ) September 5 , 1908 -- Nap Rucker , Brooklyn Superbas vs. Boston Doves ( three errors ) July 1 , 1920 -- Walter Johnson , Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox ( fielding error by Bucky Harris with no outs in the 7th inning ) September 3 , 1947 -- Bill McCahan , Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics ( throwing error by Ferris Fain with one out in the 2nd inning ) June 27 , 1980 -- Jerry Reuss , Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants ( throwing error by Bill Russell with two outs in the 1st inning ) August 15 , 1990 -- Terry Mulholland , Philadelphia Phillies vs. San Francisco Giants ( throwing error by Charlie Hayes with no outs in the 7th inning ) July 10 , 2009 -- Jonathan Sánchez , San Francisco Giants vs. San Diego Padres ( fielding error by Juan Uribe with one out in the 8th inning ) June 18 , 2014 -- Clayton Kershaw , Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Colorado Rockies ( throwing error by Hanley Ramírez with no outs in the 7th inning ) October 3 , 2015 -- Max Scherzer , Washington Nationals vs. New York Mets ( throwing error by Yunel Escobar with no outs in the 6th inning ) August 23 , 2017 -- Rich Hill , Los Angeles Dodgers vs. Pittsburgh Pirates ( fielding error by Logan Forsythe with no outs in the 9th inning ) There has never been an occasion in which a perfect game was solely ruined through an uncaught third strike . The closest instance of this happening was during Philip Humber 's perfect game . His 27th out was recorded on a dropped third strike ; however , catcher A.J. Pierzynski was able to retrieve the ball in time to throw to first base . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball no - hitters Nippon Professional Baseball perfect games Golden set in tennis Maximum break in snooker Nine - dart finish in darts Perfect game in bowling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Forman , Sean . `` MLB 's 200,000 th Game '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemec ( 2006 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 , 85 , 123 . Jump up ^ Dickson ( 2009 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Rules Chronology 1845 -- 1899 '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Rules Chronology 1900 -- present '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved November 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Akin , William ( 2003 ) . `` Bill Phillips '' . SABR Baseball Biography Project . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hanlon ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ `` J. Lee Richmond 's Remarkable 1879 Season '' Jump up ^ `` Becker College : History '' . Becker College . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Egan ( 2008 ) , pp. 100 , 295 n . 6 , quotes the line within a longer passage quoted from the Cleveland Leader , June 14 , 1880 . Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 14 , credits the Chicago Tribune with the line . Deutsch ( 1975 ) , p. 14 , presents a clipping from the New York Herald with the line . Jump up ^ Okrent and Wulf ( 1989 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 , describe a story that later emerged that Richmond hurled his historic perfecto after staying up all night following a pre-graduation dinner at Brown University , pitching in an early morning class game , and taking a train to Worcester just in time to perform his professional duties . The BaseballLibrary.com entry on Richmond Archived July 28 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . claims that a similar sequence of events preceded not his perfect game , but a game he pitched against the Chicago White Stockings on June 16 . Egan ( 2008 ) , p. 101 , debunks the tale . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E05E1D9173EE033A25750C0A9669D946997D6CF Jump up ^ `` Charlie Robertson Perfect Game Box Score '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Browning ( 2003 ) , pp. 145 , 248 . Jump up ^ Coffey ( 2004 ) , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 185 -- 186 . BaseballLibrary.com claims it was a passed ball . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2005 ) , pp. 58 , 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ 1922 American League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on September 16 , 2010 . See Coffey ( 2004 ) , p. 43 , for an analysis of Detroit 's relatively desultory hitting at the point in the season when the game was played . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Kennedy ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Lupica ( 1999 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. vi . Jump up ^ 1968 Oakland Athletics Game Log . Retrosheet . Retrieved on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Most Memorable Reds Moments of the 20th Century '' . Cincinnati Enquirer. 1999 . Retrieved June 3 , 2010 . Box score : July 4 , 1989 -- Cincinnati Reds at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on June 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Buckley ( 2002 ) , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Nightengale , Bob ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` The Pitcher Is Perfect , but Greer Gets the Save '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Richards , Charles ( July 29 , 1994 ) . `` Rogers Fires Perfect Game For Rangers ; Diving Grab in 9th Saves Gem '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wells Claims `` 25 to 40 Percent '' of Players Use Steroids `` . ESPN / Associated Press . February 27 , 2003 . Retrieved March 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gallagher ( 2003 ) , p. 431 . Jump up ^ baseball almanac . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The OBP of the 2009 Rays , against which Buehrle later threw his perfect game , also rounds to . 343. 2004 Atlanta Braves Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics . Baseball-Reference.com. 2009 Tampa Bay Rays Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2004 National League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlegel , John ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` For Buehrle , a Perfect Day for History '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Just , David ( July 23 , 2009 ) . `` Same Ump Called Both Buehrle No - Nos '' . MLB.com . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Buehrle Breaks Record '' . ESPN.com . July 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SB Nation '' . SBNation.com . August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Standings and Games on Saturday , May 8 , 2010 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2010 American League Season Summary . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on October 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Braden 's Perfect Game 19th Ever and Second Straight Against Rays '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect Phillie : Halladay Pitches Perfect Game '' . MSNBC . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Halladay 's Perfect Game Is This Season 's Second '' . ESPN / Associated Press . May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Second Cy Young Boosts Halladay 's Hall of Fame Credentials '' . Sports Illustrated . November 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Phil Humber Completes Perfect Game , MLB.com. April 21 , 2012 . Caple , Jim . ( April 22 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Powers , Scott ( April 21 , 2012 ) . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Felix Hernandez pitches perfect game '' . USA Today . August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vass ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Ernie Shore hastily relieves and Sam Agnew takes over behind the plate for Pinch Thomas Baseball Library . Retrieved on May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Chen ( 2009 ) ; Reisler ( 2007 ) , p. 57 ; Thielman ( 2005 ) , p. 169 ; Sullivan ( 2002 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Tuesday , May 26 , 1959 ( N ) at County Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , June 3 , 1995 ( N ) at Jack Murphy Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins ( 2004 ) , p. 242 . ^ Jump up to : Rothe , Emil H. The Shortened No - Hitters Baseball Research Journal . SABR . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zingg and Medeiros ( 1994 ) , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , April 21 , 1984 ( N ) at Busch Stadium II Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pedro Martinez : Perfect Game -- Spring Training 1918RedSox.com . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Holtzman ( 2003 ) . Holtzman 's article was published before the near - perfect game by Armando Galarraga . Note that Coffey ( 2004 ) gives incorrect years for the near - perfect games of Wiltse , Stieb , Holman , and Mussina ( p. 279 ) . Jump up ^ Nemec ( 2006 ) , pp. 86 -- 87 ; Simon ( 2004 ) , p. 54 ; `` No Hitter Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Vass ( 1998 ) notes that this is one of only three otherwise perfect games where the sole lapse was a hit batsman . The pitchers in the two other cases were Lew Burdette ( August 18 , 1960 ; fifth inning ) and Kevin Brown ( June 10 , 1997 ; eighth inning ) . Jump up ^ Deveaux ( 2001 ) , p. 111 ; James ( 2003 ) , p. 891 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , June 27 , 1958 ( N ) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet ; Billy Pierce Interview Baseball Almanac . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , September 2 , 1972 ( D ) at Wrigley Field Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 ; Amspacher , Bruce ( April 11 , 2003 ) . `` What Really Happened ? An Interview with Major League Pitching Great Milt Pappas '' . Professional Sports Authenticator . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Weinbaum , William ( September 20 , 2007 ) . `` Froemming Draws Pappas ' Ire , 35 Years Later '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , April 15 , 1983 ( N ) at Comiskey Park I Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Monday , May 2 , 1988 ( N ) at Riverfront Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Box score : August 4 , 1989 -- New York Yankees at Toronto Blue Jays Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Brown , August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 9 , 2010 . '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Box score : April 20 , 1990 -- Seattle Mariners at Oakland Athletics Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Larry Stone ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Losing a perfect game was tough -- but Brian Holman 's been through tougher '' . Seattle Times . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Box score : September 2 , 2001 -- New York Yankees at Boston Red Sox Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Umpire : ' I Just Cost That Kid a Perfect Game ' '' . ESPN / Associated Press . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Pitcher Loses Perfect Game on Questionable Call '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.com At Bat '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/gameday/index.jsp?gid=2015_06_20_pitmlb_wasmlb_1#game=2015_06_20_pitmlb_wasmlb_1,game_state=Wrapup,game_tab=box Jump up ^ Deveaux ( 2001 ) , p. 49 ; Washington Post , `` The Game in Detail '' , May 12 , 1919 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ New York Times , `` Ruth Wallops Out His 28th Home Run '' , September 24 , 1919 , p. 23 ( available online ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Cook ( 2004 ) , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Nowlin ( 2005 ) , p. 69 ; Box score : September 18 , 1971 -- Chicago Cubs at Philadelphia Phillies Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett K 's 14 over Six Innings Associated Press via ESPN.com . Retrieved on August 13 , 2010 ; Box score : July 6 , 2005 -- Milwaukee Brewers at Florida Marlins Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Bill ( July 14 , 2006 ) . `` Beyond the Box Score -- Almost Perfect '' . MLB.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Arnold does not list Bosio 's 1993 game , as his list is restricted to games in which only the leadoff man reached base before the next 27 batters were retired . Jump up ^ Elston ( 2006 ) , pp. 173 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Charlton 's Baseball Chronology -- 1884 ( May ) Archived October 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Baseball Library . Retrieved on May 11 , 2009 . Note that this was an American Association game ; the National League had not yet instituted the rule awarding hit batsmen first base . Charlton 's Baseball Chronology , the source for this game , incorrectly describes Monte Ward retiring 27 straight batters after the first singled in a game of July 23 , 1880 . In fact , he also walked a batter and another reached on an error . See Boston Globe , `` Providence 5 , Cincinnati 0 '' , July 24 , 1880 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Saturday , May 16 , 1953 ( D ) at County Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Thursday , May 13 , 1954 ( N ) at Connie Mack Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , July 1 , 1966 ( N ) at Shea Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Tuesday , May 19 , 1981 ( N ) at Three Rivers Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , June 11 , 1982 ( N ) at Dodger Stadium Retrosheet . Retrieved on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Thursday , April 22 , 1993 ( N ) at Kingdome Retrosheet . Retrieved on January 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , July 7 , 2006 ( N ) at Network Associates Coliseum Retrosheet . Retrieved on November 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Boxscore -- Game Played on Friday , May 10 , 2013 at Busch Stadium ESPN . Retrieved on May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ July 19 , 1974 Oakland Athletics at Cleveland Indians Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` M'Graw Put Matty In To Beat The Cubs '' . The Evening World . July 13 , 1905 . Jump up ^ `` National League '' . The San Francisco Call . September 6 , 1908 . Jump up ^ July 1 , 1920 Washington Senators at Boston Red Sox Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ September 3 , 1947 Washington Senators at Philadelphia Athletics Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ June 27 , 1980 Los Angeles Dodgers at San Francisco Giants Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ August 15 , 1990 San Francisco Giants at Philadelphia Phillies Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ July 10 , 2009 San Diego Padres at San Francisco Giants Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gurnick , Ken ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Kershaw tosses first no - no as Dodgers rout Rockies '' . mlb.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` October 3 , 2015 Washington Nationals at New York Mets Box Score and Play by Play '' . espn.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ August 23 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers at Pittsburgh Pirates Box Score and Play by Play Baseball Reference . Retrieved on August 24 , 2017 . Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Stolen bases Runs Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Major League Baseball pitchers who have pitched a perfect game Lee Richmond ( game ) John Montgomery Ward Cy Young ( game ) Addie Joss ( game ) Charlie Robertson ( game ) Don Larsen ( game ) Jim Bunning ( game ) Sandy Koufax ( game ) Catfish Hunter ( game ) Len Barker ( game ) Mike Witt ( game ) Tom Browning ( game ) Dennis Martínez ( game ) Kenny Rogers ( game ) David Wells ( game ) David Cone ( game ) Randy Johnson ( game ) Mark Buehrle ( game ) Dallas Braden ( game ) Roy Halladay ( game ) Philip Humber ( game ) Matt Cain ( game ) Félix Hernández ( game ) Italics denotes post-season perfect game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_perfect_games&oldid=800306192 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Lists of Major League Baseball no - hitters by franchise Major League Baseball statistics Baseball pitching Major League Baseball perfect games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using web citations with no URL Use mdy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 18 : 19 . 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what mlb team has the most perfect games
[ "\n\nFranchise\nPerfect games won\nPerfect games won against\n\n\nAngels\n1\n1\n\n\nAstros\n0\n1\n\n\nAthletics/A’s\n2\n1\n\n\nBlue Jays\n0\n1\n\n\nBraves\n0\n1\n\n\nCubs\n0\n1\n\n\nDiamondbacks\n1\n0\n\n\nDodgers\n1\n3\n\n\nGiants\n1\n0\n\n\nIndians\n2\n0\n\n\nMariners\n1\n1\n\n\nMarlins\n0\n1\n\n\nMets\n0\n1\n\n\nExpos/Nationals\n1\n1\n\n\nPhillies\n2\n0\n\n\nSenators/Rangers\n1\n1\n\n\nDevil Rays/Rays\n0\n3\n\n\nReds\n1\n0\n\n\nAmericans/Red Sox\n1\n0\n\n\nTigers\n0\n1\n\n\nSenators/Twins\n0\n2\n\n\nWhite Sox\n3\n1\n\n\nYankees\n3\n0\n\n", "\n\nFranchise\nPerfect games won\nPerfect games won against\n\n\nAngels\n1\n1\n\n\nAstros\n0\n1\n\n\nAthletics/A’s\n2\n1\n\n\nBlue Jays\n0\n1\n\n\nBraves\n0\n1\n\n\nCubs\n0\n1\n\n\nDiamondbacks\n1\n0\n\n\nDodgers\n1\n3\n\n\nGiants\n1\n0\n\n\nIndians\n2\n0\n\n\nMariners\n1\n1\n\n\nMarlins\n0\n1\n\n\nMets\n0\n1\n\n\nExpos/Nationals\n1\n1\n\n\nPhillies\n2\n0\n\n\nSenators/Rangers\n1\n1\n\n\nDevil Rays/Rays\n0\n3\n\n\nReds\n1\n0\n\n\nAmericans/Red Sox\n1\n0\n\n\nTigers\n0\n1\n\n\nSenators/Twins\n0\n2\n\n\nWhite Sox\n3\n1\n\n\nYankees\n3\n0\n\n" ]
[ "Dodgers", "Devil Rays/Rays" ]
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Jacksonville Jaguars
Jacksonville Jaguars - wikipedia Jacksonville Jaguars Jump to : navigation , search Jacksonville Jaguars Current season Established November 30 , 1993 ; 24 years ago ( 1993 - 11 - 30 ) First season : 1995 Play in and headquartered at TIAA Bank Field Jacksonville , Florida Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1995 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1995 -- present ) AFC Central ( 1995 -- 2001 ) AFC South ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Black , Teal , Gold Mascot Jaxson de Ville Personnel Owner ( s ) Shahid Khan President Mark Lamping General manager David Caldwell Head coach Doug Marrone Team history Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Team nicknames Jags Championships League championships ( 0 ) Conference championships ( 0 ) Division championships ( 3 ) AFC Central : 1998 , 1999 AFC South : 2017 Playoff appearances ( 7 ) NFL : 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2005 , 2007 , 2017 Home fields TIAA Bank Field ( 1995 -- present ) The Jacksonville Jaguars are an American professional football franchise based in Jacksonville , Florida . The Jaguars compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . The team plays its home games at TIAA Bank Field . The Jaguars and the Carolina Panthers joined the NFL as expansion teams for the 1995 season . Since their inception , the Jaguars have won division championships in 1998 and 1999 ( as members of the now - defunct AFC Central ) and 2017 ( as members of the AFC South ) and have qualified for the playoffs seven times , most recently in 2017 after a ten - season playoff drought . From their inception until 2011 , the Jacksonville Jaguars ' majority owner was Wayne Weaver . The team was then purchased by Pakistani - born businessman Shahid Khan for an estimated $ 770 million . In 2015 , Forbes estimated the team value at $1.48 billion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1989 -- 1994 1.2 1995 -- 2002 1.2. 1 1995 1.2. 2 1996 1.2. 3 1997 -- 99 1.2. 4 2000 -- 02 1.3 2003 -- 2011 1.3. 1 2003 -- 05 1.3. 2 2006 1.3. 3 2007 1.3. 4 2008 1.3. 5 2009 -- 2010 1.3. 6 2011 1.4 2012 1.4. 1 2012 1.4. 2 NFL International Series 1.5 2013 -- 2016 1.5. 1 2014 -- 2015 1.5. 2 2016 -- 2017 1.6 2017 -- present 2 Team colors , logos and mascot 2.1 Logos 2.2 Uniforms 2.2. 1 1995 -- 2001 2.2. 2 2002 -- 2008 2.2. 3 2009 -- 2011 2.2. 4 2012 2.2. 5 2013 -- present 2.3 Mascot 2.4 Jacksonville Roar 3 Stadium 4 Rivals 5 Statistics and records 5.1 Season - by - season results 6 Current roster 7 Players of note 7.1 Retired numbers 7.2 Pride of the Jaguars 7.3 Florida Sports Hall of Fame 7.4 All - time first - round draft picks 8 Head coaches and coordinators 8.1 Head coaches 8.2 Offensive coordinators 8.3 Defensive coordinators 9 Current coaching staff 10 Work in the community 11 Broadcast media 11.1 Radio 11.2 Television 12 See also 13 Notes and references 14 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Jacksonville Jaguars 1989 -- 1994 ( edit ) Wayne Weaver ( right ) was the first owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars from 1993 to 2011 . In 1989 , the prospective ownership group Touchdown Jacksonville ! was organized . The group initially included future Florida Governor Jeb Bush and Jacksonville developer Tom Petway , and came to be led by shoe magnate Wayne Weaver , founder of Nine West . In 1991 , the NFL announced plans to add two expansion teams in 1994 ( later delayed until 1995 ) , its first expansion since the 1976 addition of the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . Touchdown Jacksonville ! announced its bid for a team , and Jacksonville was ultimately chosen as one of five finalists , along with Charlotte , St. Louis , Baltimore , and Memphis . Jacksonville was considered the least likely expansion candidate for several reasons . The Jacksonville metropolitan area and television market were smaller than those of nearly every team in the league . Although Jacksonville was the 15th largest city in the nation at the time ( It has since grown to become the 11th - largest ) , it has always been a medium - sized market because the surrounding suburbs and rural areas are far smaller than the city itself . There were 635,000 people in Jacksonville proper according to the 1990 census , but only 900,000 people in the metropolitan area . Additionally , the Gator Bowl was outdated , and the ownership group struggled to negotiate a lease with the city . The troubled negotiations over the Gator Bowl lease led the ownership group to withdraw from the NFL expansion bidding in July 1993 . Charlotte was awarded the first franchise -- the Carolina Panthers -- in October 1993 . Surprisingly , the naming of the second expansion city was delayed a month . Most pundits speculated that the delay was made to allow St. Louis to shore up its bid . At the time , St. Louis was considered the favorite for the second franchise , with Baltimore 's three bids also considered strong . However , in a surprising move , the NFL owners voted 26 -- 2 in favor of awarding the 30th franchise to Jacksonville . After the Gator Bowl game on December 31 , 1993 , the old stadium was essentially demolished and replaced with a reinforced concrete superstructure . All that remained of the old stadium was the west upper concourse and a portion of the ramping system . To accommodate construction , the 1994 and 1995 games of `` The World 's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party '' were split between the home fields of Florida and Georgia , and the 1994 Gator Bowl was played at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville . 1995 -- 2002 ( edit ) Tom Coughlin was Jacksonville 's head coach for its first eight seasons In January 1994 Wayne Weaver chose Tom Coughlin as the first - ever head coach of the Jaguars . Coughlin had worked in the NFL as a position coach , but he had been neither a head coach nor a coordinator in the NFL . The Jaguars ' hiring of Coughlin contrasted with the hiring moves made by their fellow expansion team . The same month that Weaver hired Coughlin as his head coach , Carolina Panthers owner Jerry Richardson went a more conventional route and hired former Buffalo Bills general manager Bill Polian as the Panthers ' first GM ( the Panthers ' head coach , Dom Capers , would not be hired until a full year after Coughlin ) . As it emerged that Weaver had no intention of hiring a general manager , it became apparent that Coughlin would have most of the authority regarding hiring decisions . Coughlin spent his year as `` head coach without a team '' preparing for the personnel moves that would come from the expansion draft , free agency , and the rookie draft in the spring of 1995 . 1995 ( edit ) Main article : 1995 Jacksonville Jaguars season The inaugural logo of the Jacksonville Jaguars . Along with the Carolina Panthers , the Jacksonville Jaguars entered the NFL as the first expansion teams in almost 20 years . Both teams participated in the 1995 NFL expansion draft , with the Jaguars taking Steve Beuerlein with the first pick . Beuerlein quickly lost his starting job to former Green Bay Packers backup Mark Brunell . The Jaguars finished their inaugural season with a record of 4 -- 12 . Both the Jaguars and the Panthers ( 7 -- 9 ) broke the previous record for most wins by an expansion team ( 3 ) set by the Cincinnati Bengals in 1968 . The inaugural season featured many of the players who would lead Jacksonville into the playoffs in the team 's next four seasons , including quarterback Mark Brunell ( acquired in a draft day trade from Green Bay ) , offensive lineman Tony Boselli ( drafted with the 2nd pick overall in the 1995 NFL Draft ) running back James Stewart ( also drafted in 1995 ) , and wide receiver Jimmy Smith ( signed as a free agent ) . Mark Brunell practicing with the Jaguars before their inaugural game on September 3 , 1995 . The team played its first regular season game at home in front of a crowd of 72,363 on September 3 , 1995 , a 10 -- 3 loss against the Houston Oilers . The team picked up its first win in Week 4 as the Jaguars defeated the Oilers 17 -- 16 on October 1 in Houston . The next week against the Pittsburgh Steelers , the Jaguars earned their first home win by defeating the eventual AFC Champions 20 -- 16 . The team 's other two wins came in a season sweep of the Cleveland Browns including a Week 17 24 -- 21 victory sealed by a Mike Hollis 34 - yard field goal in the Browns ' final game before the team relocated to Baltimore and was renamed the Ravens . Main article : 1996 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jacksonville 's 1996 season was a marked success as they won six of their last seven games of the season and finished with a record of 9 -- 7 . Quarterback Mark Brunell threw for over 4,000 yards and wide receivers Keenan McCardell and Jimmy Smith each accumulated over 1,000 receiving yards . In the team 's final game of the regular season against the Atlanta Falcons , needing a win to earn a playoff berth , the Jaguars caught a bit of luck when Morten Andersen , one of the most accomplished kickers in NFL history , missed a 30 - yard field goal with less than a minute remaining that would have given the Falcons the lead . The Jaguars clinched the fifth seed in the AFC playoffs . The Jaguars visited the Buffalo Bills in their first playoff game in franchise history . Despite being a heavy underdog , the Jaguars won 30 -- 27 , and knocked Buffalo quarterback Jim Kelly out of what would turn out to be the last game of his career . Their next game was on the road against the Denver Broncos , who had earned the AFC 's top seed with a 13 -- 3 record and were widely regarded as the best team in the AFC , if not the NFL . While the Broncos scored two touchdowns early in the game , after the first quarter , the Jaguars largely dominated . In what is often regarded as one of the three biggest upsets in NFL playoff history , the Jaguars defeated the Broncos by the same score as the previous week against the Bills , 30 -- 27 . Upon their return home , the Jags were greeted by an estimated 40,000 fans at the stadium . Many of these fans had watched the game on the stadium JumboTron displays and had stayed into the early hours of the morning when the team arrived . In the AFC Championship Game , the Jaguars miracle season came to an end , as they lost 20 -- 6 to the New England Patriots , in Foxboro . Their fellow second - year NFC expansion team , the Carolina Panthers , also got to their conference championship game , where they lost 30 -- 13 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers . 1997 -- 99 ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars vs. Cincinnati Bengals in January 2000 . Main article : 1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1997 , the franchise 's third season , the Jaguars and the Steelers both finished the season with an 11 -- 5 record , tops in the AFC Central Division . Pittsburgh won the division in a tiebreaker as a result of having higher net in division games than Jacksonville . As a result , the Jaguars settled for 2nd place in the division , a Wild Card berth and , for the second straight year , the 5th seed in the AFC playoffs . The Jags postseason would end quickly as they fell in their first game , a 42 -- 17 defeat against the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium . The Broncos , led by Terrell Davis , ran at will against the Jaguars , rushing for 5 touchdowns and over 300 yards . Main article : 1998 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1998 , the Jaguars again finished 11 -- 5 and won their first AFC Central Division title . The team became the first NFL expansion team to make the playoffs three times in its first four seasons of play . In the Wild Card Round , the Jaguars hosted their first home playoff game , a 25 -- 10 win over the New England Patriots . The team 's season ended the next week in the Divisional Round as the New York Jets defeated the Jaguars 34 -- 24 . Main article : 1999 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 1999 , the Jaguars compiled a league best 14 -- 2 regular season record , the best record in franchise history . The team 's two losses were to the Tennessee Titans . The Jaguars won the AFC Central Division for the second straight year and clinched the # 1 seed in the AFC . The Jaguars hosted the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Divisional playoffs , a 62 -- 7 victory in what would be Dan Marino and Jimmy Johnson 's last NFL game . Jacksonville 's 62 points and 55 - point margin are the second most ever in NFL playoff history , and Fred Taylor 's 90 - yard run in the first quarter is the longest ever in an NFL playoff game . The Jaguars ' bid for a Super Bowl title came to an end the next week in the AFC championship game . The Jags fell at home to the Titans 33 -- 14 in a game that the Jaguars led 14 -- 10 at halftime , before allowing 23 unanswered points in the 2nd half . The Jaguars finished the 1999 season 15 -- 3 , with all three of their losses coming against the Titans . The loss marked the end of an era that saw the Jaguars make the playoffs in four of the team 's first 5 years and would be the team 's last playoff appearance until the 2005 season . 2000 -- 02 ( edit ) Main articles : 2000 Jacksonville Jaguars season , 2001 Jacksonville Jaguars season , and 2002 Jacksonville Jaguars season The Jaguars struggled during this period , due in part to salary cap problems . In the 2000 season , veteran quarterback Mark Brunell and young running back Fred Taylor led the squad through a painful 7 -- 9 season . The Jaguars finished with records of 6 -- 10 in both the 2001 and 2002 seasons . After the 2002 season , head coach Tom Coughlin was fired after eight seasons , leading the Jaguars to a total record of 68 -- 60 and four trips to the playoffs . The 2002 season also marked the last full season for Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell , who was benched in the third game of 2003 in favor of Byron Leftwich . Brunell piled up over 25,000 yards as a Jaguar and earned three trips to the Pro Bowl . In 2002 the NFL split up the two conferences into four divisions , sending the Jacksonville Jaguars to the AFC South . This put them in the same division as the Indianapolis Colts , Tennessee Titans , and the expansion Houston Texans . 2003 -- 2011 ( edit ) Head Coach Jack Del Rio set an NFL - record for consecutive seasons ( 9 ) coaching a team without once winning a division title . 2003 -- 05 ( edit ) Main articles : 2003 Jacksonville Jaguars season , 2004 Jacksonville Jaguars season , and 2005 Jacksonville Jaguars season In 2003 , the Jaguars hired Jack Del Rio as head coach . Del Rio was a linebacker during the late 80s and early 90s before retiring . He was formerly the Carolina Panthers ' defensive coordinator , bringing the team 's defensive ranking from 30th to second . Prior to that , Del Rio was the Baltimore Ravens linebackers coach , participating in that capacity on the Ravens ' record setting championship 2000 defense . The Jaguars selected quarterback Byron Leftwich with the seventh pick of the NFL draft . The Jaguars had high hopes for their new quarterback . The team had many failures and heartbreaking moments , ending the 2003 season at 5 -- 11 and missing the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . Despite resolving their salary cap problems , the team 's rebuilding was clearly taking longer than expected . Byron Leftwich was the quarterback of the Jaguars from 2003 to 2006 Maurice Jones - Drew , one of the league 's smallest running backs turned out to be a second round steal for the Jags Reggie Nelson hitting Reggie Wayne of the Indianapolis Colts on Monday Night Football in 2007 . Josh Scobee is the all - time leading scorer for the Jaguars with 1,022 points . The 2004 season , the 10th season of the Jaguars franchise , resulted in a 9 -- 7 record , their first winning season since 1999 , with road victories against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field and the Indianapolis Colts at the RCA Dome . The Jaguars ' defense was a strong suit , as it included two Pro Bowl players , defensive tackles Marcus Stroud and John Henderson . Josh Scobee was selected in the 5th round of the 2004 NFL Draft and became a dominant placekicker for the Jaguars setting multiple franchise records . Byron Leftwich enjoyed a solid year in 2004 , helped by strong performances from holdovers Fred Taylor and Jimmy Smith . Unfortunately , Taylor sustained a season - ending injury at Green Bay . The very next week the Jaguars fell to the Houston Texans , which would ultimately eliminate them from playoff contention . The 2005 Jaguars hoped to challenge the Colts for the division title . However , due to their scintillating 13 -- 0 start , including two victories against the Jaguars , the Colts easily clinched the AFC South title . With a 12 -- 4 record , the Jaguars earned a wild card and their first playoff appearance since 1999 . While the Jaguars managed to win key games in 2005 , nine of their final ten games were against opponents with losing records . Though these games were wins , key players Byron Leftwich , Mike Peterson , Akin Ayodele , Paul Spicer , and Rashean Mathis were hurt during this stretch . The Jaguars ended the season losing 28 -- 3 to the two - time defending champion New England Patriots on January 7 , 2006 in the AFC wild card playoff round . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jacksonville looked like a team on the rise coming off of their 12 -- 4 season , and was considered a playoff contender entering the season . But injuries plagued the team . Reggie Hayward , Greg Jones , Donovin Darius , Byron Leftwich , and Mike Peterson all suffered season - ending injuries . Marcus Stroud , Matt Jones , Paul Spicer , and Fred Taylor also faced injuries during the season . The team started off 2 -- 0 , defeating the Dallas Cowboys ( earning the NFL 's highest winning percentage on opening days at . 750 with a record of 9 -- 3 ) , and shutting out the defending champs Pittsburgh Steelers . But the team lost its next two games , and suffered embarrassing losses to the Houston Texans over the course of the season ( Jacksonville has struggled against the Texans since Houston entered the league in 2002 ) . They missed the playoffs with an 8 -- 8 record , but there were some positives , in particular an impressive rookie season by their second - round draft pick , running back Maurice Jones - Drew . 2007 ( edit ) Main article : 2007 Jacksonville Jaguars season In the 2007 NFL Draft , the Jaguars used their first - round pick ( 21st overall ) to select Florida safety Reggie Nelson . On June 15 , 2007 , the Jaguars released veteran strong safety Donovin Darius , who had seen diminished playing time in previous years due to mounting injuries . On August 31 , 2007 , the Jaguars announced that long time back - up quarterback David Garrard would start for the team , ahead of former first round draft pick Byron Leftwich , who was released in the team 's final roster cuts . Garrard led the Jaguars to an 11 -- 5 record and a wild card spot in the playoffs . The Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 31 -- 29 to win their first playoff game in almost eight years and their first road playoff win since 1997 . It was also the first time in the 50 + year history of the Steelers that they had been beaten twice at home by the same team in the same season . However , in the divisional round , the Jaguars fell to the then - undefeated New England Patriots ; the teams were tied at halftime , but the Patriots pulled ahead and won 31 -- 20 . Tom Brady completed 26 of 28 passes in this game , being pressured by the Jaguars ' defense only once , on the first play . This game , more than any other , gave the Jaguars ' front office a strong desire to upgrade the pass rush during the offseason . The team 's offense in 2007 was largely a run - first offense , with Maurice Jones - Drew and Fred Taylor each putting up a lot of yards . David Garrard , however showed to be an efficient passer in 2007 , throwing only 3 interceptions . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2008 season began with high expectations for the Jaguars . The team acquired free agent wide receiver Jerry Porter and rookie defensive ends Quentin Groves of Auburn and Derrick Harvey of Florida to address the team 's most glaring needs . ( Porter was released the following year and Groves was traded to Oakland in 2010 . ) Journalists including ESPN. com 's Kevin Seifert predicted the Jaguars were poised to make a Super Bowl run . However , the Jaguars failed to live up to those expectations , struggling to a 5 -- 11 finish , the franchise 's worst record since 2003 . The team 's struggles were in part , the result of a rash of injuries to the team 's offensive line . The Jaguars lost starting guards Vince Manuwai and Maurice Williams for the season within the first quarter of the opening game . Tackle Richard Collier 's career ended in early September when he was brutally attacked and shot 14 times . Center Brad Meester missed the first two months of the season and guard Chris Naeole , signed to the roster mid-season in response to these injuries , was injured in pregame warmups before playing a single snap . The 2008 season marked the end of running back Fred Taylor 's 11 - year career as a Jaguar . Taylor , who is considered to be one of the greatest Jaguars in the history of the franchise , rushed for over 10,000 yards during his tenure with Jacksonville and earned one trip to the Pro Bowl . In 2009 , he signed with the New England Patriots . Taylor 's departure opened up the door for Maurice Jones - Drew to become the team 's feature running back . In 2011 , Taylor signed a one - day contract so he could retire as a Jaguar . 2009 -- 2010 ( edit ) Main articles : 2009 Jacksonville Jaguars season and 2010 Jacksonville Jaguars season The Jaguars hoped to begin a new era in 2009 under their first - ever general manager , Gene Smith . Smith made his mark early on in the 2009 NFL Draft by acquiring talent such as Eugene Monroe , Terrance Knighton , Derek Cox , Eben Britton and Mike Thomas , who all made significant contributions in their rookie years . The Jaguars finished off this season 7 -- 9 and did not manage to make the playoffs . In the offseason , the Jaguars parted ways with veteran players John Henderson and Reggie Hayward as part of the team 's `` youth movement '' . The Jaguars entrance in 2009 . However , 2009 also saw the team 's attendance numbers plummet , leading to television blackouts and speculation that the team could eventually be moved or sold . 2009 marked a low point , with the team 's attendance averaging around 50,000 , causing seven of the eight home games to be blacked out , and leading NFL commissioner Roger Goodell to address the issue with owner Wayne Weaver . Jacksonville is one of the league 's smallest markets , though its stadium is relatively large ; since 2005 the team has covered nearly 10,000 of the stadium 's 73,000 total seats with tarp in order to lower the stadium 's official capacity to a more typical size and reduce blackouts . 73,000 total seats still ranks as one of the largest in the NFL . From 2008 the team further suffered from the late - 2000s recession , which hit Florida particularly hard , and structural changes within the NFL that disadvantage teams in smaller markets . In 2010 , to address this issue , the team and the City of Jacksonville undertook several measures aimed at ensuring the franchise 's continued viability in Jacksonville . Supporters began the `` Team Teal '' drive to drum up ticket sales . The city negotiated a five - year , $16.6 million naming rights deal with Jacksonville - based EverBank to rename the stadium EverBank Field . As a result , the Jaguars ' attendance increased dramatically in 2010 . While attendance figures were stagnant for most of the NFL , Jacksonville saw an increase of 36.5 % , by far the highest in the league , and had none of their home games blacked out . Wells Fargo Center with their `` Go Jaguars '' lighting for the 2011 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2010 season proved a big year for the Jaguars on the field as well . Running back Maurice Jones - Drew emerged as second in the league in rushing yards and David Garrard threw for 23 touchdowns , a franchise record . Marcedes Lewis went to his first pro bowl and the Jags had one of the best young defensive tackle duo with Terrance Knighton and rookie Tyson Alualu . Josh Scobee set a team record with a 59 - yard field goal to beat the Indianapolis Colts . Heading into December , Jacksonville was at the top of the AFC South and in playoff contention . In Week 15 , they lost to Indianapolis , 34 -- 24 , which placed the Colts back atop the AFC South . The Jaguars lost their last two games , placing themselves out of playoff contention . They finished the season 8 -- 8 . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Jacksonville Jaguars season The 2011 season began on the 10th anniversary of the 9 / 11 attacks . In the 2011 NFL draft , the Jaguars traded a first and a second round pick in order to move up to the 10th pick and select Missouri quarterback Blaine Gabbert . On September 6 , 2011 , quarterback David Garrard was cut from the team just days before the start of the season ; Luke McCown was named starter . The move was similar to the one that named Garrard himself the starter over Byron Leftwich in 2007 . McCown started two games until he threw four interceptions in a lopsided loss to the New York Jets and Blaine Gabbert was named the starter the following week . The Jaguars offense would continue to struggle under the rookie quarterback , losing the next 4 games in a row , until an upset victory over the Baltimore Ravens at home on Monday Night Football . On November 29 , 2011 , owner Wayne Weaver announced the firing of head coach Jack Del Rio , whose record had been 3 -- 8 through the first 12 weeks of the season and 68 -- 71 over his 9 - year tenure . Del Rio was succeeded by defensive coordinator Mel Tucker on an interim basis . Weaver also announced that General Manager Gene Smith had been given a three - year extension of his contract . 2012 ( edit ) Businessman Shahid Khan purchased the Jaguars in 2012 . Immediately following the announcement of Del Rio being fired , Weaver also announced that the team would be sold to Illinois businessman Shahid Khan . Khan 's assumption of ownership was approved a couple of weeks later by the NFL team owners , and Khan took over full ownership on January 4 , 2012 . He immediately began the team 's search for head coaching candidates . On February 13 , 2012 , the Jaguars hired MetLife Stadium president and CEO Mark Lamping as team president . Lamping also spent 13 years as the president of the St. Louis Cardinals . Lamping is the second team president in franchise history and the first since 1997 , when David Seldin left that position . 2012 ( edit ) Main article : 2012 Jacksonville Jaguars season On January 10 , 2012 , former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey was named head coach of the Jaguars . On January 13 , it was announced that interim head coach Mel Tucker would remain on the staff as defensive coordinator / assistant head coach and that former Falcons quarterbacks coach Bob Bratkowski would become offensive coordinator . On January 20 , 2012 , the team hired John Bonamego as special teams coordinator . The Jaguars began the 2012 season with a new coaching staff and a new owner . One of the main priorities of the new leadership was to improve the team 's struggling receiving corps and see improvement from quarterback Blaine Gabbert after a disappointing rookie season . To do this , the team selected wide receiver Justin Blackmon in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft and acquired Laurent Robinson in free agency . Despite the changes , the team struggled mightily on both sides of the ball . The team finished with a 2 -- 14 record , the worst in franchise history . Both general manager Gene Smith and head coach Mike Mularkey were fired shortly after the end of the season . NFL International Series ( edit ) Main article : NFL International Series On August 21 , 2012 , the Jaguars announced they had finalized a deal to play one regular season home game each year between 2013 and 2016 at London 's historic Wembley Stadium as part of the NFL International Series . The first of these games was against the San Francisco 49ers on October 27 , 2013 . This deal was later extended through 2020 . 2013 -- 2016 ( edit ) Main article : 2013 Jacksonville Jaguars season Jaguars take the field in London , United Kingdom on October 27 , 2013 . On January 8 , 2013 , former Atlanta Falcons Director of Player Personnel David Caldwell was hired as the second full - time General Manager in Jaguars history . He formerly served as a scout for the Indianapolis Colts for 10 years from 1998 -- 2007 . His first task with the team was to lead the interview process for a new head coach . Nine days later former Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Gus Bradley was named head coach of the Jaguars . The Jaguars struggled early on in 2013 and went into the bye week with an 0 -- 8 record . On November 1 Justin Blackmon was suspended indefinitely after violating the NFL 's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse . Despite the loss of Blackmon the Jaguars got their first win with Gus Bradley on November 10 with a 29 -- 27 victory over the Tennessee Titans . This was followed by a respectable showing against the Arizona Cardinals , despite a 27 -- 14 loss , and the Jaguars ' second and third victory of the season against the Houston Texans and the Cleveland Browns . The Jaguars would win again the very next week against the Houston Texans 27 -- 20 on Thursday night , improving to 4 -- 9 . They finished the season 4 -- 12 . 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main articles : 2014 Jacksonville Jaguars season and 2015 Jacksonville Jaguars season Blake Bortles handing off to Toby Gerhart in December 2014 . After finishing the 2013 season with a 4 -- 12 record , a two - win improvement over the previous season , the Jaguars traded their 2011 NFL draft first round draft pick Blaine Gabbert to the San Francisco 49ers for the 6th round pick of the 2014 NFL draft . Maurice Jones - Drew , after 7 years with the Jaguars , also left the team and signed a three - year contract with the Oakland Raiders . In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft the Jaguars selected quarterback Blake Bortles from University of Central Florida and then wide receiver Marqise Lee from University of Southern California in the second round . The new draft picks helped put more confidence in the struggling team . Justin Blackmon was suspended yet again for violating the NFL 's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse in July . Later in July , EverBank Field unveiled their two new endzone scoreboards , which are considered to be the world 's largest . The Jaguars managed to end their season with a 3 -- 13 record . Dante Fowler Jr. was selected by the Jaguars as the third overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft . However , Fowler tore his ACL at rookie minicamp on May 8 and did not return for the 2015 season . Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers for a 2016 NFL Draft sixth round pick . Jason Myers took over as the main placekicker for the Jaguars . The Jaguars finished the 2015 season with a record of 5 -- 11 , the team 's fifth straight losing season and their eighth straight non-winning season . The Star - Spangled Banner performed before a Jacksonville Jaguars game at EverBank Field in 2015 . 2016 -- 2017 ( edit ) Main article : 2016 Jacksonville Jaguars season With plenty of cap space to work with , Jacksonville splurged in free agency , adding defensive tackle Malik Jackson from the Denver Broncos and cornerback Prince Amukamara from the New York Giants . With the fifth selection , the Jaguars selected cornerback Jalen Ramsey from Florida State University in the first round and then the second round linebacker Myles Jack of UCLA in the 2016 NFL Draft . Jack was considered to be a top - 10 talent , but fell to the second round due to a knee injury . On October 2 , 2016 , the Jacksonville Jaguars defeated the Indianapolis Colts 30 -- 27 in the NFL International Series game . On December 18 , 2016 , Gus Bradley was fired after the Jaguars ' ninth loss in a row during the 2016 season . Bradley 's W-L record as head coach of the Jaguars was 14 -- 48 in three seasons . 2017 -- present ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Jacksonville Jaguars season On January 9 , 2017 the Jaguars announced the interim head coach Doug Marrone was to be the new head coach , the contract of General Manager David Caldwell was to be extended and Tom Coughlin was returning to Jacksonville to become Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Both Doug Marrone and David Caldwell report to the Executive Vice President Tom Coughlin . In the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft the Jaguars selected running back Leonard Fournette of LSU . At the annual NFL International Series in London on September 24 , 2017 Jaguars players locked arms and kneeled during the national anthem in response to President Donald Trump 's remarks on NFL players who kneel . Shahid Khan also participated with the Jaguars in locking arms during the anthem and the Baltimore Ravens kneeled on the opposite side of the field . The Jaguars went on to defeat the Ravens in a 44 - 7 win . Four weeks later on October 17 , President of the Jaguars Mark Lamping sent a letter of apology to the director of military affairs and veterans in Jacksonville that says the Jaguars were '' remiss in not fully comprehending the effect of the national anthem demonstration on foreign soil has had on the men and women who have or continue to serve our country . '' After their week 15 win over the Houston Texans , the Jaguars clinched their first playoff trip since 2007 ; they finished the season 10 - 6 , a seven - game turnaround from the previous year . The Jaguars defeated the Buffalo Bills 10 - 3 in Jacksonville , marking the first playoff win in ten years . In the Divisional Round , on January 14 , 2018 , the Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 45 - 42 in Pittsburgh to advance to their 3rd AFC Championship Game , and their first since 1999 . However , they narrowly fell to the New England Patriots 24 - 20 . For the season , the defense earned the nickname `` Sacksonville '' because of its dominance . Team colors , logos and mascot ( edit ) Logos ( edit ) The day after the NFL awarded the expansion team to Jacksonville , a triumphant Wayne Weaver held up the Jaguars ' proposed silver helmet and teal jersey at the NFL owners ' meeting in Chicago . The team 's colors were to be teal , gold , and silver with black accents . However , this jersey and helmet design , with a gold leaping jaguar , created controversy . Ford Motor Company , then - parent of the automaker Jaguar , believed that the Jaguars ' logo bore too much resemblance to the automaker 's logo . Though no lawsuit was brought to trial , lawyers from the team and the automaker negotiated an ultimately amicable agreement whereby Jaguar would be named the official car of the Jaguars , and the Jaguars would redesign their uniforms . The new logo was a snarling jaguar head with a teal tongue , which Weaver said was his wife 's touch . He also claimed that the teal tongue came from `` feeding Panthers to our Jaguars '' -- an obvious jab at their expansion brethren . During the Jaguars ' first ever preseason game teal - colored candies were handed out to all the fans who attended , turning their tongues a teal color just like on the logo . Additionally , raspberry lollipops were handed out by the `` Candy Man '' in section 142 to also turn the home fans ' tongues teal . In 2009 , Weaver announced that he wanted to ' clean up ' the team 's image . This meant the elimination of the full - body crawling Jaguar logo , the clawing Jaguar , and the two previous wordmarks which bent the text around these logos . In February 2013 , Jaguars owner Shahid Khan , who had acquired the team in late 2011 , introduced a new brand identity for the team that included a new logo , wordmark , and secondary logo . The new Jaguar head logo was intended to be `` fiercer '' and more realistic . The secondary logo incorporated the new Jaguar head logo along with the first official usage of the team 's popular nickname `` Jags '' . The two images were incased in a shield - style shape , designed to be a tribute to Jacksonville 's military community . Beginning in 2013 , the Jaguars began to feature gold more prominently than in the past . In fact , from 2009 -- 12 gold had only been used in the team logo and as a minor accent color . Jaguars wordmark logo ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Jaguars wordmark logo ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Jaguars wordmark logo ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Uniforms ( edit ) For most of their history , the Jaguars have done what many other NFL teams located in subtropical climates traditionally practice : wear their white jerseys at home during the first half of the season -- forcing opponents to wear their dark ones under the sweltering autumns in Jacksonville . The only exceptions were in 2004 and 2008 -- 10 , when the Jaguars chose to wear teal for all home games . In the preseason , the Jaguars typically wear teal at home since these games are played at night when there is very little advantage with the heat . 1995 -- 2001 ( edit ) Following the logo change , the redesigned uniforms featured an all - black helmet , white pants with teal , black , and gold stripes , and numbers with gold inner trim and black outer trim . The home jersey was teal with white numbers and the away jersey was white with teal numbers . Both jerseys had a black collar and no sleeve stripes . A prowling jaguar on each sleeve replaced the leaping jaguar going across both shoulders in the original design . The Jaguars in 1995 were the first NFL team to have 2 - tone borders on their numbers and lettering , and the first NFL team to show a complex logo ( the crawling Jaguar ) on the sleeve . Minor modifications were introduced to the Jaguars uniform during this time , most notably the font of the jersey numbers , replacing the original block numbers with a unique font . Two stripes were also added to the end of the sleeves below the prowling jaguar . 2002 -- 2008 ( edit ) During this period , the Jaguars made minor changes to their uniform , each time adding more black to the look . The team introduced a black alternate jersey in 2002 . During that same year , the team also introduced alternate black pants , worn with either the white or the teal jersey . After the black pants were introduced , the white pants would only be seen for the first few games of the year , presumably due to the heat . The black pants originally included two teal stripes down each side . The fan reaction to the extra black in the alternate jersey and alternate pants was positive , so in 2004 the Jaguars went through a formal uniform change , which teams are only allowed to do once every five years . These changes were mostly to the away look . Before 2004 , the white away jerseys had teal numbers with black and gold trim , but after , the white jerseys had black numbers with teal and gold trim . The black pants were also changed . The teal stripes were replaced with the Jaguar logo on each hip . Teal almost disappeared from the away uniform . The stripes on the white pants were altered in 2008 so that the center , thickest stripe was black , and its accents were teal . In the 2008 year , the gold in the uniforms noticeably shifted from a bright yellow metallic appearance to more beige . 2009 -- 2011 ( edit ) The Jaguars unveiled new uniforms for the 2009 season . Team owner Wayne Weaver reportedly wanted to `` clean up '' the look , feeling that the team had too many uniform styles . The new uniforms were introduced in a press conference on April 22 . At this press conference , Weaver elaborated that different people had taken different liberties with the Jaguars ' image over the years , singling out the ' All Black ' look which the team wore for every prime - time home game from 2003 to 2007 as a point of regret . He also said that the team would wear their teal jerseys at home even on hot days , saying that the practice of choosing to wear white on hot days had also diluted the team 's image . The new uniform reflected a simpler look overall . The collar and sleeve ends are the same color as the rest of the jersey . The crawling jaguar was removed . The numbers on the jerseys were changed to a simpler , block font with a thicker , single color border . After all of these subtractions , two features were added . The first was a `` JAGUARS '' wordmark underneath the NFL insignia on the chest . The second was two thin ' stripes ' of off - color fabric which were added to each midseam of the jersey , curling up to the neckline on the front and below the number on the back . The stripe on the home jersey is a white line next to a black line , matching the color of the numbers , and the stripe on the away jersey is a black line next to a teal line , again matching the numbers . The pants have similar stripes , both for the home and away uniform . The away uniforms were still black pants and numbers on a white jersey , but they now used teal as the only accent color as opposed to using gold in previous years . The Jaguars ' identity , in terms of colors , beginning in 2009 is exclusively teal and black , with gold only being used in the logo . The final change made to the Jaguars ' uniforms in 2009 was to the helmet . The new helmet and facemask were black just like the old ones , but when light hit the new ones a certain way , both the helmet and face mask sparkled with a shiny teal appearance . These were the first helmets in professional football which changed color with different angles of light . The logo and number decals also incorporated this effect . 2012 ( edit ) Prior to the 2012 season , new Jaguars owner Shahid Khan announced that the team would once again use a black jersey , something they had not done since 2008 . In September of that year , the team announced that it would use the black jersey and black pants as their primary home uniform . The teal jersey was resurrected as an alternate . 2013 -- present ( edit ) On April 23 , 2013 , the Jaguars unveiled new uniforms designed by Nike . The primary home jersey is black with white numerals outlined in teal and gold . The road jersey is white with teal numerals outlined in black and gold , marking the first time since 2003 that the team has used teal numbers on their road jersey . The alternate jersey is teal with black numerals outlined in white and gold . The team had never before used black numbers on their teal jersey . All three jerseys feature a contrasting stripe that bends around the neck , and semi-glossy patches on the shoulders meant to resemble claw marks . The team added their new shield logo onto a patch just above the player 's heart , meant to pay tribute to Jacksonville 's military heritage . The helmet , first of its kind in the NFL , features a glossy gold finish in the back that fades to matte black in the front , via a color gradient . The new uniform set includes black and white pants with the Jaguars logo on the hip and a tri-color pattern down the player 's leg . In November 2015 , as one of eight teams participating in Nike 's `` Color Rush '' initiative for four games of Thursday Night Football during the 2015 season , Jacksonville introduced an all - gold second alternative uniform . The set features a gold jersey with black sleeves and black trim , as well as all gold pants . The white front and back numbers are lined in the teal accent color and bordered by black . The TV numbers on the shoulders are white with black bordering . The set also features gold undershirts and socks . Mascot ( edit ) Main article : Jaxson de Ville See also : Curtis Dvorak Jaxson de Ville with American Idol season 6 finalist Phil Stacey . Since his introduction in 1996 , Jaxson de Ville has served as the Jaguars ' mascot . Jaxson entertains the crowd before and during games with his antics . The mascot has established a reputation for making dramatic entrances including bungee jumping off the stadium lights , sliding down a rope from the scoreboard and parachuting into the stadium . Jaxson 's antics got him into trouble in 1998 and stemmed the changing of the NFL 's mascot rules , and also caused him to calm down . However , Jaxson was still seen , by some , as a mascot that gets in the way during the game . After the October 22 , 2007 game against Indianapolis , Colts President Bill Polian complained to the NFL , and Jaxson was reprimanded again . Jaxson 's first appearance was on August 18 , 1996 and was played by Curtis Dvorak from his inception until his retirement in June 2015 . Jacksonville Roar ( edit ) Main article : Jacksonville Roar The Jacksonville Roar is the professional cheerleading squad of the Jaguars . The group was established in 1995 , the team 's inaugural year , and regularly performs choreographed routines during the team 's home contests . In addition to performing at games and pep rallies , members function as goodwill ambassadors of the team , participating in corporate , community , and charitable events in the Jacksonville metropolitan area where they sign autographs and pose for pictures . They also join NFL tours to entertain American servicemen and women around the world . Stadium ( edit ) Main article : TIAA Bank Field TIAA Bank Field , home of the Jacksonville Jaguars and the world 's largest scoreboards . TIAA Bank Field ( formerly known as Jacksonville Municipal Stadium , Alltel Stadium , and EverBank Field ) is located on the north bank of the St. Johns River , and has been the home of the Jaguars since the team 's first season in 1995 . The stadium has a capacity of 69,132 , with additional seating added during Florida -- Georgia Game and the Gator Bowl . The stadium served as the site of Super Bowl XXXIX in addition to four Jaguar playoff games including the 1999 AFC Championship Game . It also hosted the ACC Championship Game from 2005 -- 07 and the River City Showdown in 2007 and 2008 . From 1995 -- 97 and again from 2006 -- 09 , the stadium was named Jacksonville Municipal Stadium . From 1997 -- 2006 , the stadium was referred to as Alltel Stadium . The naming rights were purchased by EverBank prior to the 2010 season . Prior to the 2018 season the Jaguars announced the stadium would be renamed TIAA Bank Field . The stadium got a substantial upgrade in 2014 with the addition of new scoreboards , pools , cabana seating and premium seating that includes 180 field - level seats . The scoreboards are 60 feet high and 362 feet long . The new scoreboards at EverBank Field are now the world 's largest video boards . Two 25 feet by 12 feet pools were installed in the north and south end zones along with the cabana seating . The stadium upgrades were $63 million that owner Shahid Khan helped finance $20 million of the total cost . Rivals ( edit ) The Jacksonville Jaguars have three primary rivals : their divisional rivals ( Tennessee Titans , Indianapolis Colts , and Houston Texans ) . They have geographic rivalries with the Miami Dolphins and Tampa Bay Buccaneers . The Jaguars also have a rivalry with their 1995 expansion brethren , the Carolina Panthers . The Jaguars also have rivalries with other teams that arose from the AFC Central days , most notably with the Pittsburgh Steelers . Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Season - by - season results ( edit ) This is a partial list of the Jaguars ' last five completed seasons . For the full season - by - season franchise results , see List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons . Note : The Finish , Wins , Losses , and Ties columns list regular season results and exclude any postseason play . Super Bowl champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference champions Division champions Wild Card berth As of December 31 , 2017 Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason results Awards Finish Wins Losses Ties 2013 2013 NFL AFC South 3rd 12 0 -- -- 2014 2014 NFL AFC South 3rd 13 0 -- -- 2015 2015 NFL AFC South 3rd 5 11 0 -- -- 2016 2016 NFL AFC South 4th 13 0 -- -- 2017 2017 NFL AFC South 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bills ) 10 -- 3 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Steelers ) 45 -- 42 Lost AFC Championship Game ( Patriots ) 24 -- 20 -- Current roster ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars roster view talk Quarterbacks 5 Blake Bortles Running backs 40 Tommy Bohanon FB 27 Leonard Fournette 24 T.J. Yeldon Wide receivers 84 Keelan Cole 13 Rashad Greene 88 Allen Hurns 12 Dede Westbrook Tight ends 89 Marcedes Lewis 80 James O'Shaughnessy Offensive linemen 60 A.J. Cann G 65 Brandon Linder C 78 Jermey Parnell T 74 Cam Robinson T 69 Tyler Shatley C 73 Josh Walker G 72 Josh Wells T Defensive linemen 54 Eli Ankou DT 96 Michael Bennett DT 93 Calais Campbell DE 99 Marcell Dareus DT 56 Dante Fowler Jr . DE 97 Malik Jackson DT 95 Abry Jones DT 91 Yannick Ngakoue DE 59 Carroll Phillips DE 94 Dawuane Smoot DE Linebackers 53 Blair Brown OLB 44 Myles Jack OLB 58 Deon King OLB 52 Donald Payne MLB 50 Telvin Smith OLB Defensive backs 21 A.J. Bouye CB 42 Barry Church SS 39 Tashaun Gipson FS 31 Jalen Myrick CB 23 Tyler Patmon CB 20 Jalen Ramsey CB 26 Jarrod Wilson SS Special teams 49 Colin Holba LS 4 Josh Lambo K 3 Brad Nortman P 46 Carson Tinker LS Reserve lists -- Lamar Atkins WR ( Future ) 14 Justin Blackmon Susp . 41 Tim Cook RB ( Future ) 79 Hunter Dimick DE ( Future ) 57 Brooks Ellis LB ( Future ) 66 Avery Gennesy G ( Future ) 86 David Grinnage TE ( Future ) -- Kapron Lewis - Moore DE ( Future ) -- Dexter McDougle CB ( Future ) 34 Charlie Miller S ( Future ) 29 Sammy Seamster CB ( Future ) 16 Tevaun Smith WR ( Future ) 70 Brandon Thomas G ( Future ) 38 Brandon Wilds RB ( Future ) Unrestricted FAs 17 Arrelious Benn WR 22 Aaron Colvin CB 7 Chad Henne QB 11 Marqise Lee WR 55 Lerentee McCray OLB 77 Patrick Omameh G 43 Matt Overton LS 51 Paul Posluszny MLB 81 Mychal Rivera TE 15 Allen Robinson WR 25 Peyton Thompson FS Restricted FAs 34 Tyler Gaffney RB 30 Corey Grant KR 10 Jaelen Strong WR Exclusive - Rights FAs 83 Ben Koyack TE 75 Will Poehls OT 64 Chris Reed G 14 Shane Wynn WR Rookies in italics Roster updated February 23 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 44 Active , 12 Inactive , 18 FAs → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Players of note ( edit ) Further information : List of Jacksonville Jaguars players Retired numbers ( edit ) Pride of the Jaguars display in EverBank Field . Although not officially retired , the number 71 worn by offensive tackle Tony Boselli , the Jaguars ' first - ever draft pick , has not been worn since his retirement in 2002 . According to team officials , while the number is not in circulation , the number ( along with Fred Taylor 's number 28 ) is officially available for use if the circumstances warrant it . Pride of the Jaguars ( edit ) A contest was held in July 2006 to name the club 's ring of honor and `` Pride of the Jaguars '' was chosen with 36 % of the vote . It was unveiled during the 2006 season during a game against the New York Jets on October 8 . Former offensive tackle Tony Boselli was the first player inducted . On January 1 , 2012 , team owner Wayne Weaver and his wife Delores were added to the Pride of the Jaguars in their final game before the sale of the team to Shahid Khan . On June 7 , 2012 the Jaguars announced Fred Taylor would be the next inductee into the Pride of the Jaguars . He was officially inducted on September 30 , 2012 . Longtime Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell was also inducted into the `` Pride of the Jaguars '' on December 15 , 2013 . Pride of the Jaguars No . Player Position Seasons Inducted 71 Tony Boselli OT 1995 -- 2001 2006 -- Wayne and Delores Weaver Owners 1993 -- 2011 2012 28 Fred Taylor RB 1998 -- 2008 2012 8 Mark Brunell QB 1995 -- 2003 2013 82 Jimmy Smith WR 1995 - 2005 2016 Florida Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Florida Sports Hall of Fame All - time first - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars first - round draft picks Head coaches and coordinators ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Jacksonville Jaguars head coaches Name Term Regular Season Playoffs Awards Reference Win % Tom Coughlin 1995 -- 2002 68 60 0 . 531 Jack Del Rio 2003 -- 2011 69 71 0 . 486 Mel Tucker ( Interim ) 2011 0 . 400 0 0 Mike Mularkey 2012 14 0 . 125 0 0 Gus Bradley 2013 -- 2016 14 48 0 . 226 0 0 Doug Marrone 2016 -- present 11 7 0 . 611 Offensive coordinators ( edit ) Name Tenure Kevin Gilbride 1995 -- 1996 Chris Palmer 1997 -- 1998 Bobby Petrino 2001 Bill Musgrave 2003 -- 2004 Carl Smith 2005 -- 2006 Dirk Koetter 2007 -- 2011 Bob Bratkowski 2012 Jedd Fisch 2013 -- 2014 Greg Olson 2015 -- 2016 Nathaniel Hackett 2016 -- present Defensive coordinators ( edit ) Name Tenure Dick Jauron 1995 -- 1998 Dom Capers 1999 -- 2000 Gary Moeller 2001 John Pease 2002 Mike Smith 2003 -- 2007 Gregg Williams 2008 Mel Tucker 2009 -- 2012 Bob Babich 2013 -- 2015 Todd Wash 2016 -- present Current coaching staff ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars staff Front Office Owner -- Shahid Khan President -- Mark Lamping Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Tom Coughlin General Manager -- David Caldwell Senior Vice President of Football Administration & Technology -- Tony Khan Special Assistant to the General Manager -- John Idzik Jr . Director of Football Administration -- Tim Walsh Director of Football Operations -- Hamzah Ahmad Director of Professional Scouting -- Chris Polian Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Dengler Director of Pro Personnel -- Chris Driggers Assistant Director of Pro Personnel -- DeJuan Polk Director of College Scouting -- Mark Ellenz Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Paul Roell Director of Player Development and Youth Football -- Marcus Pollard Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Marrone Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Nathaniel Hackett Quarterbacks -- Scott Milanovich Running Backs -- Tyrone Wheatley Wide Receivers -- Keenan McCardell Tight Ends -- Ron Middleton Offensive Line -- Pat Flaherty Assistant Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Jr . Offensive Assistant -- John Donovan Offense Research -- Eric Price Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Todd Wash Defensive Line -- Marion Hobby Assistant Defensive Line -- Jason Rebrovich Linebackers -- Mark Collins Defensive Backs -- Perry Fewell Assistant Defensive Backs -- Joe Danna Defensive Assistant -- Mike Rutenberg Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Joe DeCamillis Assistant Special Teams -- Mike Mallory Strength and Conditioning Strength and Conditioning -- Tom Myslinski Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Scott Strength & Conditioning Associate -- Alex Hampton Strength & Conditioning Associate -- Jess Langvardt Coaching Support Staff Director of Team Administration -- Tyler Wolf Assistant to the EVP of Football Operations and Head Coach -- ElizaBeth Mayers → Coaching Staff → Management and Scouting → Staff Directory → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Work in the community ( edit ) Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation The Jacksonville Jaguars Foundation was established in 1994 , when the franchise deal was first announced . Since then , the Foundation has given over $20 million to area efforts in community improvement . The Foundation focuses on many initiatives , such as Honor Rows , anti-tobacco programs , NFL Play 60 , and support for veterans . The Foundation grants over $1 million annually to organizations that assist `` economically and socially disadvantaged youth and families '' . The Jaguars ' first head coach , Tom Coughlin , established the Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation in 1996 to help young cancer victims and their families with emotional and financial assistance . The charity remained in Jacksonville after Coughlin left to coach the New York Giants . Broadcast Media ( edit ) Media affiliates Radio ( edit ) From their inaugural 1995 season until 2013 , the Jaguars ' flagship radio station was WOKV , which simulcasts on both AM 690 and on 104.5 FM . Starting with the 2014 season , the team will be moving the broadcast to WJXL ( 1010 AM and 92.5 FM ) and simulcast on 99.9 Gator Country Frank Frangie is the play - by - play announcer with former Jaguars players Tony Boselli and Jeff Lageman providing color analysis . Jaguars Radio network affiliates Market Frequency Call sign Branding Jacksonville 1010 AM & 92.5 FM WJXL 1010XL Jacksonville 99.9 WGNE - FM 99.9 Gator Country St. Augustine 1420 AM WAOC ESPN Radio 1420 Orlando 1080 AM WHOO Sports Talk 1080 The Team Melbourne 1240 AM WMMB New Talk WMMB Lake City 94.3 FM WNFB Mix 94.3 Ocala 900 AM WMOP ESPN Radio Port St. Lucie 1590 AM WPSL 1590 WPSL Gainesville 850 AM WRUF ESPN 850 Savannah , GA 104.3 FM and 1400 AM WSEG Star 1400 Brunswick , GA 107.7 FM WHFX 107.7 The Fox Jesup , GA 105.5 FM WIFO Big Dog 105.5 Country Waycross , GA 1150 AM WJEM The Jock 1150 Tallahassee 93.3 FM WVFT Talk Radio 93.3 Panama City 97.7 FM WYYX 97X Palm Coast 1550 AM WNZF WNZF Newsradio Kingsland , GA 106.3 FM WKBX KBAY 106.3 Television ( edit ) WJXT televises all preseason games and also televises regular season games that are televised nationally on ESPN or NFL Network . Television affiliates Market Station Notes Jacksonville WJXT Preseason games , ESPN and NFL Network regular season games WJXX Monday Night Football Wild Card simucasted on ABC WJAX - TV CBS games WFOX - TV Fox games WTLV NBC games Orlando WFTV Preseason games Tallahassee WTXL - TV Preseason games Gainesville WNBW - DT Preseason and NBC games Savannah , GA WSAV - TV Preseason and NBC games Dothan , AL WTVY Preseason and CBS regional / national games Panama City WJHG - TV Preseason and NBC games Valdosta / Albany , GA WSWG Preseason and CBS regional / national Games Charleston , SC WTAT - TV Preseason and Fox regional / national games Mobile , AL - Pensacola WPMI - TV Preseason and NBC games See also ( edit ) American football portal National Football League portal Jacksonville portal Florida portal London portal List of Jacksonville Jaguars seasons Cultural significance of the jaguar in North America Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sexton , Brian ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jaguars History '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jaguars Public Relations ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Jaguars introduce new brand identity and campaign '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani - born Khan approved as Jaguars ' new owner '' . National Football League . Associated Press . December 14 , 2011 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jacksonville Jaguars Sold To Illinois Businessman For $770 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurt Badenhausen . `` Shahid Khan -- Forbes '' . Forbes . ^ Jump up to : Frank Litsky ( December 1 , 1993 ) . `` PRO FOOTBALL ; N.F.L. Expansion Surprise : Jacksonville Jaguars '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t3/tables/tab01.txt Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab22.txt Jump up ^ `` Alltel Stadium -- BNI Engineers '' . BNIEngineers.com . Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dame , Mike . `` Gator Bowl moves to Gainesville for one year '' , South Florida Sun - Sentinel . January 28 , 1994 . Page C4 . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ( 1996 ) . Game Plans For Success . McGraw - Hill . p. 256 . ISBN 0809231719 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Brian ( February 15 , 2015 ) . `` On This Day : Expansion Draft 1995 '' . Jaguars . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Articles - jaguars.com '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thigpen Drops Crown On Packers ' Heads '' . AP . 25 December 1995 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Andersen 's Miss Puts Jaguars in Postseason '' . Chicago Sun - Times . December 23 , 1996 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Allan , Scott ( 2010 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Biggest playoff upsets in NFL history '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ On , Esteban ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) . `` 11 Biggest NFL Playoff Upsets '' . Totalprosports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Top 5 : Biggest playoff upsets '' . Covers.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Stop talking about the 1996 season '' . Big Cat Country . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 1997 NFL season Jump up ^ Team profile , pro-football-reference.com ; accessed November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ruppel , Chris ( November 22 , 2015 ) . `` New York Jets Throwback Thursday : Playoff Home Cookin ' '' . Vox Media . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred Taylor historic 90 yard run , sportsillustrated.cnn.com , January 15 , 2000 ; accessed November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Law , Zach ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tennessee Titans Classic Games : 1999 AFC Championship vs. Jacksonville Jaguars '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marvez , Alex . `` Salary Cap Will Just Exacerbate Jags ' Problems '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Wild Card '' . profootballhof.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Scobee '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 05 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 Jacksonville Jaguars '' . pro-football - reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots throttle Jaguars as champs begin title defense '' . ESPN . January 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Draft '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Jump up ^ `` Expert picks : Cowboys , Chargers on collision course ? '' . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ News 4 Jax Archived November 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fred Taylor Retires as a Member of the Jacksonville Jaguars '' . Archived from the original on 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Farmer , Sam ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` Jaguars singing the small - market blues in Jacksonville '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NFL Football Attendance '' . ESPN . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Goodell : Jaguars ' attendance `` a concern '' `` . news4jax.com . Associated Press . February 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Les ( September 27 , 2006 ) . `` A Solution , or Merely a Cover ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( August 5 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars Notebook : Mayor John Peyton encourages fans to buy more tickets '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Stellino , Vito ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` NFL commissioner Roger Goodell still has high hopes for Jaguars ' future '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Tia ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars now have EverBank Field -- and the city 's $4 million '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved September 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars see dramatic spike in attendance '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jason Notte ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Jaguars Avoid NFL Blackout , Bills Face Third '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis vs. Jacksonville '' . cbssports.com. 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft 2011 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mike Florio ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Del Rio out in Jacksonville '' . profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tania Ganguli ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` Jaguars being sold , Jack Del Rio fired '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Khan era begins '' . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganguli , Tania . `` Jaguars hire Mark Lamping as team president '' . jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Oesher , John . `` Tucker , Bratkowski named coordinators '' . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Kuharsky , Paul . `` Jaguars fire Mike Mularkey '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Jags to play games in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . August 21 , 2012 . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Report : 49ers to play Jaguars in London '' . espn.com . ESPN . Associated Press . October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NFL to hold three games in London in 2014 '' . firstcoastnews.com. 2013 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` NFL extends agreement to play regular - season games at Wembley Stadium for an additional five years '' . NFLUK . National Football League . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` Caldwell named Jaguars General Manager '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Bradley named head coach of Jaguars '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris . `` Jaguars ' Justin Blackmon suspended , will miss season '' . NFL.com . NFL . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael . `` QB Blaine Gabbert dealt to Niners '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bien , Louis . `` Maurice Jones - Drew signs with the Raiders , or : Another sign of hard times for running backs '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hornack , Ken . `` After previous draft failures , Jaguars pin future to top picks Bortles , Lee , Robinson '' . Foxsports.com . Fox Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katzowitz , Josh . `` Report : Justin Blackmon arrested for marijuana possession '' . CBSSports.com . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibber , Ryan Van . `` Jaguars unveil world 's largest scoreboards at EverBank Field '' . SBNation.com . sbnation . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Halloran , Ryan . `` Final drive stalls as Jaguars finish season 3 -- 13 with loss to Houston '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Jaguars select Dante Fowler Jr. with No. 3 overall pick '' . NFL . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Tim ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Dante Fowler Jr . Injury : Updates on Jaguars DE 's Knee and Return '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Mike ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` Jaguars trade kicker Josh Scobee to Steelers '' . ESPN . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 NFL Draft : Jaguars win with big D additions , Eagles empty - handed '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars 30 - 27 Colts : NFL Wembley win for Jacksonville as Blake Bortles stars '' . BBC . October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Gus Bradley fired by Jacksonville Jaguars '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` Doug Marrone new head coach ; Tom Coughlin returns '' . Jacksonville Jaguars . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars select RB Leonard Fournette with No. 4 pick in NFL draft '' . USA Today . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trump NFL row : Defiance after US president urges boycott '' . BBC . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved 24 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean . `` Jaguars president apologizes for kneeling during national anthem in London '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars survive Bills -- and Blake Bortles , the passer -- for first playoff win since ' 07 season '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Lorenzo ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars handle Steelers , crash AFC Championship Game party '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots rally late , end Jaguars ' season in AFC title game '' . The Florida Times - Union . January 21 , 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` A new logo for a new era '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFC South '' . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ketchman , Vic ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` Another Fred Taylor ? '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars continue their offseason overhaul with new uniforms , logo '' . NFL . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teal to become Jaguars ' alternate jersey '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 29 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars and NIKE Unveil New Uniform Design for 2013 '' . Jaguars.com . Jacksonville Jaguars. April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Jacksonville Jaguars unveil their new team uniforms '' . National Football League . Retrieved 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Color Rush : Four Games . Eight Teams . A Bold New Look for Thursday Night '' . Nike.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Jacksonville.com ( 1999 ) . `` Jaxson De Villain '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Michael David Smith ( 2007 ) . `` Jaguars Mascot Jaxson de Ville Draws Ire of Colts President Bill Polian '' . sports.aol.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fox 30 Online ( 2007 ) . `` Jaguars Mascot Busted For Not Following Rules '' . Fox30.online.com . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Teneshia L. Wright ( 2001 ) . `` Alltales : `` Singer 's Streak Hits Seven '' `` . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Jaguars Press Release ( 2001 ) . `` Jaxson de Ville , the ROAR to Travel to Middle East to Visit U.S. Armed Forces '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Roar '' Football Babble ^ Jump up to : `` Cheerleader Auditions '' Jacksonville Jaguars website Jump up ^ `` Jaxson de Ville , the ROAR to Travel to Middle East to Visit U.S. Armed Forces '' , jaguars.com ( Jaguars Press Release ; 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Notebook '' . Jacksonville.com . August 10 , 2004 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` City 's take from stadium will go up '' . Jacksonville.com . September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EverBank buying naming rights to Jacksonville Municipal Stadium '' . Jump up ^ Heilman , Phillip ( 16 February 2018 ) . `` New name for Jaguars ' stadium : TIAA Bank Field '' . Jacksonville.com . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ DiRocco , Michael . `` Jaguars unveil mammoth video boards '' . ESPN.go.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kuharsky , Paul . `` Best divisional rivalry : Jaguars vs. Titans -- AFC South Blog -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` Steelers - Jaguars rivalry born of inspiration and emulation '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NFL Record and Fact Book '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.jaguars.com/news/article-JaguarsNews/2013-NFL-Record-and-Fact-Book/9175294f-cd24-4231-b003-cb3c9bb2bbce Jump up ^ `` ' Honor ring ' named '' . Jaguars.com . July 17 , 2006 . Retrieved July 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` A special moment '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oehser , John . `` Brunell to enter Pride of the Jaguars '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Jump up ^ `` Tom Coughlin 's Coaching Record '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Del Rio 's Coaching Record '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Foundation - Jaguars.com '' . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weavers select 38 charities for grants '' . Jacksonville.com . June 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Media Guide -- Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jaguars Foundation '' . Jaguars.com . Jaguars . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Coughlin Jay Fund -- Leadership '' . Tom Coughlin Jay Fund Foundation . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Jaguars change stations on radio , TV '' . The Florida Times - Union . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacksonville Jaguars . Official website Jacksonville Jaguars Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Jacksonville , Florida Franchise Franchise Seasons History Coaches Players Quarterbacks First - round draft picks Expansion draft Draft history Records Radio network Stadiums TIAA Bank Field Wembley Stadium ( only in the International Series ) Culture Wayne Weaver Shahid Khan Jason Mendoza Jaxson de Ville Roar of the Jaguars Lore River City Relay Sacksonville Rivalries Tennessee Titans Division championships ( 3 ) 1998 1999 2017 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : American Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - 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when was the last time jacksonville jaguars went to superbowl
[ "\n\nJacksonville Jaguars\n\n\n Current season\n\n\nEstablished November 30, 1993; 24 years ago (1993-11-30)[1]\nFirst season: 1995\nPlay in and headquartered at TIAA Bank Field\nJacksonville, Florida\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLogo\nWordmark\n\n\n\n\n\nLeague/conference affiliations\n\n\n\n\nNational Football League (1995–present)\n\nAmerican Football Conference (1995–present)\n\nAFC Central (1995–2001)\nAFC South (2002–present)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCurrent uniform\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam colors\n\nBlack, Teal, Gold[2][3]\n \n\n\nMascot\nJaxson de Ville\n\n\nPersonnel\n\n\nOwner(s)\nShahid Khan\n\n\nPresident\nMark Lamping\n\n\nGeneral manager\nDavid Caldwell\n\n\nHead coach\nDoug Marrone\n\n\nTeam history\n\n\n\n\n\nJacksonville Jaguars (1995–present)\n\n\n\n\n\nTeam nicknames\n\n\n\n\nJags\n\n\n\n\nChampionships\n\n\nLeague championships (0)\n\n\nConference championships (0)\n\n\n\nDivision championships (3)\n\nAFC Central: 1998, 1999\nAFC South: 2017\n\n\n\n\nPlayoff appearances (7)\n\n\n\n\nNFL: 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2005, 2007, 2017\n\n\n\n\nHome fields\n\n\n\n\nTIAA Bank Field (1995–present)\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "2017" ]
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PAW Patrol
PAW Patrol - Wikipedia PAW Patrol PAW Patrol Created by Keith Chapman Developed by Scott Kraft Directed by Jamie Whitney ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Charles E. Bastien ( 2016 -- present ) Voices of Jaxon Mercey Drew Davis Devan Cohen Justin Kelley Samuel Faraci Carter Thorne Kallan Holley Ron Pardo Theme music composer Michael Smidi Smith Scott Krippayne Opening theme `` PAW Patrol '' performed by Scott Simons Ending theme `` PAW Patrol '' ( instrumental ) Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 117 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jennifer Dodge ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Laura Clunie ( season 3 -- present ) Ronnen Harary Keith Chapman Ursula Ziegler - Sullivan ( season 5 -- present ) Scott Kraft Producer ( s ) Patricia Burns Running time 22 - 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Guru Studio Spin Master Entertainment TVOntario Nickelodeon Release Original network TVOntario ( Canada ) Nickelodeon ( U.S. ) Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) SDTV ( 480i ) Audio format Surround Original release August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website PAW Patrol is a Canadian CGI -- animated television series created by Keith Chapman . It is produced by Spin Master Entertainment in association with TVOntario and Nickelodeon , with animation provided by Guru Studio . In Canada , the series is primarily broadcast on TVOntario , which first ran previews of the show in August 2013 . The series first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on August 12 , 2013 . The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol . They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay . Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real - life profession , such as a firefighter and a police officer . They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary . They are also equipped with backpacks called `` pup packs '' that contain tools that relate to the pups ' jobs . Spin Master has developed the show into a media franchise and released an ongoing line of toys based on it . PAW Patrol toy sales have generated millions of dollars in revenue for the corporation and increased Spin Master 's presence in the preschool toy market . The show , and its associated products , have received a variety of awards and nominations from associations such as the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television and the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Contents 1 Format 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 PAW Patrol members 3.1. 1 Original members 3.1. 2 Later members 3.2 Recurring 4 Production 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 DVD releases 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Cultural impact 6.4 Accolades 7 Related media 7.1 Film 7.2 Merchandise 7.3 Live events 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes . Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives , often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground . Ryder , a ten - year - old boy , is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself . His most frequent caller is an accident - prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot , who knows much about Adventure Bay 's wildlife . Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags . The team members report to their base , the Lookout , and enter its elevator . Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises . When they reach the top floor , they arrange themselves in a line . Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened . He chooses several members of the team , normally two first responders , to help solve whatever problem has emerged . They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission . When they have finished , Ryder says his catchphrase : `` Whenever you 're in trouble , just yelp for help ! '' , and congratulates the pups . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of PAW Patrol episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 August 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 12 ) August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 26 August 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 13 ) December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) 26 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 26 February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) February 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 03 ) 5 26 February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBA Characters ( edit ) PAW Patrol members ( edit ) The illustrated designs of the entire PAW Patrol team as of Tracker 's introduction . Original members ( edit ) Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol . He is a ten - year - old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use . His vehicle is an ATV . He is the only character to be featured in every mission , and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode . He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013 -- 2015 , by Elijha Hammill from 2015 -- 2016 , and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward . Marshall is a Dalmatian . He serves as a firedog and medic . His vehicle is a fire engine , which transforms into an ambulance . He is known for being exceptionally clumsy . A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol 's elevator . His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often `` I 'm good . '' He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013 -- 2014 and by Drew Davis from 2014 onward . Rubble is an English bulldog . He serves as a construction dog . His vehicle is a bulldozer . He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating . He is voiced by Devan Cohen . Chase is a German Shepherd . He serves as a police and spy dog . His vehicle is a cruiser . He is the most mature of the dogs , and will always announce `` Ready for action , Ryder , sir ! '' when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission . He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013 -- 2014 , by Max Calinescu from 2014 -- 2018 , and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward . Rocky is a grey - and - white mongrel of an unspecified breed . He serves as a recycling dog . His vehicle is a recycling truck , which can also transform into a salvage tugboat . A running gag in the series is Rocky 's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe . He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013 -- 2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward . Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever . He serves as an aquatic rescue pup . His vehicle is a hovercraft , which can also convert into a submarine . He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013 -- 2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward . Skye is a cockapoo . She serves as an aviator . Her vehicle is a helicopter , and she has wings built into her backpack . She is voiced by Kallan Holley . Later members ( edit ) Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol 's most frequent caller , who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup - themed special episodes . He is a smart marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay . His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder . In the second season , an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle . He is the team 's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . Along with Everest , Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three . Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice . Her vehicle is a snowmobile . Like Tracker , she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay 's ski resort , but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed . She is voiced by Berkley Silverman . Everest , along with Cap'n Turbot , was added to the opening theme in season three . Tracker is a brown - and - white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup . His vehicle is a Jeep , and he is bilingual , speaking fluently in Spanish and English . Like Everest , he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker , a boy named Carlos . He is voiced by David Lopez . As of season five , he and Robo - Dog have not been added to the opening theme . Robo - Dog is a robotic dog introduced in `` Pups Save Ryder 's Robot . '' He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol 's multi-member vehicles . Unlike the other pups , Robo - Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks . His vehicle ( the PAW Patroller ) was added to the opening theme in season three , but Robo - Dog himself does not appear . Recurring ( edit ) Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay . She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta , which she keeps in her purse . She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom . She is voiced by Deann Degruijter . Chickaletta is the mayor 's pet chicken . She is not quick - witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway . She is introduced in `` Pup Pup and Away '' when she jumps into Mayor Goodway 's purse during a hot air balloon race . Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot 's cousin and sidekick , who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse . He is very self - centered and loves to show off , but also cares deeply about animals . Francois works as a zoologist , artist , and nature photographer . He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words . He is voiced by Peter Cugno . Wally is Cap'n Turbot 's pet walrus , who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island . He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child . Although he can not talk , Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers . Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom . He is Mayor Goodway 's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay . He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew . He is voiced by Ron Pardo . The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger 's group of kittens who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups . Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup 's outfits and abilities . Katie is a girl Ryder 's age . She runs Adventure Bay 's pet clinic and owns a cat named Cali . She is voiced by Katherine Forrester . Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay . He is voiced by Blair Williams . Alex Porter is Mr. Porter 's young grandson . He is voiced by Christian Distefano . Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay . They own a barn and have several animals , such as a pair of pigs and a cow . Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013 -- 2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward . Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo . Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay . He becomes Everest 's caretaker after she is introduced . He is voiced by Scott McCord . Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker 's caretaker . He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli . Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode `` Pups Save Daring Danny X '' . Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg . She acts as an antagonist in `` Mission PAW '' - themed episodes in the fourth season . She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion . She is voiced by Anya Cooke . Production ( edit ) According to Spin Master , the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010 . Later the same year , the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy , and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman . Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs . Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further ; after the concept was in place , they began designing merchandise . Chapman 's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team . Scott Kraft , the show 's first writer , and Jamie Whitney , the show 's first director , decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012 . The name of the series ' protagonist , Ryder , was changed multiple times during production ; he was originally called Raffi , Roddy , and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder . Early models of the PAW Patrol pups According to a 2017 Spin Master interview , `` everything pup - related was debated endlessly : names , sizes , ages , breeds . '' The pups ' designs underwent major changes after Chapman 's pitch ; they were originally very realistic , with unique fur and textures based on their breeds , but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish . The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot , mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose , was based on the design of Chapman 's Bob the Builder character . Ryder 's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary . In January 2012 , Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters . The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon , and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas , Nevada . The series became Spin Master 's first solely - owned intellectual property ( IP ) once it was released in August 2013 . Since it began production , the show 's animation has been provided by Guru Studio . In a 2016 interview with Maclean 's Magazine , Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio 's animators were originally suspicious of the show 's `` toyetic '' concept . The series ' rock - inspired original score was composed by the Ontario - based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post . The opening theme song , and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons . With each season of the show , new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes . In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star , Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise 's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie - in merchandise . In August of the same year , Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show 's content `` fresh '' and `` relevant '' . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries . In Canada , the series is primarily shown on TVOntario during the TVOKids block . Knowledge Network , Télé - Québec and City Saskatchewan also air reruns of the show in different Canadian provinces . In the United States , the series is aired on Nickelodeon 's Nick Jr. block with reruns on the Nick Jr. channel . As required for Canadian programs aired on federally - funded networks , PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1 . Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub. and it aired on MBC3 in the Middle East . A British English dub , which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes , is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr . UK . Anione , JEI TV , and KBS have all broadcast the Korean - dubbed version . The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland 's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015 . The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2 . The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese - dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016 . it will air on MiniMini+ in Poland , e-Junior in the United Arab Emirates , and Clan TVE in Spain . DVD releases ( edit ) Title Region 1 Region 2 PAW Patrol May 13 , 2014 March 30 , 2015 Winter Rescues October 7 , 2014 October 19 , 2015 Marshall and Chase On the Case ! March 3 , 2015 July 27 , 2015 Pups and the Pirate Treasure N / A March 4 , 2016 Meet Everest ! September 1 , 2015 July 18 , 2016 Brave Heroes , Big Rescues March 1 , 2016 February 13 , 2017 All Wings on Deck N / A October 24 , 2016 Sports Day ! Game On ! August 2 , 2016 May 22 , 2017 Pups Save Christmas November 1 , 2016 October 31 , 2016 Pups Save the Bunnies Easter Egg Hunt March 7 , 2017 March 13 , 2017 Air Pups N / A July 17 , 2017 The Great Pirate Rescue ! September 5 , 2017 N / A The Great Snow Rescue October 24 , 2017 Sea Patrol March 6 , 2018 Summer Rescues May 1 , 2018 Video game ( edit ) In June 2018 , Nickelodeon and Outright Games announced a game based on the series , titled PAW Patrol : On a Roll . It will be released for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four - star rating , stating that `` perhaps the show 's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem - solving '' . Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show , calling it `` packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... ca n't help but snicker at '' . Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series , but felt that some of the characters `` seem rather arbitrary , like Rocky the Recycling Pup '' . The About Group 's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review , criticizing its `` formulaic '' nature but affirming that the `` show is not without funny moments '' . A research study , commissioned by Sky in March 2016 , reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program . Criticism has been directed toward the show 's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only two females . Cat Conway of Dan Abrams ' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked , `` the police pup , firefighting pup , builder pup , sea - rescue pup , and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male , because of course you could n't have a female police dog , could you ? '' Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health `` found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable '' while watching the program . Today 's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag `` # IncludeTheGirls '' . Ratings ( edit ) PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon . Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon 's 2014 ratings growth . It ranked as the highest - rated , preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013 and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season . The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016 , but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month . Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a `` creative resurgence '' that increased the Nick Jr. channel 's viewership in 2016 . At Nickelodeon 's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers , Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network ( the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines ) . In March 2015 , two back - to - back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings ( among total viewers ) in Australia . In May 2015 , it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool - aged children . Cultural impact ( edit ) The show has received recognition from public figures and celebrities . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and his children are fans of the show ; Trudeau mentioned the characters by name in a 2017 speech . After performing at the Super Bowl LII halftime show , Justin Timberlake filmed a segment for The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in which he named Chase as his favourite PAW Patrol character and held a Chase plush toy . During his opening monologue for the 90th Academy Awards , host Jimmy Kimmel joked that a young nominee was missing PAW Patrol to attend the ceremony . Accolades ( edit ) In 2014 , the series ' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards . In 2016 , the season two episode `` Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' was nominated for Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards . As of 2018 , PAW Patrol has received seven Canadian Screen Award nominations with six wins . Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2014 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Original Song -- Main Title and Promo Scott Krippayne Smidi Smith Nominated Parents ' Choice Foundation `` Fun Stuff '' Award Spin Master Won Environmental Media Awards Environmental Media Award in Children 's Television Spin Master Won 2015 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated Preschool Toy of the Year , 2015 Spin Master Nominated 2016 Toy of the Year Awards Property of the Year , 2016 Spin Master Nominated 43rd Annie Awards Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Preschool Children Spin Master Nominated 4th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Nominated Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won Licensing.biz People Awards Licensee Team of the Year Spin Master Won Australian Toy Association Preschool License of the Year Spin Master Won Canadian Cinema Editors Awards Best Editing in Animation Tom Berger Nominated SOCAN Awards International TV Series Music Award Voodoo Highway Music & Post Won 2017 5th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Jamie Whitney Won 2018 6th Canadian Screen Awards Best Pre-School Program or Series Spin Master Won Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series Charles E. Bastien Won Best Sound in an Animated Program or Series Spin Master Won Related Media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) In November 2017 , Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is `` currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months . '' Animation tests were conducted in 2017 to measure how the characters `` would translate onto the big screen '' and the company is currently in the process of developing a film script . Merchandise ( edit ) On May 18 , 2014 , Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys `` R '' Us locations across Canada . The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year . Dion Vlachos , a representative from Nickelodeon , was in charge of the U.S. product launch . PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master 's most profitable brands . Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. ( or 25 per cent ) of Spin Master 's gross product sales for 2015 . Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the `` continuing strength '' of PAW Patrol toys , in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses , made up 40.5 per cent of the firm 's second quarter revenue . Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company 's presence in the preschool market . Throughout 2016 , Spin Master 's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category . PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this . The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom . The group also reported that it was the best - selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015 . Dave Brandon , the chief executive officer of Toys `` R '' Us , listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season 's `` hottest '' items . Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season . Live events ( edit ) In April 2016 , a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live : Race to the Rescue was announced . The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race . It toured Canada , the United States , Mexico , Australia and the Philippines . A sequel show , titled PAW Patrol Live : The Great Pirate Adventure , was announced in June 2017 . It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern , and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor . The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group , which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years . Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada , the United States , and the United Kingdom . They joined an `` Etch A Sketch Day '' celebration at Spin Master 's office in Toronto on July 26 , 2016 . The characters , along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program , were included as part of the Nick Jr . Play Date Tour in autumn 2015 . Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham , Suffolk , and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016 . Multiple meet - and - greet events attracted far more attendees than expected , with some reaching over 5,000 visitors . They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13 , 2016 . They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon - themed area of the Thurrock 's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London , England . Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show 's characters have attracted the attention of the show 's distributor . In February 2016 , several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups . Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead . There was some consumer backlash as a result , but the events were not held . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Damon van der Linde ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol has Spin Master on a roll as earnings exceed analyst expectations '' . Financial Post . Sun Media . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Picks Up Second Season of PAW Patrol , TV 's Number - One Preschool Series '' ( PDF ) . Nickelodeon Press . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Renews 4 Animated Series as Part of Growing Preschool Slate ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol '' . Screener / Zap2it . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Mgmt Roadshow Presentation 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . 2 July 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood helps make Southern California center of toy universe '' . Daily Breeze . Digital First Media . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's Paw Patrol 's secret ? How it captivated children and conquered the world '' -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Top Entertainment Brands Take Part in Licensing Expo '' . PR Newswire. April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Bows First Preschool IP '' . License ! Global . August 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Plans ' PAW Patrol ' Tour '' . License ! Global . July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Jaime ( March 20 , 2016 ) . `` What 's not to love about PAW Patrol -- if you 're a kid ? '' . Maclean 's . Rogers Media . ^ Jump up to : Bryson , Carey . `` PAW Patrol - TV Show Review for Parents '' . About.com . Jump up ^ Stevenson , Verity ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol drives Toronto toy firm 's profits '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . Jump up ^ `` Page 32 - Spin Master Corp . Fiscal 2016 Second Quarter Results Conference Call '' ( PDF ) . Spin Master . August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Announces Acquisition of Swimways Corporation and Establishment of Outdoor Business Segment '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol - TVOKids.com '' . tvokids.com . Jump up ^ `` Rentrée des classes 2016 : quels dessins animés regarder avant de partir à l'école '' . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Dassault Group . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patrulha Pata Microsite '' . Canal Panda ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pups Save the Penguins - Channel 5 '' . Channel 5 . Viacom International Media Networks Europe . December 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 퍼피 구조대 Puppy Patrol '' . Spin Master ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hvolpasveitin á RÚV '' . RÚV ( in Icelandic ) . Government of Iceland . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ryhmä Hau Maanantaisin , Yle TV2 - Yle Areena 14 '' . Yle TV2 ( in Finnish ) . Yle . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` APOS News Round - Up '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Winter Rescues : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Marshall & Chase on the Case : Movies & TV '' `` . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zahn , James ( August 9 , 2015 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Meet Everest comes to DVD this Fall '' . The Rock Father . Jump up ^ Bentley , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Legend , ' ' Room ' & ' Creed ' top new DVD releases on March 1 '' . The Fresno Bee . The McClatchy Company . Jump up ^ `` '' PAW Patrol : Sports Day ! '' Available on DVD August 2 ! `` . BSC Kids . July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Pups Save Christmas : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Paw Patrol : Pups Save the Bunnies : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B01NAJ4KKZ . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Pirate Rescue ! '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : The Great Snow Rescue '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Sea Patrol '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol : Summer Rescues '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woodcock , Ashley . `` Nickelodeon and Outright Games Announce PAW Patrol : On a Roll '' . TrueAchievements.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` PAW Patrol TV Review '' . Common Sense Media . Jump up ^ Miller , Randy ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol : Brave Heroes , Big Rescues '' . DVD Talk . Jump up ^ Pegler , Pattie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : Jake and the Neverland Pirates , PAW Patrol '' . Stuff.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Scooby - Doo voted the nation 's all time favourite kids TV show '' . Sky plc. 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Conway , Cat ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Quit Pushing Your Gendered Crap on My Son '' . The Mary Sue . Dan Abrams . Jump up ^ King , Brandy ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Media Moment : What I Learned from ( Paw ) - Patrolling My Kids ' TV Show '' . Center on Media and Child Health . Jump up ^ Waverman , Emma ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` It 's ridiculous that in 2015 we need # IncludeTheGirls ! '' . Today 's Parent. Rogers Media . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Viacom Quarterly Profit Rises 16 % , Lifted by Cable Fees and Lower Costs '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` ' PAW Patrol ' Renewed for Season Two by Nickelodeon '' . TV by the Numbers . November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kidscreen : Smart TV , building momentum '' ( PDF ) . Kidscreen . Brunico Communications . May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Scores 52 Straight Weeks at Number One and Wins the Month of July with Kids 2 - 11 , Kids 2 - 5 '' . PR Newswire ( Press release ) . August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ; Shaw , Lucas ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dauman 's Done the Easy Part . Now He Has to Find Viacom Some Hits '' . Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon to Revive ' Legends of the Hidden Temple ' as TV Movie '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Jump up ^ Knox , David . `` Tuesday 17 March 2015 Ratings '' . TV Tonight . ^ Jump up to : Yvernault , Véronique ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` Licences : Gare à la Pat'Patrouille ! '' . Libre Service Actualités ( in French ) . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Corp. on Instagram '' . Spin Master . November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Songversation '' . The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon . Episode 816 . February 4 , 2018 . NBC . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Deb , Sopan ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : Jimmy Kimmel 's Opening Monologue , Transcribed '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Awards 2014 : Complete list of winners and nominees '' . The LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` '' PAW Patrol : Pups Save a Mer - Pup '' - 43rd Annual Annie Awards `` . AnnieAwards.org . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmy Nominations : ' Young and the Restless ' Leads with 26 Nominations '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Catanzarite , Gina . `` PAW Patrol - Spring 2014 Television '' . Parents ' Choice Foundation . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Environmental Media Awards -- The Complete List of Winners '' . E ! News . ^ Jump up to : `` TIA Names Toy of the Year Nominees '' . License ! Global . November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Callan , Patrick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Toy of the Year finalists revealed '' . Kidscreen . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Canadian Screen Awards Nominees Announced '' . ETCanada.com . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Winning Week for PAW Patrol : Program Director Takes Home Prize at Canadian Screen Awards '' . PR Newswire . March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master opens Australian office '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Pinto , Jordan ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Canadian Cinema Editors reveals 2016 award nominees '' . Playback . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Wins the International TV Series Music Award at 2016 SOCAN Awards Ceremony '' . CCS Rights Management . June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` TVO 's creative content lauded with eight 2017 Canadian Screen Awards '' . TVOntario . March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners announced : 2018 Canadian Screen Awards honouring excellence in creative fiction storytelling '' . Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television . March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Edited transcript of TOY.TO earnings conference call '' . Yahoo ! News . Thomson Reuters . November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickson , Jeremy ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` PAW Patrol toy line hits Toys ' R ' Us '' . Kidscreen . Jump up ^ Griffin , Rachel ; Brown , Heather ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Spin Master to Launch Its Highly Anticipated PAW Patrol Toy Line at Toys `` R '' Us `` . Spin Master ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Milligan , Mercedes ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Nickelodeon Ups Dion Vlachos to EVP Retail '' . Animation Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Spin Master Reports Strong Q2 2016 Financial Results '' . KFMB - TV . August 8 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Burke , Jade ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master sees ' huge momentum ' for PAW Patrol toy line '' . Licensing.biz . NewBay Media . Jump up ^ Muller , Lutz ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master - An Interesting Performance '' . Seeking Alpha . Jump up ^ Smithers , Rebecca ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` The top Christmas toys for 2015 : will you pick PAW Patrol or Pie Face ? '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Bergeron , Tom ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Jersey 's own toy story : New CEO Dave Brandon talks shopping , shipping and how he aims to change Toys R Us '' . NJ Biz . Jump up ^ Miller , Ted ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Toys R Us declares hottest 15 toys of the holiday season '' . WBAY - TV . Media General . Jump up ^ Packham , Amy ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top Argos Toys for Christmas 2016 : Predictions of Bestselling Toys Released '' . The Huffington Post . Verizon Communications . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon 's PAW Patrol Is On a Roll with First - Ever Live Tour '' . Business Wire ( Press release ) . Berkshire Hathaway . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live ! Australia '' . Nick Jr . Australia . Nickelodeon . December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol Live in Manila '' . Life Like Touring . June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` All Paws on Deck ! PAW Patrol to Set Sail on 17 - City Tour with New Pirate - Themed Show '' . People . Time Inc . Jump up ^ Tucker , Tara ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Spin Master attempts a Guinness World Records title in celebration of Etch A Sketch Day '' . CNW Group . Cision . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jr . Play Date Tour comes to Westfield Trumbull '' . Trumbull Times . October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PAW Patrol is coming to Bridgwater '' . Bridgwater Mercury . July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 5,000 people visit White Post Farm to meet PAW Patrol 's Chase and Marshall '' . Nottingham Post . Local World . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds queue to see PAW Patrol stars '' . itv.com . ITV plc. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Linda ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` PAW Patrol stars set to rock Glenarm Castle on night of music and display '' . Belfast Telegraph . Independent News & Media . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Branded FEC Coming to UK 's intu Lakeside Shopping Centre '' . Blooloop . May 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Emily ( February 15 , 2016 ) . `` Greene King : Kids ' meeting with PAW Patrol characters ' cancelled due to Nickelodeon legal threat '' . Morning Advertiser . William Reed Business Media . Jump up ^ Parry , Josh ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Parents angry after Nickelodeon ' force pub to cancel unofficial PAW Patrol event ' '' . Liverpool Echo . Trinity Mirror . External links ( edit ) Official website PAW Patrol at TVOKids.com PAW Patrol at NickJr.com PAW Patrol on IMDb PAW Patrol at TV.com Nickelodeon original programming Current SpongeBob SquarePants ( since 1999 ) PAW Patrol ( since 2013 ) Henry Danger ( since 2014 ) Blaze and the Monster Machines ( since 2014 ) Little Charmers ( since 2015 ) Shimmer and Shine ( since 2015 ) Game Shakers ( since 2015 ) Paradise Run ( since 2016 ) The Loud House ( since 2016 ) Crashletes ( since 2016 ) Rusty Rivets ( since 2016 ) Lip Sync Battle Shorties ( since 2016 ) Power Rangers Ninja Steel / Super Ninja Steel ( since 2017 ) Nella the Princess Knight ( since 2017 ) Hunter Street ( since 2017 ) The Dude Perfect Show ( since 2017 ) Welcome to the Wayne ( since 2017 ) Sunny Day ( since 2017 ) Mysticons ( since 2017 ) I Am Frankie ( since 2017 ) Massive Monster Mayhem ( since 2017 ) Top Wing ( since 2017 ) The Adventures of Kid Danger ( since 2018 ) Knight Squad ( since 2018 ) Keep It Spotless ( since 2018 ) Star Falls ( since 2018 ) Double Dare ( since 2018 ) Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( since 2018 ) Former 1970s debuts Pinwheel ( 1977 -- 84 ) America Goes Bananaz ( 1979 -- 80 ) Nickel Flicks ( 1979 -- 80 ) Hocus Focus ( 1979 -- 80 ) Video Comic Book ( 1979 -- 81 ) 1980s debuts First Row Features ( 1980 -- 82 ) Special Delivery ( 1980 -- 93 ) Standby ... Lights ! Camera ! Action ! ( 1982 -- 87 ) You Ca n't Do That on Television ( 1982 -- 90 ) The Third Eye ( 1983 ) Mr. Wizard 's World ( 1983 -- 90 ) Nick Rocks ( 1984 -- 89 ) Out of Control ( 1984 -- 85 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1985 -- 86 ) Double Dare ( 1986 -- 93 ; 2000 ) Finders Keepers ( 1987 -- 88 ) Do n't Just Sit There ( 1988 -- 91 ) Think Fast ( 1989 -- 91 ) Make the Grade ( 1989 -- 91 ) Hey Dude ( 1989 -- 91 ) Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 95 ) 1990s debuts Wild & Crazy Kids ( 1990 -- 92 ; 2002 ) Outta Here ! ( 1990 -- 91 ) Fifteen ( 1991 -- 93 ) Get the Picture ( 1991 ) Clarissa Explains It All ( 1991 -- 94 ) Welcome Freshmen ( 1991 -- 96 ) Salute Your Shorts ( 1991 -- 92 ) Doug ( 1991 -- 94 ) Nickelodeon Launch Box ( 1991 -- 94 ) Rugrats ( 1991 -- 2004 ) The Ren & Stimpy Show ( 1991 -- 96 ) What Would You Do ? ( 1991 -- 93 ) Are You Afraid of the Dark ? ( 1991 -- 2000 ) Nick Arcade ( 1992 ) Nick News with Linda Ellerbee ( 1992 -- 2015 ) Roundhouse ( 1992 -- 96 ) Nickelodeon Guts ( 1992 -- 96 ) Weinerville ( 1993 -- 97 ) Legends of the Hidden Temple ( 1993 -- 95 ) Rocko 's Modern Life ( 1993 -- 96 ) The Adventures of Pete & Pete ( 1993 -- 96 ) All That ( 1994 -- 2005 ) Nickelodeon All - Star Challenge ( 1994 ) The Secret World of Alex Mack ( 1994 -- 98 ) My Brother and Me ( 1994 -- 95 ) Allegra 's Window ( 1994 -- 96 ) Gullah Gullah Island ( 1994 -- 98 ) Aaahh ! ! ! Real Monsters ( 1994 -- 97 ) Little Bear ( 1995 -- 2003 ) Space Cases ( 1996 -- 97 ) The Mystery Files of Shelby Woo ( 1996 -- 98 ) The Off - Beats ( 1996 -- 99 ) Kenan & Kel ( 1996 -- 2000 ) Blue 's Clues ( 1996 -- 2006 ) Hey Arnold ! ( 1996 -- 2004 ) KaBlam ! ( 1996 -- 2000 ) The Angry Beavers ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Figure It Out ( 1997 -- 2009 ; 2012 -- 13 ) Franklin ( 1997 -- 2004 ) The Journey of Allen Strange ( 1997 -- 2000 ) CatDog ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) You 're On ! ( 1998 -- 99 ) Cousin Skeeter ( 1998 -- 2001 ) The Wild Thornberrys ( 1998 -- 2004 ) Animorphs ( 1998 -- 99 ) The Brothers Flub ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Maisy ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Rocket Power ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 -- 2002 ) The Amanda Show ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Little Bill ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Caitlin 's Way ( 2000 -- 02 ) The Brothers García ( 2000 -- 04 ) Dora the Explorer ( 2000 -- 14 ) Maggie and the Ferocious Beast ( 2000 -- 02 ) Pelswick ( 2000 -- 02 ) Noah Knows Best ( 2000 -- 01 ) As Told by Ginger ( 2000 -- 04 ) Taina ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Fairly OddParents ( 2001 -- 16 ) Invader Zim ( 2001 -- 02 ) Oswald ( 2001 -- 03 ) Action League Now ! ( 2001 -- 02 ) The Nick Cannon Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) Max & Ruby ( 2002 -- 16 ) Yakkity Yak ( 2002 -- 03 ) ChalkZone ( 2002 -- 08 ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( 2002 -- 06 ) Nickelodeon Robot Wars ( 2002 ) Scaredy Camp ( 2002 -- 03 ) All Grown Up ! 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( 2007 -- 15 ) Tak and the Power of Juju ( 2007 -- 09 ) iCarly ( 2007 -- 12 ) Back at the Barnyard ( 2007 -- 11 ) Ni Hao , Kai - Lan ( 2007 -- 11 ) Dance on Sunset ( 2008 ) The Mighty B ! ( 2008 -- 11 ) My Family 's Got Guts ( 2008 -- 09 ) True Jackson , VP ( 2008 -- 11 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Rugrats Pre-School Daze ( 2008 ) Toot & Puddle ( 2008 -- 09 ) Olivia ( 2009 -- 11 ) The Fresh Beat Band ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Troop ( 2009 -- 11 ) Fanboy & Chum Chum ( 2009 -- 14 ) BrainSurge ( 2009 -- 14 ) Big Time Rush ( 2009 -- 13 ) 2010s debuts Team Umizoomi 2010 -- 15 ) Victorious ( 2010 -- 13 ) Planet Sheen ( 2010 -- 13 ) T.U.F.F. Puppy ( 2010 -- 15 ) House of Anubis ( 2011 -- 13 ) Supah Ninjas ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bubble Guppies ( 2011 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Samurai / Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 12 ) Winx Club ( 2011 -- 15 ) Franklin and Friends ( 2011 -- 13 ) Bucket & Skinner 's Epic Adventures ( 2011 -- 13 ) Mike the Knight ( 2011 -- 17 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) Mia and Me ( 2011 -- 16 ) Fred : The Show ( 2012 ) How to Rock ( 2012 ) The Legend of Korra ( 2012 -- 14 ) Tickety Toc ( 2012 -- 15 ) You Gotta See This ( 2012 -- 14 ) Marvin Marvin ( 2012 -- 13 ) Robot and Monster ( 2012 -- 15 ) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2012 -- 17 ) Lalaloopsy ( 2013 -- 15 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) Power Rangers Megaforce / Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sam & Cat ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sanjay and Craig ( 2013 -- 16 ) AwesomenessTV ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Haunted Hathaways ( 2013 -- 15 ) Rabbids Invasion ( 2013 -- 17 ) Instant Mom ( 2013 -- 15 ) The Thundermans ( 2013 -- 18 ) Every Witch Way ( 2014 -- 15 ) Wallykazam ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) Zack & Quack ( 2014 -- 17 ) Breadwinners ( 2014 -- 16 ) Webheads ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dora and Friends : Into the City ! ( 2014 -- 17 ) 100 Things to Do Before High School ( 2014 -- 16 ) Nicky , Ricky , Dicky & Dawn ( 2014 -- 18 ) Bella and the Bulldogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Power Rangers Dino Charge / Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nick Jr . Puppies ( 2015 -- 16 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 -- 17 ) Make It Pop ( 2015 -- 16 ) Harvey Beaks ( 2015 -- 17 ) Fresh Beat Band of Spies ( 2015 -- 16 ) Talia in the Kitchen ( 2015 ) Pig Goat Banana Cricket ( 2015 -- 18 ) WITS Academy ( 2015 ) School of Rock ( 2016 -- 18 ) The Other Kingdom ( 2016 ) All In with Cam Newton ( 2016 ) Legendary Dudas ( 2016 ) Jagger Eaton 's Mega Life ( 2016 -- 17 ) Bunsen Is a Beast ( 2017 -- 18 ) Upcoming Glitch Techs ( 2018 ) Cousins For Life ( 2018 ) Rainbow Rangers ( 2018 ) Butterbean 's Café ( 2018 ) Abby Hatcher , Fuzzly Catcher ( 2018 ) Blue 's Clues ( 2018 ) The Swashbuckling Adventures of Capitán Calavera ( 2019 ) Fashion Ally ( 2019 ) Pony ( 2019 ) Power Rangers Beast Morphers ( 2019 ) Wonder Park ( 2020 ) Rugrats ( 2020 ) Los Casagrandes ( TBA ) Man of the House ( TBA ) Meet the Voxels ( TBA ) International Renford Rejects ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Genie in the House ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Summer in Transylvania ( 2010 ) Camp Orange ( UK & Ireland ) ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Related Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nickelodeon Movies Nick at Nite SNICK Nick in the Afternoon TEENick Nicktoons U-Pick Live Nickelodeon Splat ! Nickelodeon Rewind Nick : The Smart Place to Play Nickelodeon Saturday programming block Nick Studio 10 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PAW_Patrol&oldid=856762937 '' Categories : Television shows about dogs 2013 Canadian television series debuts Canadian animated television programs featuring anthropomorphic characters Canadian computer - animated television series English - language television programs Fictional dogs 2010s Canadian animated television series Nick Jr. shows TVOntario shows Canadian children 's animated adventure television series Canadian children 's animated fantasy television series Canadian preschool education television series Toy brands Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) Pages using web citations with no URL Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 11 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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what is the boy's name in paw patrol
[ "The series focuses on a boy named Ryder who leads a pack of search and rescue dogs known as the PAW Patrol. They work together on missions to protect the shoreside community of Adventure Bay. Each dog has a specific set of skills based on a real-life profession, such as a firefighter and a police officer. They all reside in doghouses that can transform into customized vehicles when necessary. They are also equipped with backpacks called \"pup packs\" that contain tools that relate to the pups' jobs.\n" ]
[ "Ryder" ]
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Mission San Juan Bautista
Mission San Juan Bautista - wikipedia Mission San Juan Bautista Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Mission San Juan Bautista in California . For other missions named `` San Juan Bautista '' , see Mission San Juan Bautista ( disambiguation ) . Mission San Juan Bautista A view of the restored Mission San Juan Bautista and its added three - bell campanario ( `` bell wall '' ) in 2010 . Two of the bells were salvaged by Father Nick Senf in 2009 from the original chime , which was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Location of Mission San Juan Bautista in California Location 406 2nd Street San Juan Bautista , California 95045 Coordinates 36 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 32 ′ 09 '' W  /  36.845083 ° N 121.535889 ° W  / 36.845083 ; - 121.535889 Coordinates : 36 ° 50 ′ 42 '' N 121 ° 32 ′ 09 '' W  /  36.845083 ° N 121.535889 ° W  / 36.845083 ; - 121.535889 Name as founded La Misión del Glorios Precursor de Jesu Cristo , Nuestro Señor San Juan Bautista English translation The Mission of the Glorious Precursor of Jesus Christ , Our Lord , Saint John the Baptist Patron Saint John the Baptist Nickname ( s ) `` Mission of Music '' Founding date June 24 , 1797 Founding priest ( s ) Father Fermín Lasuén Founding Order Fifteenth Military district Third Native tribe ( s ) Spanish name ( s ) Mutsun , Yokuts Costeño Native place name ( s ) Popeloutchom Baptisms 4,106 Marriages 1,003 Burials 2,854 Secularized 1835 Returned to the Church 1859 Governing body Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey Current use Parish Church California Historical Landmark Reference no . 195 Website http://www.oldmissionsjb.org/ Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista , San Benito County , California . Founded on June 24 , 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order , the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in present - day California . Named for Saint John the Baptist , the mission is the namesake of the city of San Juan Bautista . Barracks for the soldiers , a nunnery , the Jose Castro House , and other buildings were constructed around a large grassy plaza in front of the church and can be seen today in their original form . The Ohlone , the original residents of the valley , were brought to live at the mission and baptized , followed by Yokuts from the Central Valley . Mission San Juan Bautista has served mass daily since 1797 , and today functions as a parish church of the Diocese of Monterey . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources 5 External links History ( edit ) The church chancel with Easter decoration A photograph of Mission San Juan Bautista taken between 1880 and 1910 . The steeple ( far right ) , constructed after the mission was secularized , was subsequently destroyed in a fire . Aerial view of Mission San Juan Bautista Following its creation in 1797 , San Juan 's population grew quickly . By 1803 , there were 1,036 Native Americans living at the mission . Ranching and farming activity had moved apace , with 1,036 cattle , 4,600 sheep , 22 swine , 540 horses and 8 mules counted that year . At the same time , the harvest of wheat , barley and corn was estimated at 2,018 fanegas , each of about 220 pounds . Father Pedro Estévan Tápis ( who had a special talent for music ) joined Father Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta , at Mission San Juan Bautista in 1815 to teach singing to the Indians . He employed a system of notation developed in Spain that uses varied colors or textures for polyphonic music , usually ( from bottom to top ) solid black , solid red , black outline ( sometimes solid yellow ) and red outline ( or black outline when yellow was used ) . His choir of Native American boys performed for many visitors , earning the San Juan Bautista Mission the nickname `` the Mission of Music . '' Two of his handwritten choir books are preserved at the San Juan Bautista Museum . When Father Tapis died in 1825 he was buried on the mission grounds . The town of San Juan Bautista , which grew up around the mission , expanded rapidly during the California Gold Rush and continues to be a thriving community today . The mission is situated adjacent to the San Andreas Fault , and has suffered damage from numerous earthquakes , such as those of 1800 and 1906 . However , the mission was never entirely destroyed at once . It was restored initially in 1884 , and then again in 1949 with funding from the Hearst Foundation . The three - bell campanario , or `` bell wall , '' located by the church entrance , was fully restored in 2010 . An unpaved stretch of the original El Camino Real , just east of the mission , lies on a fault scarp . Although initially secularized in 1835 , the church was reconsecrated by the Roman Catholic Church in 1859 , and continues to serve as a parish of the Diocese of Monterey . The mission includes a cemetery , with the remains of over 4,000 Native American converts and Europeans buried there . The mission and its grounds were featured prominently in the 1958 Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo . Associate producer Herbert Coleman 's daughter Judy Lanini suggested the mission to Hitchcock as a filming location . A steeple , added sometime after the mission 's original construction and secularization , had been demolished following a fire , so Hitchcock added a bell tower using scale models , matte paintings , and trick photography at the Paramount studio in Los Angeles . The tower does not resemble the original steeple . The tower 's staircase was assembled inside a studio . See also ( edit ) Spanish missions in California Rancho San Justo Teatro Campesino USNS Mission San Juan ( AO - 126 ) -- a Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bennett 1897b , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 241 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 121 Jump up ^ Yenne , p. 132 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 196 Jump up ^ Forbes , p. 202 Jump up ^ Ruscin , p. 195 ^ Jump up to : Krell , p. 315 : as of December 31 , 1832 ; information adapted from Engelhardt 's Missions and Missionaries of California . Jump up ^ Robert Iacopi , Earthquake Country ( Menlo Park : Lane Publishing , 2004 , 1971 ) . Sources ( edit ) Bennett , John E. ( February 1897b ) . `` Should the California Missions Be Preserved ? -- Part II '' . Overland Monthly . XXIX ( 170 ) : 150 -- 161 . Forbes , Alexander ( 1839 ) . California : A History of Upper and Lower California . Smith , Elder and Co. , Cornhill , London . Jones , Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar ( eds . ) ( 2007 ) . California Prehistory : Colonization , Culture , and Complexity . Altimira Press , Landham , MD . ISBN 0 - 7591 - 0872 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Krell , Dorothy ( ed . ) ( 1979 ) . The California Missions : A Pictorial History . Sunset Publishing Corporation , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 376 - 05172 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Leffingwell , Randy ( 2005 ) . California Missions and Presidios : The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions . Voyageur Press , Inc. , Stillwater , MN . ISBN 0 - 89658 - 492 - 5 . Levy , Richard . ( 1978 ) . William C. Sturtevant , and Robert F. Heizer , ed . Handbook of North American Indians . 8 ( California ) . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC . p. 486 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 004578 - 9 . Milliken , Randall ( 1995 ) . A Time of Little Choice : The Disintegration of Tribal Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area 1769 -- 1910 . Ballena Press Publication , Menlo Park , CA . ISBN 0 - 87919 - 132 - 5 . Paddison , Joshua ( ed . ) ( 1999 ) . A World Transformed : Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush . Heyday Books , Berkeley , CA . ISBN 1 - 890771 - 13 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Ruscin , Terry ( 1999 ) . Mission Memoirs . Sunbelt Publications , San Diego , CA . ISBN 0 - 932653 - 30 - 8 . Yenne , Bill ( 2004 ) . The Missions of California . Thunder Bay Press , San Diego , CA . ISBN 1 - 59223 - 319 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Juan Bautista . Mission San Juan Bautista -- official site Early photographs , sketches , land surveys of Mission San Juan Bautista , via Calisphere , California Digital Library Vertigo on IMDb Listing and photographs of church at the Historic American Buildings Survey Listing , drawings and photographs of mission at the Historic American Buildings Survey Another view of the Mission Facade , circa 1980s Howser , Huell ( December 8 , 2000 ) . `` California Missions ( 105 ) '' . California Missions . Chapman University Huell Howser Archive . U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Juan Bautista Cemetery at Find a Grave Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California Ordinaries Bishop of Two Californias Francisco García Diego y Moreno José Maria González Rubio Bishop of Monterey Joseph Sadoc Alemany Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Bishop of Monterey - Los Angeles Thaddeus Amat y Brusi Francisco Mora y Borrell George Thomas Montgomery Thomas James Conaty John Joseph Cantwell Bishop of Monterey - Fresno John Bernard MacGinley Philip George Scher Aloysius Joseph Willinger Bishop of Monterey in California Harry Anselm Clinch Thaddeus Anthony Shubsda Sylvester Donovan Ryan Richard John Garcia Churches Cathedral Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo Parishes Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo Mission San Juan Bautista Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa Mission San Miguel Arcángel Holy Cross Church ( the former Mission Santa Cruz ) Education High school Mission College Preparatory High School , San Luis Obispo Notre Dame High School , Salinas Palma High School , Salinas Saint Francis Central Coast Catholic High School , Watsonville Santa Catalina School , Monterey Catholicism portal Franciscan missions in California San Diego de Alcalá ( 1769 ) San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo ( 1770 ) San Antonio de Padua ( 1771 ) San Gabriel Arcángel ( 1771 ) San Luis Obispo de Tolosa ( 1772 ) San Francisco de Asís ( 1776 ) San Juan Capistrano ( 1776 ) Santa Clara de Asís ( 1777 ) San Buenaventura ( 1782 ) Santa Barbara ( 1786 ) La Purísima Concepción ( 1787 ) Santa Cruz ( 1791 ) Nuestra Señora de la Soledad ( 1791 ) San José ( 1797 ) San Juan Bautista ( 1797 ) San Miguel Arcángel ( 1797 ) San Fernando Rey de España ( 1797 ) San Luis Rey de Francia ( 1798 ) Santa Inés ( 1804 ) San Rafael Arcángel ( 1817 ) San Francisco Solano ( 1823 ) Asistencias Nuestra Señora Reina de los Angeles ( 1784 ) San Pedro y San Pablo ( 1786 ) Santa Margarita de Cortona ( 1787 ) Santa Gertrudis Asistencia San Antonio de Pala ( 1816 ) Santa Ysabel ( 1818 ) Estancias San Francisco Xavier ( Castaic ) ( 1804 ) San Bernardino de Sena ( 1819 ) Santa Ana ( 1820 ) Las Flores ( 1823 ) Military districts First , San Diego ( 1769 ) Second , Santa Barbara ( 1782 ) Third , Monterey ( 1770 ) Fourth , San Francisco ( 1776 ) Sonoma Barracks ( 1836 ) Related Architecture of the California missions Mission Revival architecture California mission clash of cultures El Camino Real List of missions Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission_San_Juan_Bautista&oldid=842479944 '' Categories : Spanish missions in California San Juan Bautista , California 1797 in Alta California Museums in San Benito County , California Religious museums in California History museums in California Churches in San Benito County , California Cemeteries in California 1797 establishments in California California Historical Landmarks Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in California Roman Catholic Diocese of Monterey in California History of San Benito County , California Spanish Colonial architecture in California National Register of Historic Places in Monterey County , California Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 18 : 42 . About Wikipedia
who was mission san juan capistrano named after
[ "Mission San Juan Bautista is a Spanish mission in San Juan Bautista, San Benito County, California. Founded on June 24, 1797 by Fermín Lasuén of the Franciscan order, the mission was the fifteenth of the Spanish missions established in present-day California. Named for Saint John the Baptist, the mission is the namesake of the city of San Juan Bautista." ]
[ "Saint John the Baptist" ]
7867153389855320443
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
I wandered lonely as a Cloud - wikipedia I wandered lonely as a Cloud Jump to : navigation , search I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth A hand - written manuscript of the poem ( 1802 ) . British Library Add . MS 47864 I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills , When all at once I saw a crowd , A host , of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake , beneath the trees , Fluttering and dancing in the breeze . Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way , They stretched in never - ending line Along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance , Tossing their heads in sprightly dance . The waves beside them danced ; but they Out - did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay , In such a jocund company : I gazed -- and gazed -- but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought : For oft , when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood , They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills , And dances with the daffodils . . William Wordsworth ( 1815 ) `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' ( also commonly known as `` Daffodils '' ) is a lyric poem by William Wordsworth . It is Wordsworth 's most famous work . The poem was inspired by an event on 15 April 1802 , in which Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy came across a `` long belt '' of daffodils . Written some time between 1804 and 1807 ( in 1804 by Wordsworth 's own account ) , it was first published in 1807 in Poems in Two Volumes , and a revised version was published in 1815 . In a poll conducted in 1995 by the BBC Radio 4 Bookworm programme to determine the nation 's favourite poems , I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud came fifth . Often anthologised , the poem is commonly seen as a classic of English romantic poetry , although Poems in Two Volumes , in which it first appeared , was poorly reviewed by Wordsworth 's contemporaries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Revised version 3 Reception 3.1 Contemporary 3.2 Modern usage 3.2. 1 Daffodil tourism 3.2. 1.1 Anniversaries 3.2. 2 In popular culture 4 References 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Background ( edit ) The inspiration for the poem came from a walk Wordsworth took with his sister Dorothy around Glencoyne Bay , Ullswater , in the Lake District . He would draw on this to compose `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' in 1804 , inspired by Dorothy 's journal entry describing the walk : Ullswater in the English Lake District . Ullswater from Gobarrow Park , J.M.W. Turner , watercolor , 1819 . When we were in the woods beyond Gowbarrow park we saw a few daffodils close to the water side , we fancied that the lake had floated the seed ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up -- But as we went along there were more and yet more and at last under the boughs of the trees , we saw that there was a long belt of them along the shore , about the breadth of a country turnpike road . I never saw daffodils so beautiful they grew among the mossy stones about and about them , some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the Lake , they looked so gay ever glancing ever changing . This wind blew directly over the lake to them . There was here and there a little knot and a few stragglers a few yards higher up but they were so few as not to disturb the simplicity and unity and life of that one busy highway -- We rested again and again . The Bays were stormy and we heard the waves at different distances and in the middle of the water like the Sea . -- Dorothy Wordsworth , The Grasmere Journal Thursday , 15 April 1802 At the time he wrote the poem , Wordsworth was living with his wife , Mary Hutchinson , and sister Dorothy at Town End , in Grasmere in England 's Lake District . Mary contributed what Wordsworth later said were the two best lines in the poem , recalling the `` tranquil restoration '' of Tintern Abbey , They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude Wordsworth was aware of the appropriateness of the idea of daffodils which `` flash upon that inward eye '' because in his 1815 version he added a note commenting on the `` flash '' as an `` ocular spectrum '' . Coleridge in Biographia Literaria of 1817 , while he acknowledging the concept of `` visual spectrum '' as being `` well known '' , described Wordsworth 's ( and Mary 's ) lines , amongst others , as `` mental bombast '' . Fred Blick , has shown that the idea of flashing flowers was derived from the `` Elizabeth Linnaeus Phenomenon '' , so - called because of the discovery of flashing flowers by Elizabeth Linnaeus in 1762 . The phenomenon was reported upon in 1789 and 1794 by Erasmus Darwin , whose work Wordsworth certainly read . The entire household thus contributed to the poem . Nevertheless , Wordsworth 's biographer Mary Moorman , notes that Dorothy was excluded from the poem , even though she had seen the daffodils together with Wordsworth . The poem itself was placed in a section of Poems in Two Volumes entitled Moods of my Mind in which he grouped together his most deeply felt lyrics . Others included To a Butterfly , a childhood recollection of chasing butterflies with Dorothy , and The Sparrow 's Nest , in which he says of Dorothy `` She gave me eyes , she gave me ears '' . The earlier Lyrical Ballads , a collection of poems by both himself and Samuel Taylor Coleridge , had been first published in 1798 and had started the romantic movement in England . It had brought Wordsworth and the other Lake poets into the poetic limelight . Wordsworth had published nothing new since the 1800 edition of Lyrical Ballads , and a new publication was eagerly awaited . Wordsworth had , however , gained some financial security by the 1805 publication of the fourth edition of Lyrical Ballads ; it was the first from which he enjoyed the profits of copyright ownership . He decided to turn away from the long poem he was working on ( The Recluse ) and devote more attention to publishing Poems in Two Volumes , in which `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' first appeared . Revised version ( edit ) Narcissus pseudonarcissus , the `` daffodil '' native to the Lake District Wordsworth revised the poem in 1815 . He replaced `` dancing '' with `` golden '' ; `` along '' with `` beside '' ; and `` ten thousand '' with `` fluttering and '' . He then added a stanza between the first and second , and changed `` laughing '' to `` jocund '' . The last stanza was left untouched . The plot of the poem is simple . In the 1815 revision , Wordsworth described it as `` rather an elementary feeling and simple impression ( approaching to the nature of an ocular spectrum ) upon the imaginative faculty , rather than an exertion of it ... '' I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills , When all at once I saw a crowd , A host of golden daffodils ; Beside the lake , beneath the trees , Fluttering and dancing in the breeze . Continuous as the stars that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way , They stretched in never - ending line along the margin of a bay : Ten thousand saw I at a glance , tossing their heads in sprightly dance . The waves beside them danced ; but they Out - did the sparkling waves in glee : A poet could not but be gay , in such a jocund company : I gazed -- and gazed -- but little thought what wealth the show to me had brought : For oft , when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood , They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude ; And then my heart with pleasure fills , And dances with the daffodils . Pamela Woof notes `` The permanence of stars as compared with flowers emphasises the permanence of memory for the poet . '' Andrew Motion notes that the final verse replicates in the minds of its readers the very experience it describes . Reception ( edit ) Contemporary ( edit ) The title page of Poems in Two Volumes Poems in Two Volumes was poorly reviewed by Wordsworth 's contemporaries , including Lord Byron , whom Wordsworth came to despise . Byron said of the volume , in one of its first reviews , `` Mr. W ( ordsworth ) ceases to please , ... clothing ( his ideas ) in language not simple , but puerile '' . Wordsworth himself wrote ahead to soften the thoughts of The Critical Review , hoping his friend Francis Wrangham would push for a softer approach . He succeeded in preventing a known enemy from writing the review , but it did n't help ; as Wordsworth himself said , it was a case of `` Out of the frying pan , into the fire '' . Of any positives within Poems in Two Volumes , the perceived masculinity in The Happy Warrior , written on the death of Nelson and unlikely to be the subject of attack , was one such . Poems like `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' could not have been further from it . Wordsworth took the reviews stoically . Even Wordsworth 's close friend Samuel Taylor Coleridge said ( referring especially to the `` child - philosopher '' stanzas VII and VIII of Intimations of Immortality ) that the poems contained `` mental bombast '' . Two years later , however , many were more positive about the collection . Samuel Rogers said that he had `` dwelt particularly on the beautiful idea of the ' Dancing Daffodils ' '' , and this was echoed by Henry Crabb Robinson . Critics were rebutted by public opinion , and the work gained in popularity and recognition , as did Wordsworth . Poems in Two Volumes was savagely reviewed by Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review ( without , however , singling out `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' ) , but the Review was well known for its dislike of the Lake poets . As Sir Walter Scott put it at the time of the poem 's publication , `` Wordsworth is harshly treated in the Edinburgh Review , but Jeffrey gives ... as much praise as he usually does '' , and indeed Jeffrey praised the sonnets . Upon the author 's death in 1850 , the Westminster Review called `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' `` very exquisite '' . Modern usage ( edit ) The poem is presented and taught in many schools in the English - speaking world : these include the 7th grade of most schools of the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) , India ; the English Literature GCSE course in some examination boards in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland ; and in the current Higher School Certificate syllabus topic , Inner Journeys , New South Wales , Australia . It is also frequently used as a part of the Junior Certificate English Course in Ireland as part of the Poetry Section . In The Middle Passage , V.S. Naipaul refers to a campaign in Trinidad against the use of the poem as a set text because daffodils do not grow in the tropics . Because it is one of the best known poems in the English language , it has frequently been the subject of parody and satire . The English Prog Rock band Genesis parodies the poem in the opening lyrics to the song `` The Colony of Slippermen '' , from their 1974 album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . It was the subject of a 1985 Heineken beer TV advertisement , which depicts a poet having difficulties with his opening lines , only able to come up with I walked about a bit on my own or I strolled around without anyone else until downing a Heineken and reaching the immortal `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' ( because `` Heineken refreshes the poets other beers ca n't reach '' ) . The assertion that Wordsworth originally hit on `` I wandered lonely as a cow '' until Dorothy told him `` William , you ca n't put that '' occasionally finds its way into print . Daffodil Tourism ( edit ) The daffodils Wordsworth saw would have been wild daffodils . However , the National Gardens Scheme runs a Daffodil Day every year , allowing visitors to view daffodils in Cumbrian gardens including Dora 's Field , which was planted by Wordsworth . In 2013 the event was held in March , when unusually cold weather meant that relatively few of the plants were in flower . April , the month that Wordsworth saw the daffodils at Ullswater , is usually a good time to view them , although the Lake District climate has changed since the poem was written . Anniversaries ( edit ) In 2004 , in celebration of the 200th anniversary of the writing of the poem , it was also read aloud by 150,000 British schoolchildren , aimed both at improving recognition of poetry , and in support of Marie Curie Cancer Care . In 2007 , Cumbria Tourism released a rap version of the poem , featuring MC Nuts , a Lake District Red squirrel , in an attempt to capture the `` YouTube generation '' and attract tourists to the Lake District . Published on the two - hundredth anniversary of the original , it attracted wide media attention . It was welcomed by the Wordsworth Trust , but attracted the disapproval of some commentators . In 2015 events marking the 200th anniversary of the publication of the revised version were celebrated at Rydal Mount . In popular culture ( edit ) In the 2013 musical Big Fish ( musical ) , composed by Andrew Lippa , some lines from the poem are used in the song `` Daffodils , '' which concludes the first act . Lippa mentioned this in a video created by Broadway.com in the same year . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wordsworth , William . `` I wandered lonely as a cloud '' . British Library Images Online . Jump up ^ `` William Wordsworth ( 1770 -- 1850 ) : I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' . Representative Poetry Online . 2009 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC . `` Historic figures : William Wordsworth ( 1770 -- 1850 ) '' . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Moorman ( 1965 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Magill , Frank Northen ; Wilson , John ; Jason , Philip K. ( 1992 ) . Masterplots II . ( Goa - Lov , Vol. 3 ) . Salem Press . p. 1040 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89356 - 587 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gryff Rhys Jones , ed. ( 1996 ) . The Nation 's Favourite Poems . BBC Books . p. 17 . ISBN 0563387823 . ^ Jump up to : The Wordsworth Trust . `` Dove Cottage '' . The Wordsworth Museum & Art Gallery . Retrieved 5 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daffodils at Glencoyne Bay . '' . Visit Cumbria . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Wordsworth ed . Woof ( 2002 ) p. 85 Jump up ^ ( https://wordsworth.org.uk/blog/2017/02/22/flashes-upon-the-inward-eye-wordsworth-coleridge-and-flashing-flowers Jump up ^ Moorman ( 1965 ) p. 27 Jump up ^ Moorman ( 1965 ) p. 96 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hunter ( 2009 ) . William Wordsworth . Frances Lincoln Ltd . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3045 - 3 . Retrieved 30 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Kenneth R. ( 1998 ) . The Hidden Wordsworth . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 822 -- 823 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04623 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth '' . The Wordsworth Museum & Art Gallery . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Motion , Andrew ( 6 March 2004 ) . `` The host with the most '' . Guardian Online . London . Retrieved 29 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Pamela Woof ( November 2009 ) . `` The Wordsworths and the Cult of Nature : The daffodils '' . British History in - depth . BBC . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` William Wordsworth '' . Britain Express . 2000 . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Byron , Baron George ( 1837 ) . The works of Lord Byron complete in one volume . H.L. Broenner . p. 686 . Jump up ^ Hill , John Spencer . `` The Structure of Biographia Literaria '' . John Spencer Hill ( self - published ) . Jump up ^ Woof , Robert ; et al. ( 2001 ) . William Wordsworth : the critical heritage . Routlege . p. 235 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 03441 - 8 . Jump up ^ Editor ( 1850 ) . `` The Prelude ... '' . Westminster Review . New York : Leonard Scott and Co. 53 ( October ) : 138 . Jump up ^ Rilkoff , Matt ( 27 December 2011 ) . `` Greenie of the week : William Wordsworth '' . Taranaki Daily News . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Lyrics to The Colony of Slippermen '' . Jump up ^ `` Flowery language '' . Scottish Poetry Library . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( 20 March 2012 ) . `` The ruthless side of William Wordsworth '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Michael ( March 2015 ) . `` I wandered lonely through a secret daffodil wood '' . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From Cartmel to Carlisle . Wordsworth 's Daffodil Legacy '' . National Gardens Scheme . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity to view host of golden daffodils '' . Westmorland Gazette . March 2014 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( March 2012 ) . `` The ruthless side of William Wordsworth '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mass recital celebrates daffodils '' . BBC . March 2004 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Poem set to rap to lure visitors '' . BBC . April 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Martin Wainwright ( April 2007 ) . `` Respect for Wordsworth 200 years on with daffodil rap '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ben Marshall ( April 2007 ) . `` Romantic poetry will never rock the house '' . guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibition tribute to Wordsworth 's Daffodils '' . Cumbria Crack : Breaking News Penrith , Cumbria , Carlisle , Lake District . Jump up ^ Broadwaycom ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) , Composer Andrew Lippa Sits Down at the Piano to Share the Larger - Than - Life Tales of `` Big Fish '' , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 29 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Their cottage is known as Dove Cottage today , but in fact it had no name in their time and their address was simply `` Town End , Grasmere '' , Town End being the name of the hamlet in Grasmere they lived in c.f. Moorman ( 1957 ) pp. 459 -- 60 . Jump up ^ In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth famously defined poetry as `` the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings : it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility . '' Mary Moorman ( 1957 pp. 148 -- 9 ) remarks that in this manner spring poems such as `` Tintern Abbey '' and `` I wandered lonely as a Cloud '' , as well as all the best of The Prelude . Bibliography ( edit ) Davies , Hunter . William Wordsworth , Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1980 Gill , Stephen . William Wordsworth : A Life , Oxford University Press 1989 Moorman , Mary . William Wordsworth , A Biography : The Early Years , 1770 -- 1803 v. 1 , Oxford University Press 1957 Moorman , Mary . William Wordsworth : A Biography : The Later Years , 1803 -- 50 v. 2 , Oxford University Press 1965 Wordsworth , Dorothy ( ed . Pamela Woof ) . The Grasmere and Alfoxden Journals . Oxford University Press 2002 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud Daffodils , The Wordsworth Trust Information about William Wordsworth Facsimile of Dorothy 's `` daffodils '' entry in her journal Google Books archive of Poems in Two Volumes Volume II Preface to Lyrical Ballads Google Books archive of Francis Jeffrey 's review of Poems in Two Volumes `` Daffodils '' set to music From the 1990 concept album `` Tyger and Other Tales '' ( 1 ) ( hide ) William Wordsworth Topics Early life Lake Poets Lyrical Ballads Preface to the Lyrical Ballads `` Anecdote for Fathers '' `` The Idiot Boy '' `` Lucy Gray '' The Lucy poems `` She dwelt among the untrodden ways '' `` A slumber did my spirit seal '' `` Strange fits of passion have I known '' `` Three years she grew in sun and shower '' The Matthew poems `` Michael , a Pastoral '' `` Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey '' `` We Are Seven '' Later poetry Poems , in Two Volumes Peter Bell The White Doe of Rylstone `` Composed upon Westminster Bridge '' `` Elegiac Stanzas '' `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' The Lucy poems `` I travelled among unknown men '' `` London , 1802 '' `` Ode : Intimations of Immortality '' `` Resolution and Independence '' `` The Solitary Reaper '' `` The World Is Too Much with Us '' `` Character of the Happy Warrior '' The Recluse The Excursion The Prelude Prose Guide to the Lakes People Samuel Taylor Coleridge Robert Southey Dora Wordsworth ( daughter ) Dorothy Wordsworth ( sister ) Places Alfoxton House Allan Bank Dove Cottage Rydal Mount Wordsworth House Jump up ^ http://www.shmoop.com/wandered-lonely-cloud-daffodils/man-the-natural-world-theme.html Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Wandered_Lonely_as_a_Cloud&oldid=800258867 '' Categories : Poetry by William Wordsworth British poems 1804 poems 1807 poems 1815 poems British poetry Cumbria in fiction Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 11 : 48 . About Wikipedia
who wrote the poem a host of golden daffodils
[ "\"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" (also commonly known as \"Daffodils\"[2]) is a lyric poem by William Wordsworth. It is Wordsworth's most famous work.[3]" ]
[ "William Wordsworth" ]
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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) - wikipedia One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) For the Broadway play , see One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( play ) . One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Theatrical release poster Directed by Miloš Forman Produced by Saul Zaentz Michael Douglas Screenplay by Lawrence Hauben Bo Goldman Based on One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey Starring Jack Nicholson Louise Fletcher William Redfield Music by Jack Nitzsche Cinematography Haskell Wexler Bill Butler Edited by Richard Chew Sheldon Kahn Lynzee Klingman Production company Fantasy Films Distributed by United Artists Release date November 19 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 19 ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $109 million One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a 1975 American comedy - drama film directed by Miloš Forman , based on the 1962 novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest by Ken Kesey . The film stars Jack Nicholson , and features a supporting cast of Louise Fletcher , William Redfield , Will Sampson , and Brad Dourif . The film also featured Christopher Lloyd in his film debut . Considered to be one of the greatest films ever made , One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is No. 33 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list . The film was the second to win all five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Actor in Lead Role , Actress in Lead Role , Director , and Screenplay ) following It Happened One Night in 1934 , an accomplishment not repeated until 1991 by The Silence of the Lambs . It also won numerous Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards . In 1993 , the film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress , and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Rehearsals 3.3 Filming 4 Reception 5 Awards and honors 5.1 Others 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1963 Oregon , recidivist criminal Randle McMurphy is moved to a mental institution after serving a short sentence on a prison farm for statutory rape of a 15 - year - old . Though not actually mentally ill , McMurphy hopes to avoid hard labor and serve the rest of his sentence in a relaxed environment . Upon arriving at the hospital , he finds the ward run by the steely , strict Nurse Ratched , who subtly suppresses the actions of her patients through a passive - aggressive routine , intimidating the patients . The other patients include anxious , stuttering Billy Bibbit ; Charlie Cheswick , who is prone to childish tantrums ; delusional Martini ; the well - educated , paranoid Dale Harding ; belligerent Max Taber ; epileptic Jim Sefelt ; and `` Chief '' Bromden , a tall Native American believed to be deaf and mute . Ratched soon sees McMurphy 's lively , rebellious presence to be a threat to her authority , confiscating the patients ' cigarettes and rationing them . During his time in the ward , McMurphy gets into a battle of wits with Ratched . He steals a hospital bus , escaping with several patients to go on a fishing trip , encouraging his friends to become more self - confident . McMurphy learns his sentence may become indefinite , and he makes plans to escape , exhorting Chief to throw a hydrotherapy cart through a window . He , Chief , and Cheswick get into a fight with the orderlies after the latter becomes agitated over his stolen cigarettes . Ratched sends them to the `` shock shop , '' and McMurphy discovers Chief can actually speak , feigning being deaf and mute to avoid engaging with anyone . After being subjected to electroconvulsive therapy , McMurphy returns to the ward pretending to have brain damage , but reveals the treatment has charged him up even more . McMurphy and Chief make plans to escape , but decide to throw a secret Christmas party for their friends after Ratched leaves for the night . McMurphy sneaks two women , Candy and Rose , into the ward , and bribes the night guard . After a night of partying , McMurphy and Chief prepare to escape , inviting Billy to come with them . He refuses , not ready to leave the hospital . McMurphy instead convinces him to have sex with Candy . Ratched arrives in the morning to find the ward in disarray and most of the patients passed out drunk . She discovers Billy and Candy together , the former now free of his stutter , until Ratched threatens to inform his mother about his escapade . Billy is overwhelmed with fear and locks himself in the doctor 's office and commits suicide . The enraged McMurphy chokes Ratched , before being knocked out by an orderly . Ratched comes back with a neck brace and a scratchy voice . Rumors spread that McMurphy escaped , rather than be taken `` upstairs '' . Later that night , Chief sees McMurphy being returned to his bed . He discovers McMurphy has lobotomy scars on his forehead , and smothers his friend with a pillow . Chief finally throws the hydrotherapy cart through the window and escapes into the night , cheered on by Taber . Cast ( edit ) Jack Nicholson as Randle McMurphy Louise Fletcher as Nurse Ratched Will Sampson as `` Chief '' Bromden William Redfield as Dale Harding Brad Dourif as Billy Bibbit Sydney Lassick as Charlie Cheswick Christopher Lloyd as Max Taber Danny DeVito as Martini Dean Brooks as Dr. John Spivey William Duell as Jim Sefelt Vincent Schiavelli as Bruce Frederickson Michael Berryman as Ellis Nathan George as Attendant Washington Marya Small as Candy Scatman Crothers as Orderly Turkle Louisa Moritz as Rose Peter Brocco as Col. Matterson Production ( edit ) Actor Kirk Douglas -- who had originated the role of McMurphy in the 1963 -- 1964 Broadway stage version of the Ken Kesey novel -- had purchased the film rights to the story , and tried for a decade to bring it to the big screen , but was unable to find a studio willing to make it with him . Eventually , he gave the rights to his son Michael Douglas , who succeeded in getting the film produced -- but the elder Douglas , by then nearly 60 , was considered too old for the McMurphy role , which ultimately went to 38 - year - old Jack Nicholson . Douglas brought in Saul Zaentz as co-producer . The film 's first screenwriter , Lawrence Hauben , introduced Douglas to the work of Miloš Forman , whose 1967 Czechoslovak film The Firemen 's Ball had the sort of qualities they were looking for . Forman flew to California and went through the script page by page and outlined what he would do , in contrast with other directors who had been approached who were less than forthcoming . Forman wrote in 2012 : `` To me ( the story ) was not just literature but real life , the life I lived in Czechoslovakia from my birth in 1932 until 1968 . The Communist Party was my Nurse Ratched , telling me what I could and could not do ; what I was or was not allowed to say ; where I was and was not allowed to go ; even who I was and was not . '' Saul Zaentz , a voracious reader , felt an affinity with Kesey , and so after Hauben 's first attempt he asked Kesey to write the screenplay , and promised him a piece of the action , but it did n't work out and ended in a financial dispute . Hal Ashby , who had been an early consideration for director , suggested Jack Nicholson for the role of McMurphy . Production was delayed for about six months because of Nicholson 's schedule . However , Douglas later felt that this ended up as a blessing , as it gave more time to get the ensemble right . Casting ( edit ) Danny DeVito , who was Douglas 's oldest friend , was the first to be cast as he had played Martini , one of the patients , in the 1971 off - Broadway production . Douglas found Will Sampson , who played Chief Bromden , through a used car dealer that Douglas was sitting next to on an aircraft . Douglas had told him that they were looking for a big guy to play the chief . He sold a lot of cars to Native Americans and six months later called Douglas to say : `` the biggest sonofabitch Indian came in the other day ! '' Miloš Forman had considered Shelley Duvall for the role of Candy . While screening Thieves Like Us ( 1974 ) to see if she was right for the role , he became interested in Louise Fletcher , who had a supporting role , for the role of Nurse Ratched . A mutual acquaintance , the casting director Fred Roos , had already mentioned her name as a possibility . Even so it took four or five meetings , over a year , ( during which the role was offered to other actresses ) for Fletcher to secure the role of Nurse Ratched . Her final audition was late in 1974 , with Forman , Zaentz and Douglas . The day after Christmas , her agent called to say she was expected at the Oregon State Hospital in Salem on 4 January to begin rehearsals . Rehearsals ( edit ) Prior to commencement of filming , a week of rehearsals started on 4 January 1975 in Oregon , during which the actors watched the patients in their daily routine and at group therapy . Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher also witnessed electroconvulsive therapy on a patient . Filming ( edit ) Other than Nicholson , the rest of the cast were working for scale , or a little above that . Fletcher worked for 11 weeks , and made $10,000 before taxes . Filming began in January 1975 , and concluded approximately three months later , and was shot on location in Salem , Oregon , and the surrounding area , as well as on the Oregon coast . The producers decided to shoot the film in the Oregon State Hospital , an actual mental hospital , as this was also the setting of the novel . The hospital 's director , Dean Brooks , was supportive of the filming and eventually ended up playing the character of Dr. John Spivey in the film . Brooks identified a patient for each of the actors to shadow , and some of the cast even slept on the wards at night . He also wanted to incorporate his patients into the crew , to which the producers agreed . Douglas recalls that it was n't until later that he found out that many of them were criminally insane . As Forman did n't allow the actors to see the day 's filming , this led to the cast losing confidence in him , while Nicholson also began to wonder about his performance . Douglas convinced Forman to show Nicholson something , which he did , and restored the actor 's confidence . Haskell Wexler was fired as cinematographer and replaced by Bill Butler . Wexler believed his dismissal was due to his concurrent work on the documentary Underground , in which the radical terrorist group The Weather Underground were being interviewed while hiding from the law . However , Miloš Forman said he had terminated Wexler over artistic differences . Both Wexler and Butler received Academy Award nominations for Best Cinematography for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , though Wexler said there was `` only about a minute or two minutes in that film I did n't shoot . '' According to Butler , Jack Nicholson refused to speak to Forman : `` ... ( Jack ) never talked to Miloš at all , he only talked to me . '' Filming went over the initial budget of $2 m and over-schedule , but Saul Zaentz , who was personally financing the movie , was able to fund this by borrowing against his company , Fantasy Records . The movie cost in total $4.4 m to make . Reception ( edit ) The film was met with overwhelming critical acclaim ; Roger Ebert said `` Miloš Forman 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is a film so good in so many of its parts that there 's a temptation to forgive it when it goes wrong . But it does go wrong , insisting on making larger points than its story really should carry , so that at the end , the human qualities of the characters get lost in the significance of it all . And yet there are those moments of brilliance . '' Ebert would later put the film on his `` Great Movies '' list . A.D. Murphy of Variety wrote a mixed review as well , as did Vincent Canby : Writing in The New York Times , Canby called the film `` a comedy that ca n't quite support its tragic conclusion , which is too schematic to be honestly moving , but it is acted with such a sense of life that one responds to its demonstration of humanity if not to its programmed metaphors '' . The film opens with original music by composer Jack Nitzsche , featuring an eerie bowed saw ( performed by Robert Armstrong ) and wine glasses . Commenting on the score , reviewer Steven McDonald has said , `` The edgy nature of the film extends into the score , giving it a profoundly disturbing feel at times -- even when it appears to be relatively normal . The music has a tendency to always be a little off - kilter , and from time to time it tilts completely over into a strange little world of its own ... '' The film went on to win the `` Big Five '' Academy Awards at the 48th Oscar ceremony . These include the Best Actor for Jack Nicholson , Best Actress for Louise Fletcher , Best Direction for Forman , Best Picture , and Best Adapted Screenplay for Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman . The film currently has a 95 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating at Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 9 / 10 . Its consensus states : `` The onscreen battle between Jack Nicholson and Louise Fletcher serves as a personal microcosm of the culture wars of the 1970s - and testament to the director 's vision that the film retains its power more than three decades later . '' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest is considered to be one of the greatest American films . Ken Kesey participated in the early stages of script development , but withdrew after creative differences with the producers over casting and narrative point of view ; ultimately he filed suit against the production and won a settlement . Kesey himself claimed never to have seen the movie , but said he disliked what he knew of it , a fact confirmed by Chuck Palahniuk who wrote , `` The first time I heard this story , it was through the movie starring Jack Nicholson . A movie that Kesey once told me he disliked . '' In 1993 , this film was deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry . Awards and honors ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Academy Award Academy Award for Best Picture Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won Academy Award for Best Director Miloš Forman Won Academy Award for Best Actor Jack Nicholson Won Academy Award for Best Actress Louise Fletcher Won Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor Brad Dourif Nominated Academy Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated Academy Award for Best Film Editing Richard Chew , Lyzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Nominated Academy Award for Original Music Score Jack Nitzsche Nominated Golden Globe Award Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Drama Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won Golden Globe Award for Best Director - Motion Picture Miloš Forman Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Jack Nicholson Won Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama Louise Fletcher Won Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Won Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor Brad Dourif Won BAFTA Award BAFTA Award for Best Film Michael Douglas and Saul Zaentz Won BAFTA Award for Best Direction Miloš Forman Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Jack Nicholson Won BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role Louise Fletcher Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role Brad Dourif Won BAFTA Award for Best Editing Richard Chew , Lynzee Klingman and Sheldon Kahn Won BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography Haskell Wexler and Bill Butler Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Lawrence Hauben and Bo Goldman Nominated Others ( edit ) American Film Institute AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - # 20 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Nurse Ratched - # 5 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers - # 17 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - # 33 See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal 1970s portal List of Academy Award records List of Big Five Academy Award winners and nominees Mental illness in film White savior narrative in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Townsend , Sylvia ( 19 December 2014 ) . `` Haskell Wexler and the Making of ' One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ' '' . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Chew was listed as `` supervising editor '' in the film 's credits , but was included in the nomination for an editing Academy Award . ^ Jump up to : `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hood , Phil ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Michael Douglas : how we made One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Forman , Milos ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Opinion - Obama the Socialist ? Not Even Close '' -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Tim ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest : Louise Fletcher recalls the impact of landing the Oscar - winning role of Nurse Ratched '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at the American Film Institute '' . Jump up ^ `` Story Notes for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood 's Love Affair with Oregon Coast Continues '' . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon State Hospital -- A documentary film ( Mental Health Association of Portland ) '' . Jump up ^ Anderson , John . `` Haskell Wexler , Oscar - Winning Cinematographer , Dies at 93 . '' The New York Times , December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review , Chicago Sun - Times , January 1 , 1975 Jump up ^ Suntimes.com - Roger Ebert review , Chicago Sun - Times , February 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Variety.com - A.D. Murphy , Variety , November 7 , 1975 Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( November 28 , 1975 ) . `` Critic 's Pick : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( Original Soundtrack ) - Jack Nitzsche - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` One Flew over the Cuckoo 's Nest Movie Reviews , Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Carnes , Mark Christopher , Paul R. Betz , et al. ( 1999 ) . American National Biography , Volume 26 . New York : Oxford University Press USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 522202 - 4 . p. 312 , Jump up ^ Carnes , p. 312 Jump up ^ Foreword of One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest , Copyright 2007 by Chuck Palahniuk . Available in the 2007 Edition published by Penguin Books Jump up ^ `` U.S. National Film Registry -- Titles '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest on IMDb One Flew Over The Cuckoo 's Nest at the TCM Movie Database One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at Rotten Tomatoes One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest at Box Office Mojo Ken Kesey Novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1962 ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1964 ) Caverns ( 1989 ) Little Tricker the Squirrel Meets Big Double the Bear ( 1990 ) Sailor Song ( 1992 ) Last Go Round with Ken Babbs ( 1994 ) Collections Kesey 's Garage Sale ( 1973 ) Demon Box ( 1986 ) Kesey 's Jail Journal ( 2003 ) Plays Over the Border ( 1973 ) The Furthur Enquiry ( 1990 ) Twister ( 1994 ) Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) Sometimes a Great Notion ( 1971 film ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Related Merry Pranksters Further bus Acid Tests Neal Cassady Carolyn Garcia Lee Quarnstrom Ken Babbs Paul Foster The Electric Kool - Aid Acid Test Kesey Square Magic Trip The Storyteller : Ken Kesey Memorial Ken Kesey 's One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Adaptations One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1963 play ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 film ) Thalavattam ( 1986 film ) Manasukkul Mathappu ( 1988 film ) Kyon Ki ( 2005 film ) Characters Randle McMurphy Nurse Ratched See also Institutionalisation Films directed by Miloš Forman Black Peter ( 1964 ) Loves of a Blonde ( 1965 ) The Firemen 's Ball ( 1967 ) Taking Off ( 1971 ) Visions of Eight ( 1973 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Hair ( 1979 ) Ragtime ( 1981 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Valmont ( 1989 ) The People vs. Larry Flynt ( 1996 ) Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) Goya 's Ghosts ( 2006 ) Awards for One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) Patton ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Sting ( 1973 ) The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Rocky ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) Unforgiven ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Braveheart ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Million Dollar Baby ( 2004 ) Crash ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Birdman or : ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Film 1940s The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) Bicycle Thieves ( 1949 ) 1950s All About Eve ( 1950 ) La Ronde ( 1951 ) The Sound Barrier ( 1952 ) Forbidden Games ( 1953 ) The Wages of Fear ( 1954 ) Richard III ( 1955 ) Gervaise ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Room at the Top ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) 1960s The Apartment ( 1960 ) Ballad of a Soldier ( 1961 ) The Hustler ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1964 ) My Fair Lady ( 1965 ) Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1967 ) The Graduate ( 1968 ) Midnight Cowboy ( 1969 ) 1970s Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1970 ) Sunday Bloody Sunday ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) Day for Night ( 1973 ) Lacombe , Lucien ( 1974 ) Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1975 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1976 ) Annie Hall ( 1977 ) Julia ( 1978 ) Manhattan ( 1979 ) 1980s The Elephant Man ( 1980 ) Chariots of Fire ( 1981 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) Educating Rita ( 1983 ) The Killing Fields ( 1984 ) The Purple Rose of Cairo ( 1985 ) A Room with a View ( 1986 ) Jean de Florette ( 1987 ) The Last Emperor ( 1988 ) Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) 1990s Goodfellas ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) Howards End ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Four Weddings and a Funeral ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) The Full Monty ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) 2000s Gladiator ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Pianist ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Queen ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) 2010s The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) BNE : XX3870952 BNF : cb16732665j ( data ) GND : 7512848 - 2 LCCN : no2007050259 SUDOC : 180849603 VIAF : 316751608 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Flew_Over_the_Cuckoo%27s_Nest_(film)&oldid=841634826 '' Categories : 1975 films English - language films 1970s comedy - drama films American films American comedy - drama films American independent films Best Picture Academy Award winners Films scored by Jack Nitzsche Films based on American novels Films directed by Miloš Forman Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actress Golden Globe - winning performance Films produced by Michael Douglas Films produced by Saul Zaentz Films set in 1963 Films set in Oregon Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films shot in Oregon Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award Suicide in films United States National Film Registry films Screenplays by Bo Goldman Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 01 : 49 ( UTC ) . 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who starred in one flew over the cuckoos nest
[ "\n\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMiloš Forman\n\n\nProduced by\nSaul Zaentz\nMichael Douglas\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLawrence Hauben\nBo Goldman\n\n\nBased on\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\nby Ken Kesey\n\n\nStarring\nJack Nicholson\nLouise Fletcher\nWilliam Redfield\n\n\nMusic by\nJack Nitzsche\n\n\nCinematography\nHaskell Wexler\nBill Butler[1]\n\n\nEdited by\nRichard Chew[2]\nSheldon Kahn\nLynzee Klingman\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nFantasy Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUnited Artists\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nNovember 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$109 million[3]\n\n", "\n\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMiloš Forman\n\n\nProduced by\nSaul Zaentz\nMichael Douglas\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLawrence Hauben\nBo Goldman\n\n\nBased on\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\nby Ken Kesey\n\n\nStarring\nJack Nicholson\nLouise Fletcher\nWilliam Redfield\n\n\nMusic by\nJack Nitzsche\n\n\nCinematography\nHaskell Wexler\nBill Butler[1]\n\n\nEdited by\nRichard Chew[2]\nSheldon Kahn\nLynzee Klingman\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nFantasy Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUnited Artists\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nNovember 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$109 million[3]\n\n", "\n\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\n\n\n\nTheatrical release poster\n\n\n\nDirected by\nMiloš Forman\n\n\nProduced by\nSaul Zaentz\nMichael Douglas\n\n\nScreenplay by\nLawrence Hauben\nBo Goldman\n\n\nBased on\nOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\nby Ken Kesey\n\n\nStarring\nJack Nicholson\nLouise Fletcher\nWilliam Redfield\n\n\nMusic by\nJack Nitzsche\n\n\nCinematography\nHaskell Wexler\nBill Butler[1]\n\n\nEdited by\nRichard Chew[2]\nSheldon Kahn\nLynzee Klingman\n\n\n\nProduction\ncompany\n\n\nFantasy Films\n\n\n\nDistributed by\nUnited Artists\n\n\n\nRelease date\n\n\n\n\nNovember 19, 1975 (1975-11-19)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRunning time\n\n133 minutes\n\n\nCountry\nUnited States\n\n\nLanguage\nEnglish\n\n\nBudget\n$3 million[3]\n\n\nBox office\n$109 million[3]\n\n" ]
[ "Jack Nicholson", "Louise Fletcher", "William Redfield" ]
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My Old Kentucky Home
My Old Kentucky Home - wikipedia My Old Kentucky Home This article is about the song . For the Kentucky site , see My Old Kentucky Home State Park . For other uses , see My Old Kentucky Home ( disambiguation ) . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Sheet music , 10th edition , 1892 ( ? ) Song Written possibly 1852 Published January 1853 Genre Parlor song Songwriter ( s ) Stephen Foster `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' is an anti-slavery ballad originally written by Stephen Foster , ( probably ) composed in 1852 . It was published in January 1853 by Firth , Pond , & Co. of New York . Foster likely composed the song after having been inspired by the narrative of popular anti-slavery novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe 's Uncle Tom 's Cabin , while likely referencing imagery witnessed on his visits to the Bardstown , Kentucky farm called Federal Hill . In Foster 's sketchbook , the song was originally entitled `` Poor Uncle Tom , Good - Night ! '' , but was altered by Foster as `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' Frederick Douglass , an abolitionist , wrote in his 1855 autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom that the song `` awakens sympathies for the slave , in which antislavery principles take root , grow , and flourish '' . Contents 1 Original lyric synopsis 2 Creation and career impact 3 Public sentiment 4 Kentucky state song 5 Modern impact 6 Recording history 7 Adaptations 8 Appearance in media 9 Lyrics by Stephen Foster 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Original lyric synopsis ( edit ) In its entirety , the song contains three verses and one chorus repeated after each verse . The first verse of `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' describes an enslaved servant 's description of the natural beauty and his feelings associated with the Kentucky landscape . The line that begins `` By'n by Hard Times , comes a knocking at the door , Then my old Kentucky home , good - night ! '' acknowledges that the farm on which the subject is enslaved is experiencing financial hardship , and the verse suggests that the narrator knows he will leave the Kentucky farm as a result of being sold to settle the debt . The chorus of the song describes a presumptive longing by the narrator , and probably his wife or other love interest , to return to the beauty of the Kentucky landscape : `` Weep no - more my lady , O weep no more today . For we 'll sing one song for my old Kentucky home , for my old Kentucky home far - away . '' In the second verse , the enslaved servant describes an environment on the Kentucky farm absent of his peers . The narrator recalls a variety of remembrances of his peers and the places they formerly occupied , `` They sing no more by the glimmer of the moon , On the bench by the old cabin door . '' In the third verse , the narrator outlines that the work of an enslaved servant is unavoidable and exhausting regardless of location , `` The head must bow and the back will have to bend , Wherever the darkies may go '' . The narrator acknowledges in the third line of the third verse that they have been sold to a sugar plantation and that they will likely perish as a result . In the fifth line of the third verse , the narrator observes that their departure from the Kentucky farm will occur in a matter of days and again refrains that an enslaved servant 's work is highly strenuous , `` A few more days for to tote the weary load , no matter , ' twill never be light '' . The song ends with the chorus which contextually applies to all three verses . Foster 's composition , both in each verse and in its entirety , focuses on the unfair treatment of slaves and serves to bring awareness to its listeners of the hardships endured by slaves . The composition also embodies a common theme in Foster 's work of his own childhood experiences of losing his home as a result of financial hardships . Creation and career impact ( edit ) The creation of the song `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' established a decisive moment within Stephen Foster 's career in regard to his personal beliefs on the institution of slavery and is an example of the common theme of the loss of home , which is prevalent throughout Foster 's work . In March 1852 , Harriet Beecher Stowe 's abolitionist novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin appeared in bookstores in Foster 's hometown of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The novel , written about the plight of an enslaved servant in Kentucky , had a profound effect on Foster 's future song - writing by altering the tone of his music to sympathize the position of the enslaved servant . In his notebook , Foster penned the lyrics inspired by Stowe 's novel , initially named `` Poor Old Uncle Tom , Good - Night ! '' Foster ultimately removed references to Stowe 's book , renaming the work , `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' Foster 's song includes distinct Kentucky imagery . Foster 's brother Morrison indicated in correspondence that Foster was an `` occasional visitor '' to Federal Hill , owned by Foster 's relations , the Rowan family of Bardstown , Kentucky . The Foster and Rowan family 's close relationship appears to have been initiated through Stephen 's sister Charlotte who stayed with the Rowans at Federal Hill in 1828 . While Charlotte lived with the Rowan family , Atkinson Hill Rowan made a proposal of marriage to her , which she ultimately declined . Charlotte died in the home of George Washing Barclay , a cousin of both families , with Atkinson Hill Rowan at her bedside . The song `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' is one of many examples of the loss of home in Foster 's work . Biographers believe that this common theme originated from the loss of Foster 's childhood home , known as the `` White Cottage '' , an estate his mother referred to as an Eden , in reference to the Garden of Eden . The family was financially supported by the family patriarch William Foster , who owned vast holdings , which were lost through bad business dealings that left the family destitute and unable to keep possession of the White Cottage ; the family was forced to leave the estate when Stephen Foster was three years old . After years of financial instability and the sharing of memories of the White Cottage with Stephen by his parents and siblings , the impact of longing for a permanent home that was no longer available to him greatly influenced his writing . Public sentiment ( edit ) Frederick Douglass in 1856 Upon its release in 1853 by Firth , Pond & Company , `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night '' grew quickly in popularity , selling thousands of copies . The song 's popular and nostalgic theme of the loss of home resonated with the public and further resolved to stimulate strong feelings in support of the abolitionist movement in the United States . Famous African - American abolitionist Frederick Douglass promoted the song , among other similar songs of the time period , in his autobiography My Bondage and My Freedom as evoking a sentimental theme towards the enslaved servant that promotes and popularizes the cause of abolishing slavery in the United States . Douglass commented , `` They ( My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! , etc . ) are heart songs , and the finest feelings of human nature are expressed in them . ( They ) can make the heart sad as well as merry , and can call forth a tear as well as a smile . They awaken the sympathies for the slave '' , he stated , `` in which anti-slavery principles take root and flourish '' . The song held popularity for over a decade and throughout the American Civil War . The song 's reach throughout the United States and popularity has been attributed to soldiers of the war , who passed the tune from location to location during the war 's tenure . Soldiers of the war , both Union and Confederate , visited Federal Hill by the thousands to see the landmark that lent visual inspiration for Foster 's song both during the war and after . Following the war , Federal Hill continued to be frequented by tourists throughout the remainder of the 19th century . After the American Civil War had ended and the institution of slavery was abolished , the song , `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good Night ! '' , which encouraged and inspired abolitionist views in the United States thereafter continued to be held in high esteem by the public . The typical reduction of the song 's title from `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' to `` My Old Kentucky Home '' occurred after the turn of the century . The song 's first verse and chorus are recited annually at the Kentucky Derby . Colonel Matt Winn introduced the song as a derby tradition . As early as 1930 , it was played to accompany the Post Parade ; the University of Louisville Marching Band has played the song for all but a few years since 1936 . In 1982 , Churchill Downs honored Foster by establishing the Stephen Foster Handicap . The University of Kentucky , University of Louisville , Murray State University , Eastern Kentucky University , and Western Kentucky University bands play the song at their schools ' football and basketball games . Kentucky State song ( edit ) WHEREAS , the song , `` My Old Kentucky Home , '' by Stephen Collins Foster , has immortalized Kentucky throughout the civilized world , and is known and sung in every State and Nation ; ... -- Preamble to a 1928 Act of the Kentucky legislature In 1928 , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' was `` selected and adopted '' by the Kentucky state legislature as the state 's official song . It has remained so , subject to one change that was made in 1986 . In that year , a Japanese youth group visiting the Kentucky General Assembly sang the song to the legislators , using the original lyrics that included the word `` darkies '' . Legislator Carl Hines was offended by this and subsequently introduced a resolution that would substitute the word `` people '' in place of `` darkies '' whenever the song was used by the House of Representatives . A similar resolution was introduced by Georgia Davis Powers in the Kentucky State Senate . The resolution was adopted by both chambers . Modern impact ( edit ) Today , the song My Old Kentucky Home remains an important composition due to its role in the evolution of American songwriting and as one of the most influential songs in American culture . According to popular - song analysts , the appeal of the theme of ' returning home ' is one in which listeners of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' are able to personally relate within their own lives . Many revisions and updates of the song have occurred throughout the past century has further ingrained the song in American culture . Recording History ( edit ) `` My Old Kentucky Home '' was recorded many times during the early era of cylinder recordings . The Cylinder Audio Archive at the University of California ( Santa Barbara ) Library contains nineteen commercial recordings of the song ( in addition to several home recordings ) . In most cases , even those of the commercial recordings , the Archive is unable to determine the precise dates ( or even years ) of either their recording or their release , with some cylinders being dated only to a forty - year range from the 1890s to the 1920s . The earliest recording of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' for which the Archive was able to determine a precise year of release is from 1898 and features an unidentified cornet duo . However , the song is known to have been recorded earlier than that ( in February 1894 ) by the Standard Quartette , a vocal group that was appearing in a musical that featured the song ( making their recording perhaps the earliest example of a cast recording ) . No copy of that cylinder is known to have survived . And although cylinder recordings were more popular during the 1800s than were disc records , some of the latter were being sold , mostly by Berliner Gramophone . A version sung by A.C. Weaver was recorded in September 1894 and released with catalog number 175 . The popularity of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' as recording material continued into the 20th century , despite the fact that the song was then more than fifty years old . In the first two decades of the century , newly established Victor Records released thirteen versions of the song ( plus five more recordings that included it as part of a medley ) . During that same period , Columbia Records issued a similar number , including one by Margaret Wilson ( daughter of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson ) . One of the major vocal groups of the day , the Peerless Quartet , recorded it twice , as did internationally - known operatic soprano Alma Gluck . It was also recorded by various marching and concert bands , including three recordings by one of the most well - known , Sousa 's Band , as well as three by the house concert band at Edison Records . Although the frequency of its recording dropped off as the century progressed , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' continued to be used as material by some of the major popular singers of the day . Versions were recorded by Kate Smith , Bing Crosby , and Al Jolson . A version by operatic contralto Marian Anderson was released in Japan and Paul Robeson recorded his version for an English company while living in London in the late 1920s . The song continued to find expression in non-traditional forms , including a New Orleans jazz version by Louis Armstrong and a swing version by Gene Krupa . For a listing of some other recorded versions of the song , see External links . In 2001 , the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry Association of America promulgated a list of the 365 `` Songs of the Century '' that best displayed `` historical significance of not only the song but also of the record and artist '' . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' appeared on that list ( the only song written by Foster to do so ) , represented by the 1908 recording of operatic soprano Geraldine Farrar ( Victor Records 88238 ) . Adaptations ( edit ) By the time that commercial music began to be recorded , the verse melody of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' had become so widely known that recording artists sometimes quoted it in material that was otherwise unrelated to Foster 's song . Henry Burr 's 1921 recording of `` Kentucky Home '' quotes the melody in an interlude midway through the record . And vaudeville singer Billy Murray 's 1923 recording of `` Happy and Go - Lucky in My Old Kentucky Home '' adds the melody in the record 's finale . An earlier recording by Murray , 1915 's `` We 'll Have a Jubilee in My Old Kentucky Home '' , takes the further step of incorporating a portion of Foster 's melody ( but not his lyrics ) into each chorus . And a few decades earlier than that , a young Charles Ives , while still a student at Yale University in the 1890s , used Foster 's melody ( both the verse and the chorus ) as a strain in one of his marches . Ives often quoted from Foster and musicologist Clayton Henderson has detected material from `` My Old Kentucky Home '' in eight of his works . In the mid-1960s , songwriter Randy Newman used the verse of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' ( with modified lyrics ) as the chorus to his `` Turpentine and Dandelion Wine '' . Newman recorded this adaptation for his 12 Songs album ( 1970 , Reprise RS 6373 ) under the title `` Old Kentucky Home '' . However , the adaptation had been recorded earlier at least twice . The first was by the Beau Brummels , who recorded it for their Triangle album ( 1967 , Warner Brothers WS 1692 ) . The second was by the Alan Price Set , who included it as the B - side to their `` Love Story '' single ( 1968 , Decca F 12808 ) . Since Newman 's recording , the adaptation was covered several times more . The only version that charted was by Johnny Cash , who released it as a single from his John R. Cash album ( 1975 , Columbia KC 33370 ) . The single reached No. 42 on Billboard 's country - music chart . Note that the various cover versions generally use slightly different titles , some adding `` My '' to Newman 's title , others omitting `` Old '' . Also , some use Newman 's original title of `` Turpentine and Dandelion Wine '' as a subtitle . A more complete listing of these cover versions can be found in External links . Appearance in media ( edit ) `` My Old Kentucky Home '' has appeared in many films , live action and animated , and in television episodes , in the 20th and 21st centuries . In 1926 , the song first appeared in film in the first animated cartoon to have ever featured synchronized dialogue . The original title for the first draft of Margaret Mitchell 's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind was `` Tote The Weary Load '' , a lyric from `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' The lyric `` a few more days for to tote the weary load '' appears in the text of the novel as Scarlett O'Hara is returning to Tara . Judy Garland sang `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' live on December 14 , 1938 , on the radio show , America Calling . She later covered it again on The All Time Flop Parade with Bing Crosby and The Andrews Sisters . On April 29 , 1953 , Garland headlined a Kentucky Derby week appearance in Lexington , Kentucky named `` The Bluegrass Festival '' where she sang the song `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , accompanied by a single violin . In 1939 , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' was featured in the film version of Gone With The Wind both instrumentally and with lyrics . In the movie , Prissy , played by Butterfly McQueen , sings the line , `` a few more days for to tote the weary load '' . In 1940 , Bing Crosby sung `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good - Night ! '' via radio broadcast with Leopold Stokowski conducting a symphony for the dedication of the Stephen Foster postage stamp release held in Bardstown , Kentucky at My Old Kentucky Home . Kate Smith performed the song on March 20 , 1969 , on The Dean Martin Show with Mickey Rooney and Barbara Eden . The song was covered in The Simpsons , Season 21 , Episode 13 , `` The Color Yellow . '' Marge and Lisa read from the footnotes of a cookbook written by Mabel Simpson in which she describes the escape of an enslaved servant , Virgil , who is assisted by Eliza Simpson . Virgil and Eliza find safe harbor in a circus operated by Krusty the Clown , who hides them from slave patrollers by disguising them as circus acts . Krusty asks what talents Virgil possesses , to which he replies that he has music talent and then performs the song , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' while playing violin . The song was covered in Mad Men , Season 3 , Episode 3 , `` My Old Kentucky Home . '' Roger Sterling ( played by John Slattery ) performs the song in blackface for a company Kentucky Derby party . Johnny Depp , Lyle Lovett , David Amram and Warren Zevon covered the song `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at the tribute memorial of journalist Hunter Thompson in December 1996 . One of Thompson 's most notable pieces , `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' , in addition to Thompson being a native of Louisville , Kentucky , inspired the performers to cover the song for his tribute . The performance was recreated 9 years later in 2005 at midnight after Thompson 's ashes were blasted from a cannon . Lyrics by Stephen Foster ( edit ) The original Stephen Foster lyrics of the song , were : The sun shines bright in the old Kentucky home . ' Tis summer , the darkies are gay , The corn top 's ripe and the meadow 's in the bloom While the birds make music all the day . The young folks roll on the little cabin floor , All merry , all happy , and bright . By ' n by hard times comes a-knocking at the door , Then my old Kentucky home , good night . Weep no more my lady , oh ! weep no more today ! We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home , For the old Kentucky home far away . They hunt no more for the ' possum and the coon , On the meadow , the hill and the shore , They sing no more by the glimmer of the moon , On the bench by the old cabin door . The day goes by like a shadow o'er the heart , With sorrow where all was delight . The time has come when the darkies have to part , Then my old Kentucky home , good night ! Weep no more my lady , oh ! weep no more today ! We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home , For the old Kentucky home far away . The head must bow and the back will have to bend , Wherever the darkies may go . A few more days and the trouble all will end , In the field where the sugar - canes grow . A few more days for to tote the weary load , No matter ' twill never be light . A few more days till we totter on the road , Then my old Kentucky home , good - night ! Weep no more my lady , oh ! weep no more today ! We will sing one song for the old Kentucky home , For the old Kentucky home far away . Modern renditions ( with Kentucky officially adopting this change in 1986 ) of the song change the word darkies to people . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home : A Song with a Checkered Past '' . studio360 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2015 . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Jackson ( 1974 ) . Stephen Foster song book : original sheet music of 40 songs . Courier Dover Press . p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home , Good Night ! '' . 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home State Park '' The History of My Old Kentucky Home `` . visitmyoldkyhome.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home : A Song with a Checkered Past '' . wnyc . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ PressRoom ( April 9 , 2001 ) . `` American Experience on KET profiles `` My Old Kentucky Home '' author , Stephen Foster `` . KET . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Frederick . My Bondage and My Freedom : Part I - Life as a Slave , Part II - Life as a Freeman , with an introduction by James M'Cune Smith . New York and Auburn : Miller , Orton & Mulligan ( 1855 ) ; ed . John Stauffer , Random House ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7031 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : MacLowry , Randall . `` American Experience , Stephen Foster '' . PBS.org . Public Broadcasting System . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foster , Charlotte . `` University of Pittsburgh Digital Archives '' ( PDF ) . University of Pittsburgh Digital Archives . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rowan , Atkinson Hill . `` From A. Hill Rowan to Ann Eliza Foster , November 19 , 1829 '' ( PDF ) . University of Pittsburgh Digital Archives . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ William Emmett Studwell ( 1997 ) . The Americana song reader . Psychology Press . p. 110 . Jump up ^ Douglass , Frederick ( 1855 ) . My Bondage , My Freedom . Miller , Orton & Mulligan . p. 462 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History - My Old Kentucky Home - Recreation Parks - Kentucky State Parks '' . ky.gov . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Thomas D. ( February 5 , 2015 ) ( 1977 ) . `` The Slavery Background of Foster 's My Old Kentucky Home '' . In Harrison , Lowell H. ; Dawson , Nelson L. A Kentucky Sampler : Essays from The Filson Club History Quarterly 1926 -- 1976 . Lexington , Kentucky : University Press of Kentucky . pp. 100 -- 117 . ISBN 9780813163086 . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , James ( March 15 , 2012 ) . The Kentucky Derby , How the Run for the Roses Became America 's Premiere Sporting Event . Lexington , KY : The University of Kentucky Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3576 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` My Old Kentucky Home : Official Song of the Kentucky Derby '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaiser , Carly ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' . University Place Patch . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shankle , George Earlie ( 1941 ) ( 1934 ) . State Names , Flags , Seals , Songs , Birds , Flowers , and Other Symbols ( revised ed . ) . New York : H.W. Wilson . pp. 397 -- 398 . Jump up ^ When originally enacted , the provision was located at section 4618p of the Kentucky Statutes . After the re-codification of those Statutes in 1942 , the provision now resides at section 2.100 of Title I , Chapter 2 of the Kentucky Revised Statutes . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Carl R. Hines , Sr. , '' . Louie B. Nunn Center for Oral History . University of Kentucky Libraries : Lexington . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Discussion of the episode begins approximately 82 minutes into the interview . Also see the contemporaneous reporting that appeared in the article written by Bob Johnson in the edition of March 12 , 1986 of the Courier - Journal ( page 18 ) and the Associated Press article that appeared in the edition of March 21 , 1986 of the Lexington Herald - Leader ( page A11 ) . Hines ' resolution was House Resolution 159 ( 1986 ) ; Powers ' resolution was Senate Resolution 114 ( 1986 ) . Jump up ^ `` Search Results : my + old + kentucky + home '' . UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive . UC Santa Barbara Library . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbia Phonograph Company 2813 ( cylinder 14763 at the Cylinder Audio Archive ) . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ( 2004 ) . Lost Sounds : Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry , 1890 - 1919 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02850 - 3 . The Standard Quartette is discussed in Chapter 6 ( pages 92 - 102 ) . The February 1894 recordings are discussed at pages 95 - 97 . Jump up ^ `` Berliner 175 ( 7 - in . single - faced ) '' . Discography of American Historical Recordings . UC Santa Barbara Library . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Note that Berliner issued `` My Old Kentucky Home '' several times through 1899 , with different singers . These re-recordings were released under the same catalog number as the original but with differently - suffixed matrix numbers . For example , the version sung by Weaver has matrix number 175 - Z , whereas a later version by Irish tenor George J. Gaskin ( recorded in 1897 ) has matrix number 175 - ZZ . Jump up ^ `` Search Results : my + old + kentucky + home '' . National Jukebox . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Columbia Records ( `` Symphony Series '' ) A-2416 ( 1917 ) Jump up ^ Indestructible Records 694 ( 1908 ) and Everlasting Records 1077 ( 1909 ) Jump up ^ Victor Records 74386 ( 1914 ) and 74468 ( 1916 ) . Jump up ^ Berliner 129 ( 1898 ) , Victor 3264 ( 1901 ) and Victor 2481 ( 1903 ) . The two Victor recordings were labeled `` fantasies '' . Jump up ^ Edison Gold Moulded 8818 ( 1904 ) , Edison Amberol 87 ( 1909 ) , and Edison Blue Amberol 2239 ( 1914 ) , all credited to the Edison Concert Band . Jump up ^ MGM Records 30474 , part of Smith 's Songs of Stephen Foster album ( MGM E-106 ) Jump up ^ Crosby 's recording appeared as the B - side on two of his singles -- `` ' Til Reveille '' ( Decca Records 3886 , 1941 ) and `` De Camptown Races '' ( Decca Records 25129 , 1947 ) . It also appeared in his Stephen Foster album ( Decca Records A-440 and A-482 , both 1946 ) . Jump up ^ Decca Records 27365 ( circa 1950 ) Jump up ^ Victor Co. of Japan SD - 4 . This is the same recording that was released by Victor Records in the United States with catalog number 18314 . The recording and release dates are unclear , but the physical characteristics of the label for the Japanese release ( red label , circular non-scroll border , etc . ) , as well as the numbering of the American release , suggest that both were issued in the very early 1940s ( and certainly before the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States ) . The recording later appeared on the 1951 LP Great Combinations ( RCA Victor LM 1703 ) . Jump up ^ His Master 's Voice B. 3653 . The recording 's entry at the British Library gives the recording date as October 2 , 1928 ( see item number BLLSA4329674 at www.explore.bl.uk ) . Jump up ^ On the album Satchmo Plays King Oliver ( Audio Fidelity Records AFSD 5930 , 1960 ) Jump up ^ Columbia Records 35205 ( 1939 ) Jump up ^ `` RIAA , NEA Announce Songs of the Century '' ( Press release ) . Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . March 2001 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Records 18821 . Written by Harold Weeks and Abe Brashen . Jump up ^ Victor Records 19240 . Written by Clarence Gaskill . Another version of `` Happy and Go - Lucky ... '' was recorded a few months later by The Happiness Boys , who extended Murray 's arrangement by quoting `` My Old Kentucky Home '' as a countermelody not just in the finale , but also in other parts of the song . That version was issued on Federal Records 5376 ( the company not to be confused with the Cincinnati - based Federal Records that operated in the 1950s ) . It was also issued on Sears , Roebuck 's Silvertone label , with catalog number 2376 . Jump up ^ Edison Blue Amberol Records 2748 . Written by Walter Donaldson . Jump up ^ Henderson , Clayton W. ( 2008 ) ( 1990 ) . The Charles Ives Tunebook ( second ed . ) . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 158 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35090 - 9 . The march is identified as Ives ' third ( i.e. , `` March No. 3 '' ) . It apparently had not been recorded until 1974 , when it appeared on the Yale Theater Orchestra 's Old Songs Deranged ( Columbia Masterworks M 32969 ) . Because Ives added the Foster quote to a work he had already composed , there are two versions of that march -- one that incorporates the melody and one that does not . The version that incorporates the melody also appears on the Detroit Chamber Winds ' 1993 album Remembrance : A Charles Ives Collection ( Koch International Classics 7182 ) . Jump up ^ `` John R. Cash ( awards ) '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silent Era '' . www.silentera.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Horwitz , Tony ( 1999 ) . Confederates in the Attic . Random House . p. 306 . ISBN 9780679758334 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Margaret . Gone with the Wind. 1936 . Edition : Hamilton Books , 2016 . GoogleBooks pt. 258 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Scott ( 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 448 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3555 - 0 . Jump up ^ Edge , Lynn ( October 8 , 1989 ) . `` ' GWTW ' start toted the load during filming '' ( 60 ) . Star - News . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibbs , Dixie ( 198 ) . Bardstown . Bardstown , Kentucky : Arcadia . p. 78 . ISBN 9780738589916 . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eden , Barbara ( April 5 , 2011 ) . Jeanie Out of the Bottle . Random House . ISBN 9780307886958 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bundle Up With Dean '' . The Golddiggers . The Golddiggers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Color Yellow / Transcript '' . Wikisimpsons . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ burgermeister meisterburger ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) , Mad Men : Kentucky Derby , Roger Sterling sings in blackface , Peggy Olson gets high , retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 Jump up ^ `` Amram with Johnny Depp , Warren Zevon : Hunter S. Thompson Tribute '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , Mark . A Catalog of Folk Song Settings for Wind Band , p. 74 ( Hal Leonard Corporation , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Foster , Stephen . Stephen Foster Song Book : Original Sheet Music of 40 Songs , p. 67 ( Courier Corporation , 1974 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Clark , Thomas D. ( January 1936 ) . `` The Slavery Background of Foster 's My Old Kentucky Home '' . Filson Club History Quarterly . 10 ( 1 ) . ISBN 9780813163086 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Kentucky portal Wikisource has original text related to this article : My Old Kentucky Home Performances My Old Kentucky Home ( instrumental ) as played by one of the University of Kentucky Bands Geraldine Farrar 's 1908 recording Other List of recordings of `` My Old Kentucky Home '' at SecondHandSongs.com List of recordings of Randy Newman 's adaptation at SecondHandSongs.com Stephen Foster List of songs written by Stephen Foster Songs Minstrel songs Angelina Baker ( 1850 ) Camptown Races ( 1850 ) The Glendy Burk ( 1860 ) My Old Kentucky Home ( 1853 ) Oh ! Susanna ( 1848 ) Old Folks at Home ( Swanee River ) ( 1851 ) Parlor songs Ah ! May the Red Rose Live Alway Open Thy Lattice Love Beautiful Dreamer ( 1864 ) Hard Times Come Again No More ( 1854 ) Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( 1854 ) Old Black Joe ( 1853 ) Willie Has Gone To War ( 1862 ) History and biographers History and biographies The Stephen Foster Collection and archive William Barclay Foster Eliza Clayland Tomlinson Foster Morrison Foster Horace Waters Harold Vincent Milligan Jane McDowell Foster Wiley Henrietta Crosman Evelyn Foster Morneweck Films , musicals , recordings Films Harmony Lane I Dream of Jeanie Swanee River Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( anime ) Musicals Stephen Foster - The Musical Hard Times Recordings Beautiful Dreamer : The Songs of Stephen Foster State Parks My Old Kentucky Home State Park Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park Stephen C. Foster State Park Other Stephen Foster Handicap Stephen Foster Memorial Stephen Foster Memorial Day Stephen Foster ( sculpture ) Kentucky Derby Races 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Related Churchill Downs Top 4 finishers Festival Museum Road to the Kentucky Derby `` My Old Kentucky Home '' Triple Crown Trophy Mint julep Derby pie Kentucky Oaks Broadcasters `` The Kentucky Derby Is Decadent and Depraved '' Kentucky Derby Winners Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Old_Kentucky_Home&oldid=845187354 '' Categories : 1853 songs American songs Blackface minstrel songs Music of Kentucky Songs written by Stephen Foster United States state songs Songs about Kentucky Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Use mdy dates from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Lëtzebuergesch 日本 語 Norsk Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 01 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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who plays my old kentucky home at the derby
[ "The song's first verse and chorus are recited annually at the Kentucky Derby. Colonel Matt Winn introduced the song as a derby tradition.[15] As early as 1930, it was played to accompany the Post Parade; the University of Louisville Marching Band has played the song for all but a few years since 1936. In 1982, Churchill Downs honored Foster by establishing the Stephen Foster Handicap.[16] The University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, Murray State University, Eastern Kentucky University, and Western Kentucky University bands play the song at their schools' football and basketball games.[17]\n" ]
[ "the University of Louisville Marching Band" ]
-8816087194884329964
If (Bread song)
If ( Bread song ) - wikipedia If ( Bread song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` If '' Single by Bread from the album Manna B - side `` Take Comfort '' Released March 21 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 21 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Soft rock Length 2 : 33 Label Elektra Songwriter ( s ) David Gates , Waleen johnson Producer ( s ) David Gates Bread singles chronology `` Let Your Love Go '' ( 1971 ) `` If '' ( 1971 ) `` Mother Freedom '' ( 1971 ) `` Let Your Love Go '' ( 1971 ) `` If '' ( 1971 ) `` Mother Freedom '' ( 1971 ) `` If '' is a song written by American singer - songwriter David Gates in 1971 . Originally popularized by his group Bread , the song charted at number four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 when released as a single in 1971 and number six in Canada . The song also spent three weeks at number one on the U.S. Easy Listening chart , and one week at the top of the Canadian AC chart . In the U.S. , Bread 's version was the shortest song title to become a top ten hit until 1993 , when Prince hit No. 7 with `` 7 '' , later matched by Britney Spears ' No. 1 hit `` 3 '' in 2009 . `` If '' has been a perennial favorite at weddings ( for example , as a first - dance song ) ever since it was released . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 3 References 4 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Australia KMR 41 Canada RPM Top Singles 6 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary U.S. Cash Box Top 100 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 82 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 61 U.S. Cash Box 89 Cover versions ( edit ) It has been covered by other singers and musicians , including Petula Clark , Sergio Franchi , Eddie Kendricks , Cleo Laine , Perry Como , Frank Sinatra , Tom Jones , Jack Jones , Shirley Bassey , Dorothy Squires , Mirusia Louwerse , Herbie Mann , Julio Iglesias , Joe Pass , Ryoko Moriyama , Westlife , Olivia Newton - John , Dolly Parton , Dana , Scott Walker , Andy Williams , Frankmusik , Sarah Geronimo ( From Sarah G. Live ! statement song ) , Deni Hines , George Millard , Damien Leith and an instrumental cover by Violinist Vov Dylan Telly Savalas recorded a mostly - spoken version which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart for two weeks in March 1975 , and has the shortest title of any song to reach number one in the UK . This version also charted at # 12 on the US Billboard Easy Listening chart in late 1974 . A parody version of the Savalas version , recorded by voiceover artists Chris Sanford and Bill Mitchell performing as Yin and Yan , reached number 25 in the UK . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` First Dance Songs for Weddings '' . Weddings.about.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 5 / 15 / 71 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . www.collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1971 '' . tropicalglen.com . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` So In Love ( feat . The Palace Orchestra ) by Vov Dylan on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 311 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . ) . Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 166 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary 1961 - 1993 . Record Research . p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` About Chris Sandford - Actor . Presenter . Angler . Writer . Flytyer '' . Chris Sandford . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Yin And Yan - If ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com. 2009 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' by Andy Williams Billboard Easy Listening number - one single ( Bread version ) April 24 , 1971 ( 3 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me and You and a Dog Named Boo '' by Lobo Preceded by `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel UK number - one single ( Telly Savalas version ) March 8 , 1975 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Bye Bye Baby '' by Bay City Rollers Bread David Gates Jimmy Griffin Robb Royer Mike Botts Larry Knechtel Studio albums Bread On the Waters Manna Baby I 'm - a Want You Guitar Man Lost Without Your Love Compilation albums The Best of Bread The Best of Bread , Volume 2 The Sound of Bread Anthology of Bread Hit singles `` Make It with You '' `` It Do n't Matter to Me '' `` If '' `` Baby I 'm - a Want You '' `` Everything I Own '' `` The Guitar Man '' `` Sweet Surrender '' `` Aubrey '' `` Lost Without Your Love '' Related articles Discography Elektra Records Rhino Records Warner Music Group Book : Bread Julio Iglesias Discography Studio albums Yo canto ( 1969 ) Un canto a Galicia ( 1972 ) Soy ( 1973 ) A flor de piel ( 1974 ) A México ( 1975 ) El amor ( 1975 ) America ( 1976 ) A mis 33 años ( 1977 ) Emociones ( 1978 ) Sono un pirata , sono un signore ( 1978 ) À vous les femmes ( 1979 ) Hey ! ( 1980 ) De niña a mujer ( 1981 ) Zartlichkeiten ( 1981 ) Momentos ( 1982 ) Momenti ( 1982 ) Et l'amour crea la femme ( 1982 ) 1100 Bel Air Place ( 1984 ) Libra ( 1985 ) Un hombre solo ( 1987 ) Tutto l'amore che ti manca ( 1987 ) Non Stop ( 1988 ) Raíces ( 1989 ) Starry Night ( 1990 ) Calor ( 1992 ) Crazy ( 1994 ) La carretera ( 1995 ) Tango ( 1996 ) Noche de cuatro lunas ( 2000 ) Ao Meu Brasil ( 2001 ) Divorcio ( 2003 ) Romantic Classics ( 2006 ) 1 ( 2011 ) México ( 2015 ) Live albums En concierto ( 1983 ) Compilation albums Da Manuela a Pensami ( 1978 ) Minhas canções preferidas ( 1981 ) Julio ( 1983 ) My Life : The Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) Mi vida : Grandes éxitos ( 1998 ) Love Songs ( 2003 ) 1 : The Collection ( 2014 ) Singles `` Chiquilla '' ( 1970 ) `` Gwendolyne '' ( 1970 ) `` Cucurrucucú paloma '' ( 1975 ) `` Pauvres Diables '' ( 1979 ) `` Begin the Beguine '' ( 1981 ) `` Yours ( Quiéreme Mucho ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Amor '' ( 1984 ) `` All of You '' ( 1984 ) `` The Air That I Breathe '' ( 1984 ) `` To All the Girls I 've Loved Before '' ( 1984 ) `` I 've Got You Under My Skin '' ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' ( 1985 ) `` Lo Mejor de Tu Vida '' ( 1987 ) `` Que No Se Rompa la Noche '' ( 1987 ) `` Bamboléo '' ( 1989 ) `` Vincent '' ( 1990 ) `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Crazy '' ( 1994 ) `` Oye Como Va '' ( 1994 ) `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me '' ( 1994 ) `` El Choclo '' ( 1996 ) `` La Gota Fría '' ( 1998 ) `` Everybody 's Talkin ' '' ( 2006 ) Non-single covers `` ¡ Ay , Jalisco , no te rajes ! '' `` Feelings '' `` Grande grande grande '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Hier Encore '' `` Historia de un Amor '' `` If '' `` La Flor de la Canela '' `` La Vie en rose '' `` Mamy Blue '' `` Mi Buenos Aires querido '' `` My Sweet Lord '' `` Puedes Llegar '' `` Quando m'innamoro '' `` Something '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` You Belong to My Heart '' `` Dulce Carolina '' ( 1972 ) `` La Mer '' ( 1976 ) `` Obsesión '' ( 1976 ) `` Ron y Coca - Cola '' ( 1980 ) `` Moon Over Naples '' ( 1988 ) `` And I Love Her '' ( 1990 ) `` If You Go Away '' ( 1990 ) `` 99 Miles from L.A. '' ( 1990 ) `` Caruso '' ( 1994 ) `` Crazy in Love '' ( 1998 ) `` Mi Manera '' ( 1998 ) `` Corazón Partío '' ( 2000 ) `` Quizás , Quizás , Quizás '' ( 2004 ) `` Careless Whisper '' ( 2006 ) `` Right Here Waiting '' ( 2006 ) `` Somos Novios '' ( 2006 ) `` This Guy 's in Love with You '' ( 2006 ) Usage `` It Never Rains in Southern California '' in `` Moonlight Lady '' `` Dark Eyes '' in `` Nostalgie ( Nathalie ) '' Family Julio Iglesias Sr. ( father ) Julio Iglesias Jr. ( son ) Enrique Iglesias ( son ) Chabeli Iglesias ( daughter ) Isabel Preysler ( first wife ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_(Bread_song)&oldid=816428018 '' Categories : 1971 singles 1971 songs Folk rock songs Elektra Records singles 1975 singles Bread ( band ) songs Songs written by David Gates UK Singles Chart number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 08 : 00 . About Wikipedia
who wrote if a picture paints a thousand words
[ "\n\n\"If\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bread\n\n\nfrom the album Manna\n\n\nB-side\n\"Take Comfort\"\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 21, 1971 (1971-03-21)\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock\n\n\nLength\n2:33\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nDavid Gates, Waleen johnson\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDavid Gates\n\n\nBread singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"If\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Bread\n\n\nfrom the album Manna\n\n\nB-side\n\"Take Comfort\"\n\n\nReleased\nMarch 21, 1971 (1971-03-21)\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nGenre\nSoft rock\n\n\nLength\n2:33\n\n\nLabel\nElektra\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nDavid Gates, Waleen johnson\n\n\nProducer(s)\nDavid Gates\n\n\nBread singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Let Your Love Go\"\n(1971)\n\"If\"\n(1971)\n\"Mother Freedom\"\n(1971)\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "David Gates", "Waleen johnson" ]
8403589910445670539
Cigarette pack
Cigarette pack - wikipedia Cigarette pack Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with FlipTop ( rap battle ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( April 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Row of L&M cigarettes , illustrating US ' regular ' and ' 100 ' lengths . Packages of fewer than 20 cigarettes are illegal to buy in the United States . On the left a new Lucky Strike cigarette pack by a new EU directive meanwhile on the right there 's an obsolete pack as red . Warning photos will come into effect in May 2017 at the latest across the EU . A pack or packet of cigarettes is a rectangular container , mostly of paperboard , which contains cigarettes . The pack is designed with a flavor - protective foil , paper or biodegradable plastic , and sealed through a transparent airtight plastic film . By pulling the `` pull - tabs '' , the pack is opened . Hard packs can be closed again after opening , whereas soft packs can not . Cigarette packs often contain warning messages depending on which country they are sold in . Contents ( hide ) 1 Package size 1.1 Pack 1.2 Carton 2 Hard pack and soft pack 3 Collectible pack 4 Features 5 Plain tobacco packaging 6 References 7 External links Package size ( edit ) Box of 400 Marlboro cigarettes . Pack ( edit ) The size of a pack is often regulated . Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size . In Australia , the most common quantity per pack is 25 , although some brands have changed them to 26 , second to 20 which by law , is the minimum . 30 , 40 and even 50 packs are also sold . In Canada , most packs sold have 25 cigarettes , but packs of 20 are also popular . In many European countries , increases of cigarette tax can cause the quantity of cigarettes in the pack to change , in order to achieve the same end price . In Malaysia , the selling of packs containing fewer than 20 cigarettes is prohibited . In the United States of America , the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20 . Certain brands , such as Export As , come in a pack of 25 . For many years , half - packs of 10 ( or even 14 ) cigarettes were commonly available . In the United Kingdom brands are only sold in packets of 20 , following a May , 2017 law prohibiting the sale of 10 - stick packs . The legislation also outlawed branded packaging , introducing boxes which are a plain , green color . The packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface , with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings . Vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes , although the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet containing 20 . Carton ( edit ) A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs , totaling 200 cigarettes . Some cartons contain twenty packs , totaling 400 cigarettes . Hard pack and soft pack ( edit ) A hard pack is the usual style of paperboard packaging for store bought cigarettes , which consists of a relatively stable box . This successfully prevents the crumpling of cigarettes when kept in a person 's pocket or handbag . The flip - top hard pack cigarette case was introduced in 1955 by Philip Morris . Flip - up top of a hard pack Soft pack A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper , usually containing 20 cigarettes . Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and can not be resealed . They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette . They require less physical ' pocket space ' when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack . With American brands , cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard - boxed counterparts . Collectible pack ( edit ) Camel Collector 's Pack To encourage cigarette pack collectors , some cigarette packs were made to present a particular interest for collectors . There are cigarette packs labeled `` collectible '' . Some brands introduce promotional packs to bypass advertising laws . An example would be a limited time promotion where the pack is made from tin with the shape , purpose , and look of a cigarette case to entice potential buyers . They are distinguished by unique décor or are very old or they were removed from manufacturing for some reasons and consequently became rare . Features ( edit ) Most cigarette packs have no features at all and are just made up of a single container filled with cigarettes . However , some cigarette packs have been proposed that also contain an empty container for disposing the cigarette butts into . This could reduce cigarette butts of being discarded unto the street , where they contaminate the environment . Plain tobacco packaging ( edit ) Main article : Plain tobacco packaging References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cigarette Vending Packs '' . Licensed Trade Vending Supplies . Archived from the original on 13 October 2004 . Retrieved 15 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Gene Borio . `` Tobacco Timeline : The Twentieth Century 1950 -- 1999 -- The Battle is Joined '' . Tobacco.org . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dealing With an Innovative Industry : A Look at Flavored Cigarettes Promoted by Mainstream Brands '' . Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 7 August 2005 . PMC 1470487 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cigarette packs with container for cigarette butts Jump up ^ Patent for a cigarette packs with container for cigarette butts External links ( edit ) Encyclopedia of Cigarettes Cigarettes Types Fashion Fire safe Kretek Lights Menthol Beedi Components Tobacco Rolling paper Filter Additives Peripherals Ashtray Case Holder Lighter Pack Receptacles Vending machine Culture Cigarette card Cigarette smoking among college students Loosie Smoking fetishism Tobacco smoking Health issues Chain smoking Cigarette smoking for weight loss Nicotine poisoning Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smoking cessation Tobacco harm reduction Related products Electronic cigarette Candy cigarette Herbal cigarette Heat - not - burn tobacco product Nicotine patch Nicotine gum Nicotine inhaler Nicotine lozenge Tobacco industry Cultivation of tobacco Egyptian cigarette industry History of commercial tobacco in the United States Tobacco advertising Government and the law Cigarette smuggling Illicit cigarette trade Plain cigarette packaging Smoking age Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco control movement Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement Tobacco packaging warning messages Tobacco politics WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products Lists Cigarette brands Cigarette smoke carcinogens Countries by cigarette consumption per capita Rolling papers Smoking bans Commons Paper products Containers Box Carton Corrugated box Cigarette pack Coffee cup sleeve Corrugated fiberboard Envelope Molded pulp Oyster pail Paper bag Paperboard Paper cup Hygiene Facial tissue Napkin Paper towel Toilet paper Wet wipe Stationery Continuous stationery Greeting card Index card Letter Manila folder Postage stamp Postcard Post-it Note Financial Banknote Business card Coupon Pay card Passbook Decorations Ingrain wallpaper Wallpaper Media Book Newspaper Newsprint Pamphlet Recreation Confetti Paper craft Paper toys Playing card Other Beverage coaster Filter paper Form Sandpaper Security paper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cigarette_pack&oldid=826277981 '' Categories : Paper products Cigarettes Containers Paperboard packaging Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Articles that may contain original research from April 2008 All articles that may contain original research All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Pages using multiple image with manual scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français עברית Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 06 : 36 . About Wikipedia
how many cigarettes in a pack in the us
[ "In the United States of America, the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20. Certain brands, such as Export As, come in a pack of 25. For many years, half-packs of 10 (or even 14) cigarettes were commonly available." ]
[ "at least 20" ]
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The Rubberband Man
The Rubberband Man - wikipedia The Rubberband Man Jump to : navigation , search For the song by T.I. , see Rubberband Man . `` The Rubberband Man '' Single by The Spinners from the album Happiness Is Being With the Spinners B - side `` Now That We 're Together '' Released August 1976 Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1976 Genre Pop / Soul / Funk Length 3 : 33 ( single edit ) 7 : 22 ( album version ) Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Thom Bell Linda Creed Producer ( s ) Thom Bell The Spinners singles chronology `` Wake Up Susan '' ( 1976 ) `` The Rubberband Man '' ( 1976 ) `` You 're Throwing a Good Love Away '' ( 1977 ) `` Wake Up Susan '' ( 1976 ) `` The Rubberband Man '' ( 1976 ) `` You 're Throwing a Good Love Away '' ( 1977 ) `` The Rubberband Man '' is a song recorded by the American vocal group The Spinners ( known as `` The Detroit Spinners '' in the UK ) . The song , written by producer Thom Bell and singer - songwriter Linda Creed , was about Bell 's son , who was being teased by his classmates for being overweight . Intended to improve his son 's self - image , the song eventually evolved from being about `` The Fat Man '' to `` The Rubberband Man '' . The last major hit by the Spinners to feature Philippé Wynne on lead vocals , `` The Rubberband Man '' spent three weeks at number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and topped the U.S. R&B chart at the end of 1976 . It was also a top - 20 hit in the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 16 in October 1976 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Arrangement and structure 2 Media 3 Covers 4 Personnel 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 References 7 External links Arrangement and structure ( edit ) The arrangement opens with rhythmic clavinet and percussion , followed by a Philly string arrangement provided by the Mother Father Sister Brother musicians . There are brief bursts of brass section and piano . Singer Wynne 's delivery is `` singularly expressive '' and the bridge and chorus provide for a classic call and response routine by supporting vocalists Bobbie Smith ( tenor ) , Henry Fambrough ( baritone ) , Billy Henderson ( tenor / baritone ) and Pervis Jackson ( bass ) . The song also features the bass playing of Motown Legend Bob `` Funk Brother '' Babbitt . Wynne alternates between singing the verse and interjecting verbal asides and improvises the eight bars linking the chorus with the bridge . The backing singers ' retort of `` do - do - do - do , '' recalls the distinctive chorus in Stephen Stills ' song `` Love the One You 're With . '' Media ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the 1981 film Stripes , the song is featured in the mud wrestling club scene . It also appears in the films Radio , Akeelah and the Bee and the 2014 remake of About Last Night . During an episode of US television series Martin , Gina sings the tagline of the song after informing Martin that she has reorganized his music CDs . It was also featured in episode 4 of the second season of Suits . In the early 2000s , the song was featured in a series of OfficeMax television commercials starring actor Eddie Steeples . It also appears on ads for NBA games on ESPN . The song was used at Wrigley Field to accompany Chicago Cubs closer Carlos Mármol 's entrance , and when Pittsburgh Pirates closer Kent Tekulve took the field at Three Rivers Stadium the late 1970s and early 80s . Covers ( edit ) The song was sung by Lynda Carter in a fourth - season episode of The Muppet Show . In 1977 , Tina Turner performed the song on an episode of The Brady Bunch Variety Hour . Canadian pop - singer Tamara Silvera recorded the song in 1985 . Youssou N'Dour released a version on his 1986 album Nelson Mandela . Detroit rock band Electric Six released a version on their 2010 album Zodiac . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals : Philippé Wynne Background vocals : Bobby Smith , Pervis Jackson , Henry Fambrough and Billy Henderson Additional background vocals : the Sigma Sweethearts ( Barbara Ingram , Carla Benson and Yvette Benton ) Instrumentation : MFSB Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 -- 77 ) Peak Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Australia ( ARIA ) 20 UK Singles Chart ( The Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Soul Singles US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank U.S. Cash Box 24 Chart ( 1977 ) Rank Canada 101 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 81 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Feldman , Christopher G. ( 2000 ) . The Billboard Book of No. 2 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7695 - 4 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 545 . Jump up ^ `` The Detroit Spinners : The Rubberband Man '' . 45cat.com . Jump up ^ Planer , Lindsay . `` The Rubberband Man '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Steffen Hung . `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1977 / Top 100 Songs of 1977 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Just to Be Close to You '' by The Commodores Billboard 's Hot Soul Singles number one single October 23 , 1976 Succeeded by `` Message in Our Music '' by The O'Jays ( hide ) The Spinners Henry Fambrough Charlton Washington Marvin Taylor Jessie Robert Peck Ronnie Moss Pervis Jackson Billy Henderson C.P. Spencer James Edwards Bobby Smith George Dixon Edgar `` Chico '' Edwards G.C. Cameron Philippé Wynne John Edwards Frank Washington Harold `` Spike '' Bonhart Studio albums The Original Spinners 2nd Time Around Spinners Mighty Love New and Improved Pick of the Litter Happiness Is Being with the Spinners Singles `` That 's What Girls Are Made For '' `` I 'll Always Love You '' `` Truly Yours '' `` It 's a Shame '' `` How Could I Let You Get Away '' `` I 'll Be Around '' `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' `` One of a Kind ( Love Affair ) '' `` Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music '' `` Mighty Love '' `` I 'm Coming Home '' `` Then Came You '' `` Sadie '' `` Games People Play '' `` The Rubberband Man '' `` Are You Ready for Love '' `` Working My Way Back to You '' / `` Forgive Me , Girl '' `` Cupid '' / `` I 've Loved You for a Long Time '' `` Yesterday Once More '' / `` Nothing Remains the Same '' `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' `` I 'll Be Around '' ( with Rappin ' 4 - Tay ) Related articles Discography Atlantic Records Motown Volt Records Book : The Spinners Category : The Spinners Portal : R&B and Soul Music Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rubberband_Man&oldid=798880468 '' Categories : 1976 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles The Spinners ( American R&B group ) songs Songs written by Linda Creed Songs written by Thom Bell 1976 songs Atlantic Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 10 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
when did the song rubberband man come out
[ "\n\n\"The Rubberband Man\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by The Spinners\n\n\nfrom the album Happiness Is Being With the Spinners\n\n\nB-side\n\"Now That We're Together\"\n\n\nReleased\nAugust 1976\n\n\nFormat\n7-inch single\n\n\nRecorded\n1976\n\n\nGenre\nPop / Soul / Funk\n\n\nLength\n3:33 (single edit)\n7:22 (album version)\n\n\nLabel\nAtlantic\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\nThom Bell\nLinda Creed\n\n\nProducer(s)\nThom Bell\n\n\nThe Spinners singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Wake Up Susan\"\n(1976)\n\"The Rubberband Man\"\n(1976)\n\"You're Throwing a Good Love Away\"\n(1977)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Wake Up Susan\"\n(1976)\n\"The Rubberband Man\"\n(1976)\n\"You're Throwing a Good Love Away\"\n(1977)\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "August 1976" ]
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FIFA World Cup
FIFA World Cup - wikipedia FIFA World Cup Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's association football tournament . For the women 's tournament , see FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA World Cup Founded 1930 ; 87 years ago ( 1930 ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 32 ( finals ) 211 ( eligible to enter qualification ) Related competitions FIFA Confederations Cup Current champions Germany ( 4th title ) Most successful team ( s ) Brazil ( 5 titles ) Television broadcasters List of broadcasters Website www.fifa.com/worldcup/ 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification The 2014 FIFA World Cup opening ceremony Tournaments 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2022 2026 The FIFA World Cup , often simply called the World Cup , is an international association football competition contested by the senior men 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930 , except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War . The current champion is Germany , which won its fourth title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil . The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase , which currently takes place over the preceding three years , to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase , which is often called the World Cup Finals. 32 teams , including the automatically qualifying host nation ( s ) , compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about a month . The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams . Brazil have won five times , and they are the only team to have played in every tournament . The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy , with four titles each ; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay , with two titles each ; and England , France and Spain , with one title each . The World Cup is the most prestigious association football tournament in the world as well as the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world , exceeding even the Olympic Games ; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match , a ninth of the entire population of the planet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Previous international competitions 1.2 World Cups before World War II 1.3 World Cups after World War II 1.4 Expansion to 32 teams 1.5 Expansion to 48 teams 1.6 2015 FIFA corruption case 1.7 Other FIFA tournaments 2 Trophy 3 Format 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Final tournament 4 Hosts 4.1 Selection process 5 Performances 6 Attendance 7 Broadcasting and promotion 8 Results 8.1 Teams reaching the top four 8.2 Best performances by continental zones 9 Awards 10 Records and statistics 10.1 Top goalscorers 10.2 All - time table for champions 11 See also 12 Notes and references 13 Bibliography 14 External links History Main article : History of the FIFA World Cup Map of FIFA World Cup final hosts , 1930 -- 2022 . Green : once ; dark green : twice ; light green : planned Previous international competitions The world 's first international football match was a challenge match played in Glasgow in 1872 between Scotland and England , which ended in a 0 -- 0 draw . The first international tournament , the inaugural edition of the British Home Championship , took place in 1884 . As football grew in popularity in other parts of the world at the turn of the 20th century , it was held as a demonstration sport with no medals awarded at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics ( however , the IOC has retroactively upgraded their status to official events ) , and at the 1906 Intercalated Games . After FIFA was founded in 1904 , it tried to arrange an international football tournament between nations outside the Olympic framework in Switzerland in 1906 . These were very early days for international football , and the official history of FIFA describes the competition as having been a failure . At the 1908 Summer Olympics in London , football became an official competition . Planned by The Football Association ( FA ) , England 's football governing body , the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition . Great Britain ( represented by the England national amateur football team ) won the gold medals . They repeated the feat in 1912 in Stockholm . With the Olympic event continuing to be contested only between amateur teams , Sir Thomas Lipton organised the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy tournament in Turin in 1909 . The Lipton tournament was a championship between individual clubs ( not national teams ) from different nations , each one of which represented an entire nation . The competition is sometimes described as The First World Cup , and featured the most prestigious professional club sides from Italy , Germany and Switzerland , but the FA of England refused to be associated with the competition and declined the offer to send a professional team . Lipton invited West Auckland , an amateur side from County Durham , to represent England instead . West Auckland won the tournament and returned in 1911 to successfully defend their title . In 1914 , FIFA agreed to recognise the Olympic tournament as a `` world football championship for amateurs '' , and took responsibility for managing the event . This paved the way for the world 's first intercontinental football competition , at the 1920 Summer Olympics , contested by Egypt and 13 European teams , and won by Belgium . Uruguay won the next two Olympic football tournaments in 1924 and 1928 . Those were also the first two open world championships , as 1924 was the start of FIFA 's professional era . World Cups before World war II Estadio Centenario , the location of the first World Cup final in 1930 in Montevideo , Uruguay Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments , FIFA , with President Jules Rimet as the driving force , again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics . On 28 May 1928 , the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself . With Uruguay now two - time official football world champions and to celebrate their centenary of independence in 1930 , FIFA named Uruguay as the host country of the inaugural World Cup tournament . The national associations of selected nations were invited to send a team , but the choice of Uruguay as a venue for the competition meant a long and costly trip across the Atlantic Ocean for European sides . Indeed , no European country pledged to send a team until two months before the start of the competition . Rimet eventually persuaded teams from Belgium , France , Romania , and Yugoslavia to make the trip . In total , 13 nations took part : seven from South America , four from Europe and two from North America . The first two World Cup matches took place simultaneously on 13 July 1930 , and were won by France and the USA , who defeated Mexico 4 -- 1 and Belgium 3 -- 0 respectively . The first goal in World Cup history was scored by Lucien Laurent of France . In the final , Uruguay defeated Argentina 4 -- 2 in front of a crowd of 93,000 people in Montevideo , and in doing so became the first nation to win the World Cup . After the creation of the World Cup , FIFA and the IOC disagreed over the status of amateur players , and so football was dropped from the 1932 Summer Olympics . Olympic football returned at the 1936 Summer Olympics , but was now overshadowed by the more prestigious World Cup . The issues facing the early World Cup tournaments were the difficulties of intercontinental travel , and war . Few South American teams were willing to travel to Europe for the 1934 and 1938 tournaments , with Brazil the only South American team to compete in both . The 1942 and 1946 competitions , which Nazi Germany and Brazil sought to host , were cancelled due to World War II and its aftermath . World Cups after World war II The 1950 World Cup , held in Brazil , was the first to include British participants . British teams withdrew from FIFA in 1920 , partly out of unwillingness to play against the countries they had been at war with , and partly as a protest against foreign influence on football , but rejoined in 1946 following FIFA 's invitation . The tournament also saw the return of 1930 champions Uruguay , who had boycotted the previous two World Cups . Uruguay won the tournament again after defeating the host nation Brazil , in the match called `` Maracanazo '' ( Portuguese : Maracanaço ) . In the tournaments between 1934 and 1978 , 16 teams competed in each tournament , except in 1938 , when Austria was absorbed into Germany after qualifying , leaving the tournament with 15 teams , and in 1950 , when India , Scotland , and Turkey withdrew , leaving the tournament with 13 teams . Most of the participating nations were from Europe and South America , with a small minority from North America , Africa , Asia , and Oceania . These teams were usually defeated easily by the European and South American teams . Until 1982 , the only teams from outside Europe and South America to advance out of the first round were : USA , semi-finalists in 1930 ; Cuba , quarter - finalists in 1938 ; North Korea , quarter - finalists in 1966 ; and Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1970 . Expansion to 32 teams The tournament was expanded to 24 teams in 1982 , and then to 32 in 1998 , also allowing more teams from Africa , Asia and North America to take part . Since then , teams from these regions have enjoyed more success , with several having reached the quarter - finals : Mexico , quarter - finalists in 1986 ; Cameroon , quarter - finalists in 1990 ; South Korea , finishing in fourth place in 2002 ; Senegal , along with USA , both quarter - finalists in 2002 ; Ghana , quarter - finalists in 2010 ; and Costa Rica , quarter - finalists in 2014 . Nevertheless , European and South American teams continue to dominate , e.g. , the quarter - finalists in 1994 , 1998 , and 2006 were all from Europe or South America and so were the finalists of all tournaments so far . Two hundred teams entered the 2002 FIFA World Cup qualification rounds ; 198 nations attempted to qualify for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , while a record 204 countries entered qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . Expansion to 48 teams In October 2013 , Sepp Blatter spoke of guaranteeing the Caribbean Football Union 's region a position in the World Cup . In the 25 October 2013 edition of the FIFA Weekly Blatter wrote that : `` From a purely sporting perspective , I would like to see globalisation finally taken seriously , and the African and Asian national associations accorded the status they deserve at the FIFA World Cup . It can not be that the European and South American confederations lay claim to the majority of the berths at the World Cup . '' Those two remarks suggested to commentators that Blatter could be putting himself forward for re-election to the FIFA Presidency . Following the magazine 's publication , Blatter 's would - be opponent for the FIFA Presidency , UEFA President Michel Platini responded that he intended to extend the World Cup to 40 national associations , increasing the number of participants by eight . Platini said that he would allocate an additional berth to UEFA , two to Asia Football Confederation and Confederation of African Football , two shared between CONCACAF and CONMEBOL , and a guaranteed place for the Oceania Football Confederation . Platini was clear about why he wanted to expand the World Cup . He said : `` ( The World Cup is ) not based on the quality of the teams because you do n't have the best 32 at the World Cup ... but it 's a good compromise ... It 's a political matter so why not have more Africans ? The competition is to bring all the people of all the world . If you do n't give the possibility to participate , they do n't improve . '' In October 2016 FIFA president Gianni Infantino stated his support for a 48 - team World Cup in 2026 . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA confirmed the 2026 World Cup will have 48 finalist teams . 2015 FIFA corruption case Main article : 2015 FIFA corruption case By May 2015 , the games were under a particularly dark cloud because of the 2015 FIFA corruption case , allegations and criminal charges of bribery , fraud and money laundering to corrupt the issuing of media and marketing rights ( rigged bids ) for FIFA games , with FIFA officials accused of taking bribes totaling more than $150 million over 24 years . In late May , the U.S. Justice Department announced a 47 - count indictment with charges of racketeering , wire fraud and money laundering conspiracy against 14 people . Arrests of over a dozen FIFA officials were made since that time , particularly on May 29 and December 3 . By the end of May 2015 , a total of nine FIFA officials and five executives of sports and broadcasting markets had already been charged on corruption . At the time , FIFA president Sepp Blatter announced he would relinquish his position in February 2016 . On 4 June 2015 Chuck Blazer while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities admitted that he and the other members of FIFA 's then - executive committee were bribed in order to promote the 1998 and 2010 World Cups . On 10 June 2015 Swiss authorities seized computer data from the offices of Sepp Blatter . The same day , FIFA postponed the bidding process for the 2026 FIFA World Cup in light of the allegations surrounding bribery in the awarding of the 2018 and 2022 tournaments . Then - secretary general Jérôme Valcke stated , `` Due to the situation , I think it 's nonsense to start any bidding process for the time being . '' On 28 October 2015 , Blatter and FIFA VP Michel Platini , a potential candidate for presidency , were suspended for 90 days ; both maintained their innocence in statements made to the news media . On 3 December 2015 two FIFA vice-presidents were arrested on suspicion of bribery in the same Zurich hotel where seven FIFA officials had been arrested in May . An additional 16 indictments by the U.S. Department of Justice were announced on the same day . Other FIFA tournaments An equivalent tournament for women 's football , the FIFA Women 's World Cup , was first held in 1991 in China . The women 's tournament is smaller in scale and profile than the men 's , but is growing ; the number of entrants for the 2007 tournament was 120 , more than double that of 1991 . Men 's football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games except 1896 and 1932 . Unlike many other sports , the men 's football tournament at the Olympics is not a top - level tournament , and since 1992 , an under - 23 tournament with each team allowed three over-age players . Women 's football made its Olympic debut in 1996 . The FIFA Confederations Cup is a tournament held one year before the World Cup at the World Cup host nation ( s ) as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming World Cup . It is contested by the winners of each of the six FIFA confederation championships , along with the FIFA World Cup champion and the host country . FIFA also organises international tournaments for youth football ( FIFA U-20 World Cup , FIFA U-17 World Cup , FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup , FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup ) , club football ( FIFA Club World Cup ) , and football variants such as futsal ( FIFA Futsal World Cup ) and beach soccer ( FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup ) . The latter three do not have a women 's version , although a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup has been proposed . The FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup is held the year before each Women 's World Cup and both tournaments are awarded in a single bidding process . The U-20 tournament serves as a dress rehearsal for the larger competition . Trophy Main article : FIFA World Cup Trophy From 1930 to 1970 , the Jules Rimet Trophy was awarded to the World Cup winning team . It was originally simply known as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde , but in 1946 it was renamed after the FIFA president Jules Rimet who set up the first tournament . In 1970 , Brazil 's third victory in the tournament entitled them to keep the trophy permanently . However , the trophy was stolen in 1983 and has never been recovered , apparently melted down by the thieves . After 1970 , a new trophy , known as the FIFA World Cup Trophy , was designed . The experts of FIFA , coming from seven countries , evaluated the 53 presented models , finally opting for the work of the Italian designer Silvio Gazzaniga . The new trophy is 36 cm ( 14.2 in ) high , made of solid 18 carat ( 75 % ) gold and weighs 6.175 kg ( 13.6 lb ) . The base contains two layers of semi-precious malachite while the bottom side of the trophy bears the engraved year and name of each FIFA World Cup winner since 1974 . The description of the trophy by Gazzaniga was : `` The lines spring out from the base , rising in spirals , stretching out to receive the world . From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory . '' This new trophy is not awarded to the winning nation permanently . World Cup winners retain the trophy only until the post-match celebration is finished . They are awarded a gold - plated replica rather than the solid gold original immediately afterwards . Currently , all members ( players , coaches , and managers ) of the top three teams receive medals with an insignia of the World Cup Trophy ; winners ' ( gold ) , runners - up ' ( silver ) , and third - place ( bronze ) . In the 2002 edition , fourth - place medals were awarded to hosts South Korea . Before the 1978 tournament , medals were only awarded to the eleven players on the pitch at the end of the final and the third - place match . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . Format Qualification Main article : FIFA World Cup qualification Since the second World Cup in 1934 , qualifying tournaments have been held to thin the field for the final tournament . They are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , and Europe ) , overseen by their respective confederations . For each tournament , FIFA decides the number of places awarded to each of the continental zones beforehand , generally based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The qualification process can start as early as almost three years before the final tournament and last over a two - year period . The formats of the qualification tournaments differ between confederations . Usually , one or two places are awarded to winners of intercontinental play - offs . For example , the winner of the Oceanian zone and the fifth - placed team from the Asian zone entered a play - off for a spot in the 2010 World Cup . From the 1938 World Cup onwards , host nations receive automatic qualification to the final tournament . This right was also granted to the defending champions between 1938 and 2002 , but was withdrawn from the 2006 FIFA World Cup onward , requiring the champions to qualify . Brazil , winners in 2002 , were the first defending champions to play qualifying matches . Final tournament For the various formats used in previous tournaments , see History of the FIFA World Cup § Format of each final tournament . The current final tournament has been used since 1998 and features 32 national teams competing over the course of a month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams compete within eight groups of four teams each . Eight teams are seeded , including the hosts , with the other seeded teams selected using a formula based on the FIFA World Rankings and / or performances in recent World Cups , and drawn to separate groups . The other teams are assigned to different `` pots '' , usually based on geographical criteria , and teams in each pot are drawn at random to the eight groups . Since 1998 , constraints have been applied to the draw to ensure that no group contains more than two European teams or more than one team from any other confederation . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . This means that a total of six matches are played within a group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . The top two teams from each group advance to the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . If one considers all possible outcomes ( win , draw , loss ) for all six matches in a group , there are 729 ( = 3 ) different outcome combinations possible . However a certain number ( 207 ) of these combinations lead to ties between the second and third places . In such case , the ranking among these teams is determined as follows : Greatest combined goal difference in all group matches Greatest combined number of goals scored in all group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 ( or the second round ) in which the winner of each group plays against the runner - up of another group . This is followed by the quarter - finals , the semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . On 10 January 2017 , FIFA approved a new format , the 48 - team World Cup ( to accommodate more teams ) , which consists of 16 groups of three teams each , with two teams qualifying from each group , to form a round of 32 knockout stage , to be implemented by 2026 . Hosts Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts Selection process Wikinews has related news : FIFA receives eleven bids for 2018 and 2022 World Cups Early World Cups were given to countries at meetings of FIFA 's congress . The locations were controversial because South America and Europe were by far the two centres of strength in football and travel between them required three weeks by boat . The decision to hold the first World Cup in Uruguay , for example , led to only four European nations competing . The next two World Cups were both held in Europe . The decision to hold the second of these in France was disputed , as the South American countries understood that the location would alternate between the two continents . Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Russian delegates celebrate being chosen as the host of the 2018 FIFA World Cup Since the 1958 FIFA World Cup , to avoid future boycotts or controversy , FIFA began a pattern of alternating the hosts between the Americas and Europe , which continued until the 1998 FIFA World Cup . The 2002 FIFA World Cup , hosted jointly by South Korea and Japan , was the first one held in Asia , and the only tournament with multiple hosts . South Africa became the first African nation to host the World Cup in 2010 . The 2014 FIFA World Cup was hosted by Brazil , the first held in South America since Argentina 1978 , and was the first occasion where consecutive World Cups were held outside Europe . The host country is now chosen in a vote by FIFA 's Council . This is done under an exhaustive ballot system . The national football association of a country desiring to host the event receives a `` Hosting Agreement '' from FIFA , which explains the steps and requirements that are expected from a strong bid . The bidding association also receives a form , the submission of which represents the official confirmation of the candidacy . After this , a FIFA designated group of inspectors visit the country to identify that the country meets the requirements needed to host the event and a report on the country is produced . The decision on who will host the World Cup is usually made six or seven years in advance of the tournament . However , there have been occasions where the hosts of multiple future tournaments were announced at the same time , as was the case for the 2018 and 2022 World Cups , which were awarded to Russia and Qatar , with Qatar becoming the first Middle Eastern country to host the tournament . For the 2010 and 2014 World Cups , the final tournament is rotated between confederations , allowing only countries from the chosen confederation ( Africa in 2010 , South America in 2014 ) to bid to host the tournament . The rotation policy was introduced after the controversy surrounding Germany 's victory over South Africa in the vote to host the 2006 tournament . However , the policy of continental rotation will not continue beyond 2014 , so any country , except those belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments , can apply as hosts for World Cups starting from 2018 . This is partly to avoid a similar scenario to the bidding process for the 2014 tournament , where Brazil was the only official bidder . Performances See also : Results of host nations in the FIFA World Cup Six of the eight champions have won one of their titles while playing in their own homeland , the exceptions being Brazil , who finished as runners - up after losing the deciding match on home soil in 1950 and lost their semifinal against Germany in 2014 , and Spain , which reached the second round on home soil in 1982 . England ( 1966 ) and France ( 1998 ) won their only titles while playing as host nations . Uruguay ( 1930 ) , Italy ( 1934 ) and Argentina ( 1978 ) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again , while Germany ( 1974 ) won their second title on home soil . Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament . Switzerland ( quarter - finals 1954 ) , Sweden ( runners - up in 1958 ) , Chile ( third place in 1962 ) , South Korea ( fourth place in 2002 ) , and Mexico ( quarter - finals in 1970 and 1986 ) all have their best results when serving as hosts . So far , South Africa ( 2010 ) has been the only host nation to fail to advance beyond the first round . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Year Host country Venues / cities Total attendance Matches Average attendance Highest attendances Highest attendance † Venue of best - attended game ( s ) venue † Best attended game ( s ) 1930 Uruguay 3 / 1 590,549 18 32,808 93,000 Estadio Centenario , Montevideo Uruguay 6 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Semi-final 1934 Italy 8 / 8 363,000 17 21,353 55,000 Stadio Nazionale PNF , Rome Italy 2 -- 1 Czechoslovakia , Final match 1938 France 10 / 9 375,700 18 20,872 58,455 Olympique de Colombes , Paris France 1 -- 3 Italy , Quarter - final 1950 Brazil 6 / 6 1,045,246 22 47,511 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Brazil 1 -- 2 Uruguay , Deciding match 1954 Switzerland 6 / 6 768,607 26 29,562 63,000 Wankdorf Stadium , Bern West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary , Final match 1958 Sweden 12 / 12 819,810 35 23,423 50,928 Ullevi Stadium , Gothenburg Brazil 2 -- 0 Soviet Union , Group stage 1962 Chile 4 / 4 893,172 32 27,912 68,679 Estadio Nacional , Santiago Brazil 4 -- 2 Chile , Semi-final 1966 England 8 / 7 1,563,135 32 48,848 98,270 Wembley Stadium , London England 4 -- 2 West Germany , Final match 1970 Mexico 5 / 5 1,603,975 32 50,124 108,192 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 0 Belgium , Group stage West Germany 9 / 9 1,865,753 38 49,099 83,168 Olympiastadion , West Berlin West Germany 1 -- 0 Chile , Group stage 1978 Argentina 6 / 5 1,545,791 38 40,679 71,712 River Plate Stadium , Buenos Aires Italy 1 -- 0 Argentina , Group stage 1982 Spain 17 / 14 2,109,723 52 40,572 95,500 Camp Nou , Barcelona Argentina 0 -- 1 Belgium , Opening match 1986 Mexico 12 / 11 2,394,031 52 46,039 114,600 Estadio Azteca , Mexico City Mexico 1 -- 1 Paraguay , Group stage Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany , Final match 1990 Italy 12 / 12 2,516,215 52 48,389 74,765 San Siro , Milan West Germany 4 -- 1 Yugoslavia , Group stage 1994 United States 9 / 9 3,587,538 52 68,991 94,194 Rose Bowl , Pasadena , CA Brazil 0 ( 3 ) -- ( 2 ) 0 Italy , Final match 1998 France 10 / 10 2,785,100 64 43,517 80,000 Stade de France , Saint - Denis Brazil 0 -- 3 France , Final match 2002 South Korea & Japan 10 / 10 10 / 10 2,705,197 64 42,269 69,029 International Stadium Yokohama , Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany , Final match 2006 Germany 12 / 12 3,359,439 64 52,491 80,000 Olympiastadion , Berlin Germany 1 ( 4 ) -- ( 2 ) 1 Argentina , Quarter - final South Africa 10 / 9 3,178,856 64 49,670 84,490 Soccer City , Johannesburg Spain 1 -- 0 Netherlands , Final match 2014 Brazil 12 / 12 3,429,873 64 53,592 74,738 Maracanã Stadium , Rio de Janeiro Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina , Final match Overall 37,500,710 836 44,857 171,772 Maracanã Stadium , Rio ( 1950 ) The best - attended single match , shown in the last two columns , has been the final in only about half of the 20 World Cups to date . Another match or matches drew more attendance than the final in 1930 , 1938 , 1958 , 1962 , 1970 -- 1982 , 1990 and 2006 . Source : FIFA Broadcasting and promotion See also : List of FIFA World Cup broadcasters The World Cup was first televised in 1954 and is now the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world . The cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 World Cup is estimated to be 26.29 billion . 715.1 million individuals watched the final match of this tournament ( a ninth of the entire population of the planet ) . The 2006 World Cup draw , which decided the distribution of teams into groups , was watched by 300 million viewers . The World Cup attracts many sponsors such as Coca - Cola , McDonald 's and Adidas . For these companies and many more , being a sponsor strongly impacts their global brands . Host countries typically experience a multimillion - dollar revenue increase from the month - long event . It was predicted that Brazil will bring in more than $11 billion in revenue for the 2014 World Cup . Each FIFA World Cup since 1966 has its own mascot or logo . World Cup Willie , the mascot for the 1966 competition , was the first World Cup mascot . Recent World Cups have also featured official match balls specially designed for each World Cup . The World Cup even has a statistically significant effect on birth rates , the male / female sex ratio of newborns , and heart attacks in nations whose national teams are competing . Hosting the World Cup or a home team 's win tends to increase male births and total birth rate , and heart attacks are more common when home teams are on the field . Results See also : List of FIFA World Cup finals Year Hosts Winners Score Runners - up Third Place Score Fourth Place Number of Teams 1930 Details Uruguay Uruguay 4 -- 2 Argentina United States Yugoslavia 13 1934 Details Italy Italy 2 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Czechoslovakia Germany 3 -- 2 Austria 16 1938 Details France Italy 4 -- 2 Hungary Brazil 4 -- 2 Sweden 16 / 15 1950 Details Brazil Uruguay Brazil Sweden Spain 16 / 13 1954 Details Switzerland West Germany 3 -- 2 Hungary Austria 3 -- 1 Uruguay 16 1958 Details Sweden Brazil 5 -- 2 Sweden France 6 -- 3 West Germany 16 1962 Details Chile Brazil 3 -- 1 Czechoslovakia Chile 1 -- 0 Yugoslavia 16 1966 Details England England 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) West Germany Portugal 2 -- 1 Soviet Union 16 1970 Details Mexico Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Uruguay 16 Details West Germany West Germany 2 -- 1 Netherlands Poland 1 -- 0 Brazil 16 1978 Details Argentina Argentina 3 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Brazil 2 -- 1 Italy 16 1982 Details Spain Italy 3 -- 1 West Germany Poland 3 -- 2 France 24 1986 Details Mexico Argentina 3 -- 2 West Germany France 4 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Belgium 24 1990 Details Italy West Germany 1 -- 0 Argentina Italy 2 -- 1 England 24 1994 Details United States Brazil 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 2 p ) Italy Sweden 4 -- 0 Bulgaria 24 1998 Details France France 3 -- 0 Brazil Croatia 2 -- 1 Netherlands 32 2002 Details South Korea & Japan Brazil 2 -- 0 Germany Turkey 3 -- 2 South Korea 32 2006 Details Germany Italy 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) France Germany 3 -- 1 Portugal 32 Details South Africa Spain 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Netherlands Germany 3 -- 2 Uruguay 32 2014 Details Brazil Germany 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Argentina Netherlands 3 -- 0 Brazil 32 2018 Details Russia 32 2022 Details Qatar 32 a.e.t. : after extra time p : after penalty shoot - out Notes Jump up ^ There was no official World Cup Third Place match in 1930 ; The United States and Yugoslavia lost in the semi-finals . FIFA now recognises the United States as the third - placed team and Yugoslavia as the fourth - placed team , using the overall records of the teams in the tournament . Jump up ^ Austria withdrew after the draw as a result of the Anschluss with Germany : some Austrian players subsequently joined the German squad , leaving the tournament with 15 teams . ^ Jump up to : There was no official World Cup final match in 1950 . The tournament winner was decided by a final round - robin group contested by four teams ( Uruguay , Brazil , Sweden , and Spain ) . Coincidentally , one of the last two matches of the tournament pitted the two top ranked teams against each other , with Uruguay 's 2 -- 1 victory over Brazil thus often being considered as the de facto final of the 1950 World Cup . Likewise , the game between the lowest ranked teams , played at the same time as Uruguay vs Brazil , can be considered equal to a Third Place match , with Sweden 's 3 -- 1 victory over Spain ensuring that they finished third . Jump up ^ Only 13 teams played the 1950 FIFA World Cup . 16 teams entered the seeding groups draw . However , Turkey and Scotland both withdrew before the draw ; France ( eliminated in qualifying ) was invited as a replacement , leaving the tournament to be held with 15 teams . After the draw , India and France both withdrew , so only 13 teams participated in the tournament . In all , 77 nations have played in at least one World Cup . Of these , eight national teams have won the World Cup , and they have added stars to their badges , with each star representing a World Cup victory . ( Uruguay , however , choose to display four stars on their badge , representing their two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950 ) . With five titles , Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup ( 20 ) to date . Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third ( 1970 ) , fourth ( 1994 ) and fifth ( 2002 ) time . Italy ( 1934 and 1938 ) and Brazil ( 1958 and 1962 ) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles . West Germany ( 1982 -- 1990 ) and Brazil ( 1994 -- 2002 ) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive World Cup finals . Germany has made the most top - four finishes ( 13 ) , medals ( 12 ) , as well as the most finals ( 8 ) . Teams reaching the top four See also : National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Comprehensive team results by tournament , and National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup § Ranking of teams by number of top eight Team Titles Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Top 4 Finishes Top 3 Finishes Top 2 Finishes Brazil 5 ( 1958 , 1962 , 1970 , 1994 , 2002 ) 2 ( 1950 * , 1998 ) 2 ( 1938 , 1978 ) 2 ( 1974 , 2014 * ) 11 9 7 Germany ^ 4 ( 1954 , 1974 * , 1990 , 2014 ) 4 ( 1966 , 1982 , 1986 , 2002 ) 4 ( 1934 , 1970 , 2006 * , 2010 ) 1 ( 1958 ) 13 12 8 Italy 4 ( 1934 * , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) 2 ( 1970 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1990 * ) 1 ( 1978 ) 8 7 6 Argentina 2 ( 1978 * , 1986 ) 3 ( 1930 , 1990 , 2014 ) & -- & -- 5 5 5 Uruguay 2 ( 1930 * , 1950 ) & -- & -- 3 ( 1954 , 1970 , 2010 ) 5 France 1 ( 1998 * ) 1 ( 2006 ) 2 ( 1958 , 1986 ) 1 ( 1982 ) 5 England 1 ( 1966 * ) & -- & -- 1 ( 1990 ) Spain 1 ( 2010 ) & -- & -- 1 ( 1950 ) Netherlands & -- 3 ( 1974 , 1978 , 2010 ) 1 ( 2014 ) 1 ( 1998 ) 5 Hungary & -- 2 ( 1938 , 1954 ) & -- & -- Czechoslovakia & -- 2 ( 1934 , 1962 ) & -- & -- Sweden & -- 1 ( 1958 * ) 2 ( 1950 , 1994 ) 1 ( 1938 ) Poland & -- & -- 2 ( 1974 , 1982 ) & -- & -- Austria & -- & -- 1 ( 1954 ) 1 ( 1934 ) & -- Portugal & -- & -- 1 ( 1966 ) 1 ( 2006 ) & -- United States & -- & -- 1 ( 1930 ) & -- & -- Chile & -- & -- 1 ( 1962 * ) & -- & -- Croatia & -- & -- 1 ( 1998 ) & -- & -- Turkey & -- & -- 1 ( 2002 ) & -- & -- Yugoslavia & -- & -- & -- 2 ( 1930 , 1962 ) & -- & -- Soviet Union & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1966 ) & -- & -- Belgium & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1986 ) & -- & -- Bulgaria & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 1994 ) & -- & -- South Korea & -- & -- & -- 1 ( 2002 * ) & -- & -- * = hosts ^ = includes results representing West Germany between 1954 and 1990 # = states that have since split into two or more independent nations Best performances by continental zones See also : FIFA World Cup results by confederation To date , the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA ( Europe ) and CONMEBOL ( South America ) confederations . European nations have won eleven titles , while South American have won nine . Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition : USA ( North , Central America and Caribbean ) in 1930 and South Korea ( Asia ) in 2002 . The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter - finals : Cameroon in 1990 , Senegal in 2002 and Ghana in 2010 . Only one Oceanian qualifier , Australia in 2006 , has advanced to the second round . Brazil , Argentina , Spain and Germany are the only teams to win a World Cup outside their continental confederation ; Brazil came out victorious in Europe ( 1958 ) , North America ( 1970 and 1994 ) and Asia ( 2002 ) , Argentina won a World Cup in North America in 1986 , while Spain won a World Cup in Africa in 2010 . Germany was the first European team to win in South America in 2014 . Only on four occasions have consecutive World Cups been won by teams from the same continent , and currently it is the first time with three champions in a row from the same continental confederation . Italy and Brazil successfully defended their titles in 1938 and 1962 respectively , while Italy 's triumph in 2006 has been followed by Spain 's in 2010 and Germany 's in 2014 . Currently , it is also the first time that one of the currently winning continents ( Europe ) is ahead of the other ( South America ) by two championships . Total times teams qualified by confederation AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Total Teams 32 39 39 80 231 425 Top 16 5 9 13 31 81 140 Top 8 5 32 0 94 136 Top 4 0 22 0 56 80 Top 2 0 0 0 14 0 26 40 1st 0 0 0 9 0 11 20 2nd 0 0 0 5 0 15 20 3rd 0 0 0 16 20 4th 0 0 5 0 14 20 Awards Main article : FIFA World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to the players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently six awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1982 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively ; The Golden Boot ( sometimes called the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1982 , but retrospectively applied to all tournaments from 1930 ) ; most recently , the Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively ; The Golden Glove Award ( formerly the Yashin Award ) for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; The Best Young Player Award for the best player aged 21 or younger at the start of the calendar year , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2006 ) ; The FIFA Fair Play Trophy for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1978 ) ; The Most Entertaining Team for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( first awarded in 1994 ) ; An All - Star Team consisting of the best players of the tournament has also been announced for each tournament since 1998 . Records and Statistics Main article : FIFA World Cup records See also : List of FIFA World Cup winners Lothar Matthäus played a record 25 World Cup matches across a joint record five tournaments Two players share the record for playing in the most World Cups ; Mexico 's Antonio Carbajal ( 1950 -- 1966 ) and Germany 's Lothar Matthäus ( 1982 -- 1998 ) both played in five tournaments . Matthäus has played the most World Cup matches overall , with 25 appearances . Brazil 's Djalma Santos ( 1954 -- 1962 ) , West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer ( 1966 -- 1974 ) and Germany 's Philipp Lahm ( 2006 -- 2014 ) are the only players to be named to three Finals All - Star Teams . Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) is the all - time top scorer at the finals , with 16 goals . He broke Ronaldo of Brazil 's record of 15 goals ( 1998 -- 2006 ) during 2014 semi-final match against Brazil . West Germany 's Gerd Müller ( 1970 -- 1974 ) is third , with 14 goals . The fourth placed goalscorer , France 's Just Fontaine , holds the record for the most goals scored in a single World Cup ; all his 13 goals were scored in the 1958 tournament . In November 2007 , FIFA announced that all members of World Cup - winning squads between 1930 and 1974 were to be retroactively awarded winners ' medals . This made Brazil 's Pelé the only player to have won three World Cup winners ' medals ( 1958 , 1962 , and 1970 , although he did not play in the 1962 final due to injury ) , with 20 other players who have won two winners ' medals . Seven players have collected all three types of World Cup medals ( winners ' , runner - ups ' , and third - place ) ; five players were from West Germany 's squad of 1966 -- 1974 including Franz Beckenbauer , Jürgen Grabowski , Horst - Dieter Höttges , Sepp Maier and Wolfgang Overath ( 1966 -- 1974 ) , Italy 's Franco Baresi ( 1982 , 1990 , 1994 ) and the most recent has been Miroslav Klose of Germany ( 2002 -- 2014 ) with four consecutive medals . Brazil 's Mário Zagallo and West Germany 's Franz Beckenbauer are the only people to date to win the World Cup as both player and head coach . Zagallo won in 1958 and 1962 as a player and in 1970 as head coach . Beckenbauer won in 1974 as captain and in 1990 as head coach . Italy 's Vittorio Pozzo is the only head coach to ever win two World Cups ( 1934 and 1938 ) . All World Cup winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory . Among the national teams , Germany has played the most World Cup matches ( 106 ) and appeared in the most finals ( 8 ) , semi-finals ( 13 ) , quarter - finals ( 16 ) as well as scoring the most World Cup goals ( 224 ) , while Brazil has appeared in the most World Cups ( 20 ) . The two teams have played each other twice in the World Cup , in the 2002 final and in the 2014 semi-final . Top goalscorers Main article : FIFA World Cup top goalscorers Miroslav Klose scored a record 16 goals across four World Cups Players with more than 10 goals at World Cup tournaments Rank Nation Player Goals scored Miroslav Klose 16 Ronaldo 15 Gerd Müller 14 Just Fontaine 13 5 Pelé 12 6 Jürgen Klinsmann 11 Sándor Kocsis 11 All - time table for champions Main article : All - time table of the FIFA World Cup Position Name of Team Participations Pld GF GA GD Pts Avg Pts Trophies Brazil 20 104 70 17 17 221 102 119 227 2.18 5 Germany 18 106 66 20 20 224 121 103 218 2.06 Italy 18 83 45 21 17 128 77 51 156 1.88 Argentina 16 77 42 14 21 131 84 47 140 1.82 5 Spain 14 59 29 12 18 92 66 26 99 1.68 6 England 14 62 26 20 16 79 56 23 98 1.58 7 France 14 59 28 12 19 106 71 35 96 1.63 8 Uruguay 12 51 20 12 19 80 71 9 72 1.41 See also Book : FIFA World Cup Association football portal List of FIFA World Cup finals National team appearances in the FIFA World Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Notes and references ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider , longer and farther than ever before '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Tom Dunmore , Historical Dictionary of Soccer , page 235 , quote `` The World Cup is now the most - watched sporting event in the world on television , above even the Olympic Games . '' Jump up ^ Stephen Dobson and John Goddard , The Economics of Football , page 407 , quote `` The World Cup is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world : the estimated cumulative television audience for the 2006 World Cup in Germany was 26.2 billion , an average of 409 million viewers per match . '' Jump up ^ Glenn M. Wong , The Comprehensive Guide to Careers in Sports , page 144 , quote `` The World Cup is the most - watched sporting event in the world . In 2006 , more than 30 billion viewers in 214 countries watched the World Cup on television , and more than 3.3 million spectators attended the 64 matches of the tournament . '' Jump up ^ `` England National Football Team Match No. 1 '' . England Football Online . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British PM backs return of Home Nations championship '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 16 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Elbech , Søren ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 June 2008 ) . `` Intermediate Games of the IV . Olympiad '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- FIFA takes shape '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' The First World Cup ' . The Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy '' . Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council . 10 October 2003 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 11 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- More associations follow '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Reyes , Macario ( 18 October 1999 ) . `` VII . Olympiad Antwerp 1920 Football Tournament '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 10 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of FIFA -- The first FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. `` The World Cup 's 1st goal scorer '' . CBC . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Origin '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Olympic Odyssey so far ... ( Part 1 : 1908 -- 1964 ) '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 9 June 2004 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Los datos más curiosos de la Fiesta del Fútbol - Brasil 1950 '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland and the 1950 World Cup '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Glanville Jump up ^ Glanville , p45 Jump up ^ Glanville , p238 Jump up ^ Glanville , p359 Jump up ^ `` Record number of 204 teams enter preliminary competition '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , James ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Caribbean pro league can work '' . Cayman Islands : CompassCayman.com . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Blatter , Sepp ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` A level playing field for Africa ! '' ( PDF ) . FIFA Weekly . p. 29 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Morley , Gary ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Sepp Blatter calls for more African nations at World Cup finals '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dickinson , Matt ( 28 October 2013 ) . `` Michel Platini sets out his plan for the new world order '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ World Cup could expand to 48 teams , Fifa 's Gianni Infantino suggests - The Guardian , 3 October 2016 Jump up ^ `` Ab 2026 : 48 Teams - Fifa vergrößert die WM '' . SPIEGEL ONLINE . Jump up ^ No byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` The FIFA Investigation , Explained '' . New York Times . New York , NY , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Eliott C. ; Botelho , Greg ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` FIFA corruption probe targets ' World Cup of fraud , ' IRS chief says '' . CNN . Cable News Network . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC News . 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blazer : Bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups - Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss police seize IT data from Fifa headquarters '' , The BBC , 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fifa World Cup 2026 bidding process delayed '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` Sepp Blatter , Michel Platini handed 90 - day FIFA suspensions '' . CBC Sports . CBC / Radio Canada . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruiz , Rebecca ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` FIFA Corruption : Top Officials Arrested at Zurich Hotel '' . New York Times . New York , USA . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ no byline ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` Fifa crisis : US charges 16 more officials after earlier Zurich arrests '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Are the World ... Cup '' . China Post . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Regulations Men 's Olympic Football Tournament 2008 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 February 2008 . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Confederations Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Task Force for Women 's Football proposes a FIFA Women 's Club World Cup '' . fifa.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup next up for Canada in 2015 '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 8 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Jules Rimet Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Trophy '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` 122 forgotten heroes get World Cup medals '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 1966 winners honoured '' . BBC Sport. 10 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Greaves finally gets his 1966 World Cup medal '' . Mirror.co.uk . MGN . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup qualifying : Treasure - trove of the weird and wonderful '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 World Cup Qualifying '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . 26 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the FIFA World Cup Preliminary Competition ( by year ) '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Formats of the FIFA World Cup final competitions 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup : seeded teams 1930 -- 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Previously , due to there being fewer finals places and a bigger ratio of European finalists , there had been several occasions where three European teams were in a single group , for example , 1986 ( West Germany , Scotland , and Denmark ) , 1990 ( Italy , Czechoslovakia , and Austria ) , and 1994 ( Italy , Republic of Ireland , and Norway ) . ( `` History of the World Cup Final Draw '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014. ) Jump up ^ This practice has been installed since the 1986 FIFA World Cup . In some cases during previous tournaments , for example , Argentina 6 -- 0 Peru in Argentina 1978 and West Germany 1 -- 0 Austria in Spain 1982 , teams that played the latter match were perceived to gain an unfair advantage by knowing the score of the earlier match , and subsequently obtaining a result that ensured advancement to the next stage . ( `` 1978 Argentina '' . CBC. ; `` 1982 Spain '' . CBC. ) Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 41 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Turner `` FIFA approves 48 - team World Cup '' , Sky Sports News , 10 January 2017 . Retrieved on 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uruguay 1930 '' . BBC Sport. 11 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` France 1938 '' . BBC Sport. 17 April 2002 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Asia takes World Cup center stage '' . CNN . 3 June 2002 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil will stage 2014 World Cup '' . BBC Sport. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` England beaten as Russia win 2018 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 2 December 2010 ) . `` Qatar win 2022 World Cup bid '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rotation ends in 2018 '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup competition records '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . p. 2 . Retrieved 30 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Socceroos face major challenge : Hiddink '' . ABC Sport. 10 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Assets -- Mascots '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Brachfeld , Aaron ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` World Cup affects sex ratio in newborns '' . the Loka Review ( November 2015 ) . Loka Hatha Yoga . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` Possible Effect of the World Cup on Births '' . Improbable Research . Harvard University . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Masukume , Gwinyai . `` The sex ratio at birth in South Africa increased 9 months after the 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Early Human Development . Journal of Early Human Development . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1930 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1950 FIFA World Cup '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup Finals since 1930 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : FIFA considers that the national team of Russia succeeds the USSR , the national team of Serbia succeeds the Yugoslavia / Serbia and Montenegro , and the national team of Czech Republic succeeds the Czechoslovakia . ( `` Russia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Serbia '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . ; `` Czech Republic '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ) . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Australia 's qualification in 2006 was through the Oceanian zone as they were a member of the OFC member during qualifying . However , on 1 January 2006 , they left the Oceania Football Confederation and joined the Asian Football Confederation . Jump up ^ The 1982 edition in Spain had a format with a second round consisting of 12 teams instead of 16 , 4 of which qualified to the semi-finals . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup awards '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Ball for Zinedine Zidane '' . Soccerway. 10 July 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` adidas Golden Shoe -- FIFA World Cup Final '' . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kahn named top keeper '' . BBC Sport. 30 June 2002 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Pierrend , José Luis ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Awards '' . rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Yannis , Alex ( 10 November 1999 ) . `` Matthaus Is the Latest MetroStars Savior '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Hall of Fame : Lothar Matthaeus '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 27 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Downie , Andrew ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Brazil 's twice World Cup winner Djalma Santos dies at 84 '' . Reuters . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo 's riposte '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Goal machine was Just superb '' . BBC Sport. 4 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirby , Gentry ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Pele , King of Futbol '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 11 March 1998 ) . `` No Alternative to Victory for National Coach : 150 Million Brazilians Keep Heat on Zagalo '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Brewin , John ( 21 December 2001 ) . `` World Cup Legends -- Franz Beckenbauer '' . ESPNSoccernet.com . ESPN . Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1938 World Cup : Italy repeats as champions '' . CBC. 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Football -- All time table '' . World Football . Retrieved 13 July 2014 . Jump up ^ includes results of West Germany from 1954 to 1990 Bibliography Glanville , Brian ( 2005 ) . The Story of the World Cup . Faber . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22944 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup . Official website Previous FIFA World Cups FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea / Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 2026 2030 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Records and statistics All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Team appearances Teams with no appearances Miscellaneous Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . FIFA World Cup winners 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany FIFA World Cup symbols Official songs 1962 : `` El Rock del Mundial '' 1966 : `` World Cup Willie ( Where in this World are We Going ) '' 1970 : `` Fútbol México 70 '' 1974 : `` Futbol '' 1978 : `` Anthem '' 1982 : `` Mundial ' 82 '' 1986 : `` Hot Hot Hot '' 1990 : `` Un'estate italiana '' 1994 : `` Gloryland '' 1998 : `` The Cup of Life '' 2002 : `` Boom '' 2006 : `` Celebrate the Day '' 2010 : `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' 2014 : `` We Are One ( Ole Ola ) '' Mascots 1966 : World Cup Willie 1970 : Juanito 1974 : Tip and Tap 1978 : Gauchito 1982 : Naranjito 1986 : Pique 1990 : Ciao 1994 : Striker , the World Cup Pup 1998 : Footix 2002 : Ato , Kaz , and Nik 2006 : Goleo VI and Pille 2010 : Zakumi 2014 : Fuleco 2018 : Zabivaka Balls 1970 : Telstar 1974 : Telstar Durlast 1978 : Tango Durlast 1982 : Tango España 1986 : Azteca 1990 : Etrusco Unico 1994 : Questra 1998 : Tricolore 2002 : Fevernova 2006 : + Teamgeist 2010 : Jabulani 2014 : Brazuca Video games 1986 : World Cup Carnival 1990 : World Cup Soccer : Italia ' 90 World Cup Italia ' 90 1994 : World Cup USA ' 94 1998 : World Cup 98 Jikkyou World Soccer : World Cup France ' 98 World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3 : World Cup France ' 98 2002 : 2002 FIFA World Cup 2006 : 2006 FIFA World Cup 2010 : 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa 2014 : 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Albums 1994 : Gloryland 1998 : Allez ! Ola ! Ole ! 2002 : The Official Album 2006 : Voices 2010 : Listen Up ! 2014 : One Love , One Rhythm Instruments 2010 : Vuvuzela 2014 : Caxirola FIFA World Cup hosts 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : France 1950 : Brazil 1954 : Switzerland 1958 : Sweden 1962 : Chile 1966 : England 1970 : Mexico 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Spain 1986 : Mexico 1990 : Italy 1994 : United States 1998 : France 2002 : South Korea & Japan 2006 : Germany 2010 : South Africa 2014 : Brazil 2018 : Russia 2022 : Qatar FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA Interactive World Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Jérôme Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 ) Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present ) Awards FIFA 100 FIFA Ballon d'Or FIFA Club of the Century FIFA Development Award FIFA Fair Play Award FIFA Female Player of the Century FIFA FIFPro World XI FIFA Order of Merit FIFA Player of the Century FIFA Presidential Award FIFA Puskás Award FIFA Women 's World Cup awards FIFA World Coach of the Year FIFA World Cup All - Time Team FIFA World Cup Dream Team FIFA World Cup awards FIFA World Player of the Year The Best FIFA Football Awards Rankings FIFA World Rankings FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 ) FIFA Women 's World Rankings Congresses 51st ( Paris 1998 ) 53rd ( Seoul 2002 ) 61st ( Zürich 2011 ) 65th ( Zürich 2015 ) Extraordinary ( Zürich 2016 ) Corruption `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets '' Garcia Report 2015 FIFA corruption case List of banned football officials Others FIFA ( video game series ) List of FIFA country codes FIFA Disciplinary Code FIFA Fan Fest FIFA Futbol Mundial FIFA eligibility rules FIFA International Match Calendar FIFA International Referees List FIFA Master FIFA Transfer Matching System FIFA World Cup Trophy Non-FIFA United Passions World football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Interactive World Cup International association football FIFA Federations Teams Competitions World Cup U-17 U-20 Confederations Cup Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade World Rankings The Best FIFA Football Awards Timeline of association football Comparison of association football and futsal Africa CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations U-23 U-20 U-17 Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU ) Asia AFC -- Asian Cup U-23 U-19 U-16 U-14 Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF ) Europe UEFA -- European Championship U-21 U-19 U-17 North America , Central America and the Caribbean CONCACAF -- Gold Cup U-20 U-17 U-15 Regional ( CFU , UNCAF ) Oceania OFC -- Nations Cup U-20 U-17 South America CONMEBOL -- Copa América U-20 U-17 U-15 Non-FIFA NF - Board -- Viva World Cup CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup ConIFA European Football Cup IGA - Island Games Games African Games Asian Games Central America Central America and Caribbean East Asian Games Francophonie Games Indian Ocean Island Lusophony Games Mediterranean Games Pan American Games Pan Arab Games Pacific Games South Asian Games Southeast Asian Games See also Geography Codes Player / Club of the Century Women 's football National football teams FIFA FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup Summer Olympics Football AFC Asian Cup Africa Cup of Nations CONCACAF Gold Cup Copa América OFC Nations Cup UEFA Euro AFC Afghanistan Australia Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia China PR Chinese Taipei Guam Hong Kong India Indonesia IR Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Korea DPR Korea Republic Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Macau Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - 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See also : List of women 's football teams World cup competitions List of world cups Team American football men women flag football Association football men men 's club women women 's club Athletics Australian rules football Badminton men women mixed Baseball men women Basketball men women wheelchair Beach soccer Boxing Bull riding Cricket men test men ODI men Twenty20 women ODI women Twenty20 indoor Darts Field hockey men women Fistball men women Futsal FIFA men AMF men AMF women Golf men women Handball men women Ice hockey Korfball Lacrosse men women Nine - ball Pitch and putt Racquetball Rowing Motorsport enduro Roller derby men women Rugby league men women Rugby union men women sevens Sepaktakraw Snooker Softball Squash Sailing Dinghy Teams Yacht Fleet Racing Tennis men women mixed Touch football Volleyball men women Water polo men women Wrestling Mixed Archery Biathlon Diving Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Speedway motorcycle Track cycling Individual Bobsleigh Canoe slalom Chess Cyclo - cross Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Luge Mountain bike racing Orienteering Sailing Show jumping Skeleton Speed skating long track short track Skiing alpine cross-country freestyle Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Ski orienteering Snowboard Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Triathlon VIAF : 133874960 LCCN : n98090291 GND : 4018983 - 1 BIBSYS : 14068828 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=802024427 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup FIFA competitions World championships Recurring sporting events established in 1930 Quadrennial sporting events June sporting events July sporting events Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from June 2012 Articles containing French - language text Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 13 : 57 . 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how many times have spain won world cup
[ "The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Germany and Italy, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winner Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each." ]
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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal deposit insurance Corporation - wikipedia Federal deposit insurance Corporation Jump to : navigation , search Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Agency overview Formed June 16 , 1933 Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Washington , D.C. Employees 8,713 ( December 2012 ) Agency executives Jelena McWilliams , Chairman Vacant , Vice Chairman Website www.fdic.gov This article is part of a series on Banking in the United States of America Regulation Monetary policy Banking charters ( show ) Credit union Federal savings bank Federal savings association National bank State bank Lending ( show ) Credit card Deposit accounts ( show ) Checking Money - market Savings Certificate of deposit Account insurance Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund ( NCUA ) Payment and transfer ( show ) Check clearing Check 21 Act Electronic funds transfer ( EFT ) ATM card Debit card Wire transfer Substitute check Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) Bill payment United States portal The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) is a United States government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions . The FDIC was created by the 1933 Banking Act , enacted during the Great Depression to restore trust in the American banking system . More than one - third of banks failed in the years before the FDIC 's creation , and bank runs were common . The insurance limit was initially US $2,500 per ownership category , and this was increased several times over the years . Since the passage of the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in 2011 , the FDIC insures deposits in member banks up to US $250,000 per ownership category . The FDIC and its reserves are not funded by public funds ; member banks ' insurance dues are the FDIC 's primary source of funding . The FDIC also has a US $100 billion line of credit with the United States Department of the Treasury . Only banks are insured by the FDIC ; credit unions are insured up to the same insurance limit by the National Credit Union Administration , which is also a government agency . As of the end of 2017 , the FDIC provided deposit insurance at 5,670 institutions . The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness , performs certain consumer - protection functions , and manages receiverships of failed banks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ownership categories 2 Board of directors 3 History 3.1 Panics of 1893 and 1907 and the Great Depression : 1893 - 1933 3.2 Establishment of the FDIC : 1933 3.3 Historical insurance limits 3.4 S&L and bank crisis of the 1980s 3.5 2008 -- 2010 Financial crisis 3.5. 1 2008 3.5. 2 2009 3.5. 3 2010 4 Funds 4.1 Former funds 4.2 Deposit Insurance Fund 4.3 `` Full Faith and Credit '' 5 Insurance requirements 6 Resolution of insolvent banks 6.1 Covered Insured Depository Institutions Resolution Plans 7 Insured products 8 Items not insured 9 See also 9.1 Related agencies and programs 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links Ownership categories ( edit ) The FDIC 's satellite campus in Arlington , Virginia , is home to many administrative and support functions , though the most senior officials work at the main building in Washington Each ownership category of a depositor 's money is insured separately up to the insurance limit , and separately at each bank . Thus a depositor with $250,000 in each of three ownership categories at each of two banks would have six different insurance limits of $250,000 , for total insurance coverage of 6 × $250,000 = $1,500,000 . The distinct ownership categories are Single accounts ( accounts not falling into any other category ) Certain retirement accounts ( including Individual Retirement Accounts ( IRAs ) ) Joint accounts ( accounts with more than one owner with equal rights to withdraw ) Revocable trust accounts ( containing the words `` Payable on death '' , `` In trust for '' , etc . ) Irrevocable trust accounts Employee Benefit Plan accounts ( deposits of a pension plan ) Corporation / Partnership / Unincorporated Association accounts Government accounts All amounts that a particular depositor has in accounts in any particular ownership category at a particular bank are added together and are insured up to $250,000 . For joint accounts , each co-owner is assumed ( unless the account specifically states otherwise ) to own the same fraction of the account as does each other co-owner ( even though each co-owner may be eligible to withdraw all funds from the account ) . Thus if three people jointly own a $750,000 account , the entire account balance is insured because each depositor 's $250,000 share of the account is insured . The owner of a revocable trust account is generally insured up to $250,000 for each unique beneficiary ( subject to special rules if there are more than five of them ) . Thus if there is a single owner of an account that is specified as in trust for ( payable on death to , etc . ) three different beneficiaries , the funds in the account are insured up to $750,000 . Board of Directors ( edit ) The Board of Directors of the FDIC is the governing body of the FDIC . The board is composed of five members , three appointed by the president of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate and two ex officio members . The three appointed members each serve six - year terms . No more than three members of the board may be of the same political affiliation . The president , with the consent of the Senate , also designates one of the appointed members as chairman of the board , to serve a five - year term , and one of the appointed members as vice chairman of the board . The two ex officio members are the Comptroller of the Currency and the director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( CFPB ) . As of May 2018 , the members of the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation were : Jelena McWilliams -- Chairman of the Board Vacant -- Vice Chairman Martin J. Gruenberg -- Independent Director Joseph Otting -- Comptroller of the Currency Mick Mulvaney -- Acting Director , Consumer Financial Protection Bureau History ( edit ) Panics of 1893 and 1907 and the Great Depression : 1893 - 1933 ( edit ) Further information : Panic of 1907 and Great Depression During the Panics of 1893 and 1907 , many banks filed bankruptcy due to bank runs caused by contagion . Both of the panics renewed discussion on deposit insurance . In 1893 , William Jennings Bryan presented a bill to Congress proposing a national deposit insurance fund . No action was taken , as the legislature paid more attention to the agricultural depression at the time . After 1907 , eight states established deposit insurance funds . Due to the lax regulation of banks and the widespread inability of banks to branch ; small , local unit banks -- often with poor financial health -- grew in numbers , especially in the western and southern states . In 1921 , there were about 31,000 banks in the US . The Federal Reserve Act initially included a provision for nationwide deposit insurance , but it was removed from the bill by the House of Representatives . From 1893 to the FDIC 's creation in 1933 , 150 bills were submitted in Congress proposing deposit insurance . There was widespread panic again over the American banking system due to fears over the strength of many banks in The Great Depression ; more than one - third of all U.S. banks were closed by bank runs . Bank runs , sudden demands by large numbers of customers to withdraw all their funds at almost the same time , brought down many bank companies as depositors attempted to withdraw more money than the bank had available as cash . Small banks in rural areas were especially affected . Written and publicly announced reassurances and tightened regulations by the government failed to assuage depositors ' fears . Establishment of the FDIC : 1933 ( edit ) President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Banking Act of 1935 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt himself was dubious about insuring bank deposits , saying , `` We do not wish to make the United States Government liable for the mistakes and errors of individual banks , and put a premium on unsound banking in the future . '' But public support was overwhelmingly in favor , and the number of bank failures dropped to near zero . On 16 June 1933 , Roosevelt signed the 1933 Banking Act into law , creating the FDIC . The initial plan set by Congress in 1934 was to insure deposits up to $2,500 ( $45,734 today ) adopting of a more generous , long - term plan after six months . However , the latter plan was abandoned for an increase of the insurance limit to $5,000 ( $91,468 today ) . The 1933 Banking Act : Established the FDIC as a temporary government corporation . The Banking Act of 1935 made the FDIC a permanent agency of the government and provided permanent deposit insurance maintained at the $5,000 level . Gave the FDIC authority to provide deposit insurance to banks Gave the FDIC the authority to regulate and supervise state non-member banks Funded the FDIC with initial loans of $289 million through the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve , which were later paid back with interest Extended federal oversight to all commercial banks for the first time Separated commercial and investment banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) Prohibited banks from paying interest on checking accounts Allowed national banks to branch statewide , if allowed by state law . Bank sign indicating the original insurance limit offered by the FDIC of $2,500 in 1934 Historical insurance Limits ( edit ) 1934 -- $2,500 1935 -- $5,000 1950 -- $10,000 1966 -- $15,000 1969 -- $20,000 1974 -- $40,000 1980 -- $100,000 2008 -- $250,000 Congress approved a temporary increase in the deposit insurance limit from $100,000 to $250,000 , which was effective from October 3 , 2008 , through December 31 , 2010 . On May 20 , 2009 , the temporary increase was extended through December 31 , 2013 . However , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( P.L. 111 - 203 ) , which was signed into law on July 21 , 2010 , made the $250,000 insurance limit permanent . In addition , the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 ( P.L. 109 - 171 ) allows for the boards of the FDIC and the National Credit Union Administration ( NCUA ) to consider inflation and other factors every five years beginning in 2010 and , if warranted , to adjust the amounts under a specified formula . S&L and bank crisis of the 1980s ( edit ) Main article : Savings and loan crisis Federal deposit insurance received its first large - scale test since the Great Depression in the late 1980s and early 1990s during the savings and loan crisis ( which also affected commercial banks and savings banks ) . The Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ( FSLIC ) had been created to insure deposits held by savings and loan institutions ( `` S&Ls '' , or `` thrifts '' ) . Because of a confluence of events , much of the S&L industry was insolvent , and many large banks were in trouble as well . FSLIC 's reserves were insufficient to pay off the depositors of all of the failing thrifts , and fell into insolvency . FSLIC was abolished in August 1989 and replaced by the Resolution Trust Corporation ( RTC ) . On December 31 , 1995 , the RTC was merged into the FDIC , and the FDIC became responsible for resolving failed thrifts . Supervision of thrifts became the responsibility of a new agency , the Office of Thrift Supervision ( credit unions remained insured by the National Credit Union Administration ) . The primary legislative responses to the crisis were the Financial Institutions Reform , Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 ( FIRREA ) , and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 ( FDICIA ) . Federally chartered thrifts are now regulated by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency ( OCC ) , and state - chartered thrifts by the FDIC . Final combined total for all direct and indirect losses of FSLIC and RTC resolutions was an estimated $152.9 billion . Of this total amount , U.S. taxpayer losses amounted to approximately $123.8 billion ( 81 % of the total costs . ) No taxpayer money was used to resolve FDIC - insured institutions . 2008 -- 2010 Financial crisis ( edit ) Further information : 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis 2008 ( edit ) In 2008 , twenty - five U.S. banks became insolvent and were closed by their respective chartering authority . However , during that year , the largest bank failure in terms of dollar value occurred on September 26 , 2008 , when Washington Mutual , with $307 billion in assets , experienced a 10 - day bank run on its deposits . The FDIC created the Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program ( TLGP ) to strengthen confidence and encourage liquidity in the banking system by guaranteeing newly issued senior unsecured debt of banks , thrifts , and certain holding companies , and by providing full coverage of non-interest bearing deposit transaction accounts , regardless of dollar amount . The deposit insurance limit was temporarily raised from $100,000 to $250,000 . 2009 ( edit ) On August 14 , 2009 , Bloomberg reported that more than 150 publicly traded U.S. lenders had nonperforming loans above 5 % of their total holdings . This is important because former regulators say that this is the level that can wipe out a bank 's equity and threaten its survival . While this ratio does not always lead to bank failures if the banks in question have raised additional capital and have properly established reserves for the bad debt , it is an important indicator for future FDIC activity . On August 21 , 2009 , Guaranty Bank , in Texas , became insolvent and was taken over by BBVA Compass , the U.S. division of Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria , the second - largest bank in Spain . This was the first foreign company to buy a failed bank during the credit crisis of 2008 and 2009 . In addition , the FDIC agreed to share losses with BBVA on about $11 billion of Guaranty Bank 's loans and other assets . This transaction alone cost the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund $3 billion . On August 27 , 2009 , the FDIC increased the number of troubled banks to 416 in the second quarter . That number compares to 305 just three months earlier . At the end of the third quarter , that number jumped to 552 . At the close of 2009 , a total of 140 banks had become insolvent . This is the largest number of bank failures in a year since 1992 , when 179 institutions failed . On February 23 , 2010 , FDIC Chairman Sheila Bair warned that the number of failures in 2010 could surpass the 140 banks that were seized in 2009 . Commercial real estate overexposure was deemed the most serious threat to banks in 2010 . On April 30 , 2010 , the FDIC was appointed as receiver for three banks in Puerto Rico at a cost of $5.3 billion . In 2010 , 157 banks with approximately $92 billion in total assets failed . In 2010 , a new division within the FDIC , the Office of Complex Financial Institutions , was created to focus on the expanded responsibilities of the FDIC by the Dodd - Frank Act for the assessment of risk in the largest , systemically important financial institutions , or SIFIs . Funds ( edit ) Former funds ( edit ) Between 1989 and 2006 , there were two separate FDIC funds -- the Bank Insurance Fund ( BIF ) , and the Savings Association Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) . The latter was established after the savings and loans crisis of the 1980s . The existence of two separate funds for the same purpose led to banks ' attempting to shift from one fund to another , depending on the benefits each could provide . In the 1990s , SAIF premiums were , at one point , five times higher than BIF premiums ; several banks attempted to qualify for the BIF , with some merging with institutions qualified for the BIF to avoid the higher premiums of the SAIF . This drove up the BIF premiums as well , resulting in a situation where both funds were charging higher premiums than necessary . Then Chairman of the Federal Reserve Alan Greenspan was a critic of the system , saying , `` We are , in effect , attempting to use government to enforce two different prices for the same item -- namely , government - mandated deposit insurance . Such price differences only create efforts by market participants to arbitrage the difference . '' Greenspan proposed `` to end this game and merge SAIF and BIF '' . Deposit insurance Fund ( edit ) In February 2006 , President George W. Bush signed into law the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 ( FDIRA ) and a related conforming amendments act . The FDIRA contains technical and conforming changes to implement deposit insurance reform , as well as a number of study and survey requirements . Among the highlights of this law was merging the Bank Insurance Fund ( BIF ) and the Savings Association Insurance Fund ( SAIF ) into a new fund , the Deposit Insurance Fund ( DIF ) . This change was made effective March 31 , 2006 . The FDIC maintains the DIF by assessing depository institutions an insurance premium . The amount each institution is assessed is based both on the balance of insured deposits as well as on the degree of risk the institution poses to the insurance fund . When a bank becomes insolvent , the FDIC is appointed receiver of the failed institution . As receiver , the FDIC takes title to the failed institution 's assets and liquidates them ; and as deposit insurer pays off the failed institution 's deposit liabilities or pays another institution to assume them . Because the failed institution 's assets are almost always worth less than its deposit obligations , a bank failure results in a loss to the DIF . Bond interest payments of the Financing Corporation , the funding vehicle for the `` Resolution Fund '' of the now defunct Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation ( FSLIC ) , are funded by DIF premiums . A March 2008 memorandum to the FDIC board of directors shows a 2007 year - end Deposit Insurance Fund balance of about $52.4 billion , which represented a reserve ratio of 1.22 % of its exposure to insured deposits , totaling about $4.29 trillion . The 2008 year - end insured deposits were projected to reach about $4.42 trillion with the reserve growing to $55.2 billion , a ratio of 1.25 % . As of June 2008 , the DIF had a balance of $45.2 billion . However , 9 months later , in March , 2009 , the DIF fell to $13 billion . That was the lowest total since September , 1993 and represented a reserve ratio of 0.27 % of its exposure to insured deposits totaling about $4.83 trillion . In the second quarter of 2009 , the FDIC imposed an emergency fee aimed at raising $5.6 billion to replenish the DIF . However , Saxo Bank Research reported that , after Aug 7 , further bank failures had reduced the DIF balance to $648.1 million . The FDIC announced its intent , on September 29 , 2009 , to assess the banks , in advance , for three years ' of premiums in an effort to avoid DIF insolvency . The FDIC revised its estimated costs of bank failures to about $100 billion over the next four years , an increase of $30 billion from the $70 billion estimate of earlier in 2009 . The FDIC board voted to require insured banks to prepay $45 billion in premiums to replenish the fund . News media reported that the prepayment move would be inadequate to assure the financial stability of the FDIC insurance fund . The FDIC elected to request the prepayment so that the banks could recognize the expense over three years , instead of drawing down banks ' statutory capital abruptly , at the time of the assessment . The fund is mandated by law to keep a balance equivalent to 1.15 percent of insured deposits . As of June 30 , 2008 , the insured banks held approximately $7,025 billion in total deposits , though not all of those are insured . As of September 30 , 2012 , total deposits at FDIC - insured institutions totaled roughly $10.54 trillion , although not all deposits are insured . The DIF 's reserves are not the only cash resources available to the FDIC . In addition to $67.3 billion of cash and U.S. Treasury securities held as of March 2016 , the FDIC has the ability to borrow up to $100 billion from the Treasury . The FDIC can also demand special assessments from banks as it did in the second quarter of 2009 . `` Full faith and credit '' ( edit ) The official FDIC teller sign , posted at every U.S. insured bank and savings association , states that FDIC deposit insurance is `` backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government . '' The FDIC describes this sign as a symbol of confidence for depositors . As part of a 1987 legislative enactment , Congress passed a measure stating `` it is the sense of the Congress that it should reaffirm that deposits up to the statutorily prescribed amount in federally insured depository institutions are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States . '' Insurance requirements ( edit ) To receive this benefit , member banks must follow certain liquidity and reserve requirements . Banks are classified in five groups according to their risk - based capital ratio : Well capitalized : 10 % or higher Adequately capitalized : 8 % or higher Undercapitalized : less than 8 % Significantly undercapitalized : less than 6 % Critically undercapitalized : less than 2 % When a bank becomes undercapitalized , the institution 's primary regulator issues a warning to the bank . When the number drops below 6 % , the primary regulator can change management and force the bank to take other corrective action . When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized the chartering authority closes the institution and appoints the FDIC as receiver of the bank . At Q4 2010 884 banks had very low capital cushions against risk and were on the FDIC 's `` problem list '' . Resolution of insolvent banks ( edit ) A bank 's chartering authority -- either an individual state banking department or the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency -- closes a bank and appoints the FDIC as receiver . In its role as a receiver the FDIC is tasked with protecting the depositors and maximizing the recoveries for the creditors of the failed institution . The FDIC does not close banks . The FDIC as receiver is functionally and legally separate from the FDIC acting in its corporate role as deposit insurer , and the FDIC as receiver has separate rights , duties , and obligations from those of the FDIC as insurer . Courts have long recognized these dual and separate capacities . In 1991 , to comply with legislation , the FDIC amended its failure resolution procedures to decrease the costs to the deposit insurance funds . The procedures require the FDIC to choose the resolution alternative that is least costly to the deposit insurance fund of all possible methods for resolving the failed institution . Bids are submitted to the FDIC where they are reviewed and the least cost determination is made . A receivership is designed to market the assets of a failed institution , liquidate them , and distribute the proceeds to the institution 's creditors . The FDIC as receiver succeeds to the rights , powers , and privileges of the institution and its stockholders , officers , and directors . The FDIC may collect all obligations and money due to the institution , preserve or liquidate its assets and property , and perform any other function of the institution consistent with its appointment . A receiver also has the power to merge a failed institution with another insured depository institution and to transfer its assets and liabilities without the consent or approval of any other agency , court , or party with contractual rights . Furthermore , a receiver may form a new institution , such as a bridge bank , to take over the assets and liabilities of the failed institution , or it may sell or pledge the assets of the failed institution to the FDIC in its corporate capacity . The two most common ways for the FDIC to resolve a closed institution and fulfill its role as a receiver are : Purchase and Assumption Agreement ( P&A ) , in which deposits ( liabilities ) are assumed by an open bank , which also purchases some or all of the failed bank 's loans ( assets ) . The bank 's assets that convey to the FDIC as receiver are sold and auctioned through various methods , including online , and using contractors . Deposit Payoff , as soon as the appropriate chartering authority closes the bank or thrift , the FDIC is appointed receiver . The FDIC as insurer pays all of the failed institution 's depositors with insured funds the full amount of their insured deposits . Depositors with uninsured funds and other general creditors ( such as suppliers and service providers ) of the failed institution do not receive either immediate or full reimbursement ; instead , the FDIC as receiver issues them receivership certificates . A receivership certificate entitles its holder to a portion of the receiver 's collections on the failed institution 's assets . Covered insured depository institutions resolution plans ( edit ) To assist the FDIC in resolving an insolvent bank , the FDIC requires plans including the required submission of a resolution plan by covered institutions requirement under the Dodd Frank Act . In addition to the Bank Holding Company ( `` BHC '' ) resolution plans required under the Dodd Frank Act under Section 165 ( d ) , the FDIC requires a separate Covered Insured Depository Institution ( `` CIDI '' ) resolution plan for US insured depositories with assets of $50 billion or more . Most of the largest , most complex BHCs are subject to both rules , requiring them to file a 165 ( d ) resolution plan for the BHC that includes the BHC 's core businesses and its most significant subsidiaries ( i.e. , `` material entities '' ) , as well as one or more CIDI plans depending on the number of US bank subsidiaries of the BHC that meet the $50 billion asset threshold . On December 17 , the FDIC issued guidance for the 2015 resolution plans of CIDIs of large bank holding companies ( BHCs ) . The guidance provides clarity on the assumptions that are to be made in the CIDI resolution plans and what must be addressed and analyzed in the 2015 CIDI resolution plans including : The assumption that the CIDI must fail . The cause of CIDI failure must be a core business loss or impairment . At least one `` multiple acquirer strategy '' is required in the plan . A deep level of granularity is expected in the plan . Sales strategies must be feasible and supported by considerable acquirer detail . A detailed financial and liquidity analysis is needed . Key legal issues must be considered . Resolution obstacles must be addressed . The CIDI must be insolvent at the start of resolution . Insured products ( edit ) Example of FDIC insurance coverage FDIC deposit insurance covers deposit accounts , which , by the FDIC definition , include : demand deposits ( checking accounts of a type that formerly could not legally pay interest ) , and negotiable order of withdrawal accounts ( NOW accounts , i.e. , savings accounts that have check - writing privileges ) savings accounts and money market deposit accounts ( MMDAs , i.e. , higher - interest savings accounts subject to check - writing restrictions ) time deposits including certificates of deposit ( CDs ) outstanding cashier 's checks , interest checks , and other negotiable instruments drawn on the accounts of the bank accounts denominated in foreign currencies Accounts at different banks are insured separately . All branches of a bank are considered to form a single bank . Also , an Internet bank that is part of a brick and mortar bank is not considered to be a separate bank , even if the name differs . Non-US citizens are also covered by FDIC insurance as long as their deposits are in a domestic office of an FDIC - insured bank . The FDIC publishes a guide entitled `` Your Insured Deposits '' , which sets forth the general characteristics of FDIC deposit insurance , and addresses common questions asked by bank customers about deposit insurance . Items not insured ( edit ) Only the above types of accounts are insured . Some types of uninsured products , even if purchased through a covered financial institution , are : Stocks , bonds , and mutual funds including money funds The Securities Investor Protection Corporation , a separate institution chartered by Congress , provides protection against the loss of many types of such securities in the event of a brokerage failure , but not against losses on the investments . Further , as of September 19 , 2008 , the United States Treasury is offering an optional insurance program for money market funds , which guarantees the value of the assets . Exceptions have occurred , such as the FDIC bailout of bondholders of Continental Illinois . Investments backed by the U.S. government , such as Treasury securities The contents of safe deposit boxes . Even though the word deposit appears in the name , under federal law a safe deposit box is not a deposit account -- it is merely a secured storage space rented by an institution to a customer . Losses due to theft or fraud at the institution . These situations are often covered by special insurance policies that banking institutions buy from private insurance companies . Accounting errors . In these situations , there may be remedies for consumers under state contract law , the Uniform Commercial Code , and some federal regulations , depending on the type of transaction . Insurance and annuity products , such as life , auto and homeowner 's insurance . See also ( edit ) Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations 2008 -- 2010 bank failures in the United States Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation Financial crisis of 2007 - 2010 List of acquired or bankrupt United States banks in the late 2000s financial crisis List of largest U.S. bank failures Too Big to Fail policy Related agencies and programs ( edit ) CAMELS Rating System -- used by the FDIC 's Division of Risk Management Supervision ( RMS ) examiners to rate each bank and the FDIC problem bank list FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework National Credit Union Administration Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Around 491 commercial banks failed in 1893 , and 243 between 1907 - 8 . Jump up ^ The latter plan was to insure all deposits up to $10,000 ( $182,935 ) , 75 percent of all deposits over $10,000 to $50,000 ( $914,677 ) , and 50 percent of anything over $50,000 . Brackets indicate amount taking into account consumer price inflation from 1934 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Statistics At A Glance '' . FDIC . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Walter 2005 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 is now permanent '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Bovenzi 2015 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Diane . `` Deposit Insurance Funding : Assuring Confidence '' ( PDF ) . fdic.gov . Jump up ^ `` Statistics at a Glance as of December 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC : Understanding Deposit Insurance '' . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Board of Directors & Senior Executives '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : White 1981 , p. 538 . Jump up ^ White 1981 , pp. 537 - 538 . Jump up ^ White 1981 , p. 539 Jump up ^ Walter 2005 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Golembe 1960 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Christopher W. Shaw , `` ' The Man in the Street Is for It ' : The Road to the FDIC . '' Journal of Policy History 27 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 36 - 60 , quote p 47 . ^ Jump up to : Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Golembe 1960 , p. 193 . Jump up ^ `` Changes in FDIC Deposit Insurance Coverage '' . fdic.gov . July 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reform of Deposit Insurance ( including the adjustment to $250,000 and allowing for adjustments every five years ) '' . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Interim rule '' ( PDF ) . gpo.gov . Jump up ^ The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis Jump up ^ FDIC . `` Failed Bank List '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Shen , Linda ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` WaMu 's Bank Split From Holding Company , Sparing FDIC '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dash , Eric ( 2008 - 04 - 07 ) . `` $5 Billion Said to Be Near for WaMu '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ari Levy ( 2009 - 08 - 14 ) . `` Toxic Loans Topping 5 % May Push 150 Banks to Point of No Return '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Barr , Colin ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Foreign banks ca n't save everyone '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Press Releases -- PR - 153 - 2009 8 / 27 / 2009 '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Eric Dash ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` As Bank Failures Rise , F.D.I.C. Fund Falls Into Red '' . The New York Times . p . B4 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Dakin Campbell ( 2010 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Avanta Bank , Six other U.S. Banks Collapse Due to Bad Loans '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ FDIC . `` FDIC Trends , March , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dakin Campbell ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Puerto Rico Banks Seized as Regulators Waive Deposit Limits '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Failed Banks Class of 2010 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ James Wigand , the FDIC 's Complexity Czar , By Yalman Onaran , Bloomberg Businessweek , October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FDIC Announces Organizational Changes to Help Implement Recently Enacted Regulatory Reform by Congress , FDIC press release , August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ FDIC Creates Office of Complex Financial Institutions , by Steve Quinlivan , article at dodd-frank.com , private website , August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sicilia , David B. & Cruikshank , Jeffrey L. ( 2000 ) . The Greenspan Effect , pp. 96 -- 97 . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 134919 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sicilia & Cruikshank , pp. 97 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Assessment Rates for 2008 '' ( PDF ) . 2008 - 08 - 11 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Financial Officer 's ( CFO ) Report to the Board : DIF Balance Sheet -- Third Quarter 2008 '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Ari Levy and Margaret Chadbourn ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Bank of Wyoming Seized ; 53rd U.S. Failure This Year ( Update1 ) '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Statistics at a Glance '' ( PDF ) . 2008 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ari Levy and Margaret Chadbourn ( 2009 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Lender Failures Reach 64 as Georgia Shuts Security Bank 's Units '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bagger - Sjöbäck , Robin ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` FDIC 's Shrinking Deposit Insurance Fund -- A Testimony of Current Accounting Standards '' . Saxo Bank Research . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC Insurance Plan Is No Long - Term Solution '' . New York Times . Associated Press . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deposits of all FDIC - Insured Institutions , National Totals * by Asset Size : Data as of June 30 , 2008 '' . Summary of Deposits . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Retrieved October 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Institution Directory '' ... fdic.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Balance Sheet - First Quarter 2016 '' . fdic.gov . Jump up ^ `` Banks Tapped to Bolster FDIC Resources : FDIC Board Approves Proposed Rule to Seek Prepayment of Assessments '' . Press Release . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . September 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC Extends Restoration Plan : Imposes Special Assessment '' . Press Release . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FDIC : Symbol of Confidences '' . Jump up ^ `` 4000 - Advisory Opinions : Full Faith and Credit of U.S. Government Behind the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.fdic.gov/buying/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` First take : Resolution plan guidance to largest firms '' . ^ Jump up to : `` First take : Ten key points from the FDIC 's resolution plan guidance '' ( PDF ) . PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice , December , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance for Covered Insured Depository Institution Resolution Plan Submissions '' ( PDF ) . PwC Financial Services Regulatory Practice , December , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC Law , Regulations , Related Acts -- Rules and Regulations '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ fdic.gov Archived December 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` FDIC : Insured or Not Insured ? '' . Fdic.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Henriques , Diana B. ( 2008 - 09 - 19 ) . `` Treasury to Guarantee Money Market Funds '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bovenzi , John ( 2015 ) . Inside the FDIC : Thirty Years of Bank Failures , Bailouts , and Regulatory Battles . Manhattan : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 99408 - 5 . Walter , John ( 2005 ) . `` Depression - Era Bank Failures : The Great Contagion or the Great Shakeout ? '' . Economic Quarterly . 91 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . White , Eugene , N. ( 1981 ) . `` State - Sponsored Insurance of Bank Deposits in the United States , 1907 - 1929 '' . The Journal of Economic History . 41 ( 3 ) : 537 -- 557 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700044326 . Golembe , Carter , H. ( 1960 ) . `` The Deposit Insurance Legislation of 1933 : An Examination of Its Antecedents and its Purposes '' . Political Science Quarterly . 75 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 200 . doi : 10.2307 / 2146154 . Further reading ( edit ) 60 Minutes -- Your Bank Has Failed : What Happens Next ? Kaufman , George G. ( 2002 ) . `` Deposit Insurance '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) OCLC 317650570 , 50016270 , 163149563 History including Boards of Directors Banking Act of 1935 Banking Act of 1933 Federal Deposit Insurance for Banks and Credit Unions Congressional Research Service Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( official website ) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the Federal Register FDIC Statistics at a Glance FDIC List of Failed Banks Bank regulation in the United States Federal authorities Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Federal Housing Finance Agency Federal Reserve Board of Governors Financial Stability Oversight Council National Credit Union Administration Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Major federal legislation Independent Treasury Act National Bank Act Federal Reserve Act McFadden Act 1933 Banking Act Glass -- Steagall Act Federal Credit Union Act Bank Holding Company Act Interest Rate Control Act of 1966 Truth in Lending Act Bank Secrecy Act Fair Credit Reporting Act Home Mortgage Disclosure Act Community Reinvestment Act Electronic Fund Transfer Act Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978 Monetary Control Act Depository Institutions Act Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 FIRREA FDICIA Truth in Savings Act Riegle - Neal IBBEA Gramm -- Leach -- Bliley Act Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Emergency Economic Stabilization Act Credit CARD Act Dodd - Frank Federal Reserve Board regulations Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks ( Reg A ) Equal Credit Opportunity ( Reg B) Home Mortgage Disclosure ( Reg C ) Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions ( Reg D ) Electronic Fund Transfer ( Reg E ) Limitations on Interbank Liabilities ( Reg F ) International Banking Operations ( Reg K ) Consumer Leasing ( Reg M ) Loans to Insiders ( Reg O ) Privacy of Consumer Financial Information ( Reg P ) Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits ( Reg Q ) Credit by Brokers and Dealers ( Reg T ) Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock ( Reg U ) Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates ( Reg W ) Borrowers of Securities Credit ( Reg X ) Truth in Lending ( Reg Z ) Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices ( Reg AA ) Community Reinvestment ( Reg BB ) Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks ( Reg CC ) Truth in Savings ( Reg DD ) Types of bank charter Credit union Federal savings association Federal savings bank National bank State bank State authorities California Colorado Florida Illinois Maryland Michigan New Jersey New York Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Tennessee Virginia Terms Call report CAEL Rating CAMELS rating system Thrift Financial Report Other topics Banking in the United States Fair debt collection History of central banking in the United States Wildcat banking Category Portal New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F. Wagner Category Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation&oldid=842834096 '' Categories : New Deal agencies Government - owned companies of the United States Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Organizations established in 1933 Independent agencies of the United States government Bank regulation in the United States Financial regulatory authorities of the United States Organizations based in Washington , D.C. Corporations chartered by the United States Congress Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Pages using infobox government agency with unknown parameters CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 00 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
the federal depository insurance corporation (fdic) has the power to close a bank when
[ "When a bank becomes undercapitalized, the institution's primary regulator issues a warning to the bank. When the number drops below 6%, the primary regulator can change management and force the bank to take other corrective action. When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized the chartering authority closes the institution and appoints the FDIC as receiver of the bank." ]
[ "When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized" ]
4434431592549873131
Still Open All Hours
Still Open All Hours - wikipedia Still Open All Hours Jump to : navigation , search Still Open All Hours Opening titles Genre Comedy Created by Roy Clarke Written by Roy Clarke Directed by Dewi Humphreys Starring David Jason James Baxter Lynda Baron Stephanie Cole Maggie Ollerenshaw Brigit Forsyth Johnny Vegas Kulvinder Ghir Nina Wadia Sally Lindsay Tim Healy Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 27 ( list of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Gareth Edwards Location ( s ) MediaCityUK ( 2013 ) Teddington Studios ( 2014 ) Pinewood Studios ( 2015 -- ) Running time 30 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Distributor BBC Worldwide 2entertain ABC ( Australia , home video ) Release Original network BBC One Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release 26 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 26 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Open All Hours Related shows Seven of One External links Still Open All Hours at BBC Comedy Still Open All Hours is a British sitcom , starring David Jason , a sequel to the series Open All Hours , written by original writer Roy Clarke . The series has run for 27 episodes in four series so far , with a fifth planned for late 2018 . Open All Hours ran for 26 episodes in four series from 1973 to 1985 . The BBC announced on 7 October 2013 , that the show would air for a 40th Anniversary Special in December 2013 . The 40th Anniversary special aired on 26 December at 7 : 45pm on BBC One . Ronnie Barker , who played the main character of Arkwright , in Open All Hours , died in 2005 : the special featured David Jason 's Granville , Arkwright 's assistant and nephew in the original series , having inherited the grocery store from Arkwright . Other returning cast members included Lynda Baron , Stephanie Cole , and Maggie Ollerenshaw Contents ( hide ) 1 Series development and production 2 Filming locations 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Guest cast 4 Episodes 5 Broadcast and reception 6 DVD releases 7 References 8 External links Series development and production ( edit ) Still Open All Hours was broadcast on 26 December 2013 , with Jason reprising his role of Granville from Open All Hours . The new one - off episode written by Clarke showed Granville now running the shop with his son Leroy ( played by James Baxter ) , after inheriting it from Arkwright . Clarke wrote the script in two weeks , and production began in October 2013 . The exterior scenes were filmed at the original location at Lister Avenue in Doncaster from 18 to 20 November 2013 . The interior scenes were recorded on 3 December 2013 at MediaCityUK in Salford in front of a studio audience . A 30 - minute documentary accompanying the show 's return , entitled Open All Hours : A Celebration , aired on 27 December 2013 , the day after the new episode was broadcast , on BBC One . On 30 January 2014 , the BBC commissioned Still Open All Hours for six new episodes beginning on 26 December 2014 . The controller of BBC comedy commissioning , Shane Allen , said : `` The resounding success of the Christmas revival showed the huge and enduring audience affection for this much - loved classic . Roy has done a terrific job of updating the characters whilst keeping what was warm - hearted and enjoyable about the world of the original series . '' Production for series one started in August 2014 , exterior filming started on 15 September and location recording was completed on 26 September 2014 . Interior scenes were recorded in front of a studio audience from 10 October until 21 November 2014 at Teddington Studios . The show later returned for a second series , beginning on 26 December 2015 . with production starting in September 2015 . Exterior scenes were filmed on location from 14 - 24 September 2015 . Interior scenes were recorded in front of a studio audience at Pinewood Studios from 9 October until 20 November 2015 . In January 2016 , David Jason revealed that a third series would be produced in 2016 . The series began airing on 26 December 2016 . Production started in September 2016 with on location for exterior scenes being shot in Balby Doncaster from 12 September 2016 . Lynda Baron could not reprise her role as Nurse Gladys Emmanuel as the filming dates clashed with Baron 's current contract with EastEnders . David Jason announced that a fourth series would be filmed in 2017 . Filming began in September 2017 with David Jason seen on location in Doncaster with co-star Tim Healy . The series began airing on 28 December 2017. . Interior scenes were recorded at Pinewood Studios in front of a live - studio - audience on 7 , 14 , and 21 October and on the 4 , 11 , 18 , and 24 November 2016 . In early 2017 a fourth series was commissioned production started in August 2017 . On location exterior scenes for the fourth series commenced on 11 September 2017 in Doncaster. . In January 2018 , it was revealed the show will return for a fifth series late 2018 . Filming locations ( edit ) Lister Avenue in Balby is used for the filming of Still Open All Hours ; Beautique on the right doubles as Arkwright 's The exterior shots reused the original shop from the series , on Lister Avenue in Balby , a suburb of Doncaster . The shop had to be extensively redressed ( for both programmes ) to resemble a traditional corner shop , as it has been a hair salon since 1962 . This process took two days , before filming on location for three consecutive days . For the 2013 special , the studio shots were recorded at Dock10 studios at MediaCityUK , Salford Quays . For the first series , Teddington Studios were used and the second , third , and fourth series were all recorded at Pinewood Studios . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Open All Hours characters Main ( edit ) Episode count is as of 21 January 2018 ( Series 4 , Episode 4 ) Character Played by Series Episode count Pilot Main Characters Granville David Jason 24 Leroy James Baxter 24 Delphine Featherstone Cole , Stephanie Stephanie Cole 24 Mavis Ollerenshaw , Maggie Maggie Ollerenshaw 24 Eric Agnew Vegas , Johnny Johnny Vegas 23 Madge Forsyth , Brigit Brigit Forsyth 24 Gastric Healy , Tim Tim Healy 23 Cyril Ghir , Kulvinder Kulvinder Ghir 23 Kath Agnew Lindsay , Sally Sally Lindsay 18 Mrs Hussein Wadia , Nina Nina Wadia 19 Wilburn Newbold Whitehead , Geoffrey Geoffrey Whitehead 14 Nurse Gladys Emmanuel Baron , Lynda Lynda Baron 13 Recurring Characters Salesman Mark Williams Nikki Emily Fleeshman 6 Cindy Misha Timmins 6 Mrs Hemstock Catherine Breeze Mr Marshall Barry Chuckle Ashley Nadine Rose Mulkerrin Dog Man Duggie Brown Mr Lomax Keiron Self Mr Bentinck Alan David Mrs Willis Val Tagger Beth Katie Redford Guest cast ( edit ) Still Open All Hours has used several actors from various past hit sitcoms as customers and one - off characters . Kathryn Hunt Stephen Evans Matthew Mellalieu Peter Foster Sally Womersley Janet Prince Bill Rodgers Daniel Ryan Tom Davis Alex Lowe Vicki Pepperdine Roger Bingham Peter Levy Paula Wilcox Anne Rutter Duggie Brown Jaye Jacobs Ainsley Howard Gareth Hale Des Yankson Spencer Jones Jo Martin Val Tagger Kate O'Sullivan Jemma Churchill Geoffrey McGivern David Cann Janine Duvitski Joe Wilkinson Judith Jacob Sian Reeves Selena Griffiths Luke Gell Llewella Gideon Janet Marsh Alexander Kirk Alexa Lee Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List_of_Still_Open_All_Hours_episodes Twenty - seven episodes of Still Open All Hours , all written by Roy Clarke , have been produced for the BBC . The show began airing on 26 December 2013 with an anniversary special of original series , Open All Hours . All episodes have a running time of 30 minutes . Between Open All Hours and Still Open All Hours , there has been a total of 53 episodes and eight series broadcast between 1973 and 2018 . Broadcast and reception ( edit ) The special was broadcast on BBC One on 26 December 2013 and received 9.43 m ( 39.9 % of the audience ) viewers according to overnight figures and was the most watched programme on that day . Final viewing figures showed that it was watched by 12.23 m and was the most watched programme for that week . It received generally poor reviews from critics . Will Dean of The Independent called it a `` w-w - worthy ( sic ) effort '' but criticised the attempt to revive the show without the late Ronnie Barker . Ben Lawrence of The Telegraph said it `` felt like a relic of another era '' criticising the jokes and Jason 's performance . Jacob Mason , writing on the Radio Times website , described the show as `` warmly nostalgic '' , whilst others noted it as `` a fitting tribute to Ronnie Barker '' . On 21 November 2014 , the BBC confirmed that Still Open All Hours would return for a full series in 2014 . This began airing on 26 December 2014 and finished on 25 January 2015 . Series 2 began on the 26th December 2015 with a run of 6 episodes and finished on 26 January 2016 , Followed by Season 3 which began airing on 26 December 2016 with 7 episodes . DVD releases ( edit ) Although filmed and broadcast in High - definition , no Blu - ray releases have been announced to date . Series One and the 2013 Christmas Special was released on DVD on 2 February 2015 by 2 entertain . Series 2 was released on 1 February 2016 . Series 3 was released on 13 February 2017 . DVD Title No. of Discs Special features No. of Episodes Release Dates Region 2 Region 4 Series 1 2013 Christmas Special 7 2 February 2015 24 June 2015 Series 2 2015 Christmas Special 6 1 February 2016 TBA Series 3 2016 Christmas Special 7 13 February 2017 TBA Series 4 2017 Christmas Special 7 19 February 2018 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goodacre , Kate ( 7 October 2013 ) . `` Sir David Jason to star in ' Open All Hours ' Christmas special '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Look who 's the b-b - boss now : Granville pulls on Arkwright 's famous brown coat as David Jason returns in Open All Hours after 30 years '' . Daily Mail . 18 November 2013 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Jason back for Open All Hours Christmas show '' . BBC News . 7 October 2013 . Retrieved 8 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Hours : A Celebration '' . BBC . 15 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Hours special could lead to new series '' . Doncaster Free Press . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : New version of Open All Hours will be filmed in Doncaster '' . Doncaster Free Press . 9 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours commissioned for full series '' . BBC News . 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Glanfield , Tim ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Still Open All Hours series confirmed '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , John ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` BBC commissions full series of Still Open All Hours '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Open All Hours filming starts in Doncaster '' . Doncaster Free Press . 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Open All Hours filming set to end in Doncaster '' . Sheffield Star . 26 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours Series 1 '' . The Pinewood Studios Group . 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Chuckle Brothers : To me , to you ... to Swansea ! '' . South Wales Evening Post . 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours series 2 confirmed '' . British Comedy Guide . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sir David Jason , 75 , steps out as comedy character Granville as he films new series of BBC 's Still Open All Hours in Doncaster '' . The Daily Mail . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Healy gets into a spot of bother while dressed as Santa as he joins Sir David Jason on the set of the Still Open All Hours Christmas special '' . The Daily Mail . 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Burke Darren ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` Still Open All Hours to be filmed at world famous Pinewood Studios '' . Doncaster Free Press . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Jason confirms Still Open All Hours will return and reveals his Hollywood dream '' . The Mirror. 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff , Radio Times ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` David Jason to return for new series of Still Open All Hours '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 14 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Crockery , Claire ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Still Open All Hours third series WITHOUT Nurse Emmanuel '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only Fools And Horses reboot ? Sir David Jason says he would play Del Boy one last time '' . The Mirror. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Jason is unrecognisable as he sports bushy beard for new sitcom series '' . Jump up ^ `` TV legend David Jason : Mrs Brown 's Boys is too rude for family audiences '' . The Mirror. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , BBC Shows and tours ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Still Open All Hours shows and tours '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PICTURES : Still Open All Hours filming gets underway in Doncaster - but not at Arkwright 's shop '' . Doncaster Free Press . 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV legend David Jason : Mrs Brown 's Boys is too rude for family audiences '' . The Mirror. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkes , David ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` The real life shops behind Open All Hours : How a hairdressers and a c-c - convenience store helped inspire the BBC sitcom that is about to be resurrected for Christmas special '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigby , Sam ( 27 December 2013 ) . `` Still Open All Hours tops Boxing Day ratings with 9.4 m '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30s '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Dean , Will ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Still Open All Hours review : It was a w-w - worthy effort -- but there 's only one Arkwright '' . The Independent . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` Still Open All Hours , BBC One , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Marc ( 26 December 2013 ) . `` TV viewers hail the one - off return of classic sitcom Open All Hours as ' warmly nostalgic ' and ' a fitting tribute to Ronnie Barker ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jojo Martin praised the show saying `` I loved Open All Hours and I love Still Open All Hours even more , Still Open is the one of the best comedy series on our screens '' . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours Series One + 2013 Christmas Special ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk. 23 December 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Still Open All Hours : Series Three + 2016 Christmas Special ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk. 23 December 2016 . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) Still Open All Hours at BBC Programmes Still Open All Hours on IMDb Still Open All Hours at British Comedy Guide . Image of Arkwright 's shop in April 2007 Open All Hours Open All Hours episodes Still Open All Hours ( episodes ) Characters Arkwright Granville Related Seven of One The Funny Side of Christmas Roy Clarke Situation comedies The Misfit ( 1970 -- 71 ) Last of the Summer Wine ( 1973 -- 2010 ) Oh No , It 's Selwyn Froggitt ! ( pilot , 1974 ) Open All Hours ( 1973 , 1976 -- 85 ) The Growing Pains of PC Penrose ( 1975 ) Rosie ( 1977 -- 81 ) Potter ( 1979 -- 83 ) The Magnificent Evans ( 1984 ) The Clairvoyant ( 1984 - 1986 ) First of the Summer Wine ( 1988 -- 89 ) Keeping Up Appearances ( 1990 -- 95 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1994 -- 95 ) Still Open All Hours ( 2013 -- ) Young Hyacinth ( 2016 ) Other The Bass Player and the Blonde ( 1977 ) Hawks ( 1988 ) The Sharp End ( 1991 ) A Foreign Field ( 1993 ) The Wanderer ( 1994 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Still_Open_All_Hours&oldid=834054164 '' Categories : 2010s British sitcoms 2010s British comedy television series 2013 British television programme debuts BBC high definition programmes BBC television sitcoms English - language television programs Sequel television series Television series produced at Pinewood Studios Television series set in shops Television shows set in South Yorkshire Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from December 2015 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
where do they film still open all hours
[ "Still Open All Hours was broadcast on 26 December 2013, with Jason reprising his role of Granville from Open All Hours. The new one-off episode written by Clarke showed Granville now running the shop with his son Leroy (played by James Baxter),[2] after inheriting it from Arkwright.[3] Clarke wrote the script in two weeks, and production began in October 2013. The exterior scenes were filmed at the original location at Lister Avenue in Doncaster from 18 to 20 November 2013. The interior scenes were recorded on 3 December 2013 at MediaCityUK in Salford in front of a studio audience. A 30-minute documentary accompanying the show's return, entitled Open All Hours: A Celebration, aired on 27 December 2013, the day after the new episode was broadcast, on BBC One.[4][5][6]", "Still Open All Hours was broadcast on 26 December 2013, with Jason reprising his role of Granville from Open All Hours. The new one-off episode written by Clarke showed Granville now running the shop with his son Leroy (played by James Baxter),[2] after inheriting it from Arkwright.[3] Clarke wrote the script in two weeks, and production began in October 2013. The exterior scenes were filmed at the original location at Lister Avenue in Doncaster from 18 to 20 November 2013. The interior scenes were recorded on 3 December 2013 at MediaCityUK in Salford in front of a studio audience. A 30-minute documentary accompanying the show's return, entitled Open All Hours: A Celebration, aired on 27 December 2013, the day after the new episode was broadcast, on BBC One.[4][5][6]" ]
[ "MediaCityUK in Salford", "Lister Avenue in Doncaster" ]
-3398325434558835206
History of the United States
History of the United States - wikipedia History of the United States `` American history '' redirects here . For the history of the continents , see History of the Americas . See also : Economic history of the United States and Timeline of the United States history This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( June 2018 ) Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline ( hide ) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present By ethnicity ( show ) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Native Americans Polish American By topic ( show ) Antisemitism Civil rights 1896 -- 1954 1955 -- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier ( Old West ) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women This Is America , Charlie Brown United States portal This article is part of a series on the Culture of the United States of America Society History Language People Race and ethnicity Religion Arts and literature Architecture Art Dance Fashion Literature Comics Poetry Music Sculpture Theater Other Cuisine Festivals Folklore Media Newspapers Radio Cinema TV Internet Mythology Sport Symbols Flag Great Seal Monuments Motto Anthem Bird World Heritage Sites United States portal The history of the United States began with the settlement of Indigenous people before 15,000 BC . Numerous cultures formed . The arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492 started the European colonization of the Americas . Most colonies formed after 1600 . By the 1770s , thirteen British colonies contained 2.5 million people along the Atlantic coast east of the Appalachian Mountains . After defeating France , the British government imposed a series of new taxes after 1765 , rejecting the colonists ' argument that new taxes needed their approval ( see Stamp Act 1765 ) . Tax resistance , especially the Boston Tea Party ( 1773 ) , led to punitive laws by Parliament designed to end self - government in Massachusetts . Armed conflict began in 1775 . In 1776 , the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America . Led by General George Washington , it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France . The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River ( except Canada and Florida ) . The Articles of Confederation established a central government , but it was ineffectual at providing stability , as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer . A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789 . In 1791 , a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights . With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser , a strong central government was created . Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States . A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812 , which solidified national pride . Encouraged by the notion of manifest destiny , U.S. territory expanded all the way to the Pacific coast . While the United States was large in terms of area , its population in 1790 was only 4 million . However this grew rapidly , reaching 7.2 million in 1810 , 32 million in 1860 , 76 million in 1900 , 132 million in 1940 , and 321 million in 2015 . Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even greater . However compared to European powers , the nation 's military strength was relatively limited in peacetime before 1940 . The expansion was driven by a quest for inexpensive land for yeoman farmers and slave owners . The expansion of slavery was increasingly controversial and fueled political and constitutional battles , which were resolved by compromises . Slavery was abolished in all states north of the Mason -- Dixon line by 1804 , but the South continued to profit off of the institution , mostly from production of cotton . Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 on a platform of halting the expansion of slavery . Seven Southern slave states rebelled and created the foundation of the Confederacy . Its attack of Fort Sumter against the Union forces started the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . Confederate defeat led to the impoverishment of the South and the abolition of slavery . In the Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) , legal and voting rights were extended to freed slaves . The national government emerged much stronger , and because of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , it gained the explicit duty to protect individual rights . However , when white Democrats regained their power in the South in 1877 , often by paramilitary suppression of voting , they passed Jim Crow laws to maintain white supremacy , and new disfranchising constitutions that prevented most African Americans and many poor whites from voting . This continued until gains of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and passage of federal legislation to enforce constitutional rights were made . The United States became the world 's leading industrial power at the turn of the 20th century due to an outburst of entrepreneurship in the Northeast and Midwest and the arrival of millions of immigrant workers and farmers from Europe . The national railroad network was completed and large - scale mining and factories industrialized the Northeast and Midwest . Mass dissatisfaction with corruption , inefficiency and traditional politics stimulated the Progressive movement , from the 1890s to 1920s , which led to many reforms including the 16th to 19th constitutional amendments , which brought the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and women 's suffrage . Initially neutral during World War I , the United States declared war on Germany in 1917 and funded the Allied victory the following year . Women obtained the right to vote in 1920 , with Native Americans obtaining citizenship and the right to vote in 1924 . After a prosperous decade in the 1920s , the Wall Street Crash of 1929 marked the onset of the decade - long worldwide Great Depression . Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt ended the Republican dominance of the White House and implemented his New Deal programs , which included relief for the unemployed , support for farmers , Social Security and a minimum wage . The New Deal defined modern American liberalism . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the United States entered World War II and financed the Allied war effort and helped defeat Nazi Germany in the European theater . Its involvement culminated in using newly invented nuclear weapons on two Japanese cities to defeat Imperial Japan in the Pacific theater . The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as rival superpowers in the aftermath of World War II . During the Cold War , the two countries confronted each other indirectly in the arms race , the Space Race , proxy wars , and propaganda campaigns . The purpose of this was to stop the spread of communism . In the 1960s , in large part due to the strength of the Civil Rights Movement , another wave of social reforms was enacted by enforcing the constitutional rights of voting and freedom of movement to African - Americans and other racial minorities . The Cold War ended when the Soviet Union was officially dissolved in 1991 , leaving the United States as the world 's only superpower . After the Cold War , the United States began focusing on modern conflicts in the Middle East and nuclear programs in North Korea . The beginning of the 21st century saw the September 11 attacks by Al - Qaeda in 2001 , followed by wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . In 2008 , the United States had its worst economic crisis since the Great Depression , which was followed by slower - than - usual rates of economic growth during the 2010s . Contents 1 Pre-Columbian Era 1.1 Native development prior to European contact 1.1. 1 Major cultures 1.2 Native development in Hawaii 2 Colonial period 2.1 Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization 2.2 British colonization 3 18th century 3.1 Political integration and autonomy 4 American Revolution 5 Early years of the republic 5.1 Confederation and Constitution 5.2 President George Washington 5.3 Slavery 6 19th century 6.1 Jeffersonian Republican Era 6.2 War of 1812 6.3 Era of Good Feelings 6.4 Indian removal 6.5 Second Party System 6.6 Second Great Awakening 6.7 Abolitionism 6.8 Westward expansion and Manifest Destiny 6.9 Divisions between North and South 6.10 Civil War 6.11 Emancipation 6.12 Reconstruction Era 6.13 The West and the Gilded Age 7 20th century 7.1 Progressive Era 7.2 Imperialism 7.3 World War I 7.4 Women 's suffrage 7.5 Roaring Twenties 7.6 Great Depression and New Deal 7.7 World War II 7.8 The Cold War , counterculture , and civil rights 7.8. 1 Climax of liberalism 7.8. 2 Civil Rights Movement 7.8. 3 The Women 's Movement 7.8. 4 The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War Détente 7.9 Close of the 20th century 8 21st century 8.1 9 / 11 and the War on Terror 8.2 The Great Recession 8.3 Recent events 9 See also 10 References 11 Textbooks 12 Further reading 12.1 Primary sources 13 External links Pre-Columbian Era ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistory of the United States , History of Native Americans in the United States , and Pre-Columbian era See also : Native Americans in the United States This map shows the approximate location of the ice - free corridor and specific Paleoindian sites ( Clovis theory ) . It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and the present - day United States . The prevailing theory proposes that people migrated from Eurasia across Beringia , a land bridge that connected Siberia to present - day Alaska during the Ice Age , and then spread southward throughout the Americas . This migration may have begun as early as 30,000 years ago and continued through to about 10,000 + years ago , when the land bridge became submerged by the rising sea level caused by the ending of the last glacial period . These early inhabitants , called Paleoamericans , soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes . The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences on the American continents , spanning the time of the original settlement in the Upper Paleolithic period to European colonization during the early modern period . While technically referring to the era before Christopher Columbus ' voyages of 1492 to 1504 , in practice the term usually includes the history of American indigenous cultures until they were conquered or significantly influenced by Europeans , even if this happened decades or even centuries after Columbus ' initial landing . Native development prior to European contact ( edit ) Main article : History of Native Americans in the United States The Cultural areas of pre-Columbian North America , according to Alfred Kroeber . Native American cultures are not normally included in characterizations of advanced stone age cultures as `` Neolithic , '' which is a category that more often includes only the cultures in Eurasia , Africa , and other regions . The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips ' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology . They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases ; see Archaeology of the Americas . The Clovis culture , a megafauna hunting culture , is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points . Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis , New Mexico . The Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America . The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point , a flaked flint spear - point with a notched flute , by which it was inserted into a shaft . Dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods . Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon - dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B.P. ( roughly 9100 to 8850 BCE ) . Numerous Paleoindian cultures occupied North America , with some arrayed around the Great Plains and Great Lakes of the modern United States of America and Canada , as well as adjacent areas to the West and Southwest . According to the oral histories of many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas , they have been living on this continent since their genesis , described by a wide range of traditional creation stories . Other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river , believed to be the Mississippi River . Genetic and linguistic data connect the indigenous people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians . Archeological and linguistic data has enabled scholars to discover some of the migrations within the Americas . A Folsom point for a spear . The Folsom Tradition was characterized by use of Folsom points as projectile tips , and activities known from kill sites , where slaughter and butchering of bison took place . Folsom tools were left behind between 9000 BCE and 8000 BCE . Na - Dené - speaking peoples entered North America starting around 8000 BCE , reaching the Pacific Northwest by 5000 BCE , and from there migrating along the Pacific Coast and into the interior . Linguists , anthropologists and archeologists believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America , later than the first Paleo - Indians . They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada , south along the Pacific Coast , into the interior of Canada , and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest . They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan - speaking peoples , including the present - day and historical Navajo and Apache . They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages , which were used seasonally . People did not live there year - round , but for the summer to hunt and fish , and to gather food supplies for the winter . The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE . They were part of the Southwestern Archaic Tradition centered in north - central New Mexico , the San Juan Basin , the Rio Grande Valley , southern Colorado , and southeastern Utah . Since the 1990s , archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present - day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds ; they were societies of hunter - gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic Revolution to sustain such large villages over long periods . The prime example is Watson Brake in northern Louisiana , whose 11 - mound complex is dated to 3500 BCE , making it the oldest , dated site in the Americas for such complex construction . It is nearly 2,000 years older than the Poverty Point site . Construction of the mounds went on for 500 years until was abandoned about 2800 BCE , probably due to changing environmental conditions . Poverty Point culture is a Late Archaic archaeological culture that inhabited the area of the lower Mississippi Valley and surrounding Gulf Coast . The culture thrived from 2200 BCE to 700 BCE , during the Late Archaic period . Evidence of this culture has been found at more than 100 sites , from the major complex at Poverty Point ( a UNESCO World Heritage Site ) across a 100 - mile ( 160 km ) range to the Jaketown Site near Belzoni , Mississippi . The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka . Poverty Point is a 1 square mile ( 2.6 km ) complex of six major earthwork concentric rings , with additional platform mounds at the site . Artifacts show the people traded with other Native Americans located from Georgia to the Great Lakes region . This is one among numerous mound sites of complex indigenous cultures throughout the Mississippi and Ohio valleys . They were one of several succeeding cultures often referred to as mound builders . The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures refers to the time period from roughly 1000 BCE to 1,000 CE in the eastern part of North America . The term `` Woodland '' was coined in the 1930s and refers to prehistoric sites dated between the Archaic period and the Mississippian cultures . The Hopewell tradition is the term for the common aspects of the Native American culture that flourished along rivers in the northeastern and midwestern United States from 200 BCE to 500 CE . The indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast were of many nations and tribal affiliations , each with distinctive cultural and political identities , but they shared certain beliefs , traditions and practices , such as the centrality of salmon as a resource and spiritual symbol . Their gift - giving feast , potlatch , is a highly complex event where people gather in order to commemorate special events . These events , such as , the raising of a Totem pole or the appointment or election of a new chief . The most famous artistic feature of the culture is the Totem pole , with carvings of animals and other characters to commemorate cultural beliefs , legends , and notable events . The Hopewell tradition was not a single culture or society , but a widely dispersed set of related populations , who were connected by a common network of trade routes , known as the Hopewell Exchange System . At its greatest extent , the Hopewell exchange system ran from the Southeastern United States into the southeastern Canadian shores of Lake Ontario . Within this area , societies participated in a high degree of exchange ; most activity was conducted along the waterways that served as their major transportation routes . The Hopewell exchange system traded materials from all over the United States . Major cultures ( edit ) Grave Creek Mound , located in Moundsville , West Virginia , is one of the largest conical mounds in the United States . It was built by the Adena culture . Adena culture : The Adena culture was a Native American culture that existed from 1000 BC to 200 BC , in a time known as the Early Woodland period . The Adena culture refers to what were probably a number of related Native American societies sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system . A map showing the extent of the Coles Creek cultural period and some important sites . Coles Creek culture : The Coles Creek culture is an indigenous development of the Lower Mississippi Valley that took place between the terminal Woodland period and the later Plaquemine culture period . The period is marked by the increased use of flat - topped platform mounds arranged around central plazas , more complex political institutions , and a subsistence strategy still grounded in the Eastern Agricultural Complex and hunting rather than on the maize plant as would happen in the succeeding Plaquemine Mississippian period . The culture was originally defined by the unique decoration on grog - tempered ceramic ware by James A. Ford after his investigations at the Mazique Archeological Site . He had studied both the Mazique and Coles Creek Sites , and almost went with the Mazique culture , but decided on the less historically involved sites name . It is ancestral to the Plaquemine culture . The Great House at the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument . Hohokam culture : The Hohokam was a culture centered along American Southwest . The early Hohokam founded a series of small villages along the middle Gila River . They raised corn , squash and beans . The communities were located near good arable land , with dry farming common in the earlier years of this period . They were known for their pottery , using the paddle - and - anvil technique . The Classical period of the culture saw the rise in architecture and ceramics . Buildings were grouped into walled compounds , as well as earthen platform mounds . Platform mounds were built along river as well as irrigation canal systems , suggesting these sites were administrative centers allocating water and coordinating canal labor . Polychrome pottery appeared , and inhumation burial replaced cremation . Trade included that of shells and other exotics . Social and climatic factors led to a decline and abandonment of the area after 1400 A.D. Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites The Great Kiva of Chetro Ketl at the Chaco Culture National Historical Park , UNESCO World Heritage Site . Cliff Palace , Mesa Verde National Park , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Taos Pueblo , a UNESCO World Heritage site , is an Ancient Pueblo belonging to a Native American tribe of Pueblo people , marking the cultural development in the region during the Pre-Columbian era . White House Ruins , Canyon de Chelly National Monument Ancestral Puebloan culture : The Ancestral Puebloan culture covered present - day Four Corners region of the United States , comprising southern Utah , northern Arizona , northwestern New Mexico , and southwestern Colorado . It is believed that the Ancestral Puebloans developed , at least in part , from the Oshara Tradition , who developed from the Picosa culture . They lived in a range of structures that included small family pit houses , larger clan type structures , grand pueblos , and cliff sited dwellings . The Ancestral Puebloans possessed a complex network that stretched across the Colorado Plateau linking hundreds of communities and population centers . The culture is perhaps best known for the stone and earth dwellings built along cliff walls , particularly during the Pueblo II and Pueblo III eras . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites located in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park and Taos Pueblo . The best - preserved examples of the stone dwellings are in National Parks , examples being , Navajo National Monument , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , Mesa Verde National Park , Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , Aztec Ruins National Monument , Bandelier National Monument , Hovenweep National Monument , and Canyon de Chelly National Monument . Mississippian culture Monks Mound of Cahokia ( UNESCO World Heritage Site ) in summer . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of the ancient wooden stairs . An artistic recreation of The Kincaid Site from the prehistoric Mississippian culture as it may have looked at its peak 1050 -- 1400 CE . Engraved stone palette from Moundville , illustrating two horned rattlesnakes , perhaps referring to The Great Serpent of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex . A human head effigy pot from the Nodena Site . Mississippian culture : The Mississippian culture which extended throughout the Ohio and Mississippi valleys and built sites throughout the Southeast , created the largest earthworks in North America north of Mexico , most notably at Cahokia , on a tributary of the Mississippi River in present - day Illinois . The ten - story Monks Mound at Cahokia has a larger circumference than the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid of Egypt . The 6 square miles ( 16 km ) city complex was based on the culture 's cosmology ; it included more than 100 mounds , positioned to support their sophisticated knowledge of astronomy , and built with knowledge of varying soil types . The society began building at this site about 950 CE , and reached its peak population in 1,250 CE of 20,000 -- 30,000 people , which was not equalled by any city in the present - day United States until after 1800 . Cahokia was a major regional chiefdom , with trade and tributary chiefdoms located in a range of areas from bordering the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico . Kincaid c. 1050 -- 1400 AD , is one of the largest settlements of the Mississippian culture , it was located at the southern tip of present - day U.S. state of Illinois . Kincaid Mounds has been notable for both its significant role in native North American prehistory and for the central role the site has played in the development of modern archaeological techniques . The site had at least 11 substructure platform mounds ( ranking fifth for mound - culture pyramids ) . Artifacts from the settlement link its major habitation and the construction of the mounds to the Mississippian period , but it was also occupied earlier during the Woodland period . The Mississippian culture developed the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex , the name which archeologists have given to the regional stylistic similarity of artifacts , iconography , ceremonies and mythology . The rise of the complex culture was based on the people 's adoption of maize agriculture , development of greater population densities , and chiefdom - level complex social organization from 1200 CE to 1650 CE . The Mississippian pottery are some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics north of Mexico . Cahokian pottery was especially fine , with smooth surfaces , very thin walls and distinctive tempering , slips and coloring . Map of the Five Nations of the Iroquois ( from the Darlington Collection ) . Iroquois Culture : The Iroquois League of Nations or `` People of the Long House '' , based in present - day upstate and western New York , had a confederacy model from the mid-15th century . It has been suggested that their culture contributed to political thinking during the development of the later United States government . Their system of affiliation was a kind of federation , different from the strong , centralized European monarchies . Leadership was restricted to a group of 50 sachem chiefs , each representing one clan within a tribe . The Oneida and Mohawk people had nine seats each ; the Onondagas held fourteen ; the Cayuga had ten seats ; and the Seneca had eight . Representation was not based on population numbers , as the Seneca tribe greatly outnumbered the others . When a sachem chief died , his successor was chosen by the senior woman of his tribe in consultation with other female members of the clan ; property and hereditary leadership were passed matrilineally . Decisions were not made through voting but through consensus decision making , with each sachem chief holding theoretical veto power . The Onondaga were the `` firekeepers '' , responsible for raising topics to be discussed . They occupied one side of a three - sided fire ( the Mohawk and Seneca sat on one side of the fire , the Oneida and Cayuga sat on the third side . ) Elizabeth Tooker , an anthropologist , has said that it was unlikely the U.S. founding fathers were inspired by the confederacy , as it bears little resemblance to the system of governance adopted in the United States . For example , it is based on inherited rather than elected leadership , selected by female members of the tribes , consensus decision - making regardless of population size of the tribes , and a single group capable of bringing matters before the legislative body . Long - distance trading did not prevent warfare and displacement among the indigenous peoples , and their oral histories tell of numerous migrations to the historic territories where Europeans encountered them . The Iroquois invaded and attacked tribes in the Ohio River area of present - day Kentucky and claimed the hunting grounds . Historians have placed these events as occurring as early as the 13th century , or in the 17th - century Beaver Wars . Through warfare , the Iroquois drove several tribes to migrate west to what became known as their historically traditional lands west of the Mississippi River . Tribes originating in the Ohio Valley who moved west included the Osage , Kaw , Ponca and Omaha people . By the mid-17th century , they had resettled in their historical lands in present - day Kansas , Nebraska , Arkansas and Oklahoma . The Osage warred with Caddo - speaking Native Americans , displacing them in turn by the mid-18th century and dominating their new historical territories . Native development in Hawaii ( edit ) Kamehameha I , founder of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Main article : History of Hawaii Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century . Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the area as well . This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British . Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778 . Within five years of contact , European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people , and eventually unify the islands for the first time ; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii . Colonial period ( edit ) Main article : Colonial history of the United States European territorial claims in North America , c. 1750 France Great Britain Spain After a period of exploration sponsored by major European nations , the first successful English settlement was established in 1607 . Europeans brought horses , cattle , and hogs to the Americas and , in turn , took back to Europe maize , turkeys , potatoes , tobacco , beans , and squash . Many explorers and early settlers died after being exposed to new diseases in the Americas . The effects of new Eurasian diseases carried by the colonists , especially smallpox and measles , were much worse for the Native Americans , as they had no immunity to them . They suffered epidemics and died in very large numbers , usually before large - scale European settlement began . Their societies were disrupted and hollowed out by the scale of deaths . Spanish , Dutch , and French colonization ( edit ) Main articles : Spanish colonization of the Americas , Dutch colonization of the Americas , and French colonization of the Americas Spanish explorers were the first Europeans with Christopher Columbus ' second expedition , to reach Puerto Rico on November 19 , 1493 ; others reached Florida in 1513 . Spanish expeditions quickly reached the Appalachian Mountains , the Mississippi River , the Grand Canyon and the Great Plains . In 1540 , Hernando de Soto undertook an extensive exploration of the Southeast . In 1540 , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado explored from Arizona to central Kansas . Small Spanish settlements eventually grew to become important cities , such as San Antonio , Texas ; Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Tucson , Arizona ; Los Angeles , California ; and San Francisco , California . New Netherland was a 17th - century Dutch colony centered on present - day New York City and the Hudson River Valley ; the Dutch traded furs with the Native Americans to the north . The colony served as a barrier to expansion from New England . Despite being Calvinists and building the Reformed Church in America , the Dutch were tolerant of other religions and cultures . The colony , which was taken over by Britain in 1664 , left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life . This includes secular broad - mindedness and mercantile pragmatism in the city as well as rural traditionalism in the countryside ( typified by the story of Rip Van Winkle ) . Notable Americans of Dutch descent include Martin Van Buren , Theodore Roosevelt , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Eleanor Roosevelt and the Frelinghuysens . New France was the area colonized by France from 1534 to 1763 . There were few permanent settlers outside Quebec and Acadia , but the French had far - reaching trading relationships with Native Americans throughout the Great Lakes and Midwest . French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were based in farming communities that served as a granary for Gulf Coast settlements . The French established plantations in Louisiana along with settling New Orleans , Mobile and Biloxi . The Wabanaki Confederacy were military allies of New France through the four French and Indian Wars while the British colonies were allied with the Iroquois Confederacy . During the French and Indian War -- the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War -- New England fought successfully against French Acadia . The British removed Acadians from Acadia ( Nova Scotia ) and replaced them with New England Planters . Eventually , some Acadians resettled in Louisiana , where they developed a distinctive rural Cajun culture that still exists . They became American citizens in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase . Other French villages along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers were absorbed when the Americans started arriving after 1770 , or settlers moved west to escape them . French influence and language in New Orleans , Louisiana and the Gulf Coast was more enduring ; New Orleans was notable for its large population of free people of color before the Civil War . British colonization ( edit ) Further information : British colonization of the Americas The Mayflower , which transported Pilgrims to the New World . During the first winter at Plymouth , about half of the Pilgrims died . The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes . Colonial America was defined by a severe labor shortage that employed forms of unfree labor such as slavery and indentured servitude and by a British policy of benign neglect ( salutary neglect ) . Over half of all European immigrants to Colonial America arrived as indentured servants . Salutary neglect permitted the development of an American spirit distinct from that of its European founders . Squanto known for having been an early liaison between the native populations in Southern New England and the Mayflower settlers , who made their settlement at the site of Squanto 's former summer village . The first successful English colony , Jamestown , was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia . Jamestown languished for decades until a new wave of settlers arrived in the late 17th century and established commercial agriculture based on tobacco . Between the late 1610s and the Revolution , the British shipped an estimated 50,000 to 120,000 convicts to their American colonies . A severe instance of conflict was the 1622 Powhatan uprising in Virginia in which Native Americans killed hundreds of English settlers . The largest conflicts between Native Americans and English settlers in the 17th century were King Philip 's War in New England and the Yamasee War in South Carolina . Jennie Augusta Brownscombe , The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth , 1914 , Pilgrim Hall Museum , Plymouth , Massachusetts New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans . The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony , which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 . The Middle Colonies , consisting of the present - day states of New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and Delaware , were characterized by a large degree of diversity . The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina , with Georgia Colony -- the last of the Thirteen Colonies -- established in 1733 . The Indian massacre of Jamestown settlers in 1622 . Soon the colonists in the South feared all natives as enemies . The colonies were characterized by people primarily of the Judeo - Christian faiths , with many Congregationalists in New England , German and Dutch Reformed in the Middle Colonies , Catholics in Maryland , and Scots - Irish Presbyterians on the frontier . Sephardic Jews were among early settlers in cities of New England and the South . Many immigrants arrived as religious refugees : French Huguenots settled in New York , Virginia and the Carolinas . Many royal officials and merchants were Anglicans . Religiosity expanded greatly after the First Great Awakening , a religious revival in the 1740s led by preachers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield . American Evangelicals affected by the Awakening added a new emphasis on divine outpourings of the Holy Spirit and conversions that implanted within new believers an intense love for God . Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and carried the newly created evangelicalism into the early republic , setting the stage for the Second Great Awakening beginning in the late 1790s . In the early stages , evangelicals in the South such as Methodists and Baptists preached for religious freedom and abolition of slavery ; they converted many slaves and recognized some as preachers . John Gadsby Chapman , The Baptism of Pocahontas ( 1840 ) . A copy is on display in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol . Each of the 13 American colonies had a slightly different governmental structure . Typically , a colony was ruled by a governor appointed from London who controlled the executive administration and relied upon a locally elected legislature to vote taxes and make laws . By the 18th century , the American colonies were growing very rapidly as a result of low death rates along with ample supplies of land and food . The colonies were richer than most parts of Britain , and attracted a steady flow of immigrants , especially teenagers who arrived as indentured servants . The tobacco and rice plantations imported African slaves for labor from the British colonies in the West Indies , and by the 1770s African slaves comprised a fifth of the American population . The question of independence from Britain did not arise as long as the colonies needed British military support against the French and Spanish powers . Those threats were gone by 1765 . London regarded the American colonies as existing for the benefit of the mother country . This policy is known as mercantilism . 18th century ( edit ) Map of the British and French settlements in North America in 1750 , before the French and Indian War An upper - class , with wealth based on large plantations operated by slave labor , and holding significant political power and even control over the churches , emerged in South Carolina and Virginia . A unique class system operated in upstate New York , where Dutch tenant farmers rented land from very wealthy Dutch proprietors , such as the Rensselaer family . The other colonies were more equalitarian , with Pennsylvania being representative . By the mid-18th century Pennsylvania was basically a middle - class colony with limited deference to its small upper - class . A writer in the Pennsylvania Journal in 1756 summed it up : The People of this Province are generally of the middling Sort , and at present pretty much upon a Level . They are chiefly industrious Farmers , Artificers or Men in Trade ; they enjoy in are fond of Freedom , and the meanest among them thinks he has a right to Civility from the greatest . Political integration and autonomy ( edit ) Join , or Die : This 1756 political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin urged the colonies to join together during the French and Indian War . The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was a watershed event in the political development of the colonies . It was also part of the larger Seven Years ' War . The influence of the main rivals of the British Crown in the colonies and Canada , the French and North American Indians , was significantly reduced with the territory of the Thirteen Colonies expanding into New France both in Canada and the Louisiana Territory . Moreover , the war effort resulted in greater political integration of the colonies , as reflected in the Albany Congress and symbolized by Benjamin Franklin 's call for the colonies to `` Join or Die '' . Franklin was a man of many inventions -- one of which was the concept of a United States of America , which emerged after 1765 and was realized in July 1776 . Following Britain 's acquisition of French territory in North America , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 with the goal of organizing the new North American empire and protecting the native Indians from colonial expansion into western lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains . In ensuing years , strains developed in the relations between the colonists and the Crown . The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act of 1765 , imposing a tax on the colonies without going through the colonial legislatures . The issue was drawn : did Parliament have this right to tax Americans who were not represented in it ? Crying `` No taxation without representation '' , the colonists refused to pay the taxes as tensions escalated in the late 1760s and early 1770s . An 1846 painting of the 1773 Boston Tea Party . The population density in the American Colonies in 1775 . The Boston Tea Party in 1773 was a direct action by activists in the town of Boston to protest against the new tax on tea . Parliament quickly responded the next year with the Coercive Acts , stripping Massachusetts of its historic right of self - government and putting it under army rule , which sparked outrage and resistance in all thirteen colonies . Patriot leaders from all 13 colonies convened the First Continental Congress to coordinate their resistance to the Coercive Acts . The Congress called for a boycott of British trade , published a list of rights and grievances , and petitioned the king for redress of those grievances . The appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened in 1775 to organize the defense of the colonies against the British Army . Ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were deliberately violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the arrival in Boston of the British Army to punish the Bostonians . This heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . The American Revolutionary War began at Concord and Lexington in April 1775 when the British tried to seize ammunition supplies and arrest the Patriot leaders . In terms of political values , the Americans were largely united on a concept called Republicanism , that rejected aristocracy and emphasized civic duty and a fear of corruption . For the Founding Fathers , according to one team of historians , `` republicanism represented more than a particular form of government . It was a way of life , a core ideology , an uncompromising commitment to liberty , and a total rejection of aristocracy . '' American Revolution ( edit ) Main articles : American Revolution and History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) See also : Commemoration of the American Revolution Washington 's surprise crossing of the Delaware River in Dec. 1776 was a major comeback after the loss of New York City ; his army defeated the British in two battles and recaptured New Jersey . The Thirteen Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776 as the United States of America . In the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) the Americans captured the British invasion army at Saratoga in 1777 , secured the Northeast and encouraged the French to make a military alliance with the United States . France brought in Spain and the Netherlands , thus balancing the military and naval forces on each side as Britain had no allies . General George Washington ( 1732 -- 99 ) proved an excellent organizer and administrator , who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors , selecting and mentoring his senior officers , supporting and training his troops , and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army . His biggest challenge was logistics , since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment , munitions , clothing , paychecks , or even the food supply of the soldiers . As a battlefield tactician , Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts . As a strategist , however , he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did . The British sent four invasion armies . Washington 's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776 , and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga ( 1777 ) and Yorktown ( 1781 ) . He limited the British control to New York City and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population . Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence The Loyalists , whom the British counted upon too heavily , comprised about 20 % of the population but never were well organized . As the war ended , Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783 , taking the Loyalist leadership with them . Washington astonished the world when , instead of seizing power for himself , he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia . Political scientist Seymour Martin Lipset observes , `` The United States was the first major colony successfully to revolt against colonial rule . In this sense , it was the first ' new nation ' . '' On July 2 , 1776 , the Second Continental Congress , meeting in Philadelphia , declared the independence of the colonies by adopting the resolution from Richard Henry Lee , that stated : That these United Colonies are , and of right out to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved ; that measures should be immediately taken for procuring the assistance of foreign powers , and a Confederation be formed to bind the colonies more closely together . . On July 4 , 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence and this date is celebrated as the nation 's birthday . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . On September 9 , 1776 , Congress officially changed the nation 's name to the United States of America . Until this point , the nation was known as the `` United Colonies of America '' The new nation was founded on Enlightenment ideals of liberalism in what Thomas Jefferson called the unalienable rights to `` life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness '' , and dedicated strongly to republican principles . Republicanism emphasized the people are sovereign ( not hereditary kings ) , demanded civic duty , feared corruption , and rejected any aristocracy . Early years of the Republic ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) See also : First Party System and Second Party System Confederation and Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Articles of Confederation and History of the United States Constitution Economic growth in America per capita income . Index with 1700 set as 100 . In the 1780s the national government was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress and became territories . With the migration of settlers to the Northwest , soon they became states . Nationalists worried that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Nationalists -- most of them war veterans -- organized in every state and convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . The delegates from every state wrote a new Constitution that created a much more powerful and efficient central government , one with a strong president , and powers of taxation . The new government reflected the prevailing republican ideals of guarantees of individual liberty and of constraining the power of government through a system of separation of powers . The Congress was given authority to ban the international slave trade after 20 years ( which it did in 1807 ) . A compromise gave the South Congressional apportionment out of proportion to its free population by allowing it to include three - fifths of the number of slaves in each state 's total population . This provision increased the political power of southern representatives in Congress , especially as slavery was extended into the Deep South through removal of Native Americans and transportation of slaves by an extensive domestic trade . To assuage the Anti-Federalists who feared a too - powerful national government , the nation adopted the United States Bill of Rights in 1791 . Comprising the first ten amendments of the Constitution , it guaranteed individual liberties such as freedom of speech and religious practice , jury trials , and stated that citizens and states had reserved rights ( which were not specified ) . President George Washington ( edit ) George Washington legacy remains among the two or three greatest in American history , as Commander - in - Chief of the Continental Army , hero of the Revolution , and the first President of the United States . George Washington -- a renowned hero of the American Revolutionary War , commander - in - chief of the Continental Army , and president of the Constitutional Convention -- became the first President of the United States under the new Constitution in 1789 . The national capital moved from New York to Philadelphia in 1790 and finally settled in Washington DC in 1800 . The major accomplishments of the Washington Administration were creating a strong national government that was recognized without question by all Americans . His government , following the vigorous leadership of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton , assumed the debts of the states ( the debt holders received federal bonds ) , created the Bank of the United States to stabilize the financial system , and set up a uniform system of tariffs ( taxes on imports ) and other taxes to pay off the debt and provide a financial infrastructure . To support his programs Hamilton created a new political party -- the first in the world based on voters -- the Federalist Party . Thomas Jefferson and James Madison formed an opposition Republican Party ( usually called the Democratic - Republican Party by political scientists ) . Hamilton and Washington presented the country in 1794 with the Jay Treaty that reestablished good relations with Britain . The Jeffersonians vehemently protested , and the voters aligned behind one party or the other , thus setting up the First Party System . Depiction of election - day activities in Philadelphia by John Lewis Krimmel , 1815 Federalists promoted business , financial and commercial interests and wanted more trade with Britain . Republicans accused the Federalists of plans to establish a monarchy , turn the rich into a ruling class , and making the United States a pawn of the British . The treaty passed , but politics became intensely heated . The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 , when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor , was the first serious test of the federal government . Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army , as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established . Washington refused to serve more than two terms -- setting a precedent -- and in his famous farewell address , he extolled the benefits of federal government and importance of ethics and morality while warning against foreign alliances and the formation of political parties . John Adams , a Federalist , defeated Jefferson in the 1796 election . War loomed with France and the Federalists used the opportunity to try to silence the Republicans with the Alien and Sedition Acts , build up a large army with Hamilton at the head , and prepare for a French invasion . However , the Federalists became divided after Adams sent a successful peace mission to France that ended the Quasi-War of 1798 . Slavery ( edit ) Main article : Slavery in the United States Slaves Waiting for Sale : Richmond , Virginia . Painted upon the sketch of 1853 During the first two decades after the Revolutionary War , there were dramatic changes in the status of slavery among the states and an increase in the number of freed blacks . Inspired by revolutionary ideals of the equality of men and influenced by their lesser economic reliance on slavery , northern states abolished slavery . States of the Upper South made manumission easier , resulting in an increase in the proportion of free blacks in the Upper South ( as a percentage of the total non-white population ) from less than one percent in 1792 to more than 10 percent by 1810 . By that date , a total of 13.5 percent of all blacks in the United States were free . After that date , with the demand for slaves on the rise because of the Deep South 's expanding cotton cultivation , the number of manumissions declined sharply ; and an internal U.S. slave trade became an important source of wealth for many planters and traders . In 1809 , president James Madison severed the US 's involvement with the Atlantic slave trade . 19th century ( edit ) Jeffersonian Republican Era ( edit ) Jefferson saw himself as a man of the frontier and a scientist ; he was keenly interested in expanding and exploring the West . Jefferson 's major achievement as president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , which provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River . Jefferson , a scientist himself , supported expeditions to explore and map the new domain , most notably the Lewis and Clark Expedition . Jefferson believed deeply in republicanism and argued it should be based on the independent yeoman farmer and planter ; he distrusted cities , factories and banks . He also distrusted the federal government and judges , and tried to weaken the judiciary . However he met his match in John Marshall , a Federalist from Virginia . Although the Constitution specified a Supreme Court , its functions were vague until Marshall , the Chief Justice ( 1801 -- 35 ) , defined them , especially the power to overturn acts of Congress or states that violated the Constitution , first enunciated in 1803 in Marbury v. Madison . War of 1812 ( edit ) Main article : War of 1812 Territorial expansion ; Louisiana Purchase in white . Thomas Jefferson defeated Adams for the presidency in the 1800 election . Americans were increasingly angry at the British violation of American ships ' neutral rights in order to hurt France , the impressment ( seizure ) of 10,000 American sailors needed by the Royal Navy to fight Napoleon , and British support for hostile Indians attacking American settlers in the Midwest . They may also have desired to annex all or part of British North America . Despite strong opposition from the Northeast , especially from Federalists who did not want to disrupt trade with Britain , Congress declared war on June 18 , 1812 . Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with what would become one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . The war was frustrating for both sides . Both sides tried to invade the other and were repulsed . The American high command remained incompetent until the last year . The American militia proved ineffective because the soldiers were reluctant to leave home and efforts to invade Canada repeatedly failed . The British blockade ruined American commerce , bankrupted the Treasury , and further angered New Englanders , who smuggled supplies to Britain . The Americans under General William Henry Harrison finally gained naval control of Lake Erie and defeated the Indians under Tecumseh in Canada , while Andrew Jackson ended the Indian threat in the Southeast . The Indian threat to expansion into the Midwest was permanently ended . The British invaded and occupied much of Maine . The British raided and burned Washington , but were repelled at Baltimore in 1814 -- where the `` Star Spangled Banner '' was written to celebrate the American success . In upstate New York a major British invasion of New York State was turned back . Finally in early 1815 Andrew Jackson decisively defeated a major British invasion at the Battle of New Orleans , making him the most famous war hero . With Napoleon ( apparently ) gone , the causes of the war had evaporated and both sides agreed to a peace that left the prewar boundaries intact . Americans claimed victory on February 18 , 1815 as news came almost simultaneously of Jackson 's victory of New Orleans and the peace treaty that left the prewar boundaries in place . Americans swelled with pride at success in the `` second war of independence '' ; the naysayers of the antiwar Federalist Party were put to shame and the party never recovered . The Indians were the big losers ; they never gained the independent nationhood Britain had promised and no longer posed a serious threat as settlers poured into the Midwest . Era of good feelings ( edit ) Main article : Era of Good Feelings Era of Good Feelings As strong opponents of the war , the Federalists held the Hartford Convention in 1814 that hinted at disunion . National euphoria after the victory at New Orleans ruined the prestige of the Federalists and they no longer played a significant role as a political party . President Madison and most Republicans realized they were foolish to let the Bank of the United States close down , for its absence greatly hindered the financing of the war . So , with the assistance of foreign bankers , they chartered the Second Bank of the United States in 1816 . Settlers crossing the Plains of Nebraska . The Republicans also imposed tariffs designed to protect the infant industries that had been created when Britain was blockading the U.S. With the collapse of the Federalists as a party , the adoption of many Federalist principles by the Republicans , and the systematic policy of President James Monroe in his two terms ( 1817 -- 25 ) to downplay partisanship , the nation entered an Era of Good Feelings , with far less partisanship than before ( or after ) , and closed out the First Party System . The Monroe Doctrine , expressed in 1823 , proclaimed the United States ' opinion that European powers should no longer colonize or interfere in the Americas . This was a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States . The Monroe Doctrine was adopted in response to American and British fears over Russian and French expansion into the Western Hemisphere . In 1832 , President Andrew Jackson , 7th President of the United States , ran for a second term under the slogan `` Jackson and no bank '' and did not renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States of America , ending the Bank in 1836 . Jackson was convinced that central banking was used by the elite to take advantage of the average American , and instead implemented state banks , popularly known as `` pet banks . '' Indian removal ( edit ) Main article : Indian removal The Indian Removal Act resulted in the transplantation of several Native American tribes and the Trail of Tears . In 1830 , Congress passed the Indian Removal Act , which authorized the president to negotiate treaties that exchanged Native American tribal lands in the eastern states for lands west of the Mississippi River . Its goal was primarily to remove Native Americans , including the Five Civilized Tribes , from the American Southeast ; they occupied land that settlers wanted . Jacksonian Democrats demanded the forcible removal of native populations who refused to acknowledge state laws to reservations in the West ; Whigs and religious leaders opposed the move as inhumane . Thousands of deaths resulted from the relocations , as seen in the Cherokee Trail of Tears . Many of the Seminole Indians in Florida refused to move west ; they fought the Army for years in the Seminole Wars . Second Party system ( edit ) Main articles : Second Party System and Presidency of Andrew Jackson Henry Clay After the First Party System of Federalists and Republicans withered away in the 1820s , the stage was set for the emergence of a new party system based on well organized local parties that appealed for the votes of ( almost ) all adult white men . The former Jeffersonian ( Democratic - Republican ) party split into factions . They split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe , and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles , led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren , became the Democratic Party . As Norton explains the transformation in 1828 : Jacksonians believed the people 's will had finally prevailed . Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties , political leaders , and newspaper editors , a popular movement had elected the president . The Democrats became the nation 's first well - organized national party ... and tight party organization became the hallmark of nineteenth - century American politics . Opposing factions led by Henry Clay helped form the Whig Party . The Democratic Party had a small but decisive advantage over the Whigs until the 1850s , when the Whigs fell apart over the issue of slavery . Behind the platforms issued by state and national parties stood a widely shared political outlook that characterized the Democrats : Horace Greeley 's New York Tribune -- the leading Whig paper -- endorsed Clay for President and Fillmore for Governor , 1844 . The Democrats represented a wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society . They viewed the central government as the enemy of individual liberty . The 1824 `` corrupt bargain '' had strengthened their suspicion of Washington politics ... Jacksonians feared the concentration of economic and political power . They believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special - interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich . They sought to restore the independence of the individual ( the `` common man , '' i.e. the artisan and the ordinary farmer ) by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency , which they distrusted . Their definition of the proper role of government tended to be negative , and Jackson 's political power was largely expressed in negative acts . He exercised the veto more than all previous presidents combined . Jackson and his supporters also opposed reform as a movement . Reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for a more active government . But Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform mid the establishment of a public education system . They believed , for instance , that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools . Nor did Jackson share reformers ' humanitarian concerns . He had no sympathy for American Indians , initiating the removal of the Cherokees along the Trail of Tears . Second Great Awakening ( edit ) Main article : Second Great Awakening A drawing of a Protestant camp meeting , 1829 . The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival movement that affected the entire nation during the early 19th century and led to rapid church growth . The movement began around 1790 , gained momentum by 1800 , and , after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations , whose preachers led the movement . It was past its peak by the 1840s . It enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations . Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age . The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements -- including abolitionism and temperance designed to remove the evils of society before the anticipated Second Coming of Jesus Christ . Abolitionism ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism in the United States Officers and men of the Irish - Catholic 69th New York Volunteer Regiment attend Catholic services in 1861 . After 1840 the abolitionist movement redefined itself as a crusade against the sin of slave ownership . It mobilized support ( especially among religious women in the Northeast affected by the Second Great Awakening ) . William Lloyd Garrison , a radical abolitionist , published the most influential of the many anti-slavery newspapers , The Liberator , while Frederick Douglass , an ex-slave , began writing for that newspaper around 1840 and started his own abolitionist newspaper North Star in 1847 . The great majority of anti-slavery activists , such as Abraham Lincoln , rejected Garrison 's theology and held that slavery was an unfortunate social evil , not a sin . Westward expansion and manifest Destiny ( edit ) Main article : American frontier The American colonies and the new nation grew rapidly in population and area , as pioneers pushed the frontier of settlement west . The process finally ended around 1890 -- 1912 as the last major farmlands and ranch lands were settled . Native American tribes in some places resisted militarily , but they were overwhelmed by settlers and the army and after 1830 were relocated to reservations in the west . The highly influential `` Frontier Thesis '' of Wisconsin historian Frederick Jackson Turner argues that the frontier shaped the national character , with its boldness , violence , innovation , individualism , and democracy . The California Gold Rush news of gold brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad . Recent historians have emphasized the multicultural nature of the frontier . Enormous popular attention in the media focuses on the `` Wild West '' of the second half of the 19th century . As defined by Hine and Faragher , `` frontier history tells the story of the creation and defense of communities , the use of the land , the development of markets , and the formation of states '' . They explain , `` It is a tale of conquest , but also one of survival , persistence , and the merging of peoples and cultures that gave birth and continuing life to America . '' The first settlers in the west were the Spanish in New Mexico ; they became U.S. citizens in 1848 . The Hispanics in California ( `` Californios '' ) were overwhelmed by over 100,000 gold rush miners . California grew explosively . San Francisco by 1880 had become the economic hub of the entire Pacific Coast with a diverse population of a quarter million . From the early 1830s to 1869 , the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by over 300,000 settlers . ' 49ers ( in the California Gold Rush ) , ranchers , farmers , and entrepreneurs and their families headed to California , Oregon , and other points in the far west . Wagon - trains took five or six months on foot ; after 1869 , the trip took 6 days by rail . Manifest Destiny was the belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent . This concept was born out of `` A sense of mission to redeem the Old World by high example ... generated by the potentialities of a new earth for building a new heaven . '' Manifest Destiny was rejected by modernizers , especially the Whigs like Henry Clay and Abraham Lincoln who wanted to build cities and factories -- not more farms . Democrats strongly favored expansion , and won the key election of 1844 . After a bitter debate in Congress the Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845 , leading to war with Mexico , who considered Texas to be a part of Mexico due to the large numbers of Mexican settlers . The American occupation of Mexico City in 1848 The Mexican -- American War ( 1846 -- 48 ) broke out with the Whigs opposed to the war , and the Democrats supporting the war . The U.S. army , using regulars and large numbers of volunteers , defeated the Mexican armies , invaded at several points , captured Mexico City and won decisively . The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war in 1848 . Many Democrats wanted to annex all of Mexico , but that idea was rejected by southerners who argued that by incorporating millions of Mexican people , mainly of mixed race , would undermine the United States as an exclusively white republic . Instead the U.S. took Texas and the lightly settled northern parts ( California and New Mexico ) . The Hispanic residents were given full citizenship and the Mexican Indians became American Indians . Simultaneously , gold was discovered in California in 1849 , attracting over 100,000 men to northern California in a matter of months in the California Gold Rush . A peaceful compromise with Britain gave the U.S. ownership of the Oregon Country , which was renamed the Oregon Territory . Divisions between North and South ( edit ) Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and History of the United States ( 1849 -- 65 ) United States map , 1863 Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) The central issue after 1848 was the expansion of slavery , pitting the anti-slavery elements in the North , against the pro-slavery elements that dominated the South . A small number of active Northerners were abolitionists who declared that ownership of slaves was a sin ( in terms of Protestant theology ) and demanded its immediate abolition . Much larger numbers in the North were against the expansion of slavery , seeking to put it on the path to extinction so that America would be committed to free land ( as in low - cost farms owned and cultivated by a family ) , free labor , and free speech ( as opposed to censorship of abolitionist material in the South ) . Southern whites insisted that slavery was of economic , social , and cultural benefit to all whites ( and even to the slaves themselves ) , and denounced all anti-slavery spokesmen as `` abolitionists . '' Justifications of slavery included economics , history , religion , legality , social good , and even humanitarianism , to further their arguments . Defenders of slavery argued that the sudden end to the slave economy would have had a profound and killing economic impact in the South where reliance on slave labor was the foundation of their economy . They also argued that if all the slaves were freed , there would be widespread unemployment and chaos . Religious activists split on slavery , with the Methodists and Baptists dividing into northern and southern denominations . In the North , the Methodists , Congregationalists , and Quakers included many abolitionists , especially among women activists . ( The Catholic , Episcopal and Lutheran denominations largely ignored the slavery issue . ) The issue of slavery in the new territories was seemingly settled by the Compromise of 1850 , brokered by Whig Henry Clay and Democrat Stephen Douglas ; the Compromise included the admission of California as a free state in exchange for no federal restrictions on slavery placed on Utah or New Mexico . The point of contention was the Fugitive Slave Act , which increased federal enforcement and required even free states to cooperate in turning over fugitive slaves to their owners . Abolitionists pounced on the Act to attack slavery , as in the best - selling anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom 's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe . The Compromise of 1820 was repealed in 1854 with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , promoted by Senator Douglas in the name of `` popular sovereignty '' and democracy . It permitted voters to decide on the legality slavery in each territory , and allowed Douglas to adopt neutrality on the issue of slavery . Anti-slavery forces rose in anger and alarm , forming the new Republican Party . Pro - and anti - contingents rushed to Kansas to vote slavery up or down , resulting in a miniature civil war called Bleeding Kansas . By the late 1850s , the young Republican Party dominated nearly all northern states and thus the electoral college . It insisted that slavery would never be allowed to expand ( and thus would slowly die out ) . The Southern slavery - based societies had become wealthy based on their cotton and other agricultural commodity production , and some particularly profited from the internal slave trade . Northern cities such as Boston and New York , and regional industries , were tied economically to slavery by banking , shipping , and manufacturing , including textile mills . By 1860 , there were four million slaves in the South , nearly eight times as many as there were nationwide in 1790 . The plantations were highly profitable , due to the heavy European demand for raw cotton . Most of the profits were invested in new lands and in purchasing more slaves ( largely drawn from the declining tobacco regions ) . The United States , immediately before the Civil War . All of the lands east of , or bordering , the Mississippi River were organized as states in the Union , but the West was still largely unsettled . For 50 of the nation 's first 72 years , a slaveholder served as President of the United States and , during that period , only slaveholding presidents were re-elected to second terms . In addition , southern states benefited by their increased apportionment in Congress due to the partial counting of slaves in their populations . Slave rebellions , by Gabriel Prosser ( 1800 ) , Denmark Vesey ( 1822 ) , Nat Turner ( 1831 ) , and most famously by John Brown ( 1859 ) , caused fear in the white South , which imposed stricter oversight of slaves and reduced the rights of free blacks . The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 required the states to cooperate with slave owners when attempting to recover escaped slaves , which outraged Northerners . Formerly , an escaped slave that reached a non-slave state was presumed to have attained sanctuary and freedom under the Missouri Compromise . The Supreme Court 's 1857 decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional ; angry Republicans said this decision threatened to make slavery a national institution . After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation , the Confederate States of America ( Confederacy ) , on February 8 , 1861 . It attacked Fort Sumter , a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina , thus igniting the war . When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861 , four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy . A few of the ( northernmost ) `` slave states '' did not secede and became known as the border states ; these were Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , and Missouri . During the war , the northwestern portion of Virginia seceded from the Confederacy . and became the new Union state of West Virginia . West Virginia is usually associated with the border states . Civil War ( edit ) Main article : American Civil War The Union had large advantages in men and resources at the start of the war . The ratio grew steadily in favor of the Union . The Civil War began on April 12 , 1861 , when elements of 100,000 Confederate forces attacked a U.S. military installation at Fort Sumter in South Carolina . In response to the attack , on April 15 , Lincoln called on the states to send detachments totaling 75,000 troops to recapture forts , protect the capital , and `` preserve the Union '' , which in his view still existed intact despite the actions of the seceding states . The two armies had their first major clash at the First Battle of Bull Run ( Battle of Manassas ) , ending in a Union defeat , but , more importantly , proved to both the Union and Confederacy that the war would be much longer and bloodier than originally anticipated . Lincoln with Allan Pinkerton and Major General John Alexander McClernand at the Battle of Antietam . The war soon divided into two theaters : Eastern and Western . In the western theater , the Union was relatively successful , with major battles , such as Perryville and Shiloh along with Union gunboat dominance of navigable rivers producing strategic Union victories and destroying major Confederate operations . Warfare in the Eastern theater began poorly for the Union as the Confederates won at Manassas Junction ( Bull Run ) , just outside Washington . Major General George B. McClellan was put in charge of the Union armies . After reorganizing the new Army of the Potomac , McClellan failed to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia in his Peninsula Campaign and retreated after attacks from newly appointed Confederate General Robert E. Lee . Meanwhile , both sides concentrated in 1861 -- 62 on raising and training new armies . The main action was Union success in controlling the border states , with Confederates largely driven out of Maryland , West Virginia ( a new state ) , Kentucky and Missouri . The autumn 1862 Confederate campaign into Maryland was designed to hurt Union morale and win European support . It ended with Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam , and Lincoln 's warning he would issue an Emancipation Proclamation in January 1863 if the states did not return . Making slavery a central war goal Energized Republicans in the North , as well as their enemies , the anti-war Copperhead Democrats . It ended the risk of British and French intervention . Lee 's smaller army won at the Battle of Fredericksburg late in 1862 , causing yet another change in commanders . Lee won again at the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 , while losing his top aide , Stonewall Jackson . But Lee pushed too hard and ignored the Union threat in the west . Lee invaded Pennsylvania in search of supplies and to cause war - weariness in the North . In perhaps the turning point of the war , Lee 's army was badly beaten at the Battle of Gettysburg , July 1 -- 3 , 1863 , and barely made it back to Virginia . On the homefront , industrial expansion in the North expanded dramatically , using its extensive railroad service , and moving industrial workers into munitions factories . Foreign trade increased , with the United States providing both food and cotton to Britain , And Britain sending in manufactured products and thousands of volunteers for the Union Army ( plus a few to the Confederates ) . The British operated blockade runners bringing in food , luxury items and munitions to the Confederacy , bringing out tobacco and cotton . The Union blockade increasingly shut down Confederate ports , and by late 1864 the blockade runners Were usually captured before they could make more than handful of runs . The Battle of Franklin , November 30 , 1864 . In the West , on July 4 , 1863 , Union forces under the command of General Ulysses S. Grant gained control of the Mississippi River at the Battle of Vicksburg , thereby splitting the Confederacy . Lincoln made General Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant put General William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western armies . In 1864 , Sherman marched south from Chattanooga to capture Atlanta , a decisive victory that ended war jitters among Republicans in the North who feared they might fail to reelect Lincoln in 1864 . Lincoln won a landslide . The last two years of the war were bloody for both sides , With Sherman marching almost unopposed through central and eastern Georgia , then moving up through South Carolina and North Carolina , burning cities , destroying plantations , ruining railroads and bridges , but avoiding civilian casualties . Sherman demonstrated that the South line the long - term ability to resist a northern invasion . Much of the heartland of the Confederacy was physically destroyed , and could no longer provide desperately needed food , horses , mules , wagons , boots or munitions to its combat armies . In spring 1864 Grant , realizing that Lee was unable to replenishes casualties , while Lincoln would provide replacements for Union losses , launched a war of attrition against Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia . This war of attrition was divided into three main campaigns . The first of these , the Overland Campaign forced Lee to retreat into the city of Petersburg where Grant launched his second major offensive , the Richmond - Petersburg Campaign in which he besieged Petersburg . After a near ten - month siege , Petersburg surrendered . However , the defense of Fort Gregg allowed Lee to move his army out of Petersburg . Grant pursued and launched the final , Appomattox Campaign which resulted in Lee surrendering his Army of Northern Virginia numbering 28,000 on April 9 , 1865 , at Appomattox Court House . Other Confederate armies followed suit and the war ended with no postwar insurgency . The American Civil War was the world 's earliest industrial war . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I. It remains the deadliest war in American history , resulting in the deaths of about 750,000 soldiers and an undetermined number of civilian casualties . About ten percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 died . Its legacy includes ending slavery in the United States , restoring the Union , and strengthening the role of the federal government . According to historian Allan Nevins the Civil War had a major long - term impact on the United States in terms of developing its leadership potential and moving the entire nation beyond the adolescent stage : The fighting and its attendant demands upon industry , finance , medicine , and law also helped train a host of leaders who during the next 35 years , to 1900 , made their influence powerfully felt on most of the social , economic , and cultural fronts . It broke down barriers of parochialism ; it ended distrust of large - scale effort ; it hardened and matured the whole people emotionally . The adolescent land of the 1850s ... rose under the blows of battle to adult estate . The nation of the post-Appomattox generation , though sadly hurt ( especially in the South ) by war losses , and deeply scarred psychologically ( especially in the North ) by war hatreds and greeds , had at last the power , resolution , and self - trust of manhood . Emancipation ( edit ) See also : Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War and Emancipation Proclamation First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln by Francis Bicknell Carpenter ( People in the image are clickable . ) The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1 , 1863 . In a single stroke it changed the legal status , as recognized by the U.S. government , of 3 million slaves in designated areas of the Confederacy from `` slave '' to `` free . '' It had the practical effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government , by running away or through advances of federal troops , the slave became legally and actually free . The owners were never compensated . Plantation owners , realizing that emancipation would destroy their economic system , sometimes moved their slaves as far as possible out of reach of the Union army . By June 1865 , the Union Army controlled all of the Confederacy and liberated all of the designated slaves . Large numbers moved into camps run by the Freedmen 's Bureau , where they were given food , shelter , medical care , and arrangements for their employment were made . The severe dislocations of war and Reconstruction had a large negative impact on the black population , with a large amount of sickness and death . Reconstruction Era ( edit ) Main article : Reconstruction Era See also : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Freedmen voting in New Orleans , 1867 . Reconstruction lasted from Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 to the Compromise of 1877 . The major issues faced by Lincoln were the status of the ex-slaves ( called `` Freedmen '' ) , the loyalty and civil rights of ex-rebels , the status of the 11 ex-Confederate states , the powers of the federal government needed to prevent a future civil war , and the question of whether Congress or the President would make the major decisions . The severe threats of starvation and displacement of the unemployed Freedmen were met by the first major federal relief agency , the Freedmen 's Bureau , operated by the Army . Three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' were passed to expand civil rights for black Americans : the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery ; the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed equal rights for all and citizenship for blacks ; the Fifteenth Amendment prevented race from being used to disfranchise men . Ex-Confederates remained in control of most Southern states for over two years , but changed when the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress in the 1866 elections . President Andrew Johnson , who sought easy terms for reunions with ex-rebels , was virtually powerless in the face of the Radical Republican Congress ; he was impeached , but the Senate 's attempt to remove him from office failed by one vote . Congress enfranchised black men and temporarily stripped many ex-Confederate leaders of the right to hold office . New Republican governments came to power based on a coalition of Freedmen made up of Carpetbaggers ( new arrivals from the North ) , and Scalawags ( native white Southerners ) . They were backed by the U.S. Army . Opponents said they were corrupt and violated the rights of whites . Atlanta 's railyard and roundhouse in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War State by state they lost power to a conservative - Democratic coalition , which gained control of the entire South by 1877 . In response to Radical Reconstruction , the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) emerged in 1867 as a white - supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights and Republican rule . President Ulysses Grant 's vigorous enforcement of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1870 shut down the Klan , and it disbanded . Paramilitary groups , such as the White League and Red Shirts emerged about 1874 that worked openly to use intimidation and violence to suppress black voting to regain white political power in states across the South during the 1870s . Rable described them as the military arm of the Democratic Party . Reconstruction ended after the disputed 1876 election . The Compromise of 1877 gave Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes the White House in exchange for removing all remaining federal troops in the South . The federal government withdrew its troops from the South , and Southern Democrats took control of every Southern state . From 1890 to 1908 , southern states effectively disfranchised most black voters and many poor whites by making voter registration more difficult through poll taxes , literacy tests , and other arbitrary devices . They passed segregation laws and imposed second - class status on blacks in a system known as Jim Crow that lasted until the Civil Rights Movement . The West and the Gilded Age ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad ( 1869 ) at First Transcontinental Railroad , by Andrew J. Russell . The latter half of the nineteenth century was marked by the rapid development and settlement of the far West , first by wagon trains and riverboats and then aided by the completion of the transcontinental railroad . Large numbers of European immigrants ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) took up low - cost or free farms in the Prairie States . Mining for silver and copper opened up the Mountain West . The United States Army fought frequent small - scale wars with Native Americans as settlers encroached on their traditional lands . Gradually the U.S. purchased the Native American tribal lands and extinguished their claims , forcing most tribes onto subsidized reservations . According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) , from 1789 to 1894 : The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number . They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men , women and children , including those killed in individual combats , and the lives of about 30,000 Indians . The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate ... Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry . The `` Gilded Age '' was a term that Mark Twain used to describe the period of the late 19th century with a dramatic expansion of American wealth and prosperity , underscored by the mass corruption in the government . Reforms of the Age included the Civil Service Act , which mandated a competitive examination for applicants for government jobs . Other important legislation included the Interstate Commerce Act , which ended railroads ' discrimination against small shippers , and the Sherman Antitrust Act , which outlawed monopolies in business . Twain believed that this age was corrupted by such elements as land speculators , scandalous politics , and unethical business practices . Since the days of Charles A. Beard and Matthew Josephson , some historians have argued that the United States was effectively plutocratic for at least part of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era . As financiers and industrialists such as J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller began to amass vast fortunes , many U.S. observers were concerned that the nation was losing its pioneering egalitarian spirit . By 1890 American industrial production and per capita income exceeded those of all other world nations . In response to heavy debts and decreasing farm prices , wheat and cotton farmers joined the Populist Party . An unprecedented wave of immigration from Europe served to both provide the labor for American industry and create diverse communities in previously undeveloped areas . From 1880 to 1914 , peak years of immigration , more than 22 million people migrated to the United States . Most were unskilled workers who quickly found jobs in mines , mills , factories . Many immigrants were craftsmen ( especially from Britain and Germany ) bringing human skills , and others were farmers ( especially from Germany and Scandinavia ) who purchased inexpensive land on the Prairies from railroads who sent agents to Europe . Poverty , growing inequality and dangerous working conditions , along with socialist and anarchist ideas diffusing from European immigrants , led to the rise of the labor movement , which often included violent strikes . Skilled workers banded together to control their crafts and raise wages by forming labor unions in industrial areas of the Northeast . Before the 1930s few factory workers joined the unions in the labor movement . Samuel Gompers led the American Federation of Labor ( 1886 -- 1924 ) , coordinating multiple unions . Industrial growth was rapid , led by John D. Rockefeller in oil and Andrew Carnegie in steel ; both became leaders of philanthropy ( Gospel of Wealth ) , giving away their fortunes to create the modern system of hospitals , universities , libraries , and foundations . Mulberry Street , along which Manhattan 's Little Italy is centered . Lower East Side , circa 1900 . Almost 97 % of residents of the 10 largest American cities of 1900 were non-Hispanic whites . The Panic of 1893 broke out and was a severe nationwide depression impacting farmers , workers , and businessmen who saw prices , wages , and profits fall . Many railroads went bankrupt . The resultant political reaction fell on the Democratic Party , whose leader President Grover Cleveland shouldered much of the blame . Labor unrest involved numerous strikes , most notably the violent Pullman Strike of 1894 , which was shut down by federal troops under Cleveland 's orders . The Populist Party gained strength among cotton and wheat farmers , as well as coal miners , but was overtaken by the even more popular Free Silver movement , which demanded using silver to enlarge the money supply , leading to inflation that the silverites promised would end the depression . The financial , railroad , and business communities fought back hard , arguing that only the gold standard would save the economy . In the most intense election in the nation 's history , conservative Republican William McKinley defeated silverite William Jennings Bryan , who ran on the Democratic , Populist , and Silver Republican tickets . Bryan swept the South and West , but McKinley ran up landslides among the middle class , industrial workers , cities , and among upscale farmers in the Midwest . Prosperity returned under McKinley , the gold standard was enacted , and the tariff was raised . By 1900 the U.S. had the strongest economy on the globe . Apart from two short recessions ( in 1907 and 1920 ) the overall economy remained prosperous and growing until 1929 . Republicans , citing McKinley 's policies , took the credit . 20th century ( edit ) Progressive Era ( edit ) Main article : Progressive Era American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . Dissatisfaction on the part of the growing middle class with the corruption and inefficiency of politics as usual , and the failure to deal with increasingly important urban and industrial problems , led to the dynamic Progressive Movement starting in the 1890s . In every major city and state , and at the national level as well , and in education , medicine , and industry , the progressives called for the modernization and reform of decrepit institutions , the elimination of corruption in politics , and the introduction of efficiency as a criterion for change . Leading politicians from both parties , most notably Theodore Roosevelt , Charles Evans Hughes , and Robert La Follette on the Republican side , and William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson on the Democratic side , took up the cause of progressive reform . Women became especially involved in demands for woman suffrage , prohibition , and better schools ; their most prominent leader was Jane Addams of Chicago , who created settlement houses . `` Muckraking '' journalists such as Upton Sinclair , Lincoln Steffens and Jacob Riis exposed corruption in business and government along with rampant inner city poverty . Progressives implemented anti-trust laws and regulated such industries of meat - packing , drugs , and railroads . Four new constitutional amendments -- the Sixteenth through Nineteenth -- resulted from progressive activism , bringing the federal income tax , direct election of Senators , prohibition , and woman suffrage . The Progressive Movement lasted through the 1920s ; the most active period was 1900 -- 18 . Imperialism ( edit ) Further information : American imperialism This cartoon reflects the view of Judge magazine regarding America 's imperial ambitions following a quick victory in the Spanish -- American War of 1898 . The American flag flies from the Philippines and Hawaii in the Pacific to Cuba and Puerto Rico in the Caribbean . The United States emerged as a world economic and military power after 1890 . The main episode was the Spanish -- American War , which began when Spain refused American demands to reform its oppressive policies in Cuba . The `` splendid little war '' , as one official called it , involved a series of quick American victories on land and at sea . At the Treaty of Paris peace conference the United States acquired the Philippines , Puerto Rico , and Guam . Cuba became an independent country , under close American tutelage . Although the war itself was widely popular , the peace terms proved controversial . William Jennings Bryan led his Democratic Party in opposition to control of the Philippines , which he denounced as imperialism unbecoming to American democracy . President William McKinley defended the acquisition and was riding high as the nation had returned to prosperity and felt triumphant in the war . McKinley easily defeated Bryan in a rematch in the 1900 presidential election . After defeating an insurrection by Filipino nationalists , the United States engaged in a large - scale program to modernize the economy of the Philippines and dramatically upgrade the public health facilities . By 1908 , however , Americans lost interest in an empire and turned their international attention to the Caribbean , especially the building of the Panama Canal . In 1912 when Arizona became the final mainland state , the American Frontier came to an end . The canal opened in 1914 and increased trade with Japan and the rest of the Far East . A key innovation was the Open Door Policy , whereby the imperial powers were given equal access to Chinese business , with not one of them allowed to take control of China . World War I ( edit ) Main articles : American entry into World War I and United States home front during World War I American Cemetery at Romagne - sous - Montfaucon As World War I raged in Europe from 1914 , President Woodrow Wilson took full control of foreign policy , declaring neutrality but warning Germany that resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against American ships supplying goods to Allied nations would mean war . Germany decided to take the risk and try to win by cutting off supplies to Britain through the sinking of ships such as the RMS Lusitania ; the U.S. declared war in April 1917 mainly from the threat of the Zimmermann telegram . American money , food , and munitions arrived quickly , but troops had to be drafted and trained ; by summer 1918 American soldiers under General John J. Pershing arrived at the rate of 10,000 a day , while Germany was unable to replace its losses . The result was Allied victory in November 1918 . President Wilson demanded Germany depose the Kaiser and accept his terms in the famed Fourteen Points speech . Wilson dominated the 1919 Paris Peace Conference but Germany was treated harshly by the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles ( 1919 ) as Wilson put all his hopes in the new League of Nations . Wilson refused to compromise with Senate Republicans over the issue of Congressional power to declare war , and the Senate rejected the Treaty and the League . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Further information : Women 's suffrage in the United States Women suffragists demonstrating for the right to vote in 1913 . The women 's suffrage movement began with the June 1848 National Convention of the Liberty Party . Presidential candidate Gerrit Smith argued for and established women 's suffrage as a party plank . One month later , his cousin Elizabeth Cady Stanton joined with Lucretia Mott and other women to organize the Seneca Falls Convention , featuring the Declaration of Sentiments demanding equal rights for women , and the right to vote . Many of these activists became politically aware during the abolitionist movement . The women 's rights campaign during `` first - wave feminism '' was led by Stanton , Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony , among many others . Stone and Paulina Wright Davis organized the prominent and influential National Women 's Rights Convention in 1850 . The movement reorganized after the Civil War , gaining experienced campaigners , many of whom had worked for prohibition in the Women 's Christian Temperance Union . By the end of the 19th century a few western states had granted women full voting rights , though women had made significant legal victories , gaining rights in areas such as property and child custody . Women 's suffragists parade in New York City in 1917 , carrying placards with signatures of more than a million women . Around 1912 the feminist movement began to reawaken , putting an emphasis on its demands for equality and arguing that the corruption of American politics demanded purification by women because men could not do that job . Protests became increasingly common as suffragette Alice Paul led parades through the capital and major cities . Paul split from the large National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) , which favored a more moderate approach and supported the Democratic Party and Woodrow Wilson , led by Carrie Chapman Catt , and formed the more militant National Woman 's Party . Suffragists were arrested during their `` Silent Sentinels '' pickets at the White House , the first time such a tactic was used , and were taken as political prisoners . Women surrounded by posters in English and Yiddish supporting Franklin D. Roosevelt , Herbert H. Lehman , and the American Labor Party teach other women how to vote , 1936 . The old anti-suffragist argument that only men could fight a war , and therefore only men deserve the right to vote , was refuted by the enthusiastic participation of tens of thousands of American women on the home front in World War I. Across the world , grateful nations gave women the right to vote . Furthermore , most of the Western states had already given the women the right to vote in state and national elections , and the representatives from those states , including the first woman Jeannette Rankin of Montana , demonstrated that woman suffrage was a success . The main resistance came from the south , where white leaders were worried about the threat of black women voting . Congress passed the Nineteenth Amendment in 1919 , and women could vote in 1920 . NAWSA became the League of Women Voters , and the National Woman 's Party began lobbying for full equality and the Equal Rights Amendment , which would pass Congress during the second wave of the women 's movement in 1972 . Politicians responded to the new electorate by emphasizing issues of special interest to women , especially prohibition , child health , and world peace . The main surge of women voting came in 1928 , when the big - city machines realized they needed the support of women to elect Al Smith , a Catholic from New York City . Meanwhile , Protestants mobilized women to support Prohibition and vote for Republican Herbert Hoover . Roaring Twenties ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Further information : Great Depression , Causes of the Great Depression , and New Deal Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in Chicago , 1921 . In the 1920s the U.S. grew steadily in stature as an economic and military world power . The United States Senate did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles imposed by its Allies on the defeated Central Powers ; instead , the United States chose to pursue unilateralism . The aftershock of Russia 's October Revolution resulted in real fears of Communism in the United States , leading to a Red Scare and the deportation of aliens considered subversive . Money supply decreased a lot between Black Tuesday and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . While public health facilities grew rapidly in the Progressive Era , and hospitals and medical schools were modernized , the nation in 1918 lost 675,000 lives to the Spanish flu pandemic . In 1920 , the manufacture , sale , import and export of alcohol were prohibited by the Eighteenth Amendment , Prohibition . The result was that in cities illegal alcohol became a big business , largely controlled by racketeers . The second Ku Klux Klan grew rapidly in 1922 -- 25 , then collapsed . Immigration laws were passed to strictly limit the number of new entries . The 1920s were called the Roaring Twenties due to the great economic prosperity during this period . Jazz became popular among the younger generation , and thus the decade was also called the Jazz Age . Dorothea Lange 's Migrant Mother depicts destitute pea pickers in California , centering on Florence Owens Thompson , a mother of seven , age 32 , in Nipomo , California , March 1936 . The Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) and the New Deal ( 1933 -- 36 ) were decisive moments in American political , economic , and social history that reshaped the nation . Great Depression and New Deal ( edit ) Main articles : Great Depression in the United States and New Deal During the 1920s , the nation enjoyed widespread prosperity , albeit with a weakness in agriculture . A financial bubble was fueled by an inflated stock market , which later led to the Stock Market Crash on October 29 , 1929 . This , along with many other economic factors , triggered a worldwide depression known as the Great Depression . During this time , the United States experienced deflation as prices fell , unemployment soared from 3 % in 1929 to 25 % in 1933 , farm prices fell by half , and manufacturing output plunged by one - third . Outgoing president Herbert Hoover and Roosevelt on Inauguration Day , 1933 In 1932 , Democratic presidential nominee Franklin D. Roosevelt promised `` a New Deal for the American people '' , coining the enduring label for his domestic policies . The result was a series of permanent reform programs including Relief for the unemployed , assistance for the elderly , jobs for young men , social security , unemployment insurance , public housing , bankruptcy insurance , farm subsidies , and regulation of financial securities . State governments added new programs as well , and introduced the sales tax to pay for them . Ideologically the revolution established modern liberalism in the United States and kept the Democrats in power in Washington almost continuously for Three decades thanks to the New Deal Coalition of ethnic Whites , Blacks , blue - collar workers , labor unions , and white Southerners . It provided relief to the long - term unemployed through numerous programs , such as the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) and for young men , the Civilian Conservation Corps . Large scale spending projects designed to provide private sector construction jobs and rebuild the infrastructure were under the purview of the Public Works Administration . The Second New Deal was a turn to the left in 1935 -- 36 , building up labor unions through the Wagner Act . Unions became a powerful element of the merging New Deal Coalition , which won reelection for Roosevelt in 1936 , 1940 , and 1944 by mobilizing union members , blue collar workers , relief recipients , big city machines , ethnic , and religious groups ( especially Catholics and Jews ) and the white South , along with blacks in the North ( where they could vote ) . Roosevelt seriously weakened his second term by a failed effort to pack the Supreme Court , which had been a center of conservative resistance to his programs . Most of the relief programs were dropped after 1938 in the 1940s when the conservatives regained power in Congress through the Conservative Coalition . Of special importance is the Social Security program , begun in 1935 . The economy basically recovered by 1936 , but had a sharp , short recession in 1937 - 38 ; long - term unemployment , however , remained a problem until it was solved by wartime spending . World War II ( edit ) Further information : World War II , Military history of the United States during World War II , and United States home front during World War II The Japanese crippled American naval power with the attack on Pearl Harbor , destroying many battleships . In the Depression years , the United States remained focused on domestic concerns while democracy declined across the world and many countries fell under the control of dictators . Imperial Japan asserted dominance in East Asia and in the Pacific . Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy militarized and threatened conquests , while Britain and France attempted appeasement to avert another war in Europe . U.S. legislation in the Neutrality Acts sought to avoid foreign conflicts ; however , policy clashed with increasing anti-Nazi feelings following the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 that started World War II . Roosevelt positioned the U.S. as the `` Arsenal of Democracy '' , pledging full - scale financial and munitions support for the Allies -- but no military personnel . This was carried out through the Lend - Lease agreements . Japan tried to neutralize America 's power in the Pacific by attacking Pearl Harbor on December 7 , 1941 , which catalyzed American support to enter the war . The main contributions of the U.S. to the Allied war effort comprised money , industrial output , food , petroleum , technological innovation , and ( especially 1944 -- 45 ) , military personnel . Much of the focus in Washington was maximizing the economic output of the nation . The overall result was a dramatic increase in GDP , the export of vast quantities of supplies to the Allies and to American forces overseas , the end of unemployment , and a rise in civilian consumption even as 40 % of the GDP went to the war effort . This was achieved by tens of millions of workers moving from low - productivity occupations to high efficiency jobs , improvements in productivity through better technology and management , and the move into the active labor force of students , retired people , housewives , and the unemployed , and an increase in hours worked . Into the Jaws of Death : The Normandy landings began the Allied march toward Germany from the west . American corpses sprawled on the beach of Tarawa , November 1943 . It was exhausting ; leisure activities declined sharply . People tolerated the extra work because of patriotism , the pay , and the confidence that it was only `` for the duration '' , and life would return to normal as soon as the war was won . Most durable goods became unavailable , and meat , clothing , and gasoline were tightly rationed . In industrial areas housing was in short supply as people doubled up and lived in cramped quarters . Prices and wages were controlled , and Americans saved a high portion of their incomes , which led to renewed growth after the war instead of a return to depression . The Allies -- the United States , Britain , and the Soviet Union , China , as well as Poland , Canada and other countries -- fought the Axis powers of Germany , Italy , and Japan . The Allies saw Germany as the main threat and gave highest priority to Europe . The U.S. dominated the war against Japan and stopped Japanese expansion in the Pacific in 1942 . After losing Pearl Harbor and in the Philippines to the Japanese , and drawing the Battle of the Coral Sea ( May 1942 ) , the American Navy inflicted a decisive blow at Midway ( June 1942 ) . American ground forces assisted in the North African Campaign that eventually concluded with the collapse of Mussolini 's fascist government in 1943 , as Italy switched to the Allied side . A more significant European front was opened on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , in which American and Allied forces invaded Nazi - occupied France from Britain . Bronze statue of Eisenhower at Capitol rotunda . On the home front , mobilization of the U.S. economy was managed by Roosevelt 's War Production Board . The wartime production boom led to full employment , wiping out this vestige of the Great Depression . Indeed , labor shortages encouraged industry to look for new sources of workers , finding new roles for women and blacks . However , the fervor also inspired anti-Japanese sentiment , leading to internment of Japanese - Americans . Research and development took flight as well , best seen in the Manhattan Project , a secret effort to harness nuclear fission to produce highly destructive atomic bombs . The Allies pushed the Germans out of France but faced an unexpected counterattack at the Battle of the Bulge in December . The final German effort failed , and , as Allied armies in East and West were converging on Berlin , the Nazis hurriedly tried to kill the last remaining Jews . The western front stopped short , leaving Berlin to the Soviets as the Nazi regime formally capitulated in May 1945 , ending the war in Europe . Over in the Pacific , the U.S. implemented an island hopping strategy toward Tokyo , establishing airfields for bombing runs against mainland Japan from the Mariana Islands and achieving hard - fought victories at Iwo Jima and Okinawa in 1945 . Bloodied at Okinawa , the U.S. prepared to invade Japan 's home islands when B - 29s dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , forcing the empire 's surrender in a matter of days and thus ending World War II . The U.S. occupied Japan ( and part of Germany ) , sending Douglas MacArthur to restructure the Japanese economy and political system along American lines . During the war , Roosevelt coined the term `` Four Powers '' to refer four major Allies of World War II , the United States , the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union and China , which later became the foundation of the United Nations Security Council . Though the nation lost more than 400,000 military personnel , the mainland prospered untouched by the devastation of war that inflicted a heavy toll on Europe and Asia . Participation in postwar foreign affairs marked the end of predominant American isolationism . The awesome threat of nuclear weapons inspired both optimism and fear . Nuclear weapons were never used after 1945 , as both sides drew back from the brink and a `` long peace '' characterized the Cold War years , starting with the Truman Doctrine in May 22 , 1947 . There were , however , regional wars in Korea and Vietnam . The Cold War , Counterculture , and Civil rights ( edit ) Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and United States in the 1950s Cuban Missile Crisis a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Vienna in 1961 . Following World War II , the United States emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers , the USSR being the other . The U.S. Senate on a bipartisan vote approved U.S. participation in the United Nations ( UN ) , which marked a turn away from the traditional isolationism of the U.S. and toward increased international involvement . The primary American goal of 1945 -- 48 was to rescue Europe from the devastation of World War II and to contain the expansion of Communism , represented by the Soviet Union . U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War was built around the support of Western Europe and Japan along with the policy of containment , stopping the spread of communism . The U.S. joined the wars in Korea and Vietnam to try to stop its spread . The Truman Doctrine of 1947 provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey to counteract the threat of Communist expansion in the Balkans . In 1948 , the United States replaced piecemeal financial aid programs with a comprehensive Marshall Plan , which pumped money into the economy of Western Europe , and removed trade barriers , while modernizing the managerial practices of businesses and governments . President Kennedy 's Civil Rights Address , June 11 , 1963 . The Plan 's $13 billion budget was in the context of a U.S. GDP of $258 billion in 1948 and was in addition to the $12 billion in American aid given to Europe between the end of the war and the start of the Marshall Plan . Soviet head of state Joseph Stalin prevented his satellite states from participating , and from that point on , Eastern Europe , with inefficient centralized economies , fell further and further behind Western Europe in terms of economic development and prosperity . In 1949 , the United States , rejecting the long - standing policy of no military alliances in peacetime , formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) alliance , which continues into the 21st century . In response the Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact of communist states , leading to the `` iron curtain '' . Apollo 11 In August 1949 the Soviets tested their first nuclear weapon , thereby escalating the risk of warfare . The threat of mutually assured destruction however , prevented both powers from nuclear war , and resulted in proxy wars , especially in Korea and Vietnam , in which the two sides did not directly confront each other . Within the United States , the Cold War prompted concerns about Communist influence . The unexpected leapfrogging of American technology by the Soviets in 1957 with Sputnik , the first Earth satellite , began the Space Race , won by the Americans as Apollo 11 landed astronauts on the moon in 1969 . The angst about the weaknesses of American education led to large - scale federal support for science education and research . In the decades after World War II , the United States became a global influence in economic , political , military , cultural , and technological affairs . Beginning in the 1950s , middle - class culture became obsessed with consumer goods . White Americans made up nearly 90 % of the population in 1950 . In 1960 , the charismatic politician John F. Kennedy was elected as the first and -- thus far -- only Roman Catholic President of the United States . The Kennedy family brought a new life and vigor to the atmosphere of the White House . His time in office was marked by such notable events as the acceleration of the United States ' role in the Space Race , escalation of the American role in the Vietnam War , the Cuban missile crisis , the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the jailing of Martin Luther King , Jr. during the Birmingham campaign , and the appointment of his brother Robert F. Kennedy to his Cabinet as Attorney General . Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas , on November 22 , 1963 , leaving the nation in profound shock . Climax of liberalism ( edit ) American soldiers during the Vietnam War , 1967 The climax of liberalism came in the mid-1960s with the success of President Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 69 ) in securing congressional passage of his Great Society programs . They included civil rights , the end of segregation , Medicare , extension of welfare , federal aid to education at all levels , subsidies for the arts and humanities , environmental activism , and a series of programs designed to wipe out poverty . As recent historians have explained : Gradually , liberal intellectuals crafted a new vision for achieving economic and social justice . The liberalism of the early 1960s contained no hint of radicalism , little disposition to revive new deal era crusades against concentrated economic power , and no intention to redistribute wealth or restructure existing institutions . Internationally it was strongly anti-Communist . It aimed to defend the free world , to encourage economic growth at home , and to ensure that the resulting plenty was fairly distributed . Their agenda - much influenced by Keynesian economic theory - envisioned massive public expenditure that would speed economic growth , thus providing the public resources to fund larger welfare , housing , health , and educational programs . Johnson was rewarded with an electoral landslide in 1964 against conservative Barry Goldwater , which broke the decades - long control of Congress by the Conservative coalition . However , the Republicans bounced back in 1966 and elected Richard Nixon in 1968 . Nixon largely continued the New Deal and Great Society programs he inherited ; conservative reaction would come with the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 . Meanwhile , the American people completed a great migration from farms into the cities and experienced a period of sustained economic expansion . Civil rights movement ( edit ) Main article : Civil Rights Movement Civil Rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. ( right ) , with President Lyndon B. Johnson in the background ( left ) Starting in the late 1950s , institutionalized racism across the United States , but especially in the South , was increasingly challenged by the growing Civil Rights Movement . The activism of African - American leaders Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr. led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott , which launched the movement . For years African Americans would struggle with violence against them but would achieve great steps toward equality with Supreme Court decisions , including Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia , the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 , which ended the Jim Crow laws that legalized racial segregation between whites and blacks . Duncan West speaking with Cesar Chavez . The Delano UFW rally . Duncan represented the Teamsters who were supporting the UFW and condemning their IBT leadership for working as thugs against a fellow union . Duncan and his wife Mary were the branch organizers of the LA IS . Martin Luther King , Jr. , who had won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to achieve equality of the races , was assassinated in 1968 . Following his death others led the movement , most notably King 's widow , Coretta Scott King , who was also active , like her husband , in the Opposition to the Vietnam War , and in the Women 's Liberation Movement . There were 164 riots in 128 American cities in the first nine months of 1967 . Frustrations with the seemingly slow progress of the integration movement led to the emergence of more radical discourses during the early 1960s , which , in turn , gave rise to the Black Power movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s . The decade would ultimately bring about positive strides toward integration , especially in government service , sports , and entertainment . Native Americans turned to the federal courts to fight for their land rights . They held protests highlighting the federal government 's failure to honor treaties . One of the most outspoken Native American groups was the American Indian Movement ( AIM ) . In the 1960s , Cesar Chavez began organizing poorly paid Mexican - American farm workers in California . He led a five - year - long strike by grape pickers . Then Chávez formed the nation 's first successful union of farm workers . His United Farm Workers of America ( UFW ) faltered after a few years but after Chavez died in 1993 he became an iconic `` folk saint '' in the pantheon of Mexican Americans . The women 's movement ( edit ) Further information : Second - wave feminism Anti-Vietnam War demonstration , 1967 A new consciousness of the inequality of American women began sweeping the nation , starting with the 1963 publication of Betty Friedan 's best - seller , The Feminine Mystique , which explained how many housewives felt trapped and unfulfilled , assaulted American culture for its creation of the notion that women could only find fulfillment through their roles as wives , mothers , and keepers of the home , and argued that women were just as able as men to do every type of job . In 1966 Friedan and others established the National Organization for Women , or NOW , to act for women as the NAACP did for African Americans . Two hippies at Woodstock Protests began , and the new Women 's Liberation Movement grew in size and power , gained much media attention , and , by 1968 , had replaced the Civil Rights Movement as the U.S 's main social revolution . Marches , parades , rallies , boycotts , and pickets brought out thousands , sometimes millions . There were striking gains for women in medicine , law , and business , while only a few were elected to office . The Movement was split into factions by political ideology early on , however ( with NOW on the left , the Women 's Equity Action League ( WEAL ) on the right , the National Women 's Political Caucus ( NWPC ) in the center , and more radical groups formed by younger women on the far left ) . The proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution , passed by Congress in 1972 was defeated by a conservative coalition mobilized by Phyllis Schlafly . They argued that it degraded the position of the housewife and made young women susceptible to the military draft . However , many federal laws ( i.e. , those equalizing pay , employment , education , employment opportunities , and credit ; ending pregnancy discrimination ; and requiring NASA , the Military Academies , and other organizations to admit women ) , state laws ( i.e. , those ending spousal abuse and marital rape ) , Supreme Court rulings ( i.e. ruling that the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to women ) , and state ERAs established women 's equal status under the law , and social custom and consciousness began to change , accepting women 's equality . The controversial issue of abortion , deemed by the Supreme Court as a fundamental right in Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , is still a point of debate today . The Counterculture Revolution and Cold War détente ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II shadows a Soviet Tu - 95 Bear D aircraft in the early 1970s U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park , Philadelphia on Earth Day , 1970 Amid the Cold War , the United States entered the Vietnam War , whose growing unpopularity fed already existing social movements , including those among women , minorities , and young people . President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society social programs and numerous rulings by the Warren Court added to the wide range of social reform during the 1960s and 1970s . Feminism and the environmental movement became political forces , and progress continued toward civil rights for all Americans . The Counterculture Revolution swept through the nation and much of the western world in the late sixties and early seventies , further dividing Americans in a `` culture war '' but also bringing forth more liberated social views . Johnson was succeeded in 1969 by Republican Richard Nixon , who attempted to gradually turn the war over to the South Vietnamese forces . He negotiated the peace treaty in 1973 which secured the release of POWs and led to the withdrawal of U.S. troops . The war had cost the lives of 58,000 American troops . Nixon manipulated the fierce distrust between the Soviet Union and China to the advantage of the United States , achieving détente ( relaxation ; ease of tension ) with both parties . Nixon departs The Watergate scandal , involving Nixon 's cover - up of his operatives ' break - in into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate office complex destroyed his political base , sent many aides to prison , and forced Nixon 's resignation on August 9 , 1974 . He was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford . The Fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War and resulted in North and South Vietnam being reunited . Communist victories in neighboring Cambodia and Laos occurred in the same year . The OPEC oil embargo marked a long - term economic transition since , for the first time , energy prices skyrocketed , and American factories faced serious competition from foreign automobiles , clothing , electronics , and consumer goods . By the late 1970s the economy suffered an energy crisis , slow economic growth , high unemployment , and very high inflation coupled with high interest rates ( the term stagflation was coined ) . Since economists agreed on the wisdom of deregulation , many of the New Deal era regulations were ended , such as in transportation , banking , and telecommunications . Jimmy Carter , running as someone who was not a part of the Washington political establishment , was elected president in 1976 . On the world stage , Carter brokered the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt . In 1979 , Iranian students stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 66 Americans hostage , resulting in the Iran hostage crisis . With the hostage crisis and continuing stagflation , Carter lost the 1980 election to the Republican Ronald Reagan . On January 20 , 1981 , minutes after Carter 's term in office ended , the remaining U.S. captives held at the U.S. embassy in Iran were released , ending the 444 - day hostage crisis . Close of the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate challenges Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall in 1987 , shortly before the end of the Cold War . Ronald Reagan produced a major realignment with his 1980 and 1984 landslide elections . Reagan 's economic policies ( dubbed `` Reaganomics '' ) and the implementation of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 lowered the top marginal tax rate from 70 % to 28 % over the course of seven years . Reagan continued to downsize government taxation and regulation . The U.S. experienced a recession in 1982 , but the negative indicators reversed , with the inflation rate decreasing from 11 % to 2 % , the unemployment rate decreasing from 10.8 % in December 1982 to 7.5 % in November 1984 , and the economic growth rate increasing from 4.5 % to 7.2 % . Reagan ordered a buildup of the U.S. military , incurring additional budget deficits . Reagan introduced a complicated missile defense system known as the Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI ) ( dubbed `` Star Wars '' by opponents ) in which , theoretically , the U.S. could shoot down missiles with laser systems in space . The Soviets reacted harshly because they thought it violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , and would upset the balance of power by giving the U.S. a major military advantage . For years Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev argued vehemently against SDI . However , by the late 1980s he decided the system would never work and should not be used to block disarmament deals with the U.S. Historians argue how great an impact the SDI threat had on the Soviets -- whether it was enough to force Gorbachev to initiate radical reforms , or whether the deterioration of the Soviet economy alone forced the reforms . There is agreement that the Soviets realized they were well behind the Americans in military technology , that to try to catch up would be very expensive , and that the military expenses were already a very heavy burden slowing down their economy . Reagan 's Invasion of Grenada and bombing of Libya were popular in the U.S , though his backing of the Contras rebels was mired in the controversy over the Iran -- Contra affair that revealed Reagan 's poor management style . Supreme Court Justice - nominee Sandra Day O'Connor talks with President Ronald Reagan outside the White House , July 15 , 1981 . Serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006 . She was the first woman to serve as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Reagan met four times with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev , who ascended to power in 1985 , and their summit conferences led to the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty . Gorbachev tried to save Communism in the Soviet Union first by ending the expensive arms race with America , then by shedding the East European empire in 1989 . The Soviet Union collapsed on Christmas Day 1991 , ending the U.S -- Soviet Cold War . Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty The United States emerged as the world 's sole remaining superpower and continued to intervene in international affairs during the 1990s , including the 1991 Gulf War against Iraq . Following his election in 1992 , President Bill Clinton oversaw one of the longest periods of economic expansion and unprecedented gains in securities values , a side effect of the digital revolution and new business opportunities created by the Internet . He also worked with the Republican Congress to pass the first balanced federal budget in 30 years . In 1998 , Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives on charges of lying about a sexual relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky . He was acquitted by the Senate . The failure of impeachment and the Democratic gains in the 1998 election forced House Speaker Newt Gingrich , a Republican , to resign from Congress . Clinton , Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13 , 1993 . The Republican Party expanded its base throughout the South after 1968 ( excepting 1976 ) , largely due to its strength among socially conservative white Evangelical Protestants and traditionalist Roman Catholics , added to its traditional strength in the business community and suburbs . As white Democrats in the South lost dominance of the Democratic Party in the 1990s , the region took on the two - party apparatus which characterized most of the nation . The Republican Party 's central leader by 1980 was Ronald Reagan , whose conservative policies called for reduced government spending and regulation , lower taxes , and a strong anti-Soviet foreign policy . His iconic status in the party persists into the 21st century , as practically all Republican Party leaders acknowledge his stature . Social scientists Theodore Caplow et al. argue , `` The Republican party , nationally , moved from right - center toward the center in 1940s and 1950s , then moved right again in the 1970s and 1980s . '' They add : `` The Democratic party , nationally , moved from left - center toward the center in the 1940s and 1950s , then moved further toward the right - center in the 1970s and 1980s . '' The presidential election in 2000 between George W. Bush and Al Gore was one of the closest in U.S. history and helped lay the seeds for political polarization to come . The vote in the decisive state of Florida was extremely close and produced a dramatic dispute over the counting of votes . The U.S. Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore ended the recount with a 5 -- 4 vote . That meant Bush , then in the lead , carried Florida and the election . Including 2000 , the Democrats outpolled the Republicans in the national vote in every election from 1992 to 2016 , except for 2004 . 21st century ( edit ) 9 / 11 and the War on Terror ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Further information : September 11 attacks and War on Terror The NASDAQ Composite index swelled with the dot - com bubble in the optimistic `` New Economy '' . The bubble burst in 2000 . On September 11 , 2001 ( `` 9 / 11 '' ) , the United States was struck by a terrorist attack when 19 al - Qaeda hijackers commandeered four airliners to be used in suicide attacks and intentionally crashed two into both twin towers of the World Trade Center and the third into the Pentagon , killing 2,937 victims -- 206 aboard the three airliners , 2,606 who were in the World Trade Center and on the ground , and 125 who were in the Pentagon . The fourth plane was re-taken by the passengers and crew of the aircraft . While they were not able to land the plane safely , they were able to re-take control of the aircraft and crash it into an empty field in Pennsylvania , killing all 44 people including the four terrorists on board , thereby saving whatever target the terrorists were aiming for . Within two hours , both Twin Towers of the World Trade Center completely collapsed causing massive damage to the surrounding area and blanketing Lower Manhattan in toxic dust clouds . All in all , a total of 2,977 victims perished in the attacks . In response , President George W. Bush on September 20 announced a `` War on Terror '' . On October 7 , 2001 , the United States and NATO then invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime , which had provided safe haven to al - Qaeda and its leader Osama bin Laden . The former World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during September 11 attacks in 2001 One World Trade Center , built in its place The federal government established new domestic efforts to prevent future attacks . The controversial USA PATRIOT Act increased the government 's power to monitor communications and removed legal restrictions on information sharing between federal law enforcement and intelligence services . A cabinet - level agency called the Department of Homeland Security was created to lead and coordinate federal counter-terrorism activities . Some of these anti-terrorism efforts , particularly the U.S. government 's handling of detainees at the prison at Guantanamo Bay , led to allegations against the U.S. government of human rights violations . George W. Bush addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations on September 12 , 2002 to outline the complaints of the United States government against the Iraqi government . In 2003 , from March 19 to May 1 , the United States launched an invasion of Iraq , which led to the collapse of the Iraq government and the eventual capture of Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein , with whom the U.S. had long - standing tense relations . The reasons for the invasion cited by the Bush administration included the spreading of democracy , the elimination of weapons of mass destruction ( a key demand of the UN as well , though later investigations found parts of the intelligence reports to be inaccurate ) , and the liberation of the Iraqi people . Despite some initial successes early in the invasion , the continued Iraq War fueled international protests and gradually saw domestic support decline as many people began to question whether or not the invasion was worth the cost . In 2007 , after years of violence by the Iraqi insurgency , President Bush deployed more troops in a strategy dubbed `` the surge '' . While the death toll decreased , the political stability of Iraq remained in doubt . Headquarters of the Lehman Brothers , who filed for bankruptcy in September 2008 at the height of the U.S. financial crisis . In 2008 , the unpopularity of President Bush and the Iraq war , along with the 2008 financial crisis , led to the election of Barack Obama , the first African - American President of the United States . After his election , Obama reluctantly continued the war effort in Iraq until August 31 , 2010 , when he declared that combat operations had ended . However , 50,000 American soldiers and military personnel were kept in Iraq to assist Iraqi forces , help protect withdrawing forces , and work on counter-terrorism until December 15 , 2011 , when the war was declared formally over and the last troops left the country . At the same time , Obama increased American involvement in Afghanistan , starting a surge strategy using an additional 30,000 troops , while proposing to begin withdrawing troops sometime in December 2014 . With regards to Guantanamo Bay , President Obama forbade torture but in general retained Bush 's policy regarding the Guantanamo detainees , while also proposing that the prison eventually be closed . In May 2011 , after nearly a decade in hiding , the founder and leader of Al Qaeda , Osama bin Laden , was killed in Pakistan in a raid conducted by U.S. naval special forces acting under President Obama 's direct orders . While Al Qaeda was near collapse in Afghanistan , affiliated organizations continued to operate in Yemen and other remote areas as the CIA used drones to hunt down and remove its leadership . The Boston Marathon Bombing was a bombing incident , followed by subsequent related shootings , that occurred when two pressure cooker bombs exploded during the Boston Marathon on April 15 , 2013 . The bombs exploded about 12 seconds and 210 yards ( 190 m ) apart at 2 : 49 pm EDT , near the marathon 's finish line on Boylston Street . They killed 3 people and injured an estimated 264 others . The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant -- formerly known as Al - Qaeda in Iraq -- rose to prominence in September 2014 . In addition to taking control of much of Western Iraq and Eastern Syria , ISIS also beheaded three journalists , two American and one British . These events lead to a major military offensive by the United States and its allies in the region . On December 28 , 2014 , President Obama officially ended the combat mission in Afghanistan and promised a withdrawal of all remaining U.S. troops at the end of 2016 with the exception of the embassy guards . The Great recession ( edit ) Main article : Great Recession Congressional leadership meeting with then - President Obama in 2011 . In September 2008 , the United States , and most of Europe , entered the longest post -- World War II recession , often called the `` Great Recession . '' Multiple overlapping crises were involved , especially the housing market crisis , a subprime mortgage crisis , soaring oil prices , an automotive industry crisis , rising unemployment , and the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression . The financial crisis threatened the stability of the entire economy in September 2008 when Lehman Brothers failed and other giant banks were in grave danger . Starting in October the federal government lent $245 billion to financial institutions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program which was passed by bipartisan majorities and signed by Bush . Following his election victory by a wide electoral margin in November 2008 , Bush 's successor -- Barack Obama -- signed into law the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 , which was a $787 billion economic stimulus aimed at helping the economy recover from the deepening recession . Obama , like Bush , took steps to rescue the auto industry and prevent future economic meltdowns . These included a bailout of General Motors and Chrysler , putting ownership temporarily in the hands of the government , and the `` cash for clunkers '' program which temporarily boosted new car sales . The recession officially ended in June 2009 , and the economy slowly began to expand once again . The unemployment rate peaked at 10.1 % in October 2009 after surging from 4.7 % in November 2007 , and returned to 5.0 % as of October 2015 . However , overall economic growth has remained weaker in the 2010s compared to expansions in previous decades . Recent events ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Tea Party protesters walk towards the United States Capitol during the Taxpayer March on Washington , September 12 , 2009 . From 2009 to 2010 , the 111th Congress passed major legislation such as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , informally known as Obamacare , the Dodd -- Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act and the Do n't Ask , Do n't Tell Repeal Act , which were signed into law by President Obama . Following the 2010 midterm elections , which resulted in a Republican - controlled House of Representatives and a Democratic - controlled Senate , Congress presided over a period of elevated gridlock and heated debates over whether or not to raise the debt ceiling , extend tax cuts for citizens making over $250,000 annually , and many other key issues . These ongoing debates led to President Obama signing the Budget Control Act of 2011 . In the Fall of 2012 , Mitt Romney challenged Barack Obama for the Presidency . Following Obama 's reelection in November 2012 , Congress passed the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 -- which resulted in an increase in taxes primarily on those earning the most money . Congressional gridlock continued as Congressional Republicans ' call for the repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act -- popularly known as `` Obamacare '' -- along with other various demands , resulted in the first government shutdown since the Clinton administration and almost led to the first default on U.S. debt since the 19th century . As a result of growing public frustration with both parties in Congress since the beginning of the decade , Congressional approval ratings fell to record lows , with only 11 % of Americans approving as of October 2013 . Other major events that have occurred during the 2010s include the rise of new political movements , such as the conservative Tea Party movement and the liberal Occupy movement . There was also unusually severe weather during the early part of the decade . In 2012 , over half the country experienced record drought and Hurricane Sandy caused massive damage to coastal areas of New York and New Jersey . On the morning of June 26 , 2015 outside the Supreme Court , the crowd reacts to the Court 's decision on Obergefell v. Hodges The ongoing debate over the issue of rights for the LGBT community , most notably that of same - sex marriage , began to shift in favor of same - sex couples , and has been reflected in dozens of polls released in the early part of the decade . In 2012 , President Obama became the first president to openly support same - sex marriage , and the 2013 Supreme Court decision in the case of United States v. Windsor provided for federal recognition of same - sex unions . In June 2015 , the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage nationally in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges . Political debate has continued over issues such as tax reform , immigration reform , income inequality and U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East , particularly with regards to global terrorism , the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and an accompanying climate of Islamophobia . Trump signing Executive Order 13769 at the Pentagon as the Vice President Mike Pence and Secretary of Defense James Mattis look on , January 27 , 2017 On November 8 , 2016 , Republican Party presidential nominee Donald Trump defeated Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton to become the President - elect of the United States . Trump 's election became mired in controversy after U.S. intelligence agencies concluded that associates of the Russian government interfered in the election `` to undermine public faith in the U.S. democratic process . '' This , along with questions about potential collusion between the Trump campaign and Russian officials , led to the launch of investigations into the matter by the FBI , and the Senate and the House Intelligence Committees . Historical graph of political party control of the Senate and House of Representatives as well as the Presidency . See also ( edit ) American urban history Colonial history of the United States Economic history of the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of education in the United States History of United States foreign policy History of immigration to the United States History of religion in the United States History of the Southern United States History of women in the United States List of historians by area of study # History of the United States List of history journals # United States and Canada List of Presidents of the United States Military history of the United States Outline of United States history Politics of the United States Territorial evolution of the United States Territories of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Ideas About Human Migration From Asia To Americas '' . ScienceDaily . October 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2006 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips ( 1957 ) . 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Saucier , E. Thurman Allen , C.T. Hallmark , Jay K. Johnson , Edwin H. Jackson , Charles M. Allen , Gary L. Stringer , Douglas S. Frink , James K. Feathers , Stephen Williams , Kristen J. Gremillion , Malcolm F. Vidrine , and Reca Jones , `` A Mound Complex in Louisiana at 5400 -- 5000 Years Before the Present '' , Science , September 19 , 1997 : Vol. 277 no . 5333 , pp. 1796 -- 1799 , accessed October 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ ^ Fagan , Brian M. 2005 . Ancient North America : The Archaeology of a Continent . Fourth Edition . New York . Thames & Hudson Inc. p. 418 . Jump up ^ `` Hopewell '' . Ohio History Central . Jump up ^ Douglas T. Price , and Gary M. Feinman ( 2008 ) . Images of the Past , 5th edition . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 274 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 340520 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Chenault , Mark , Rick Ahlstrom , and Tom Motsinger , ( 1993 ) In the Shadow of South Mountain : The Pre-Classic Hohokam of ' La Ciudad de los Hornos ' , Part I and II . 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Jump up ^ James Davie Butler , `` British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies , '' American Historical Review ( 1896 ) 2 # 1 pp. 12 -- 33 in JSTOR ; Thomas Keneally , The Commonwealth of Thieves , Random House Publishing , Sydney , 2005 . Jump up ^ Tougias , Michael ( 1997 ) . `` King Philip 's War in New England '' . HistoryPlace.com . Jump up ^ Oatis , Steven J. ( 2004 ) . A Colonial Complex : South Carolina 's Frontiers in the Era of the Yamasee War , 1680 -- 1730 . University of Nebraska Press . p. 167 . Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , The Great Awakening : The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Max Savelle ( 2005 ) ( 1948 ) . Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind . Kessinger Publishing . pp. 185 -- 90 . ISBN 9781419107078 . Jump up ^ Clinton Rossiter , Seedtime of the Republic : the origin of the American tradition of political liberty ( 1953 ) p 106 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2010 ) . The First American : The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin . Random House Digital , Inc . pp. 232 -- 40 , 510 -- 12 . ISBN 9780307754943 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2012 ) ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic , 1763 -- 89 ( 4th ed . ) . U. of Chicago Press . pp. 14 -- 27 . ISBN 9780226923420 . Jump up ^ Robert Allison ( 2007 ) . The Boston Tea Party . Applewood Books . pp. 47 -- 63 . ISBN 9781933212111 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 - 4 Jump up ^ Robert A. Divine , T.H. Breen , et al . The American Story ( 3rd ed. 2007 ) p 147 Jump up ^ John E. Ferling , Independence : The Struggle to Set America Free ( 2011 ) ^ Jump up to : Lesson Plan on `` What Made George Washington a Good Military Leader ? '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ Lipset , The First New Nation ( 1979 ) p. 2 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/congress-renames-the-nation-united-states-of-america Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) ^ Jump up to : Jack P. Greene , and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Labunski , James Madison and the Struggle for the Bill of Rights ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , The Presidency of George Washington ( 1974 ) ^ Jump up to : Marshall Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : The Menace of Monarchy , Plutocracy , and Anglophilia , 1789 -- 1798 , '' Review of Politics ( 1959 ) 21 # 1 pp 239 -- 258 in JSTOR Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ Lesson Plan on `` Washington and the Whiskey Rebellion '' NEH EDSITEMENT Jump up ^ `` George Washington 's Farewell Address '' . Archiving Early America . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2008 ) ch 10 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , pp. 79 -- 81 Jump up ^ Gordon S. Wood , Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) pp 368 -- 74 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Ambrose , Undaunted Courage : Meriwether Lewis , Thomas Jefferson , and the Opening of the American West ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Jean Edward Smith , John Marshall : Definer of a Nation ( 1998 ) pp 309 -- 26 Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Carlisle & Golson 2007 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925b . ) Expansionists of 1812 Jump up ^ David Heidler , Jeanne T. Heidler , The War of 1812 , p. 4 Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 , Spencer Tucker , p. 236 Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty ( 2009 ) ch 18 Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` Tecumseh , Harrison , and the War of 1812 , '' Indiana Magazine of History ( March 1969 ) 65 # 1 pp 25 -- 44 online ^ Jump up to : J.C.A. Stagg , The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ James Banner , To the Hartford Convention : the Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1969 ) ^ Jump up to : George Dangerfield , The Era of Good Feelings : America Comes of Age in the Period of Monroe and Adams Between the War of 1812 , and the Ascendancy of Jackson ( 1963 ) ^ Jump up to : Paul Goodman , `` The First American Party System '' in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham , eds . The American Party Systems : Stages of Political Development ( 1967 ) , 56 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Mark T. Gilderhus , `` The Monroe Doctrine : Meanings and Implications , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly March 2006 , Vol. 36 # 1 pp 5 -- 16 ^ Jump up to : Andrew Jackson Archived January 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , North Carolina History Project Jump up ^ David Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler , Indian Removal ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini , Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( Houghton Mifflin , 2007 ) p 287 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation , Volume I : to 1877 ( 2007 ) pp 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Robert Allen Rutland , The Democrats : From Jefferson to Clinton ( U. of Missouri Press , 1995 ) ch 1 -- 4 Jump up ^ Sydney Ahlstrom , A Religious History of the American People ( 1972 ) pp 415 -- 71 Jump up ^ Timothy L. Smith , Revivalism and Social Reform : American Protestantism on the Eve of the Civil War ( 1957 ) Jump up ^ John Stauffer , Giants : The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ James Oakes ( 2008 ) . The Radical and the Republican : Frederick Douglass , Abraham Lincoln , and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics . W.W. Norton . p. 57 . ISBN 9780393078725 . Jump up ^ Molly Oshatz ( 2011 ) . Slavery and Sin : The Fight Against Slavery and the Rise of Liberal Protestantism . Oxford U.P. p. 12 . ISBN 9780199751686 . Jump up ^ For a recent overview see Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , Frontiers : A Short History of the American West ( 2008 ) ; for elaborate detail see Howard R. Lamar , ed . The New Encyclopedia of the American West ( 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher , The American West : A New Interpretive History ( Yale University Press , 2000 ) p. 10 Jump up ^ John David Unruh , The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1993 ) p 120 Jump up ^ Merk 1963 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Howe argues that , `` American imperialism did not represent an American consensus ; it provoked bitter dissent within the national polity . '' Daniel Walker Howe , What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( 2007 ) pp 705 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Hine and Faragher , The American West ( 2000 ) ch 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Daniel Walker Howe ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . p. 798 . ISBN 9780199726578 . Jump up ^ Jeff Forret , Slavery in the United States ( Facts on File , 2012 ) Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Southern Argument for Slavery ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jon Sensbach . Review of McKivigan , John R. ; Snay , Mitchell , eds. , Religion and the Antebellum Debate Over Slavery H - SHEAR , H - Net Reviews . January 2000 . online Jump up ^ ushistory.org . `` The Compromise of 1850 ( ushistory.org ) '' . www.ushistory.org . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , America 's Great Debate : Henry Clay , Stephen A. Douglas , and the Compromise That Preserved the Union ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Nicole Etcheson , Bleeding Kansas : Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : James Oliver Horton : Exhibit Reveals History of Slavery in New York City '' Archived December 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , PBS Newshour , January 25 , 2007 , Retrieved February 11 , 2012 Jump up ^ Kenneth Stampp , The Causes of the Civil War ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) ch 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Stephen E. Woodworth , Decision in the Heartland : The Civil War in the West ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , The Army of the Potomac : Mr. Lincoln 's Army ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ On Lee 's strategy in 1863 see James M. McPherson , `` To Conquer a Peace ? '' Civil War Times ( March / April 2007 ) 46 # 2 pp 26 -- 33 , online at EBSCO Jump up ^ A new way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . J. David Hacker , `` Recounting the Dead , '' New York Times Sept 20 , 2011 . For more details see J. David Hacker , `` A census - based count of the Civil War dead . '' Civil War History 57.4 ( 2011 ) : 307 -- 348 . Jump up ^ John Huddleston , Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape ( 2002 ) p 3 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , `` Introduction '' in Paul Gates , Agriculture and the Civil War ( 1965 ) p.v. Jump up ^ `` Art & History : First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Lincoln '' . U.S. Senate . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Lincoln met with his cabinet on July 22 , 1862 , for the first reading of a draft of the Emancipation Proclamation . Sight measurement . Height : 108 inches ( 274.32 cm ) Width : 180 inches ( 457.2 cm ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation : The End of Slavery in America ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Jim Downs , Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Allen C. Guelzo , Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2012 ) pp 445 -- 513 is a brief treatment ; see also Eric Foner , A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) ; and Mark Wahlgren Summers , The Ordeal of the Reunion : A New History of Reconstruction ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Paul A , Cimbala , The Freedmen 's Bureau : Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War ( 2005 ) includes a brief history and primary documents ^ Jump up to : George C. Rable , But There Was No Peace : The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Edward L. Ayers , The Promise of the New South : Life After Reconstruction ( 1992 ) pp 3 -- 54 Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , The Strange Career of Jim Crow ( 3rd ed. 1974 ) Jump up ^ Howard Sitkoff , The Struggle for Black Equality ( 3rd ed. 2008 ) ch 7 Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1894 ) . Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States ( except Alaska ) . p. 637 . ISBN 9780883544624 . Jump up ^ Alan Trachtenberg , The Incorporation of America : Culture and Society in the Gilded Age ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles , A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The rise of American civilization ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Matthew Josephson , The robber barons : The great American capitalists , 1861 -- 1901 ( 1934 ) Jump up ^ Pettigrew , Richard Franklin ( 2010 ) . Triumphant Plutocracy : The Story of American Public Life from 1870 to 1920 . Nabu Press . ISBN 1146542747 . Jump up ^ Ryan , foreword by Vincent P. De Santis ; edited by Leonard Schlup , James G. ( 2003 ) . Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . p. 145 . ISBN 0765603314 . Jump up ^ John Calvin Reed , The New Plutocracy ( 1903 ) . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 067443000X pp. 348 -- 349 Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Learn About the Gilded Age '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Growth of U.S. Population '' . TheUSAonline.com . Jump up ^ Bacon , Katie ( June 12 , 2007 ) . The Dark Side of the Gilded Age . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard . A People 's History of the United States . New York : Harper Perennial Modern Classics , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 083865 - 5 pp. 264 -- 282 . Jump up ^ `` '' The First Measured Century : An Illustrated Guide to Trends in America , 1900 -- 2000 `` '' . Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Jump up ^ Charles Hoffmann , `` The Depression of the Nineties , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1956 ) 16 # 2 pp 137 -- 164 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Worth Robert Miller , `` A Centennial Historiography of American Populism , '' Kansas History ( 1993 ) 16 # 1 pp 54 -- 69 . online edition Archived July 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ William D. Harpine ( 2006 ) . From the Front Porch to the Front Page : McKinley and Bryan in the 1896 Presidential Campaign . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 176 -- 86 . ISBN 9781585445592 . Jump up ^ H. Wayne Morgan , `` William McKinley as a Political Leader , '' Review of Politics ( 1966 ) 28 # 4 pp. 417 -- 432 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mintz , Steven ( 2006 ) . `` Learn About the Progressive Era '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ George Mowry , The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America , 1900 -- 1912 ( Harpers , 1954 ) Jump up ^ `` A Thing Well Begun Is Half Done '' . Persuasive Maps : PJ Mode Collection . Cornell University . Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson . `` United States Intervention in Cuba , 1898 : Interpretations of the Spanish -- American -- Cuban -- Filipino War , '' The History Teacher ( 1996 ) 29 # 3 pp. 341 -- 61 in JSTOR ^ Jump up to : Fred H. Harrington , `` The Anti-Imperialist Movement in the United States , 1898 -- 1900 , '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1935 ) 22 # 2 pp. 211 -- 30 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , `` Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism ? '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1937 ) 24 # 1 pp 43 -- 52 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Peter W. Stanley , A Nation in the Making : The Philippines and the United States , 1899 -- 1921 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Richard J. Jensen , Jon Thares Davidann , and Yoneyuki Sugital , eds . Trans - Pacific relations : America , Europe , and Asia in the twentieth century ( Greenwood , 2003 ) Jump up ^ McNabb , James B. ( 2005 ) . `` Germany 's Decision for Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and Its Impact on the U.S. Declaration of War '' . In Roberts , Priscilla Mary and Spencer Tucker . World War I : Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 482 -- 83 . ISBN 9781851094202 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edward M. Coffman , The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ The Seneca Falls Convention was preceded by the Anti-Slavery Convention of American Women in 1837 held in New York City , at which women 's rights issues were debated , especially African - American women 's rights . Gordon , Ann D. ; Collier - Thomas , Bettye ( 1997 ) . `` Introduction '' . African American women and the vote , 1837 -- 1965 . University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 2 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 55849 - 059 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Mead , How the Vote Was Won : Woman Suffrage in the Western United States , 1868 -- 1914 ( 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : Glenda Riley , Inventing the American Woman : An Inclusive History ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ `` Suffragists Parade Down Fifth Avenue -- 1917 '' . New York Times . 1917 . Jump up ^ Aileen S. Kraditor , The Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement : 1890 -- 1920 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ Katherine H. Adams and Michael L. Keene , Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Elizabeth Frost - Knappman and Kathryn Cullen - Dupont , Women 's Suffrage in America ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lynn Dumenil , The Modern Temper : American Culture and Society in the 1920s ( 1995 ) pp 98 -- 144 Jump up ^ Kristi Andersen , After Suffrage : Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics before the New Deal ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Allan J. Lichtman ( 2000 ) ( 1979 ) . Prejudice and the Old Politics : The Presidential Election of 1928 . Lexington Books . p. 163 . ISBN 9780739101261 . Jump up ^ `` Feature : World War I and isolationism , 1913 -- 33 '' . U.S. Department of State . April 29 , 1991 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rodney P. Carlisle ( 2009 ) . Handbook to Life in America . Infobase Publishing . p. 245ff . ISBN 9781438119014 . Jump up ^ `` Pandemics and Pandemic Scares in the 20th Century '' . U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Jump up ^ For a comprehensive history by a leading scholar see David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Shlaes 2008 , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , ( Summer 2009 ) 124 # 2 pp 251 -- 68 Jump up ^ Conrad Black , Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom ( 2003 ) pp 648 -- 82 Jump up ^ Gordon W. Prange , Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon , At Dawn We Slept : The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ Harold G. Vatter , The U.S. Economy in World War II ( 1988 ) pp 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ David Kennedy , Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2001 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ `` Dwight D. Eisenhower '' . aoc.gov . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) pp 615 -- 68 Jump up ^ Roger Daniels , Prisoners Without Trial : Japanese Americans in World War II ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Richard Rhodes , The Making of the Atomic Bomb ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Stephen Ambrose , Eisenhower and Berlin , 1945 : The Decision to Halt at the Elbe ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector , Eagle Against the Sun ( 1985 ) ch 12 -- 18 Jump up ^ D.M. Giangreco , Hell to Pay : Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan , 1945 -- 1947 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Richard B. Finn , Winners in Peace : MacArthur , Yoshida , and Postwar Japan ( 1992 ) pp 43 -- 103 Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Long Peace : Inquiries Into the History of the Cold War ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : John Lewis Gaddis , The Cold War : A New History ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ James T. Patterson , Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . United States -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1790 to 1990 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Brien , John F. Kennedy : A Biography ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eric Alterman and Kevin Mattson , The Cause : The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Robert Dallek , Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , Guns or Butter : The Presidency of Lyndon Johnson ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ David Edwin Harrell , Jr. , Edwin S. Gaustad , John B. Boles , Sally Foreman Griffith , Randall M. Miller , Randall B. Woods , Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) pp 1052 -- 53 Jump up ^ Gregory Schneider , The Conservative Century : From Reaction to Revolution ( Rowman & Littlefield. 2009 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield , The Civil Rights Movement ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Lindsey Lupo ( 2010 ) . Flak - Catchers : One Hundred Years of Riot Commission Politics in America . Lexington Books . pp. 123 -- 24 . ISBN 9780739138120 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Peniel E. ( 2001 ) . `` '' Black Liberation without Apology : Reconceptualizing the Black Power Movement. `` '' . The Black Scholar. 31 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 2 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jacobs ( 2006 ) . Mexican American Literature : The Politics of Identity . Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 9781134218233 . Jump up ^ Angela Howard Zophy , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Phyllis Schlafly and Grassroots Conservatism : A Woman 's Crusade ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Jane J. Mansbridge , Why We Lost the ERA ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Donald T. Critchlow , Intended Consequences : Birth Control , Abortion , and the Federal Government in Modern America ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Roger Chapman , Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Voices , and Viewpoints ( 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : John Robert Greene , The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) Jump up ^ `` People & Events : The Election of 1976 '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 2000 ) . The American Presidents . Taylor & Francis . p. 545 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Jan 20 , 1981 : Iran Hostage Crisis ends '' . This Day in History . History.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Effective Federal Tax Rates : 1979 -- 2001 '' . Bureau of Economic Analysis . July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 140 -- 41 Jump up ^ `` The United States Unemployment Rate '' . Miseryindex.us . November 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2008 . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer ( 2010 ) . Arsenal of Democracy : The Politics of National Security -- From World War II to the War on Terrorism . Basic Books . p. 350 . ISBN 9780465015078 . Jump up ^ Ruud van Dijk ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of the Cold War . Routledge . pp. 863 -- 64 . ISBN 1 - 135 - 92311 - 6 . Jump up ^ John Ehrman ; Michael W. Flamm ( 2009 ) . Debating the Reagan Presidency . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 101 -- 82 . ISBN 9780742570573 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Steven R. ( July 7 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Nominating Woman , an Arizona Appeals Judge , to Serve on Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 243 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Wilentz 2008 , p. 400 Jump up ^ Theodore Caplow ; Howard M. Bahr ; Bruce A. Chadwick ; John Modell ( 1994 ) . Recent Social Trends in the United States , 1960 -- 1990 . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 337 . ISBN 9780773512122 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , pp. 420 -- 27 Jump up ^ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks , The 9 / 11 Commission Report ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David E. Sanger , Confront and Conceal : Obama 's Secret Wars and Surprising Use of American Power ( 2012 ) ch 1 , 5 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 59 -- 87 Jump up ^ `` Report Details Alleged Abuse of Guantanamo Bay , Abu Ghraib Detainees '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo an ideal recruitment tool for terrorists -- UN human rights chief '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , ed . The Presidency of George W. Bush : A First Historical Assessment ( 2010 ) pp 88 -- 113 Jump up ^ `` CIA 's final report : No WMD found in Iraq '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clifton , Eli ( November 7 , 2011 ) . `` Poll : 62 Percent Say Iraq War Was n't Worth Fighting '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Milbank , Dana ; Deane , Claudia ( June 8 , 2005 ) . `` Poll Finds Dimmer View of Iraq War '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilentz 2008 , p. 453 Jump up ^ William Crotty , `` Policy and Politics : The Bush Administration and the 2008 Presidential Election , '' Polity ( 2009 ) 41 # 3 pp 282 -- 311 doi : 10.1057 / pol. 2009.3 Jump up ^ NBC News , `` ' The war is over ' : Last US soldiers leave Iraq , '' MSNBC Dec. 18 , 2011 Archived March 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Glenn Greenwald , `` Obama 's new executive order on Guantanamo : The president again bolsters the Bush detention regime he long railed against , '' Salon March 8 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Obama Lays Out Strategy for ' New Phase ' in Terror Fight '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ; Cooper , Helene ; Mazzetti , Mark ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Bin Laden Is Dead , Obama Says '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Peter L. Bergen , Manhunt : The Ten - Year Search for Bin Laden -- from 9 / 11 to Abbottabad ( 2012 ) pp 250 -- 61 Jump up ^ `` Statement by the President on the End of the Combat Mission in Afghanistan '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas Payne , The Great Recession : What Happened ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ * Rosenberg , Jerry M. ( 2012 ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007 -- 2012 . Scarecrow Press 2nd edition 708pp . ISBN 9780810883406 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Kolb ( 2011 ) . The Financial Crisis of Our Time . Oxford University Press . p. 96ff . ISBN 9780199792788 . Jump up ^ Riley , Charles ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Treasury close to profit on TARP bank loans '' . CNN Money . Jump up ^ `` ' I 'd Approve TARP Again ' : George W. Bush '' . November 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Steven Rattner , Overhaul : An Insider 's Account of the Obama Administration 's Emergency Rescue of the Auto Industry ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Kaiser , Emily ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Recession ended in June 2009 : NBER '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ CNBC . `` US economy may be stuck in slow lane for long run '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Local news from Bellingham , Whatcom County , WA - BellinghamHerald.com '' . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mejeur , Jeanne . `` NATIONAL EMPLOYMENT MONTHLY UPDATE '' . National Conference of State Legislatures . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bruce S. Jansson ( 2011 ) . The Reluctant Welfare State : Engaging History to Advance Social Work Practice in Contemporary Society . Cengage Learning . p. 466 . ISBN 0840034407 . Jump up ^ Robert P. Watson ; et al. ( 2012 ) . The Obama Presidency : A Preliminary Assessment . SUNY Press . ISBN 9781438443287 . Jump up ^ Paul R. Abramson et al. Change and Continuity in the 2008 and 2010 Elections ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ `` Congress Ends 2011 Mired in Gridlock '' . InvestorPlace . December 22 , 2011 . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Congress ' Job Approval Falls to 11 % Amid Gov 't Shutdown '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights '' . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tottoli , Roberto ( 2014 ) . Routledge Handbook of Islam in the West . p. 230 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Trump promises ' I will not let you down '' . Associated Press . November 9 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ; Entous , Adam . `` Declassified report says Putin ' ordered ' effort to undermine faith in U.S. election and help Trump '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Fleitz , Fred ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Was Friday 's declassified report claiming Russian hacking of the 2016 election rigged ? '' . Fox News . Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart of Presidents of the United States '' . Filibustercartoons.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of Congress by Party 1855 -- 2013 '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Textbooks ( edit ) Alexander , Ruth M. and Mary Beth Norton , Major Problems in American Women 's History ( 4th ed. 2006 ) Beard , Charles A. and Mary Beard , The Rise of American civilization ( 2 vol. 1927 ) , Complete edition online , highly influential in 1920s -- 1940s Carnes , Mark C. , and John A. Garraty , The American Nation : A History of the United States ( 14th ed. 2015 ) ; university and AP textbook Hamby , Alonzo L. ( 2010 ) . Outline of U.S. History . U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2013 . Divine , Robert A. et al. America Past and Present ( 10th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Foner , Eric . Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 4th ed. 2013 ) , university textbook Gilbert , Martin . The Routledge Atlas of American History ( 2010 ) Kennedy , David M. ; Cohen , Lizabeth ( 2016 ) . The American Pageant : A History of the Republic ( 16th ed . ) . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . , university textbook 12th edition 2002 online Schweikart , Larry , and Dave Dougherty . A Patriot 's History of the Modern World , Vol . I : From America 's Exceptional Ascent to the Atomic Bomb : 1898 -- 1945 ; Vol. II : From the Cold War to the Age of Entitlement , 1945 -- 2012 ( 2 vol. 2013 ) , a view from the right Tindall , George B. , and David E. Shi . America : A Narrative History ( 9th ed. 2012 ) , university textbook Zinn , Howard ( 2003 ) . A People 's History of the United States . HarperPerennial Modern Classics . ISBN 9780060528423 . , a view from the left Further reading ( edit ) Agnew , Jean - Christophe , and Roy Rosenzweig , eds . A Companion to Post-1945 America ( 2006 ) Alden , John R. A history of the American Revolution ( 1966 ) 644pp online Boehm , Lisa Krissoff , and Steven Hunt Corey . America 's Urban History ( 2014 ) ; University textbook ; see website Boyer , Paul , ed . The Oxford companion to United States history ( 2001 ) online The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations ( 4 vol 2013 ) online Chambers , John Whiteclay , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) online Diner , Hasia , ed . Encyclopedia of American Women 's History ( 2010 ) Evans , Sara M. Born for Liberty : A History of Women in America ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search Fiege , Mark . The Republic of Nature : An Environmental History of the United States ( 2012 ) 584 pages Gerber , David A. American Immigration : A Very Short Introduction ( 2011 ) Goldfield , David . ed . Encyclopedia of American Urban History ( 2 vol 2006 ) ; 1056pp ; Gray , Edward G. ed . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) Horton , James Oliver and Lois E. Horton . Hard Road to Freedom : The Story of African America ( 2 vol. 2002 ) Howe , Daniel Walker . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) , Pulitzer Prize Hopkins , A.G. American Empire : A Global History ( 2018 ) excerpt Hornsby Jr. , Alton . A Companion to African American History ( 2008 ) Johnson , Thomas H. , ed . The Oxford companion to American history ( 1966 ) online Kammen , Michael G , ed . The Past before us : Contemporary historical writing in the United States ( 1980 ) , wide - ranging survey of historiography ; online free Kazin , Michael , et al. eds . The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ( 2011 ) Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2001 ) , Pulitzer Prize online Kirkendall , Richard S. A Global Power : America Since the Age of Roosevelt ( 2nd ed. 1980 ) university textbook 1945 -- 80 online Kirkland , Edward C. A History Of American Economic Life ( 3rd ed. 1960 ) online Kurian , George T. ed . Encyclopedia of American Studies ( 4 vol. 2001 ) . Lancaster , Bruce , Bruce Catton , and Thomas Fleming . The American Heritage History of the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , very well illustrated Leuchtenburg , William E. The American President : From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton ( 2015 ) , popular narrative by a leading scholar ; 904 pp McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2003 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; comprehensive coverage of 1848 -- 1865 Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) Milner , Clyde A. , Carol A. O'Connor , and Martha A. Sandweiss , eds . The Oxford History of the American West ( 1996 ) Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Nugent , Walter . Progressivism : A Very Short Introduction ( 2009 ) Patterson , James T. Grand Expectations : The United States , 1945 -- 1974 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 1997 ) Patterson , James T. Restless Giant : The United States from Watergate to Bush v. Gore ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) Paxson , Frederic Logan . History of the American frontier , 1763 -- 1893 ( 1924 ) online , old survey by leading authority ; Pulitzer Prize Perry , Elisabeth Israels , and Karen Manners Smith , eds . The Gilded Age & Progressive Era : A Student Companion ( 2006 ) Pole , Jack P. and J.R. Pole . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Resch , John , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture , and the Homefront ( 4 vol 2004 ) , essays by experts on a wide range of homefront topics . Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Sheehan - Dean , ed. , Aaron ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 44 - 435131 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) , 2 vol . 1232pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Slotten , Hugh Richard , ed. , The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American Science , Medicine , and Technology ( 2014 ) , 1456 pp Taylor , Alan . Colonial America : A Very Short Introduction ( 2012 ) 168pp Taylor , Alan . American Colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; by a leading scholar Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Thernstrom , Stephan , ed . Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups ( 1980 ) online Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 -- 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 -- 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 -- 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 -- 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 -- 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 -- 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 -- 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 -- 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 -- 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 -- 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 -- 2001 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) Wilentz , Sean ( 2008 ) . The Age of Reagan : A History , 1974 -- 2008 . Wood , Gordon S. Empire of Liberty : A History of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2009 ) Zophy , Angela Howard , ed . Handbook of American Women 's History . ( 2nd ed. 2000 ) . 763 pp. articles by experts online Primary sources ( edit ) Commager , Henry Steele and Milton Cantor . Documents of American History Since 1898 ( 8th ed. 2 vol 1988 ) Engel , Jeffrey A. et al. eds . America in the World : A History in Documents from the War with Spain to the War on Terror ( 2014 ) 416pp with 200 primary sources , 1890s -- 2013 Troy , Gil , and Arthur Schlesinger , Jr. , eds . History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHistory of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Encyclopedia of American Studies , sophisticated short articles on a wide range of topics . 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when did we become the united states of america
[ "Armed conflict began in 1775. In 1776, the Second Continental Congress declared the independence of the colonies as the United States of America. Led by General George Washington, it won the Revolutionary War with large support from France. The peace treaty of 1783 gave the new nation the land east of the Mississippi River (except Canada and Florida). The Articles of Confederation established a central government, but it was ineffectual at providing stability, as it could not collect taxes and had no executive officer. A convention in 1787 wrote a new Constitution that was adopted in 1789. In 1791, a Bill of Rights was added to guarantee inalienable rights. With Washington as the first president and Alexander Hamilton his chief adviser, a strong central government was created. Purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 doubled the size of the United States. A second and final war with Britain was fought in 1812, which solidified national pride.\n" ]
[ "1776" ]
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Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution - wikipedia Russian Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the revolutions of 1917 . For the revolution of 1905 , see 1905 Russian Revolution . Russian Revolution Bolshevik forces marching on the Red Square Date February Revolution : 8 -- 16 March 1917 ( O.S. 23 February -- 3 March ) October Revolution : 7 -- 8 November 1917 ( O.S. 25 -- 26 October ) Location Russian Empire Participants Russian society , bolsheviks , mensheviks , SRs , etc . Outcome Abdication of Nicholas II Collapse of the Imperial Government Collapse of the Provisional Government Creation of the Russian SFSR Beginning of the Russian Civil War Russian Revolution February Revolution April Crisis July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Russian Civil War Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union . The Russian Empire collapsed with the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 ( March in the Gregorian calendar ; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time ) . Alongside it arose grassroots community assemblies ( called ' soviets ' ) which contended for authority . In the second revolution that October , the Provisional Government was toppled and all power was given to the soviets . The February Revolution ( March 1917 ) was a revolution focused around Petrograd ( now Saint Petersburg ) , the capital of Russia at that time . In the chaos , members of the Imperial parliament ( the Duma ) assumed control of the country , forming the Russian Provisional Government which was heavily dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the noble aristocracy . The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution , resulting in Nicholas 's abdication . The soviets , which were dominated by soldiers and the urban industrial working class , initially permitted the Provisional Government to rule , but insisted on a prerogative to influence the government and control various militias . The February Revolution took place in the context of heavy military setbacks during the First World War ( 1914 -- 18 ) , which left much of the Russian Army in a state of mutiny . A period of dual power ensued , during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of soviets , led by socialists , had the allegiance of the lower classes and , increasingly , the left - leaning urban middle class . During this chaotic period there were frequent mutinies , protests and many strikes . Many socialist political organizations were engaged in daily struggle and vied for influence within the Duma and the soviets , central among which were the Bolsheviks ( `` Ones of the Majority '' ) led by Vladimir Lenin who campaigned for an immediate end to the war , land to the peasants , and bread to the workers . When the Provisional Government chose to continue fighting the war with Germany , the Bolsheviks and other socialist factions were able to exploit virtually universal disdain towards the war effort as justification to advance the revolution further . The Bolsheviks turned workers ' militias under their control into the Red Guards ( later the Red Army ) over which they exerted substantial control . In the October Revolution ( November in the Gregorian calendar ) , the Bolsheviks led an armed insurrection by workers and soldiers in Petrograd that successfully overthrew the Provisional Government , transferring all its authority to the soviets with the capital being relocated to Moscow shortly thereafter . The Bolsheviks had secured a strong base of support within the soviets and , as the now supreme governing party , established a federal government dedicated to reorganizing the former empire into the world 's first socialist republic , practicing soviet democracy on a national and international scale . The promise to end Russia 's participation in the First World War was honored promptly with the Bolshevik leaders signing the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany in March 1918 . To further secure the new state , the Cheka was established which functioned as a revolutionary security service that sought to weed out and punish those considered to be `` enemies of the people '' in campaigns consciously modeled on similar events during the French Revolution . Soon after , civil war erupted among the `` Reds '' ( Bolsheviks ) , the `` Whites '' ( counter-revolutionaries ) , the independence movements and the non-Bolshevik socialists . It continued for several years , during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists and thereafter reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party . In this way , the Revolution paved the way for the creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) in 1922 . While many notable historical events occurred in Moscow and Petrograd , there was also a visible movement in cities throughout the state , among national minorities throughout the empire and in the rural areas , where peasants took over and redistributed land . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Economic and social changes 1.2 Political issues 1.3 World War I 2 February Revolution 3 Between February and throughout October : `` Dual Power '' ( dvoevlastie ) 4 October Revolution 5 Russian Civil War 6 Execution of the imperial family 7 The revolution and the world 8 Historiography 9 Chronology 9.1 Chronology of events leading to the revolution 9.2 Chronology of the 1917 revolutions 10 Cultural portrayal 10.1 Film 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 Notes 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 Participants ' accounts 14.3 Primary documents 15 External links Background Main article : Russian history , 1892 -- 1917 Soldiers blocking Narva Gate on Bloody Sunday The Russian Revolution of 1905 was said to be a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917 . The events of Bloody Sunday triggered nationwide protests and soldier mutinies . A council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos . While the 1905 Revolution was ultimately crushed , and the leaders of the St. Petersburg Soviet were arrested , this laid the groundwork for the later Petrograd Soviet and other revolutionary movements during the leadup to 1917 . The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma ( parliament ) , that would later form the Provisional Government following February 1917 . The outbreak of World War I prompted general outcry directed at Tsar Nicholas II and the Romanov family . While the nation was initially caught up in a wave of nationalism , increasing numbers of defeats and poor conditions soon made the opposite true . The Tsar attempted to remedy the situation by taking personal control of the army in 1915 . This proved disastrous , as the Tsar was now held personally responsible for Russia 's continuing defeats and losses . In addition , the Tsarina Alexandra , left to rule in while the Tsar was commanding at the front , was German born , leading to suspicion of collusion , only exacerbated by rumors relating to her relationship with the controversial mystic Rasputin . Rasputin 's influence led to disastrous ministerial appointments and corruption , resulting in a worsening of conditions within Russia . This led to general dissatisfaction with the Romanov family , and was a major factor contributing to the retaliation of the Russian Communists against the royal family . After the entry of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers in October 1914 , Russia was deprived of a major trade route through the Dardanelles , which further contributed to the economic crisis , in which Russia became incapable of providing munitions to their army in the years leading to 1917 . However , the problems were primarily administrative , and not industrial , as Germany was producing great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts . The conditions during the war resulted in devastating loss of morale within the Russian army , as well as the general population . This was particularly apparent in the cities , owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture . Food scarcity had become a considerable problem in Russia , but the cause of this did not lie in any failure of the harvests , which had not been significantly altered during wartime . The indirect reason was that the government , in order to finance the war , had been printing millions of ruble notes , and by 1917 inflation had made prices increase up to four times what they had been in 1914 . Farmers were consequently faced with a higher cost of living , but little increase in income . As a result , they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to subsistence farming . Thus the cities were constantly short of food . At the same time , rising prices led to demands for higher wages in the factories , and in January and February 1916 revolutionary propaganda , in part aided by German funds , led to widespread strikes . This resulted in a growing criticism of the government , including an increased participation of workers in revolutionary parties . Liberal parties too had an increased platform to voice their complaints , as the initial fervor of the war had resulted in the Tsarist government creating a variety of political organizations . In July 1915 , a Central War Industries Committee was established under the chairmanship of a prominent Octobrist , Alexander Guchkov ( 1862 - 1936 ) , including ten workers ' representatives . The Petrograd Mensheviks agreed to join despite the objections of their leaders abroad . All this activity gave renewed encouragement to political ambitions , and , in September 1915 , a combination of Octobrists and Kadets in the Duma demanded the forming of a responsible government . The Tsar rejected these proposals . All these factors had given rise to a sharp loss of confidence in the regime , even within the ruling class , growing throughout the war . Early in 1916 , Guchkov discussed with senior army officers and members of the Central War Industries Committee about a possible coup to force the abdication of the Tsar . In December , a small group of nobles assassinated Rasputin , and in January 1917 the Tsar 's uncle , Grand Duke Nicholas , was asked indirectly by Prince Lvov whether he would be prepared to take over the throne from his nephew , Tsar Nicholas II . None of these incidents were in themselves the immediate cause of the February Revolution , but they do help to explain why the monarchy survived only a few days after it had broken out . Russian soldiers marching in Petrograd in February 1917 Meanwhile , Socialist Revolutionary leaders in exile , many of them living in Switzerland , had been the glum spectators of the collapse of international socialist solidarity . French and German Social Democrats had voted in favour of their respective governments ' war efforts . Georgi Plekhanov in Paris had adopted a violently anti-German stand , while Parvus supported the German war effort as the best means of ensuring a revolution in Russia . The Mensheviks largely maintained that Russia had the right to defend herself against Germany , although Martov ( a prominent Menshevik ) , now on the left of his group , demanded an end to the war and a settlement on the basis of national self - determination , with no annexations or indemnities . It was these views of Martov that predominated in a manifesto drawn up by Leon Trotsky ( at the time a Menshevik ) at a conference in Zimmerwald , attended by 35 Socialist leaders in September 1915 . Inevitably Vladimir Lenin , supported by Zinoviev and Radek , strongly contested them . Their attitudes became known as the Zimmerwald Left . Lenin rejected both the defence of Russia and the cry for peace . Since the autumn of 1914 , he had insisted that `` from the standpoint of the working class and of the labouring masses from the lesser evil would be the defeat of the Tsarist Monarchy '' ; the war must be turned into a civil war of the proletarian soldiers against their own governments , and if a proletarian victory should emerge from this in Russia , then their duty would be to wage a revolutionary war for the liberation of the masses throughout Europe . Economic and social changes An elementary theory of property , believed by many peasants , was that land should belong to those who work on it . At the same time , peasant life and culture was changing constantly . Change was facilitated by the physical movement of growing numbers of peasant villagers who migrated to and from industrial and urban environments , but also by the introduction of city culture into the village through material goods , the press , and word of mouth . Workers also had good reasons for discontent : overcrowded housing with often deplorable sanitary conditions , long hours at work ( on the eve of the war a 10 - hour workday six days a week was the average and many were working 11 -- 12 hours a day by 1916 ) , constant risk of injury and death from poor safety and sanitary conditions , harsh discipline ( not only rules and fines , but foremen 's fists ) , and inadequate wages ( made worse after 1914 by steep wartime increases in the cost of living ) . At the same time , urban industrial life was full of benefits , though these could be just as dangerous , from the point of view of social and political stability , as the hardships . There were many encouragements to expect more from life . Acquiring new skills gave many workers a sense of self - respect and confidence , heightening expectations and desires . Living in cities , workers encountered material goods such as they had never seen in villages . Most important , living in cities , they were exposed to new ideas about the social and political order . The social causes of the Russian Revolution mainly came from centuries of oppression of the lower classes by the Tsarist regime , and Nicholas 's failures in World War I. While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861 , they still resented paying redemption payments to the state , and demanded communal tender of the land they worked . The problem was further compounded by the failure of Sergei Witte 's land reforms of the early 20th century . Increasing peasant disturbances and sometimes actual revolts occurred , with the goal of securing ownership of the land they worked . Russia consisted mainly of poor farming peasants , with 1.5 % of the population owning 25 % of the land . The rapid industrialization of Russia also resulted in urban overcrowding and poor conditions for urban industrial workers ( as mentioned above ) . Between 1890 and 1910 , the population of the capital , Saint Petersburg , swelled from 1,033,600 to 1,905,600 , with Moscow experiencing similar growth . This created a new ' proletariat ' which , due to being crowded together in the cities , was much more likely to protest and go on strike than the peasantry had been in previous times . In one 1904 survey , it was found that an average of sixteen people shared each apartment in Saint Petersburg , with six people per room . There was also no running water , and piles of human waste were a threat to the health of the workers . The poor conditions only aggravated the situation , with the number of strikes and incidents of public disorder rapidly increasing in the years shortly before World War I. Because of late industrialization , Russia 's workers were highly concentrated . By 1914 , 40 % of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000 + workers ( 32 % in 1901 ) . 42 % worked in 100 -- 1,000 worker enterprises , 18 % in 1 -- 100 worker businesses ( in the US , 1914 , the figures were 18 , 47 and 35 respectively ) . Years Average annual strikes 1862 -- 69 6 1870 -- 84 20 1885 -- 94 33 1895 -- 1905 176 World War I added to the chaos . Conscription swept up the unwilling across Russia . The vast demand for factory production of war supplies and workers caused many more labor riots and strikes . Conscription stripped skilled workers from the cities , who had to be replaced with unskilled peasants , and then , when famine began to hit due to the poor railway system , workers abandoned the cities in droves seeking food . Finally , the soldiers themselves , who suffered from a lack of equipment and protection from the elements , began to turn against the Tsar . This was mainly because , as the war progressed , many of the officers who were loyal to the Tsar were killed , and were replaced by discontented conscripts from the major cities , who had little loyalty to the Tsar . The Petrograd Soviet Assembly meeting in 1917 Political issues Many sections of the country had reason to be dissatisfied with the existing autocracy . Nicholas II was a deeply conservative ruler and maintained a strict authoritarian system . Individuals and society in general were expected to show self - restraint , devotion to community , deference to the social hierarchy and a sense of duty to the country . Religious faith helped bind all of these tenets together as a source of comfort and reassurance in the face of difficult conditions and as a means of political authority exercised through the clergy . Perhaps more than any other modern monarch , Nicholas II attached his fate and the future of his dynasty to the notion of the ruler as a saintly and infallible father to his people . This idealized vision of the Romanov monarchy blinded him to the actual state of his country . With a firm belief that his power to rule was granted by Divine Right , Nicholas assumed that the Russian people were devoted to him with unquestioning loyalty . This ironclad belief rendered Nicholas unwilling to allow the progressive reforms that might have alleviated the suffering of the Russian people . Even after the 1905 revolution spurred the Tsar to decree limited civil rights and democratic representation , he worked to limit even these liberties in order to preserve the ultimate authority of the crown . Despite constant oppression , the desire of the people for democratic participation in government decisions was strong . Since the Age of Enlightenment , Russian intellectuals had promoted Enlightenment ideals such as the dignity of the individual and the rectitude of democratic representation . These ideals were championed most vociferously by Russia 's liberals , although populists , Marxists , and anarchists also claimed to support democratic reforms . A growing opposition movement had begun to challenge the Romanov monarchy openly well before the turmoil of World War I . Dissatisfaction with Russian autocracy culminated in the huge national upheaval that followed the Bloody Sunday massacre of January 1905 , in which hundreds of unarmed protesters were shot by the Tsar 's troops . Workers responded to the massacre with a crippling general strike , forcing Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto , which established a democratically elected parliament ( the State Duma ) . The Tsar undermined this promise of reform but a year later with Article 87 of the 1906 Fundamental State Laws , and subsequently dismissed the first two Dumas when they proved uncooperative . Unfulfilled hopes of democracy fueled revolutionary ideas and violent outbursts targeted at the monarchy . One of the Tsar 's principal rationales for risking war in 1914 was his desire to restore the prestige that Russia had lost amid the debacles of the Russo - Japanese war . Nicholas also sought to foster a greater sense of national unity with a war against a common and ancient enemy . The Russian Empire was an agglomeration of diverse ethnicities that had shown significant signs of disunity in the years before the First World War . Nicholas believed in part that the shared peril and tribulation of a foreign war would mitigate the social unrest over the persistent issues of poverty , inequality , and inhuman working conditions . Instead of restoring Russia 's political and military standing , World War I led to the horrifying slaughter of Russian troops and military defeats that undermined both the monarchy and society in general to the point of collapse . World war I The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially served to quiet the prevalent social and political protests , focusing hostilities against a common external enemy , but this patriotic unity did not last long . As the war dragged on inconclusively , war - weariness gradually took its toll . More important , though , was a deeper fragility : although many ordinary Russians joined anti-German demonstrations in the first few weeks of the war , the most widespread reaction appears to have been skepticism and fatalism . Hostility toward the Kaiser and the desire to defend their land and their lives did not necessarily translate into enthusiasm for the Tsar or the government . Russia 's first major battle of the war was a disaster : in the 1914 Battle of Tannenberg , over 30,000 Russian troops were killed or wounded and 90,000 captured , while Germany suffered just 12,000 casualties . However , Austro - Hungarian forces allied to Germany were driven back deep into the Galicia region by the end of the year . In the autumn of 1915 , Nicholas had taken direct command of the army , personally overseeing Russia 's main theatre of war and leaving his ambitious but incapable wife Alexandra in charge of the government . Reports of corruption and incompetence in the Imperial government began to emerge , and the growing influence of Grigori Rasputin in the Imperial family was widely resented . In the eyes of Michael Lynch , a revisionist historian ( member of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Leicester ) who focuses on the role of the people , Rasputin was a `` fatal disease '' to the Tsarist regime . In 1915 , things took a critical turn for the worse when Germany shifted its focus of attack to the Eastern front . The superior German army -- better led , better trained and better supplied -- was terrifyingly effective against the ill - equipped Russian forces , driving the Russians out of Galicia , as well as Russian Poland , during the Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive campaign . By the end of October 1916 , Russia had lost between 1,600,000 and 1,800,000 soldiers , with an additional 2,000,000 prisoners of war and 1,000,000 missing , all making up a total of nearly 5,000,000 men . These staggering losses played a definite role in the mutinies and revolts that began to occur . In 1916 , reports of fraternizing with the enemy started to circulate . Soldiers went hungry , and lacked shoes , munitions , and even weapons . Rampant discontent lowered morale , which was further undermined by a series of military defeats . Russian troops awaiting German attack in trenches Casualty rates were the most vivid sign of this disaster . Already , by the end of 1914 , only five months into the war , around 390,000 Russian men had lost their lives and nearly 1,000,000 were injured . Far sooner than expected , barely trained recruits had to be called up for active duty , a process repeated throughout the war as staggering losses continued to mount . The officer class also saw remarkable changes , especially within the lower echelons , which were quickly filled with soldiers rising up through the ranks . These men , usually of peasant or working - class backgrounds , were to play a large role in the politicization of the troops in 1917 . The huge losses on the battlefields were not limited to men . The army quickly ran short of rifles and ammunition ( as well as uniforms and food ) , and , by mid-1915 , men were being sent to the front bearing no arms . It was hoped that they could equip themselves with the arms that they recovered from fallen soldiers , of both sides , on the battlefields . The soldiers did not feel that they were being treated as valuable soldiers , or even as human beings , but rather as raw materials to be squandered for the purposes of the rich and powerful . By the spring of 1915 , the army was in steady retreat , which was not always orderly ; desertion , plunder and chaotic flight were not uncommon . By 1916 , however , the situation had improved in many respects . Russian troops stopped retreating , and there were even some modest successes in the offensives that were staged that year , albeit at great loss of life . Also , the problem of shortages was largely solved by a major effort to increase domestic production . Nevertheless , by the end of 1916 , morale among soldiers was even worse than it had been during the great retreat of 1915 . The fortunes of war may have improved , but the fact of the war , still draining away strength and lives from the country and its many individuals and families , remained an oppressive inevitability . The crisis in morale ( as was argued by Allan Wildman , a leading historian of the Russian army in war and revolution ) `` was rooted fundamentally in the feeling of utter despair that the slaughter would ever end and that anything resembling victory could be achieved . '' The war devastated not only soldiers . By the end of 1915 , there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand . The main problems were food shortages and rising prices . Inflation dragged incomes down at an alarmingly rapid rate , and shortages made it difficult to buy even what one could afford . These shortages were a problem especially in the capital , St. Petersburg , where distance from supplies and poor transportation networks made matters particularly bad . Shops closed early or entirely for lack of bread , sugar , meat and other provisions , and lines lengthened massively for what remained . It became increasingly difficult both to afford and actually buy food . Not surprisingly , strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915 , and so did crime ; but , for the most part , people suffered and endured , scouring the city for food . Working class women in St. Petersburg reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines , begging , turning to prostitution or crime , tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth , grumbling about the rich , and wondering when and how this would all come to an end . Government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people 's patience would last . A report by the St. Petersburg branch of the security police , the Okhrana , in October 1916 , warned bluntly of `` the possibility in the near future of riots by the lower classes of the empire enraged by the burdens of daily existence . '' Nicholas was blamed for all of these crises , and what little support he had left began to crumble . As discontent grew , the State Duma issued a warning to Nicholas in November 1916 . It stated that , inevitably , a terrible disaster would grip the country unless a constitutional form of government was put in place . Nicholas ignored these warnings and Russia 's Tsarist regime collapsed a few months later during the February Revolution of 1917 . One year later , the Tsar and his entire family were executed . February Revolution Main article : February Revolution Revolutionaries protesting in February 1917 Meeting Germans in No Man 's Land Meeting before the Russian wire entanglements At the beginning of February , Petrograd workers began several strikes and demonstrations . On 7 March ( O.S. 22 February ) , workers at Putilov , Petrograd 's largest industrial plant , announced a strike . The next day , a series of meetings and rallies were held for International Women 's Day , which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings . Demonstrations were organised to demand bread , and these were supported by the industrial working force who considered them a reason for continuing the strikes . The women workers marched to nearby factories bringing out over 50,000 workers on strike . By 10 March ( O.S. 25 February ) , virtually every industrial enterprise in Petrograd had been shut down , together with many commercial and service enterprises . Students , white - collar workers and teachers joined the workers in the streets and at public meetings . To quell the riots , the Tsar looked to the army . At least 180,000 troops were available in the capital , but most were either untrained or injured . Historian Ian Beckett suggests around 12,000 could be regarded as reliable , but even these proved reluctant to move in on the crowd , since it included so many women . It was for this reason that when , on 11 March ( O.S. 26 February ) , the Tsar ordered the army to suppress the rioting by force , troops began to mutiny . Although few actively joined the rioting , many officers were either shot or went into hiding ; the ability of the garrison to hold back the protests was all but nullified , symbols of the Tsarist regime were rapidly torn down around the city , and governmental authority in the capital collapsed -- not helped by the fact that Nicholas had prorogued the Duma that morning , leaving it with no legal authority to act . The response of the Duma , urged on by the liberal bloc , was to establish a Temporary Committee to restore law and order ; meanwhile , the socialist parties establish the Petrograd Soviet to represent workers and soldiers . The remaining loyal units switched allegiance the next day . The Tsar directed the royal train back towards Petrograd , which was stopped 14 March ( O.S. 1 March ) , by a group of revolutionaries at Malaya Vishera . When the Tsar finally arrived at in Pskov , the Army Chief Nikolai Ruzsky , and the Duma deputees Guchkov and Vasily Shulgin suggested in unison that he abdicate the throne . He did so on 15 March ( O.S. 2 March ) , on behalf of himself , and then , having taken advice , on behalf of his son , the Tsarevich . Nicholas nominated his brother , the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich , to succeed him . But the Grand Duke realised that he would have little support as ruler , so he declined the crown on 16 March ( O.S. 3 March ) , stating that he would take it only if that was the consensus of democratic action . Six days later , Nicholas , no longer Tsar and addressed with contempt by the sentries as `` Nicholas Romanov '' , was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo . He was placed under house arrest with his family by the Provisional Government . The immediate effect of the February Revolution was a widespread atmosphere of elation and excitement in Petrograd . On 16 March ( O.S. 3 March ) , a provisional government was announced . The center - left was well represented , and the government was initially chaired by a liberal aristocrat , Prince Georgy Yevgenievich Lvov , a member of the Constitutional Democratic party ( KD ) . The socialists had formed their rival body , the Petrograd Soviet ( or workers ' council ) four days earlier . The Petrograd Soviet and the Provisional Government competed for power over Russia . Between February and throughout October : `` dual power '' ( dvoevlastie ) The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged by the authority of an institution that claimed to represent the will of workers and soldiers and could , in fact , mobilize and control these groups during the early months of the revolution -- the Petrograd Soviet ( Council ) of Workers ' Deputies . The model for the soviet were workers ' councils that had been established in scores of Russian cities during the 1905 Revolution . In February 1917 , striking workers elected deputies to represent them and socialist activists began organizing a citywide council to unite these deputies with representatives of the socialist parties . On 27 February , socialist Duma deputies , mainly Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries , took the lead in organizing a citywide council . The Petrograd Soviet met in the Tauride Palace , the same building where the new government was taking shape . The leaders of the Petrograd Soviet believed that they represented particular classes of the population , not the whole nation . They also believed Russia was not ready for socialism . So they saw their role as limited to pressuring hesitant `` bourgeoisie '' to rule and to introduce extensive democratic reforms in Russia ( the replacement of the monarchy by a republic , guaranteed civil rights , a democratic police and army , abolition of religious and ethnic discrimination , preparation of elections to a constituent assembly , and so on ) . They met in the same building as the emerging Provisional Government not to compete with the Duma Committee for state power but to best exert pressure on the new government , to act , in other words , as a popular democratic lobby . The relationship between these two major powers was complex from the beginning and would shape the politics of 1917 . The representatives of the Provisional Government agreed to `` take into account the opinions of the Soviet of Workers ' Deputies '' , though they were also determined to prevent `` interference in the actions of the government '' , which would create `` an unacceptable situation of dual power . '' In fact , this was precisely what was being created , though this `` dual power '' ( dvoevlastie ) was the result less of the actions or attitudes of the leaders of these two institutions than of actions outside their control , especially the ongoing social movement taking place on the streets of Russia 's cities , in factories and shops , in barracks and in the trenches , and in the villages . The 2nd Moscow Women Death Battalion protecting the Winter Palace as the last guards of the stronghold . A series of political crises -- see the chronology below -- in the relationship between population and government and between the Provisional Government and the soviets ( which developed into a nationwide movement with a national leadership , The All - Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets ( VTsIK ) ) undermined the authority of the Provisional Government but also of the moderate socialist leaders of the Soviet . Although the Soviet leadership initially refused to participate in the `` bourgeois '' Provisional Government , Alexander Kerensky , a young and popular lawyer and a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SRP ) , agreed to join the new cabinet , and became an increasingly central figure in the government , eventually taking leadership of the Provisional Government . As minister of war and later Prime Minister , Kerensky promoted freedom of speech , released thousands of political prisoners , did his very best to continue the war effort and even organised another offensive ( which , however , was no more successful than its predecessors ) . Nevertheless , Kerensky still faced several great challenges , highlighted by the soldiers , urban workers and peasants , who claimed that they had gained nothing by the revolution : Other political groups were trying to undermine him . Heavy military losses were being suffered on the front . The soldiers were dissatisfied and demoralised and had started to defect . ( On arrival back in Russia , these soldiers were either imprisoned or sent straight back into the front . ) There was enormous discontent with Russia 's involvement in the war , and many were calling for an end to it . There were great shortages of food and supplies , which was difficult to remedy because of the wartime economic conditions . The political group that proved most troublesome for Kerensky , and would eventually overthrow him , was the Bolshevik Party , led by Vladimir Lenin . Lenin had been living in exile in neutral Switzerland and , due to democratization of politics after the February Revolution , which legalized formerly banned political parties , he perceived the opportunity for his Marxist revolution . Although return to Russia had become a possibility , the war made it logistically difficult . Eventually , German officials arranged for Lenin to pass through their territory , hoping that his activities would weaken Russia or even -- if the Bolsheviks came to power -- led to Russia 's withdrawal from the war . Lenin and his associates , however , had to agree to travel to Russia in a sealed train : Germany would not take the chance that he would foment revolution in Germany . After passing through the front , he arrived in Petrograd in April 1917 . On the way to Russia , Lenin prepared the April Theses , which outlined central Bolshevik policies . These included that the soviets take power ( as seen in the slogan `` all power to the soviets '' ) and denouncing the liberals and social revolutionaries in the Provisional Government , forbidding co-operation with it . Many Bolsheviks , however , had supported the Provisional Government , including Lev Kamenev . Street demonstration on Nevsky Prospekt in Petrograd just after troops of the Provisional Government opened fire in the July Days With Lenin 's arrival , the popularity of the Bolsheviks increased steadily . Over the course of the spring , public dissatisfaction with the Provisional Government and the war , in particular among workers , soldiers and peasants , pushed these groups to radical parties . Despite growing support for the Bolsheviks , buoyed by maxims that called most famously for `` all power to the Soviets , '' the party held very little real power in the moderate - dominated Petrograd Soviet . In fact , historians such as Sheila Fitzpatrick have asserted that Lenin 's exhortations for the Soviet Council to take power were intended to arouse indignation both with the Provisional Government , whose policies were viewed as conservative , and the Soviet itself , which was viewed as subservient to the conservative government . By some historians ' accounts , Lenin and his followers were unprepared for how their groundswell of support , especially among influential worker and soldier groups , would translate into real power in the summer of 1917 . Soviets attacking the tsarist police in the early days of the March Revolution . On 18 June , the Provisional Government launched an attack against Germany that failed miserably . Soon after , the government ordered soldiers to go to the front , reneging on a promise . The soldiers refused to follow the new orders . The arrival of radical Kronstadt sailors -- who had tried and executed many officers , including one admiral -- further fueled the growing revolutionary atmosphere . The sailors and soldiers , along with Petrograd workers , took to the streets in violent protest , calling for `` all power to the Soviets . '' The revolt , however , was disowned by Lenin and the Bolshevik leaders and dissipated within a few days . In the aftermath , Lenin fled to Finland under threat of arrest while Trotsky , among other prominent Bolsheviks , was arrested . The July Days confirmed the popularity of the anti-war , radical Bolsheviks , but their unpreparedness at the moment of revolt was an embarrassing gaffe that lost them support among their main constituent groups : soldiers and workers . The Bolshevik failure in the July Days proved temporary . The Bolsheviks had undergone a spectacular growth in membership . Whereas , in February 1917 , the Bolsheviks were limited to only 24,000 members , by September 1917 there were 200,000 members of the Bolshevik faction . Previously , the Bolsheviks had been in the minority in the two leading cities of Russia -- St. Petersburg and Moscow behind the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries , by September the Bolsheviks were in the majority in both cities . Furthermore , the Bolshevik - controlled Moscow Regional Bureau of the Party also controlled the Party organizations of the thirteen ( 13 ) provinces around Moscow . These thirteen provinces held 37 % of Russia 's population and 20 % of the membership of the Bolshevik faction . In August , poor or misleading communication led General Lavr Kornilov , the recently appointed Supreme Commander of Russian military forces , to believe that the Petrograd government had already been captured by radicals , or was in serious danger thereof . In response , he ordered troops to Petrograd to pacify the city . To secure his position , Kerensky had to ask for Bolshevik assistance . He also sought help from the Petrograd Soviet , which called upon armed Red Guards to `` defend the revolution '' . The Kornilov Affair failed largely due to the efforts of the Bolsheviks , whose influence over railroad and telegraph workers proved vital in stopping the movement of troops . With his coup failing , Kornilov surrendered and was relieved of his position . The Bolsheviks ' role in stopping the attempted coup further strengthened their position . In early September , the Petrograd Soviet freed all jailed Bolsheviks and Trotsky became chairman of the Petrograd Soviet . Growing numbers of socialists and lower - class Russians viewed the government less and less as a force in support of their needs and interests . The Bolsheviks benefited as the only major organized opposition party that had refused to compromise with the Provisional Government , and they benefited from growing frustration and even disgust with other parties , such as the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries , who stubbornly refused to break with the idea of national unity across all classes . In Finland , Lenin had worked on his book State and Revolution and continued to lead his party , writing newspaper articles and policy decrees . By October , he returned to Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) , aware that the increasingly radical city presented him no legal danger and a second opportunity for revolution . Recognising the strength of the Bolsheviks , Lenin began pressing for the immediate overthrow of the Kerensky government by the Bolsheviks . Lenin was of the opinion that taking power should occur in both St. Petersburg and Moscow simultaneously , parenthetically stating that it made no difference which city rose up first , but expressing his opinion that Moscow may well rise up first . The Bolshevik Central Committee drafted a resolution , calling for the dissolution of the Provisional Government in favor of the Petrograd Soviet . The resolution was passed 10 -- 2 ( Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev prominently dissenting ) and the October Revolution began . October Revolution Main article : October Revolution The October Revolution was led by Vladimir Lenin and was based upon Lenin 's writing on the ideas of Karl Marx , a political ideology often known as Marxism -- Leninism . It marked the beginning of the spread of communism in the 20th century . It was far less sporadic than the revolution of February and came about as the result of deliberate planning and coordinated activity to that end . Though Lenin was the leader of the Bolshevik Party , it has been argued that since Lenin was not present during the actual takeover of the Winter Palace , it was really Trotsky 's organization and direction that led the revolution , merely spurred by the motivation Lenin instigated within his party . Critics on the Right have long argued that the financial and logistical assistance of German intelligence via their key agent , Alexander Parvus was a key component as well , though historians are divided , since there is little evidence supporting that claim . On 7 November 1917 , Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a revolt against the ineffective Provisional Government ( Russia was still using the Julian calendar at the time , so period references show a 25 October date ) . The October revolution ended the phase of the revolution instigated in February , replacing Russia 's short - lived provisional parliamentary government with government by soviets , local councils elected by bodies of workers and peasants . Liberal and monarchist forces , loosely organized into the White Army , immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks ' Red Army , in a series of battles that would become known as the Russian Civil War . Soviet membership was initially freely elected , but many members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party , anarchists , and other leftists created opposition to the Bolsheviks through the soviets themselves . When it became clear that the Bolsheviks had little support outside of the industrialized areas of Saint Petersburg and Moscow , they simply barred non-Bolsheviks from membership in the soviets . Not surprisingly , this caused mass domestic tension with many individuals who called for another series of political reform , revolting , and calling for `` a third Russian revolution , '' a movement that received a significant amount of support . The most notable instances of this anti-Bolshevik mentality were expressed in the Tambov rebellion , 1919 -- 1921 , and the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921 . These movements , which made a wide range of demands and lacked effective coordination , were eventually defeated along with the White Army during the Civil War . Russian Civil war American , British , and Japanese Troops parade through Vladivostok in armed support to the White Army Main articles : Russian Civil War and Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War , which broke out in 1918 shortly after the October Revolution , brought death and suffering to millions of people regardless of their political orientation . The war was fought mainly between the Red Army ( `` Reds '' ) , consisting of the uprising majority led by the Bolshevik minority , and the `` Whites '' -- army officers and cossacks , the `` bourgeoisie '' , and political groups ranging from the far Right to the Socialist Revolutionaries who opposed the drastic restructuring championed by the Bolsheviks following the collapse of the Provisional Government to the soviets ( under clear Bolshevik dominance ) . The Whites had backing from nations such as Great Britain , France , USA and Japan , while the Reds possessed internal support which proved to be much more effective . Though the Allied nations , using external interference , provided substantial military aid to the loosely knit anti-Bolshevik forces , they were ultimately defeated . The Bolsheviks firstly assumed power in Petrograd , expanding their rule outwards . They eventually reached the Easterly Siberian Russian coast in Vladivostok , 4 years after the war began , an occupation that is believed to have ended all significant military campaigns in the nation . Less than one year later the last area controlled by the White Army , the Ayano - Maysky District , directly to the north of the Krai containing Vladivostok , was given up when General Anatoly Pepelyayev capitulated in 1923 . Several revolts were initiated against the Bolsheviks and their army near the end of the war , notably the Kronstadt Rebellion . This was a naval mutiny engineered by Soviet Baltic sailors , former Red Army soldiers , and the people of Kronstadt . This armed uprising was fought against the antagonizing Bolshevik economic policies that farmers were subjected to , including seizures of grain crops by the Communists . This all amounted to large - scale discontent . When delegates representing the Kronstadt sailors arrived at Petrograd for negotiations , they raised 15 demands primarily pertaining to the Russian right to freedom . The Government firmly denounced the rebellions and labelled the requests as a reminder of the Social Revolutionaries , a political party that was popular among Soviets before Lenin , but refused to cooperate with the Bolshevik Army . The Government then responded with an armed suppression of these revolts and suffered 10 thousand casualties before entering the city of Kronstadt . This ended the rebellions fairly quickly , causing many of the rebels to flee to political exile . During the Civil War , Nestor Makhno led a Ukrainian anarchist movement , the Black Army allied to the Bolsheviks thrice , one of the powers ending the alliance each time . However , a Bolshevik force under Mikhail Frunze destroyed the Makhnovist movement , when the Makhnovists refused to merge into the Red Army . In addition , the so - called `` Green Army '' ( peasants defending their property against the opposing forces ) played a secondary role in the war , mainly in the Ukraine . Execution of the Imperial family Main article : Shooting of the Romanov family The Bolsheviks executed the tsar and his family on 16 July 1918 . In early March , the Provisional Government placed Nicholas and his family under house arrest in the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo , 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) south of Petrograd . In August 1917 the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals , to protect them from the rising tide of revolution . After the Bolsheviks came to power in October 1917 , the conditions of their imprisonment grew stricter and talk of putting Nicholas on trial increased . As the counter revolutionary White movement gathered force , leading to full - scale civil war by the summer , the Romanovs were moved during April and May 1918 to Yekaterinburg , a militant Bolshevik stronghold . During the early morning of 16 July , Nicholas , Alexandra , their children , their physician , and several servants were taken into the basement and shot . According to Edvard Radzinsky and Dmitrii Volkogonov , the order came directly from Lenin and Sverdlov in Moscow . That the order came from the top has long been believed , although there is a lack of hard evidence . The execution may have been carried out on the initiative of local Bolshevik officials , or it may have been an option pre-approved in Moscow should White troops approach Yekaterinburg . Radzinsky noted that Lenin 's bodyguard personally delivered the telegram ordering the execution and that he was ordered to destroy the evidence . The Revolution and the World Main article : Revolutions of 1917 -- 1923 Leon Trotsky said that the goal of socialism in Russia would not be realized without the success of the world revolution . Indeed , a revolutionary wave caused by the Russian Revolution lasted until 1923 . Despite initial hopes for success in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 , in the short - lived Hungarian Soviet Republic and others like it , no other Marxist movement at the time succeeded in keeping power in its hands . This issue is subject to conflicting views on the communist history by various Marxist groups and parties . Joseph Stalin later rejected this idea , stating that socialism was possible in one country . The confusion regarding Stalin 's position on the issue stems from the fact that he , after Lenin 's death in 1924 , successfully used Lenin 's argument -- the argument that socialism 's success needs the workers of other countries in order to happen -- to defeat his competitors within the party by accusing them of betraying Lenin and , therefore , the ideals of the October Revolution . Historiography Main article : October Revolution § Historiography Few events in historical research have been as conditioned by political influences as the October Revolution . The historiography of the Revolution generally divides into three camps : the Soviet - Marxist view , the Western - Totalitarian view , and the Revisionist view . Since the fall of Communism in Russia in 1991 , the Western - Totalitarian view has again become dominant and the Soviet - Marxist view has practically vanished . Lenin 's biographer Robert Service , says he , `` laid the foundations of dictatorship and lawlessness . Lenin had consolidated the principle of state penetration of the whole society , its economy and its culture . Lenin had practised terror and advocated revolutionary amoralism . '' Chronology Chronology of events leading to the Revolution Dates are correct for the Julian calendar , which was used in Russia until 1918 . It was twelve days behind the Gregorian calendar during the 19th century and thirteen days behind it during the 20th century . Date ( s ) Event ( s ) 1874 -- 81 Growing anti-government terrorist movement and government reaction . 1881 Alexander II assassinated by revolutionaries ; succeeded by Alexander III . 1883 First Russian Marxist group formed . 1894 Start of reign of Nicholas II . 1898 First Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ) . 1900 Foundation of Socialist Revolutionary Party ( SR ) . 1903 Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party . Beginning of split between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks . 1904 -- 5 Russo - Japanese War ; Russia loses war . 1905 Revolution of 1905 . 1905 January Bloody Sunday in Saint Petersburg . 1905 June Battleship Potemkin uprising at Odessa on the Black Sea ( see movie The Battleship Potemkin ) . 1905 October General strike , Saint Petersburg Soviet formed ; October Manifesto : Imperial agreement on elections to the State Duma . 1906 First State Duma . Prime Minister : Petr Stolypin . Agrarian reforms begin . 1907 Third State Duma , until 1912 . 1911 Stolypin assassinated . 1912 Fourth State Duma , until 1917 . Bolshevik / Menshevik split final . 1914 Germany declares war on Russia . 1914 30 July The All Russian Zemstvo Union for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers is created with Lvov as president . 1914 August -- November Russia suffers heavy defeats and a large shortage of supplies , including food and munitions , but holds onto Austrian Galicia . 1914 3 August Germany declares war on Russia , causing a brief sense of patriotic union amongst the Russian nation and a downturn in striking . 1914 18 August St. Petersburg is renamed Petrograd as ' Germanic ' names are changed to sound more Russian , and hence more patriotic . 1914 5 November Bolshevik members of the Duma are arrested ; they are later tried and exiled to Siberia . 1915 Serious defeats , Nicholas II declares himself Commander in Chief . 1915 19 February Great Britain and France promise Russia Istanbul and other Turkish lands . 1915 5 June Strikers shot at in Kostromá ; casualties . 1915 9 July The Great Retreat begins , as Russian forces pull back out of Galicia and Russian Poland into Russia proper . 1915 9 August The Duma 's bourgeois parties form the ' Progressive bloc ' to push for better government and reform ; includes the Kadets , Octobrist groups and Nationalists . 1915 10 August Strikers shot at in Ivánovo - Voznesénsk ; casualties . 1915 17 -- 19 August Strikers in Petrograd protest at the deaths in Ivánovo - Voznesénsk . 1915 23 August Reacting to war failures and a hostile Duma , the Tsar takes over as Commander - in - Chief of the armed forces , prorogues the Duma and moves to military headquarters at Mogilev . Central government begins to seize up . 1916 Food and fuel shortages and high prices . Progressive Bloc formed . 1916 January -- December Despite successes in the Brusilov offensive , the Russian war effort is still characterised by shortages , poor command , death and desertion . Away from the front , the conflict causes starvation , inflation and a torrent of refugees . Both soldiers and civilians blame the incompetence of the Tsar and his government . 1916 6 February Duma reconvened . 1916 29 February After a month of strikes at the Putílov Factory , the government conscripts the workers and takes charge of production . Protest strikes follow . 1916 20 June Duma prorogued . 1916 October Troops from 181st Regiment help striking Russkii Renault workers fight against the Police . 1916 1 November Miliukov gives his ' Is this stupidity or treason ? ' speech in reconvened Duma . 1916 29 December Rasputin is killed by Prince Yusupov . 1916 30 December The Tsar is warned that his army will not support him against a revolution . 1917 Strikes , mutinies , street demonstrations lead to the fall of autocracy . Chronology of the 1917 revolutions Gregorian Date Julian Date Event January Strikes and unrest in Petrograd . February February Revolution . 8 March 23 February International Women 's Day : strikes and demonstrations in Petrograd , growing over the next few days . 11 March 26 February 50 demonstrators killed in Znamenskaya Square Tsar Nicholas II prorogues the State Duma and orders commander of Petrograd military district to suppress disorders with force . 12 March 27 February * Troops refuse to fire on demonstrators , deserters . Prisons , courts , and police bumbs attacked and looted by angry crowds . Okhrana buildings set on fire . Garrison joins revolutionaries . Petrograd Soviet formed . Formation of Provisional Committee of the Duma by liberals from Constitutional Democratic Party ( Kadets ) . 14 March 1 March Order No. 1 of the Petrograd Soviet . 15 March 2 March Nicholas II abdicates . Provisional Government formed under Prime Minister Prince Lvov . 16 April 3 April Return of Vladimir Lenin to Russia . He publishes his April Theses . 3 -- 4 May 20 -- 21 April `` April Days '' : mass demonstrations by workers , soldiers , and others in the streets of Petrograd and Moscow triggered by the publication of the Foreign Minister Pavel Miliukov 's note to the allies , which was interpreted as affirming commitment to the war policies of the old government . First Provisional Government falls . 18 May 5 May First Coalition Government forms when socialists , representatives of the Soviet leadership , agree to enter the cabinet of the Provisional Government . Alexander Kerensky , the only socialist already in the government , made minister of war and navy . 16 June 3 June First All - Russian Congress of Workers ' and Soldiers ' Deputies opens in Petrograd . Closed on 24 June . Elects Central Executive Committee of Soviets ( VTsIK ) , headed by Mensheviks and SRs . 23 June 10 June Planned Bolshevik demonstration in Petrograd banned by the Soviet . 29 June 16 June Kerensky orders offensive against Austro - Hungarian forces . Initial success only . 1 July 18 June Official Soviet demonstration in Petrograd for unity is unexpectedly dominated by Bolshevik slogans : `` Down with the Ten Capitalist Ministers '' , `` All Power to the Soviets '' . 15 July 2 July Russian offensive ends . Trotsky joins Bolsheviks . 16 -- 17 July 3 -- 4 July The `` July Days '' ; mass armed demonstrations in Petrograd , encouraged by the Bolsheviks , demanding `` All Power to the Soviets '' . 19 July 6 July German and Austro - Hungarian counter-attack . Russians retreat in panic , sacking the town of Tarnopol . Arrest of Bolshevik leaders ordered . 20 July 7 July Lvov resigns and asks Kerensky to become Prime Minister and form a new government . Established 25 July . 4 August 22 July Trotsky and Lunacharskii arrested . 8 September 26 August Second coalition government ends . 8 -- 12 September 26 -- 30 August `` Kornilov mutiny '' . Begins when the commander - in - chief of the Russian army , General Lavr Kornilov , demands ( or is believed by Kerensky to demand ) that the government give him all civil and military authority and moves troops against Petrograd . 13 September 31 August Majority of deputies of the Petrograd Soviet approve a Bolshevik resolution for an all - socialist government excluding the bourgeoisie . 14 September 1 September Russia declared a republic . 17 September 4 September Trotsky and others freed . 18 September 5 September Bolshevik resolution on the government wins majority vote in Moscow Soviet . 2 October 19 September Moscow Soviet elects executive committee and new presidium , with Bolshevik majorities , and the Bolshevik Viktor Nogin as chairman . 8 October 25 September Third coalition government formed . Bolshevik majority in Petrograd Soviet elects Bolshevik Presidium and Trotsky as chairman . 23 October 10 October Bolshevik Central Committee meeting approves armed uprising . 24 October 11 October Congress of Soviets of the Northern Region , until 13 October . 2 November 20 October First meeting of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet . 7 November 25 October October Revolution is launched as MRC directs armed workers and soldiers to capture key buildings in Petrograd . Winter Palace attacked at 9 : 40pm and captured at 2am . Kerensky flees Petrograd . Opening of the 2nd All - Russian Congress of Soviets . 8 November 26 October Second Congress of Soviets : Mensheviks and right SR delegates walk out in protest against the previous day 's events . Congress approves transfer of state authority into its own hands and local power into the hands of local soviets of workers ' , soldiers ' , and peasants ' deputies , abolishes capital punishment , issues Decree on Peace and Decree on Land , and approves the formation of an all - Bolshevik government , the Council of People 's Commissars ( Sovnarkom ) , with Lenin as chairman . Cultural portrayal George Orwell 's classic novella Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and its aftermath . It describes the dictator Stalin as a big Berkshire boar named , `` Napoleon . '' Trotsky is represented by a pig called Snowball who is a brilliant talker and makes magnificent speeches . However , Napoleon overthrows Snowball as Stalin overthrew Trotsky and Napoleon takes over the farm the animals live on . Napoleon becomes a tyrant and uses force and propaganda to oppress the animals . Film The Russian Revolution has been portrayed in or served as backdrop for many films . Among them , in order of release date : The White Guard , Mikhail Bulgakov , 1926 . Partially autobiographical novel , portraying the life of one family torn apart by uncertainty of the Civil War times . Also , Dni Turbinykh ( IMDB profile ) , 1976 -- film based on the novel . Konets Sankt - Peterburga AKA The End of Saint Petersburg ( IMDB profile ) . 1927 . Directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Mikhail Doller , USSR . October : Ten Days That Shook the World ( IMDB profile ) . 1927 . Directed by Sergei Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov . Soviet Union . Black and White . Silent . Arsenal ( IMDB profile ) . 1929 . Set in the Ukraine . Written and directed by Aleksandr Dovzhenko . Scarlet Dawn , a 1932 Pre-Code American romantic drama starring Douglas Fairbanks , Jr. and Nancy Carroll caught up in the fallout of the Russian Revolution . Knight Without Armour. 1937 . A British historical drama starring Marlene Dietrich and Robert Donat , with Dietrich as an imperiled aristocrat on the eve of the Russian Revolution . Lenin v 1918 godu AKA Lenin in 1918 ( IMDB profile ) . 1939 . Directed by Mikhail Romm , E. Aron , and I. Simkov . Historical - revolutionary film about Lenin 's activities in the first years of Soviet power . Doctor Zhivago. 1965 . A drama - romance - war film directed by David Lean , filmed in Europe with a largely European cast , loosely based on the famous novel of the same name by Boris Pasternak . Reds ( IMDB profile ) . 1981 . Directed by Warren Beatty , it is based on the book Ten Days that Shook the World . Anastasia ( IMDB profile ) . 1997 . An American animated feature , directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman . See also Socialism portal Communism portal Russia portal Soviet Union portal April Crisis Arthur Ransome Jacob Schiff John Reed ( journalist ) White Terror ( Russia ) Iranian Revolution Footnotes Jump up ^ Scholarly literature on peasants is now extensive . Major recent works that examine themes discussed above ( and can serve as a guide to older scholarship ) Christine Worobec , Peasant Russia : Family and Community in the Post Emancipation Period ( Princeton , 1955 ) ; Frank and Steinberg , eds. , Cultures in Flux ( Princeton , 1994 ) ; Barbara Alpern Engel , Between the Fields and the City : Women , Work , and Family in Russia , 1861 -- 1914 ( Cambridge , 1994 ) ; Jeffrey Burds , Peasant Dreams and Market Politics ( Pittsburgh , 1998 ) ; Stephen Frank , Crime , Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia , 1856 -- 1914 ( Berkeley , 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Among the many scholarly works on Russian workers , see especially Reginald Zelnik ( pl ) , Labor and Society in Tsarist Russia : The Factory Workers of St. Petersburg , 1855 -- 1870 ( Stanford , 1971 ) ; Victoria Bonnell , Roots of Rebellion : Workers ' Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow , 1900 -- 1914 ( Berkeley , 1983 ) . ^ Jump up to : See , especially , Dominic Lieven , Nicholas II : Emperor of all the Russias ( London , 1993 ) ; Andrew Verner , The Crisis of the Russian Autocracy : Nicholas II and the 1905 Revolution ( Princeton , 1990 ) ; Mark Steinberg and Vladimir Khrustalev , The Fall of the Romanovs : Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution ( New Haven , 1995 ) ; Richard Wortman , Scenarios of Power , vol. 2 ( Princeton , 2000 ) ; Orlando Figes , A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution 1891 -- 1924 , Part One . Notes Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , A Peoples Tragedy , p370 Jump up ^ Wood , 1979 . p. 18 ^ Jump up to : Perfect ; Ryan ; Sweeny ( 2016 ) . Reinventing Russia . Collingwood : History Teachers Association of Victoria . ISBN 9781875585052 . Jump up ^ Wood , 1979 . p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Wood , 1979 . p. 25 Jump up ^ Wood , 1979 . p. 26 Jump up ^ Joel Carmichael , A short history of the Russian Revolution , pp 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Abraham Ascher , The Revolution of 1905 : A Short History , page 6 Jump up ^ Allan Wildman , The End of the Russian Imperial Army , vol. 1 ( Princeton , 1980 ) : 76 -- 80 Jump up ^ Hubertus Jahn , Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I ( Ithaca , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Figes , A People 's Tragedy , 257 -- 258 . Jump up ^ Wildman : The End of the Russian Imperial Army ( I ) , p. 85 -- 89 , 99 -- 105 , 106 ( quotation ) . Jump up ^ `` Doklad petrogradskogo okhrannogo otdeleniia osobomu otdelu departamenta politsii '' ( `` Report of the Petrograd Okhrana to the Special Department of the Department of the Police '' ) , October 1916 , Krasnyi arkhiv 17 ( 1926 ) , 4 -- 35 ( quotation 4 ) . Jump up ^ Service , 2005 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ When women set Russia ablaze , Fifth International 11 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , 2007 . p. 523 . Jump up ^ Wade , 2005 . pp. 40 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Browder and Kerensky , 1961 . p. 116 . Jump up ^ Tames , 1972 . Jump up ^ Malone , 2004 . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Service , 2005 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ N.N. Sukhanov , The Russian Revolution : A Personal Record , ed. and trans . Joel Carmichael ( Oxford , 1955 ; originally published in Russian in 1922 ) , 101 -- 8 . Jump up ^ `` Zhurnal ( No. 1 ) Soveta Ministrov Vremennogo Pravitel'stva , '' 2 March 1917 , GARF ( State Archive of the Russian Federation ) , f . 601 , op . 1 , d . 2103 , l . 1 Jump up ^ Smele , Jonathan ( 2017 ) . The `` Russian '' Civil Wars , 1916 - 1926 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Lenin , Vladimir ( 27 September 1964 ) ( 1917 ) . Apresyan , Stephen , ed . One of the Fundamental Questions of the Revolution ( in Russian ) . 25 . Jim Riordan ( 4th ed . ) . Moscow : Progress Publishers . pp. 370 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cohen , Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution : A Political Biography 1888 -- 1938 ( Oxford University Press : London , 1980 ) p. 46 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Cohen , Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution : A Political Biography 1888 -- 1938 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin , `` State and Revolution '' contained in the Collected Works of Lenin : Volume 25 ( Progress Publishers : Moscow , 1974 ) pp. 3395 -- 487 . Jump up ^ V.I. Lenin , `` The Bolsheviks Must Assume Power '' contained in the Collected Works of Lenin : Volume 26 ( Progress Publishers : Moscow , 1972 ) p. 21 . Jump up ^ Isaac Deutscher The Prophet Armed ^ Jump up to : Riasanovsky , Nichlas V. ; Steinberg , Mark D. ( 2005 ) . A History of Russia ( 7th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195153944 . Jump up ^ article `` Civil War and military intervention in Russia 1918 -- 20 '' , Big Soviet Encyclopedia , third edition ( 30 volumes ) , 1969 -- 78 Jump up ^ `` The Kronstadt Mutiny notes on Orlando Figes , A People 's Tragedy ( 1996 ) '' Jump up ^ Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921 Archived 15 July 2012 at Archive.is . Flag.blackened.net ( 10 March 1921 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ Orlando Figes , A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution 1891 -- 1924 ( New York : Viking Press 1997 ) , 767 . Jump up ^ Kronstadtin kapina 1921 ja sen perilliset Suomessa ( Kronstadt Rebellion 1921 and Its Descendants in Finland ) by Erkki Wessmann . Jump up ^ Robert K. Massie ( 2012 ) . The Romanovs : The Final Chapter . Random House . pp. 3 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Dmitrii Volkogonov , Lenin : A New Biography ( New York : Free Press , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Edvard Radzinsky , The Last Tsar : The Life And Death Of Nicholas II ( New York : Knopf , 1993 ) . Jump up ^ Acton , Critical Companion , 5 - 7 . Jump up ^ Edward Acton , ed . Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 -- 1921 ( Indiana University Press , 1997 ) , pp 3 - 17 . Jump up ^ Robert Service , `` Lenin '' in Edward Acton ; et al. ( 1997 ) . Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 - 1921 . Indiana University Press . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Menchhofer ( 1990 ) . Animal Farm . Lorenz Educational Press . pp. 1 -- 8 . Further reading Acton , Edward , Vladimir Cherniaev , and William G. Rosenberg , eds . A Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution , 1914 -- 1921 ( Bloomington , 1997 ) . Ascher , Abraham . The Russian Revolution : A Beginner 's Guide ( Oneworld Publications , 2014 ) Beckett , Ian F.W. ( 2007 ) . The Great war ( 2 ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1252 - 4 . Brenton , Tony . Was Revolution Inevitable ? : Turning Points of the Russian Revolution ( Oxford UP , 2017 ) . Cambridge History of Russia , vol. 2 -- 3 , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81529 - 0 ( vol. 2 ) ISBN 0 - 521 - 81144 - 9 ( vol. 3 ) . Chamberlin , William Henry . The Russian Revolution , Volume I : 1917 - 1918 : From the Overthrow of the Tsar to the Assumption of Power by the Bolsheviks ; The Russian Revolution , Volume II : 1918 - 1921 : From the Civil War to the Consolidation of Power ( 1935 ) , famous classic Figes , Orlando ( 1996 ) . A People 's Tragedy : The Russian Revolution : 1891 - 1924 . Pimlico . Daly , Jonathan , and Leonid Trofimov , eds . `` Russia in War and Revolution , 1914 - 1922 : A Documentary History . '' ( Indianapolis and Cambridge , MA : Hackett Publishing Company , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 987 - 9 . Fitzpatrick , Sheila . The Russian Revolution . 199 pages . Oxford University Press ; ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280204 - 6 . Lincoln , W. Bruce . Passage Through Armageddon : The Russians in War and Revolution , 1914 -- 1918 . ( New York , 1986 ) . Malone , Richard ( 2004 ) . Analysing the Russian Revolution . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54141 - 7 . Marples , David R. Lenin 's Revolution : Russia , 1917 - 1921 ( Routledge , 2014 ) . Mawdsley , Evan . Russian Civil War ( 2007 ) . 400p . Piper , Jessica . Events That Changed the Course of History : The Story of the Russian Revolution 100 Years Later ( Atlantic Publishing Company , 2017 ) , popular history . Rappaport , Helen . Caught in the Revolution : Petrograd , Russia , 1917 -- A World on the Edge ( Macmillan , 2017 ) . Pipes , Richard . The Russian Revolution ( New York , 1990 ) Pipes , Richard ( 1997 ) . Three `` whys '' of the Russian Revolution . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 77646 - 8 . Service , Robert . Lenin : A Biography ( 2000 ) ; one vol edition of his three volume scholarly biography Robert Service ( 2005 ) . A history of modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01801 - 3 . Service , Robert ( 1993 ) . The Russian Revolution , 1900 - 1927 . Basingstoke : MacMillan . ISBN 0333560361 . Shukman , Harold , ed . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution ( 1998 ) articles by over 40 specialists Smele , Jonathan . The ' Russian ' Civil Wars , 1916 - 1926 : Ten Years That Shook the World ( Oxford UP , 2016 ) . Stoff , Laurie S. They Fought for the Motherland : Russia 's Women Soldiers in World War I & the Revolution ( 2006 ) 294pp Swain , Geoffrey . Trotsky and the Russian Revolution ( Routledge , 2014 ) Tames , Richard ( 1972 ) . Last of the Tsars . London : Pan Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 330 - 02902 - 5 . Wade , Rex A. ( 2005 ) . The Russian Revolution , 1917 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84155 - 9 . Wade , R. ( 2000 ) . The Russian Revolution , 1917 . Cambridge : University Press . Walston , Oliver ( 2005 ) . Russian revolution . 76 : Farmers Weekly . White , James D. Lenin : The Practice & Theory of Revolution ( 2001 ) 262pp Wood , Alan ( 1993 ) . The origins of the Russian Revolution , 1861 - 1917 . London : Routledge . ISBN 0415102324 . Historiography Gatrell , Peter . `` Tsarist Russia at War : The View from Above , 1914 -- February 1917 '' Journal of Modern History 87 # 4 ( 2015 ) 668 - 700 online Haynes , Mike and Wolfreys , Jim ( eds ) . History and Revolution : Refuting Revisionism . Verso Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1844671502 Smith , S.A. `` The historiography of the Russian revolution 100 years on . '' Kritika : Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 16.4 ( 2015 ) : 733 - 749 . Smith , Steve . `` Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism . '' Europe ‐ Asia Studies 46.4 ( 1994 ) : 563 - 578 . Wade , Rex A . `` The Revolution at One Hundred : Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917 . '' Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 9.1 ( 2016 ) : 9 - 38 . Warth , Robert D. `` On the Historiography of the Russian Revolution . '' Slavic Review 26.2 ( 1967 ) : 247 - 264 . Participants ' accounts Reed , John . Ten Days that Shook the World . 1919 , 1st Edition , published by BONI & Liveright , Inc. for International Publishers . Transcribed and marked by David Walters for John Reed Internet Archive . Penguin Books ; 1st edition . 1 June 1980 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 018293 - 4 . Retrieved 14 May 2005 . Serge , Victor . Year One of the Russian Revolution . L'An l de la revolution russe , 1930 . Year One of the Russian Revolution , Holt , Rinehart , and Winston . Translation , editor 's Introduction , and notes © 1972 by Peter Sedgwick . Reprinted on Victor Serge Internet Archive by permission . ISBN 0 - 86316 - 150 - 2 . Retrieved 14 May 2005 . Steinberg , Mark , Voices of Revolution , 1917 . Yale University Press , 2001 Trotsky , Leon . The History of the Russian Revolution . Translated by Max Eastman , 1932 . Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 8083994 . ISBN 0 - 913460 - 83 - 4 . Transcribed for the World Wide Web by John Gowland ( Australia ) , Alphanos Pangas ( Greece ) and David Walters ( United States ) . Pathfinder Press edition . 1 June 1980 . ISBN 0 - 87348 - 829 - 6 . Retrieved 14 May 2005 . Primary Documents. Ascher , Abraham , ed . The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution ( Ithaca , 1976 ) . Browder , Robert Paul and Alexander F. Kerensky , eds. , The Russian Provisional Government , 1917 : Documents. 3 volumes ( Stanford , 1961 ) . Bunyan , James and H.H. Fisher , eds . The Bolshevik Revolution , 1917 -- 1918 : Documents and Materials ( Stanford , 1961 ; first ed. 1934 ) . Daly , Jonathan , and Leonid Trofimov , eds . `` Russia in War and Revolution , 1914 - 1922 : A Documentary History . '' ( Indianapolis and Cambridge , MA : Hackett Publishing Company , 2009 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87220 - 987 - 9 . Miller , Martin A. , ed . Russian Revolution : The Essential Readings ( 2001 ) 304pp Steinberg , Mark D. Voices of Revolution , 1917 . In the series `` Annals of Communism , '' Yale University Press , 2001 . 404pp On - line publication of these texts in the Russian original : Golosa revoliutsii , 1917 g . ( Yale University Press , 2002 ) Zeman , Z.A.B. ed . Germany and the Revolution in Russia , 1915 - 1918 : Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry ( 1958 ) in Questia External links Library resources about Russian Revolution Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Read , Christopher : Revolutions ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Brudek , Paweł : Revolutions ( East Central Europe ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sumpf , Alexandre : Russian Civil War , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Mawdsley , Evan : International Responses to the Russian Civil War ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Melancon , Michael S. : Social Conflict and Control , Protest and Repression ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Sanborn , Joshua A. : Russian Empire , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Gaida , Fedor Aleksandrovich : Governments , Parliaments and Parties ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Albert , Gleb : Labour Movements , Trade Unions and Strikes ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Gatrell , Peter : Organization of War Economies ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Marks , Steven G. : War Finance ( Russian Empire ) , in : 1914 - 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War . Orlando Figes 's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history , May 2014 Avrahm Yarmolinsky , Road to Revolution : A Century of Russian Radicalism , 1956 . Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org Précis of Russian Revolution A summary of the key events and factors of the 1917 Russian Revolution . Kevin Murphy 's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution , which examines historical accounts of 1917 in the light of newly accessible archive material . Thanks to Trotsky , the ' insurrection ' was bloodless Violence and Revolution in 1917 . Mike Haynes for Jacobin. 17 July 2017 . Russian Revolution / Russian Civil War Events Revolution February Revolution July Days Kornilov affair October Revolution Kerensky -- Krasnov uprising Junker mutiny Civil War Russian Civil War Ukrainian War of Independence Ukrainian -- Soviet War Kiev Bolshevik Uprising Polish -- Ukrainian War Finnish Civil War Heimosodat Polish -- Soviet War Estonian War of Independence Latvian War of Independence Lithuanian Wars of Independence Red Army invasion of Georgia Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Left - wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Siberian Intervention Groups Provisional Committee of the State Duma Russian Provisional Government White movement Pro-independence movements Petrograd Soviet Council of the People 's Commissars Military Revolutionary Committee Russian Constituent Assembly elections Black Guards Red Guards Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia Tsentralna Rada Ukrainian People 's Republic Parties Kadets Russian Social Democratic Labour Party Bolsheviks Mensheviks Socialist Revolutionary Party Left SRs Union of October 17 Figures Monarchists Nicholas II of Russia Provisional Government Georgy Lvov Pavel Milyukov Alexander Guchkov White movement Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel Alexander Kolchak Anton Denikin Pyotr Krasnov Nikolai Yudenich Bolsheviks Vladimir Lenin Lev Kamenev Grigory Zinoviev Leon Trotsky Mikhail Frunze Joseph Stalin Semyon Budyonny Right SRs Alexander Kerensky Stepan Petrichenko Boris Savinkov International Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic Hungarian Soviet Republic Hungarian -- Romanian War Workers ' Councils in Poland Polish -- Ukrainian War Polish -- Soviet War Slovak Soviet Republic Finnish Civil War Finnish Socialist Workers ' Republic Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Revolts Russian Revolution Finnish Civil War Greater Poland Uprising German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Aster Revolution Egyptian Revolution of 1919 Revolutions and interventions in Hungary Iraqi revolt against the British Biennio Rosso Mongolian Revolution of 1921 Ruhr uprising March Action September Uprising Hamburg Uprising Protests French Army Mutinies Red Week 1919 Southampton mutiny Battle of George Square Seattle General Strike May Fourth Movement 1923 Kraków riot Territories Soviet Republic of Naissaar Donetsk -- Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Bavarian Soviet Republic Slovak Soviet Republic Albona Republic Reactions First Red Scare Russian Civil War Related World communism World Revolution Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - 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who was the leader of the bolsheviks when they overthrew the russian monarchy
[ "On 7 November 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin led his leftist revolutionaries in a revolt against the ineffective Provisional Government (Russia was still using the Julian calendar at the time, so period references show a 25 October date). The October revolution ended the phase of the revolution instigated in February, replacing Russia's short-lived provisional parliamentary government with government by soviets, local councils elected by bodies of workers and peasants. Liberal and monarchist forces, loosely organized into the White Army, immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks' Red Army, in a series of battles that would become known as the Russian Civil War." ]
[ "Vladimir Lenin" ]
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99 Problems
99 Problems - wikipedia 99 Problems Jump to : navigation , search For the Supernatural episode , see 99 Problems ( Supernatural ) . For the single by Ice - T , see Home Invasion ( album ) . `` 99 Problems '' Single by Jay - Z from the album The Black Album Released April 27 , 2004 Format 12 '' single Recorded July 2003 Studio The Mansion Laurel Canyon , Los Angeles , California , U.S. Akademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research Los Angeles , California Genre Rap rock Length 3 : 54 Label Roc - A-Fella Def Jam Songwriter ( s ) Jay - Z Norman Landsberg Felix Pappalardi Billy Squier John Ventura Leslie Weinstein Tracy Marrow Bernard Freeman Producer ( s ) Rick Rubin Jay - Z singles chronology `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' ( 2004 ) `` 99 Problems '' ( 2004 ) `` Big Chips '' ( 2004 ) `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' ( 2004 ) `` 99 Problems '' ( 2004 ) `` Big Chips '' ( 2004 ) Audio sample file help `` 99 Problems '' is the third single released by American rapper Jay - Z in 2004 from The Black Album . The chorus hook `` I got 99 problems , but a bitch ai n't one '' is taken from the Ice - T single `` 99 Problems '' from the album Home Invasion ( 1993 ) . The hook was coined during a conversation between Ice - T & Brother Marquis of Miami - based 2 Live Crew . Marquis later used the phrase in the 1996 2 Live Crew song `` Table Dance '' . In the song , Jay - Z tells a story about dealing with rap critics , racial profiling from a police officer who wants to search his car , and an aggressor . The song reached number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Analysis 3 Reception 4 Covers and performances 5 Music video 6 Track listings 6.1 99 Problems / My 1st Song 6.2 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 1 6.3 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 2 6.4 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Vinyl 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 Certifications 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) The track was produced by Rick Rubin , his first hip hop production in many years . Rubin provided Jay - Z with a guitar riff and stripped - down beat that were once his trademarks . In creating the track Rubin used some classic 1980s sample staples such as `` The Big Beat '' by Billy Squier , `` Long Red '' by Mountain , and `` Get Me Back On Time '' by Wilson Pickett . The title and chorus are derived from Ice - T 's `` 99 Problems '' from his 1993 album Home Invasion . The song featured Brother Marquis of 2 Live Crew . The original song was more profane and describes a wide range of sexual conquests . Ice - T would re-record his version of the song with the Rubin / Jay - Z guitar riff for Body Count 's 2014 album Manslaughter in order to `` reclaim '' the hook from being mis - attributed to Jay - Z . Portions of Ice - T 's original lyrics were similarly quoted in a song by fellow rapper Trick Daddy on a track also titled `` 99 Problems '' from his 2001 album Thugs Are Us . Jay - Z begins his third verse directly quoting lines from Bun B 's opening verse off the track `` Touched '' from the UGK album Ridin ' Dirty . Analysis ( edit ) The song has been one of the most discussed songs of the decade . The second verse , describing Jay - Z 's traffic stop , has received much more attention than the rest of the song . The second verse was based on an actual experience of Jay - Z in the 1990s in New Jersey . Jay - Z wrote that in 1994 he was pulled over by police while carrying cocaine in a secret compartment in his sunroof . Jay - Z refused to let the police search the car and the police called for the drug sniffing dogs . However , the dogs never showed up and the police had to let Jay - Z go . Moments after he drove away , he wrote that he saw a police car with the dogs drive by . Jay - Z 's contention that he was pulled over for being black was later confirmed to have been common practice by the New Jersey police . In 2011 Southwestern Law School Professor Caleb Mason wrote an article with a line - by - line analysis of the second verse of the song from a legal perspective referencing the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution , citing it as a useful tool for teaching law students search and seizure law involving search warrants , Terry stops , racial profiling , the exclusionary rule , and the motor vehicle exception . The article notes the song lyrics are legally incorrect in indicating that a driver can refuse an order to exit the car and that police would need a warrant to search a locked glove compartment or trunk . In 2012 , Professor Emir Crowne of the University of Windsor 's , Faculty of Law wrote the Canadian Response to Professor Mason 's article . In it , he concludes that Jay - Z 's lyrics may be legally correct under Canadian Law . While the song 's meaning is widely debated , the chorus `` If you 're having girl problems , I feel bad for you son / I 've got 99 problems but a bitch ai n't one '' was defined in Jay - Z 's book , Decoded , as referring to something different in each verse . In verse two , it refers to a police dog . President Obama quipped , in his humorous monologue at the White House Correspondents ' Dinner on April 27 , 2013 : `` Some things are beyond my control . For example , this whole controversy about Jay - Z going to Cuba - it 's unbelievable . I 've got 99 problems and now Jay - Z is one . '' Reception ( edit ) The song garnered widespread acclaim . The song came in at # 2 on Rolling Stone 's top 100 songs of the ' 00s . On the updated list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , the song was added and came in at # 172 . The song was listed at # 14 on Pitchfork Media 's top 500 songs of the 2000s ( decade ) and in October 2011 , NME placed it at number 24 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Jack White has hailed the song , describing it as `` the story of America ... in a nutshell , ( it 's ) the story of all the struggles in America , black or white , ( and of ) class systems '' . The song won Best Rap Solo Performance at the 47th Grammy Awards . Covers and performances ( edit ) In 2008 , the song was memorably covered by Barry Chuckle of British children 's comedy duo The Chuckle Brothers as part of BBC Radio 1 's Scott Mills show . Mills described the cover as `` superior , in essence , to the original '' . On January 21 , 2009 , Jay - Z performed the song as part of his set at the Staff Ball , the last official event of Barack Obama 's inauguration . The ball was exclusively for 4,000 staffers who had worked on Obama 's campaign . Jay - Z tweaked the lyrics to suit the historic atmosphere , and the crowd sang along : `` I got 99 problems but a Bush ai n't one '' , replacing `` bitch '' with the name of the former President . At a rally for President Barack Obama in November 2012 Jay - Z changed the lyrics of the song to `` If you having world problems I feel bad for you son / I got 99 problems but Mitt ai n't one . '' Eminem referenced the lyrics in his song `` So Much Better '' track , part of The Marshall Mathers LP 2 album , with `` I got 99 problems and a bitch ai n't one / She 's all 99 of ' em ; I need a machine gun '' . Danger Mouse famously remixed this song with samples from `` Helter Skelter '' by The Beatles as part of his oft - bootlegged album The Grey Album . The track was also remixed with Linkin Park for the EP Collision Course , being mixed with the Linkin Park songs `` Points of Authority '' and `` One Step Closer '' . The thrash metal group Body Count combined the lyrics of Ice - T 's `` 99 Problems '' with the guitar riff from Jay - Z 's `` 99 Problems '' for the song `` 99 Problems BC '' on the album Manslaughter . Big Sean referenced the lyrics in Drake 's `` All Me '' with the line `` I got 99 problems , getting rich ai n't one '' . Iggy Azalea referenced the lyrics in Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' with the line `` I got 99 problems but you wo n't be one '' . In 2009 , fellow rapper and collaborator Kid Cudi , referenced the song in the opening verse of his song `` Soundtrack 2 My Life '' with the line `` I got 99 problems and they all bitches '' . The singer Hugo recorded a bluegrass cover of the song in 2011 . There have been several remixes of the track including versions by The Prodigy and Linkin Park . In particular , Jay - Z had been quoted as saying that The Prodigy remix is one of his favorites by keeping the main guitar riff but more heavier and darker which in turn was the inspiration for The Prodigy track ' Spitfire ' written by Liam Howlett and released in 2005 . Music video ( edit ) The music video premiered in April 2004 and was directed by Mark Romanek . It received praises from critics such as Armond White , and was nominated for four MVPA awards in 2005 , of which it won three . It also won the MTV Video Music Awards for Best Rap Video , Best Director , Best Editing and Best Cinematography , as well as gaining nominations for Video of the Year and Best Male Video . It was criticized , however , by the Humane Society of the United States for scenes in the video that glorified dog fighting . The video accompanied The Black Album which , at the time , was to be Jay - Z 's final release . Jay - Z has stated that he wanted the video to be as auto - biographical as the rest of the album . The goal for the video was to create a portrait of where Jay - Z grew up . In a conversation with the video 's director , Jay - Z stated that he wanted the video to `` make a pissy wall look like art '' . The job of directing this video was originally intended for Quentin Tarantino , however Rick Rubin suggested that Jay - Z offer the job to Mark Romanek . Due to the research and influence of Romanek and the videos cinematographer , Joaquin Baca Asay , the video borrows visual characteristics from many New York street photographers and black and white photographs ( Martin Dixon and Eugene Richards to name a few ) . The video is shot entirely on black - and - white film . It consists mainly of scenes filmed in close proximity to Jay - Z 's childhood home , The Marcy Houses in Bedford Stuyvesant . These include : Jay - Z and Rubin in a Lexus GS300 being stopped by the police ( lyrical reenactment ) . Jay - Z in the Marcy Houses housing project where he grew up . Break dancers and a group doing a rhythm choreography . Jay - Z performing in Transit Wheelers Motorcycle / Van Club House . Jay - Z on the Brooklyn Bridge . A woman putting on makeup . Inmates of a prison in the Bronx known as Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center . Rick Rubin walking with Vincent Gallo . A funeral director making preparations . A rabbi praying . A dogfight with many spectators , and the owners of the dogs taunting them in preparation for the fight . Members of Alpha Phi Alpha performing a complex Stepping routine . Jay - Z 's lawyer , facilitating bail then reacting to news of his death . African - American motorcycle clubs in front of Transit Wheelers MC Club House in Brooklyn , NY , performing street stunts . Jay - Z being shot with multiple bullets by unseen assailants . This final scene was very controversial as music video networks normally remove any scenes with violent content . On MTV , every airing of the video featured an introduction by John Norris explaining why the network felt it was proper to air the video unedited . The introduction also featured Jay - Z explaining why he felt the scene was important to the video . Jay - Z also made a special introduction for BET . Jay - Z explained that the depiction of a shooting is analogous to the `` death '' of Jay - Z , and the `` rebirth '' of Shawn Carter . Track listings ( edit ) 99 Problems / My 1st Song ( edit ) A-Side 99 Problems ( Clean ) 99 Problems ( Main ) 99 Problems ( Instrumental ) B - Side My 1st Song ( Clean ) My 1st Song ( Main ) My 1st Song ( Instrumental ) 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 1 ( edit ) 99 Problems Dirt Off Your Shoulder 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Pt. 2 ( edit ) 99 Problems Dirt Off Your Shoulder 99 Problems ( Video ) Dirt Off Your Shoulder ( Video ) 99 Problems / Dirt Off Your Shoulder , Vinyl ( edit ) A-Side 99 Problems 99 Problems ( Clean ) B - Side Dirt Off Your Shoulder Dirt Off Your Shoulder ( Clean ) Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position Germany ( Official German Charts ) 67 Ireland ( IRMA ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 30 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 26 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 37 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 164 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone On July 6 , 2008 , more than four years after the song 's initial release , `` 99 Problems '' entered at # 35 ( after reaching # 12 on initial release ) in the United Kingdom . This was attributed to Jay - Z 's appearance at Glastonbury and the O2 Wireless Festival , two popular British summer music festivals . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiss , Dan ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Ten Rap - Rock Songs That Are Actually Awesome '' . LA Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ice - T Talks New Body Count Album , Jay - Z 's Remake of `` 99 Problems '' & Much More `` . Radio.com , YouTube . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ice - T on the Return of Body Count , D&D Tongue - Twisters , and Wimpy Tweeters Vulture.com.ca June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 Jump up ^ Farmer Jr. , John J. ; Zoubek , Paul H. `` FINAL REPORT OF THE STATE POLICE REVIEW TEAM '' ( PDF ) . www.state.nj.us . The State of New Jersey . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Caleb ( 2012 ) . `` Jay - Z 's 99 Problems , Verse 2 : A Close Reading with Fourth Amendment Guidance for Cops and Perps '' ( PDF ) . Saint Louis University Law Journal . Saint Louis University School of Law . 56 ( 2 ) : 567 -- 85 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pennsylvania v. Mimms , 434 U.S. 106 , 111 ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ California v. Acevedo , 500 U.S. 565 , 580 ( 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Jay - Z ( 2011 ) . Decoded . New York : Random House . pp. 56 , 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 8115 - 5 . Jump up ^ Boardman , Madeline ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Obama 's ' 99 Problems ' Joke At WHCD Jabs Jay - Z '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hermes , Will ; Hoard , Christian ; Rosen , Jody ; Sheffield , Rob ( December 24 , 2009 ) , `` 100 Best Songs of the Decade '' . Rolling Stone . ( 1094 / 1095 ) : 59 - 62 Jump up ^ 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years , NME.com Jump up ^ Interview in Zane Lowe : Masterpieces 2010 : Jay - Z - The Black Album , broadcast on BBC Radio 1 , 7pm November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z - 99 Problems But a Bush Ai n't One @ Obama Staff Ball '' . YouTube . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Austin , Christina ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Jay - Z Raps ' 99 Problems ( But Mitt Ai n't One ) ' At Ohio Rally '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- So Much Better Lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Problem Lyrics '' . Jump up ^ `` YouTube - ( Part 14 ) Armond White on Jay - Z `` 99 Problems '' - Mark Romanek `` . Tw.youtube.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Editor : Robert Duffy , Spot Welders Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z , Rick Rubin recording `` 99 Problems '' `` . YouTube . November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Director Mark Romanek , Jay - Z 's `` 99 Problems '' Music Video `` . MVWire . September 14 , 2004 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rotter , Jeffrey ( May 9 , 2004 ) . `` Music Video ; Jay - Z Wants to Kill Himself '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Romanek.com on `` 99 Problems '' `` . Markromanek.com . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Jay - Z Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 20 , 2004 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jay - Z Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` End Of Year Charts : 2004 '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Jay - Z -- 99 Problems '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter 99 Problems in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Jay - Z -- 99 Problems '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Entry on mvdbase.com Page on Mark Romanek 's official site . Includes screenshot gallery , treatment , credits and production stills . Music video for `` 99 Problems '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Jay - Z songs Reasonable Doubt `` Dead Presidents '' `` Ai n't No Nigga '' `` Ca n't Knock the Hustle '' `` Feelin ' It '' In My Lifetime , Vol. 1 `` ( Always Be My ) Sunshine '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` The City Is Mine '' Vol. 2 ... Hard Knock Life `` Can I Get A ... '' `` Hard Knock Life ( Ghetto Anthem ) '' `` Money , Cash , Hoes '' `` Nigga What , Nigga Who ( Originator 99 ) '' Vol. 3 ... Life and Times of S. Carter `` Jigga My Nigga '' `` Girl 's Best Friend '' `` Do It Again ( Put Ya Hands Up ) '' `` Things That U Do '' `` Big Pimpin ' '' The Dynasty : Roc La Familia `` I Just Wanna Love U ( Give It 2 Me ) '' `` Change the Game '' `` Guilty Until Proven Innocent '' The Blueprint `` Izzo ( H.O.V.A. ) '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls '' `` Jigga That Nigga '' `` Song Cry '' The Best of Both Worlds `` Honey '' The Blueprint 2 : The Gift & The Curse `` ' 03 Bonnie & Clyde '' `` Hovi Baby '' `` Excuse Me Miss '' The Black Album `` Change Clothes '' `` Dirt off Your Shoulder '' `` 99 Problems '' Unfinished Business `` Big Chips '' Collision Course `` Numb / Encore '' Kingdom Come `` Show Me What You Got '' `` Lost One '' American Gangster `` Blue Magic '' `` Roc Boys ( And the Winner Is ) ... '' `` I Know '' The Blueprint 3 `` D.O.A. ( Death of Auto - Tune ) '' `` Run This Town '' `` Empire State of Mind '' `` On to the Next One '' `` Young Forever '' Watch the Throne `` H A M '' `` Otis '' `` Niggas in Paris '' `` No Church in the Wild '' Magna Carta Holy Grail `` Picasso Baby '' `` Holy Grail '' `` Tom Ford '' `` Part II ( On the Run ) '' 4 : 44 `` The Story of O.J. '' Featured singles `` Show & Prove '' `` I 'll Be '' `` Be Alone No More '' ( Remix ) `` Money Ai n't a Thang '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Best of Me Part II '' `` Is That Your Chick ( The Lost Verses ) '' `` Do My ... '' `` Fiesta '' ( Remix ) `` Beware of the Boys ( Mundian To Bach Ke ) '' `` Back in the Day '' `` Crazy in Love '' `` Frontin ' '' `` Go Crazy '' `` Get Throwed '' `` Déjà Vu '' `` Umbrella '' `` Roc - A-Fella Billionaires '' `` Hot Tottie '' `` XXXO '' ( Remix ) `` Monster '' `` I Do '' `` Talk That Talk '' `` Suit & Tie '' `` Bitch , Do n't Kill My Vibe '' ( Remix ) `` Drunk in Love '' `` The Devil Is a Lie '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Seen It All '' `` Pop Style '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Shining '' `` Top Off '' Promotional singles `` Shake It Off '' ( Remix ) `` Upgrade U '' `` Rehab '' ( Remix ) `` Mr. Carter '' `` Put On '' ( Remix ) `` Bye Bye '' ( Remix ) `` Brooklyn Go Hard '' Other singles `` In My Lifetime '' `` Who You Wit '' `` It 's Alright '' `` Anything '' `` Hey Papi '' `` Swagga Like Us '' `` Jockin ' Jay - Z ( Dopeboy Fresh ) '' `` Glory '' `` Clique '' `` All the Way Up '' ( Remix ) `` Lost+ '' `` Stranded ( Haiti Mon Amour ) '' `` Power '' ( Remix ) `` So Appalled '' `` Biking '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=99_Problems&oldid=830925669 '' Categories : 2004 songs 2004 singles Jay - Z songs Songs written by Jay - Z Songs written by Felix Pappalardi Songs written by Billy Squier Song recordings produced by Rick Rubin Rap rock songs Roc - A-Fella Records singles Songs against racism and xenophobia Songs based on actual events Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance Black - and - white music videos Music videos directed by Mark Romanek Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 18 : 44 . 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when did the song 99 problems come out
[ "\n\n\"99 Problems\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Jay-Z\n\n\nfrom the album The Black Album\n\n\nReleased\nApril 27, 2004\n\n\nFormat\n12\" single\n\n\nRecorded\nJuly 2003\n\n\nStudio\nThe Mansion\nLaurel Canyon, Los Angeles, California, U.S.\nAkademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research\nLos Angeles, California\n\n\nGenre\nRap rock[1]\n\n\nLength\n3:54\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nRoc-A-Fella\nDef Jam\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJay-Z\nNorman Landsberg\nFelix Pappalardi\nBilly Squier\nJohn Ventura\nLeslie Weinstein\nTracy Marrow\nBernard Freeman\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRick Rubin\n\n\nJay-Z singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Dirt off Your Shoulder\"\n(2004)\n\"99 Problems\"\n(2004)\n\"Big Chips\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Dirt off Your Shoulder\"\n(2004)\n\"99 Problems\"\n(2004)\n\"Big Chips\"\n(2004)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAudio sample\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nfile\nhelp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n" ]
[ "April 27, 2004" ]
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Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai
Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Wikipedia Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 29 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Genre Indian soap opera Created by Director 's Kut Productions Written by Saba Mumtaz Bhavna Vyas Ghazala Nargis Munisha Rajpal Zama Habib Bandana Tiwari Directed by Romesh Kalra Rishi Mandial Ram Pandey Creative director ( s ) Vivek Bahl Starring Shivangi Joshi Mohsin Khan Opening theme Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons No. of episodes 2,615 as of 29 March 2018 Production Executive producer ( s ) Vivek Jain Producer ( s ) Rajan Shahi Location ( s ) Mumbai Udaipur Goa Rishikesh Bangkok Cape Town Hong Kong Zürich Bikaner Greece Cinematography Arjuni Rao Editor ( s ) Sameer Gandhi Running time 22 minutes Release Original network Star Plus Picture format 576i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release 12 January 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 12 ) -- present External links Official website Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ( lit . What Is This Relationship Called ? ) is a Hindi language television drama . It premiered on January 12 , 2009 on Star Plus . It is India 's longest - running TV serial . The show focuses on the daily life of an Udaipur - based Rajasthani family . It is produced by Rajan Shahi 's Director 's Kut Productions , and is the longest - running Indian television series based on episode count . The show 's lead characters are Naira ( Shivangi Joshi ) and Kartik ( Mohsin Khan ) . The series initially focused on Naira 's parents Akshara ( Hina Khan ) and Naitik ( Karan Mehra ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 4 years later 1.2 10 years later 1.3 7 years later 1.4 Several months later 2 Parallel story arcs 3 Cast 3.1 Main cast 3.2 Recurring cast 3.3 Former Cast 3.4 Guest stars 4 Crossover 5 Reception and impact 6 Popularity in Pakistan 7 Awards 8 References 9 External links Plot This section may require copy editing for grammar , style , cohesion , tone , or spelling . You can assist by editing it . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai was initially the story of a young couple , Akshara and Naitik Singhania , who lived in a Marwari joint family in Udaipur . The story showcases their journey as a married couple going through adjustment issues , as parents of young children , and how they learn to love each other as their extended families mature . Now the story focuses on Naira and Kartik Goenka facing the same journey as Naira 's parents , with a youthful twist . 4 years later After an accident , Naitik falls into a coma . Naksh ( Akshara and Naitik 's son ) is now 5 and does n't know about his father . One day , Naitik comes back and although at first Naksh does n't welcome his father , he later accepts him into his life . Soon the family travels and Gayatri ( Naitik 's mother ) dies . Now Rajsekhar ( Naitik 's dad ) is asked to marry someone , and he marries Devyani , who comes with her two children from a divorced marriage . Later , Bhabimaa 's husband dies , and Bhabimaa ( Naitik 's aunt ) blames it on Akshara and kicks her out of the house , after Akshara 's daughter Naira is born . Akshara , Naitik , Naksh , and Naira leave the house . 10 years later Naksh is now a mature adult and Naira is a diva teenager . Akshara and Naitik , along with Naksh and Naira , live in Cape Town . Naksh returns to Udaipur . He tries to clear up the misunderstanding with Bhabimaa . After many days , Akshara is forgiven and is allowed to return . The story then focuses on Naksh . He falls in love with Tara , and preparations for their wedding are made . Just minutes before the ceremony , she breaks up with him . 7 years later The show focuses on teenage Naira , who flees from her house and now lives in Rishikesh , harboring animosity toward her mother . After finding Naira , the story takes a new twist : a love triangle that forms between Kartik ( Naitik 's employee ) , Naira and Gayu ( Naitik 's niece ) . Naira and Kartik have feelings for each other but do n't know that it 's love . Meanwhile , Gayu loves Kartik , unaware that Kartik does n't love her back . When Kartik proposes to Naira , she initially rejects him , but by the time she realizes that Gayu also loves him , she thinks of sacrificing her happiness in favor of Gayu . When Mishti ( Naira 's cousin ) reveals that Kartik loves only Naira , Kartik and Naira confess their love for each other ; Gayatri understands . Kartik does n't want to talk about his family because he hates them . Meanwhile , on Akshara 's birthday , everyone goes for a veneration , but Akshara dies in a car accident . The Singhanias blame Kartik for Akshara 's death as Kartik was found drunk and injured at the accident site . Kartik 's family shows up and supports Kartik . Later , Naira finds that Kartik is not the culprit . She proves Kartik 's innocence by finding the real culprit . Kartik does n't like his father and stepmother as he thinks they were responsible for his mother 's death . Seeing Kartik 's feelings towards the Singhanias , his family approves of their relationship in spite of not being much in favor of it . Several months later The two families ( Goenka and Singhania ) start making preparations for their wedding . Just before the wedding , Kartik discovers the real culprit who ran Akshara over and yearns to tell Naira , but his uncle convinces him that he will tell her . He reneges and tells Naira only that Kartik is missing his mother . Finally , the wedding takes place . A few days later , Naira meets the man whose brother is in jail for killing her mother and learns that Akshara 's accident was caused by Mansi ( Kartik 's cousin ) . The news reaches the Singhanias and they are heartbroken . The Goenkas come to apologize . Naira is initially very hurt and angry with Kartik , but she understands that it 's not his fault . She takes Akshara 's accident case back and forgives Mansi . On Kartik 's birthday , he comes to know that Aditya ( Kartik 's brother in law ) tortures Keerti ( Kartik 's sister ) and , along with Naira , decides to expose him . Eventually , Aditya 's truth comes out and Keerti and Aditya get divorced . Suhasini Goenka ( Kartik 's grandmother ) wants to find a suitable match for Keerti and later forces Naira to get Naksh and Keerti married . Naksh accepts the proposal for the sake of Naira . Another parallel story about Manish and Saumya Goenka ( Kartik 's mother ) is revealed . Saumya was a mental patient and committed suicide a long time ago . Manish ( Kartik 's father ) kept the fact hidden keeping his promise to Saumya . Later , Kartik learns the truth and his misunderstandings regarding Manish get cleared up . Naksh and Keerti marry . Parallel story arcs Parallel with Akshara and Naitik 's stories , the stories of their respective siblings also form significant story arcs in the series . Past plots have been built around the lives of Naitik 's sisters Nandini and Rashmi . The series has also focused on Naitik 's step - siblings . The series also paralleled the story of Akshara - Naitik with that of Varsha - Shaurya . Varsha is Akshara 's best friend , and Shaurya is Akshara 's older brother . After several leaps , Naira and Kartik became the leads of the show . Parallel with Kartik and Naira 's story , the series also focusses on the story of their siblings - Naksh , Gayu , Keerti and Shubham . Cast This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Per WP : TVCAST , cast lists need to be reorganised chronologically , with newer members of the cast being added to the bottom of each list . Ex : Someone introduced in 2009 belongs above someone introduced in 2017 . Note also that `` Former cast '' is not a valid subsection of cast , as cast members do not cease being important just by leaving a TV series . Please help improve this section if you can . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast Shivangi Joshi as Naira Kartik Goenka / Naira Naitik Singhania Kartik 's wife , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2016 -- ) Mohsin Khan as Kartik Manish Goenka , Naira 's Husband ( 2016 -- ) Mohena Singh as Kirti Naksh Singhania / Kirti Manish Goenka , Naksh 's wife and Karthik 's sister ( 2016 -- ) Kanchi Singh as Gayatri Nikhil Deora , Naira 's cousin , Rashmi - Nikhil 's daughter , Sameer 's step - daughter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Rishi Dev as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Kirti 's husband , Akshara and Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother ( 2017 -- ) Recurring cast Sanjeev Seth as Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's father , Naira 's maternal grandfather ( nanu ) ( 2009 -- ) Lata Sabharwal as Rajshri Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's mother , Naira 's maternal grandmother ( nani ) ( 2009 -- ) Sandeep Mehta as Raj Shekhar Singhania , Naitik 's father , Akshara 's father in law , Naira 's paternal grandfather ( dadaji ) ( 2009 -- ) Medha Sambutkar as Kaveri Mahendra Pratap Singhania , Naitik 's bhabhi maa , Nandini 's mother , Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( badi dadi ) ( 2009 -- ) Kirti Sually as Baisa , Naitik 's dadi Naira 's paternal grandaunt ( bua dadi ) ( 2010 -- ) Kshitee Jog as Devyani Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj Shekhar 's 2nd wife , Naira 's paternal grandmother ( choti dadi ) ( 2013 -- ) Aarna Sharma as Mishti Naman Singhania , Naira 's cousin , Naman - Karishma 's daughter ( 2015 -- ) Ali Hassan as Akhilesh Goenka , Kartik 's paternal uncle ( chachu ) ( 2016 -- ) Shilpa Raizada as Surekha Goenka , Akhilesh 's wife , Kartik 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2016 -- ) Vishal Singh as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( 2016 -- ) Parul Chauhan as Suvarna Manish Goenka , Kirti 's & Kartik step - mother ( 2016 -- ) Sachin Tyagi as Manish Goenka , Kartik 's and Kirti father ( 2016 -- ) Gaurav Wadhwa as Subham Manish Goenka ( Aryan ) , Suvarna and Manish 's son ( 2017 -- ) Swati Chitnis as Suhasini Goenka , Kartik 's paternal grandmother ( dadi ) ( 2017 -- ) Former Cast Hina Khan as Akshara Naitik Singhania / Akshara Maheshwari , Vishambhar - Rajshri 's daughter , Naitik 's wife , Naksh - Naira 's mother ( former main female lead , dead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Karan Mehra as Naitik Raj Shekhar Singhania , Gaytri - Raj 's son , Akshara 's husband , Naksh - Naira 's father ( Former Main Male Lead ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Vishal ) Shivansh Kotia as Young Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2012 -- 15 ) Ashnoor Kaur as Young Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Rohan Mehra as Naksh Naitik Singhania , Akshara - Naitik 's son , Naira 's brother , Naintara 's ex fiancé ( 2nd Main Male Lead ) ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( replaced by Rishi ) Sonali Verma as Gayatri Raj Shekhar Singhania , Raj 's 1st wife , Naitik - Rashmi 's mother , Akshara 's mother in law , Naksh - Naira 's grandmother ( 2009 -- 13 ) ( dead ) Sanjai Gandhi / Abhijeet Lahri as Mahendra Pratap Singhania ( Dadaji ) , Kaveri 's husband , Nandini 's father , Naitik 's uncle ( 2009 -- 15 ) ( dead ) Manu Malik as Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's uncle , Sunaina 's husband , Anshuman 's father ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neelima Taddepalli as Sunaina Omkarnath Maheshwari , Naira 's maternal grand aunt ( choti nani ) Akshara 's aunt , Omkar 's wife , Anshuman 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Aman Sharma / Dheeraj Gumbar as Anshuman Omkarnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's cousin brother , Jasmeet 's husband ( 2009 -- 16 ) Vineeta Malik as Bhairavi Maheshwari , Vishambharnath - Omkarnath 's mother , Akshara 's grandmother , Naira 's maternal great grand mother ( badi nani ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Nidhi Uttam as Nandini Mohit Agarwal , Kaveri - Mahendra Pratap 's daughter , Mohit 's wife , Yash - Anmol 's mother , Naira 's paternal aunt ( bua ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Ayush Agarwal / Shamik Abbas as Mohit Agarwal , Naitik 's best friend , Nandini 's husband , Naira 's uncle ( phupaji ) ( 2009 -- 16 ) Urmila Sharma / Sunita Rao as Rukmini Agarwal , Mohit 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) Neha Saroopa as Rashmi Sameer Desai / Rashmi Nikhil Deora ( née Singhania ) , Gaytri - Raj 's daughter , Naitik 's sister , Nikhil - Sameer 's wife , Gayu 's mother ( 2009 -- 16 ) ( dead ) Pooja Joshi as Varsha Shaurya Maheshwari , Akshara 's friend , Shaurya 's wife , Ananya - Kuhu 's mother , Naira 's maternal aunt ( mami ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Ather Habib / Yash Gera as Shaurya Vishambharnath Maheshwari , Akshara 's brother , Varsha 's husband , Ananya - Kuhu 's father , Naira 's maternal uncle ( mamaji ) ( 2009 -- 17 ) Anand Mani as Bhajinder Singh , Maheshwari 's servant ( 2009 -- 12 ) Sunita Rajwar as Dhaniya Bhajinder Singh , Bajinder 's wife ( 2009 -- 12 ) Rakesh Deewana as Maharaj , Singhania 's ex chef ( 2009 -- 14 ) Roshan Khan as Gopi Dadi , Bhairvi 's friend ( 2009 -- 14 ) Ali Merchant as Rituraj , Naitik 's cousin brother ( 2009 ; 2011 -- 12 ) Amit Dolawat as Alok Awasthi , Muskaan 's husband ( 2009 ; 2014 -- 15 ) Preeti Sharma as Bindiya , Rituraj 's wife ( 2009 ) Divya Bhatnagar as Gulaboo , Singhania 's maid ( 2009 -- 15 ) Amardeep Jha as Shankari , Akshara 's match - maker ( 2009 -- 16 ) Charu Asopa as Sneha : Naitik 's worker , Kuhu 's mother ( 2010 ) Bani as Baby Naksh Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's son ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( replaced ) Ashish Kapoor as Nikhil Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's ex-husband ( 2011 -- 12 ) Unknown as Rama Rajendra Deora , Rashmi 's mother in law , Nikhil 's mother ( 2011 -- 16 ) Reem Sheikh as young Prerna Singhania ( chikki ) , Singhania 's adopted child ( 2012 ) Alpesh Gehlot as Samar , Akshara 's admirer ( 2012 ) Akanksha Kapil as Antara , Loves Naitik ( 2012 ) Navika Kotia as Prerna Singhania , Grown up Chikki ( 2013 ) Anurag Nigam as Ankit ( 2013 ) Zarina Roshan Khan as Muskaan Alok Awasthi , Naman 's sister ( 2014 -- 15 ) Shirin Sewani as Jasmeet Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman 's wife ( 2014 -- 16 ) Anshul Pandey as Naman Raj Singhania , Suresh - Devyani 's son , Raj 's step son , Muskaan 's brother , Karishma 's husband , Mishti 's father ( 2014 -- 16 ) Priyanka Udhwani as Karishma Naman Singhania , Naman 's wife , Naira 's aunt ( chachi ) ( 2014 -- 18 ) Mazher Sayed as Sameer Desai , Rashmi 's second husband ( 2015 ) Mishka Jain as Baby Naira Naitik Singhania , Naitik - Akshara 's daughter ( 2015 ) ( replaced ) Sanchit Sharma as Yash Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's adopted son , Rose 's husband ( 2015 -- 16 ) Akshaya Naik as Ananya Ranveer Sharma , Naira 's cousin , Varsha - Shaurya 's daughter , Ranveer 's wife ( 2015 -- 16 ) Umang Jain as Tara Singh Shekhawat , Naksh 's ex fiancé ( 2015 -- 16 ) Alok Nath as Chandrabhan Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's grandfather ( 2015 -- 16 ) Amal Sehrawat as Sangram Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Shivam Agarwal as Aditya Singh Shekhawat , Tara 's brother ( 2015 -- 16 ) Vaishali Takkar as Sanjana , Naksh 's friend ( 2015 -- 16 ) Khushmeet Gill as Nannu Anshuman Maheshwari , Anshuman - Jasmeet 's son ( 2015 -- 16 ) Yamini Makwana as Kuhu Shaurya Maheshwari , Naira 's cousin , Shaurya - Sneha 's daughter ( 2016 -- 17 ) Arjun Kohli as Ranveer Sharma , Ananya 's husband ( 2016 ) Sippora Zoutewelle as Rose Yash Agarwal , Yash 's wife ( 2016 ) Karan Pahwa as Anmol Mohit Agarwal , Naira 's cousin , Nandini - Mohit 's son ( 2016 ) Harbandana Kaur as Young Kuhu ( 2016 ) Sheetal Tiwari as Sukanya , Naira 's friend ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Veena Jagtap as Nisha Singh Sekhawat ( 2016 ) Suzanne Bernert as Martha , Rose 's mother ( 2016 ) Fahad Ali as Vivaan , Gayu 's school friend ( 2016 ) Nupur Joshi as Soumya Manish Goenka , Kartik and Kirti 's mother , Manish 's 1st wife ( 2016 ) ( dead ) Tia Gandwani as Priyanka , Kartik 's maternal aunt ( masi ) ( 2017 ) Romit Sharma as Aditya Bansal , Karthik 's former brother - in - law , Kirti 's ex-husband ( 2017 ) Nikhil Sharma as Raghav , Naira 's former friend ( 2017 ) Shravan Mehta as Kiran , Naira 's dance partner and friend ( 2017 ) Bhuvan Chopra as Ratan Neha Sehgal as Payal Sonal Shrivastava as Juhi Guest stars Shweta Tiwari ( 2009 ) Sara Khan ( 2009 ) Kinshuk Mahajan ( 2009 ) Anupriya Kapoor ( 2010 ) Neha Sargam ( 2010 ) Pooja Gor ( 2010 ) Sanaya Irani ( 2011 ) Soumya Seth ( 2011 ) Anas Rashid ( 2012 ) Neelu Vaghela ( 2012 ) Aamir Khan ( 2012 ) Deepika Singh ( 2012 , 2016 ) Preeti & Pinky ( 2014 ) Hiba Nawab ( 2015 ) Kamalika Guha Thakurta ( 2016 ) Badshah ( 2017 ) Shah Rukh Khan & Anushka Sharma ( 2017 ) Akshay Kumar & Bhumi Pednekar ( 2017 ) Alka Yagnik ( 2017 ) Adaa Khan ( 2018 ) ) Crossover Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai has had several crossover episodes with various shows . In 2009 , the show had a connection with Sapna Babul Ka ... Bidaai . In 2012 , the show had a crossover episode with Diya Aur Baati Hum . In 2016 , Diya Aur Baati Hum 's lead actress Deepika Singh made an entry . Reception and impact The show is one of the most often - awarded shows of Indian Television , and is India 's longest running television series by episode count . Hina Khan participated in the ' Power of 49 ' campaign , in which soap opera actors used their influence to urge women to vote . Shoma Munshi said the show has `` simplicity and highly emotional content '' and was noted for placing female characters in the historical tradition of a large joint family . Popularity in Pakistan The show is also broadcast by Urdu 1 and Star Plus sister channel STAR Utsav . The show generally maintains the top spot among Indian TV serials that aired in Pakistan . The show was beaten three to four times by Kumkum Bhagya that aired on Geo Kahani but recovered its leading position . The show also recorded one of the highest TRP in Pakistan . Awards Main article : List of accolades received by Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai References Jump up ^ `` Shivangi Joshi will play the grown - up Naira '' . Times of India . May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' leap : ' Dream Girl ' actor Mohsin Khan to romance grown - up Naira ? '' . International Business Times , India Edition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Parul Chauhan & Sandeep Rajora to enter Star Plus show ! '' . India.com. 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sachin Tyagi in ' Yeh Rishta ... ' '' . The Times of India . 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hina Khan aka Akshara will be missed . A look at her Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai journey , see pics '' . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` There wo n't be a surprise comeback , says Karan Mehra as he finally quits ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Desk ( New Delhi ) ( 26 September 2016 ) . `` Rohan Mehra aka Naksh to Quit ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' for Salman Khan 's Bigg Boss 10 ? '' . IndiaTVnews.com . Independent News Service . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yash Gera replaces Ather in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` BALH fame Anshul Pandey bags YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Anshul Pandey talks about YRKKH '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai is a big leap for me , says Suzanne Bernert '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai 's Akshara aka Hina Khan is very professional : Suzanne Bernett '' . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai : Naira to get kidnapped by Aditya in the show - Bollywoodlife '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Raghav to take a step ahead with his evil plan in Yeh Rishta '' . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YEH RISHTA KYA KEHLATA HAI : Meet ' NEW MAN ' in Naira 's life '' . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Kaartik and Naaira Marriage Sangeet Badshah Performance - Jansatta '' . 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GOOD NEWS ! Naagin actress Adaa Khan to ENTER STAR Plus ' ' Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai ' '' . 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai '' . Weebly.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 12 Longest Running Shows Of Indian Television ! '' . Bollywood Papa . Be Code Websoft India Pvt Ltd. 15 September 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ SUBHA J. RAO . `` The power of a vote '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Prime Time Soap Operas on Indian Television . google.com . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 46 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 35 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Week 1 ( 2015 ) - TRP of Indian Serials in Pakistan '' . weebly.com . Retrieved 8 January 2015 . External links Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Steaming on Hotstar Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai on IMDb ( hide ) Current broadcasts on Star Plus Currently broadcast Primetime soap opera Har Shaakh Pe Ullu Baithaa Hai Ikyawann Ishqbaaaz Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Naamkarann Tu Sooraj , Main Saanjh Piyaji Yeh Hai Mohabbatein Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai Weekend India 's Next Superstars TED Talks India Nayi Soch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Rishta_Kya_Kehlata_Hai&oldid=833087367 '' Categories : Star Plus television series Indian television series 2009 Indian television series debuts Television shows set in Rajasthan Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2014 Use Indian English from January 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from October 2017 All articles needing copy edit Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from June 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles needing cleanup from September 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from September 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia සිංහල Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 16 : 05 . 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where is shooting of yeh rishta kya kehlata hai
[ "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n", "\n\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai\n\n\n\n\n\nGenre\nIndian soap opera\n\n\nCreated by\nDirector's Kut Productions\n\n\nWritten by\nSaba Mumtaz\nBhavna Vyas\nGhazala Nargis\nMunisha Rajpal\nZama Habib\nBandana Tiwari\n\n\nDirected by\nRomesh Kalra\nRishi Mandial\nRam Pandey\n\n\nCreative director(s)\nVivek Bahl\n\n\nStarring\n\n\n\nShivangi Joshi\nMohsin Khan\n\n\n\n\n\nOpening theme\nYeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai By Alka Yagnik\n\n\nCountry of origin\nIndia\n\n\nOriginal language(s)\nHindi\n\n\nNo. of seasons\n1\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n2,615 as of 29 March 2018\n\n\nProduction\n\n\nExecutive producer(s)\nVivek Jain\n\n\nProducer(s)\nRajan Shahi\n\n\nLocation(s)\nMumbai\nUdaipur\nGoa\nRishikesh\nBangkok\nCape Town\nHong Kong\nZürich\nBikaner\nGreece\n\n\nCinematography\nArjuni Rao\n\n\nEditor(s)\nSameer Gandhi\n\n\nRunning time\n22 minutes\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nStar Plus\n\n\nPicture format\n576i(SDTV)\n1080i(HDTV)\n\n\nOriginal release\n12 January 2009 (2009-01-12) – present\n\n\nExternal links\n\n\nOfficial website\n\n" ]
[ "Mumbai", "Udaipur", "Goa", "Rishikesh", "Bangkok", "Cape Town", "Hong Kong", "Zürich", "Bikaner", "Greece" ]