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Central Secretariat Service

Central Secretariat Service - wikipedia Central Secretariat Service Central Secretariat Service Service overview Abbreviation CSS Formerly known as ISS Formed 1946 Country India Training Ground Institute of Secretariat Training and Management , New Delhi Controlling authority Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension , Department of Personnel and Training Legal personality Governmental : Government service General nature Policy Formulation Policy Implementation Civil administration Advisors to Ministers Continuity of administration in the Cabinet Secretariat Preceding service Imperial Secretariat Service ( 1919 - 1946 ) Cadre Size 11,550 members ( 2017 ) ( Group A - 2471 ; Group B - 9079 ) Selection UPSC Civil Services Examination ( 1946 to 2003 ) UPSC Limited Departmental Competitive Examination ( 2003 to Current ) Association CSS Group A Officers Association Head of the Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Current : Pradeep Kumar Sinha Central Secretariat Service ( Hindi : केंद्रीय सचिवालय सेवा ) ( abbreviated as CSS ) is the administrative civil service under Group A and Group B of the Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India . They are governed by Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962 , which has been issued under the powers of Article 309 of the Constitution of India . The service serves as the backbone of administrative work and provides permanent bureaucracy and functionary staff in the Central Government of India . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Recruitment 3 Allocation and placement 3.1 Deputations 4 Designations and Pay grade 5 Reforms 5.1 1st Cadre Restructure of 2003 5.2 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010 5.3 3rd Cadre Restructure of 2013 5.4 Mandatory Training Program for CSS Officers 5.5 Controversies 6 Notable members 6.1 List 7 Influence 8 See also 9 References 10 Books 11 External links 11.1 News 11.2 Other sources History ( edit ) In the year 1919 , the Imperial Secretariat Service came into being as one of the offshoots of the Lewllyn - Smith Committee which had been set up on the eve of the introduction of the Montagu -- Chelmsford Reforms . The posts of Assistant and Assistant Secretary / Under Secretary were filled by officers drawn from the Imperial Secretariat Service during the British Raj . In 1946 , after India gained independence from Britain , the Imperial Secretariat Service was replaced by Central Secretariat Service in India . However , in Pakistan , a Central Secretariat Service was formed in Central Superior Services of Pakistan , which was later replaced and renamed to Office Management Group ( OMG ) . Thus , the CSS became one of the earliest organized services in India . Recruitment ( edit ) From 1946 until 2003 , 50 percent of direct recruitment into CSS was through the Civil Services Examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission , the next 25 percent recruitment was through Annual Departmental Examination and next 25 percent by promotion . However , after the cadre restructuring in 2003 , the direct recruitment into CSS through the Civil Services Examination has been stopped . The mode of recruitment was changed to the grade of Section Officer by way of 50 % through Limited Departmental Competitive Examination by Union Public Service Commission and 50 % by seniority . Allocation and placement ( edit ) After appointment by the President , the officers ( Entry grade / Probationers ) are allocated to different Ministries / Departments under Government of India . The Group B officers work in the levels of Assistant Section Officer and Section Officer / Assistant Director ( For Directorate ) . The Group A officers work in the levels of Under Secretary / Deputy Director ( For Directorate ) , Deputy Secretary / Joint Director ( For Directorate ) , Director , Joint Secretary and Additional Secretary under Central Staffing Scheme of Government of India . The officers are generally posted in various Ministries and Departments , intelligence agencies , Apex / Autonomous organizations of Government of India located at different places in the Secretariat in New Delhi . They are also appointed in personal staff of Union Council of Ministers of India . Deputations ( edit ) The officers are also posted outside Delhi , or at various places of the country in other offices upon deputation . They can also be deputed for service under an international organization , an autonomous body not controlled by the Government , or a private body as same as under Rule 6 ( 2 ) ( ii ) of IAS ( Cadre ) Rules . In 2016 , Government of India has approved officers to be posted on non-cadre posts in the secretariat of Northeastern states of India . Designations and Pay grade ( edit ) Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India Level and Rank in the Central Government Order of Precedence ( As per Presidential order ) Equivalent Position or Designation in the State Government ( s ) Entry Grade Assistant Section Officer / Entry - level ( Probationer ) OR Promoted from the post of UDC - Review Officer in State Secretariat Junior Time Scale Assistant Secretary / Section Officer - Section Officer Junior Time Scale ( NFSG ) Assistant Secretary / Assistant Director ( to the Directorate ) - Under Secretary / Sub-Divisional Magistrate Senior Time Scale Under Secretary or Deputy Director ( to the Directorate ) - Deputy Secretary / Additional District Magistrate 5 Junior Administrative Grade ( JAG ) Deputy Secretary or Joint Director ( to the Directorate ) - Joint Secretary / District Magistrate 6 Selection Grade Director - Additional Secretary / Deputy Commissioner / Special Secretary 7 Super Time Scale Joint Secretary to Government of India 26 Secretary / Divisional Commissioner Reforms ( edit ) 1st cadre Restructure of 2003 ( edit ) In 2003 , a committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary ( GOI ) . The direct induction of CSS officer through Civil Services Examination was permanently stopped . Also a new level G training program was organised for those in line of promotion in the rank of Joint Secretary ( GOI ) in the SAG level . 2nd Cadre Restructure of 2010 ( edit ) The Government had set up a Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service ( CSS ) in June 2008 . The Committee submitted its report in November 2008 for further reforms in the service . The report was finally accepted in 2010 and the number of posts at various levels including Deputy Secretaries and Directors were increased following the review 3rd cadre Restructure of 2013 ( edit ) A committee was formed under the leadership of Additional Secretary ( GOI ) in 2013 for further reforms in the service . The report is currently pending with Prime Minister 's Office and is expected to improve the service conditions by increasing the number of posts at the level of Deputy Secretaries . Mandatory training program for CSS officers ( edit ) In addition to these , the Government has also introduced mandatory training programs at every level of promotion . The CSS officers are trained both in India and abroad in various institutions starting at Level E onwards . Controversies ( edit ) Recently , some CSS officers have been in the list of corrupt bureaucrats and have come under the CBI scanner for alleged involvement in a few corruption cases . Notable members ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) Since its inception , CSS has produced few outstanding civil servants in India . Influential members include - M.P. Singh who was appointed as Vice-Chairman of Central Administrative Tribunal at Jabalpur Bench , P.G. Lele who served as Additional Secretary to Government of India in the Ministry of Finance and M.V. Ayyar who was empanelled as Secretary to Government of India . Reportedly , in the 1960s , there have been Labour Secretary and Education Secretary in Government of India also from CSS . List ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Arun Kumar D.B. Singh Gautam Sanyal U. Sagayam ( 1989 ) Unnikrishnan Thiruvazhiyode Influence ( edit ) The Railway Board Secretariat Service , the general administration staff in the Ministry of Railways , is modelled after the Central Secretariat Service . See also ( edit ) India portal Civil Services of India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 Draft Civil List of Group A officers of CSS '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Office Council ( DOPT ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Civil Services Group A of India . '' Civil Service Group A - Government of India , 1 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India . '' Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India , 1 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Central Secretariat Service Rules of 1962 '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central Secretariat employees demand timely promotions '' . Business Standard . June 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why implementing the Seventh Pay Commission recommendation is a herculean challenge '' . The Economic Times . December 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History : Central Secretariat Service '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Singh , Hoshiar ( 2011 ) . Indian Administration . Pearson Education India . ISBN 9788131761199 . ^ Jump up to : `` Office Management Group : CSS Pakistan '' . Central Superior Services of Pakistan . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mode of Recruitment into CSS cadre '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Government takes first step in downsizing CSS officers '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cadre Restructure : Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Report of the Committee on Cadre Restructuring of Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Promotion scam ' in railways '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : Minimum balance , no balance '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RAW to hunt for officers from CSS pool '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why babus want to be private secys to ministers now '' . GovernanceNow.com . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashok Kumar appointed OSD to MoS PMO '' . The Hindu . India . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deputation of CSS Officerse '' . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Government Offers Postings In North - East To Non-IAS , IPS Officers '' . NDTV . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review of the Policy for inter cadre transfer / deputation for North East Cadres '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Change of Nomenclature of the post of CSS cadre and CSCS cadre '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pension . Retrieved 25 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Cadre Restructuring of the Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Cadre Restructuring of the Central Secretariat Service '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Training policy of CSS Officers '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions , Government of India . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ http://istm.nic.in/CourseCirculars/2011-12/Circular3309072012.pdf Jump up ^ `` Over Rs 205 crore earmarked for training of babus '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Training of CSS Officers '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions , Government of India . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IAS , CSS officers came under CBI scanner : Government '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archive : Govt proposes to extend tenure of CSS officers '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Biography of Hon'ble Shri M.P. Singh : Vice Chairman ( A ) of CAT '' . Central Administrative Tribunal , Government of India . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Point of privilege 1992 : Attempt to influence some members of a Joint Parliamentary Committee by a Minister and a Government official '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Ministry unable to create credible seniority list for 276 officers '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Books ( edit ) Singh , Hoshiar ( 2011 ) Indian Administration . Pearson Education India ISBN 9788131761199 . Jayapalan , N. ( 2001 ) Indian Administration 2 Vols . Set . Atlantic Publishers & Distri ISBN 9788171569212 . External links ( edit ) CSS Public Service Profile at Government of India Portal . The Central Secretariat Division at Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( DOPT ) CSS Service Rules 2009 - Gazette of India First Report of the Committee on Cadre Restructuring of CSS - 2002 FAQ CSS RTI , DOPT Central Civil Services : Group A , B , C and D Complete Executive Record List of CSS 2013 Civil List ( Group A Officers ) CSS officers Website Official Officers Website News ( edit ) `` CSS Officers demand parity with IAS and other services '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . `` Central Secretariat employees demand timely promotions '' . Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 10 September 2016 . `` Not only IAS , MHA opens doors for all services '' . The Week . Archived from the original on 8 January 2017 . Other sources ( edit ) Powers and Duties of Officers and Employees as defined in the Manual of Office Procedure Prime Minister to oversee postings of Joint Secretaries by The Times of India hide Public Services of India All India Services Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) Indian Forest Service ( IFS ) Indian Police Service ( IPS ) Central Services Indian Railway Service of Engineers ( IRSE ) Central Power Engineering Service ( CPES ) Defence Research & Development Service ( DRDS ) Indian Audit and Accounts Service ( IA&AS ) Indian Civil Accounts Service ( ICAS ) Indian Corporate Law Service ( ICLS ) Indian Defence Accounts Service ( IDAS ) Indian Defence Estates Service ( IDES ) Indian Economic Service ( IES ) Indian Foreign Service ( IFS ) Indian Information Service ( IIS ) Indian Ordnance Factories Service ( IOFS ) Indian Post & Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service ( IPTAFS ) Indian Railway Accounts Service ( IRAS ) Indian Railway Personnel Service ( IRPS ) Indian Railway Traffic Service ( IRTS ) Indian Revenue Service ( IRS - IT / C&CE ) Indian Telecommunication Service ( ITS ) Indian Trade Service ( ITrS ) State Services Karnataka Administrative Service ( KAS ) Provincial Civil Service ( Uttar Pradesh ) ( PCS ) Rajasthan Administrative Service ( RAS ) Tamil Nadu Civil Service ( TNCS ) West Bengal Civil Service ( WBCS ) West Bengal Legal Service ( WBLS ) Others Civil Services of India State civil services of India hide Civil service Concepts Public sector Government agency Bureaucracy Bureaucrat Technocracy Diplomat Public administration Public policy Public service By country Australia Bangladesh Brazil Canada China European Union France Germany Hong Kong India Ireland Italy Japan Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Northern Ireland Pakistan Russia Singapore Sri Lanka United Kingdom United States Categories National civil service commissions Government occupations Civil service by country See also : Civil service reform in developing countries Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Secretariat_Service&oldid=835934244 '' Categories : Civil Services of India Central Civil Services ( India ) Ministry of Personnel , Public Grievances and Pensions ( India ) Hidden categories : Articles containing Hindi - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles to be expanded from July 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Incomplete lists from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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Charlie Hunnam

Charlie Hunnam - wikipedia Charlie Hunnam Jump to : navigation , search Charlie Hunnam Hunnam at the Berlinale 2017 Charles Matthew Hunnam ( 1980 - 04 - 10 ) 10 April 1980 ( age 37 ) Newcastle , Tyne and Wear , England Nationality English Education Heaton Manor School Queen Elizabeth Grammar School Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Spouse ( s ) Katharine Towne ( m . 1999 -- 2002 ) Charles Matthew Hunnam ( born 10 April 1980 ) is an English actor . He is known for his roles as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy ( 2008 -- 14 ) , Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared ( 2001 -- 02 ) , the title role in Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , Pete Dunham in Green Street ( 2005 ) , Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z ( 2017 ) , and in the title role of Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 2008 -- 2012 2.3 2013 -- present 2.4 Screenplays 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Hunnam was born in Newcastle upon Tyne , England , the son of William `` Billy '' Hunnam ( 1952 -- 2013 ) , a scrap metal merchant , and Jane ( née Bell ) Hunnam , a business owner . He lived in Australia from the age of 5 to 13 before moving back to the United Kingdom . His maternal grandmother was a portrait artist in Newcastle . Hunnam was the second child , born after brother William `` Billy '' . He has two younger half - brothers , Oliver and Christian , on his mother 's side . His parents divorced when he was two years old , and he moved to the village of Melmerby , Cumbria when he was 12 , as his mother remarried . He went to Heaton Manor School in Newcastle . After moving , he went to Ullswater Community College then Queen Elizabeth Grammar School in Penrith , Cumbria . He attended Cumbria College of Art and Design , now faculty of University of Cumbria , where he graduated with a degree in the theory and history of film with a side in performing arts . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) At the age of 17 , Hunnam was discovered in a shoe shop on Christmas Eve while drunkenly clowning around buying shoes for his brother . A production manager for the Newcastle - based children 's show Byker Grove approached him and Hunnam was later cast in his first role as Jason in three episodes of the show . He also had a brief modeling career where he did a shoot for Kangols Caps and then decided modeling was not for him . Aged 18 , his first major role came when he was cast by Russell T Davies as 15 - year - old schoolboy Nathan Maloney in Davies ' Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk . He followed this up with his role as Daz in the film Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? ( 1999 ) and then moved to the US . His career expanded to include a recurring role as Gregor Ryder in the WB series Young Americans . He then appeared in the short - lived Fox series Undeclared as an English drama student called Lloyd Haythe . Despite critical acclaim , the series was cancelled after one season . Hunnam then appeared on the large screen in Abandon ( 2002 ) , Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) , and Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) . Hunnam has stated that he does not wish to simply take any role that he is offered : `` I have 60 years to make the money , but the choices I make in the next five years are really going to define my career . '' This decision resulted in his return to the UK to take the lead role of Pete Dunham in the film Green Street ( 2005 ) , however his attempts at delivering a Cockney accent resulted in his inclusion in many critics ' `` worst accents in movie history '' lists . Hunnam says his role Patric , a member of `` The Fishes '' , in Children of Men ( 2006 ) , was the final part in his `` trilogy of mad men '' . `` I played the psycho in Cold Mountain , my character in Green Street is fairly psychotic and now I 've got this role . '' 2008 -- 2012 ( edit ) Hunnam at the San Diego Comic Con , 25 July 2010 From 2008 to 2014 , Hunnam starred as Jackson `` Jax '' Teller in Sons of Anarchy , a show about a prominent motorcycle club in a small fictional California town . Hunnam was cast after Kurt Sutter , the creator of the show , saw him in Green Street . His portrayal as Jax Teller has led Hunnam to receive a Critics ' Choice Television Award nomination , three EWwy Award nominations for Best Lead Actor in a Drama series , and a PAAFTJ Award nomination for Best Cast in a Drama Series . In 2011 , Hunnam played the role of Gavin Nichols in the philosophical drama / thriller The Ledge by Matthew Chapman . In 2012 , he starred as the title character in the indie comedy 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom alongside , among others , his Sons of Anarchy co-star Ron Perlman . Hunnam said that he considered the day that he filmed scenes with Perlman for that film the best and funniest day of filming he 's ever had in his whole career . He also appeared as Jay , an ex-boxer , in Stefan Ruzowitzky 's crime drama Deadfall ( 2012 ) . 2013 -- present ( edit ) Hunnam at the 2016 San Diego Comic Con International Hunnam starred as Raleigh Becket in Guillermo del Toro 's sci - fi film Pacific Rim , that opened in July 2013 and grossed $411 million worldwide . It was announced on 2 September 2013 that Hunnam would play the lead role of Christian Grey in the film adaptation of E.L. James ' novel Fifty Shades of Grey . However , on 12 October 2013 , Universal Pictures announced that Hunnam had withdrawn from the film due to conflicts with the schedule of his series Sons of Anarchy . On 2 June 2014 , Hunnam was awarded a Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor , for his role as Raleigh in Pacific Rim , due to the film performing very well in the Asian markets . Hunnam reunited with del Toro in the horror film Crimson Peak , alongside Mia Wasikowska , Tom Hiddleston , and Jessica Chastain . The film began shooting in February 2014 , and was released on 16 October 2015 . Hunnam starred as geographer Percy Fawcett in James Gray 's adventure drama The Lost City of Z , which was filmed from August 2015 to October 2015 , premiered at the New York Film Festival in 2016 , and was released in April 2017 . Hunnam also starred in Guy Ritchie 's action - adventure film King Arthur : Legend of the Sword , which was filmed between March 2015 and July 2015 , and was released in May 2017 . Screenplays ( edit ) Immediately prior to getting cast on Sons of Anarchy , he sold his screenplay Vlad to Summit Entertainment with Brad Pitt 's Plan B Studios co-producing . The film is being directed by music video director and photographer Anthony Mandler , and will focus on the real - life story of Vlad the Impaler . Hunnam learned the story from locals in Romania while shooting Cold Mountain . He stated that he had not acted in 18 months and was so broke that if he had not managed to sell the script he would have had to sell his house and move back to Britain to live with his mother . Hunnam is also developing a screenplay based on a 2011 Rolling Stone article that he optioned about Edgar Valdez Villareal , an American drug lord who ran one of the biggest cartels in Mexico . Another project he has in development is a film about gypsy culture in Britain , which he hopes to direct . He stated that it 's `` a part of English society that 's really seldom been explored , but is one of the most colourful and interesting parts of British society . '' Personal life ( edit ) In 1999 , Hunnam met actress Katharine Towne when they both auditioned for roles on Dawson 's Creek . After dating for three weeks , they married in Las Vegas . They divorced in 2002 . Hunnam has been dating artist Morgana McNelis since 2005 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? Daz 2002 Abandon Embry Larkin 2002 Nicholas Nickleby Nicholas Nickleby 2003 Cold Mountain Bosie 2005 Green Street Pete Dunham 2006 Children of Men Patric 2011 Ledge , The The Ledge Gavin Nichols 2012 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom Frankie 2012 Deadfall Jay 2013 Pacific Rim Raleigh Becket 2015 Crimson Peak Alan McMichael 2016 The Lost City of Z Percy Fawcett 2017 King Arthur : Legend of the Sword King Arthur 2017 Papillon Henri Charrière Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Byker Grove Jason Chuckle 3 episodes 1999 My Wonderful Life Wes Episode : `` Moving On '' 1999 -- 2000 Queer as Folk Nathan Maloney 10 episodes 1999 Microsoap Brad Episode : `` 2.6 '' 2000 Young Americans Gregor Ryder 3 episodes 2001 -- 02 Undeclared Lloyd Haythe 18 episodes 2008 -- 14 Sons of Anarchy Jackson `` Jax '' Teller 92 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2002 National Board of Review Best Acting by an Ensemble Nicholas Nickleby Won 2013 Huading Awards Huading Award for Best Global Emerging Actor Pacific Rim Won 2017 CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year King Arthur : Legend of the Sword Won Television ( edit ) Year Award Category Work Result 2011 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Sons of Anarchy Nominated 2012 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2013 Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists Best Cast in a Drama Series Nominated 2014 EWwy Award EWwy Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable TV Actor Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Actor in a Drama Series Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Biography '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Rivkin , Annabell ( 2 September 2005 ) . `` Hollywood Blonde '' . The Evening Standard . Jump up ^ `` High Street card shop one of the best in UK '' . Kent and Sussex Courier. 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Dawkins , Walter ( 24 November 2011 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam 's biker is riding a tightrope in ' Sons of Anarchy ' '' . LA Times . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nerdist Podcast : Charlie Hunnam '' . Nerdist. 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Person Details for Charles Matthew Hunnam , `` England and Wales Birth Registration Index , 1837 - 2008 '' -- FamilySearch.org `` . familysearch.org . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charlie Hunnam on Sons of Anarchy , Pacific Rim , and Henry David Thoreau '' . Showbizjunkies.com. 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Facebook fansite '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Charlie Hunnam Talks 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom , Internet Piracy , More '' . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Charlie Hunnam ? '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CHARLIE HUNNAM , WHO GREW UP IN NORTH CUMBRIA , LANDS LEAD ROLE IN FIFTY SHADES OF GREY MOVIE '' . News & Star . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam coming home for new movie role '' . ChronicleLive . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Alumni '' . University of Cumbria ( UK ) . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Appearance '' . The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . NBC . 17 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roth , Jon ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam on His Calvin Klein Campaign , Leaving Sons of Anarchy , and His Next Not - So - Big Role '' . GQ . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Q&A '' . Female First . 11 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Holmes , Barry J ( 25 April 2010 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam : The Queer as Folk star has grown into a burly biker with a top - rated cable show '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cockney Accent Film Set '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Homesick in Hollywood '' . IC Newcastle. 25 June 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Gerard ( 8 May 2009 ) . `` Sons of Anarchy -- Wheels on fire '' . The Independent . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` June - 2013 - Pan-American Association of Film & Television Journalists '' . wordpress.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( 8 April 2011 ) . `` '' The Ledge , '' Featuring Charlie Hunnam , Liv Tyler , Patrick Wilson , Terrence Howard , Due in July `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` ' Frankie Go Boom ' Poster Features a Transgender Ron Perlman ( Photo ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( 11 October 2012 ) . `` Interviews : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Frankie Go Boom '' . Comingsoon . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` ' Deadfall ' preems at Arclight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Nelson , Rob ( 25 April 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Deadfall ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Casting Call : Charlie Hunnam to Star in Guillermo del Toro 's PACIFIC RIM ; Amber Heard and Shiloh Fernandez Like SYRUP '' . Collider . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam to Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 October 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam Falls Out of ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam gets special honor at China 's Huading Film Awards - Daily Mail Online '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Hunnam Talks Sons of Anarchy Final Season & Starring In New Movie : Crimson Peak ! . YouTube . 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 18 January 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam in Early Talks to Join Guillermo Del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` Legendary , Universal Date Guillermo del Toro 's ' Crimson Peak ' for October 2015 '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Perry ( 29 July 2015 ) . `` Robert Pattinson Spotted with Brad Pitt , while FKA Twigs tries on Wedding Dresses '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam on ' Sons , ' ' Fifty Shades ' fallout , and what 's next '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr . `` ' Sons Of Anarchy 's Charlie Hunnam Is Guy Ritchie 's Choice For King Arthur - Deadline '' . Deadline . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford . `` Charlie Hunnam , Margot Robbie Eyed for ' The Mountain Between Us ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Guy Ritchie 's King Arthur Film Gallops To 2017 , ' Lights Out ' On July 22 , 2016 : WB Release Date Changes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sons of Anarchy Star Talks About His Vlad Script '' . DreadCentral . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Story of ' Vlad ' the Impaler Wo n't Touch on Vampirism '' . BloodyDisgusting . Retrieved 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` Charlie Hunnam confirmed as Christian Grey in ' 50 Shades of Grey ' movie '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GQ&A : Charlie Hunnam '' . British GQ . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam ready for battle in Pacific Rim '' . St Albert Leader . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hunnam Credits Failed Marriage For Helping Him Find Fame '' . Contact Music . 7 November 2003 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( 10 March 2016 ) . `` Who Is Morgana McNelis ? Five Things to Know About Charlie Hunnam 's Girlfriend '' . People . Retrieved 20 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Has A Message For Fangirls Bullying Longtime Girlfriend '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam asks fans to stop attacking his girlfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam Asks Fans to Stop Attacking His Girlfriend : ' She Is an Intelligent , Beautiful , Kind Person ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ WSJ Staff . `` Who Was Nominated for the 2015 People 's Choice Awards ( Full List ) '' . WSJ . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Hunnam . Charlie Hunnam on IMDb VIAF : 19368443 LCCN : no2003057702 ISNI : 0000 0001 1468 5619 GND : 1019452625 SUDOC : 161680224 BNF : cb150244846 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Hunnam&oldid=800891877 '' Categories : 1980 births Living people 20th - century English male actors 21st - century English male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States English expatriates in the United States English male film actors English male television actors People from Newcastle upon Tyne Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 54 . 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300 win club

300 win club - wikipedia 300 win club Cy Young is the all - time leader in wins . In Major League Baseball , the 300 win club is the group of pitchers who have won 300 or more games . Twenty - four pitchers have reached this milestone . The New York Gothams / Giants / San Francisco Giants are the only franchise to see three players reach the milestone while on their roster : those players are Mickey Welch , Christy Mathewson , and Randy Johnson . Early in the history of professional baseball , many of the rules favored the pitcher over the batter ; the distance pitchers threw to home plate was shorter than today , and pitchers were able to use foreign substances to alter the direction of the ball . The first player to win 300 games was Pud Galvin in 1888 . Seven pitchers recorded all or the majority of their career wins in the 19th century : Galvin , Cy Young , Kid Nichols , Tim Keefe , John Clarkson , Charley Radbourn , and Mickey Welch . Four more pitchers joined the club in the first quarter of the 20th century : Christy Mathewson , Walter Johnson , Eddie Plank , and Grover Cleveland Alexander . Young is the all - time leader in wins with 511 , a mark that is considered unbreakable . If a modern - day pitcher won 20 games per season for 25 seasons , he would still be 11 games short of Young 's mark . Only three pitchers , Lefty Grove , Warren Spahn , and Early Wynn , joined the 300 win club between 1924 and 1982 , which may be explained by a number of factors : the abolition of the spitball , World War II military service , such as Bob Feller 's , and the growing importance of the home run in the game . As the home run became commonplace , the physical and mental demands on pitchers dramatically increased , which led to the use of a four - man starting rotation . Between 1982 and 1990 , the 300 win club gained six members : Gaylord Perry , Phil Niekro , Steve Carlton , Nolan Ryan , Don Sutton and Tom Seaver . These pitchers benefited from the increased use of specialized relief pitchers , an expanded strike zone , and new stadiums , including Shea Stadium , Dodger Stadium and the Astrodome , that were pitcher 's parks , which suppressed offensive production . Also , the increasing sophistication of training methods and sports medicine , such as Tommy John surgery , allowed players to maintain a high competitive level for a longer time . Randy Johnson , for example , won more games in his 40s than he did in his 20s . Since 1990 , only four pitchers have joined the 300 win club : Roger Clemens , Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine , and Johnson . Changes in the game in the last decade of the 20th century have made attaining 300 career wins difficult , perhaps more so than during the mid 20th century . The four - man starting rotation has given way to a five - man rotation , which gives starting pitchers fewer chances to pick up wins . No pitcher reached 20 wins in a non strike - shortened year for the first time in 2006 ; this was repeated in 2009 and 2017 . Recording 300 career wins has been seen as a guaranteed admission to the Baseball Hall of Fame . All pitchers with 300 wins have been elected to the Hall of Fame except for Clemens , who received only half of the vote total needed for induction in his first appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot in 2013 and lost votes from that total in 2014 . Clemens ' future election is seen as uncertain because of his alleged links to use of performance - enhancing drugs . To be eligible for the Hall of Fame , a player must have `` been retired five seasons '' or deceased for at least six months , Many observers expect the club to gain few , if any , members in the foreseeable future . Ten members of the 300 win club are also members of the 3,000 strikeout club . Contents ( hide ) 1 Members 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Members ( edit ) Kid Nichols was the youngest pitcher to win 300 games , achieving the feat at age 30 . Randy Johnson is the most recent member of the 300 win club . Key Pitcher Name of the pitcher Wins Career wins Date Date of the player 's 300th win Team The pitcher 's team for his 300th win Seasons The seasons this player played in the major leagues Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Members of the 300 win club Pitcher Wins Date Team Seasons Ref Young , Cy Cy Young 511 000000001901 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1901 Boston Americans 1890 -- 1911 Johnson , Walter Walter Johnson 417 000000001920 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1920 Washington Senators 1907 -- 1927 Alexander , Grover Cleveland Grover Cleveland Alexander 373 000000001924 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1924 Chicago Cubs 1911 -- 1930 Mathewson , Christy Christy Mathewson 373 000000001912 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1912 New York Giants 1900 -- 1916 Galvin , Pud Pud Galvin 365 000000001888 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1888 Pittsburgh Alleghenys 1875 -- 1892 Spahn , Warren Warren Spahn 363 000000001961 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1961 Milwaukee Braves 1942 , 1946 -- 1965 Nichols , Kid Kid Nichols 361 000000001900 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 , 1900 Boston Beaneaters 1890 -- 1906 Maddux , Greg Greg Maddux 355 000000002004 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2004 Chicago Cubs 1986 -- 2008 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens 354 000000002003 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2003 New York Yankees 1984 -- 2007 Keefe , Tim Tim Keefe 342 000000001890 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1890 New York Giants ( PL ) 1880 -- 1893 Carlton , Steve Steve Carlton 329 000000001983 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 1983 Philadelphia Phillies 1965 -- 1988 Clarkson , John John Clarkson 328 000000001892 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 1892 Cleveland Spiders 1882 -- 1894 Plank , Eddie Eddie Plank 326 000000001915 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1915 St. Louis Terriers 1901 -- 1917 Ryan , Nolan Nolan Ryan 324 000000001990 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 1990 Texas Rangers 1966 , 1968 -- 1993 Sutton , Don Don Sutton 324 000000001986 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 1986 California Angels 1966 -- 1988 Niekro , Phil Phil Niekro 318 000000001985 - 10 - 06 - 0000 October 6 , 1985 New York Yankees 1964 -- 1987 Perry , Gaylord Gaylord Perry 314 000000001982 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1982 Seattle Mariners 1962 -- 1983 Seaver , Tom Tom Seaver 311 000000001985 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1985 Chicago White Sox 1967 -- 1986 Radbourn , Charles Charles Radbourn 309 000000001891 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 , 1891 Cincinnati Reds 1880 -- 1891 Welch , Mickey Mickey Welch 307 000000001890 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 1890 New York Giants 1880 -- 1892 Glavine , Tom Tom Glavine 305 000000002007 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2007 New York Mets 1987 -- 2008 Johnson , Randy Randy Johnson 303 000000002009 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2009 San Francisco Giants 1988 -- 2009 Wynn , Early Early Wynn 300 000000001963 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1963 Cleveland Indians 1939 -- 1963 Grove , Lefty Lefty Grove 300 000000001941 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 1941 Boston Red Sox 1925 -- 1941 See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Baseball statistics List of Major League Baseball leaders in games started List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders 3,000 strikeout club Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Though it is illegal to doctor the baseball , Don Sutton and Gaylord Perry , members of the 300 win club and Hall of Fame , were widely suspected of this behavior . References ( edit ) General `` Career Leaders & Records for Wins '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . `` 300 Wins Club '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Baseball Almanac . Archived from the original on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Specific ^ Jump up to : Amore , Don ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` Breaking Down The 300 Club '' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barra , Allen ( May 26 , 2003 ) . `` Baseball ; 300 - Victory Club Becomes Tougher to Join '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harkins , Bob ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` Not all records are made to be broken '' . NBC Sports.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( June 26 , 1979 ) . `` John , Perry , Sutton spitball suspected '' . Star - News . The New York Times News Service . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Verducci , Tom ( July 18 , 2001 ) . `` Maddux 's march toward history '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Remington , Alex ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Presenting the Tommy John All - Stars '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie . `` Big Unit Approaches Big Number : Next Up , No. 300 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Singer , Tom ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson could close out the 300 club '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( October 3 , 2009 ) . `` MLB denied 20 - game winner in ' 09 '' . MLB.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sessa , Danielle ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Mets ' Glavine Nears 300 Wins , With Only Johnson , Mussina Close '' . Bloomberg . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Henderson continuing talks '' . Record - Journal . United Press International . December 8 , 1984 . p. 9 . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( January 2 , 1998 ) . `` 3,000 hits , 500 HRs , 300 wins just about guarantee Hall entry '' . USA Today . p. 14. C. Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Kurkjian , Tim ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` Glavine Could be Last to Reach 300 for Years '' . ESPN The Magazine . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Hall of Fame Vote a Shutout '' ( Press release ) . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maddux , Glavine , Thomas to HOF '' . ESPN.com . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kurkjian , Tim ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Whopper of a list of names await in 2013 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . But Clemens is , after ( Barry ) Bonds , the next face of the steroid era . He has been charged with lying before Congress about his use of performance - enhancing drugs . He has no chance to make it to Cooperstown next year , or for many , many years to come . Jump up ^ `` Rules for Election '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 30 May 2010 . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bierman , Fred ( May 9 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson Is Next , and Possibly Last , in Line to Win 300 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Greg ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Johnson Quietly Nears a Defining Moment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Career Leaders & Records for Strikeouts '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , John J. `` Nichols Youngest to Win 300 : `` Kid '' in More Ways than Won `` . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cy Young Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Alexander Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christy Mathewson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pud Galvin Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Spahn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Nichols Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Maddux Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Clemens Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Keefe Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Carlton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` John Clarkson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Plank Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nolan Ryan Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Sutton Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Niekro Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gaylord Perry Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Seaver Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Old Hoss Radbourn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Welch Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Glavine Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Randy Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Early Wynn Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lefty Grove Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . hide 300 win club Cy Young Walter Johnson Christy Mathewson Grover Cleveland Alexander Warren Spahn Pud Galvin Kid Nichols Greg Maddux Roger Clemens Tim Keefe Steve Carlton John Clarkson Eddie Plank Nolan Ryan Don Sutton Phil Niekro Gaylord Perry Tom Seaver Charles Radbourn Mickey Welch Tom Glavine Randy Johnson Lefty Grove Early Wynn Book : 300 win club hide Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=300_win_club&oldid=835094361 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Major League Baseball statistics Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 14 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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2010 FIFA World Cup

2010 FIFA World Cup - wikipedia 2010 FIFA World Cup `` FIFA 2010 '' redirects here . For the video game , see FIFA 10 . This article is about 2010 FIFA World Cup . For the video game , see 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa ( video game ) . For other uses , see 2010 World Cup ( disambiguation ) . 2010 FIFA World Cup FIFA Sokker - Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2010 2010 FIFA World Cup official logo Ke Nako . Celebrate Africa 's Humanity Tournament details Host country South Africa Dates 11 June -- 11 July Teams 32 ( from 6 confederations ) Venue ( s ) 10 ( in 9 host cities ) Final positions Champions Spain ( 1st title ) Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Tournament statistics Matches played 64 Goals scored 145 ( 2.27 per match ) Attendance 3,178,856 ( 49,670 per match ) Top scorer ( s ) Diego Forlán Thomas Müller Wesley Sneijder David Villa ( 5 goals each ) Best player Diego Forlán Best young player Thomas Müller Best goalkeeper Iker Casillas Fair play award Spain ← 2006 2014 → The 2010 FIFA World Cup was the 19th FIFA World Cup , the world championship for men 's national association football teams . It took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010 . The bidding process for hosting the tournament finals was open only to African nations . In 2004 , the international football federation , FIFA , selected South Africa over Egypt and Morocco to become the first African nation to host the finals . The matches were played in 10 stadiums in nine host cities around the country , with the opening and final played at the Soccer City stadium in South Africa 's largest city , Johannesburg . Thirty - two teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in August 2007 . In the first round of the tournament finals , the teams competed in round - robin groups of four teams for points , with the top two teams in each group proceeding . These 16 teams advanced to the knockout stage , where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final . In the final , Spain , the European champions , defeated the Netherlands ( third - time losing finalists ) 1 -- 0 after extra time , with Andrés Iniesta 's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first world title . Spain became the eighth nation to win the tournament and the first European nation to win a World Cup hosted outside its home continent : all previous World Cups held outside Europe had been won by South American nations . They are also the only national team since 1978 to win a World Cup after losing a game in the group stage . As a result of their win , Spain represented the World in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup . Host nation South Africa , 2006 champions Italy and 2006 runners - up France were all eliminated in the first round of the tournament . It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round . New Zealand , with their three draws , were the only undefeated team in the tournament , but they were also eliminated in the first round . Contents 1 Host selection 1.1 Bribery and corruption 2 Qualification 2.1 List of qualified teams 3 Preparations 3.1 Construction strike 4 Prize money 5 Venues 5.1 Team base camps 6 Final draw 7 Referees 8 Squads 9 Match summary 10 Group stage 10.1 Group A 10.2 Group B 10.3 Group C 10.4 Group D 10.5 Group E 10.6 Group F 10.7 Group G 10.8 Group H 11 Knockout stage 11.1 Round of 16 11.2 Quarter - finals 11.3 Semi-finals 11.4 Third place play - off 11.5 Final 12 Statistics 12.1 Goalscorers 12.2 Discipline 12.3 Final standings 13 Awards 13.1 Main awards 13.2 Dream Team 14 Marketing 14.1 Mascot 14.2 Official song 14.3 Match ball 14.4 Vuvuzelas 15 Sponsorship 16 Event effects 16.1 Social 16.1. 1 Resettlement and eviction 16.2 Economy 16.3 Quality 17 Media 17.1 Broadcasting 17.2 Filming 17.3 Video games 17.4 FIFA Fan Fest 18 See also 19 References 20 External links Host selection Main article : FIFA World Cup hosts § 2010 FIFA World Cup Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short - lived rotation policy , abandoned in 2007 , to rotate the event among football confederations . Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup : Egypt , Morocco , South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia . Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments , Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process . The committee also decided not to consider Libya 's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements . The winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on 15 May 2004 in Zürich ; in the first round of voting , South Africa received 14 votes , Morocco received 10 votes and Egypt no votes . South Africa , which had narrowly failed to win the right to host the 2006 event , was thus awarded the right to host the tournament . Having successfully campaigned for South Africa to be granted host status , an emotional Nelson Mandela raised the FIFA World Cup Trophy . During 2006 and 2007 , rumours circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country . Franz Beckenbauer , Horst R. Schmidt and , reportedly , some FIFA executives , expressed concern over the planning , organisation , and pace of South Africa 's preparations . FIFA officials repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host , stating that a contingency plan existed only to cover natural catastrophes , as had been in place at previous FIFA World Cups . Bribery and corruption On 28 May 2015 , media covering the 2015 FIFA corruption case reported that high - ranking officials from the South African bid committee had secured the right to host the World Cup by paying US $10 million in bribes to then - FIFA Vice President Jack Warner and to other FIFA Executive Committee members . On 4 June 2015 , FIFA executive Chuck Blazer , having co-operated with the FBI and the Swiss authorities , confirmed that he and the other members of FIFA 's executive committee were bribed in order to promote the South African 1998 and 2010 World Cup bids . Blazer stated , `` I and others on the Fifa executive committee agreed to accept bribes in conjunction with the selection of South Africa as the host nation for the 2010 World Cup . '' On 6 June 2015 , The Daily Telegraph reported that Morocco had actually won the vote , but South Africa was awarded the tournament instead . Qualification Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification The qualification draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in Durban on 25 November 2007 . As the host nation , South Africa qualified automatically for the tournament . As happened in the previous tournament , the defending champions were not given an automatic berth , and Italy had to participate in qualification . With a pool of entrants comprising 204 of the 208 FIFA national teams at the time , the 2010 World Cup shares with the 2008 Summer Olympics the record for most competing nations in a sporting event . Some controversies arose during the qualifications . In the second leg of the play - off between France and the Republic of Ireland , French captain Thierry Henry , unseen by the referee , handled the ball in the lead up to a late goal , which enabled France to qualify ahead of Ireland , sparking widespread comment and debate . FIFA rejected a request from the Football Association of Ireland to replay the match , and Ireland later withdrew a request to be included as an unprecedented 33rd World Cup entrant . As a result , FIFA announced a review into the use of technology or extra officials at the highest level , but decided against the widely expected fast - tracking of goal - line referee 's assistants for the South African tournament . Supporters watching the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa , with vuvuzelas . Costa Rica complained over Uruguay 's winning goal in the CONMEBOL -- CONCACAF playoff , while Egypt and Algeria 's November 2009 matches were surrounded by reports of crowd trouble . On the subject of fair play , FIFA President Sepp Blatter said : I appeal to all the players and coaches to observe this fair play . In 2010 we want to prove that football is more than just kicking a ball but has social and cultural value ... So we ask the players ' please observe fair play ' so they will be an example to the rest of the world . Slovakia was making its first appearance as an independent nation but had previously been represented as part of the Czechoslovakia team that had last played in the 1990 tournament ; North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966 ; Honduras and New Zealand were both making their first appearances since 1982 ; and Algeria were at the finals for the first time since the 1986 competition . Teams that failed to qualify for this tournament included Saudi Arabia , which had qualified for the previous four tourmanents ; Tunisia and Croatia , both of whom had qualified for the previous three finals ; Costa Rica , Ecuador , Poland and Sweden , who had qualified for the previous two editions ; 2006 quarter - finalists Ukraine and Euro 2008 semi-finalists Russia and Turkey . As of 2018 , this was the last time South Africa , New Zealand , North Korea , Paraguay , Slovakia and Slovenia qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals . List of qualified teams The following 32 teams , shown with final pre-tournament rankings , qualified for the final tournament . AFC ( 4 ) Australia ( 20 ) Japan ( 45 ) North Korea ( 105 ) South Korea ( 47 ) CAF ( 6 ) Algeria ( 30 ) Cameroon ( 19 ) Ghana ( 32 ) Ivory Coast ( 27 ) Nigeria ( 21 ) South Africa ( 83 ) ( hosts ) CONCACAF ( 3 ) Honduras ( 38 ) Mexico ( 17 ) United States ( 14 ) CONMEBOL ( 5 ) Argentina ( 7 ) Brazil ( 1 ) Chile ( 18 ) Paraguay ( 31 ) Uruguay ( 16 ) OFC ( 1 ) New Zealand ( 78 ) UEFA ( 13 ) Denmark ( 36 ) England ( 8 ) France ( 9 ) Germany ( 6 ) Greece ( 13 ) Italy ( 5 ) Netherlands ( 4 ) Portugal ( 3 ) Serbia ( 15 ) Slovakia ( 34 ) Slovenia ( 25 ) Spain ( 2 ) Switzerland ( 24 ) Qualified countries Countries that failed to qualify Countries that did not enter Country not a FIFA member Preparations Five new stadiums were built for the tournament , and five of the existing venues were upgraded . Construction costs were expected to be R 8.4 billion ( just over US $1 billion or € 950 million ) . South Africa also improved its public transport infrastructure within the host cities , including Johannesburg 's Gautrain and other metro systems , and major road networks were improved . In March 2009 , Danny Jordaan , the president of the 2010 World Cup organising committee , reported that all stadiums for the tournament were on schedule to be completed within six months . The country implemented special measures to ensure the safety and security of spectators in accordance with standard FIFA requirements , including a temporary restriction of flight operation in the airspace surrounding the stadiums . At a ceremony to mark 100 days before the event , FIFA president Sepp Blatter praised the readiness of the country for the event . Construction strike On 8 July 2009 , 70,000 construction workers who were working on the new stadiums walked off their jobs . The majority of the workers receive R 2500 per month ( about £ 192 , € 224 or US $313 ) , but the unions alleged that some workers were grossly underpaid . A spokesperson for the National Union of Mineworkers said to the SABC that the `` no work no pay '' strike would go on until FIFA assessed penalties on the organisers . Other unions threatened to strike into 2011 . The strike was swiftly resolved and workers were back at work within a week of it starting . There were no further strikes and all stadiums and construction projects were completed in time for the kick off . Prize money The total prize money on offer for the tournament was confirmed by FIFA as US $420 million ( including payments of US $40 million to domestic clubs ) , a 60 percent increase on the 2006 tournament . Before the tournament , each of the 32 entrants received US $1 million for preparation costs . Once at the tournament , the prize money was distributed as follows : US $8 million -- To each team eliminated at the group stage ( 16 teams ) ( $8.98 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $9 million -- To each team eliminated in the round of 16 ( 8 teams ) ( $10.10 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $14 million -- To each team eliminated in the quarter - finals ( 4 teams ) ( $15.71 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $18 million -- Fourth placed team ( $20.20 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $20 million -- Third placed team ( $22.44 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $24 million -- Runner up ( $26.93 million in 2018 US dollars ) US $30 million -- Winner ( $33.67 million in 2018 US dollars ) In a first for the World Cup , FIFA made payments to the domestic clubs of the players representing their national teams at the tournament . This saw a total of US $40 million paid to domestic clubs . This was the result of an agreement reached in 2008 between FIFA and European clubs to disband the G - 14 group and drop their claims for compensation dating back to 2005 over the financial cost of injuries sustained to their players while on international duty , such as that from Belgian club Charleroi S.C. for injury to Morocco 's Abdelmajid Oulmers in a friendly game in 2004 , and from English club Newcastle United for an injury to England 's Michael Owen in the 2006 World Cup . Venues Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX In 2005 , the organisers released a provisional list of 13 venues to be used for the World Cup : Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Durban , Johannesburg ( two venues ) , Kimberley , Klerksdorp , Nelspruit , Orkney , Polokwane , Port Elizabeth , Pretoria , and Rustenburg . This was narrowed down to the ten venues that were officially announced by FIFA on 17 March 2006 . The altitude of several venues affected the motion of the ball and player performance , although FIFA 's medical chief downplayed this consideration . Six of the ten venues were over 1200m above sea level , with the two Johannesburg venues -- the FNB Stadium ( also known as Soccer City ) and Ellis Park Stadium -- the highest at approximately 1750m . The FNB Stadium , the Cape Town Stadium and the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium in Port Elizabeth were the most - used venues , each hosting eight matches . Ellis Park Stadium and the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban hosted seven matches each , while the Loftus Versfeld Stadium in Pretoria , the Free State Stadium in Bloemfontein and the Royal Bafokeng Stadium in Rustenburg hosted six matches each . The Peter Mokaba Stadium in Polokwane and the Mbombela Stadium in Nelspruit hosted four matches each , but did not host any knockout - stage matches . Johannesburg Cape Town Durban FNB Stadium ( Soccer City ) Ellis Park Stadium Cape Town Stadium ( Green Point Stadium ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban Stadium ) 26 ° 14 ′ 5.27 '' S 27 ° 58 ′ 56.47 '' E  /  26.2347972 ° S 27.9823528 ° E  / - 26.2347972 ; 27.9823528  ( Soccer City ) 26 ° 11 ′ 51.07 '' S 28 ° 3 ′ 38.76 '' E  /  26.1975194 ° S 28.0607667 ° E  / - 26.1975194 ; 28.0607667  ( Ellis Park Stadium ) 33 ° 54 ′ 12.46 '' S 18 ° 24 ′ 40.15 '' E  /  33.9034611 ° S 18.4111528 ° E  / - 33.9034611 ; 18.4111528  ( Cape Town Stadium ) 29 ° 49 ′ 46 '' S 31 ° 01 ′ 49 '' E  /  29.82944 ° S 31.03028 ° E  / - 29.82944 ; 31.03028  ( Moses Mabhida Stadium ) Capacity : 84,490 Capacity : 55,686 Capacity : 64,100 Capacity : 62,760 Pretoria Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Pretoria Port Elizabeth Bloemfontein Polokwane Rustenburg Nelspruit 2010 FIFA World Cup ( South Africa ) Port Elizabeth Loftus Versfeld Stadium Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium 25 ° 45 ′ 12 '' S 28 ° 13 ′ 22 '' E  /  25.75333 ° S 28.22278 ° E  / - 25.75333 ; 28.22278  ( Loftus Versfeld Stadium ) 33 ° 56 ′ 16 '' S 25 ° 35 ′ 56 '' E  /  33.93778 ° S 25.59889 ° E  / - 33.93778 ; 25.59889  ( Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ) Capacity : 42,858 Capacity : 42,486 Polokwane Nelspruit Bloemfontein Rustenburg 23 ° 55 ′ 29 '' S 29 ° 28 ′ 08 '' E  /  23.924689 ° S 29.468765 ° E  / - 23.924689 ; 29.468765  ( Peter Mokaba Stadium ) 25 ° 27 ′ 42 '' S 30 ° 55 ′ 47 '' E  /  25.46172 ° S 30.929689 ° E  / - 25.46172 ; 30.929689  ( Mbombela Stadium ) 29 ° 07 ′ 02.25 '' S 26 ° 12 ′ 31.85 '' E  /  29.1172917 ° S 26.2088472 ° E  / - 29.1172917 ; 26.2088472  ( Free State Stadium ) 25 ° 34 ′ 43 '' S 27 ° 09 ′ 39 '' E  /  25.5786 ° S 27.1607 ° E  / - 25.5786 ; 27.1607  ( Royal Bafokeng Stadium ) Peter Mokaba Stadium Mbombela Stadium Free State Stadium Royal Bafokeng Stadium Capacity : 41,733 Capacity : 40,929 Capacity : 40,911 Capacity : 38,646 The following stadiums were all upgraded to meet FIFA specifications : Cecil Payne Stadium Dobsonville Stadium Gelvandale Stadium Giant Stadium HM Pitje Stadium King Zwelithini Stadium Olympia Park Stadium Orlando Stadium Princess Magogo Stadium Rabie Ridge Stadium Rand Stadium Ruimsig Stadium Seisa Ramabodu Stadium Sugar Ray Xulu Stadium Super Stadium Team base camps The base camps are used by 32 national squads to stay and train before and during the World Cup tournament . In February 2010 , FIFA announced the base camps for each participating team . Fifteen teams were in Gauteng Province , while six teams were based in KwaZulu - Natal , four in the Western Cape , three in North West Province and one each in Mpumalanga , the Eastern Cape and the Northern Cape . Eastern Cape ( 1 ) Ghana Gauteng ( 15 ) Argentina Australia Germany Honduras Italy Mexico Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland United States KwaZulu - Natal ( 7 ) Algeria Cameroon Greece Ivory Coast Nigeria Paraguay Portugal Mpumalanga ( 1 ) Chile North West Province ( 3 ) England South Korea Spain Northern Cape ( 1 ) Uruguay Western Cape ( 4 ) Brazil Denmark France Japan Final draw See also : 2010 FIFA World Cup seeding The FIFA Organising Committee approved the procedure for the final draw on 2 December 2009 . The seeding was based on the October 2009 FIFA World Ranking and seven squads joined hosts South Africa as seeded teams for the final draw . No two teams from the same confederation were to be drawn in the same group , except allowing a maximum of two European teams in a group . Pot 1 ( Host & Top seven ) Pot 2 ( Asia , North America & Oceania ) Pot 3 ( Africa & South America ) Pot 4 ( Europe ) South Africa Brazil Spain Netherlands Italy Germany Argentina England Australia Japan North Korea South Korea Honduras Mexico United States New Zealand Algeria Cameroon Ghana Ivory Coast Nigeria Chile Paraguay Uruguay Denmark France Greece Portugal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Switzerland The group draw was staged in Cape Town , South Africa , on 4 December 2009 at the Cape Town International Convention Centre . The ceremony was presented by South African actress Charlize Theron , assisted by FIFA Secretary General Jérôme Valcke . The balls were drawn by English football star David Beckham and African sporting figures Haile Gebrselassie , John Smit , Makhaya Ntini , Matthew Booth and Simphiwe Dludlu . Referees Main articles : 2010 FIFA World Cup officials and 2010 FIFA World Cup controversies § Refereeing FIFA 's Referees ' Committee selected 29 referees through its Refereeing Assistance Programme to officiate at the World Cup : four from the AFC , three from the CAF , six from CONMEBOL , four from CONCACAF , two from the OFC and ten from UEFA . English referee Howard Webb was chosen to referee the final , making him the first person to referee both the UEFA Champions League final and the World Cup final in the same year . Squads The Brazilian and North Korean teams before their group stage match Further information : 2010 FIFA World Cup squads As with the 2006 tournament , each team 's squad for the 2010 World Cup consisted of 23 players . Each participating national association had to confirm their final 23 - player squad by 1 June 2010 . Teams were permitted to make late replacements in the event of serious injury , at any time up to 24 hours before their first game . Of the 736 players participating in the tournament , over half played their club football in five European domestic leagues ; those in England ( 117 players ) , Germany ( 84 ) , Italy ( 80 ) , Spain ( 59 ) and France ( 46 ) . The English , German and Italian squads were made up of entirely home based players , while only Nigeria had no players from clubs in their own league . In all , players from 52 national leagues entered the tournament . FC Barcelona of Spain was the club contributing the most players to the tournament , with 13 players of their side travelling , 7 with the Spanish team , while another 7 clubs contributed 10 players or more . In another first for South Africa 2010 , one squad included three siblings . Jerry , Johnny and Wilson Palacios made history thanks to their inclusion in Honduras 's 23 - man list . Unusually , the game between Germany and Ghana had two brothers playing for opposite nations , with Jérôme Boateng and Kevin - Prince Boateng playing respectively . Match summary The 32 national teams involved in the tournament together played a total of 64 matches starting from the group stage matches and progressing to the knockout stage matches , with teams eliminated through the various progressive stages . Rest days were allocated during the various stages to allow players recovery during the tournament . Preliminary events were also held in celebration of the World Cup event . All times listed in the table below are in South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 matches . show Day Time Venue Stage Team 1 Result Team 2 Thursday 10 June Preliminary events 20 : 00 Soweto FIFA Kick - off Celebration Concert Friday 11 June 14 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Opening ceremony First round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group A South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico 20 : 30 Cape Town Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Saturday 12 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group B South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group C England 1 -- 1 United States Sunday 13 June 13 : 30 Polokwane Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia 16 : 00 Pretoria Group D Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana 20 : 30 Durban Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Monday 14 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group E Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon 20 : 30 Cape Town Group F Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Tuesday 15 June 13 : 30 Rustenburg New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group G Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Wednesday 16 June 13 : 30 Nelspruit Group H Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile 16 : 00 Durban Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Second round of group stage matches 20 : 30 Pretoria Group A South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Thursday 17 June 13 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group B Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria 20 : 30 Polokwane Group A France 0 -- 2 Mexico Friday 18 June 13 : 30 Port Elizabeth Group D Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group C Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States 20 : 30 Cape Town England 0 -- 0 Algeria Saturday 19 June 13 : 30 Durban Group E Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group D Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia 20 : 30 Pretoria Group E Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Sunday 20 June 13 : 30 Bloemfontein Group F Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay 16 : 00 Nelspruit Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group G Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Monday 21 June 13 : 30 Cape Town Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group H Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Tuesday 22 June Third round of group stage matches 16 : 00 Rustenburg Group A Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay 16 : 00 Bloemfontein France 1 -- 2 South Africa 20 : 30 Durban Group B Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea 20 : 30 Polokwane Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Wednesday 23 June 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Group C Slovenia 0 -- 1 England 16 : 00 Pretoria United States 1 -- 0 Algeria 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Group D Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany 20 : 30 Nelspruit Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Thursday 24 June 16 : 00 Johannesburg ( EP ) Group F Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy 16 : 00 Polokwane Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand 20 : 30 Rustenburg Group E Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Friday 25 June 16 : 00 Durban Group G Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil 16 : 00 Nelspruit North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast 20 : 30 Pretoria Group H Chile 1 -- 2 Spain 20 : 30 Bloemfontein Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Saturday 26 June Knockout stage matches 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Round of 16 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea 20 : 30 Rustenburg United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Sunday 27 June 16 : 00 Bloemfontein Germany 4 -- 1 England 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Monday 28 June 16 : 00 Durban Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Tuesday 29 June 16 : 00 Pretoria Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 3 p ) Japan 20 : 30 Cape Town Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Wednesday 30 June Rest days Thursday 1 July Friday 2 July 16 : 00 Port Elizabeth Quarter - finals Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) ( 4 -- 2 p ) Ghana Saturday 3 July 16 : 00 Cape Town Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany 20 : 30 Johannesburg ( EP ) Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Sunday 4 July Rest days Monday 5 July Tuesday 6 July 20 : 30 Cape Town Semi-finals Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Wednesday 7 July 20 : 30 Durban Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Thursday 8 July Rest days Friday 9 July Saturday 10 July 20 : 30 Port Elizabeth Third place match Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Sunday 11 July 18 : 30 Johannesburg ( SC ) Closing ceremony 20 : 30 Final Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Group stage In the first round , or group stage , the 32 teams were divided into eight groups of four , with each team playing the other three teams in their group once . Teams were awarded three points for a win , one point for a draw and none for a defeat . The top two teams in each group advanced to the round of 16 . The South American teams performed strongly , with all five advancing to the round of 16 ( four as group winners ) , and four further advancing to the quarter - finals . However , only Uruguay advanced to the semi-finals . Of the six African teams , only Ghana advanced to the round of 16 . South Africa became the first host nation in World Cup history to be eliminated in the first round , despite beating France and drawing with Mexico , while Ghana and Ivory Coast were the only other African teams to win a match . The overall performance of the African teams , in the first World Cup to be hosted on the continent , was judged as disappointing by observers such as Cameroon great Roger Milla . Only six out of the thirteen UEFA teams advanced to the round of 16 , a record low since the introduction of this stage in 1986 . Nonetheless , the final was contested by two European teams . In another World Cup first , the two finalists from the preceding tournament , Italy and France , were eliminated at the group stage , with Italy becoming the third defending champions to be eliminated in the first round after Brazil in 1966 and France in 2002 . New Zealand , one of the lowest - ranked teams , surprised many by drawing all three of their group matches , ending the tournament as the only undefeated team . Tie - breaking criteria Teams were ranked on the following criteria : 1 . Greater number of points in all group matches 2 . Goal difference in all group matches 3 . Greater number of goals scored in all group matches 4 . Greatest number of points in matches between tied teams 5 . Goal difference in matches between tied teams 6 . Greatest number of goals scored in matches between tied teams 7 . Drawing of lots by the FIFA Organising Committee Group A Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Uruguay 0 0 + 4 7 Advance to knockout stage Mexico + 1 South Africa ( H ) 5 − 2 France 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria ( H ) Host . 11 June 2010 South Africa 1 -- 1 Mexico Soccer City , Johannesburg Uruguay 0 -- 0 France Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 16 June 2010 South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 17 June 2010 France 0 -- 2 Mexico Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 22 June 2010 Mexico 0 -- 1 Uruguay Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg France 1 -- 2 South Africa Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Group B Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Argentina 0 0 7 + 6 9 Advance to knockout stage South Korea 5 6 − 1 Greece 0 5 − 3 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 South Korea 2 -- 0 Greece Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Argentina 1 -- 0 Nigeria Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 17 June 2010 Argentina 4 -- 1 South Korea Soccer City , Johannesburg Greece 2 -- 1 Nigeria Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 22 June 2010 Nigeria 2 -- 2 South Korea Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Greece 0 -- 2 Argentina Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group C Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group C Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification United States 0 + 1 5 Advance to knockout stage England 0 + 1 5 Slovenia 0 Algeria 0 0 − 2 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 12 June 2010 England 1 -- 1 United States Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 13 June 2010 Algeria 0 -- 1 Slovenia Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane 18 June 2010 Slovenia 2 -- 2 United States Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg England 0 -- 0 Algeria Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 23 June 2010 Slovenia 0 -- 1 England Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth United States 1 -- 0 Algeria Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Group D Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group D Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Germany 0 5 + 4 6 Advance to knockout stage Ghana 0 Australia 6 − 3 Serbia 0 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 13 June 2010 Serbia 0 -- 1 Ghana Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Germany 4 -- 0 Australia Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 18 June 2010 Germany 0 -- 1 Serbia Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth 19 June 2010 Ghana 1 -- 1 Australia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 23 June 2010 Ghana 0 -- 1 Germany Soccer City , Johannesburg Australia 2 -- 1 Serbia Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group E Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group E Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Netherlands 0 0 5 + 4 9 Advance to knockout stage Japan 0 + 2 6 Denmark 0 6 − 3 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Netherlands 2 -- 0 Denmark Soccer City , Johannesburg Japan 1 -- 0 Cameroon Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 19 June 2010 Netherlands 1 -- 0 Japan Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Cameroon 1 -- 2 Denmark Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria 24 June 2010 Denmark 1 -- 3 Japan Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Cameroon 1 -- 2 Netherlands Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Group F Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group F Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Paraguay 0 + 2 5 Advance to knockout stage Slovakia 5 − 1 New Zealand 0 0 0 Italy 0 5 − 1 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 14 June 2010 Italy 1 -- 1 Paraguay Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 15 June 2010 New Zealand 1 -- 1 Slovakia Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg 20 June 2010 Slovakia 0 -- 2 Paraguay Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Italy 1 -- 1 New Zealand Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit 24 June 2010 Slovakia 3 -- 2 Italy Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Paraguay 0 -- 0 New Zealand Peter Mokaba Stadium , Polokwane Group G Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group G Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Brazil 0 5 + 3 7 Advance to knockout stage Portugal 0 7 0 + 7 5 Ivory Coast + 1 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 15 June 2010 Ivory Coast 0 -- 0 Portugal Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Brazil 2 -- 1 North Korea Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 20 June 2010 Brazil 3 -- 1 Ivory Coast Soccer City , Johannesburg 21 June 2010 Portugal 7 -- 0 North Korea Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town 25 June 2010 Portugal 0 -- 0 Brazil Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban North Korea 0 -- 3 Ivory Coast Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Group H Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Group H Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Spain 0 + 2 6 Advance to knockout stage Chile 0 + 1 6 Switzerland 0 Honduras 0 0 − 3 Source : FIFA Rules for classification : Tie - breaking criteria 16 June 2010 Honduras 0 -- 1 Chile Mbombela Stadium , Nelspruit Spain 0 -- 1 Switzerland Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban 21 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 0 Switzerland Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Spain 2 -- 0 Honduras Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 25 June 2010 Chile 1 -- 2 Spain Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Switzerland 0 -- 0 Honduras Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Knockout stage Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup knockout stage All times listed are South African Standard Time ( UTC + 02 ) The knockout stage comprised the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament . There were four rounds of matches , with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round . The successive rounds were the round of 16 , quarter - finals , semi-finals , and the final . There was also a play - off to decide third and fourth place . For each game in the knockout stage , any draw at 90 minutes was followed by thirty minutes of extra time ; if scores were still level , there was a penalty shootout to determine who progressed to the next round . Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final 26 June -- Port Elizabeth Uruguay 2 July -- Johannesburg ( SC ) South Korea Uruguay ( pen . ) 1 ( 4 ) 26 June -- Rustenburg Ghana 1 ( 2 ) United States 6 July -- Cape Town Ghana ( a.e.t. ) Uruguay 28 June -- Durban Netherlands Netherlands 2 July -- Port Elizabeth Slovakia Netherlands 28 June -- Johannesburg ( EP ) Brazil Brazil 11 July -- Johannesburg ( Soccer City ) Chile 0 Netherlands 0 27 June -- Johannesburg ( SC ) Spain ( a.e.t. ) Argentina 3 July -- Cape Town Mexico Argentina 0 27 June -- Bloemfontein Germany Germany 7 July -- Durban England Germany 0 29 June -- Pretoria Spain Third place Paraguay ( pen . ) 0 ( 5 ) 3 July -- Johannesburg ( EP ) 10 July -- Port Elizabeth Japan 0 ( 3 ) Paraguay 0 Uruguay 29 June -- Cape Town Spain Germany Spain Portugal 0 Round of 16 In this round , each group winner ( A-H ) was paired against the runner - up from another group . South American teams again performed strongly in the round of 16 , with four teams advancing to the quarter - finals including Brazil who defeated fellow South Americans Chile . England 's 4 -- 1 loss to Germany was their biggest ever margin of defeat at a World Cup finals . It was also the first time that a World Cup finals match between these two traditional rivals had a decisive result in regulation time , their three previous meetings all being tied at 90 minutes , with two settled in extra time and one in a penalty shootout . Ghana defeated the United States to become the third African team to reach the last eight ( after Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002 ) , and the only African team to have achieved both a top 8 finish and a separate top 16 finish ( in 2006 ) . Paraguay and Ghana reached the quarter - finals for the first time . The round was marked by some controversial referees ' decisions , including : A disallowed goal by England in their 4 -- 1 loss against Germany , where the shot by Frank Lampard was seen to cross substantially over the goal line when shown on television broadcast replays . An allowed goal by Argentina in their 3 -- 1 win over Mexico , where Argentine striker Carlos Tevez was seen to be offside when shown on television broadcast replays , which were shown inside the stadium shortly after the incident . FIFA President Sepp Blatter took the unusual step of apologising to England and Mexico for the decisions that went against them , saying : `` Yesterday I spoke to the two federations directly concerned by referees ' mistakes ( ... ) I apologised to England and Mexico . The English said thank you and accepted that you can win some and you lose some and the Mexicans bowed their head and accepted it . '' Blatter also promised to re-open the discussion regarding devices which monitor possible goals and make that information immediately available to match officials , saying : `` We will naturally take on board the discussion on technology and have the first opportunity in July at the business meeting . '' Blatter 's call came less than four months after FIFA general secretary Jérôme Valcke said the door was closed on goal - line technology and video replays after a vote by the IFAB . 26 June 2010 16 : 00 Uruguay 2 -- 1 South Korea Suárez 8 ' , 80 ' Report Lee Chung - yong 68 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 30,597 Referee : Wolfgang Stark ( Germany ) 26 June 2010 20 : 30 United States 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Donovan 62 ' ( pen . ) Report Prince 5 ' Gyan 93 ' Royal Bafokeng Stadium , Rustenburg Attendance : 34,976 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) 27 June 2010 16 : 00 Germany 4 -- 1 England Klose 20 ' Podolski 32 ' Müller 67 ' , 70 ' Report Upson 37 ' Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein Attendance : 40,510 Referee : Jorge Larrionda ( Uruguay ) 27 June 2010 20 : 30 Argentina 3 -- 1 Mexico Tevez 26 ' , 52 ' Higuaín 33 ' Report Hernández 71 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,377 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) 28 June 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Slovakia Robben 18 ' Sneijder 84 ' Report Vittek 90 + 4 ' ( pen . ) Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 61,962 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 28 June 2010 20 : 30 Brazil 3 -- 0 Chile Juan 34 ' Luís Fabiano 38 ' Robinho 59 ' Report Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 54,096 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) 29 June 2010 16 : 00 Paraguay 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Japan Report Penalties Barreto Barrios Riveros Valdez Cardozo 5 -- 3 Endō Hasebe Komano Honda Loftus Versfeld Stadium , Pretoria Attendance : 36,742 Referee : Frank De Bleeckere ( Belgium ) 29 June 2010 20 : 30 Spain 1 -- 0 Portugal Villa 63 ' Report Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,955 Referee : Héctor Baldassi ( Argentina ) Quarter - finals The three quarter - finals between European and South American teams all resulted in wins for Europeans . Germany had a 4 -- 0 victory over Argentina , and the Netherlands came from behind to beat Brazil 2 -- 1 , handing the Brazilians their first loss in a World Cup match held outside Europe ( other than in a penalty shootout ) since 1950 when Uruguay won the decisive match 2 -- 1 . Spain reached the final four for the first time since 1950 after a 1 -- 0 win over Paraguay . Uruguay , the only South American team to reach the semi-finals , overcame Ghana in a penalty shoot - out after a 1 -- 1 draw in which Ghana missed a penalty at the end of extra time after Luis Suárez controversially handled the ball on the line . 2 July 2010 16 : 00 Netherlands 2 -- 1 Brazil Sneijder 53 ' , 68 ' Report Robinho 10 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 40,186 Referee : Yuichi Nishimura ( Japan ) 2 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 1 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Ghana Forlán 55 ' Report Muntari 45 + 2 ' Penalties Forlán Victorino Scotti M. Pereira Abreu 4 -- 2 Gyan Appiah Mensah Adiyiah Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,017 Referee : Olegário Benquerença ( Portugal ) 3 July 2010 16 : 00 Argentina 0 -- 4 Germany Report Müller 3 ' Klose 68 ' , 89 ' Friedrich 74 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 64,100 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 3 July 2010 20 : 30 Paraguay 0 -- 1 Spain Report Villa 83 ' Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg Attendance : 55,359 Referee : Carlos Batres ( Guatemala ) Semi-finals The Netherlands qualified for the final for the third time with a 3 -- 2 win over Uruguay . Spain reached their first ever final with a 1 -- 0 victory over Germany . As a result , it was the first World Cup final not to feature at least one of Brazil , Italy , Germany or Argentina . 6 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Netherlands Forlán 41 ' M. Pereira 90 + 2 ' Report Van Bronckhorst 18 ' Sneijder 70 ' Robben 73 ' Cape Town Stadium , Cape Town Attendance : 62,479 Referee : Ravshan Irmatov ( Uzbekistan ) 7 July 2010 20 : 30 Germany 0 -- 1 Spain Report Puyol 73 ' Moses Mabhida Stadium , Durban Attendance : 60,960 Referee : Viktor Kassai ( Hungary ) Third place play - off Germany defeated Uruguay 3 -- 2 to secure third place . Germany holds the record for most third - place finishes in the World Cup ( 4 ) , while Uruguay holds the record for most fourth - place finishes ( 3 ) . 10 July 2010 20 : 30 Uruguay 2 -- 3 Germany Cavani 28 ' Forlán 51 ' Report Müller 19 ' Jansen 56 ' Khedira 82 ' Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium , Port Elizabeth Attendance : 36,254 Referee : Benito Archundia ( Mexico ) Final Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Final The final was held on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City , Johannesburg . Spain defeated the Netherlands 1 -- 0 , with an extra time goal from Andrés Iniesta . Iniesta scored the latest winning goal in a FIFA World Cup final ( 116 ' ) . The win gave Spain their first World Cup title , becoming the eighth team to win it . This made them the first new winner without home advantage since Brazil in 1958 , and the first team to win the tournament after having lost their opening game . A large number of fouls were committed in the final match . Referee Howard Webb handed out 14 yellow cards , more than doubling the previous record for this fixture , set when Argentina and West Germany shared six cards in 1986 , and John Heitinga of the Netherlands was sent off for receiving a second yellow card . The Netherlands had chances to score , most notably in the 60th minute when Arjen Robben was released by Wesley Sneijder to be one - on - one with Spain 's goalkeeper Iker Casillas , only for Casillas to save the shot with an outstretched leg . For Spain , Sergio Ramos missed a free header from a corner kick when he was unmarked . Iniesta finally broke the deadlock in extra time , scoring a volleyed shot from a pass by Cesc Fàbregas . This result marked the first time that two teams from the same continent had won successive World Cups ( following Italy in 2006 ) , and saw Europe reaching 10 World Cup titles , surpassing South America 's nine titles . Spain became the first team since West Germany in 1974 to win the World Cup as European champions . The result also marked the first time that a European nation had won a World Cup Finals that was not hosted on European soil . A closing ceremony was held before the final , featuring singer Shakira . Afterwards , the former South African President Nelson Mandela made a brief appearance on the pitch , wheeled in by a motorcart . 11 July 2010 20 : 30 Netherlands 0 -- 1 ( a.e.t. ) Spain Report Iniesta 116 ' Soccer City , Johannesburg Attendance : 84,490 Referee : Howard Webb ( England ) Statistics Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics Goalscorers For the full list of goalscorers , see 2010 FIFA World Cup statistics § Goalscorers . South African winger Siphiwe Tshabalala was the first player to score a goal in the competition , in their 1 -- 1 draw against Mexico , the opening game of the tournament . Danish defender Daniel Agger was credited with the first own goal of the tournament , in his side 's 2 -- 0 loss to the Netherlands . Argentine striker Gonzalo Higuaín was the only player to score a hat - trick in the tournament , in Argentina 's 4 -- 1 win over South Korea . It was the 49th World Cup hat - trick in the history of the tournament . Spain set a new record for the fewest goals scored by a World Cup - winning team , with eight . The previous record low was 11 , set by Brazil in 1994 , England in 1966 , and Italy in 1938 . Spain had the fewest goalscorers for a champion as well ( three -- Villa with five goals , Iniesta with two and Puyol with one ) . They also had the fewest goals conceded for a champion ( 2 ) , equal with Italy ( 2006 ) and France ( 1998 ) . Spain 's victory marked the first time that a team won the World Cup without conceding a goal in the knockout stage . The four top scorers in the tournament had five goals each . All of the four top scorers also came from the teams that finished in the top four , Spain , the Netherlands , Germany , and Uruguay . The Golden Boot went to Thomas Müller of Germany who had three assists , compared to one for the three others . The Silver Boot went to David Villa of Spain , who played a total of 635 minutes , and the Bronze Boot to Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands , who played 652 minutes . Diego Forlán of Uruguay had five goals and one assist in 654 minutes . A further three players scored four goals . Only 145 goals were scored at South Africa 2010 , the lowest of any FIFA World Cup since the tournament switched to a 64 - game format . This continued a downward trend since the first 64 - game finals were held 12 years earlier , with 171 goals at France 1998 , 161 at Korea / Japan 2002 and 147 at Germany 2006 . Discipline Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup disciplinary record 28 players were suspended after being shown two consecutive yellow cards ( 13 players ) , a single red card ( 8 players ) , or a yellow card followed by a red card ( 7 players ) . Final standings Champion Runner - up Third place Fourth place Quarter - finals Round of 16 Group stage Shortly after the final , FIFA issued a final ranking of every team in the tournament . The ranking was based on progress in the competition , overall results and quality of the opposition . All 32 teams are ranked based on criteria which have been used by FIFA . The final ranking was as follows : R Team GF GA GD Pts . Spain 7 6 0 8 + 6 18 Netherlands 7 6 0 12 6 + 6 18 Germany 7 5 0 16 5 + 11 15 Uruguay 7 11 8 + 3 11 Eliminated in the quarter - finals 5 Argentina 5 0 10 6 + 4 12 6 Brazil 5 9 + 5 10 7 Ghana 5 5 + 1 8 8 Paraguay 5 + 1 6 Eliminated in the round of 16 9 Japan + 2 7 10 Chile 0 5 − 2 6 11 Portugal 7 + 6 5 12 United States 5 5 0 5 13 England 5 − 2 5 14 Mexico 5 − 1 15 South Korea 6 8 − 2 16 Slovakia 5 7 − 2 Eliminated in the group stage 17 Ivory Coast + 1 18 Slovenia 0 19 Switzerland 0 20 South Africa 5 − 2 21 Australia 6 − 3 22 New Zealand 0 0 0 23 Serbia 0 − 1 24 Denmark 0 6 − 3 25 Greece 0 5 − 3 26 Italy 0 5 − 1 27 Nigeria 0 5 − 2 28 Algeria 0 0 − 2 29 France 0 − 3 30 Honduras 0 0 − 3 31 Cameroon 0 0 5 − 3 0 32 North Korea 0 0 12 − 11 0 Awards Main awards Golden Ball : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) Golden Boot : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) Golden Glove : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Best Young Player : Thomas Müller ( Germany ) FIFA Fair Play Trophy : Spain Dream team For the first time , FIFA did not release an official All - Star Team , but instead published a Dream Team decided by an online public vote . People were invited to select a team ( in a 4 -- 4 -- 2 formation ) and best coach ; voting was open until 23 : 59 on 11 July 2010 , with entrants going into a draw to win a prize . Six of the eleven players came from the Spanish team , as did the coach . The remainder of the team comprised two players from Germany , and one each from Brazil , the Netherlands and Uruguay . Goalkeeper : Iker Casillas ( Spain ) Defenders : Sergio Ramos , Carles Puyol ( Spain ) , Maicon ( Brazil ) , Philipp Lahm ( Germany ) Midfielders : Andrés Iniesta , Xavi ( Spain ) , Bastian Schweinsteiger ( Germany ) , Wesley Sneijder ( Netherlands ) Forwards : Diego Forlán ( Uruguay ) , David Villa ( Spain ) Coach : Vicente del Bosque ( Spain ) Marketing A Spain shirt , autographed by members of the World Cup - winning squad , on display in Madrid Mascot Main article : Zakumi The official mascot for the 2010 World Cup was Zakumi , an anthropomorphised African leopard with green hair , presented on 22 September 2008 . His name came from `` ZA '' ( the international abbreviation for South Africa ) and the term kumi , which means `` ten '' in various African languages . The mascot 's colours reflected those of the host nation 's playing strip -- yellow and green . Official song Main article : FIFA World Cup official songs The official song of the 2010 World Cup `` Waka Waka '' was performed by the Colombian singer Shakira and the band Freshlyground from South Africa , and is sung in both English and Spanish . The song is based on a traditional African soldiers ' song , `` Zangalewa '' . Shakira and Freshlyground performed the song at the pre-tournament concert in Soweto on 10 June . It was also sung at the opening ceremony on 11 June and at the closing ceremony on 11 July . The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was `` Sign of a Victory '' by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers , which was also performed at the opening ceremony . Match ball Main article : Adidas Jabulani The match ball for the 2010 World Cup , manufactured by Adidas , was named the Jabulani , which means `` bringing joy to everyone '' in Zulu . It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker ; it featured eleven colours , representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa . A special match ball with gold panels , called the Jo'bulani , was used at the final in Johannesburg . The ball was constructed using a new design , consisting of eight thermally bonded , three - dimensional panels . These were spherically moulded from ethylene - vinyl acetate ( EVA ) and thermoplastic polyurethanes ( TPU ) . The surface of the ball was textured with grooves , a technology developed by Adidas called GripnGroove that was intended to improve the ball 's aerodynamics . The design received considerable academic input , being developed in partnership with researchers from Loughborough University , United Kingdom . The balls were made in China , using latex bladders made in India , thermoplastic polyurethane - elastomer from Taiwan , ethylene vinyl acetate , isotropic polyester / cotton fabric , and glue and ink from China . Some football stars complained about the new ball , arguing that its movements were difficult to predict . Brazilian goalkeeper Júlio César compared it to a `` supermarket '' ball that favored strikers and worked against goalkeepers . Argentinian coach Diego Maradona said : `` We wo n't see any long passes in this World Cup because the ball does n't fly straight . '' However , a number of Adidas - sponsored players responded favourably to the ball . Vuvuzelas A man sounding a vuvuzela Main article : Vuvuzela The 2010 finals amplified international public awareness of the vuvuzela , a long horn blown by fans throughout matches . Many World Cup competitors complained about the noise caused by the vuvuzela horns , including France 's Patrice Evra , who blamed the horns for the team 's poor performance . Other critics include Lionel Messi , who complained that the sound of the vuvuzelas hampers communication among players on the pitch , and broadcasting companies , which complained that commentators ' voices were being drowned out by the sound . Others watching on television complained that the ambient audio feed from the stadium only contains the sounds of the vuvuzelas and the natural sounds of people in the stands are drowned out . A spokesperson for ESPN and other networks said that they were taking steps to minimise the ambient noise on their broadcasts . The BBC also investigated the possibility of offering broadcasts without vuvuzela noise . Sponsorship The sponsors of the 2010 World Cup are divided into three categories : FIFA Partners , FIFA World Cup Sponsors and National Supporters . FIFA partners FIFA World Cup sponsors National supporters Adidas Coca - Cola Emirates Hyundai -- Kia Sony VISA Budweiser Castrol Continental Mahindra Satyam McDonald 's MTN Group Seara Foods Yingli Solar BP South Africa Aggreko First National Bank Neo Africa Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa Telkom Event effects A FIFA World Cup Trophy Tour aeroplane , sponsored by Coca - Cola . ( 2010 ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup event effects Social Tournament organiser Danny Jordaan dismissed concerns that the attack on the Togo national team which took place in Angola in January 2010 , had any relevance to the security arrangements for the World Cup . There were also reports of thefts against visitors to the country for the World Cup . Tourists from China , Portugal , Spain , South Korea , Japan and Colombia had become victims of crime . On 19 June after the match between England and Algeria , a fan was able to break through the FIFA - appointed security staff at Green Point stadium and gain access to the England team dressing room . The breach took place shortly after Prince William and Prince Harry had left the room . The trespasser was then released before he could be handed over to the Police . English FA lodged a formal complaint with FIFA and demanded that security be increased . Resettlement and eviction Police patrol Blikkiesdorp , a settlement for the evicted . As with many ' hallmark events ' throughout the world , the 2010 FIFA World Cup has been connected to evictions , which many claim are meant to ' beautify the city ' , impress visiting tourists , and hide shackdwellers . On 14 May 2009 , the Durban - based shack - dwellers ' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo took the KwaZulu - Natal government to court over their controversial Elimination and Prevention of Re-Emergence of Slums Act , meant to eliminate slums in South Africa and put homeless shackdwellers in transit camps in time for the 2010 World Cup . Another prominent controversy surrounding preparations for the World Cup was the N2 Gateway housing project in Cape Town , which planned to remove over 20,000 residents from the Joe Slovo Informal Settlement along the busy N2 Freeway and build rental flats and bond - houses in its place in time for the 2010 World Cup . NGOs , international human rights organisations , and the Anti-Eviction Campaign have publicly criticised the conditions in Blikkiesdorp and said that the camp has been used to accommodate poor families evicted to make way for the 2010 World Cup . However some have argued that evictions are ordinarily common in South Africa and that in the lead up to the tournament many evictions were erreonously ascribed to the World Cup . Economy Some groups experienced complications in regards to scheduled sporting events , advertising , or broadcasting , as FIFA attempted to maximise control of media rights during the Cup . Affected parties included an international rugby union Test match , a South African airline , and some TV networks , all of whom were involved in various legal struggles with World Cup organisers . During the tournament , group ticket - holders who did not utilise all their allotted tickets led to some early - round matches having as many as 11,000 unoccupied seats . While the event did help to boost the image of South Africa , financially it turned out to be a major disappointment . Construction costs for venues and infrastructure amounted to £ 3 billion ( € 3.6 billion ) , and the government expected that increased tourism would help to offset these costs to the amount of £ 570 million ( € 680 million ) . However , only £ 323 million ( € 385 million ) were actually taken in as 309,000 foreign fans came to South Africa , well below the expected number of 450,000 . Local vendors were prohibited from selling food and merchandise within a 1.5 kilometre radius of any stadium hosting a World Cup match . For a vendor to operate within the radius , a registration fee of R 60,000 ( approximately to US $7,888 or € 6,200 ) , had to be paid to FIFA . This fee was out of most local vendors ' reach , as they are simple one - man - operated vendors . This prevented international visitors from experiencing local South African food . Some local vendors felt cheated out of an opportunity for financial gain and spreading South African culture , in favour of multinational corporations . FIFA president Sepp Blatter declared the event `` a huge financial success for everybody , for Africa , for South Africa and for FIFA , '' with revenue to FIFA of £ 2.24 billion ( € 2 billion ) . Quality In a December 2010 Quality Progress , FIFA President Blatter rated South Africa 's organisational efforts a nine out of 10 scale , declaring that South Africa could be considered a plan B for all future competitions . The South African Quality Institute ( SAQI ) assisted in facility construction , event promotion , and organisations . The main issue listed in the article was lack of sufficient public transportation . Media Broadcasting Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Production set of the FIFA international broadcast centre during the event The 2010 FIFA World Cup was expected to be the most - watched television event in history . Hundreds of broadcasters , representing about 70 countries , transmitted the Cup to a TV audience that FIFA officials expect to exceed a cumulative 26 billion people , an average of approximately 400 million viewers per match . FIFA estimated that around 700 million viewers would watch the World Cup final . New forms of digital media have also allowed viewers to watch coverage through alternative means . `` With games airing live on cell phones and computers , the World Cup will get more online coverage than any major sporting event yet , '' said Jake Coyle of the Associated Press . In the United States , ABC , ESPN and ESPN2 averaged a 2.1 rating , 2,288,000 households and 3,261,000 viewers for the 64 World Cup games . The rating was up 31 percent from a 1.6 in 2006 , while households increased 32 percent from 1,735,000 and viewers rose from 2,316,000 . The increases had been higher while the US remained in the tournament . Through the first 50 games , the rating was up 48 percent , households increased 54 percent and viewers rose 60 percent . Univision averaged 2,624,000 viewers for the tournament , up 17 percent , and 1,625,000 households , an increase of 11 percent . An executive of the Nielsen Company , a leading audience research firm in the US , described the aggregate numbers for both networks ' coverage of the USA - Ghana match as `` phenomenal '' . Live World Cup streaming on ESPN3.com pulled in some of the largest audiences in history , as 7.4 million unique viewers tuned in for matches . In total , ESPN3.com generated 942 million minutes of viewing or more than two hours per unique viewer . All 64 live matches were viewed by an average of 114,000 persons per minute . Most impressive were the numbers for the semi-final between Spain and Germany , which was viewed by 355,000 people per minute , making it ESPN3. com 's largest average audience ever . Filming Sony technology was used to film the tournament . 25 of the matches were captured using 3D cameras . Footage was captured in 3D through Sony 's proprietary multi-image MPE - 200 processors , housed in specially designed 3D outside broadcast trucks . It supplied its flagship HDC - 1500 cameras as well as its new HDC - P1 unit , a compact , point - of - view ( POV ) - type camera with 3 , 2 / 3 - inch CCD sensors . The 3D games were produced for FIFA by Host Broadcast Services . Video games In PlayStation Home , Sony has released a virtual space based on the 2010 FIFA World Cup in the Japanese version of Home on 3 December 2009 . This virtual space is called the `` FevaArena '' and is a virtual stadium of the 2010 FIFA World Cup , featuring different areas for events , a FIFA mini-game , and a shop with FIFA related content . On 27 April 2010 , EA Sports released the official 2010 World Cup video game . FIFA Fan Fest FIFA expanded the FIFA Fan Fest , hosting in Sydney , Buenos Aires , Berlin , Paris , Rome , Rio de Janeiro and Mexico City , as well as several venues around South Africa . The Durban Fan Fest was the most popular in South Africa during the tournament followed by the Cape Town Fan Fest . See also Association football portal South Africa portal Book : FIFA World Cup July 2010 Kampala attacks , a series of terrorist bombings in Kampala , Uganda , timed to coincide with the final match Listen Up ! The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup Album Paul the Octopus and Mani the parakeet , animals who predicted results of the matches References Jump up ^ `` Players -- Top goals '' . FIFA.com . 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India . Archived from the original on 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ AFP ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup organiser mulls vuvuzela ban '' . Google . Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Valenti , Elio ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` Buzz off , vuvuzelas ! '' . New York Post . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Van Buskirk , Eliot ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` Should World Cup Broadcasters Mute Vuvuzela Horns ? '' . Wired . Condé Nast Digital . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Organizers consider silencing vuvuzelas '' . ESPN Soccernet. 14 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2010 . Retrieved 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ; Morris , Steven ( 14 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : BBC may offer vuvuzela - free matches '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 16 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Official FIFA World Cup TM Partners & Sponsors since 1982 '' ( PDF ) . Resources.fifa.com . Jump up ^ `` Spanish brilliance outshines Netherlands in Final '' . YouTube . 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Sponsorship : A programme overview '' ( PDF ) . Brandsouthafrica.com . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adidas extends World Cup sponsorship in $350 m deal '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Adidas extends World Cup soccer sponsorship until 2030 '' . Reuters.com . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola set for 2010 World Cup ' celebration ' '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : History of Coca - Cola and the FIFA World Cup TM '' . Coca-colacompany.com . Jump up ^ `` Emirates Airlines signs up as sixth Fifa partner '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai at FIFA World Cup 2010 - The Inspiration Room '' . Theinspirationroom.com. 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Fifa sponsorship keeps Hyundai in the family '' . Sportspromedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Sony Corp. signs its first global sponsorship deal as FIFA Partner from 2007 - 2014 '' . FIFA.com. 6 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Visa extends World Cup sponsorship to 2022 '' . Reuters.com . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Budweiser Sponsorship of 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa to Unite Soccer Fans Worldwide '' . Newswire.ca . Jump up ^ `` Continental FIFA World Cup sponsor until 2010 '' . Bizcommunity.com . Jump up ^ `` Castrol joins forces with FIFA World Cup until 2014 '' . FIFA.com. 30 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Continental signs up again as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2010 '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Castrol to become FIFA World Cup sponsor '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Satyam signs up as first Indian FIFA World Cup TM Sponsor '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Satyam to be FIFA World Cup 's sponsor '' . Thehindu.com. 25 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - McDonald 's renews as FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2014 '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - MTN signs global deal as first African FIFA World Cup Sponsor until 2010 '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - Global food supplier Seara signs up as final FIFA World Cup Sponsor '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` FIFA signs first Chinese company as World Cup sponsor '' . Campaignlive.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` China 's Yingli Green Energy Will Shine At 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Businessinsider.com . Jump up ^ `` BP expands biggest sponsorship deal in its history '' . Sportspromedia.com . Jump up ^ `` Shanduka - Aggreko Announced as Final National Supporter of the 2010 FIFA World Cup TM - Power Technology '' . Power-technology.com . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - News - South Africa 's First National Bank becomes first National Supporter '' . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Charting 2010 FIFA World Cup adspend growth '' . Bizcommunity.com . Jump up ^ `` Telkom to provide telecoms infrastructure for 2010 FIFA World Cup '' . Mybroadband.co.za . Jump up ^ `` World Cup boss Danny Jordaan allays security concerns '' . BBC Sport. 9 January 2010 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foreigners robbed in South Africa ahead of World Cup '' . Xinhua News . 11 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ; Rayner , Gordon ; Laing , Aislinn ( 19 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Police hunt angry fan who entered England dressing room '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hallmark Events and Evictions '' . Worldpress. 7 February 2008 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Football brings defining moment for South Africa '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 28 December 2009 ) . `` World Cup Whose Meaning Goes Beyond Soccer '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Economic cleansing ' in BBC 's World Cup backyard , Stewart Maclean '' . The Independent . UK . 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Allie , Mohammed ( 2 June 2010 ) . `` South Africans fight eviction for World Cup car park '' . BBC News . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worth , Christopher ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Kicked Out for the Cup ? '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shack Dwellers Fight Demolition in S. Africa Court '' . OneWorld.net. 15 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pooh - slinging Slums Act showdown at Con Court '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 16 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Reverse Side of the Medal : About the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the Beautification of the N2 in Cape Town '' . Urban Forum . Springer Link. 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , David ( 1 April 2010 ) . `` Life in ' Tin Can Town ' for the South Africans evicted ahead of World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 16 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions ask City to reconsider Symphony Way 's eviction to Blikkiesdorp '' . Pambazuka News . 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Courtney ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Homeless S. Africans complain ahead of World Cup '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved 25 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Soccer World Cup will not boost South Africa 's economy , Rukmini Shrinivasan , Times of India , 12 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` Boks ' France Test moved ? '' . SAPA. 30 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kulula to continue with World Cup ad campaign '' . Mail & Guardian Online . 19 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2010 . Retrieved 19 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Us Roar : 2010 World Cup Broadcast Rights '' . REACH . Singapore : Ministry of Community Development , Youth and Sports , Government of Singapore . 6 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Empty seats concern FIFA but attendances stay high '' . Reuters Africa . 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neate , Rupert ( 10 December 2010 ) . `` South Africa recoups just a tenth of the £ 3bn cost of staging World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 23 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sepp Blatter : 2010 World Cup A Stunning Financial Success For South Africa & FIFA '' . Goal.com. 4 March 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Harding , Paul . `` Shining on the World Stage '' . Quality Progress . December 2010 . pp. 56 -- 61 . Jump up ^ `` Beaming 2010 to the world '' . FIFA.com . FIFA. 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 700 million to watch World Cup Final '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy. 12 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Jake ( 9 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup coverage expands on the Web , cell phones '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup final sets ratings record '' . Associated Press . 12 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup Ratings Certify a TV Winner '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : ESPN3.com , ESPN Digital Draw in Massive Audiences '' . Sports Video Group . 15 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup games to be filmed in 3D '' . BBC News . 3 December 2009 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Mistry , Bhavna ( 8 April 2010 ) . `` Sony providing HDC - 1500 cameras for FIFA World Cup '' . AV Interactive . Archived from the original on 13 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Product Detail Page HDCP1 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on 4 June 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Preps for World Cup 3D '' . Broadcasting & Cable . 22 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2010 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FevaArena ( Fibaarina ) entrance '' . Sony Computer Entertainment . Archived from the original on 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Ekberg , Brian ( 26 January 2010 ) . `` FIFA World Cup 2010 Q&A With Simon Humber -- PlayStation 3 News at GameSpot '' . Gamespot UK . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 12 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fan Fest '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Sikiti da Silva , Issa ( 5 June 2010 ) . `` FIFA Fan Fests : some facts and figures '' . Bizcommunity.com . Retrieved 1 December 2011 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA World Cup 2010 . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 2010 FIFA World Cup . 2010 FIFA World Cup Official Site ( Archived ) 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa TM , FIFA.com The official 2010 host country website Official Technical Report RSSSF Archive of finals 2010 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Event effects Matches Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Statistics Squads Symbols and animals Adidas Jabulani Mani the parakeet Official album Official video game Paul the Octopus Vuvuzela Zakumi 2010 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil Ghana Paraguay Round of 16 Chile England Japan Mexico Portugal Slovakia South Korea United States Group stage Algeria Australia Cameroon Denmark France Greece Honduras Italy Ivory Coast New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland 2010 FIFA World Cup stadiums Cape Town Stadium ( Cape Town ) Ellis Park Stadium ( Johannesburg ) Free State Stadium ( Bloemfontein ) Loftus Versfeld Stadium ( Pretoria ) Mbombela Stadium ( Nelspruit ) Moses Mabhida Stadium ( Durban ) Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium ( Port Elizabeth ) Peter Mokaba Stadium ( Polokwane ) Royal Bafokeng Stadium ( Rustenburg ) Soccer City ( Johannesburg ) FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . GND : 16058789 - X LCCN : nb2012027246 VIAF : 144977873 Association football portal 2010s portal South Africa portal Football in Africa portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=855716451 '' Categories : 2010 FIFA World Cup 2010 in association football 2009 -- 10 in South African soccer FIFA World Cup tournaments International association football competitions hosted by South Africa June 2010 sports events July 2010 sports events Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from June 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Bamanankan বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 96 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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Rory McCann

Rory McCann - wikipedia Rory McCann Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish cricketer , see Rory McCann ( cricketer ) . Rory McCann McCann , San Diego Comic Con International ( 2014 ) ( 1969 - 04 - 24 ) 24 April 1969 ( age 48 ) Glasgow , Lanarkshire , Scotland Occupation Actor Years active 1999 -- present Height 6 ft 6 in ( 198 cm ) Relatives Sally - Gay McCann ( sister ) Rory McCann ( born 24 April 1969 ) is a Scottish actor , best known for portraying Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane on the HBO series Game of Thrones and Lurch in Edgar Wright 's crime - comedy Hot Fuzz . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McCann was born in Glasgow , Scotland . He has a sister , Sally - Gay McCann , born in 1972 . Before becoming an actor , McCann was a painter who studied at the Scottish School of Forestry near Inverness . He also worked as a bridge painter ( on the Forth Road Bridge ) , landscape gardener and carpenter . Rory McCann was first trained as an actor by writer - artist Robert Parsifal Finch in The Actor 's Workshop , Glasgow. 1998 . Career ( edit ) McCann 's first acting job was as an extra on the film Willow ( 1988 ) . He was fired because he laughed during the takes . He appeared in an advertisement for Scott 's Porage Oats , dressed in a vest and kilt . As his first major acting role , McCann played a disabled personal trainer in the 2002 television comedy drama The Book Group , winning the Scottish BAFTA for the best television performance of 2002 . Since then , he has taken television roles as Detective Inspector Stuart Brown in State of Play , Peter the Great in Peter in Paradise , and a priest in the award - winning British comedy drama series Shameless . He made his Hollywood debut in the 2004 film Alexander , which required the actors to go through a boot - camp in the African desert , and included shooting in Thailand , Morocco as well as a London studio . In 2007 , he appeared as Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong in Hot Fuzz . In 2008 , he played Moby in The Crew and Atilla the Hun in the BBC docudrama Heroes and Villains . McCann portrays Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in the HBO series Game of Thrones . Other projects include a BBC TV Series by writer Jimmy McGovern called Banished , set in Australia in the 18th century . McCann plays a blacksmith named Marston . Personal life ( edit ) McCann 's younger sister , Sally - Gay McCann , works on costumes for film and television ; he worked alongside her on Alexander and Game of Thrones . McCann is a supporter of the Scottish Green Party , and appeared in its 2007 Scottish Parliament general election broadcast . In 1990 , McCann broke multiple bones in a near - fatal rock climbing accident in Yorkshire . McCann is the former frontman of a defunct band called Thundersoup . He plays the piano , guitar , banjo and mandolin . McCann is known for living a solitary , transient lifestyle . He often lives on his boat or in places without modern conveniences . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 Pasty Faces Goon 2003 The Devil 's Tattoo Eric 2003 Young Adam Sam Alexander Craterus 2005 Beowulf & Grendel Breca 2006 Sixty Six Policeman 2007 Hot Fuzz Michael `` Lurch '' Armstrong 2008 The Crew Moby 2009 Solomon Kane McNess Clash of the Titans Belo 2011 Season of the Witch Soldier Commander Credited as Rory MacCann 2015 Slow West John Ross 2017 xXx : Return of Xander Cage Tennyson `` The Torch '' Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1999 Coming Soon Fergus Television film 2000 Randall & Hopkirk Bouncer Episode : `` Mental Apparition Disorder '' 2000 Monarch of the Glen Roger Episode No . 1.6 2002 London 's Burning Keith Episode No . 14.7 2002 -- 2003 The Book Group Kenny McLeod Main role ; 12 episodes 2003 State of Play Stuart Brown Episode No. 1.1 ; uncredited 2003 Rockface Adam Recurring role ; 6 episodes 2003 Peter in Paradise Peter the Great Television film 2006 Shameless Father Critchon 2 episodes 2008 Heroes and Villains Attila the Hun Episode : `` Attila the Hun '' 2011 The Jury Derek Hatch Main role ( season 2 ) ; 5 episodes 2011 -- present Game of Thrones Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Main role ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) ; 33 episodes 2015 Banished Marston Main role ; 4 episodes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Collins , Sean ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Q&A : Rory McCann on ' The Hound ' and Season Four '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Scott ( 15 September 2006 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rory McCann ( ' Shameless ' , Beowulf & Grendel ' , `` Alexander ' ) '' . Monsters and Critics . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rory McCann -- What I know about women '' . The Scotsman. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ McIver , Brian ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` Games of Thrones star Rory McCann on his meteoric rise from carpenter to fantasy TV star '' . Daily Record . Glasgow : Trinity Mirror . ISSN 0956 - 8069 . OCLC 500344244 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Boyer , Jen ( 25 April 2013 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Meet the Hound , Scottish actor Rory McCann '' . LA Times . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacLaren , Lorna ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` Why he 's always up for it : From dubious tree surgeon and Forth bridge painter to giant of porridge commercials , Book Group star Rory McCann tells Lorna MacLaren of his next move '' . Herald Scotland . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : English , Paul ( 1 January 2005 ) . `` Hulk Rory Leaves No Stone Unturned ; Scott 's Porage Oats Star Rory McCann Spills the Beans on how he won a part in Oliver Stone 's movie Alexander by Telling the Great Man to take a Hike '' . Scottish Daily Record & Sunday Mail Ltd . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones : Cast '' . HBO . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Towers , Andrea ( 4 April 2014 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' : Rory McCann teases road trip of ' death and destruction ' in season 4 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann Joue Les Petits Rigolos à L'avant - Première de `` Game of Thrones '' à New York , le Mardi 18 ... '' Pure / Trend . 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Davey , Cathie ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` Cast announced for Jimmy McGovern 's epic new series , Banished , for BBC Two '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Scottish Green Party ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` First Vote Green on the 3rd of May 2007 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Rick ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` I fell into acting says Oats hunk ; Scots actor and climber Rory McCann on the mountain plunge that changed his life '' . Daily Record ( Scotland ) . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Flett , Michael ( 19 March 2012 ) . `` Rory McCann - Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane , Game of Thrones `` . Geek Chocolate . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Virtue , Graeme ( 19 March 2013 ) . `` Game Of Thrones ' Hound on bumfluff , hugs and the magic of Wilko Johnson '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lash , Jolie ( 23 February 2013 ) . `` Access Countdown To ' Game Of Thrones ' Season 2 : Q&A Rory McCann Talks Sandor Clegane ( The Hound ) '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . External links ( edit ) Rory McCann on IMDb VIAF : 107576464 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rory_McCann&oldid=811895818 '' Categories : 1969 births Living people Scottish male television actors Scottish male film actors 20th - century Scottish male actors 21st - century Scottish male actors Male actors from Glasgow Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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President of the United States

President of the United States - Wikipedia President of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . President of the United States of America Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( in international correspondence ) Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length Four years Limit two elected terms in office Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder George Washington Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Salary $400,000 annually Website WhiteHouse.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The President of the United States ( informally referred to as `` POTUS '' ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The president is considered to be the world 's most powerful political figure , as the leader of the only contemporary global superpower . The role includes being the commander - in - chief of the world 's most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both domestically and abroad . In ordering the three branches of government , Article II of the Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president is largely responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member . The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States . In addition , Article One of the United States Constitution assigns to the president the power to sign legislation into law or to veto it . Since the office of President was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole . The president is indirectly elected by the people through the Electoral College to a four - year term , and is one of only two nationally elected federal officers , the other being the Vice President of the United States . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation . The Twenty - second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies ( counting Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 57 full four - year terms . On January 20 , 2017 , Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th and current president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Powers and duties 2.1 Article I legislative role 2.2 Article II executive powers 2.2. 1 War and foreign affairs powers 2.2. 2 Administrative powers 2.2. 3 Juridical powers 2.2. 4 Legislative facilitator 2.3 Ceremonial roles 2.4 Critics of presidency 's evolution 3 Selection process 3.1 Eligibility 3.2 Campaigns and nomination 3.3 Election and oath 3.4 Tenure and term limits 3.5 Succession , vacancy , or disability 3.6 Political affiliation 4 Compensation 5 Post-presidency 5.1 Presidential libraries 6 Timeline of presidents 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 10.1 Primary sources 11 External links Origin In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution . The new states , though independent of each other as nation states , recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy , Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . As a central authority , Congress under the Articles was without any legislative power ; it could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , nor any taxes or local commercial regulations enforceable upon citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . Out from under any monarchy , the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress , while severally lodging the rest within their own respective state governments . Only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them . In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed . Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia . When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged . Powers and duties Article I legislative role President Ronald Reagan signing the Martin Luther King bill in 1983 . The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto . The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options : Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law . Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress in which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote . Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress by their adjournment prevents its return , in which case a it does not become law ( a legislative maneuver known as a pocket veto ) . In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional . Article II executive powers War and foreign affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th President of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War Perhaps the most important of all presidential powers is the command of the United States Armed Forces as its commander - in - chief . While the power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , the president has ultimate responsibility for direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces ( belonging to the Department of Defense ) is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense , with assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , to the Combatant Commands , as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explains this in Federalist No. 69 : The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . ) Congress , pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . While historically presidents initiated the process for going to war , critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990 . Along with the armed forces , the president also directs U.S. foreign policy . Through the Department of State and the Department of Defense , the president is responsible for the protection of Americans abroad and of foreign nationals in the United States . The president decides whether to recognize new nations and new governments , and negotiates treaties with other nations , which become binding on the United States when approved by two - thirds vote of the Senate . Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed . William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion ) The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military . Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate . The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove purely executive officials at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute . The president additionally possesses the ability to direct much of the executive branch through executive orders that are grounded in federal law or constitutionally granted executive power . Executive orders are reviewable by federal courts and can be superseded by federal legislation and Supreme Court 's decisions . To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , Presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the President 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office . President also has `` unreviewable authority '' over the matters of immigration and can ban entry to the USA of foreign nationals who have no `` credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States '' at will . Juridical powers The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves ( Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office ) , as is often done just before the end of a presidential term , but not without controversy . Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president . President George W. Bush delivering the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi behind him The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions . Legislative facilitator The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the President ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today are given as the State of the Union address , which often outlines the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made . In the 20th century critics began charging that too many legislative and budgetary powers have slid into the hands of presidents that should belong to Congress . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' . According to Article II , Section 3 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . Ceremonial roles President Woodrow Wilson throwing out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916 As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare . The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization . Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life . Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president . Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening . The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' . Critics of presidency 's evolution Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled presidency Most of the nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress , which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution , to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' . Selection process George Washington , the first President of the United States Eligibility See also : Natural - born - citizen clause Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency : be a natural - born citizen of the United States ; be at least thirty - five years old ; be a resident in the United States for at least fourteen years . A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions : Under the Twenty - second Amendment , no person can be elected president more than twice . The amendment also specifies that if any eligible person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a term for which some other eligible person was elected president , the former can only be elected president once . Scholars disagree over whether a person precluded by the Twenty - second Amendment to being elected president is also precluded from being vice president . Under Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 , upon conviction in impeachment cases , the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office , including that of president . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , no person who swore an oath to support the Constitution , and later rebelled against the United States , can become president . However , this disqualification can be lifted by a two - thirds vote of each house of Congress . Campaigns and nomination Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer . Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives . Election and oath Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath : I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States . Although not required , presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while swearing the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Further , although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States . Tenure and term limits Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms before the adoption of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 . The term of office for president and vice president is four years . George Washington , the first president , set an unofficial precedent of serving only two terms . Before Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt each unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , leading voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 . Roosevelt died on April 12 , 1945 , 82 days into his fourth term . After the war , and in response to Roosevelt being elected to third and fourth terms , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than half of another president 's term . Harry S. Truman , president when this amendment was adopted , was exempted from its limitations and briefly sought a third ( a second full ) term before withdrawing from the 1952 election . Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson was the only president under the amendment to be eligible to serve more than two terms in total , having served for only fourteen months following John F. Kennedy 's assassination . However , Johnson withdrew from the 1968 Democratic Primary , surprising many Americans . Gerald Ford sought a full term , after serving out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , but was not elected . Succession , vacancy , or disability See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States Succession to or vacancies in the office of President may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was subsequently convicted by the Senate ; however , Johnson was acquitted by just one vote . Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day . Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim . The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect . Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of President and Vice President are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of President to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped . Political affiliation Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party . Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into office as President , and all have been affiliated with a political party at the time they assumed office . The number of presidents per political party are : 19 with the Republican Party -- Chester A. Arthur , George H.W. Bush , George W. Bush , Calvin Coolidge , Dwight D. Eisenhower , Gerald Ford , James A. Garfield , Ulysses S. Grant , Warren G. Harding , Benjamin Harrison , Rutherford B. Hayes , Herbert Hoover , Abraham Lincoln , William McKinley , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , Theodore Roosevelt , William Howard Taft , and Donald Trump 14 with the Democratic Party -- James Buchanan , Jimmy Carter , Grover Cleveland , Bill Clinton , Andrew Jackson , Lyndon B. Johnson , John F. Kennedy , Barack Obama , Franklin Pierce , James K. Polk , Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry S. Truman , Martin Van Buren , and Woodrow Wilson Four with the Democratic - Republican Party -- John Quincy Adams , Thomas Jefferson , James Madison , and James Monroe Four with the Whig Party -- Millard Fillmore , William Henry Harrison , Zachary Taylor , and John Tyler One with the Federalist Party -- John Adams One with the National Union Party -- Andrew Johnson Compensation Presidential pay history Date established Salary Salary in 2016 dollars September 24 , 1789 $25,000 $702,755 March 3 , 1873 $50,000 $1,032,868 March 4 , 1909 $75,000 $2,045,483 January 19 , 1949 $100,000 $1,008,433 January 20 , 1969 $200,000 $1,307,940 January 20 , 2001 $400,000 $542,082 Sources : Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 . The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official place of residence for the president . As well as access to the White House staff , facilities available to the president include medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Naval Support Facility Thurmont , popularly known as Camp David , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed . For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine built on a heavily modified Cadillac - based chassis . One of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified versions of Boeing 747 - 200B airliners , serve as long distance travel for the president and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the President is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . Any civilian aircraft the President is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight . The president also has access to a fleet of thirty - five U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the President is actually aboard to any would - be threats . The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the sitting president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition . Presidential amenities The White House Camp David Blair House State car Air Force One Marine One Post-presidency See also : Post-presidency of Ulysses S. Grant and Post-presidency of Bill Clinton The five living former presidents : George H.W. Bush ( far left ) , Barack Obama ( left ) , George W. Bush ( center ) , Bill Clinton ( right ) , and Jimmy Carter ( far right ) . Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection . Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met . Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign . Living former presidents Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981 George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1993 Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001 George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009 Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017 Presidential libraries Main article : Presidential library Since Herbert Hoover , each president has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin . As many presidents live for many years after leaving office , several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries , some even making arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries therefore contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These grave sites are open to the general public . Timeline of presidents Main article : List of Presidents of the United States § Presidents See also Government of the United States portal Curse of Tippecanoe Imperial Presidency The Imperial Presidency Imperiled presidency Mr. President ( title ) President of the Continental Congress Presidential $1 Coin Program Presidential M&M 's Second - term curse United States presidential line of succession in fiction Vice President of the United States White House Office Notes Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum . Jump up ^ The terms POTUS ( and SCOTUS ) originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph . Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) . Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete . References Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HEADS OF STATE , HEADS OF GOVERNMENT , MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange of Letters '' . Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations . September 1978 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 ) . See also , Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William ( October 12 , 1997 ) . `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS '' . The New York Times . New York . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time . Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 . Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents . ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 . Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 164 Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' ( PDF ) . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions . ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish - American War , World War I and World War II . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way . Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration . Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) . Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively . Jump up ^ Washington v. Trump ( 9th Cir . ) at 13 Jump up ^ http://www.nationallawjournal.com/id=1202791293240/Supreme-Court-Narrows-TravelBan-Injunctions-Puts-Case-on-October-Calendar?slreturn=20170608215237 Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes . Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations . Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library . Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Report to the Nation '' . Boy Scouts of America . 2007 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' ( PDF ) . The White House Historical Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ... Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best . Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ... Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 ) Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . ' Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . The Huffington Post . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . UNCHECKED AND UNBALANCED : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors ) ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers . Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) . Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , § 1 , cl. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 20 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries , 1789 + '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards . Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. § 3056 Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2002 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FOUR PRESIDENTS '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House . Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. § 2112 Further reading Balogh , Brian and Bruce J. Schulman , eds . Recapturing the Oval Office : New Historical Approaches to the American Presidency ( Cornell University Press , 2015 ) , 311 pp . Bumiller , Elisabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . 215 ( 1 ) : 130 -- 149 . Couch , Ernie . Presidential Trivia . Rutledge Hill Press . March 1 , 1996 . ISBN 1 - 55853 - 412 - 1 Lang , J. Stephen . The Complete Book of Presidential Trivia . Pelican Publishing . 2001 . ISBN 1 - 56554 - 877 - 9 Greenberg , David . Republic of Spin : An Inside History of the American Presidency ( W.W. Norton & Company , 2015 ) . xx , 540 pp . Leo , Leonard -- Taranto , James -- Bennett , William J. Presidential Leadership : Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster . 2004 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5433 - 3 Presidential Studies Quarterly , published by Blackwell Synergy , is a quarterly academic journal on the presidency . Świątczak , Wasilewska , Iwona . `` The Toughest Season in the White House '' : The Rhetorical Presidency and the State of the Union Address , 1953 -- 1992 . PhD thesis . University of Helsinki , 2014 . ISBN 978 - 951 - 51 - 0248 - 5 . Primary sources Waldman , Michael -- Stephanopoulos , George . My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America 's presidents , from George Washington to George W. Bush . Sourcebooks Trade . 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0027 - 7 Jacobs , Ron . Interview with Joseph G. Peschek and William Grover , authors of The Unsustainable Presidency , a book offering an analysis of the role the US President plays in economics and politics External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States Official `` Executive Office of the President '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . `` White House '' . Presidential histories A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns , 1787 -- 1825 Presidential election returns including town and county breakdowns `` American Presidents : Life Portraits '' . C - SPAN . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Companion website for the C - SPAN television series : American presidents : Life Portraits `` Presidential Documents from the National Archives '' . Retrieved March 21 , 2007 . Collection of letters , portraits , photos , and other documents from the National Archives `` The American Presidency Project '' . UC Santa Barbara . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Collection of over 67,000 presidential documents The History Channel : US Presidents Miscellaneous `` All the President 's Roles '' . Ask Gleaves . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved October 20 , 2006 . Article analyzing a president 's many hats Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies . Educational site on the American presidency `` Presidents ' Occupations '' . Retrieved August 20 , 2007 . Listing of every President 's occupations before and after becoming the Commander in Chief `` The Masonic Presidents Tour '' . The Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania . Retrieved October 7 , 2005 . Brief histories of the Masonic careers of presidents who were members of the Freemasons `` The Presidents '' . American Experience . Retrieved March 4 , 2007 . PBS site on the American presidency Presidents of the United States : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Shapell Manuscript Foundation . Images of documents written by U.S. presidents ( hide ) Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Q. Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William H. Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. 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the president of the united states is a member of what branch of government

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Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now

Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now - wikipedia Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now Jump to : navigation , search `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' Single by McFadden & Whitehead from the album McFadden & Whitehead B - side `` I Got the Love '' Released April 1979 Format 7 `` , 12 '' Recorded Sigma Sound Studios , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Genre Funk , disco Length 7 : 02 ( album version ) 3 : 38 ( single edit ) 10 : 45 ( 12 '' version ) Label Philadelphia International Songwriter ( s ) Jerry Cohen , Gene McFadden , John Whitehead Producer ( s ) Jerry Cohen , Gene McFadden , John Whitehead McFadden & Whitehead singles chronology `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( 1979 ) `` I 've Been Pushed Aside '' ( 1979 ) `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' ( 1979 ) `` I 've Been Pushed Aside '' ( 1979 ) `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is a 1979 disco song performed by R&B duo McFadden & Whitehead , from their debut album McFadden & Whitehead . They wrote and produced the song along with keyboard player Jerry Cohen . Released as the lead single from the album , the song spent a week at number one on the R&B singles chart . It also proved to be a successful crossover hit , peaking at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number 5 in the UK . The single also made it to number 10 on the disco charts . It eventually went double platinum , selling over 2 million copies . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is about succeeding despite having faced previous disadvantages ( `` so many things that held us down '' ) . It was widely interpreted to be about the experience of the African American community , and after attaining popularity , became referred to as `` the new black national anthem '' ( the original being the 1900 song `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' ) . McFadden & Whitehead would revisit the song in their 1984 single `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' ( Ai n't No Way ) . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly singles charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Cover versions 4 Soundtrack appearances 5 Other appearances 6 References Production ( edit ) Despite being seen as social commentary , in an interview conducted by Philadelphia video producer Bob Lott , John and Gene revealed that the song was actually about their frustration with Philadelphia International Records owners Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff , who for many years preferred that they remain as house songwriters and not performers . Gamble has confirmed that upon first hearing `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' , he tried unsuccessfully to convince McFadden and Whitehead to give the song to The O'Jays , as he felt it was better to write and produce for the prominent recording artists of the day than to try to compete with them as on - stage performers . The bass hook was played by Philadelphia International Records house musician Jimmy Williams . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Canada RPM 25 UK 5 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 13 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B U.S. Billboard Disco 10 U.S. Cashbox Top 100 12 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Canada 169 UK 53 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 65 U.S. Cash Box 82 Cover versions ( edit ) UK dance group Undercover released their own version of the song , naming their third album after the song in 1994 . Luther Vandross did a cover version of this song for his 1994 cover album Songs . His version of the song was also performed as a duet with British girl group the Spice Girls for their An Audience With ... special on the UK 's ITV in 1997 , and later appeared as a B - Side to their single `` Stop '' . In 1996 , the jazz fusion / contemporary jazz group The Rippingtons recorded a cover version for their album Brave New World . Kate Pierson and Cindy Wilson of The B - 52 's recorded the song for the 1996 soundtrack The Associate . Smooth jazz artist Ben Tankard did a gospel / jazz rendition of the song on his 2004 album Piano Prophet . Wayman Tisdale recorded a cover version for his album Hang Time . George Michael covered the song during his Cover to Cover tour in 1991 . He also recorded a demo version , released on Trojan Souls in 1993 . The Chipmunks and The Chipettes covered this song for the album in the 2011 film Alvin and the Chipmunks : Chipwrecked , sung alongside Lady Gaga 's `` Born This Way '' and Katy Perry 's `` Firework '' . This mashup also appeared in the film 's soundtrack album . Venezuelan boys ' group Los Chamos had a Spanish cover of this song , entitled `` No Nos Pararán '' , based in a previous recording of the New York ensemble `` Charanga ' 76 '' , in 1979 . Soundtrack appearances ( edit ) The song was featured in the movie Boogie Nights and its accompanying soundtrack album . Other appearances ( edit ) In 1979 , New York radio station WBLS 107.5 FM used this song as their summer anthem , when the station became number one in Arbitron ratings that year . The song served as the 1980 theme song for the Philadelphia Phillies , 1980 - 81 Philadelphia Eagles and 2000 - 2001 Philadelphia 76ers . ( McFadden and Whitehead sung a Phillies , Eagles and Sixers version of `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' . For example , the line in the chorus would instead mention the team : `` Ai n't no stoppin ' us now , the Phillies got the groove '' ) . The song is played at the end of Detroit Red Wings games after a victory . The song was played following goals scored by the St. Louis Steamers of the MISL indoor soccer league . The song served as the theme song for former heavyweight champion of the world and boxing hall - of - fame Larry Holmes . This song is also the ring walk song of former WBA Heavyweight title holder and former The Ring WBA , WBC & WBO Cruiserweight champion , David Haye . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' was played at the 2008 Democratic National Convention on the night Barack Obama accepted the Democratic Party nomination for President of the United States . `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now '' is the theme song for the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff Marching Band , known As `` The Marching Musical Machine of the Mid-South '' or `` M4 '' . The band performed the song as they marched by the viewing stand for President Obama 's Inaugural Parade . The song served as the theme song for the Baltimore Orioles during the 1979 World Series against the Pittsburgh Pirates . The song was also considered the unofficial theme song for the Los Angeles Rams ' 1979 regular season as they reached Super Bowl XIV versus the Pittsburgh Steelers . The song was used in Only Fools and Horses episode Go West Young Man when it was played in a club Del and Rodney visited . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ai n't No Stoppin ' Us Now by McFadden & Whitehead Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Hot Dance / Disco : 1974 - 2003 . Record Research . p. 172 . Jump up ^ A House on Fire : The Rise and Fall of Philadelphia Soul , John A. Jackson , 2004 , page 228 Jump up ^ Sag Harbor , Colson Whitehead , 2009 Jump up ^ `` John Whitehead '' . Celebrity Crime Files . August 2013 . TV One . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Songs overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` The Rippingtons : Discography : Brave New World '' . Vervemusicgroup.com . Jump up ^ `` Hang Time overview '' . Allmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Wayman Tisdale Continues Retro Run '' . Allmusic.com . Preceded by `` I Wanna Be with You ( Part 1 ) '' by The Isley Brothers Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number one single June 2 , 1979 Succeeded by `` We Are Family '' by Sister Sledge Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_No_Stoppin%27_Us_Now&oldid=800485099 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1979 songs Disco songs Debut singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Gene McFadden Songs written by John Whitehead ( singer ) Philadelphia International Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 20 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sings the song ain't no stopping us now

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Harry Gant

Harry Gant - wikipedia Harry Gant Jump to : navigation , search Harry Gant Gant in 1996 at North Wilkesboro Speedway ( 1940 - 01 - 10 ) January 10 , 1940 ( age 78 ) Taylorsville , North Carolina , U.S. Achievements 1985 IROC Champion 1984 , 1991 Southern 500 Winner 1991 Winston 500 Winner Awards NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame inductee International Motorsports Hall of Fame Inductee 1991 NMPA Driver of the Year Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series career 474 races run over 22 years Best finish 2nd ( 1984 ) First race 1973 National 500 ( Charlotte ) Last race 1994 Hooters 500 ( Atlanta ) First win 1982 Virginia National Bank 500 ( Martinsville ) Last win 1992 Champion Spark Plug 400 ( Michigan ) Wins Top tens Poles 18 208 17 NASCAR Xfinity Series career 128 races run over 11 years Best finish 19th ( 1988 , 1992 ) First race 1982 Goody 's 300 ( Daytona ) Last race 1994 AC Delco 200 ( Rockingham ) First win 1982 Mello Yello 300 ( Charlotte ) Last win 1994 Busch Light 300 ( Atlanta ) Wins Top tens Poles 21 71 14 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series career 11 races run over 1 year Best finish 24th ( 1996 ) First race 1996 Coca - Cola 200 ( Bristol ) Last race 1996 Carquest 420K ( Las Vegas ) Wins Top tens Poles 0 0 Statistics current as of December 18 , 2012 . Harold Phil Gant ( born January 10 , 1940 ) , better known as `` Handsome Harry '' , is a retired American racecar driver best known for driving the No. 33 Skoal Bandit car on the NASCAR Winston Cup ( now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series ) circuit during the 1980s and 1990s and his 4 - race win streak in 1991 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nicknames 2 Career prior to Winston Cup 3 Winston Cup career 4 1990 's and Mr. September streak 5 Cup records 6 Movie appearances 7 Motorsports career results 7.1 NASCAR 7.1. 1 Winston Cup Series 7.1. 1.1 Daytona 500 7.1. 2 Busch Series 7.1. 3 Craftsman Truck Series 7.2 International Race of Champions 8 References 9 External links Nicknames ( edit ) Gant gained a lot of nicknames throughout his racing career . He was known as `` Handsome Harry Gant '' due to his Hollywood - style good looks , the `` Bandit '' after his longtime sponsor Skoal Bandit , `` Mr. September '' after winning four consecutive Winston Cup races and two Busch Series races in September 1991 , and `` High Groove Harry '' after the high line he often took through the corner . Career prior to Winston Cup ( edit ) Gant 's 1983 racecar The North Carolina native began his racing career at the old dirt track in Hickory . He built a hobby class car with his friends , and took turns behind the wheel . Gant became the full - time driver and won the track championship . Hickory Speedway was paved in 1967 after Ned Jarrett became the promoter . Gant excelled on the asphalt , and won his first race in the sportsman division . He won over 300 races with the car builder and crew chief Kenneth H. Sigmon , in the NASCAR Sportsman on his way to winning three national championships , in 1972 , 1973 , and 1974 . He finished second three times in the NASCAR Late Model Sportsman ( now Nationwide Series ) in 1969 , 1976 , and 1977 . He finished in the top 10 of the final points standing in several other years . He sold half of his construction business in 1979 upon deciding to race full - time in the Winston Cup Series . Winston Cup career ( edit ) Gant driving in 1994 , his final season Gant made his first Cup start in 1973 at Charlotte Motor Speedway , finishing eleventh in the No. 90 Truxmore Industries Ford . He made six starts over the next four years and had two top - ten finishes . His first full season in Winston Cup was in 1979 . He competed for the rookie of the year honors against Dale Earnhardt and Terry Labonte . He finished fourth in the overall rookie battle in the No. 47 Race Hill Farm car for Jack Beebe . He split the next season between the No. 47 and the No. 75 RahMoc Enterprises entry , finishing 21st in points . After starting out the 1981 season driving for various teams , he moved to the No. 33 Skoal Bandit Pontiac , which was owned by Hal Needham and Burt Reynolds , and Leo Jackson after 1988 . Gant debuted with the team by placing second at Darlington Raceway , followed by five more second - place finishes and three poles , ending the season third in points standings . He stayed with the team for the rest of his career . Gant finished second 10 times before winning his first Winston Cup race , at Martinsville April 25 , 1982 , in the Virginia National Bank 500 and he would finish fourth in the final points standings . In 1983 , Gant would only win once at Darlington in the Transouth 400 and collect 10 top 5 's and 16 top ten finishes en route to seventh in the final points standings . In 1984 , Harry Gant notched 3 poles , 15 top five finishes , and 23 top ten finishes and won at Pocono and Martinsville in the fall , he would end up finishing second to eventual Winston Cup champion Terry Labonte . In 1985 , Gant would win at Martinsville in the spring , and at Dover and at North Wilkesboro in the fall , notching a career best for Gant up to that point . He would finish third in championship standings , 259 points behind eventual champion Darrell Waltrip . Gant would go winless for three years from 1986 - 1988 and in 1989 , he would break a three year winless streak winning at Darlington in the spring which caused the veteran driver to exclaim `` The Bandit is back '' in victory lane. . He would not win again in 1989 but he would finish seventh in the final points standings . Gant won the International Race of Champions ( IROC ) championship in 1985 . He tied on points with Darrell Waltrip but was awarded the title on tiebreak by finishing higher in the final race : a photo - finish win over Labonte at Michigan International Speedway Gant drove the No. 33 in the 1985 Talladega NASCAR race with the first telemetry data system ever installed on a race car . The data from the car was sent to the CBS television network and broadcast during the TV coverage of the race . 1990 's and Mr. September streak ( edit ) Harry Gant entered the decade with a win at Pocono in the spring of 1990 . He would finish 17th in the final points standings with 6 top 5 's and 9 top 10 's . In 1991 , Gant would have a career year . He won the 1991 Winston 500 in the spring . He gambled on fuel mileage and won . Fellow competitor Rick Mast drafted behind Gant to give him a push the last few laps but let off in the final laps to preserve the victory . Gant earned the nickname `` Mr. September '' in 1991 after winning all four September Cup races ( Darlington , Richmond , Dover and Martinsville ) and two Busch races ( Richmond and Dover ) at age 51 . His crew chief was Andy Petree . The four consecutive cup victories tied the modern era record set in 1972 . Dominating at the next race at North Wilkesboro Speedway , Gant had his brakes fail , ending his hopes of five consecutive victories . Gant would get 5 victories in 1991 , and would notch 15 top five finishes and 17 top tens and he would finish fourth in the final point standings . Gant would follow up 1991 with a strong 1992 and finish 4th in points again and was one of five drivers in contention for the championship but six finishes of 13th or worse in the final races doomed his championship hopes . Gant would win at Dover in the spring and he would get his last Cup victory on August 16 , 1992 , at the Champion Spark Plug 400 at Michigan International Speedway , gambling on fuel . This would also be the final victory for Oldsmobile in Cup competition . Harry Gant and the Leo Jackson team would switch to Chevrolets in 1993 and at the end of the season Gant announced that 1994 would be his last season . Gant finished his career with a pole and seven top ten finishes and finished 25th in the final point standings . In 1996 , Gant substituted for the injured Bill Elliott in the 1996 Winston Select , driving Elliott 's No. 94 McDonald 's Ford Thunderbird after Elliott 's injuries at Talladega . Gant also ran a partial season in the Craftsman Truck Series in 1996 , driving his own No. 33 Westview Capital Chevrolet C / K. He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame on April 27 , 2006 . Currently , Gant continues to work on his 300 - acre ranch in North Carolina and enjoys riding his motorcycle . In 2015 , he was in attendance at Darlington for the Southern 500 to take part in the retro weekend . He also still works on roofs and carpentry in his spare time . Gant once admitted that he `` was a good race car driver , but a great carpenter '' . Cup records ( edit ) He holds the record as the oldest driver ever to win a Cup Series race ( 52 years , 219 days ) and as the oldest driver ever to collect his first career Cup victory ( 42 years and 105 days ) . He is the second oldest driver to win in NASCAR 's second - level circuit , now known as the Xfinity Series , after Dick Trickle In his career he has collected 18 Cup wins and one runner - up finish in 1984 and third in 1981 and 1985 , 21 Busch Series wins , and three runner - up finishes in the Busch Series championship ( 69 , 76 , and 77 ) . In 1985 won the IROC title . He won four races in a row in 1991 tying a `` new era '' ( 1972 -- present ) record and came in second in the fifth race . His five Winston Cup and five Busch Grand National wins in 1991 made him the only driver , at that time , to post the most wins in both series in the same year , although he tied with Davey Allison with five Cup wins ( Allison also scored a victory in the non-points All - Star Race ) . Movie appearances ( edit ) He appeared in the 1983 Burt Reynolds movie Stroker Ace . He also gave a short interview in the film Days of Thunder and was mentioned for spinning out in the Daytona 500 late in the movie ( although it was actually the No. 26 of Brett Bodine ) . He also appeared as a mob henchman in the 1984 movie Cannonball Run II . His line in the film was `` Better not let the boss hear you say that . '' Motorsports career Results ( edit ) NASCAR ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics -- Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * -- Most laps led . ) Winston Cup Series ( edit ) NASCAR Winston Cup Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 NWCC Pts 1973 Donlavey Racing 90 Ford RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV CLT DOV TWS RSD MCH DAY BRI ATL TAL NSV DAR RCH DOV NWS MAR CLT 11 CAR 85th - RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL DAR NWS 9 MAR TAL NSV DOV 64th 10.3 Faustina Racing 5 Dodge CLT 14 RSD MCH DAY BRI NSV ATL POC TAL MCH DAR RCH DOV NWS MAR CLT 35 CAR ONT Neil Castles 06 Chevy RSD DAY RCH CAR BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 31 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH DAR DOV NWS MAR CLT RCH CAR BRI ATL ONT 104th 70 1976 Frasson Racing 18 Chevy RSD DAY CAR RCH BRI ATL NWS DAR MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 9 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR ATL ONT 84th 138 1977 Sherrill Enterprises 6 Chevy RSD DAY RCH CAR ATL NWS DAR BRI MAR TAL NSV DOV CLT 30 RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR NWS CLT CAR ATL ONT 101st 73 1978 Ray Emerson 66 Buick RSD DAY 41 RCH CAR ATL BRI DAR NWS MAR TAL DOV 53rd 325 Kennie Childers Racing 12 Chevy CLT 36 NSV RSD MCH DAY NSV POC TAL MCH BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR 28 NWS CLT 19 CAR ATL 7 ONT 1979 RSD 10 CAR 26 RCH ATL NWS 21st 2664 Olds DAY 33 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Olds BRI 21 DAR TAL 39 DAY 7 ATL 11 Chevy MAR 6 NSV 28 DOV 25 CLT 23 TWS RSD MCH 17 NSV 22 POC 15 TAL 7 MCH 25 BRI 16 DAR 12 RCH 9 DOV 28 MAR 12 CLT 20 NWS 14 CAR 21 ONT 20 1980 RahMoc Enterprises 75 Olds RSD 12 11th 3703 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Olds DAY 42 TAL 37 DAY 16 TAL 5 Chevy RCH 12 CAR 8 ATL 16 BRI 7 DAR NWS MAR 21 NSV 9 DOV CLT 28 MCH 28 NSV 29 POC 5 MCH 37 BRI 14 DAR RCH 20 DOV 2 * NWS MAR 29 CLT 16 CAR ATL 36 ONT 41 RahMoc Enterprises 75 Chevy TWS 8 RSD 7 1981 Hamby Racing 17 Chevy RSD 15 3rd 4210 Race Hill Farm Team 47 Buick DAY 23 RCH 6 CAR 18 ATL Hylton Motorsports 48 Pontiac BRI 8 Kennie Childers Racing 12 Olds NWS 5 MAR 4 * NSV 22 Mach 1 Racing 33 Pontiac DAR 33 TAL 34 TWS 10 MCH NSV 8 POC MCH BRI 11 DAR 14 RCH DOV 23 MAR 2 * NWS 24 CLT 41 CAR ATL 20 RSD 8 Chevy DOV 16 CLT RSD 31 Buick DAY TAL 1982 DAY 7 RCH 30 BRI 6 ATL 5 CAR 8 DAR 19 NWS 6 MAR 1 * TAL 14 NSV 29 CLT 13 POC RSD 35 MCH 10 DAY 24 NSV POC 22 TAL 38 MCH BRI DAR 11 RCH 7 DOV 12 NWS CLT MAR 8 CAR 32 ATL RSD 26 4th 3877 Pontiac DOV 30 Buick DAY 37 RCH 5 CAR 5 ATL 11 DAR NWS MAR TAL NSV DOV 9 BRI 27 CLT 25 RSD POC 18 MCH 8 DAY 11 NSV 8 POC 5 TAL 5 MCH 30 BRI 6 DAR 22 RCH 20 DOV 17 MAR 8 NWS 9 CLT 29 CAR 23 ATL 37 RSD 31 7th 3790 1984 Chevy DAY 6 RCH 8 CAR 24 ATL 6 BRI 23 NWS DAR 6 MAR 13 TAL NSV 16 DOV 27 * CLT RSD 29 POC MCH DAY NSV 9 POC 1 * TAL 7 MCH BRI 5 DAR 1 * RCH 9 DOV 1 * MAR CLT NWS CAR 2 * ATL 26 RSD 8 2nd 4443 1985 DAY 26 RCH 5 CAR 2 * ATL 24 BRI 20 DAR 14 NWS 10 MAR 1 * TAL 38 DOV CLT RSD POC MCH 16 DAY 24 POC 5 TAL 7 MCH BRI 6 DAR 21 RCH 6 DOV 1 * MAR NWS 1 * CLT 24 * CAR ATL 8 RSD 3rd 4033 1986 DAY 30 RCH 28 CAR ATL 12 BRI DAR 14 NWS 7 MAR 25 TAL 21 DOV 14 * CLT RSD 9 POC 26 MCH 2 * DAY 31 POC 30 TAL 22 GLN 34 MCH 8 BRI 5 DAR 27 RCH 7 DOV 35 MAR NWS 5 CLT CAR ATL 28 RSD 37 11th 3498 DAY 31 CAR 29 RCH 25 ATL 34 DAR 7 NWS 11 BRI 6 MAR 27 TAL 29 CLT 24 DOV 30 POC 32 RSD 25 MCH 13 DAY 9 POC 30 TAL 31 GLN 18 MCH 26 BRI 8 DAR 39 RCH 25 DOV 25 MAR 14 NWS 31 CLT 33 CAR 13 RSD 28 ATL 24 22nd 2725 1988 DAY 29 RCH 28 CAR 28 ATL 21 DAR 38 BRI 18 NWS 12 MAR 26 TAL 36 CLT 30 DOV RSD POC MCH DAY POC 10 TAL 16 GLN 31 MCH 21 BRI 6 DAR 40 RCH 32 DOV 11 MAR 30 CLT 24 NWS 30 CAR 7 PHO 12 ATL 30 27th 2266 1989 Jackson Bros. Motorsports Olds DAY 12 CAR 31 ATL 29 RCH 14 DAR 1 * BRI 10 NWS 23 MAR 12 TAL 7 CLT 40 DOV 23 SON 12 POC MCH 32 DAY 32 POC 5 TAL 8 GLN 19 MCH BRI DAR 6 RCH 5 DOV 38 MAR CLT NWS CAR 29 PHO 8 ATL 17 7th 3610 1990 Leo Jackson Motorsports DAY 18 RCH 36 CAR 11 ATL 9 DAR 6 BRI NWS 13 MAR 26 TAL 36 CLT 25 DOV 34 SON 19 POC MCH 5 DAY 7 POC 14 TAL 15 GLN 21 MCH 13 BRI 26 DAR 5 RCH 36 DOV MAR 5 NWS 28 CLT 26 CAR PHO 37 ATL 19 17th 3182 1991 DAY 25 RCH CAR ATL 19 DAR 27 BRI 11 NWS 23 MAR 5 TAL CLT DOV SON 27 POC MCH 10 DAY 23 POC 26 TAL 39 GLN 28 MCH 6 BRI 19 DAR 1 * RCH DOV 1 * MAR 1 * NWS 2 * CLT CAR 2 * PHO 23 ATL 4th 3985 1992 DAY 12 CAR RCH ATL DAR BRI 29 NWS 5 MAR 5 TAL 24 CLT 5 DOV SON 17 POC 23 MCH 7 DAY 23 POC TAL 17 GLN 18 MCH BRI 26 DAR 16 * RCH 8 DOV 6 MAR 19 NWS 13 CLT 8 CAR 6 PHO 14 ATL 13 4th 3955 1993 Chevy DAY 21 CAR 31 RCH 9 ATL 21 DAR 37 BRI 28 NWS 13 MAR 31 TAL 23 SON 19 CLT 18 DOV 7 POC MCH 10 DAY 21 NHA 17 POC 9 TAL 8 GLN 10 MCH 30 BRI DAR 7 RCH 11 DOV 5 MAR 33 NWS 6 CLT 12 CAR PHO 12 ATL 28 11th 3524 1994 DAY 34 CAR 37 RCH 34 ATL 30 DAR 8 BRI 37 NWS 8 MAR DNQ TAL 23 SON 10 CLT 7 DOV 42 POC 16 MCH 35 DAY 31 NHA 17 POC 38 TAL 21 IND 37 GLN 10 MCH 25 BRI 9 DAR 41 RCH 22 DOV 13 MAR 8 NWS 32 CLT 22 CAR 31 PHO 23 ATL 33 25th 2720 Daytona 500 ( edit ) Year Team Manufacturer Start Finish 1978 Ray Emerson Buick 20 41 1979 Kennie Childers Racing Oldsmobile 14 33 1980 Race Hill Farm Team Oldsmobile 10 42 1981 Buick 31 23 1982 Mach 1 Racing Buick 7 13 37 1984 Chevrolet 6 6 1985 10 26 1986 15 30 12 31 1988 20 29 1989 Jackson Bros. Motorsports Oldsmobile 12 12 1990 Leo Jackson Motorsports 5 18 1991 11 25 1992 11 12 1993 Chevrolet 37 21 1994 36 34 Busch Series ( edit ) NASCAR Busch Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 NBSC Pts 1982 Harry Gant 77 Pontiac DAY 6 RCH BRI MAR DAR 14 HCY SBO CRW RCH LGY DOV 15 HCY CLT ASH HCY SBO CAR CRW SBO HCY LGY IRP BRI HCY RCH MAR CLT DNQ HCY MAR 43rd 469 Johnny Hayes Racing 28 Pontiac DAY RCH CAR HCY MAR NWS SBO GPS LGY DOV BRI CLT SBO HCY ROU SBO ROU CRW ROU SBO HCY LGY IRP GPS BRI HCY DAR RCH NWS SBO MAR ROU CLT HCY MAR 102nd 160 1986 Ingram Racing 11 Pontiac DAY CAR HCY MAR BRI DAR SBO LGY JFC DOV CLT SBO HCY ROU IRP SBO RAL OXF SBO HCY LGY ROU BRI DAR RCH DOV MAR 8 ROU CLT CAR MAR 109th - Whitaker Racing 7 Buick DAY 18 HCY MAR DAR 5 BRI 23 LGY SBO CLT DOV 24 * IRP ROU JFC OXF SBO HCY RAL LGY ROU BRI 31 JFC DAR 1 * RCH 7 DOV 24 * MAR 31 CLT CAR 30 MAR 31 26th 1509 1988 DAY 8 HCY 11 CAR 5 MAR DAR 2 * BRI 8 LNG NZH SBO NSV CLT 6 DOV ROU LAN LVL MYB 23 OXF SBO HCY LNG IRP ROU BRI DAR 1 * RCH DOV 7 MAR CLT 38 CAR MAR 19th 2238 1989 DAY 26 CAR 11 * MAR 20 HCY 6 DAR BRI 30 NZH SBO LAN NSV CLT 29 DOV 28 ROU LVL VOL MYB SBO HCY DUB IRP ROU BRI 28 DAR RCH 25 DOV 15 MAR 26 CLT 7 CAR 1 * MAR 20th 1907 1990 Olds DAY 23rd 2134 Buick RCH 34 CAR MAR 28 HCY 9 DAR 1 * BRI LAN SBO NZH HCY 9 CLT DOV ROU VOL MYB OXF NHA SBO DUB IRP ROU BRI DAR RCH 10 DOV 1 * MAR CLT 30 NHA CAR 7 MAR 1991 DAY 5 RCH CAR 5 MAR 24 * VOL HCY DAR 40 * BRI 7 LAN SBO NZH CLT DOV 16 * ROU HCY MYB GLN OXF NHA SBO DUB IRP ROU BRI 30 DAR 7 RCH DOV 1 * CLT NHA CAR 5 MAR 1 * 21st 2309 1992 DAY DNQ CAR RCH 1 * ATL MAR DAR BRI 1 * HCY LAN DUB NZH CLT DOV 17 ROU MYB GLN VOL NHA BRI 22 DAR 31 * RCH 9 DOV MAR 26 CAR 5 HCY 19th 1887 Chevy TAL 33 IRP ROU MCH 5 NHA CLT 7 1993 DAY DAR BRI 26 HCY ROU MAR NZH CLT 38 DOV 31 MYB GLN MLW 29 TAL 41 IRP MCH 13 NHA BRI 16 DAR 32 RCH DOV 34 ROU CLT 35 MAR CAR 29 HCY ATL 19th 1887 Buick CAR 7 RCH 33 1994 Chevy DAY 32 CAR RCH ATL 1 * MAR DAR 5 HCY BRI 7 ROU NHA NZH CLT 30 DOV 32 MYB GLN MLW 12 SBO TAL 31 HCY IRP 32 MCH 24 BRI 28 DAR 23 RCH DOV 2 * CLT 35 MAR CAR 4 * 23rd 1939 Craftsman Truck Series ( edit ) NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series results Year Team No . Make 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 NCTC Pts Harry Gant 33 Chevy HOM PHO POR EVG TUS CNS HPT BRI 13 NZH 21 MLW LVL I70 IRP 12 FLM 8 GLN NSV 20 RCH 8 NHA 24 MAR 10 NWS 31 SON MMR PHO 10 LVS 21 24th 1267 International Race of Champions ( edit ) ( key ) ( Bold -- Pole position . * -- Most laps led . ) International Race of Champions results Year Make Pos . Pts Ref 1985 Chevy DAY 5 MOH 6 TAL MCH 1 * 1st 45 1986 DAY 8 * MOH 6 TAL GLN 11 6th 41 1992 Dodge DAY TAL 5 MCH MCH 6 5th 46.5 1993 DAY 8 DAR TAL 7 MCH 7th 44 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harry P. Gant '' . ^ Jump up to : http://search.proquest.com/docview/273091779 Jump up ^ Caraviello , David ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` TOP 10 DEBUTS WITH NEW TEAMS '' . NASCAR . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1989 Transouth 400 interview Jump up ^ `` IROC Results for 1985 - Racing-Reference.info '' . Jump up ^ Callahan , Terry . `` Skoal Racing 's final ride to come at Atlanta '' 1999 . http://www.theautochannel.com/news/date/19991116/news003231.html Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/280434725 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/423621093 Jump up ^ http://search.proquest.com/docview/273508661 Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1985 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1986 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1992 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Gant -- 1993 IROC Results '' . Racing - Reference . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Harry Gant driver statistics at Racing - Reference Harry Gant owner statistics at Racing - Reference Harry Gant on IMDb Harry Gant at Nascar.com Harry Gant at decadesofracing.net Sporting positions Preceded by Cale Yarborough IROC Champion IROC IX ( 1985 ) Succeeded by Al Unser , Jr . ( hide ) International Race of Champions winners Donohue B. Unser Foyt Unser Sr Andretti Allison Yarborough Gant Unser Jr Bodine T. Labonte Earnhardt Wallace Rudd Allison / Labonte Martin B. Labonte Harvick Busch Kenseth Stewart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Gant&oldid=833181086 '' Categories : Living people 1940 births People from Alexander County , North Carolina Racing drivers from North Carolina NASCAR drivers American Speed Association drivers International Race of Champions drivers International Motorsports Hall of Fame inductees 20th - century American racing drivers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 03 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Airboat

Airboat - wikipedia Airboat An airboat Airboating is a popular ecotourism attraction in the Florida Everglades An airboat , also known as a fanboat , is a flat - bottomed watercraft propelled by an aircraft - type propeller and powered by either an aircraft or automotive engine . They are commonly used for fishing , bowfishing , hunting , and ecotourism . Airboats are a very popular means of transportation in marshy and / or shallow areas where a standard inboard or outboard engine with a submerged propeller would be impractical , most notably in the Florida Everglades but also in the Indian River Lagoon , the Kissimmee and St. Johns rivers , and the Mekong River and Delta , as well as the Louisiana bayous and Mesopotamian Marshes . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Soviet airboats and aerosleds 2 History 2.1 Antecedents 2.2 Early airboats 2.3 First American airboats 3 Manufacture and design 4 Safety 4.1 Regulation 5 Rescue 6 Military use 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The characteristic flat - bottomed design of the airboat , in conjunction with the fact that there are no operating parts below the waterline , allows for easy navigation through shallow swamps and marshes ; in canals , rivers , and lakes ; and on ice and frozen lakes . This design also makes it ideal for flood and ice rescue operations . The airboat is pushed forward by the propeller , which produces a rearward column of air behind it . The resulting prop wash averages 150 miles per hour ( 241 km / h ) . Steering is accomplished by diverting that column of air left or right as it passes across the rudders , which the pilot controls via a `` stick '' located on the operator 's left side . Overall steering and control is a function of water current , wind , water depth , and propeller thrust . Airboats are very fast compared to comparably - sized motorboats : commercial airboats generally sail at speeds of around 35 miles per hour ( 30 kn ) and modified airboats can go as fast as 135 miles per hour ( 117 kn ) . Stopping and reversing direction are dependent upon high operator skill , since airboats do not have brakes . They are incapable of traveling in reverse , unless equipped with a reversible propeller . Some designs use a clam shell reversing device intended for braking or backing up very short distances but these systems are not commonly used . The operator and passengers , are typically seated in elevated seats that allow visibility over swamp vegetation . High visibility lets the operator and passengers see floating objects , stumps and other submerged obstacles , and animals in the boat 's path . In the United States , a typical good - quality airboat costs between $33,000 and $70,000 . In a developing country like Iraq , however , an airboat can be purchased for as little as 2.5 million Iraqi dinars , or $2,147 . In spite of their high cost , airboats are very widely used by civilians and tour operators : there are 12,164 airboats , 1,025 of them commercial , in Florida alone as of December 2017 . Airboats are widely used in other Gulf Coast states , especially Louisiana , but they can be found in rivers , marshes , and icy areas around the world , from Nebraska to Siberia . Soviet airboats and aerosleds ( edit ) Main article : Aerosled Airboats and airboat - like craft have been used in the Soviet Union and its successor states since the Second World War and possibly earlier . Some true airboats -- vessels that operated entirely in the water -- were used by the Soviet military in World War II . These true airboats include the NKL - 5 , a 1,200 kilograms ( 2,600 lb ) WWII armed boat reportedly capable of speeds up to 60 kilometres per hour ( 37 mph ; 32 kn ) . However , most Soviet airboats are aerosleds ( referred to as `` aerosanis '' in Russian ) . An aerosled is an aircraft propeller driven amphibious vehicle best described as a hybrid of a sled , airboat , and ground effect vehicle . Thousands of aerosleds were used as cargo and passenger vehicles in Siberia , where they excelled because they could cope equally well with the icy Siberian winter and the muddy , marshy conditions of Rasputitsa season ( similar to the American mud season ) , when raw or thawing snow makes travel by road impossible . Aerosleds are still in use today . The Tupolev A-3 Aerosledge is a quintessential example of this type of vehicle ; it can reach speeds of up to 120 kilometers per hour ( 74.6 mph ) on snow and 65 km / h ( 40.4 mph ) on water . History ( edit ) The earliest airboats date to 1915 , when they were used by the British Army in the World War I Mesopotamian Campaign . However , airboats were not widely used by civilians until the 1940s and 1950s , following the invention of a more practical airboat design in 1946 in Utah . Antecedents ( edit ) Dr. Alexander Graham Bell with his aircraft engine test boat and airboat ancestor , the Ugly Duckling The earliest ancestors of the airboat were waterborne vehicles for testing aircraft engines . The oldest ancestor of the airboat was the Ugly Duckling , an aircraft propeller testing vehicle built in 1905 in Nova Scotia , Canada by a team led by Dr. Alexander Graham Bell . Ugly Duckling was a catamaran - type boat propelled by an `` aerial propeller '' hooked up to a water - cooled aircraft engine weighing 2,500 pounds ( 1,100 kg ) . The makeshift raft - like vessel was unable to obtain a speed faster than 4 miles per hour ( 3.5 knots ) , though the `` rapid rotation of the propeller '' led Dr. Bell to believe that the vessel could have had a theoretical top speed of `` thirty or forty miles an hour , '' comparable to some modern airboats , if drag was completely eliminated . Brazilian aviation pioneer Santos Dumont built a similar catamaran vessel for testing an aircraft engine in 1907 , which he termed a hydrofoil . The Tellier brothers , French aviation pioneers , made major steps towards modern airboats with their 1907 speedboat La Rapière II ( Rapier II ) . La Rapière II was an 8 metres ( 26 ft ) long mahogany speedboat powered by an above water aircraft propeller hooked up to a 20 hp 4 cylinder Panhard - Levassor engine . The boat was steered by a conventional rudder in the water , which was hooked up to a ship 's wheel . La Rapière II could achieve speeds of up to 26 kilometres per hour ( 16 mph ; 14 kn ) with two people on board and 25 kilometres per hour ( 16 mph ; 13 kn ) with 3 - 4 people on board . Early airboats ( edit ) Early British Army airboats in Mesopotamia in 1918 The earliest true airboats date to 1915 . The British Army used airboats , which they referred to as Lambert `` Hydro - Glisseurs '' , in the Mesopotamian Campaign of the First World War . These `` Hydro - Glisseurs '' were small , flat - bottomed hydroplanes with metal - plated wooden hulls propelled by a large aircraft fan that allowed them to reach speeds of up to 55 miles per hour ( 48 kn ) . They were primarily used for reconnaissance on the Tigris River . The first of these airboats , HG 1 Ariel , was constructed using the engine and propeller of a wrecked Royal Australian Air Force Farman MF. 7 biplane and was provided to the forces in Mesopotamia by the British Raj . Following Ariel 's successful deployment in the campaign upriver to Kut in 1915 - 1916 , Britain ordered seven purpose - built airboats from Charles de Lambert 's eponymous company De Lambert . Eight of these vessels were in operation in 1917 , increasing to nine by the 1918 Armistice . A dedicated repair slipway for these boats was built at the Motor Repair Dockyard in Baghdad , indicating both their importance to the British war effort and the difficulty of maintaining them . A 1917 Scientific American cover depicting a British Army airboat on the Tigris River in Iraq Following the war , Lambert airboats were used as ferries on the shallow waters of the upper Yangtze River , on the Huangpu River , and elsewhere . Like their military counterparts , these airboats were manufactured in France , though they were assembled in Shanghai . They had drafts of only seven inches and could cruise at up to 32 miles per hour ( 28 kn ) . Lambert airboats were also used widely on the upper Missouri River and on the marshes of the Florida Everglades . Farman Aircraft , the company that built the engines for WWI military airboats , began producing civilian airboats in the 1920s . It marketed airboats for use as water taxis and as light cargo vessels or patrol boats for French colonial governments . Its airboats sold for 25,000 to 50,000 francs depending on the model , a price that proved too steep for potential buyers ; the company pulled out of the boat business by the end of the 1920s . Farman airboat prototype Le Ricocheur in 1924 . She was capable of speeds of up to 125 km / h ( 67.5 knots ) These early European airboats were significantly different from their modern counterparts . Compared to the airboats of today , early European airboats tended to be somewhat larger , had higher freeboards , and lacked a protective cage surrounding the propeller . They also had a different steering mechanism : early airboats were steered with a rudder in the water controlled by a steering wheel with throttle control provided by a gas pedal , like an automobile . More modern airboats use an air rudder controlled with a joystick for steering . Glenn Curtiss is credited with building a type of airboat in 1920 to help facilitate his hobby of bow and arrow hunting in the Florida backwoods . The millionaire , who later went on to develop the cities of Hialeah and Miami , combined his talents in the fields of aviation and design to facilitate his hobby , and the end result was Scooter , a 6 - passenger , closed - cabin , propeller - driven boat powered by an aircraft engine that allowed it to slip through wetlands at 50 miles per hour ( 43 kn ) . First American airboats ( edit ) Cecil Williams operating Alligator I , one of the first airboats , at Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in 1946 Airboats first became popular in the United States following the invention of an airboat more suitable for wetland use in 1943 by Cecil Williams , Leo Young , and G. Hortin Jensen . Their boat , developed and used near Brigham City , Utah , is often erroneously considered the first airboat . At the Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge in northern Utah , Cecil S. Williams and G. Hortin Jensen sought a solution to the problem of conducting avian botulism studies in the shallow , marshy hinterlands . By installing a 40 - horsepower Continental aircraft engine , purchased for $99.50 , on a flat - bottomed 12 - foot long aluminum boat , they built one of the world 's first modern airboats . Their airboat , pictured at left , had no seat , so the skipper was forced to kneel in the boat . They dubbed it the Alligator I as a response to a joking comment from US Fish and Wildlife Service headquarters that they should `` get an alligator from Louisiana , saddle up and ride the critter during their botulism studies . '' Their airboat was the first to use an air rudder ( a rudder directing the propeller exhaust rather than the water ) , a major improvement in modern airboat design . The purpose of Williams , Young , and Jensen 's airboat was to help preserve and protect bird populations and animal life at the world 's largest migratory game bird refuge . The Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge near Brigham City , Utah is a wetlands oasis amid the Great Basin Desert and an essential stopping point for birds migrating across North America . The need for a practical way to navigate a challenging environment of wetlands , shallow water , and thick mud helped inspire Williams , Young , and Jensen to create the flat - bottom airboat , which they initially called an `` air thrust boat . '' Designs and subsequent improvements and practical use of the air thrust boats appears to have been a collaborative effort . LeeRue Allen , who worked at the Refuge since 1936 appears to have also been involved and helped to document a history of the events . Many of the early airboats built at the refuge in Utah were shipped to Florida . Early records show it cost roughly $1,600 to build a boat , including the engine . Other people -- all Floridians -- who are sometimes claimed to have invented the airboat include frog hunter Johnny Lamb , who allegedly built a 75 horsepower airboat in 1933 he called the `` whooshmobile '' and Chokoloskee Gladesmen Ernest and Willard Yates , who claim to have built an airboat in 1935 they steered via reins attached to a crude wooden rudder . Over the years a variety of designs were tried and through trial - and - error , the standard design used today arose : an open , flat bottom boat with an engine mounted on the back , the driver sitting in an elevated position , and a cage to protect the propeller from objects flying into them . The US Army Corps of Engineers uses an airboat to collect herbicide - resistant hydrilla from Lake Seminole in northern Florida Manufacture and design ( edit ) Airboat manufacturers tend to be small , family run businesses that assemble built - to - order boats . Most airboats are manufactured in the United States , although they are also built in Russia , , Italy , Finland , Japan , Australia , and elsewhere . Prior to 1950 , most airboats were manufactured in France by companies and individuals such as Farman , De Lambert , and René Couzinet . Modern , commercially manufactured airboat hulls are made of aluminum or fiberglass . The choice of material is determined by the type of terrain in which the vessel will be operated ; airboats intended for use in icy conditions will have sturdier polymer coated aluminum hulls while airboats intended for use in marshes will have lighter fiberglass hulls , for instance . Standard hunt / trail boats are 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) long with a two - to three - passenger capacity . Tour boats can be much larger , accommodating 18 passengers or more . Engines are either an air - cooled , 4 - or 6 - cylinder aircraft or water - cooled , large - displacement , V8 automotive engine , ranging from 50 to over 600 hp . Automotive engines tend to be less expensive due to readily - available replacement parts and less expensive high octane automotive gas . Since an opposed , 4 - or 6 - cylinder ( O4 or O6 ) aircraft powerplant contains fewer moving parts than a standard automotive engine , it is easier to repair and weighs less . However , automotive engines can be repaired by more - common car mechanics and do not require specialized repair personnel like aircraft engines do . Most of the sound produced by an airboat comes from the propeller , although the engine itself also contributes some noise . Modern airboat designs are significantly quieter thanks to mufflers and multi-blade carbon - fiber propellers . Safety ( edit ) Aft view of a safety cage during operation As with any vehicle , the safety of an airboat is dependent on the training and skill of its operator and the use of safety features like seat belts and flotation devices / life jackets . Airboats should only be piloted by trained and qualified operators , and knowledge of operational safety is essential when operating an airboat . Over 75 airboat accidents happened in Florida between 2014 and 2017 , resulting in seven deaths and 102 severe injuries . Most ( five of seven ) deaths were drownings , and 90 percent of accident victims were not wearing life jackets , even though only 30 percent knew how to swim . Not wearing a seat belt is another major predictor of injury in an accident : 40 percent of injured victims and the only two non-drowning fatalities were flung from their seats in the crashes . The most common injuries suffered in airboat accidents are severe cuts , bruises , and broken limbs . Other severe injuries are not uncommon : 10 percent of injured people suffered neck and back injuries requiring surgery and long - term pain medication and another 10 percent suffered traumatic head and brain injuries . Most airboat accidents -- 64 % -- are the fault of the operator , according to a 2017 analysis by the Miami New Times , almost always due to one of three factors : a lack of boating education or training ; a lack of safety equipment , such as seat belts or flotation devices , or a failure to properly use safety equipment ; or reckless behavior , including drug or alcohol consumption and improper lookout . The engine and propeller of an airboat are enclosed in a protective metal cage that prevents objects , such as tree limbs , branches , clothing , beverage containers , passengers , or wildlife , from coming into contact with the whirling propeller , which can cause traumatic injury to the operator and passengers or devastating damage to the vessel . Safety cages do not always work perfectly , however : people have had their fingers sliced off by airboat propellers , and tree branches entering safety cages have wrecked airboat propellers and sprayed the operators and passengers with woodchips and other shrapnel . Airboats are prone to capsizing and sinking because they are top - heavy , unstable , and extremely shallow draft . This makes them especially dangerous on the open sea or in rough or stormy conditions . Airboats with a `` long - belt gear reduction drive unit '' and an automobile engine avoid these risks because the long belt allows for the engine to be mounted inside the hull , which lowers the center of gravity and lowers the capsizing risk . Some companies and organizations , including Airboat West and the Los Alamos National Laboratory , have built airboats with low centers of gravity for use in windy or rough conditions or in rescues with obstacles like low - hanging power lines . Airboats can also be equipped with auotinflation devices , similar to car airbags or autoinflating personal life vests , that can reduce the risk of capsizing . In 1999 the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 's National Conservation Training Center , located in Shepherdstown , West Virginia , produced a 70 - minute training video entitled Airboat Safety -- Design - Operation - Maintenance in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Jacksonville , Florida . The video includes an early history of airboats and interviews with two airboat manufacturers in Florida . It was considered to be the only airboat video of its kind when it was made and may still be the only one with the range of airboat subject matter ever produced in the US . Since it was produced by the federal government of the United States , it is in the public domain . Five hundred copies of the video were produced . Regulation ( edit ) On March 30 , 2018 Gov. Rick Scott of Florida signed `` Ellie 's Law , '' which requires operators to complete CPR instruction and a course on airboats run by the state 's wildlife commission . The law is named after Elizabeth `` Ellie '' Goldenberg , who died from an airboat accident in Miami - Dade County the day after her graduation from college . Beginning July 1 , 2019 , airboat operators will need to be able to show proof they completed the training courses . Violations are a misdemeanor offense punishable by up to a $500 fine . Florida state law also stipulates that airboats must have an `` automotive - style factory muffler , underwater exhaust , or other manufactured device capable of adequately muffling the sound of the engine exhaust '' and an international orange flag that is at least 10 '' by 12 '' flying from a mast or flagpole that is at least 10 feet taller than the lowest point on the boat , in order to increase visibility and reduce the odds of a collision . Airboat operators , pilots , or drivers in Florida must be 14 or older . Rescue ( edit ) A resident is transported by airboat after Hurricane Katrina In recent years , airboats have proven indispensable for flood , shallow water , and ice rescue operations . As a result , they have grown in popularity for public safety uses . During the flooding of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina , August 29 , 2005 , airboats from across the United States rescued thousands of flood victims . Thirty airboats crewed by civilian volunteers evacuated over 1,100 patients and 4,000 medical personnel and family members from four downtown New Orleans hospitals in less than 36 hours . Numerous articles have been published in fire - rescue trade journals such as Fire Engineering and National Fire and Rescue Magazine describing the advantages , capabilities , and benefits of using airboats for water rescue operations , and providing in - depth description of actual water rescue incidents , including the flooding of New Orleans . Airboats are particularly effective at water rescues in shallow , marshy , or icy winter environments . Airboats are partially amphibious and can therefore navigate effectively over obstacles , such as partially submerged buildings and wreckage or sea ice , that would stop a normal boat . In ice rescues , use of airboats cuts the average rescue time from 45 to 60 minutes to seven to 12 minutes , according to data from Minnesota fire departments departments . They are also faster , larger , safer , and more durable than other small boats used in ice rescues . Though airboats are highly effective at water and ice rescues , airboats and helicopters do not work well together . Rotor wash from low - flying helicopters can push and even capsize airboats . During post-Katrina rescue operations , a helicopter 's rotor wash was reported to have capsized one airboat , and many airboats were blown into the sides of buildings , standing utility poles , and bridge pilings by low - flying helicopters . U.S. Customs and Border Protection patrols the Rio Grande River border in an airboat Military use ( edit ) Airboats are used by various militaries and border patrols around the world as well as by the U.S. Coast Guard . In addition to the aforementioned uses of airboats by the British Army in the Mesopotamian Campaign of WWI and by the Soviet Union in the Eastern Front of WWII , airboats have been used by the US Army and Iraqi security forces in the Vietnam and Iraq wars , respectively . US Special Forces Aircat airboat in Vietnam During the Vietnam War the Hurricane Aircat airboat was used by U.S. Special Forces and South Vietnamese troops to patrol riverine and marshy areas where larger boats could not go . Two of these airboats were also used by the Khmer National Navy after they were captured from the U.S. Special Forces by the People 's Army of Vietnam ( PAVN ) in September 1967 . Airboats are also used in Texas and Iraq for border patrol . The airboats used in Iraq were supplied by American companies and assembled in Iraq by American civilian contractors , and they are used by both American and Iraqi forces to patrol the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , the marshes of southeastern Iraq , and the Shatt al - Arab waterway , the latter two of which include parts of the Iran - Iraq border . Modern Iraqi military airboats are 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) long , powered by 454 hp engines hooked up to 78 - inch ( 2.0 m ) Whirlwind propellers , and armed with M240 crew - served machine guns . The Nov / Dec 2007 issue of Airboating Magazine had an article on airboats used in Vietnam and in Iraq and has had numerous articles on airboats used by U.S Coast Guard and other state and county EMS units for rescue of ice fisherman and rescue in floods or after hurricanes . In 2013 the Iraqi Ministry of Oil purchased 20 airboats for use as personnel transport , patrol , and cable laying and light cargo boats in the rivers and marshes of Iraq . See also ( edit ) Hovercraft Hydrocopter Rotor ship , a similar type of vessel using a vertical `` pipe '' to propel the air Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In early aviation history the term airboat was applied to seaplanes or flying boats , i.e. amphibian aircraft capable of taking off and landing on water surfaces . Early airboats were known as `` hydroglisseurs '' ( airboat in French , lit . `` water slider '' ) , hydroplanes , hydrofoils , or other names . See e.g. Flying Volume 4 ( 1915 - 1916 ) and Cercle du Mononautisme Classique Archives historiques ( in French ) . Jump up ^ The source cited states the price of an airboat as $25,000 to $40,000 in 2004 , which is equal to between $33,000 and $53,000 in 2018 dollars . Jump up ^ Lambert refers to their manufacturer , the De Lambert company of France , and `` Hydro - Glisseur '' means `` airboat '' in French . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( January 1 , 2006 ) . `` Rescue on The Chattahoochee '' . Fire Engineering . Vol. 159 no . 1 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Ideas in Boat Design '' . Helsinki , Finland : Arctic Airboat. 2015 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Vi Gomes , Isabella ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Florida Airboat Accidents Have Killed Seven and Injured Dozens in Recent Years '' . Miami New Times . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Airboats International -- About Us '' . Carrington , NSW , Australia : Airboats International . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( March 1 , 2004 ) . `` The Use of Airboats in Ice and Water Rescue Emergencies '' . Fire Engineering . Vol. 157 no . 3 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Owned Airboats '' . American Airboat Corp . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` تجهيز زوارق هوائة نهرية '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) ( in Arabic ) . Baghdad : جمهوريى العراق وزارة النفط شركة الاستكشاف النفطية. 2013 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 -- via Iraq Business News . Jump up ^ Mensik , Dan , ed . ( October 2017 ) . `` Uniting to Preserve Our River Rights '' ( PDF ) . RiverTalk . Fremont , NE : Nebraska Airboaters Association . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` WWII navy information and facts '' . War is Over . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanlon , Mike ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` The remarkable part boat , part sled , part ground - effect Tupelov aerosled '' . New Atlas . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeavy , Roy , ( 1982 ) . `` Jane 's Surface Skimmers '' , pp 65 -- 67 , London , England : Jane 's Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 614 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Delano , Anthony ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) . Guy Gaunt : The Boy From Ballarat Who Talked America Into the Great War . Australian Scholarly Publishing . p. 184 . ISBN 9781925333206 . ^ Jump up to : Grass , Ray ( May 8 , 2007 ) . `` World 's first airboat hatched at Bear River refuge in ' 40s '' . Deseret News . Deseret Morning News . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alexander Graham ; Adler , Cyrus ( 1907 ) . Aërial Locomotion : With a Few Notes of Progress in the Construction of an Aërodrome . Press of Judd & Detweiler , Incorporated . pp. 21 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archives historiques '' . Cercle du Mononautisme Classique ( in French ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Les hydravions d'Alphonse Tellier ( PDF ) ( Report ) ( in French ) . hydroretro.net . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Hydro - Gliders '' the latest thing in Chinese transportation , expected to open the upper Yangtze to rapid navigation `` . Far Eastern Fortnightly . New York : The Far Eastern Bureau . 8 ( 1 ) : 6 . January 3 , 1921 . Jump up ^ `` Reminiscence of the Essen Raids '' . Flying . Vol. 4 no . 1 . New York City : Flying Association at the office of the Aero Club of America . January 1916 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Leonard Joseph ; Hughes , Robert Herbert Wilfrid ( 1921 ) . The Inland water transport in Mesopotamia . London Constable . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Farman , Avion ( 1922 ) . `` Hydroglisseurs Farman '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Boulogne Billancourt , France : Farman Aviation Works . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 -- via Gallica . Jump up ^ Curtiss , Richard . `` The 1920 Curtiss `` Scooter '' airboat `` . CurtissWay . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McIver , Stuart B. ( 1998 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Who Invented the Airboat ? '' . Dreamers , Schemers and Scalawags . Pineapple Press Inc . ISBN 9781561641550 . Jump up ^ World 's First Airboat https://scontent-sjc2-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t1.0-9/15109419_1779337522340086_2556976957131532493_n.jpg?oh=dbe23a6b7eb63dce33d92050b0c8f303&oe=59886030 Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Trivia : U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Airboat . '' U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service History -- Facebook . U.S. Department of the Interior . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bear River Migratory Bird Refuge , Grassland Unit Restoration Project - Phase I '' . Ducks Unlimited . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Allen , Lee Rue . `` Oral History Program '' ( 1972 ) . History . Ogden , Utah : Weber State University . Jump up ^ Anderson , Lars ( October 21 , 2010 ) . `` Lars Anderson : Talking Airboats : Can You Hear Me Now ? '' . The Gainesville Sun . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McLeavy , Roy , ( 1982 ) . `` Jane 's Surface Skimmers '' , pp 65 -- 67 , London , England : Jane 's Publishing Company Limited . ISBN 0 - 86720 - 614 - 4 Jump up ^ Pearce , William ( 2016 - 01 - 24 ) . `` Idroscivolanti and the Raid Pavia - Venezia '' . Old Machine Press . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Torsti tietää , Helsingin Sanomat , 28.3. 2010 s . D 7 Jump up ^ Ko . `` エアボート を 、 レジャー 用 として 、 救助 用 として 、 広く 日本 で 普及 させ たい '' . Airboats.jp ( in Japanese ) . Tokyo : Fresh Air Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Enfield , Samuel ; Burr , R. ; Badgett , R. ; et al. , eds. ( April 15 , 1966 ) . Airboats ( PDF ) ( Technical report ) . San Francisco : Army Concept Team in Vietnam . R - 1590.0 -- via DTIC . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Date and year ( link ) Jump up ^ Butterman , Eric ( August 2013 ) . `` A boat that walks on water '' . ASME . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Ken ( 1999 ) . Airboat safety design , operation , maintenance ( Videodisk ) . Shepherdstown , WV : U.S. Army Corps of Engineers . Event occurs at 70 minutes . OCLC 79818231 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Swisher , Skyler . `` Gov. Scott signs ' Ellie 's Law ' creating new safety rules for Everglades airboat operators '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Florida Atlantic University Diving and Boating Safety Committee ( February 2014 ) . Diving and Boating Safety Manual . Boca Raton : Florida Atlantic University Environmental Health and Safety . pp. 91 -- 2 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chapter 327.39 , The 2010 Florida Statutes ( including Special Session A ) , Statute No . Title XXIV of 2014 . Retrieved on July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mercedes , Cheryl ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` LIFE BEYOND KATRINA : Cajun couple rescues hundreds from flooded homes '' . WAFB . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , Robert ( May 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Evacuation of New Orleans After The Levees Broke '' . Fire Engineering . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rescuing New Orleans -- Nov. / Dec. 2005 Jump up ^ `` You Want To Buy A What '' - March / April 2004 Jump up ^ Saving Lives Across America -- August 2004 Jump up ^ `` Coast Guard Station Burlington Demonstrates New Airboat '' . Coast Guard News . Burlington , Vermont . February 13 , 2010 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2007 - 09 - 18 ) . Mobile Strike Forces in Vietnam 1966 -- 70 . New York : Osprey Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 9781846031397 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Conboy , Kenneth Bowra , and Mike Chappell , The War in Cambodia 1970 -- 75 , Men - at - arms series 209 , Osprey Publishing Ltd , London 1989 . ISBN 0 - 85045 - 851 - X . pp. 23 Jump up ^ * Kenneth Conboy , FANK : A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces , 1970 -- 1975 , Equinox Publishing ( Asia ) Pte Ltd , Djakarta 2011 . ISBN 9789793780863 pp. 239 '' Jump up ^ Floyd , Faron . `` Whirl Wind Goes to Iraq '' . Whirlwind Propellers . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Airboatcapt2 ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Airboats in Iraq '' . Southern Airboat . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airboats . On the propulsion of ships by air propellers Italian racing `` Idroscivolanti '' of the 1930 's Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airboat&oldid=856862172 '' Categories : Motorboats Marine propulsion Boat types Hidden categories : CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . CS1 maint : Date and year Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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Rifling

Rifling - wikipedia Rifling Conventional rifling of a 90 mm M75 cannon ( production year 1891 , Austro - Hungary ) Rifling of a 105 mm Royal Ordnance L7 tank gun . In firearms , rifling is the helical groove pattern that is machined into the internal ( bore ) surface of a gun 's barrel , for the purpose of exerting torque and thus imparting a spin to a projectile around its longitudinal axis during shooting . This spin serves to gyroscopically stabilize the projectile by conservation of angular momentum , improving its aerodynamic stability and accuracy over smoothbore designs . Rifling is often described by its twist rate , which indicates the distance the rifling takes to complete one full revolution , such as `` 1 turn in 10 inches '' ( 1 : 10 inches ) , or `` 1 turn in 254 mm '' ( 1 : 254 mm ) . A shorter distance indicates a `` faster '' twist , meaning that for a given velocity the projectile will be rotating at a higher spin rate . The combination of length , weight and shape of a projectile determines the twist rate needed to stabilize it -- barrels intended for short , large - diameter projectiles like spherical lead balls require a very low twist rate , such as 1 turn in 48 inches ( 122 cm ) . Barrels intended for long , small - diameter bullets , such as the ultra-low - drag , 80 - grain 0.223 inch bullets ( 5.2 g , 5.56 mm ) , use twist rates of 1 turn in 8 inches ( 20 cm ) or faster . In some cases , rifling will have twist rates that increase down the length of the barrel , called a gain twist or progressive twist ; a twist rate that decreases from breech to muzzle is undesirable , since it can not reliably stabilize the bullet as it travels down the bore . Extremely long projectiles such as flechettes may require high twist rates ; these projectiles must be inherently stable , and are often fired from a smoothbore barrel . Contents 1 History 1.1 Recent developments 1.1. 1 Polygonal rifling 1.1. 2 Extended range , full bore 1.1. 3 Gain - twist rifling 2 Manufacture 3 Construction and operation 4 Fitting the projectile to the bore 5 Twist rate 5.1 Expressing twist rate 5.2 Twist rate and bullet stability 5.3 Bullet spin 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Calculators for stability and twist History ( edit ) Traditional rifling of a 9 mm handgun barrel . Main article : Rifle Muskets were smoothbore , large caliber weapons using ball - shaped ammunition fired at relatively low velocity . Due to the high cost and great difficulty of precision manufacturing , and the need to load readily and speedily from the muzzle , musket balls were generally a loose fit in the barrels . Consequently , on firing the balls would often bounce off the sides of the barrel when fired and the final destination after leaving the muzzle was less predictable . This was countered when accuracy was more important , for example when hunting , by using a tighter combination of a closer to bore sized ball and a patch . The accuracy was improved , but still not reliable for precision shooting over long distances . Barrel rifling was invented in Augsburg , Germany in 1498 . In 1520 August Kotter , an armourer of Nuremberg , Germany improved upon this work . Though true rifling dates from the mid-16th century , it did not become commonplace until the nineteenth century . The concept of stabilizing the flight of a projectile by spinning it was known in the days of bows and arrows , but early firearms using black powder had difficulty with rifling because of the fouling left behind by the combustion of the powder . The most successful weapons using rifling with black powder were breech loaders such as the Queen Anne pistol . Recent developments ( edit ) Polygonal rifling ( edit ) Conventional rifling ( left ) and polygonal rifling ( right ) . Both types of rifling use a spiraling pattern . Main article : Polygonal rifling The spiraling pattern ( here with polygonal rifling ) is shown . The grooves most commonly used in modern rifling have fairly sharp edges . More recently , polygonal rifling , a throwback to the earliest types of rifling , has become popular , especially in handguns . Polygonal barrels tend to have longer service lives because the reduction of the sharp edges of the land ( the grooves are the spaces that are cut out , and the resulting ridges are called lands ) reduces erosion of the barrel . Supporters of polygonal rifling also claim higher velocities and greater accuracy . Polygonal rifling is currently seen on pistols from CZ , Heckler & Koch , Glock , Tanfoglio , and Kahr Arms , as well as the Desert Eagle . Extended range , full bore ( edit ) For tanks and artillery pieces , the extended range , full bore concept developed by Gerald Bull for the GC - 45 howitzer reverses the normal rifling idea by using a projectile with small fins that ride in the grooves , as opposed to using a projectile with a slightly oversized driving band which is forced into the grooves . Such guns have achieved significant increases in muzzle velocity and range . Examples include the South African G5 and the German PzH 2000 . Gain - twist rifling ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gain - twist rifling , also called progressive rifling , begins with very little change in the projectile 's angular momentum during the first few inches of bullet travel after ignition during the transition from chamber to throat . This enables the bullet to remain essentially undisturbed and trued to the case mouth . After engaging the rifling the bullet is progressively subjected to accelerated angular momentum as burning powder propels it down the barrel . By only gradually increasing the spin rate , torque is spread along a much longer section of barrel , rather than only at the throat where rifling is eroded through repeated rifling engagement . Gain - twist rifling was used as early as the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) . Colt Army and Navy revolvers both employed gain - twist rifling . Gain - twist rifling , however , is more difficult to produce than uniform rifling , and therefore is more expensive . The military has used gain - twist rifling in a variety of weapons such as the 6998200000000000000 ♠ 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun used in some current fighter jets and the larger 6998300000000000000 ♠ 30 mm GAU - 8 Avenger Gatling gun used in the A10 Thunderbolt II close air support jet . In these applications it allows lighter construction of the barrels by decreasing chamber pressures through the use of low initial twist rates but ensuring the projectiles have sufficient stability once they leave the barrel . It is seldom used in commercially available products , though notably on the Smith & Wesson Model 460 ( X-treme Velocity Revolver ) . Manufacture ( edit ) Rifling in a French 19th century cannon . Further information : internal ballistics An early method of introducing rifling to a pre-drilled barrel was to use a cutter mounted on a square - section rod , accurately twisted into a spiral of the desired pitch , mounted in two fixed square - section holes . As the cutter was advanced through the barrel it twisted at a uniform rate governed by the pitch . The first cut was shallow but as repeated cuts were made the cutter points were gradually expanded -- the blades were in slots in a wooden dowel which were gradually packed out with slips of paper -- until the required depth was obtained . The process was finished off by casting a slug of molten lead into the barrel , withdrawing it and using it with a paste of emery and oil to smooth the bore . Most rifling is created by either : cutting one groove at a time with a machine tool ( cut rifling or single point cut rifling ) ; cutting all grooves in one pass with a special progressive broaching bit ( broached rifling ) ; pressing all grooves at once with a tool called a `` button '' that is pushed or pulled down the barrel ( button rifling ) ; forging the barrel over a mandrel containing a reverse image of the rifling , and often the chamber as well ( hammer forging ) ; flow forming the barrel preform over a mandrel containing a reverse image of the rifling ( rifling by flow forming ) The grooves are the spaces that are cut out , and the resulting ridges are called lands . These lands and grooves can vary in number , depth , shape , direction of twist ( right or left ) , and twist rate . The spin imparted by rifling significantly improves the stability of the projectile , improving both range and accuracy . Typically rifling is a constant rate down the barrel , usually measured by the length of travel required to produce a single turn . Occasionally firearms are encountered with a gain twist , where the rate of spin increases from chamber to muzzle . While intentional gain twists are rare , due to manufacturing variance , a slight gain twist is in fact fairly common . Since a reduction in twist rate is very detrimental to accuracy , gunsmiths who are machining a new barrel from a rifled blank will often measure the twist carefully so they may put the faster rate , no matter how minute the difference is , at the muzzle end . Construction and operation ( edit ) A barrel of circular bore cross-section is not capable of imparting a spin to a projectile , so a rifled barrel has a non-circular cross-section . Typically the rifled barrel contains one or more grooves that run down its length , giving it a cross-section resembling an internal gear , though it can also take the shape of a polygon , usually with rounded corners . Since the barrel is not circular in cross-section , it can not be accurately described with a single diameter . Rifled bores may be described by the bore diameter ( the diameter across the lands or high points in the rifling ) , or by groove diameter ( the diameter across the grooves or low points in the rifling ) . Differences in naming conventions for cartridges can cause confusion ; for example , the projectiles of the . 303 British are actually slightly larger in diameter than the projectiles of the . 308 Winchester , because the ``. 303 '' refers to the bore diameter in inches ( bullet is . 312 ) , while the ``. 308 '' refers to the bullet diameter in inches ( 7.92 mm and 7.82 mm , respectively ) . Despite differences in form , the common goal of rifling is to deliver the projectile accurately to the target . In addition to imparting the spin to the bullet , the barrel must hold the projectile securely and concentrically as it travels down the barrel . This requires that the rifling meet a number of tasks : It must be sized so that the projectile will swage or obturate upon firing to fill the bore . The diameter should be consistent , and must not increase towards the muzzle . The rifling should be consistent down the length of the bore , without changes in cross-section , such as variations in groove width or spacing . It should be smooth , with no scratches lying perpendicular to the bore , so it does not abrade material from the projectile . The chamber and crown must smoothly transition the projectile into and out of the rifling . Rifling may not begin immediately forward of the chamber . There may be an unrifled throat ahead of the chamber so a cartridge may be chambered without pushing the bullet into the rifling . This reduces the force required to load a cartridge into the chamber , and prevents leaving a bullet stuck in the rifling when an unfired cartridge is removed from the chamber . The specified diameter of the throat may be somewhat greater than groove diameter , and may be enlarged by use if hot powder gas melts the interior barrel surface when the rifle is fired . Freebore is a groove - diameter length of smoothbore barrel without lands forward of the throat . Freebore allows the bullet to transition from static friction to sliding friction and gain linear momentum prior to encountering the resistance of increasing rotational momentum . Freebore may allow more effective use of propellants by reducing the initial pressure peak during the minimum volume phase of internal ballistics before the bullet starts moving down the barrel . Barrels with freebore length exceeding the rifled length have been known by a variety of trade names including paradox . When the projectile is swaged into the rifling , it takes on a mirror image of the rifling , as the lands push into the projectile in a process called engraving . Engraving takes on not only the major features of the bore , such as the lands and grooves , but also minor features , like scratches and tool marks . The relationship between the bore characteristics and the engraving on the projectile are often used in forensic ballistics . Fitting the projectile to the bore ( edit ) 57 - N - 231 standard 7.62 × 39mm military bullets with steel core - the one on the left is unfired , the one on the right is fired , with the rifling grooves visible . Notice the copper wash scraped off and the steel jacket is exposed on the groove marks . Three recovered 7.62 × 51mm NATO bullets ( next to an unfired cartridge ) , showing rifling marks imparting anti-clockwise spin Russian 122 mm shrapnel shell ( which has been fired ) showing rifling marks on the copper alloy driving band around its base , indicating clockwise spin Cannonball equipped with winglets for rifled cannons circa 1860 Ogival shell of the La Hitte system , 1858 , designed to engage with clockwise rifling The original firearms were loaded from the muzzle by forcing a ball from the muzzle to the chamber . Whether using a rifled or smooth bore , a good fit was needed to seal the bore and provide the best possible accuracy from the gun . To ease the force required to load the projectile , these early guns used an undersized ball , and a patch made of cloth , paper , or leather to fill the windage ( the gap between the ball and the walls of the bore ) . The patch provided some degree of sealing , kept the ball seated on the charge of black powder , and kept the ball concentric to the bore . In rifled barrels , the patch also provided a means to transfer the spin from the rifling to the bullet , as the patch is engraved rather than the ball . Until the advent of the hollow - base Minié ball , which obturates upon firing to seal the bore and engage the rifling , the patch provided the best means of getting the projectile to engage the rifling . In breech - loading firearms , the task of seating the projectile into the rifling is handled by the throat of the chamber . Next is the freebore , which is the portion of the throat down which the projectile travels before the rifling starts . The last section of the throat is the throat angle , where the throat transitions into the rifled barrel . The throat is usually sized slightly larger than the projectile , so the loaded cartridge can be inserted and removed easily , but the throat should be as close as practical to the groove diameter of the barrel . Upon firing , the projectile expands under the pressure from the chamber , and obturates to fit the throat . The bullet then travels down the throat and engages the rifling , where it is engraved , and begins to spin . Engraving the projectile requires a significant amount of force , and in some firearms there is a significant amount of freebore , which helps keep chamber pressures low by allowing the propellant gases to expand before being required to engrave the projectile . Minimizing freebore improves accuracy by decreasing the chance that a projectile will distort before entering the rifling . Twist rate ( edit ) For best performance , the barrel should have a twist rate sufficient to spin stabilize any bullet that it would reasonably be expected to fire , but not significantly more . Large diameter bullets provide more stability , as the larger radius provides more gyroscopic inertia , while long bullets are harder to stabilize , as they tend to be very backheavy and the aerodynamic pressures have a longer arm ( `` lever '' ) to act on . The slowest twist rates are found in muzzleloading firearms meant to fire a round ball ; these will have twist rates as low as 1 in 72 inches ( 180 cm ) , or slightly longer , although for a typical multi-purpose muzzleloader rifle , a twist rate of 1 in 48 inches ( 120 cm ) is very common . The M16A2 rifle , which is designed to fire the 5.56 × 45mm NATO SS109 ball and L110 tracer bullets , has a 1 in 7 - inch ( 18 cm ) or 32 calibers twist . Civilian AR - 15 rifles are commonly found with 1 in 12 inches ( 30 cm ) or 54.8 calibers for older rifles and 1 in 9 inches ( 23 cm ) or 41.1 calibers for most newer rifles , although some are made with 1 in 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or 32 calibers twist rates , the same as used for the M16 rifle . Rifles , which generally fire longer , smaller diameter bullets , will in general have higher twist rates than handguns , which fire shorter , larger diameter bullets . Expressing twist rate ( edit ) There are three methods in use to describe the twist rate : The , traditionally speaking , most common method expresses the twist rate in terms of the ' travel ' ( length ) required to complete one full projectile revolution in the rifled barrel . This method does not give an easy or straightforward understanding of whether a twist rate is relatively slow or fast when bores of different diameters are compared . The second method describes the ' rifled travel ' required to complete one full projectile revolution in calibers or bore diameters . T w i s t = L D b o r e ( \ displaystyle ( Twist ) = ( \ frac ( L ) ( D_ ( bore ) ) ) ) where : Twist = twist rate expressed in bore diameters L = the twist length required to complete one full projectile revolution ( in mm or in ) D = bore diameter ( diameter of the lands , in mm or in ) Note that the twist travel L and the bore diameter D must be expressed in a consistent unit of measure , i.e. metric ( mm ) or imperial ( in ) . The third method simply reports the angle of the grooves relative to the bore axis , measured in degrees . Note that the latter two methods have the inherent advantage of expressing twist rate as a ratio and give an easy understanding if a twist rate is relatively slow or fast even when comparing bores of differing diameters . Twist rate and bullet stability ( edit ) In 1879 , George Greenhill , a professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy ( RMA ) at Woolwich , London , UK developed a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead - core bullets . This shortcut uses the bullet 's length , needing no allowances for weight or nose shape . The eponymous Greenhill Formula , still used today , is : T w i s t = C D 2 L × S G 10.9 ( \ displaystyle Twist = ( \ frac ( CD ^ ( 2 ) ) ( L ) ) \ times ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( SG ) ( 10.9 ) ) ) ) where : C = 150 ( use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 f / s ) D = bullet 's diameter in inches L = bullet 's length in inches SG = bullet 's specific gravity ( 10.9 for lead - core bullets , which cancels out the second half of the equation ) The original value of C was 150 , which yields a twist rate in inches per turn , when given the diameter D and the length L of the bullet in inches . This works to velocities of about 840 m / s ( 2800 ft / s ) ; above those velocities , a C of 180 should be used . For instance , with a velocity of 600 m / s ( 2000 ft / s ) , a diameter of 0.5 inches ( 13 mm ) and a length of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) , the Greenhill formula would give a value of 25 , which means 1 turn in 25 inches ( 640 mm ) . Improved formulas for determining stability and twist rates include the Miller Twist Rule and the McGyro program developed by Bill Davis and Robert McCoy . A Parrott rifle , used by both Confederate and Union forces in the American Civil War . If an insufficient twist rate is used , the bullet will begin to yaw and then tumble ; this is usually seen as `` keyholing '' , where bullets leave elongated holes in the target as they strike at an angle . Once the bullet starts to yaw , any hope of accuracy is lost , as the bullet will begin to veer off in random directions as it precesses . Conversely , too - high a rate of twist can also cause problems . The excessive twist can cause accelerated barrel wear , and coupled with high velocities also induce a very high spin rate which can cause projectile jacket ruptures causing high velocity spin stabilized projectiles to disintegrate in flight . Projectiles made out of mono metals can not practically achieve flight and spin velocities such that they disintegrate in flight due to their spin rate . Smokeless powder can produce muzzle velocities of approximately 1,600 m / s ( 5,200 ft / s ) for spin stabilized projectiles and more advanced propellants used in smoothbore tank guns can produce muzzle velocities of approximately 1,800 m / s ( 5,900 ft / s ) . A higher twist than needed can also cause more subtle problems with accuracy : Any inconsistency within the bullet , such as a void that causes an unequal distribution of mass , may be magnified by the spin . Undersized bullets also have problems , as they may not enter the rifling exactly concentric and coaxial to the bore , and excess twist will exacerbate the accuracy problems this causes . Bullet spin ( edit ) A bullet fired from a rifled barrel can spin at over 300,000 rpm ( 5 kHz ) , depending on the bullet 's muzzle velocity and the barrel 's twist rate . The general definition of the spin S ( \ displaystyle S ) of an object rotating around a single axis can be written as S = υ C ( \ displaystyle S = ( \ frac ( \ upsilon ) ( C ) ) ) where υ ( \ displaystyle \ upsilon ) is the linear velocity of a point in the rotating object ( in units of distance / time ) and C ( \ displaystyle C ) refers to the circumference of the circle that this measuring point performs around the axis of rotation . A bullet that matches the rifling of the firing barrel will exit that barrel with a spin S = υ 0 L ( \ displaystyle S = ( \ frac ( \ upsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ( L ) ) ) where υ 0 ( \ displaystyle \ upsilon _ ( 0 ) ) is the muzzle velocity and L ( \ displaystyle L ) is the twist rate . For example , an M4 Carbine with a twist rate of 1 in 7 inches ( 177.8 mm ) and a muzzle velocity of 3,050 feet per second ( 930 m / s ) will give the bullet a spin of 930 m / s / 0.1778 m = 5.2 kHz ( 314,000 rpm ) . Excessive rotational speed can exceed the bullet 's designed limits and the resulting centrifugal force can cause the bullet to disintegrate radially during flight . See also ( edit ) Rifle Smoothbore Paradox gun Comparison microscope Gun barrel sequence ( James Bond ) Greenhill formula Glossary of firearms terminology Miller twist rate References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Randy D. Smith . `` The . 54 Caliber Muzzleloader '' . Chuck Hawks . Jump up ^ `` Products : : Rifle Barrels : : Calibers and Twists '' . Shilen Rifles , Inc . Jump up ^ `` gain twist '' . MidwayUSA GunTec Dictionary . ^ Jump up to : Dan Lilja . `` What makes a barrel accurate ? '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ W.S. Curtis . `` Long Range Shooting : A Historical Perspective '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 22 . ; Petzal , David E. , and Bourjaily , Phil , with Fenson , Brad . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) ( San Francisco : WeldonOwen , 2014 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Product : Model 460XVR TM '' . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Henry ( 1840 ) . Engines of War , Or , Historical and Experimental Observations on Ancient and Modern Warlike Machines and Implements . London : Longman . pp. 108 -- 110 . OCLC 254626119 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Ballistics '' . Hornady . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Holland & Holland . `` Definition of a Paradox Gun '' . Classic Shooting Company . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sam Fadala ( 2006 ) . The Complete Blackpowder Handbook : The Latest Guns and Gear . Gun Digest . ISBN 0 - 89689 - 390 - 1 . Chapter 18 , The Cloth Patch Jump up ^ P.O. Ackley ( 1966 ) . Handbook for Shooters & Reloaders Volume II . Plaza Publishing . pages 97 - 98 Jump up ^ Daniel Lilja . `` Thoughts on Throats for the 50 BMG '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , Scotland . Alfred George Greenhill ( October 2003 ) . http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Greenhill.html Jump up ^ Mosdell , Matthew . The Greenhill Formula. http://www.mamut.net/MarkBrooks/newsdet35.htm ( Accessed 2009 AUG 19 ) Jump up ^ Miller , Don . How Good Are Simple Rules For Estimating Rifling Twist , Precision Shooting - June 2009 Jump up ^ R.L. McCoy ( April 1986 ) . `` McGyro '' ( TXT ) . JBM Ballistics ( BASIC ) . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GS CUSTOM BULLETS - The 22x64 Experiment '' . Jump up ^ `` 120mm Tank Gun KE Ammunition '' . Defense Update. 2006 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Calculating Bullet RPM '' . 3 June 2008 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twist Rate '' . 18 August 2012 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2013 . Retrieved 4 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rifling . Article on barrel making from an IHMSA shooter Article on barrel making from Lilja , a maker of world class competition barrels Article on making and measuring rifling by Lilja ; includes pictures of button rifling machine Article on rifle barrel manufacturing process including gundrilling , reaming , rifling , and finishing 6mmBR article on barrels Bore slugging tutorial , explaining now to determine the true bore and groove size and choose appropriate bullet diameters Calculating Bullet RPM -- Spin Rates And Stability Common rifling dimensions of revolver , pistol and rifle ammunition Calculators for stability and twist ( edit ) Bowman - Howell Twist Rate Calculator Miller Formula Calculator Drag / Twist Calculator based on Bob McCoy 's `` McGyro '' algorithm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rifling&oldid=852827607 '' Categories : Artillery components Firearm components Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from September 2013 All articles needing additional references Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . 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Protein biosynthesis

Protein biosynthesis - wikipedia Protein biosynthesis RNA is transcribed in the nucleus ; once completely processed , it is transported to the cytoplasm and translated by the ribosome ( shown in very pale grey behind the tRNA ) . Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins ; it is balanced by the loss of cellular proteins via degradation or export . Translation , the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes , is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway , along with generation of messenger RNA ( mRNA ) , aminoacylation of transfer RNA ( tRNA ) , co-translational transport , and post-translational modification . Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps . They are principally during transcription ( phenomena of RNA synthesis from DNA template ) and translation ( phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA ) . The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates . The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain . Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA . However , when a protein must be available on short notice or in large quantities , a protein precursor is produced . A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during posttranslational modification . A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence ( an N - terminal signal peptide ) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes , i.e. , targets them for secretion . The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum . Preproproteins have both sequences ( inhibitory and signal ) still present . In protein synthesis , a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base - pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA . The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain , and the tRNAs , no longer carrying amino acids , are released . This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome , formed of two main chains of RNA , called ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) , and more than 50 different proteins . The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it , capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain . Protein biosynthesis , although very similar , is different for prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Transcription 2 Translation 3 Events during or following protein translation 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Transcription ( edit ) Main article : Transcription ( genetics ) Diagram showing the process of transcription In transcription an mRNA chain is generated , with one strand of the DNA double helix in the genome as a template . This strand is called the template strand . Transcription can be divided into 3 stages : initiation , elongation , and termination , each regulated by a large number of proteins such as transcription factors and coactivators that ensure that the correct gene is transcribed . Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus , where the DNA is held and is never able to leave . The DNA structure of the cell is made up of two helixes made up of sugar and phosphate held together by hydrogen bonds between the bases of opposite strands . The sugar and the phosphate in each strand are joined together by stronger phosphodiester covalent bonds . The DNA is `` unzipped '' ( disruption of hydrogen bonds between different single strands ) by the enzyme helicase , leaving the single nucleotide chain open to be copied . RNA polymerase reads the DNA strand from the 3 - prime ( 3 ' ) end to the 5 - prime ( 5 ' ) end , while it synthesizes a single strand of messenger RNA in the 5 ' - to - 3 ' direction . The general RNA structure is very similar to the DNA structure , but in RNA the nucleotide uracil takes the place that thymine occupies in DNA . The single strand of mRNA leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores , and migrates into the cytoplasm . The first product of transcription differs in prokaryotic cells from that of eukaryotic cells , as in prokaryotic cells the product is mRNA , which needs no post-transcriptional modification , whereas , in eukaryotic cells , the first product is called primary transcript , that needs post-transcriptional modification ( capping with 7 - methyl - guanosine , tailing with a poly A tail ) to give hnRNA ( heterogeneous nuclear RNA ) . hnRNA then undergoes splicing of introns ( noncoding parts of the gene ) via spliceosomes to produce the final mRNA . Translation ( edit ) Main article : Translation ( biology ) Diagram showing the process of translation Diagram showing the translation of mRNA and the synthesis of proteins by a ribosome Phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA . The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation . In eukaryotes , translation occurs in the cytoplasm , where the ribosomes are located . Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit that surround the mRNA . In translation , messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the trinucleotide genetic code . This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein . Translation proceeds in four phases : activation , initiation , elongation , and termination ( all describing the growth of the amino acid chain , or polypeptide that is the product of translation ) . In activation , the correct amino acid ( AA ) is joined to the correct transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . While this is not , in the technical sense , a step in translation , it is required for translation to proceed . The AA is joined by its carboxyl group to the 3 ' OH of the tRNA by an ester bond . When the tRNA has an amino acid linked to it , it is termed `` charged '' . Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to 5 ' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors ( IF ) , other proteins that assist the process . Elongation occurs when the next aminoacyl - tRNA ( charged tRNA ) in line binds to the ribosome along with GTP and an elongation factor . Termination of the polypeptide happens when the A site of the ribosome faces a stop codon ( UAA , UAG , or UGA ) . When this happens , no tRNA can recognize it , but releasing factor can recognize nonsense codons and causes the release of the polypeptide chain . The capacity of disabling or inhibiting translation in protein biosynthesis is used by some antibiotics such as anisomycin , cycloheximide , chloramphenicol , tetracycline , streptomycin , erythromycin , puromycin , etc . Events during or following protein translation ( edit ) Main articles : Proteolysis , Posttranslational modification , and Protein folding Events that occur during or following biosynthesis include proteolysis , post-translational modification and protein folding . Proteolysis may remove N - terminal , C - terminal or internal amino - acid residues or peptides from the polypeptide . The termini and side - chains of the polypeptide may be subjected to post-translational modification . These modifications may be required for correct cellular localisation or the natural function of the protein . During and after synthesis , polypeptide chains often fold to assume , so called , native secondary and tertiary structures . This is known as protein folding and is typically required for the natural function of the protein . See also ( edit ) Central dogma of molecular biology Cistron Gene expression Genetic code Operon Peptide synthesis Protein production References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kafri M , Metzl - Raz E , Jona G , Barkai N. 2016 . The Cost of Protein Production . Cell Rep 14 : 22 -- 31 . https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.015 ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ( 2002 ) . Molecular biology of the cell . New York : Garland Science . p. 760 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 1 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce . Molecular Biology of the Cell , 5e . New York : Garland Science , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation . From Center for Models of Life at the Niels Bohr Institute . A website focused primarily on Protein Synthesis . Protein primary structure and posttranslational modifications General Peptide bond Protein biosynthesis Proteolysis Racemization N-O acyl shift N terminus Acetylation Carbamylation Formylation Glycation Methylation Myristoylation ( Gly ) C terminus Amidation Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol ( GPI ) O - methylation Detyrosination Single specific AAs Serine / Threonine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Glycosylation Methylidene - imidazolone ( MIO ) formation Tyrosine Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Sulfation Porphyrin ring linkage Adenylylation Flavin linkage Topaquinone ( TPQ ) formation Detyrosination Cysteine Palmitoylation Prenylation Aspartate Succinimide formation Glutamate Carboxylation Methylation Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Asparagine Deamidation Glycosylation Glutamine Transglutamination Lysine Methylation Acetylation Acylation Adenylylation Hydroxylation Ubiquitination Sumoylation ADP - ribosylation Deamination Oxidative deamination to aldehyde O - glycosylation Imine formation Glycation Carbamylation Succinylation Arginine Citrullination Methylation ADP - ribosylation Proline Hydroxylation Histidine Diphthamide formation Adenylylation Tryptophan C - mannosylation Crosslinks between two AAs Cysteine - Cysteine Disulfide bond Methionine - Hydroxylysine Sulfilimine bond Lysine - Tyrosylquinone Lysine tyrosylquinone ( LTQ ) formation Tryptophan - Tryptophylquinone Tryptophan tryptophylquinone ( TTQ ) formation Three consecutive AAs ( chromophore formation ) Serine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine p - Hydroxybenzylidene - imidazolinone formation Histidine -- Tyrosine -- Glycine 4 - ( p - hydroxybenzylidene ) - 5 - imidazolinone formation Crosslinks between four AAs Allysine - Allysine - Allysine - Lysine Desmosine Gene expression Introduction to genetics Genetic code Central dogma DNA → RNA → Protein Special transfers RNA → RNA RNA → DNA Protein → Protein Transcription Types Bacterial Eukaryotic Key elements Transcription factor RNA polymerase Promoter Post-transcription Precursor mRNA ( pre-mRNA / hnRNA ) 5 ' capping Splicing Polyadenylation Histone acetylation and deacetylation Translation Types Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Key elements Ribosome Transfer RNA ( tRNA ) Ribosome - nascent chain complex ( RNC ) Post-translational modification ( functional groups peptides structural changes ) Regulation Epigenetic imprinting Transcriptional Gene regulatory network cis - regulatory element lac operon Post-transcriptional sequestration ( P - bodies ) alternative splicing microRNA Translational Post-translational reversible irreversible Influential people François Jacob Jacques Monod Proteins Processes Protein biosynthesis Post-translational modification Protein folding Protein targeting Proteome Protein methods Structures Protein structure Protein structural domains Proteasome Types List of types of proteins List of proteins Membrane protein Globular protein Globulin Edestin Albumin Fibrous protein Proteins : key methods of study Experimental Protein purification Green fluorescent protein Western blot Protein immunostaining Protein sequencing Gel electrophoresis / Protein electrophoresis Protein immunoprecipitation Peptide mass fingerprinting / Protein mass spectrometry Dual - polarization interferometry Microscale thermophoresis Chromatin immunoprecipitation Surface plasmon resonance Isothermal titration calorimetry X-ray crystallography Protein NMR Cryo - electron microscopy Freeze - fracture electron microscopy Bioinformatics Protein structure prediction Protein -- protein docking Protein structural alignment Protein ontology Protein -- protein interaction prediction Assay Enzyme assay Protein assay Secretion assay Display techniques Bacterial display mRNA display Phage display Ribosome display Yeast display Super-resolution microscopy Photoactivated localization microscopy Vertico SMI Metabolism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protein_biosynthesis&oldid=825964844 '' Categories : Gene expression Proteins Biosynthesis Metabolism Protein biosynthesis Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 12 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where do the amino acids come from in protein synthesis

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Thomas & Friends

Thomas & Friends - wikipedia Thomas & Friends Jump to : navigation , search Thomas & Friends Thomas the Tank Engine Also known as ' ' Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( original title ) Genre Television series Created by Britt Allcroft Based on The Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry Christopher Awdry Written by Rev. W. Awdry ( 1984 -- 95 ) Christopher Awdry ( 1986 -- 95 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 98 ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2002 ) Various ( 2002 -- present ) Sharon Miller ( 2008 -- 12 ; head writer ) Andrew Brenner ( 1991 -- 92 , 1998 , 2013 -- present ; head writer ) Directed by David Mitton ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Steve Asquith ( 2002 , 2004 -- 08 ) Greg Tiernan ( 2009 -- 12 ) David Baas ( 2013 -- 14 ) David Stoten ( 2014 -- present ) Rob Silvestri ( feature length specials 2013 -- 14 ) Don Spencer ( 2014 -- 15 ) Dianna Basso ( 2015 -- present ) Voices of See List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Narrated by Ringo Starr UK / US : ( 1984 -- 90 ) Michael Angelis UK : ( 1991 -- 2012 ) George Carlin US : ( 1991 -- 96 ) Alec Baldwin US : ( 1998 -- 2003 ) Michael Brandon US : ( 2003 -- 12 ) Pierce Brosnan UK / US : ( 2008 ; The Great Discovery ) Mark Moraghan UK / US : ( 2013 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Mike O'Donnell Junior Campbell ( 1984 -- 2003 ) Robert Hartshorne ( 2004 -- 16 ) Ed Welch ( 2004 -- 08 ) Peter Hartshorne ( 2011 -- 16 ) Chris Renshaw ( 2016 -- present ) Oliver Davis ( 2016 -- present ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 21 No. of episodes 512 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Britt Allcroft ( 1984 -- 86 , 2002 ) Angus Wright ( 1991 -- 98 ) Peter Urie ( 2002 -- 03 ) Jocelyn Stevenson ( 2003 -- 06 ) Christopher Skala ( 2007 -- 11 ) Marion Edwards ( 2009 -- 15 ) Lenora Hume ( 2009 -- 10 ) Karen Barnes ( 2011 -- 13 ) Kallan Kagan ( 2013 -- 17 ) Jeff Young ( 2013 -- 15 ) Steven Hecht ( 2013 -- 15 ) Michael Carrington ( 2013 -- 14 ) Christopher Keenan ( 2014 -- present ) Edward Catchpole ( 2015 ) Marianne Culbert ( 2016 ) Kyle MacDougall ( 2016 -- present ) Jamie LeClaire ( 2016 -- present ) Phil LaFrance ( 2016 -- present ) Producer ( s ) David Mitton ( 1984 -- 98 ) Robert D. Cardona ( 1984 -- 86 ) Britt Allcroft ( 1991 -- 98 ) Phil Fehrle ( 2002 -- 03 ) Simon Spencer ( 2004 -- 08 ) Nicole Stinn ( 2008 -- 12 ) Ian McCue ( 2011 -- 17 ) Halim Jabbour ( 2013 ) Robert Anderson ( 2013 ; 2015 -- present ) Brian Lynch ( 2013 -- 15 ) Jennifer Hill ( 2014 -- 15 ) Lynda Craigmyle ( 2016 ) Jane Sobol ( 2016 ) Tracy Blagdon ( 2016 -- present ) Micaela Winter ( 2016 -- present ) Location ( s ) Clapham Junction ( 1984 ) Clearwater Studios Battersea ( 1984 ) Shepperton Studios ( 1986 -- 2008 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Editor ( s ) Michael Dixon ( 1984 ) Rebecca de Burgh Mound ( 1986 ) John Wright ( 1991 -- 2002 ) Kate Buckland ( 2004 -- 08 ) Kevin Pavlovic ( 2009 -- 12 ) Adam Garner ( 2013 -- present ) Gavin Ebedes ( 2014 -- present ) Running time 4 - 5 minutes ( 1984 -- 2003 ) ; 7 minutes ( 2004 -- 08 ) ; 9 - 10 minutes ( 17 min. ; one episode ) ( 2004 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Central ITV ( 1984 - 86 ) FilmFair ( 1984 - 96 ) Woodland Animations ( 1984 - 96 ) Clearwater Features ( 1984 -- 86 ) The Britt Allcroft Company ( 1984 -- present ) Thames Television ( 1991 - 92 ) Gullane Entertainment ( 1999 -- present ) HiT Entertainment ( 2003 -- present ; Mattel ) Hot Animation ( 2004 - 2008 ) Cosgrove Hall Films ( 2005 ) Nitrogen Studios ( 2008 -- 12 ) Arc Productions ( 2013 -- 16 ) Jam Filled Toronto ( 2016 -- present ) Distributor Various distributors Release Original network ITV ( UK ; 1984 -- 2006 , 2013 -- present ) Channel 5 ( UK ; 2005 -- present ) Cartoon Network ( UK ; 1994 -- 2001 ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) , Nick Jr . Too ( UK ; 2006 -- present ) FOUR ( NZ ; 2011 -- 16 ) TVNZ 2 ( NZ ; 2016 -- present ) Cartoonito ( UK ; 2017 -- present ) PTV ( US ; 1989 -- 98 ( only as a segment on Shining Time Station ) ) PBS KIDS ( US ; 2004 -- present ) Nick Jr . ( UK ; 1999 - 2016 ) Fox Family ( US ; 1998 -- 2001 ) PBS KIDS Sprout / Sprout ( US ; 2005 -- 15 ) Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 1 - 5 ) 16 : 9 480i ( NTSC ) 576i ( PAL ) ( SDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 6 -- 10 ) 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) ( filmed ) ( Series 11 ) 16 : 9 1080p ( HDTV ) ( CGI ) ( Series 12 -- present ) Audio format Stereo ( 1984 -- 95 ) Dolby Surround ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( 2003 -- present ) Original release 9 October 1984 ( 1984 - 10 - 09 ) -- present External links Website www.thomasandfriends.com Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends ( simply referred to as Thomas & Friends or Thomas the Tank Engine ) is a British children 's television series . It had its first broadcast on the ITV network in Great Britain in 1984 . It is based on The Railway Series of books by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry and his son , Christopher Awdry . These books follow the adventures of a group of anthropomorphised locomotives and road vehicles who live on the fictional Island of Sodor . The books were based on stories Wilbert told to entertain his son , Christopher , during his recovery from measles . Many of the stories from the first four series are based on events from Awdry 's personal experience . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its success 1.3 Thomas & Friends and its recent developments 2 Cast 3 List of productions 3.1 Television series 3.2 Films , specials , and miniseries 3.3 Home video history 4 Production 4.1 Characters 4.2 Storytelling 4.3 Models 4.4 Face movements 4.5 Music 4.6 Head writer 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Internet popularity 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official websites 8.2 Other sites History Precursors Before the airing of the first episode of Thomas & Friends in 1984 , previous attempts had been made to adapt Awdry 's stories for television , but not all attempts were successful . The first was in 1953 , when the editor of the Railway Series books , Eric Marriott , was approached by the BBC , who wished to use live - action model trains to re-create two stories from Awdry 's first book , The Three Railway Engines . The engines were portrayed by 00 gauge Hornby Dublo models and driven on authentic sets in the style of the original illustrations . The first episode , based on `` The Sad Story of Henry '' , was broadcast live on the evening of Sunday 14 June 1953 from Lime Grove Studios . The live broadcast did not fare well . Reportedly , a failure to switch the points caused the model of Henry to derail and viewers of the live broadcast witnessed a human hand , said to be the one of a crew member , picking him up and placing him back on the rails . Models moved jerkily , and all effects and music had to be superimposed . By 23 June , news of the broadcast hit the front pages of the Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail . Awdry himself branded the episode as `` unprofessional '' , and the point - switching debacle as an `` elementary mistake '' . As a result , the second episode scheduled for 28 June 1953 was put on hold , and then later cancelled . After the `` Sad Story of Henry '' fiasco , the BBC did attempt to rescue the project by offering to give Awdry and the Railway Series publishers greater creative control over the production of the episodes , but the publishers declined the offer , preferring to focus on publishing new books for the series . Nearly twenty years later , the BBC incorporated Awdry 's stories once again . Fourteen years before Thomas and Friends was aired , Ted Ray , sitting in a stationmaster 's office , read out five Railway Series books between 20 September to 2 October 1970 on the popular television story - telling show Jackanory . Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends and its Success In 1979 , British television producer Britt Allcroft was producing a documentary on the Bluebell Railway , a heritage railway in Sussex which actually featured in the Railway Series book Stepney the Bluebell Engine . As part of her research before filming , Allcroft read some books in The Railway Series and was highly entertained and impressed with the stories which Awdry had written , later remarking that `` there was something in the stories that I felt I could develop that would connect with children . I saw a strong emotional content that would carry with little children 's experiences with life . '' Allcroft worked to convince Awdry that she could , with funding , convert the stories into a successful television show . Her efforts were successful , and she purchased the television rights from the publishers of The Railway Series at a cost of what was then £ 50,000 ( $74,000 in U.S. dollars at the time ) . Allcroft still had to work to raise the money to finance production and , despite showing a keen interest , wanted a level of creative control which she did not want to forego . In the end , after several years of searching and having to place a second mortgage on her home , Allcroft raised sufficient funding from her local bank manager . By 1981 , Allcroft had secured the finances to produce the show , she started to assemble the crew , including producer and director David Mitton , also the founder of Clearwater Features Ltd. ; crew member Steve Asquith ; American - born producer Robert D. Cardona ; and the selected team of composers and songwriters Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The series started production in 1984 by Allcroft 's production company , The Britt Allcroft Company ; Clearwater Features Ltd . ( Mitton and Cardona 's company ) ; and the ITV company Central Independent Television . The series was originally shot and produced with live action models at the Clearwater in house studio in Battersea , a suburb of London , for Series 1 . It later relocated to Shepperton Studios , Middlesex , southwest of London for subsequent series . The use of moving models was seen at the time of the series ' conception as an effective method of animating the stories . Locomotives and other vehicles were operated by radio , while humans and animals were static figures . Stop - motion was occasionally employed for instances in which a human or animal character would move . Hand - drawn animation was used in Series 3 to create bees . The first series ( 1984 ) used stories from the first eight books , along with one specially written by the Rev. W. Awdry , Thomas 's Christmas Party . The second series ( 1986 ) used stories from Book 9 ( Edward the Blue Engine ) to Book 30 ( More About Thomas the Tank Engine ) . This book was unusual , as it was written specifically by Christopher Awdry to be adapted by the show . At that time , it was a contractual obligation that the series could only adapt stories that appeared in print . The series also used a story from a Thomas Annual , `` Thomas and Trevor '' , and a specially written stand - alone story , Thomas and the Missing Christmas Tree . The second series was actually a 27 - episode series , as a single ( unaired ) episode ( `` The Missing Coach '' ) was in the process of being filmed , but despite being filmed it was never shown because Allcroft decided it was too confusing for young viewers . The production team went on to use `` Thomas , Percy and the Coal '' instead . In between production of the second and third series , the production team were focused in producing two other television series : Tugs , which ran for one series from 1988 to 1990 for Television South ( TVS ) ; and the American television series Shining Time Station , which repackaged Thomas & Friends for the American television market from 1989 to 1995 . Just before production of series three , Clearwater closed on 31 December 1990 , with The Britt Allcroft Company becoming the sole producer . Series three was broadcast in 1991 for Thames Television . It was made at a cost of £ 1.3 million ( approximately $9.3. million in U.S. dollars at the time ) . The series was a combination of episodes derived from The Railway Series , stories in the Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends magazine ( written by the series ' current head writer , Andrew Brenner ) , and a couple of original stories by Allcroft and Mitton . One of the primary reasons for diverging from the original books was that many of the stories not yet used featured large numbers of new characters , which would be expensive to produce . Another reason was that the producers wanted more stories about Thomas , the nominal main character . Awdry worried that the new stories would be unrealistic ( see Henry the Green Engine for more details ) . Robert D. Cardona left as producer , while Britt Allcroft joined David Mitton as co-producer . Angus Wright took over as executive producer . Series four was broadcast in 1994 on Cartoon Network . The producers planned to introduce some new female characters , including motor car Caroline , Nancy , and The Refreshment Lady . Some commentators took this as a response to accusations of sexism levelled against the series two years earlier . In reality , these were not `` new '' characters , but creations of Awdry from the original Railway Series books . Series four was almost entirely based on The Railway Series . The narrow gauge engines were introduced , and were the focus of a number of episodes . Only one original story ( `` Rusty to the Rescue '' , written by Allcroft and Mitton ) was used , but this took certain elements of plot and dialogue from Stepney the `` Bluebell '' Engine . The fifth series ( 1998 ) , also broadcast on Cartoon Network , was a radical shift , as all episodes were written by Allcroft and Mitton with no further stories being adapted from the `` Railway Series '' . This series saw the introduction of new characters , such as Cranky , The Horrid Lorries and Old Slow Coach . It also focused on more dramatic and edgy plot - lines , with more severe accidents , than in the earlier seasons . After series 5 , Angus Wright stepped down as executive producer . Thomas and the Magic Railroad was released in July 2000 in the UK , Canada , and the United States . It featured new characters created by Allcroft , along with characters from the show that introduced Thomas to the U.S. , Shining Time Station . Despite high production values and the popularity of the show , the film was criticised by British reviewers who were unfamiliar with Shining Time Station . The movie was well received by young children on both sides of the Atlantic , but made only $19.7 million at the box office , against a cost of $19 million to produce . The film was broadcast on BBC1 on 1 January 2004 and again on 29 December 2008 . Thomas & Friends and its recent developments The Britt Allcroft Company ( which changed its name to Gullane Entertainment in 1999 ) was purchased by HiT Entertainment in September 2003 , a company specialising in children 's entertainment . The sixth and seventh series ( both broadcast on CITV ) continued to introduce action - packed storylines and new characters , and saw the introduction of a writing staff . The sixth series in 2002 was notable for its attempt to create a spin - off based on the successful `` Bob the Builder '' series . Two episodes introduced a group of construction machine characters known as `` The Pack '' . The spin - off did n't materialise for some time . Eventually , in 2006 , thirteen episodes were released straight to DVD as a collection called On Site with Thomas . The fact that older sets were used and the episodes were shot on 35mm camera ( as opposed to the digital camera used at the time of the episodes ' release ) suggest it was filmed some time before Series 8 . In Series 7 ( 2003 ) the programme title was officially shortened to Thomas & Friends , this name having been used on merchandise and video covers for three years previously . Phil Fehrle replaced Allcroft and Mitton as producer , though Mitton remained as the director . Executive producer Angus Wright was replaced by Peter Urie and Allcroft as executive producers for Series 6 . In 2003 , Allcroft stepped down as executive producer , making Urie the sole executive producer for Gullane Entertainment , and Jocelyn Stevenson was the executive producer for HiT Entertainment . The eighth series ( 2004 ) was the first released directly to VHS and DVD as four episodes in the US and six in the UK were released before airing on television on Nick Jr. in the UK and PBS in the US . It introduced a number of significant changes to the show . Many of the original founding team involved in the original show since 1984 left the production , notably Britt Allcroft , director and writer David Mitton , and original composers Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell . The latter two had been embroiled in a protracted legal dispute with HiT before their departure . Steve Asquith , who was part of the original production team since 1984 , took over as director , while Simon Spencer replaced Phil Fehrle as producer . A new theme song and incidental music were composed by Ed Welch and Robert Hartshorne , respectively . Episode runtime was increased to seven minutes . The series was produced using digital video camera , creating a somewhat different look for the show . Other changes included the additions of CGI educational sequences and transitions between stories . Executive producer Peter Urie also left , while Jocelyn Stevenson remained in her role as executive producer . Sam Barlow became the story executive , while Abi Grant and Paul Larson served as script editors . This series saw the adoption of a centralised cast , including Thomas the Tank Engine , Edward , Henry , Gordon , James , Percy , Toby and Emily . HiT Entertainment was itself then acquired by Apax Partners , a private equity company , in March 2005 . A straight - to - video film , Calling All Engines ! , was released shortly before Series 9 in 2005 . While featuring characters from Thomas and the Magic Railroad , it was not a direct sequel . It proved successful , which resulted in more direct - to - video specials being produced . Series 9 ( 2005 ) and 10 ( 2006 ) saw the expansion of the supporting cast with new and old characters . From Series 9 the narrator would call out the episodes ' names and from Series 11 the theme song was sung starting with the sound of a train whistle . Series 10 aired with twenty - eight episodes rather than the twenty - six of previous years . The eleventh series ( 2007 ) was filmed in high definition format . Twenty episodes aired in the original broadcast , while six were released directed to DVD as Engines and Escapades . Jocelyn Stevenson had stepped down as executive producer after Series 10 , with Christopher Skala taking her place as executive producer for Series 11 . Sharon Miller became the script editor from Series 9 to 11 . Series 12 ( 2008 ) saw the introduction of CGI effects ( provided by HiT Entertainment 's subsidiary Hot Animation ) , with the intent of producing the show entirely in CGI the following year . The traditional models and sets were still used , but with computer animated faces superimposed on the models to allow for changing facial expressions . Humans and animals were fully computer animated to allow for walking movement . Only twenty episodes were broadcast ( the U.S. broadcast featured six additional episodes from Engines and Escapades ) . Sharon Miller became the head writer , starting with Series 12 . HiT announced multiple changes to the show beginning in 2009 . One new aspect was the introduction of live - action host segments to Thomas ' home video releases . The host took the form of a character who worked on The Fat Controller 's ( Sir Topham Hatt 's ) railway , who would instruct viewers in craft projects . For the final 2 DVDs released for Season 12 in 2009 , the host was named Mr. Arkwright ( played by Robert Slate ) . In 2010 , beginning with the DVD Splish splash splosh , the host was named Mr. Perkins ( played by Ben Forster ) and has remained host ever since . For budgetary reasons , the other major changes were a move to production in CGI , rather than using physical models , and the addition of a voice cast to support the established narrator . The DVD feature , Hero of the Rails , was the first Thomas & Friends production to show these changes , and Series 13 was the first television series in the new format . The CGI animation for the series was provided by Nitrogen Studios of Vancouver . In September 2010 , Apax was preparing to sell off HiT Entertainment and its franchises , including Thomas -- regarded as the single most valuable asset -- in order to help clear HiT 's debts , and in February 2012 , sold the company , along with the Thomas properties , to US toy giant Mattel . During production of Series 16 ( 2012 ) , Sharon Miller stepped down as head writer , and Andrew Brenner , who had written some Thomas stories in the third series , assumed the role after serving as script editor for `` Blue Mountain Mystery '' . Additionally , Sam Barlow stepped down as story executive after the sixteenth series , and the production of the CGI animation was moved from Nitrogen Studios ( of Vancouver ) to Arc Productions ( of Toronto ) . King of the Railway and Series 17 , both released during 2013 , serve as the first special and series developed by the new animation and production team respectively . 2014 saw Tale of the Brave and Series 18 , the second special and series animated by Arc , respectively . And in the following year , 2015 saw The Adventure Begins , a special coinciding with the 70th anniversary of the franchise ; and Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure . Series 19 began airing that same year . 2016 saw some changes . Longtime composers Robert and Peter Hartshorne , father and son team , left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took over . 2016 also saw Thomas & Friends : The Great Race and Series 20 began airing the same year . Cast Main article : List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Originally , a narrator was used as the only voice in the series until 2008 . Britt Allcroft thought it essential to convey the episode as a story that would be read from a book at home . Individual voice - over actors were given to both the UK and US dubs of the Series , following the switch to full CGI animation in 2009 . List of Productions Television series Main article : List of Thomas & Friends episodes Series Year Episodes DVD release date ( R2 ) DVD release date ( R4 ) 1984 26 31 January 2005 2 May 2006 1986 18 April 2005 13 April 2006 1991 -- 92 23 January 2006 6 July 2006 1994 -- 95 24 July 2006 8 September 2006 5 1998 5 February 2007 8 September 2006 6 2002 2 July 2007 5 January 2009 7 2003 14 January 2008 4 June 2009 8 28 July 2008 4 June 2009 9 2005 19 January 2009 2 March 2010 10 2006 28 17 May 2010 2 June 2010 11 2007 26 26 July 2010 2 June 2011 12 2008 20 21 February 2011 1 March 2012 13 13 February 2012 14 22 July 2013 15 2011 7 July 2014 16 2012 25 May 2015 17 2013 -- 14 26 18 July 2016 18 2014 -- 15 19 June 2017 19 2015 -- 17 20 2016 -- 17 28 21 2017 Films , specials , and miniseries Main article : Thomas & Friends ( franchise ) § Direct - to - video specials Home video history Main article : Thomas and Friends video releases Over the history of the programme , the TV episodes and specials have been released for home viewing in a variety of compilations , formats and languages , by a variety of publishing houses . Production Characters Further information : List of Thomas & Friends railway engines , List of Thomas & Friends narrow - gauge engines , Arlesdale Railway , List of Thomas & Friends rolling stock , List of Thomas & Friends non-rail vehicles , List of people and animals from Thomas & Friends , and Thomas the Tank Engine film characters Storytelling Up until Series 12 , narration and dialogue were performed by a single storyteller . This was the choice of Allcroft , who wanted the television stories to be an extension of the way they would be told at home in a comforting environment . All character emotions would come from the nuances of the storyteller 's voice , in conjunction with facial expressions , music , and actions on - screen . Models The original live action models were filmed on an extensive model railway layout built at the studios . The models were built to the 1 : 32 scale , known in model railway circles as `` Gauge 1 '' . The locomotives used chassis made by Märklin with specially made bodies . Along with the moving - eye and eyelid mechanisms and clay faces , these bodies also included smoke generators . Coaches and trucks were made using Tenmille kits . Later models were constructed entirely from scratch . Some of the models from the sister television series Tugs were reused in later episodes of the series . From Series 5 to 12 , some larger - scale models were used for the narrow gauge characters , to more easily fit the complex mechanisms into them while retaining a sufficient level of detail . In Series 6 , the characters known as `` the Pack '' ( construction machines ) were also constructed on a large scale , and larger models of Thomas and Percy were made to interact with them . In the ninth series , another larger Thomas model was built to the same scale as the narrow gauge engines to provide greater possibilities for interaction . It was joined by a large version of James in the tenth series . In 2009 , some of these models were put on display in a special exhibit at Drayton Manor Theme Park 's Thomas Land . Nitrogen Studios , who provided the animation for the series from series 12 to 16 , also has some of the original models on display . Face movements At the show 's conception in 1984 , live action model animation would not deliver lip sync , but show co-creator Britt Allcroft and model director David Mitton did not see this as an inhibition . About 20 years later however , with advancement in technology , the show saw the introduction of CGI by HIT Entertainment 's subsidiary HOT Animation . At first this was used to generate smoke and other effects , but later , HIT ( the current owners of Thomas ) announced its intent to introduce a fully CGI series in 2009 . With Series 12 , CGI by Nitrogen Studios was used to animate characters ' faces and to make people and animals mobile within the stories . The following series saw a transition to full CGI animation . Music Mike O'Donnell and Junior Campbell composed the show 's original main title theme , incidental music and songs , which were used for series 1 -- 7 comprising 182 episodes between 1984 and 2003 . In 2004 , Robert Hartshorne took O'Donnell and Campbell 's place as composer , while Ed Welch became the show 's songwriter from Series 8 to The Great Discovery , and Welch left after The Great Discovery . Hartshorne took his place as songwriter from Series 12 and onwards . From Day of the Diesels / 2011 - 2016 , Robert 's son Peter Hartshorne helped him with the music . In 2016 the Hartshornes left the series and Chris Renshaw and Oliver Davis took their places . Head writer This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since series 12 , there has been a head writer for the series . Prior to the introduction of a head writer , the script editor performed similar duties . Sharon Miller served as head writer from series 12 -- 16 and stepped down after series 16 and was replaced by Andrew Brenner , who had written many `` Thomas '' stories for various magazines as well as his own original stories , several of which were later adapted for television episodes for Series 3 and Series 5 , for which he had remained uncredited . Brenner had been a writer of several other children 's animated series , such as Angelina Ballerina , Tractor Tom , Fireman Sam , The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers , Spot , Poppy Cat , and Binka , as well as being the creator of Caribou Kitchen , and Humf and writer for several magazines featuring children 's characters such as The Real Ghostbusters , Fireman Sam , Scooby - Doo , Tom and Jerry , and Thomas 's sister series Tugs and has written scripts and took over as head writer for Thomas for King of the Railway and onwards . Sharon Miller has also been the voice director since the second CGI animated film Misty Island Rescue , and continues to work on the series in this capacity . Script editors Abi Grant ( series 6 ) Jan Page ( series 7 ) Abi Grant and Paul Larson ( series 8 ) Sharon Miller ( series 9 - 11 ) Becky Evans ( series 16 , last few episodes ) Head writer Sharon Miller ( series 12 -- 16 ) Andrew Brenner ( series 17 -- present ) Broadcast This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United Kingdom , Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends was originally broadcast on ITV until 1992 . In the United States , the series premiered on PBS Kids in 2004 . The series had first appeared only as sequences on Shining Time Station during the program 's run from 1989 to 1995 . The sequences of the series later aired in 1996 on Mr. Conductor 's Thomas Tales . The series aired on Storytime with Thomas on Fox Family ( now Freeform ) from 1998 to 2001 . When Thomas & Friends premiered on PBS , it was first distributed from 2004 to 2007 by Connecticut Public Television and by WNET from 2008 onwards . The program airs in Australia on ABC Kids and on FOUR in New Zealand . In Canada , it plays on TVO , Family Jr. , and Knowledge Kids . Reception Critical response Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars stating `` Parents can be assured that this series has educational aspects as well as behavioral modeling . The Thomas the Tank Engine stories were conceived by a young British boy early in the 20th century , who would listen to the trains as they chuffed through the countryside . The stories he told his son -- who has consequently passed them on to his own son -- have been documented in books and toy train models . Since the series was introduced to television viewers in the 1980s , Thomas & Friends has seen a healthy fan base sprout worldwide . Some of the expressions on the train 's faces can be a tiny bit creepy , but the intention behind the animation is good , as follows the tradition of a well - told story . '' Internet popularity In the 2010s , Thomas & Friends became the subject of several internet memes , and was even the centerpiece of an article for The New Yorker , which explored supposedly totalitarian subtexts present in the show . References Notes Jump up ^ `` Universal Studios Home Entertainment HIT Entertainment And Universal Studios Home Entertainment Enter Into Distribution Pact For Thomas & Friends ® , Angelina Ballerina ® , Barney & Friends ® , Bob The Builder ® And HIT 's Greater Preschool Portfolio In North America '' ( Press release ) . CNW Group . 1 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boomerang UK And Cartoonito UK March 2017 Highlights '' . RegularCapital : Cartoon Network International News . Turner Broadcasting System Europe ( Press Release ) . Retrieved 15 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The TV Series -- A History of Thomas on Screen '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mallory , Michael ; Whitlock , Natalie . `` Thomas the Tank Engine and TV '' . Ultimate Guide to Thomas the Tank Engine . TLC . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Rhodri ( 19 May 2005 ) . `` Still Building Steam at 60 '' . The Journal . Newcastle - upon - Tyne : Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Storytellers '' . Sodor Island . Archived from the original on 17 February 2014 . Retrieved 17 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bluebell Railway -- FAQ '' . Bluebell Railway . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the £ 1billion Tank Engine '' . Daily Mirror. 23 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Friends ( Television prodyction ) . 60 Minutes . 1995 . Event occurs at 2 : 50 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bfi Film & Tv Database Thomas The Tank Engine And Friends '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Case for the Missing Coach '' . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Drove Thomas To Success ? '' . sodor-island.net . Retrieved 17 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Sibley , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Thomas the Tank Engine Man . Heinemann . p. 318 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 96909 - 5 . Jump up ^ Sibley , p320 Jump up ^ Sibley , p309 Jump up ^ http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/WesternAnimation/ThomasTheTankEngine?from=Main.ThomasTheTankEngine#Darker and Edgier Jump up ^ `` Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FE Investegate Gullane Ent. PLC Announcements Gullane Ent. PLC : Offer by HIT Entertainment '' . Investegate.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIT TAKES OVER GULLANE . News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 5 September 2002 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barbara Dohmann QC '' . Blackstone Chambers . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Hickman '' . Blackstone Chambers . 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Apax buys Hit for £ 490m News Broadcast '' . Broadcastnow.co.uk. 21 March 2005 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pierce Brosnan Announced As New Narrator For Thomas & Friends '' . ( Press Release ) . HIT Entertainment . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 29 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends and Bob the Builder Move to CGI Animation in 2009 Broadcast Season '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bob the Builder owner prepares for a disposal '' . Business-sale.com . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Thomas the Tank Engine sale steaming ahead `` , Daily Mail Online , 19 September 2010 '' . Daily Mail . 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas The Tank Engine ' For Sale Cheap '' . Deadline London . 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbie maker Mattel to buy Thomas the Tank Engine owner '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arc Productions Comes On Board As Animation Studio For HIT Entertainment 's Thomas & Friends '' . Hit Entertainment . 6 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends : The Complete First Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Ringo Starr , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft , Robert D. Cardona : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 1 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 2 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 2 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 3 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 3 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fourth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 4 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Fifth Series DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , David Mitton , Britt Allcroft : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 5 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends : Classic Collection -- Series 6 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 6 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection : Series 7 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas the Tank Engine : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 7 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 8 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Thomas and Friends : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 8 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 9 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures Of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 9 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Complete Series 10 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Marc Seal , Wayne Jackman , Simon Nicholson , James Mason : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 10 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas And Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 11 DVD : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures of Thomas & Friends , The -- Series 11 ( Handle Case ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas and Friends -- Classic Collection -- Series 12 DVD 2011 : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Steve Asquith , Simon Spencer , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Andrew Viner , Abi Grant , Paul Larson , Wayne Jackman , Anna Starkey : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Series 12 '' . Ezydvd.com.au. 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends -- The Complete Series 13 ( DVD ) : Amazon.co.uk : Michael Angelis , Ben Small , Teresa Gallagher , Keith Wickham , Matt Wilkinson , Togo Igawa , Kerry Shale , Jules de Jongh , Greg Tiernan , Nicole Stinn , Sharon Miller , Mark Robertson , Allan Plenderleith , David Richard Fox , Miranda Larson , Robyn Charteris , Louise Kramskoy , Alan Hescott : Film & TV '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 14 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete 16th Series ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : The Complete Series 17 '' . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends : Complete Series 18 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Land exhibit '' . Thomaslanduk.co.uk . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallory , Michael ( 6 November 2006 ) . `` How Thomas the Tank Engine Works '' . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hit reveals new look for Bob and Thomas '' . ( Press Release ) . Licensing.biz. 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas & Friends - TV Review '' . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 22 Funniest Things The Internet Has Ever Done With Thomas The Tank Engine '' . smosh . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Repressive Authoritarian Soul of Thomas the Tank Engine '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas and Friends . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Thomas and Friends Official websites Official website Awdry Family Site Other sites Thomas and Friends at TV.com Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends on IMDb ( hide ) The Railway Series and Thomas & Friends Engines Thomas Edward Henry Gordon James Percy Toby Duck Donald and Douglas Oliver Emily Bill and Ben Diesel Mavis Salty Harvey Diesel 10 Narrow - gauge engines Skarloey Rheneas Sir Handel Peter Sam Rusty Duncan Duke Minimum - gauge engines Mike Bert Rex Other characters The Fat Controller The Thin Controller Annie and Clarabel Bertie Harold Terence Trevor Major characters in The Railway Series Minor characters in The Railway Series Railways North Western Skarloey Culdee Fell Arlesdale Mid Sodor Sodor & Mainland The Other Railway Places The Island of Sodor Locations in Thomas and Friends The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry List of Railway Series books Major characters Minor characters Authors Rev. W.V. Awdry ( creator ) Christopher Awdry Illustrators C. Reginald Dalby John T. Kenney Peter and Gunvor Edwards Clive Spong Thomas & Friends , the television show Characters Railway engines Narrow - gauge engines Arlesdale engines Rolling stock Non-rail vehicles People and animals Film characters Television series 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Films and specials Thomas and the Magic Railroad ( 2000 ) Calling All Engines ! ( 2005 ) The Great Discovery ( 2008 ) Hero of the Rails ( 2009 ) Misty Island Rescue ( 2010 ) Day of the Diesels ( 2011 ) Blue Mountain Mystery ( 2012 ) King of the Railway ( 2013 ) Tale of the Brave ( 2014 ) The Adventure Begins ( 2015 ) Sodor 's Legend of the Lost Treasure ( 2015 ) The Great Race ( 2016 ) Journey Beyond Sodor ( 2017 ) Production List of Thomas & Friends voice actors Merchandise Annuals Day out with Thomas My Thomas Story Library Thomas Land at Drayton Manor Thomas the Tank Engine pictureback books Related Shining Time Station PBS Kids original programming Former 1960s -- 1980s debuts Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1968 -- 2001 ) The Electric Company ( 1971 -- 1977 ) Zoom ( 1972 -- 1978 ) 3 - 2 - 1 Contact ( 1980 -- 1988 ) Powerhouse ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Reading Rainbow ( 1983 -- 2006 ) Newton 's Apple ( 1983 -- 1999 ) Kidsongs ( 1985 -- 1998 ) Square One Television ( 1987 -- 1992 ) Gerbert ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Shining Time Station ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Long Ago and Far Away ( 1989 -- 1993 ) 1990s debuts Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1991 -- 1995 ) The Big Comfy Couch ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Barney & Friends ( 1992 -- 2009 ) Lamb Chop 's Play Along ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Ghostwriter ( 1992 -- 95 ) Kino 's Storytime ( 1992 -- 97 ) Tots TV ( 1993 -- 1998 ) Theodore Tugboat ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Bill Nye the Science Guy ( 1993 -- 1998 ) The Adventures of Dudley the Dragon ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Katie and Orbie ( 1994 -- 2002 ) The Magic School Bus ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Globe Trekker ( 1994 -- 2010 ) The Huggabug Club ( 1995 -- 2000 ) The Puzzle Place ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Wimzie 's House ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Wishbone ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Groundling Marsh ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Kratts ' Creatures ( 1996 ) Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego ? ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Adventures from the Book of Virtues ( 1996 -- 2000 ) In the Mix ( 1996 -- 2012 ) Teletubbies ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Caillou ( 1997 -- 2010 ) The Charlie Horse Music Pizza ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Noddy ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Jay Jay the Jet Plane ( 1998 -- 2005 ) Elmo 's World ( 1998 -- 2009 ) Zoom ( 1999 -- 2005 ) Zoboomafoo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Redwall ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Dragon Tales ( 1999 -- 2005 ) 2000s debuts Between the Lions ( 2000 -- 2010 ) The Dooley and Pals Show ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Clifford the Big Red Dog ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Corduroy ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Elliot Moose ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Marvin the Tap - Dancing Horse ( 2000 -- 2002 ) George Shrinks ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Seven Little Monsters ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Timothy Goes to School ( 2000 -- 01 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Sagwa , the Chinese Siamese Cat ( 2001 -- 2002 ) DragonflyTV ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Angelina Ballerina ( 2002 -- 2006 ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Make Way for Noddy ( 2002 -- 2007 ) The Berenstain Bears ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boohbah ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Clifford 's Puppy Days ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Franny 's Feet ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Curiosity Quest ( 2004 -- 2015 ) Peep and the Big Wide World ( 2004 -- 2011 ) Maya & Miguel ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Postcards from Buster ( 2004 -- 2012 ) It 's a Big Big World ( 2005 -- 2010 ) Danger Rangers ( 2005 -- 2006 ) The Zula Patrol ( 2005 -- 2008 ) Signing Time ! ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Wunderkind Little Amadeus ( 2006 ) Fetch ! with Ruff Ruffman ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Curious George ( 2006 -- 2015 ) SeeMore 's Playhouse ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Design Squad ( 2007 -- 2011 ) WordGirl ( 2007 -- 2015 ) WordWorld ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Super Why ! 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Martin Van Buren

Martin Van Buren - wikipedia Martin Van Buren Jump to : navigation , search `` Van Buren '' redirects here . For other uses , see Van Buren ( disambiguation ) . Martin Van Buren 8th President of the United States In office March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Vice President Richard M. Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Succeeded by William Henry Harrison 8th Vice President of the United States In office March 4 , 1833 -- March 4 , 1837 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by John C. Calhoun Succeeded by Richard M. Johnson United States Minister to the United Kingdom In office August 8 , 1831 -- April 4 , 1832 Nominated by Andrew Jackson Preceded by Louis McLane Succeeded by Aaron Vail ( Acting ) 10th United States Secretary of State In office March 28 , 1829 -- May 23 , 1831 President Andrew Jackson Preceded by Henry Clay Succeeded by Edward Livingston 9th Governor of New York In office January 1 , 1829 -- March 12 , 1829 Lieutenant Enos T. Throop Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Succeeded by Enos T. Throop United States Senator from New York In office March 4 , 1821 -- December 20 , 1828 Preceded by Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Attorney General of New York In office February 17 , 1815 -- July 8 , 1819 Governor Daniel D. Tompkins John Tayler ( Acting ) DeWitt Clinton Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley Member of the New York State Senate In office 1813 -- 1820 Preceded by Edward Philip Livingston Succeeded by John I. Miller Surrogate of Columbia County , New York In office 1808 -- 1813 Preceded by James I. Van Alen Succeeded by James Vanderpoel Personal details Maarten van Buren ( 1782 - 12 - 05 ) December 5 , 1782 Kinderhook , New York , U.S. July 24 , 1862 ( 1862 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 79 ) Kinderhook , New York , U.S. Resting place Kinderhook Cemetery Nationality American Political party Democratic - Republican ( 1799 -- 1825 ) Democratic ( 1825 -- 48 ; 1852 -- 62 ) Free Soil ( 1848 -- 52 ) Spouse ( s ) Hannah Hoes ( m . 1807 ; d . 1819 ) Children Abraham , John , Martin Jr. , Smith , and Winfield . Parents Abraham Van Buren Maria Hoes Van Alen Profession Lawyer , politician Signature Nickname ( s ) Old Kinderhook , The Little Magician Martin Van Buren ( born Maarten van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 -- July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . A founder of the Democratic Party , he held a number of senior positions in the U.S. Federal Government , including eighth Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) and tenth Secretary of State ( 1829 -- 1831 ) , both under Andrew Jackson . Van Buren won the presidency by promising to continue Jackson 's policies . The Panic of 1837 which struck the nation combined with the growing political strength of the opposition Whig Party led to his defeat when he ran for reelection . During his half - century of public service , he built and perfected a new system of political parties at first the state and then the federal level ; at the end of his life , he was seen as a major figure of the abolitionist movement defending Abraham Lincoln 's policies during the American Civil War . Van Buren was the first President of the United States to be born a United States citizen . Of Dutch descent , he is the only U.S. President who spoke English as a second language . A delegate to a political convention at age 18 , he quickly moved from local to state politics , gaining fame both as a political organizer and an accomplished lawyer . Elected to the U.S. Senate by the New York State Legislature in 1821 , he reorganized the Democratic - Republican Party in New York and established the Albany Regency to keep it in power . Van Buren supported William H. Crawford for President in the 1824 election . John Quincy Adams was then made president in a contingent election . The supporters of Jackson , who had won a plurality of the popular and electoral vote , coalesced around Jackson to create the new Democratic Party . Van Buren , alarmed by the nationalist policies of the Adams administration , soon joined them . Van Buren was a major supporter and organizer for Jackson in the 1828 election , and ran for Governor of New York in the hope of using his personal popularity to boost Jackson 's campaign . Jackson and Van Buren were elected , and after serving as governor for two months , Van Buren resigned to become Jackson 's Secretary of State . During Jackson 's eight years as President , Van Buren was a key advisor , and built the organizational structure for the coalescing Democratic Party , particularly in New York . He resigned as Secretary of State in 1831 to help resolve the Petticoat affair . Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as American Minister to Britain . Van Buren 's nomination was rejected by the Senate , cutting short his service in London , but he was elected Vice President in the 1832 election . With Jackson 's strong support , Van Buren faced little opposition for the presidential nomination at the 1835 Democratic National Convention , and he defeated several Whig opponents in the 1836 presidential election . As President , Van Buren was blamed for the depression of 1837 ; hostile newspapers called him `` Martin Van Ruin '' . He attempted to cure the economic problems by keeping control of federal funds in an independent treasury , rather than in state banks , but Congress would not approve of this until 1840 . In foreign affairs , he denied the application of Texas for admission to the Union , unwilling to upset the balance of free and slave states in the Missouri Compromise , and hoping to avoid war with Mexico over Texas annexation . Additionally , relations with Britain and its colonies in Canada proved to be strained from the bloodless Aroostook War and the Caroline Affair . In the 1840 election , Van Buren was voted out of office , losing to Whig candidate William Henry Harrison . Van Buren was the leading candidate for the Democratic nomination in 1844 , but his continued opposition to the annexation of Texas caused him to lose to James K. Polk , who went on to win the election . In the 1848 election , Van Buren ran unsuccessfully as the candidate of the anti-slavery Free Soil Party . He returned to the Democratic fold to endorse Franklin Pierce ( 1852 ) , James Buchanan ( 1856 ) , and Stephen A. Douglas ( 1860 ) for the presidency . His increasingly abolitionist views and support for the Union led him to support Abraham Lincoln after the start of the American Civil War . Van Buren 's health began to fail in 1861 , and he died in July 1862 at age 79 . He has been generally ranked as a below - average president . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Early political career 2.1 U.S. Senate and national politics 3 Secretary of State 3.1 Petticoat affair 4 Vice-Presidency 5 Presidential election of 1836 6 Presidency 1837 -- 1841 6.1 White House hostess 6.2 Panic of 1837 6.3 Indian removals 6.4 Mormons 6.5 Texas 6.6 British North America 6.7 United States v . The Amistad 6.8 Cabinet 6.9 Judicial appointments 6.10 Midterm elections of 1838 6.11 Presidential election of 1840 7 Election of 1844 8 Later life 9 Memorials and popular culture 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Books by Van Buren 13.2 Books about Van Buren 14 External links Early Life and education ( edit ) Record of Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church `` Maarten '' Van Buren ( Dutch sp . ) baptism December 15 , 1782 Martin Van Buren was born on December 5 , 1782 , in the village of Kinderhook , New York about 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of Albany on the Hudson River . He was the first President not born a British subject , or even of British ancestry . He was a descendant of Cornelis Maessen of the village of Buurmalsen , near the town of Buren in the Netherlands , who had come to North America in 1631 and had purchased a plot of land on Manhattan Island ; his son Martin Cornelisen took the surname Van Buren . His father , Abraham Van Buren ( 1737 -- 1817 ) , owned and operated an inn and tavern , and Martin was born in a house that was attached to the tavern . Abraham Van Buren supported the Patriot cause during the American Revolution as a captain in the Albany County Militia 's 7th Regiment , and later joined the Jeffersonian Republicans . He was active in local politics and government , and served as Kinderhook 's town clerk from 1787 to 1797 . In 1776 , Abraham Van Buren married Maria Hoes ( or Goes ) Van Alen ( 1747 -- 1818 ) , the widow of Johannes Van Alen . Although both Abraham and Maria Van Buren were fifth generation residents of the Province of New York , all of their forebears were of Dutch ancestry , as was the case for most of Kinderhook 's residents , and they still spoke Dutch as their first language . The future president was baptized on December 15 , 1782 , as `` Maarten Van Buren '' , the original Dutch spelling of his name . He had four full siblings and three half - siblings . From his mother 's first marriage : Marytje ( or Maria ) Van Alen ( 1768 -- 1829 ) , married John L. Hoes . John I. Van Alen ( 1770 -- 1805 ) James I. Van Alen ( 1772 - 1822 ) , who practiced law with Van Buren for a time and also served as a member of Congress ( 1807 -- 1809 ) . From his parents ' marriage : Dirckie `` Derike '' Van Buren ( 1777 -- 1865 ) , married Barent Hoes ( 1777 -- 1853 ) . Barent Hoes was the brother of Martin Van Buren 's wife , and served in local offices including town clerk . Jannetje ( Called `` Hannah '' or `` Jane '' ) Van Buren ( 1780 -- 1838 ) , who never married and who resided with her sister Dirckie Van Buren and brother - in - law Barent Hoes . Lawrence Van Buren ( 1786 -- 1868 ) , a store owner and attorney who served as a militia officer in the War of 1812 and held local offices including Kinderhook Town Supervisor , postmaster , and presidential elector in 1852 . Abraham Van Buren ( 1788 -- 1836 ) , an attorney who served as Columbia County Surrogate after Martin Van Buren and James I. Van Alen . Van Buren received a basic education at the village schoolhouse and briefly studied Latin at the Kinderhook Academy and at Washington Seminary in Claverack . His formal education ended in 1796 , when he began reading law at the office of Peter Silvester and his son Francis , prominent Federalist attorneys in Kinderhook . Van Buren learned early to interact with people from varied ethnic , income , and societal groups , which he would later use to his advantage as a political organizer . Hannah Van Buren He was small in stature ; as an adult he was 5 feet 6 inches tall , and was often referred to as `` Little Van . '' When he first began his legal studies , he often presented an unkempt appearance in rough , homespun clothing . The Silvesters admonished Van Buren about how crucial a lawyer 's clothing and personal appearance were to the success of his practice . He accepted their advice and patterned his clothing , appearance , bearing and conduct after theirs . After six years under the Silvesters , the elder Silvester and Democratic - Republican political figure John Peter Van Ness suggested that Van Buren 's political leanings constrained him to complete his education with a Democratic - Republican attorney . Accepting this advice , he spent a final year of apprenticeship in the New York City office of John Van Ness 's brother William P. Van Ness , a political lieutenant of Aaron Burr. Van Buren was admitted to the New York bar in 1803 . Van Buren married Hannah Hoes , his childhood sweetheart and a daughter of his first cousin , on February 21 , 1807 , in Catskill , New York . Like Van Buren , she was raised in a Dutch home ; she spoke primarily Dutch , and spoke English with a distinct accent . The couple had five sons : Abraham ( 1807 -- 1873 ) a graduate of West Point and career military officer John ( 1810 -- 1866 ) , graduate of Yale and Attorney General of New York Martin , Jr. ( 1812 -- 1855 ) , secretary to his father and editor of his father 's papers until a premature death from tuberculosis Winfield Scott ( born and died in 1814 ) Smith Thompson ( 1817 -- 1876 ) , an editor and special assistant to his father during Van Buren 's presidency . After 12 years of marriage , Hannah Van Buren contracted tuberculosis and died on February 5 , 1819 , at the age of 35 . Martin Van Buren never remarried . Early political career ( edit ) Van Buren had been active in politics from age 18 if not before ; he attended a Democratic - Republican Party convention in Troy , New York where he worked successfully to secure for John Peter Van Ness the party nomination in a special election for the 6th Congressional District seat . He formed a law partnership with his half - brother James I. Van Alen and became financially secure enough to increase his focus on politics . He was a supporter of Aaron Burr , and allied himself with the George Clinton faction of the Democratic - Republican Party . Van Buren supported Daniel D. Tompkins for Governor over incumbent Morgan Lewis in 1807 . Tompkins won , and his allies won a majority in the state legislature . As a result , Van Buren was appointed Surrogate of Columbia County , New York , replacing Van Alen , who had supported Lewis . He served as Surrogate from 1808 until 1813 , when the Federalist Party gained a majority in the state legislature and replaced him . Van Buren was a member of the New York State Senate from 1813 to 1820 , and in 1813 joined the opposition party -- New York Democratic - Republicans who fought DeWitt Clinton for control of that party in New York . Van Buren served as New York Attorney General from 1815 to 1819 . He replaced William Floyd as a presidential elector in 1820 , and voted for James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins . Though he never served in the military , during the War of 1812 Van Buren worked in the State Senate to pass war measures , including bills to expand the New York Militia and increase soldier pay . In addition , he was a special judge advocate appointed to serve as a prosecutor of William Hull during Hull 's court - martial following the surrender of Detroit . In the winter of 1814 -- 15 he collaborated with Winfield Scott on ways to reorganize the New York Militia in anticipation of another military campaign in 1815 . The reorganization would have included a position for Van Buren at a rank to be determined , but the war 's end in February 1815 ended their work on the project . He initially opposed DeWitt Clinton 's plan for the Erie Canal , but relented when the Bucktails , the anti-DeWitt Clinton Democratic - Republicans , were able to gain a majority on the Erie Canal Commission ; he supported a bill to finance its construction through the sale of state bonds . From 1816 to 1829 , Van Buren served as a member of the University of the State of New York Board of Regents . In 1817 , Van Buren 's connection with so - called `` machine politics '' started when he created the first political organization encompassing all of New York , the Bucktails . The Bucktails succeeded in emphasizing party loyalty and used it to capture and control many patronage posts throughout New York . Van Buren gained the nickname of `` Little Magician '' for the skill with which he exploited the `` spoils system '' . He was a member of the 1820 state constitutional convention , where he favored expanded voting rights , but opposed universal suffrage and tried to maintain property requirements for voting . He was the leading figure in the Albany Regency , a group of Bucktail leaders who for more than a generation dominated New York politics and influenced national politics . The Regency , together with other political organizations such as Tammany Hall , played a major role in expanding the spoils system and making it a recognized and accepted procedure . While organizing and overseeing the operations of the Regency , Van Buren resided in Albany ; his housemate was Roger Skinner , a lifelong bachelor who was also a key Van Buren lieutenant in the State Senate and as Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York . Van Buren was the prime architect of the first nationwide political party : the Jacksonian Democrats or Democratic Party , which evolved from the Democratic - Republicans and relied on party loyalty and patronage to prevent contentious sectional issues , including tariffs and slavery , from becoming national crises . In Van Buren 's words , `` Without strong national political organizations , there would be nothing to moderate the prejudices between free and slaveholding states . '' As had James Madison and other Democratic Party organizers who favored states ' rights and local control , Van Buren was struggling to find an institutional solution to the Constitution 's seeming inability to prevent concentration of power in an administrative republic . Early in his life Van Buren owned a slave , a man named Tom who served as his personal valet . Tom ran away in 1814 and eventually settled in Canada , with Van Buren making no effort to locate him . In 1824 Tom was found to be living in Worcester , Massachusetts . Since he still legally owned Tom ( under New York 's gradual emancipation law , slavery was scheduled to be completely abolished in the state in 1827 ) , Van Buren privately agreed to sell Tom to the finder for $50 , provided the finder , a resident of Rensselaer County , could guarantee that Tom would be captured without violence . He could not make such a guarantee , and his willingness to pay was lessened by the knowledge that Tom would be emancipated in fewer than three years even if he was re-enslaved , so Tom remained free , as Van Buren probably intended . ( Allowing Tom to remain in Massachusetts unmolested without notice enabled Van Buren to avoid offending southern slave owners , as he would do if he publicly allowed a former slave to remain free . At the same time , he avoided offending northern abolitionists , which he would do if he captured and re-enslaved a former slave . ) U.S. Senate and National politics ( edit ) Gubernatorial portrait of Martin Van Buren by Daniel Huntington In February 1821 Van Buren was elected a U.S. Senator from New York , defeating incumbent Nathan Sanford , who ran as the Clintonian candidate . Van Buren initially favored internal improvements , such as road repairs and canal construction ; he proposed a constitutional amendment in 1824 to authorize such undertakings , but changed his position the following year . He voted for the tariffs of 1824 and 1828 , and then gradually abandoned this protectionist position , later supporting tariffs `` for revenue only . '' In the presidential election of 1824 , Van Buren supported the nominee of a Congressional caucus , Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford , and received the electoral votes of Georgia for Vice President . None of the presidential candidates -- Crawford , John Quincy Adams , Andrew Jackson , or Henry Clay -- had received a majority of the electoral college votes , so the choice fell to the United States House of Representatives . The House had to choose from among the top three candidates , so Clay was eliminated . Van Buren had originally hoped to block John Quincy Adams by denying him the state of New York , which was divided between supporters of Crawford and Adams . However , Representative Stephen Van Rensselaer swung New York to Adams . Adams won , and appointed Clay as Secretary of State . Because Clay had supported Adams in the House election , Jackson and Crawford supporters alleged corruption . After the House contest , Van Buren shrewdly kept out of the controversy which followed , and began looking forward to 1828 . He switched his support early from Crawford , whose ill health after a stroke had made him a less than viable candidate , to Andrew Jackson , who had won the popular vote in 1824 . Jackson was angered to see the presidency go to Adams after he received fewer popular votes , and eagerly looked forward to a rematch . Always notably courteous in his treatment of opponents , Van Buren showed no bitterness toward either Adams or Henry Clay , and he voted for Clay 's confirmation as Secretary of State , notwithstanding Jackson 's `` corrupt bargain '' charge . At the same time , he opposed the Adams - Clay plans for internal infrastructure improvements ( roads , canals , bridges , etc . ) and declined to support U.S. participation in the Congress of Panama . As chair of the Judiciary Committee , he brought forward a number of measures for the improvement of judicial procedure , including one ( not adopted ) , which would have required a super-majority vote by the United States Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional . In May 1826 , Van Buren joined with Senator Thomas Hart Benton in reporting on patronage in the executive branch , going against his own use of the spoils system to propose , in vain , that Presidents not be able to remove officeholders at will , and that Presidents report to Congress on the reason for dismissal of federal position holders . The 1828 `` Tariff of Abominations '' was recognized as his work . Since Democrats , especially Southerners , were generally opposed to tariffs that increased the price of manufactured goods from the North but did not benefit the raw materials produced in the South , Van Buren could normally have been expected to oppose tariffs . Political observers of the time viewed Van Buren 's efforts to pass the 1828 tariff as part of the campaign to elect Jackson as President . Anticipating that most Southerners would vote for Andrew Jackson no matter who else was running , Van Buren intended the tariff proposed by Jackson 's Northern Democratic supporters in Congress to attract to Jackson 's candidacy Northern voters , who generally favored high tariffs to protect the manufactured goods they produced . Van Buren voted in favor , later adopting the cover story that he had done so only in response to instructions from the New York State Legislature . Most Democrats , especially Southerners , continued to oppose tariffs after 1828 . Van Buren 's political opponents in the Democratic Party used his 1828 vote against him for years afterwards to prevent him from obtaining Southern support for his candidacies . Van Buren was not an exceptional orator like Henry Clay or Daniel Webster , but his more important speeches show careful preparation and his opinions carried weight ; the oft - repeated charge that he refrained from declaring himself on crucial questions is hardly borne out by scrutiny of his senatorial career . In February 1827 , he was re-elected to the Senate by a large majority . He became one of the recognized managers of the Jackson campaign , and his tour of Virginia , the Carolinas , and Georgia in the spring of 1827 won support for Jackson from Crawford as Van Buren sought to reorganize and unify `` the old Republican party '' behind Jackson . At the state level , Jackson 's committee chairs would split up the responsibilities around the state and organize volunteers at the local level . `` Hurra Boys '' would plant hickory trees ( in honor of Jackson 's nickname , `` Old Hickory '' ) or hand out hickory sticks at rallies . In 1828 Van Buren ran for Governor of New York in an effort to use his personal popularity to bolster Jackson 's chances of carrying New York in the presidential election . Jackson defeated Adams handily , leading the pro-Adams New York American to editorialize `` Organization is the secret of victory . By the want of it we have been overthrown . '' Van Buren won his election , and resigned from the Senate to start the gubernatorial term , which began on January 1 , 1829 . Van Buren 's tenure as New York governor is the second shortest on record . While his term was short , he did manage to pass the Bank Safety Fund Law ( an early form of deposit insurance ) through the Legislature . Secretary of state ( edit ) On March 5 , 1829 , President Jackson appointed Van Buren Secretary of State , an office which probably had been promised him before the 1828 elections , and Van Buren resigned the governorship on March 12 . He was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor , Enos T. Throop , a member of the Regency . As Secretary of State , Van Buren sought congeniality with the Kitchen Cabinet , Jackson 's informal advisers . He sometimes opposed Jackson in the matter of removing political appointees from office to replace them with Jackson loyalists , but also saw to the replacement of postmasters in New York with Van Buren loyalists . In July 1829 , Rutgers College awarded Van Buren the honorary degree of LL. D . No serious diplomatic crises arose during Van Buren 's tenure , but he achieved several notable successes , such as settling long - standing claims against France and winning reparations for property that had been seized during the Napoleonic Wars . He reached an agreement with the British to open trade with the British West Indies colonies and concluded a treaty with the Ottoman Empire that gained American merchants access to the Black Sea . Items on which he did not achieve success included settling the Maine - New Brunswick boundary dispute with Great Britain , gaining settlement of the U.S. claim to the Oregon Country , concluding a commercial treaty with Russia , and persuading Mexico to sell Texas . Van Buren also advised Jackson informally on matters of domestic policy -- in the controversy over the Bank of the United States , he sided with Jackson . He also allied with Jackson on the Indian Removal Act . After the breach between Jackson and Calhoun , which culminated with the Nullification Crisis , Van Buren 's position as one of Jackson 's primary political supporters and policy advisors clearly branded him as the most prominent candidate for the vice presidency in 1832 , and Jackson 's most likely successor in 1836 . Petticoat Affair ( edit ) Mrs Floride Calhoun , a leader of the `` petticoats '' Further information : Petticoat affair In Jackson 's first term , Van Buren won the president 's lasting regard by his courtesies to Peggy Eaton , wife of Secretary of War John H. Eaton , whom the wives of the cabinet members and others had shunned over the circumstances surrounding their marriage and her alleged moral failures as a cabinet wife . Led by Floride Calhoun , wife of Vice President Calhoun , these women ( the `` petticoats '' ) socially ostracized the Eatons , refused to pay courtesy calls at their home or receive them as visitors , and denied them invitations to social events . Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration , Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy to gain political leverage . As a widower , Van Buren was unaffected by the position of the Cabinet wives , and he supported Jackson 's position that criticism of the Eatons would not be tolerated . By siding with Jackson , Van Buren helped create a counter-coalition that weakened Calhoun . The dispute was resolved when Van Buren offered to resign ; in April 1831 , Jackson accepted , and took the opportunity to reorganize his cabinet by asking for the resignations of Cabinet members whose wives were part of the anti-Eaton coalition . Postmaster General William T. Barry , who had sided with Jackson and Van Buren , was the lone cabinet member to stay , and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington , first as governor of Florida Territory , and then as minister to Spain . Vice-presidency ( edit ) After resigning as Secretary of State , Van Buren remained in office until June 1831 , and continued to play a part in Jackson 's Kitchen Cabinet . In August 1831 Jackson gave Van Buren a recess appointment as Minister to the Court of St. James ( Britain ) and he arrived in London in September . He was cordially received , but in February he learned his nomination was rejected by the Senate on January 25 , 1832 . The rejection was attributed to Van Buren 's instructions while Secretary of State to Louis McLane , the American minister to Britain , which concerned the opening of the West Indies trade , and repudiated the foreign policy of Jackson 's predecessors , which the Senate claimed was a breach of decorum . The rejection of Van Buren was essentially the work of Calhoun , who had opposed Van Buren 's confirmation , believing that Van Buren had attempted to keep him from becoming vice president by making overtures to Henry Clay to run on a ticket with William H. Crawford , Van Buren 's preferred candidate for president in 1824 . Calhoun also opposed Van Buren for his role in the Petticoat Affair and his work on the 1828 tariff . When the vote on Van Buren 's nomination was taken , enough pro-Calhoun Democrats refrained from voting to produce a tie , thus giving Calhoun , in his role as presiding officer , the ability to cast a vote . He voted against Van Buren , and so achieved `` vengeance '' on Van Buren . Calhoun was elated , convinced that he had ended Van Buren 's career . `` It will kill him dead , sir , kill him dead . He will never kick , sir , never kick , '' Calhoun exclaimed to a friend within earshot of Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton . A painting of Van Buren by Francis Alexander , c. 1830 -- 1840 Benton recognized the significance of Calhoun 's action , saying `` You have broken a minister and made a vice president . '' John Tyler , then serving as a Senator from Virginia , also recognized Calhoun 's overreach , writing to a friend that `` Van Buren is elevated by the silly thing of rejecting him . '' As Benton and Tyler foresaw , Calhoun 's move backfired , by making Van Buren appear the victim of petty politics , thus raising him in both Jackson 's regard and the esteem of others in the Democratic Party . Far from ending Van Buren 's career , Calhoun 's action gave greater impetus to Van Buren 's candidacy for vice president . After a brief tour of Europe , Van Buren reached New York on July 5 , 1832 . The May 1832 Democratic National Convention , the party 's first , had nominated him for vice president on the Jackson ticket . Van Buren 's nomination was not as strongly supported as Jackson 's , particularly among southerners who recalled his work on the tariff in 1828 , but he somewhat placated southerners by denying the right of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia without the consent of the slave states . The Jackson - Van Buren ticket won the election of 1832 by a landslide , and Van Buren took office as Vice President in March 1833 . During his time in office Van Buren continued to be one of Jackson 's primary advisors and confidants , and accompanied Jackson on his tour of the northeastern United States in 1833 . Jackson 's confidence in Van Buren was further demonstrated after Jackson named Benjamin F. Butler , Van Buren 's political ally and former law partner , to serve as Attorney General , and John Forsyth , another Van Buren ally , to serve as Secretary of State . Van Buren 's support of Jackson in the Nullification Crisis and the decision not to recharter the Second Bank of the United States made him a target of Jackson 's most vocal opponents . Van Buren was threatened with violence , including explicit comments from Senator George Poindexter of Mississippi , which prompted Van Buren to carry pistols for self - defense . However he also demonstrated both the willingness and the ability to work with his opponents , cooperating with Clay and Calhoun ( now a Senator ) to pass the compromise Tariff of 1833 , which helped end the Nullification Crisis . During one contentious debate on the bank issue , Van Buren presided over the Senate as Clay spoke passionately about the harm he believed Jackson 's bank policy would cause . Directing his remarks to Van Buren , Clay asked rhetorically whether Van Buren would approach Jackson and persuade him to change his mind . After Clay concluded , observers wondered how Van Buren would react . Van Buren 's response was to descend from the rostrum and ask Clay if he could borrow a pinch of snuff . Caught off guard , Clay reflexively handed over his snuff box . Van Buren took a pinch , bowed to Clay , and left the chamber , both deflating the effect of Clay 's remarks and preventing tension from escalating , as would have happened if Van Buren had attempted to reply directly . Presidential election of 1836 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1836 1836 electoral vote results Jackson , not running in 1836 , was determined to make Van Buren his successor in order to continue the Jackson administration 's policies . This conclusion on Jackson 's part soon became public . When the Democratic Convention met in Baltimore , Maryland in May , 1835 , 18 months before the election , the delegates nominated Van Buren unanimously . Two names were put forward for the vice-presidential nomination : Representative Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky , and former senator William Cabell Rives of Virginia . Southern Democrats , and Van Buren himself , strongly preferred Rives. Jackson , on the other hand , strongly preferred Johnson . Again , Jackson 's considerable influence prevailed , however , Johnson received the required two - thirds vote only after New York Senator Silas Wright prevailed upon non-delegate Edward Rucker to cast the 15 votes of the absent Tennessee delegation in his favor . On the issue of slavery , Van Buren moved to obtain the support of southerners by assuring them that he opposed abolitionism and supported the maintaining of slavery in states where it had already existed . Regarding the national bank , Van Buren made clear that he opposed rechartering a national bank . To demonstrate consistency regarding his opinions on slavery , Van Buren cast the tie - breaking Senate vote in favor of engrossing a bill to subject abolitionist mail to state laws , thus ensuring that its circulation would be prohibited in the South . Martin Van Buren 's competitors in the election of 1836 were three members of the newly established Whig Party . Still a loose coalition bound by mutual opposition to Jackson 's anti-bank policies but lacking the party unity or organizational strength to field a single ticket or define a coherent platform , the Whigs ran several regional candidates in hopes of sending the election to the House of Representatives , where each state delegation would have one vote and the Whigs would stand a better chance of winning . They were : Hugh White of Tennessee , Daniel Webster of Massachusetts , and William Henry Harrison of Indiana . Besides endorsing internal improvements and a national bank , the Whigs tried to tie Democrats to abolitionism and sectional tension , and attacked Jackson for `` acts of aggression and usurpation of power . '' The Whigs nominated New York Anti-Mason Francis Granger and former Democrat John Tyler of Virginia for vice president . Richard Johnson , Van Buren 's running mate , was a hero of the War of 1812 , and claimed to have killed Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames . Since Harrison was campaigning for president as the `` hero of Tippecanoe , '' Johnson 's friends countered with : Rumpsey , dumpsey , rumpsey dumpsey , Colonel Johnson killed Tecumseh ! Van Buren won the election with 764,198 popular votes , only 50.9 percent of the total , and 170 electoral votes . Harrison led the Whigs with 73 electoral votes , White receiving 26 and Webster 14 . Willie P. Mangum of South Carolina received his state 's 11 electoral votes . Van Buren 's victory resulted from a combination of his own attractive political and personal qualities , Jackson 's popularity and endorsement , the organizational power of the Democratic party , and the inability of the Whig Party -- at this point -- to muster an effective candidate and campaign . Johnson , however , received only 147 electoral votes , 70 more than his closest contender , Francis Granger , but one less than the number required to elect . Virginia 's electors had remained loyal to Van Buren , who carried the state by a close margin , but instead , they all refused to vote for Johnson . Van Buren was the first president to be born after the United States Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain . On February 8 , 1837 , the U.S. Senate convened , and in accordance with the Twelfth Amendment chose the vice president from the two top electoral vote recipients , Johnson , and Granger . Johnson won the contingent vote , 33 - 17 , and became the nation 's ninth vice president . Presidency 1837 -- 1841 ( edit ) File : VAN BUREN , Martin - President ( BEP engraved portrait ). jpg BEP engraved portrait of Van Buren as President Main article : Presidency of Martin Van Buren White House hostess ( edit ) For the first half of his presidency , Van Buren , who had been a widower for many years , did not have a specific person fill the role of White House hostess at administration social events , but tried to assume such duties himself . When his eldest son Abraham Van Buren married Angelica Singleton in 1838 , he quickly acted to install his daughter - in - law as his hostess . She solicited the advice of her distant relative , Dolley Madison , who had moved back to Washington after her husband 's death , and soon the president 's parties livened up . After the 1839 New Year 's Eve reception , the Boston Post raved : `` ( Angelica Van Buren is a ) lady of rare accomplishments , very modest yet perfectly easy and graceful in her manners and free and vivacious in her conversation ... universally admired . '' As the nation endured a deep economic depression , Angelica van Buren 's receiving style at receptions was influenced by her heavy reading on European court life ( and her naive delight in being received as the Queen of the United States when she visited the royal courts of England and France after her marriage ) . Newspaper coverage of this , in addition to the claim that she intended to re-landscape the White House grounds to resemble the royal gardens of Europe , was used in a political attack on her father - in - law by a Pennsylvania Whig Congressman Charles Ogle . He referred obliquely to her as part of the presidential `` household '' in his famous Gold Spoon Oration . The attack was delivered in Congress and the depiction of the President as living a royal lifestyle was a primary factor in his defeat for re-election . Panic of 1837 ( edit ) The modern balaam and his ass , an 1837 caricature placing the blame for the Panic of 1837 and the perilous state of the banking system on outgoing President Andrew Jackson , shown riding a donkey , while President Martin Van Buren comments approvingly . When Van Buren entered office , the nation 's economic health had taken a turn for the worse and the prosperity of the early 1830s was over . Two months into his presidency , on May 10 , 1837 , some important state banks in New York , running out of hard currency reserves , refused to convert paper money into gold or silver , and other financial institutions throughout the nation quickly followed suit . This financial crisis would become known as the Panic of 1837 . The Panic was followed by a five - year depression in which banks failed and unemployment reached record highs . Van Buren blamed the economic collapse on greedy American and foreign business and financial institutions , as well as the over-extension of credit by U.S. banks . Whig leaders in Congress blamed the Democrats , along with Andrew Jackson 's economic policies , specifically his 1836 Specie Circular . Cries of `` rescind the circular ! '' went up and former President Jackson sent word to Van Buren asking him not to rescind the order , believing that it had to be given enough time to work . Others , like Nicholas Biddle , believed that Jackson 's dismantling of the Bank of the United States was directly responsible for the irresponsible creation of paper money by the state banks which had precipitated this panic . To deal with the crisis , the Whigs proposed rechartering the national bank . The president countered by proposing the establishment of an independent U.S. treasury , which would take the politics out of the nation 's money supply ; the government would hold all of its money balances in the form of gold or silver and would be restricted from printing paper money at will , a measure designed to prevent inflation . Van Buren announced his proposal in September 1837 ; but that was too much for state banking interests , and an alliance of conservative Democrats and Whigs prevented it from becoming law until 1840 . The independent treasury lasted only one year -- the Whigs , who won a congressional majority and the presidency in the 1840 elections , promptly repealed the law . By the time Congress finally acted , the nation 's economy had been mired in a depression for nearly four years ; the problems would continue into the early 1840s . More important for Van Buren 's immediate future , the depression would be a major issue in his upcoming re-election campaign . Indian removals ( edit ) In 1838 , Van Buren directed General Winfield Scott to forcibly institute the removal of all those Cherokee who had not complied with the 1835 Treaty of New Echota -- by departing from the Southeastern United States and moving west ( to present day Oklahoma ) . The Cherokee were herded violently into internment camps , where they were kept for the summer of 1838 . The actual transportation west was delayed by intense heat and drought , but in the fall , the Cherokee reluctantly agreed to transport themselves west . During the Cherokee removal , part of the Trail of Tears , some 20,000 people were involuntarily relocated . In the course of Van Buren 's presidency the federal government negotiated 19 treaties with Indian nations . The administration also contended with the Seminole in Florida , who engaged the army in a seven - year battle . Known as the Second Seminole War , the battle began in 1835 during Jackson 's presidency . Fighting was not resolved until 1842 , after Van Buren had left office . It is regarded as the longest and most costly of the nation 's Indian conflicts . Mormons ( edit ) In 1839 , Joseph Smith , Jr. , the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement , visited Van Buren to plead for the U.S. to help roughly 20,000 Mormon settlers of Independence , Missouri ( who were forced from the state during the 1838 Mormon War . ) The Governor of Missouri , Lilburn Boggs , had issued an executive order on October 27 , 1838 , known as the `` Extermination Order '' . It authorized troops to use force against Mormons to `` exterminate or drive ( them ) from the state '' . In 1839 , after moving to Illinois , Smith and his party appealed to members of Congress and to President Van Buren to intercede for the Mormons . According to Smith 's grandnephew , Van Buren said to Smith , `` Your cause is just , but I can do nothing for you ; if I take up for you I shall lose the vote of Missouri '' . Texas ( edit ) In a bold step , Van Buren reversed Andrew Jackson 's policies and sought peace at home , as well as abroad . Instead of settling a financial dispute between American citizens and the Mexican government by force , Van Buren wanted to seek a diplomatic solution . In an action that upset political leaders of the pro-slavery states , in August 1837 , Van Buren denied Texas ' formal request to join the United States , partly to prevent the upset of the slave state / free state balance in the Missouri Compromise , and partly because he hoped to avoid a possible war with Mexico over Texas annexation . British North America ( edit ) British subjects in Lower Canada ( now Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) rose in rebellion in 1837 and 1838 respectively , protesting their lack of responsible government . The rebellion in Upper Canada was led by William Lyon Mackenzie and Charles Duncombe . `` Destruction of the Caroline '' , illustration by John Charles Dent ( 1881 ) While the initial insurrection in Upper Canada ended quickly ( following the December 7 Battle of Montgomery 's Tavern ) , many of the rebels fled across the Niagara River into New York , where Mackenzie began recruiting volunteers in Buffalo . On December 13 , Mackenzie declared establishment of the Republic of Canada and put into motion a plan whereby volunteers would invade Upper Canada from Navy Island on the Canadian side of the Niagara River . Several hundred volunteers procured the steamboat Caroline to deliver supplies and arms to Navy Island from Fort Schlosser . To deter an imminent invasion , British forces crossed to the American bank of the river , where they burned and sank the ship . When an American was killed and others wounded , considerable sentiment arose within the United States to declare war , and a British ship was burned in revenge . Soon afterward , Mackenzie 's `` republic '' collapsed , and the rebels withdrew into the U.S. ; the initial uprising in Lower Canada by then collapsed as well . Van Buren , looking to avoid a war with Great Britain , sent General Winfield Scott to the border with broad discretionary powers for its protection and its peace . Scott impressed upon American citizens the need for a peaceful resolution to the crisis , and made it clear that the U.S. government would not support adventuresome Americans attacking the British . Also , in early January 1838 , the president proclaimed U.S. neutrality with regard to the Canadian independence issue , a declaration which Congress endorsed by passing a neutrality law discouraging the participation of American citizens in foreign conflicts . Simultaneously Charles Duncombe and Robert Nelson helped foment a largely American militia , the Hunters ' Lodge / Frères chasseurs , which carried out several attacks in Upper Canada between December 1837 and December 1838 , collectively known as the Patriot War . The administration followed through on its enforcement of the Neutrality Act , encouraged the prosecution of filibusters , and actively deterred U.S. citizens from subversive activities abroad . In the long term , the Patriot War contributed to the construction of healthy Anglo -- American and U.S. -- Canadian relationships in the 20th century ; it also led , more immediately , to a backlash among citizens against the overreach of federal authority , which hurt congressional Democrats in the 1838 midterm elections . Another crisis surfaced in late 1838 , in the disputed territory on the Maine -- New Brunswick frontier , where Americans were settling on disputed land claimed by the United States and Great Britain . Both American and New Brunswick lumberjacks cut timber in the disputed territory during the winter of 1838 -- 39 . On December 29 , New Brunswick lumbermen were spotted cutting down trees on an American 's estate near the Aroostook River . American woodcutters rushed to stand guard . A shouting match , known as the Battle of Caribou , ensued . Tensions quickly boiled over into a near war with both Maine and New Brunswick arresting each other 's citizens . The crisis seemed ready to turn into an armed conflict . British troops began to gather on the Saint John River . The American press clamored for war ; `` Maine and her soil , or BLOOD ! '' screamed one editorial . `` Let the sword be drawn and the scabbard thrown away ! '' Congress authorized 50,000 troops and a $10 million budget . To settle the crisis , Van Buren met with the British minister to the United States . They agreed to resolve the border issue diplomatically . Van Buren also sent General Scott to the northern border area to show military resolve and more importantly to lower the tensions . Scott successfully convinced all sides to submit the border issue to arbitration . The dispute was put to rest a few years later , with the signing of the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty . United States V. . The Amistad ( edit ) The Amistad case was a freedom suit that involved international issues and parties , as well as United States law , resulting from the rebellion of Africans on board the Spanish schooner La Amistad in 1839 , . The Van Buren administration supported the Spanish government 's demand that the ship and its cargo ( including the Africans ) be turned over to them . When a Federal District Court judge ruled that the Africans were legally free and should be transported home , the administration appealed the case to the Supreme Court . In February 1840 , former President ( and sitting U.S. Representative from Massachusetts ) John Quincy Adams argued passionately for the Africans ' right to freedom . Attorney General Henry D. Gilpin presented the government 's case . In March 1841 , the Supreme Court issued its final verdict : the Amistad Africans were free people and should be allowed to return home . The unique nature of the case , people of color testifying in federal court , and being represented by prominent lawyers , heightened public interest in the saga , as did the participation of former president Adams . The Amistad case drew attention to the personal tragedies of slavery and attracted new support for the growing abolition movement in the North . It also transformed the courts into the principal forum for a national debate on the legal foundations of slavery . Cabinet ( edit ) Portrait of Martin Van Buren The Van Buren Cabinet Office Name Term President Martin Van Buren 1837 -- 1841 Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of State John Forsyth 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of Treasury Levi Woodbury 1837 -- 1841 Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett 1837 -- 1841 Attorney General Benjamin Butler 1837 -- 1838 Felix Grundy 1838 -- 1840 Henry D. Gilpin 1840 -- 1841 Postmaster General Amos Kendall 1837 -- 1840 John M. Niles 1840 -- 1841 Secretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson 1837 -- 1838 James K. Paulding 1838 -- 1841 Martin Van Buren announced his intention `` to follow in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor '' , and retained all but one of Jackson 's cabinet . Judicial appointments ( edit ) Main article : Martin Van Buren judicial appointments Van Buren appointed two Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : John McKinley -- confirmed September 25 , 1837 Peter Vivian Daniel -- confirmed March 2 , 1841 Van Buren also appointed eight other federal judges , all to United States district courts . Midterm elections of 1838 ( edit ) The Panic of 1837 loomed large over the 1838 election cycle , as the carryover effects of the economic downturn led to Whig gains in both the U.S. House and Senate . Also , while the Democratic Party retained a majority in both chambers , a split among House Democrats led to Whig Congressman Robert M.T. Hunter being elected Speaker of the House for the 26th Congress . Likewise , state elections in 1837 and 1838 were disastrous for the Democrats , and the partial economic recovery in 1838 was offset by a second commercial crisis later that year . Presidential election of 1840 ( edit ) Main article : United States presidential election , 1840 1840 electoral vote results Van Buren easily won renomination for a second term at the 1840 Democratic National Convention , but he and his party faced a difficult election in 1840 . Van Buren 's presidency had been problematic , with the U.S. economy mired in a severe downturn ; also of concern were several divisive issues -- slavery , western expansion , and tensions with Great Britain -- that provided opportunities for Van Buren 's political opponents , and even some fellow Democrats to criticize him . Although Van Buren 's renomination was never in doubt , Democratic strategists began to question the wisdom of keeping Johnson on the ticket . Even former president Jackson conceded that Johnson was a liability and insisted on former House Speaker James K. Polk of Tennessee as Van Buren 's new running mate . With William Henry Harrison , Johnson 's former commander and comrade - in - arms and the `` Hero of Tippecanoe , '' emerging as a likely Whig presidential contender , Van Buren was reluctant to drop the Democrats ' own hero from the ticket . The convention decided to allow state Democratic Party leaders to select the vice-presidential candidates for their states . The Whigs did select Harrison as their nominee , and presented him to the nation as the antithesis of the president , whom they derided as ineffective , corrupt , and effete . Van Buren was blamed for the hard economic times , and ridiculed as `` Martin Van Ruin '' . Van Buren 's rather elegant personal style was also an easy target for Whig attacks , such as the Gold Spoon Oration . Van Buren remained optimistic about his chances for reelection until October 1840 , by which time it became unlikely that he would defeat Harrison . An astonishing 80 percent of eligible voters went to the polls on election day . Harrison won by a popular vote of 1,275,612 to 1,130,033 , and an electoral vote margin of 234 to 60 . Additionally , Whigs won majorities for the first time in both the U.S. House and the Senate . A linguistic legacy of the 1840 campaign was attributed to Van Buren himself -- the expression `` OK . '' Although some language experts attribute OK to other proposed origins , including words from the Choctaw or Wolof languages , and others to an abbreviation of `` oll korrect , '' misspellings attributed to Andrew Jackson , the prevailing opinion is that it derives from `` Old Kinderhook , '' one of the many nicknames for Van Buren . The first recorded use of `` OK '' in the sense of approval dates back to 1839 when a newspaper referred to a Democratic meeting of `` the roarers , the butt - enders , ringtails and OKs , '' adding , `` the allusion was probably to those who put their OK on the nomination of Van Buren . '' Election of 1844 ( edit ) On the expiration of his term , Van Buren returned to his estate , Lindenwald in Kinderhook , where he planned his return to the White House . He seemed likely to be nominated by the Democrats in 1844 , but in April of that year a Van Buren letter to William H. Hammett was made public . In it , Van Buren opposed the immediate annexation of Texas , but said that he would support annexation once the state of war between Texas and Mexico was resolved . President John Tyler had pursued the annexation of Texas as his chief foreign policy goal , and many Democrats , particularly in the South , were anxious to quickly complete the annexation of Texas . Van Buren 's opposition to immediate annexation cost him the support of pro-slavery Democrats ; he began the Democratic National Convention with a majority of the delegates , but with no southern support he could not reach the two - thirds threshold required for nomination . He won 146 of the 266 votes on the first presidential ballot , with only 12 of his votes coming from Southern states . Van Buren 's name was withdrawn after eight ballots , and a dark horse , James K. Polk , received the nomination and went on to win the 1844 presidential election . After taking office , Polk used George Bancroft as an intermediary to offer Van Buren the ambassadorship to London . Van Buren declined , partly because he was upset with Polk over the treatment the Van Buren delegates had received at the 1844 convention , and partly because he was content in his retirement . Later Life ( edit ) 1858 portrait by GPA Healy , on display at the White House Van Buren had resisted the slightest interference with the institution of slavery in the states where it existed . After leaving the White House , Van Buren grew increasingly opposed to slavery , and his earlier views about its constitutional standing gave way over time to acceptance of anti-slavery positions including opposing slavery 's expansion into newly organized western states . In 1848 , he was nominated for president by two minor parties , first by the `` Barnburner '' faction of the Democratic Party in New York , then by the Free Soil Party , with whom the `` Barnburners '' coalesced . The Barnburners and Free Soilers opposed Democratic nominee Lewis Cass , who opposed the Wilmot Proviso and was otherwise seen as friendly to slavery . In addition , Van Buren , who had been denied the 1844 nomination in part due to the efforts of Cass supporters , may have run in order to exact a measure of revenge by denying Cass the presidency . Van Buren won no electoral votes , but finished second to Whig nominee Zachary Taylor in New York , taking enough votes from Cass to give the state -- and perhaps the election -- to Taylor . Daguerreotype of Martin Van Buren , circa 1855 Unlike many anti-slavery Democrats of the 1840s and 1850s , who later joined the Republican Party , Van Buren and most of his followers remained in the Democratic fold . Those followers include his son John Van Buren and Samuel J. Tilden , who later served as Governor of New York and was the Democratic nominee for President in 1876 . Van Buren supported Franklin Pierce for President in 1852 , and James Buchanan in 1856 , though he later opposed the Buchanan administration 's efforts to accommodate the southern states when they threatened secession . In the election of 1860 , he supported Stephen A. Douglas , the candidate of northern Democrats , and helped create a fusion ticket in New York of Democratic electors pledged to both Douglas and John C. Breckinridge , but Abraham Lincoln carried New York and every northern state except New Jersey . Once the American Civil War began , Van Buren made public his support for the Union , and supported Abraham Lincoln 's efforts to prevent the southern states from seceding . In April 1861 , former President Pierce wrote to the other living former Presidents and asked them to consider meeting in order to use their stature and influence to propose a negotiated end to the war . Pierce asked Van Buren to use his role as the senior living ex-President to issue a formal call . Van Buren 's reply suggested that Buchanan should be the one to call the meeting , since he was the former President who had served most recently , or that Pierce should issue the call himself if he strongly believed in the merit of his proposal . Neither Buchanan nor Pierce was willing to make Pierce 's proposal public , and nothing more resulted from it . Van Buren 's health began to fail later in 1861 , and he was bedridden with pneumonia during the fall and winter of 1861 -- 62 . He did not recover , and died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2 : 00 a.m. on July 24 , 1862 , at the age of 79 . He is buried in the Kinderhook Reformed Dutch Church Cemetery , as are his wife Hannah , his parents , and his son Martin Van Buren , Jr . He is the only U.S. president to have been alive during both the U.S. Revolutionary War and the U.S. Civil War . As of 2017 , he is the most recent Democrat elected to succeed an incumbent Democratic president who had served two presidential terms . Memorials and popular culture ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials to Martin Van Buren Van Buren 's home in Kinderhook , New York , which he called Lindenwald , is now the Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Counties are named for Van Buren in Michigan , Iowa , Arkansas , and Tennessee . A mountain , a ship , three state parks and numerous towns were named after him . During the 1988 presidential campaign , George H.W. Bush , a Yale University graduate and member of the Skull and Bones secret society , was attempting to become the first incumbent Vice President to win election to the presidency since Van Buren . In the comic strip Doonesbury artist Garry Trudeau depicted members of Skull and Bones as attempting to rob Van Buren 's grave , apparently intending to use the relics in a ritual that would aid Bush in the election . On the television show Seinfeld , the episode `` The Van Buren Boys '' is about a fictional street gang that admires Van Buren and bases its rituals and symbols on him , including the hand sign of eight fingers pointing up . Eight fingers signifies Van Buren , the eighth President . Van Buren is portrayed by Nigel Hawthorne in the 1997 film Amistad . The film depicts the controversy and legal battle surrounding the status of slaves who in 1839 rebelled against their transporters on La Amistad slave ship . See also ( edit ) Book : Presidents of the United States ( 1789 -- 1860 ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Charlotte Dupuy , slave who worked for Van Buren at Decatur House , while her suit for freedom against Henry Clay proceeded List of Presidents of the United States List of Presidents of the United States , sortable by previous experience List of Presidents of the United States who owned slaves U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ pronunciation ( help info ) ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Life in Brief '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , Noah ( 2006 ) . The Essential Book of Presidential Trivia . Random House . p. 44 . ISBN 9780307432186 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . Herbert Hoover Presidential Library - Museum Office of Presidential Libraries U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cole 1984 , pp. 3 , 9 . Jump up ^ Widner 2005 , pp. 153 -- 165 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin van Buren ( 1782 - 1862 ) '' . Albany , New York : New Netherland Institute . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Robert ; Navarro , Espy M. ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Bloomington , IN : Xlibris . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4257 - 0473 - 5 . Jump up ^ Roberts , James A. ( 1898 ) . New York in the Revolution as Colony and State . Albany , NY : Brandow Printing Company . p. 109 . Jump up ^ Kane , Joseph Nathan ( 1998 ) . Presidential Fact Book . Random House . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 70244 - 0 . Jump up ^ Foss , William O. ( 2005 ) . Childhoods of the American Presidents . Jefferson , NC : McFarland Publishing . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2382 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collier , Edward Augustus ( 1914 ) . A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time . New York , NY : Knickerbocker Press . p. 551 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States , 1639 - 1989 : Kinderhook Dutch Reformed Church Baptism Entry , Marytje Van Alen '' . Ancestry.com . Provo , UT : Ancestry.com , LLC . August 20 , 1768 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record , Vol. 82 -- 83 . New York , NY : New York Genealogical and Biographical Society . 1951 . p. 148 . Jump up ^ `` Baptism record , Johannes Van Alen : U.S. Dutch Reformed Church Records in Selected States , 1639 -- 2000 '' . Ancestry.com . Ancestry.com , Inc . August 15 , 1770 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Irelan , John Robert ( 1887 ) . History of the Life , Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren . Chicago , IL : Fairbanks and Palmer . p. 605 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Bloomington , IN : Xlibris Corp. p. 75 . ISBN 9781462821501 . Jump up ^ Brooke 2010 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Mosley , Charles ; Brogan , Hugh ( 1993 ) . American Presidential Families . Gloucestershire , UK : Alan Sutton Publishing . p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 0289 - 7305 - 0 . Jump up ^ Terry , R.M. ( 1885 ) . Civil list of Columbia County , and official hand - book , 1786 -- 1886 . Hudson , NY : J.W. Prentiss . p. 113 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , William Lyon ( 1846 ) . The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren . Boston : Cooke & Co. p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Death notice , Jane Van Buren '' . The Weekly Standard . Raleigh , NC . July 18 , 1838 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Collier , Edward Augustus ( 1914 ) . A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time . New York , NY : Knickerbocker Press . pp. 230 , 390 , 427 , 547 , 551 . Jump up ^ Miller , Peyton Farrell ( 1904 ) . A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County , New York . New York , NY : De Vinne Press . p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` Death notice , Abraham A. Van Buren '' . The New Yorker . New York , NY . November 5 , 1836 . p. 111 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , 1782 -- 1862 '' . Historical Society of the New York Courts . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cole 1984 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Brooke 2010 , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Sidey , Hugh ( 1999 ) . The Presidents of the United States of America . Washington , D.C. : White House Historical Association . p. 23 . ISBN 9780912308739 . Jump up ^ Henretta , James A. ; Edwards , Rebecca ; Hinderaker , Eric ; Self , Robert O. ( 2015 ) . America : a Concise History , Combined Volume . Boston , MA : Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4576 - 4862 - 5 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Hauppauge , New York : Nova Science Publishers . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60456 - 773 - 1 . Jump up ^ Koenig , Louis William ( 1960 ) . The Invisible Presidency . New York , NY : Rinehart & Company . p. 89 . Jump up ^ Foss , William O. ( 2005 ) . Childhoods of the American Presidents . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 9780786423828 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Thomas J. ( 1999 ) . Duel : Alexander Hamilton , Aaron Burr , and the Future of America . Basic Books . p. 213 . ISBN 9780465017379 . Jump up ^ Henry , William Smith ( 1925 ) . History of the Cabinet of the United States of America . Industrial Printing Company . p. 88 . ISBN 9781432809126 . Jump up ^ Van Buren , Martin ( 1920 ) . Fitzpatrick , John Clement , ed . The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren , Volume II . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Lazo , Caroline Evensen ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren . Lerner Publications Company . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Matuz , Roger ( 2012 ) . The Presidents Fact Book . Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Silbey 2002 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ McGeehan , John R. ( 2007 ) . The Everything American History Book . Adams Media . p. 295 . Jump up ^ Brooke 2010 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , William Lyon ( 1846 ) . The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren . Cooke & Company . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Wilson , James Grant ( 1898 ) . The Presidents of the United States 1789 -- 1897 . D. Appleton and Company . pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward Morse ( 1896 ) . American Statesman : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin and Company . p. 44 . Jump up ^ Weed , Thurlow ; Parsons , John D. ( 1879 ) . Civil List and Forms of Government of the Colony and State of New York . Weed , Parsons & Company . p. 345 . Jump up ^ Hannings , Bud ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : A Complete Chronology with Biographies of 63 General Officers . Jefferson , NC : McFarland & Co. p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6385 - 5 . Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 2001 ) . Great American Lawyers : An Encyclopedia , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC_CLIO . p. 689 . ISBN 9781576072028 . Jump up ^ Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1997 ) . Agent of Destiny : The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . pp. 100 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3128 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nowlan , Robert A. ( 2012 ) . The American Presidents , Washington to Tyler : What They Did , What They Said , What Was Said About Them , with Full Source Notes . McFarland Publishing . p. 315 . Jump up ^ University of the State of New York Board of Regents ( 1845 ) . Instructions from the Regents of the University to the Several Academies Subject to Their Visitation , Prescribing the Requisites and Forms of Academic Reports , &c . Albany , NY : C. Van Benthuysen & Co. p. 108 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren '' . The White House . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Keyssar , Alexander ( 2000 ) . The Right to Vote : The Contested History of Democracy in the United States . Basic Books . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Marsh , Dwight Whitney ( 1895 ) . Marsh Genealogy : Giving Several Thousand Descendants of John Marsh of Hartford , Ct. 1636 - 1895 . Amherst , MA : Carpenter & Morehouse . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Van Buren 1867 , pp. 103 -- 114 Jump up ^ Derthick 1999 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Xlibris . p. 78 . ISBN 1 - 4257 - 0473 - 5 . Jump up ^ Van Buren , Martin , author ; West , Elizabeth Howard , editor ( 1910 ) . Calendar of the papers of Martin Van Buren . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 72 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dodd , William Edward ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Holland , William M. ( 1836 ) . The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren . Belknap & Hammersley . pp. 269 -- 273 . Jump up ^ Krabbendam , Hans , editor ( 2009 ) . Four Centuries of Dutch - American Relations : 1609 -- 2009 . State University of New York Press . p. 251 . ISBN 9781438430133 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 44 . ISBN 9780742522442 . Jump up ^ Shea , M.V. , editor - in - chief ( 1920 ) . The World Book Encyclopedia , Volume 10 . W.F. Quarrie & Co. p. 6026 . Jump up ^ Stoddard , William Osborn ( 1887 ) . Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren . Frederick A. Stokes . p. 284 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 111 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 51 . ISBN 9781604567731 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Company . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Ayers , William L. ( 2009 ) . American Passages : A History of the United States . Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 284 . ISBN 9780547166292 . Jump up ^ Richter , William L. ( 2006 ) . The A to Z of the Old South . Scarecrow Press . p. 335 . ISBN 9780810870000 . Jump up ^ Force , Peter ( 1840 ) . The Northern Man With Southern Principles , and the Southern Man With American Principles : Gen. William H. Harrison and Martin Van Buren , Esq . p. 27 . Jump up ^ Martin Van Buren to Thomas Ritchie , January 13 , 1827 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 2002 ) . John Quincy Adams : The American Presidents Series : The 6th President , 1825 -- 1829 . Henry Holt & Co. p. 127 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Gerald ( 2012 ) . The Oxford Handbook of New York State Government and Politics . Oxford University Press . p. 322 . Jump up ^ Neu , Irene D. ( 1960 ) . Erastus Corning : Merchant and Financier , 1794 -- 1872 . Cornell University Press . p. 91 . Jump up ^ Munsell , Joel ( 1855 ) . The Annals of Albany , Vol . IX . Munsell and Rowland , Printers . p. 183 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 195 . Jump up ^ Mercein , William ( August 1 , 1829 ) . `` Religious Intelligence : Domestic '' . The Magazine of the Reformed Dutch Church . New York , NY : Rutgers Press . IV ( 5 ) : 153 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 9781400853618 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren '' . Biographies of the Secretaries of State . U.S. Department of State , Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kincade , Vance Robert ( 2000 ) . Heirs Apparent : Solving the Vice Presidential Dilemma . Praeger Publishers . p. 49 . ISBN 9780275968663 . Jump up ^ Purcell , L. Edward , ed. ( 2010 ) . Vice Presidents : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Facts on File , Inc. p. 79 . ISBN 9781438130712 . Jump up ^ Heller III , J. Roderick ( 2010 ) . Democracy 's Lawyer : Felix Grundy of the Old Southwest . Louisiana State University Press . p. 177 . ISBN 9780807137420 . Jump up ^ Cheathem , Mark Renfred ; Mancall , Peter C. ( 2008 ) . Jacksonian and Antebellum Age : People and Perspectives . ABC - CLIO , Inc. p. 30 . ISBN 9781598840179 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1 . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 232 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Jackson : The Petticoat Affair -- Scandal in Jackon 's White House '' . HistoryNet.com . World History Group . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheathem , Mark R. ( 2015 ) . Andrew Jackson and the Rise of the Democrats : A Reference Guide . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 131 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 406 - 3 . Jump up ^ Watson , Robert P. ( 2012 ) . Affairs of State : The Untold History of Presidential Love , Sex , and Scandal , 1789 -- 1900 . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1834 - 5 . Jump up ^ Watson , Harry L. ( 2006 ) . Liberty and Power : The Politics of Jacksonian America . New York , NY : Hill & Wang . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 6547 - 9 . Jump up ^ Corps , Terry ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Jacksonian Era and Manifest Destiny . Lanham , MD : Scarecrow Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6850 - 2 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency. 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 246 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 646 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Edward Shepard ( 1899 ) . American Statesmen : Martin Van Buren . Houghton , Mifflin & Co. p. 224 . Jump up ^ Polk , James Knox ( 1886 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : January - June 1845 . University of Tennessee Press . p. 357 . ISBN 9780870499470 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1991 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 380 . ISBN 9780393310887 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Jump up ^ Risjord , Norman K. ( 2001 ) . Representative Americans : The Romantics . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 42 . ISBN 9780742520837 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford University Press . p. 378 . ISBN 9780199743797 . Jump up ^ Blumenthal , Sidney ( 2016 ) . A Self - Made Man : The Political Life of Abraham Lincoln . I. New York , NY : Simon & Schuster . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 7725 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tyler , Lyon Gardiner ( 1884 ) . The Letters and Times of the Tylers. 1 . Richmond , VA : Whittet & Shepperson . p. 439 . Jump up ^ Haynes , Stan M. ( 2012 ) . The First American Political Conventions : Transforming Presidential Nominations , 1832 -- 1872 . McFarland & Company , Inc. p. 34 . Jump up ^ Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Leeper , Clare D'Artois ( 2012 ) . Louisiana Place Names : Popular , Unusual , and Forgotten Stories of Towns , Cities , Plantations , Bayous , and even some Cemeteries . Louisiana State University Press . p. 256 . Jump up ^ Murrin , John ( 2009 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : Enhanced Concise Edition . Thomson Wadsworth . p. 327 . Jump up ^ Holland , William M. ( 1836 ) . The Life and Political Opinions of Martin Van Buren , Vice President of the United States . Belknap & Hammersley . p. 344 . Jump up ^ Purcell , L. Edward ( 2010 ) . Vice Presidents : A Biographical Dictionary . Facts on File , Inc. p. 81 . Jump up ^ Remini , Robert V. ( 1984 ) . Andrew Jackson : The Course of American Democracy , 1833 -- 1845 , Volume 3 . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 107 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. ( 2000 ) . A Nation of States : Federalism at the Bar of the Supreme Court . Routledge . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Smith , William Henry ( 1925 ) . History of the Cabinet of the United States of America . Industrial Printing Company . p. 96 . Jump up ^ MacNeil , Neil ; Baker , Richard A. ( 2013 ) . The American Senate : An Insider 's History . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536761 - 4 . Jump up ^ Navarro , Bob ( 2006 ) . The Era of Change : Executives and Events in a Period of Rapid Expansion . Xlibris Corporation . pp. 77 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Boller , Paul F. ( 1996 ) . Presidential Anecdotes . Oxford University Press . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Bathory , Peter Dennis ( 2001 ) . Friends and Citizens : Essays in Honor of Wilson Carey McWilliams . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Irelan , John Robert ( 1887 ) . `` History of the Life , Administration and Times of Martin Van Buren , Eighth President of the United States '' . Chicago : Fairbanks and Palmer Publishing Company . p. 230 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Richard Mentor Johnson , 9th Vice President ( 1837 - 1841 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate , Office of the Historian . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought : The Transformation of America , 1815 -- 1848 . Oxford University Press . pp. 508 -- 509 . Jump up ^ Nowlan , Robert A . The American Presidents , Washington to Tyler : What They Did , What They Said , What Was Said About Them , With Full Source Notes . McFarland Books . p. 319 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , 8th Vice President ( 1833 -- 1837 ) '' . Washington , D.C. : United States Senate , Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Michael ( 2013 ) . Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch . CQ Press . p. 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Elections '' . history.com . A + E Networks . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Campaigns and Elections '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` How a ' faithless elector ' in Georgia could cost Donald Trump an electoral college vote '' . The Washington Post . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bomboy , Scott ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` The one election where Faithless Electors made a difference '' . Constitution Daily . Philadelphia : The National Constitution Center . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caroli , Betty Boyd ( 2003 ) . First Ladies . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5 - 16676 - 0 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Van Buren 's Presidential Hostess '' . America 's Story . Library of Congress . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Carl ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` First Ladies Never Married to Presidents : Angelica Van Buren '' . National First Ladies Library . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Domestic affairs '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 210 . ISBN 0742511898 Jump up ^ Seigenthaler , John ; Schlesinger , Arthur Meier , Jr. ( 2004 ) . James K Polk . Macmillen . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lansford , Tom ; Woods , Thomas E. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . 10 . New York : Marshall Cavendish . p. 1046 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7758 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 1965 ) . The Oxford History of the American People . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 456 . Jump up ^ Gouge , William A. ; Dorfman , Joseph ( 2007 ) . A Short History of Money and Banking . Auburn , Alabama : Ludwig Van Mises Institute . p. 22 . ISBN 9781610163422 . Jump up ^ Sturgis , Amy H. ( 2006 ) . The Trail of Tears and Indian Removal . Greenwood . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 0313336584 . Jump up ^ Anderson , William ( 1991 ) . Cherokee Removal : Before and After . Athens , Georgia : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 0820312541 . Jump up ^ `` History.com '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks . 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Landry , Alysa Landry ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Martin Van Buren : The Force Behind the Trail of Tears '' . Verona , New York : Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hauptman , Laurence M. ( 1999 ) . Conspiracy of Interests : Iroquois Dispossession and the Rise of New York State . Syracuse , New York : Syracuse University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0547 - 1 . Jump up ^ Missall , John ; Missall , Mary Lou ( 2016 ) . `` History of the Seminole Wars '' . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lancaster , Jane F. ( 1994 ) . Removal Aftershock : The Seminoles ' Struggles to Survive in the West , 1836 - 1866 . Knoxville , Tennessee : University of Tennessee Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 845 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Extermination Order '' . LDS FAQ . Archived from the original on 26 February 2005 . Retrieved 22 August 2005 . Jump up ^ Boggs , Extermination Order Jump up ^ Smith , Joseph Fielding ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . `` Church History and Modern Revelation '' . 4 . Deseret : 167 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Ann Eliza Young ; John Bartholomew Gough ; Mary Ashton Rice Livermore ( 1876 ) . Wife no . 19 , or , the story of a life of bondage . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Joseph ( 2014 ) . The American Past : A Survey of American History . Boston : Wadsworth : Cengage Learning . p. 330 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 133 - 94653 - 3 . Jump up ^ Freidel , Frank ( 1999 ) . Presidents of the United States of America . Washington , DC : White House Historical Association . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 912308 - 72 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenhower , John S.D. ( 1997 ) . Agent of Destiny : The Life and Times of General Winfield Scott . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3128 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Reader 's Companion to the American Presidency . New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 78889 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Van Buren : Foreign Affairs '' . Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robert Budd ( 1890 ) . `` The Patriot War '' . The Detroit Evening News , revised for the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society . pp. 11 -- 12 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacroix , Patrick ( 2016 ) . `` Choosing Peace and Order : National Security and Sovereignty in a North American Borderland , 1837 -- 42 '' . The International History Review . 38 ( 5 ) : 943 -- 960 . Jump up ^ `` 1837 - Aroostook War '' . Historycentral . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The High Comedy of the Bloodless Aroostook War '' . Stonington , Maine : New England Historical Society . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ United States v . The Amistad , Findlaw , accessed 30 March 2013 Jump up ^ Kidder , David S. ; Oppenheim , Noah D. ( 2007 ) . The Intellectual Devotional : American History ; Revive Your Mind , Complete Your Education , and Converse Confidently about Our Nation 's Past . TID Volumes , LLC . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59486 - 744 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Amistad Story '' . Amistad : Seeking Freedom in Connecticut . National Park Service 's National Register of Historic Places U.S. Department of the Interior . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Narrative '' . Teaching and Civic Outreach Resources Amistad : The Federal Courts and the Challenge to Slavery -- Historical Background and Documents . Washington , D.C. : Federal Judicial Center . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . www.senate.gov . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Judicial Center : Search by Nominating President ; Martin Van Buren '' . Federal Judicial Center . Federal Judicial Center Foundation . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Divisions of the House of Representatives '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Party Division in the Senate , 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Mob in Search of a Speaker '' . House.gov . US House of Representatives . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Gerald ( 2002 ) . The Invention of Party Politics : Federalism , Popular Sovereignty , and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois . Chapel Hill , NC : University of North Carolina Press . p. 177 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2744 - 4 . Jump up ^ Churella , Albert J. ( 2013 ) . The Pennsylvania Railroad : Building an Empire , 1846 - 1917 . 1 . Philadelphia , PA : University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 69 . ISBN 0812207629 . Jump up ^ `` Democratic National Political Conventions 1832 - 2008 '' . Washington , D.C. : Library of Congress . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkins , Jonathan ( 2016 ) . From Confederation to Nation : The Early American Republic , 1789 - 1848 . New York , NY : Routledge . p. 218 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 91621 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Elizabeth L. ( 2009 - 05 - 27 ) . Knickerbocker : The Myth behind New York . New Brusnwick , NJ : Rivergate Books . pp. 70 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 4516 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Faber , Harold ( November 10 , 1991 ) . `` Sunday Outing ; House Where the Legacy Of Van Buren Lives On '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Jacqueline ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` OK , So Here 's The Real Story Of Where ' OK ' Comes From '' . Huffington Post . New York , NY . Jump up ^ Lederer , Richard ; McCullagh , Caroline ( 2012 ) . American Trivia . Gibbs Smith . pp. 49 -- 50 . ISBN 9781423622789 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1996 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume IX ( January - June 1845 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 947 - 5 . Jump up ^ Polk , James K. ; Cutler , Wayne ( 1993 ) . Correspondence of James K. Polk : Volume VIII ( September - December 1844 ) . Knoxville : University of Tennessee Press . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 87049 - 777 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , Robert S. ( March 1955 ) . `` The Democratic National Convention of 1844 '' . Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 14 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 23 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , John Trotwood ; Foster , Austin Powers ( 1923 ) . Tennessee : The Volunteer State , 1769 -- 1923 . S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . p. 422 . Jump up ^ Walker , Dale L. ( 1999 ) . Bear Flag Rising : The Conquest of California , 1846 . New York : Forge : Tom Doherty Associates , LLC . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86685 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton University Press . p. 405 . ISBN 9781400853618 . Jump up ^ Cole , p. 405 Jump up ^ `` Martin Van Buren , First Inaugural , March 4 , 1837 AMDOCS : Documents for the Study of American History '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . I must go into the Presidential chair with the inflexible and uncompromising opponent of every attempt on the part of Congress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia against the wishes of the slaveholding States , and also with a determination equally decided to resist the slightest interference with it in the States where it exists . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Claudine L. ( 2006 ) . The Abolitionist Movement . Westport , CT : Greenwood Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33180 - 4 . Jump up ^ Current , Richard N. ( 1996 ) . The Civil War Era , 1848 -- 1873 : History of Wisconsin . Stevens , WI : Worsalla Publishing Company . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 87020 - 122 - 0 . Jump up ^ Reichley , James ( 1992 ) . The Life of the Parties : A History of American Political Parties . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 0888 - 9 . Jump up ^ Manweller , Mathew ( 2012 - 03 - 19 ) . Chronology of the U.S. Presidency in 4 Volumes , Volume 1 . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 645 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stebbins , Homer Adolph ( 1913 ) . A Political History of the State of New York , 1865 -- 1869 . New York , NY : Columbia University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project ( 1940 ) . New York City Guide . Albany , NY : New York State Historical Association . p. 415 . Jump up ^ Whittier , John Greenleaf ( 1975 ) . The Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier , Volume II : 1828 -- 1845 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 52830 - 1 . Jump up ^ Frémont , Jessie Benton ( 1993 ) . The Letters of Jessie Benton Frémont . Champaign , IL : University of Illinois Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01942 - 3 . Jump up ^ Macy , Jesse ( 1900 ) . Political Parties in the United States , 1846 -- 1861 . New York , NY : The MacMillan Company . p. 300 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren : The American Presidents Series : The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . New York : Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 04715 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Leslie Whittaker ( 1988 ) . Our Vice-Presidents and Second Ladies . Metuchen , NJ : Scarecrow Press . p. 50 . Jump up ^ Butler , William Allen ( 1862 ) . Martin Van Buren : Lawyer , Statesman and Man . New York , NY : D. Appleton and Company . p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Brian & the C - SPAN staff ( 2000 ) . Who 's Buried in Grant 's Tomb ? : A Tour of Presidential Gravesites . Washington , DC : National Cable Satellite Corporation . ISBN 1 - 881846 - 07 - 5 . Jump up ^ Murse , Tom ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at the Last Time Consecutive Democratic Presidents Were Elected '' . ThoughCo . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred Years in the Making : Lindenwald Celebrates `` Being Forty and Fabulous '' `` . Martin Van Buren National Historic Site . Washington , DC : National Park Service . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gannett , Henry ( 1905 ) . The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( 2005 ) . The American Presidents Series : Martin Van Buren , The 8th President , 1837 -- 1841 . Henry Holt and Company , LLC . p. 170 . Jump up ^ Loizeau , Pierre - Marie ( 2008 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Little Magician . Nova Science Publishers . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Van Buren Boys '' . Seinfeld Scripts . SeinfeldScripts.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Spielberg 's `` Amistad '' ( 1997 ) `` . University of Missouri - Kansas City . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Brooke , John L. ( 2010 ) . Columbia Rising : Civil Life on the Upper Hudson from the Revolution to the Age of Jackson . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3323 - 0 . Cole , Donald B. ( 1984 ) . Martin Van Buren and the American Political System . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 04715 - 7 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1959 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0231022883 . Shepard , Edward M. ( 1899 ) ( 1888 ) . Martin Van Buren ( Kindle ed . ) . Boston , MA : Houghton , Mifflin and Co . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 1 . OCLC 396967 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2002 ) . Martin Van Buren and the Emergence of American Popular Politics . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2243 - 5 . Widner , Edward L. ( 2005 ) . Martin Van Buren . The American Presidents ( Kindle ed . ) . New York : Times Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6922 - 8 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1984 ) . The Presidency of Martin Van Buren . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0238 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Books by Van Buren ( edit ) These were published posthumously : Van Buren , Martin ( 1867 ) . Van Buren , Abraham ; Van Buren , John , eds . Inquiry into the Origin and Course of Political Parties in the United States . New York : Hurd and Houghton . ISBN 1 - 4181 - 2924 - 0 . Van Buren , Martin ( 1920 ) . Fitzpatrick , John Clement , ed . The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren . Annual Report Of The American Historical Association For The Year 1918 . II . Washington D.C. : Govt . Print . Off . ISBN 0 - 678 - 00531 - 1 . Books about Van Buren ( edit ) Alexander , Holmes ( 1935 ) . The American Talleyrand : Martin Van Buren . Curtis , James C. ( 1970 ) . The Fox at Bay : Martin Van Buren and the Presidency , 1837 -- 1841 . Lexington : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 1214 - 5 . Derthick , Martha ( 13 June 1999 ) . Dilemmas of Scale in America 's Federal Democracy . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64039 - 8 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Gammon , Samuel Rhea ( 1922 ) . The Presidential Campaign of 1832 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press . Henretta , James A. ( 2004 ) . `` Martin Van Buren '' . In Brinkley , Alan ; Dyer , Davis . The American Presidency . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 114 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 38273 - 9 . Holt , Michael F. ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party : Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505544 - 3 . Lynch , Denis Tilden ( 1929 ) . An Epoch and a Man : Martin Van Buren and His Times . New York : H. Liveright . Niven , John ( 1983 ) . Martin Van Buren : The Romantic Age of American Politics . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503238 - 3 . Schouler , James ( 1889 ) . History of the United States of America : 1831 -- 1847 . Democrats and Whigs. 4 . Washington , D.C. : W.H. Morrison . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2009 ) . Party Over Section : The Rough and Ready Presidential Election of 1848 . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1640 - 4 . Silbey , Joel H. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the Antebellum Presidents 1837 -- 1861 . Wiley . pp. 109 -- 154 . ISBN 9781118609293 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMartin Van Burenat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity White House biography United States Congress . `` Martin Van Buren ( id : V000009 ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . Martin Van Buren : A Resource Guide at the Library of Congress The Papers of Martin Van Buren at Cumberland University American President : Martin Van Buren ( 1782 -- 1862 ) at the Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia Inaugural Address ( March 4 , 1837 ) , at the Miller Center Martin Van Buren National Historic Site ( Lindenwald ) , National Park Service `` Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren '' , from C - SPAN 's American Presidents : Life Portraits , May 3 , 1999 Works by Martin Van Buren at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Martin Van Buren at Internet Archive Offices and distinctions Legal offices Preceded by Abraham Van Vechten Attorney General of New York 1815 -- 1819 Succeeded by Thomas J. Oakley U.S. Senate Preceded by Nathan Sanford Senator ( Class 1 ) from New York 1821 -- 1828 Served alongside : Rufus King , Nathan Sanford Succeeded by Charles E. Dudley Preceded by William Smith Chairperson of the Senate Judiciary Committee 1823 -- 1828 Succeeded by John Macpherson Berrien Political offices Preceded by Nathaniel Pitcher Governor of New York 1829 Succeeded by Enos T. Throop Preceded by Henry Clay United States Secretary of State 1829 -- 1831 Succeeded by Edward Livingston Preceded by John C. Calhoun Vice President of the United States 1833 -- 1837 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson President of the United States 1837 -- 1841 Succeeded by William Henry Harrison Diplomatic posts Preceded by Louis McLane United States Minister to the United Kingdom 1831 -- 1832 Succeeded by Aaron Vail Acting Party political offices Preceded by John C. Calhoun Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1832 Succeeded by Richard Mentor Johnson Preceded by Andrew Jackson Democratic nominee for President of the United States 1836 , 1840 Succeeded by James K. Polk New political party Free Soil nominee for President of the United States 1848 Succeeded by John P. Hale Honorary titles Preceded by John Quincy Adams Oldest living President of the United States 1848 -- 1862 Succeeded by James Buchanan Articles related to Martin Van Buren Presidents of the United States ( list ) George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 ) John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 ) James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 ) James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 ) Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 ) William Henry Harrison ( 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 ) James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 ) Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 ) James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 ) Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 ) James A. Garfield ( 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 ) William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 ) William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 ) Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 ) Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 ) Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 ) Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 ) Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 ) Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 ) George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present ) Presidency timelines Wilson Harding Coolidge Hoover F.D. Roosevelt first 100 days Truman Eisenhower Kennedy L.B. Johnson Nixon Ford Carter Reagan G.H.W. Bush Clinton G.W. Bush Obama first 100 days Trump first 100 days Book Category Vice Presidents of the United States ( list ) John Adams ( 1789 -- 1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797 -- 1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801 -- 1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805 -- 1812 ) Elbridge Gerry ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Daniel D. Tompkins ( 1817 -- 1825 ) John C. Calhoun ( 1825 -- 1832 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1833 -- 1837 ) Richard M. Johnson ( 1837 -- 1841 ) John Tyler ( 1841 ) George M. Dallas ( 1845 -- 1849 ) Millard Fillmore ( 1849 -- 1850 ) William R. King ( 1853 ) John C. Breckinridge ( 1857 -- 1861 ) Hannibal Hamlin ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) Schuyler Colfax ( 1869 -- 1873 ) Henry Wilson ( 1873 -- 1875 ) William A. Wheeler ( 1877 -- 1881 ) Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) Thomas A. Hendricks ( 1885 ) Levi P. Morton ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Adlai Stevenson ( 1893 -- 1897 ) Garret Hobart ( 1897 -- 1899 ) Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) Charles W. Fairbanks ( 1905 -- 1909 ) James S. Sherman ( 1909 -- 1912 ) Thomas R. Marshall ( 1913 -- 1921 ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles Curtis ( 1929 -- 1933 ) John N. Garner ( 1933 -- 1941 ) Henry A. Wallace ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) Alben W. Barkley ( 1949 -- 1953 ) Richard Nixon ( 1953 -- 1961 ) Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1961 -- 1963 ) Hubert Humphrey ( 1965 -- 1969 ) Spiro Agnew ( 1969 -- 1973 ) Gerald Ford ( 1973 -- 1974 ) Nelson Rockefeller ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Walter Mondale ( 1977 -- 1981 ) George H.W. Bush ( 1981 -- 1989 ) Dan Quayle ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009 -- 2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017 -- present ) Category Commons Governors and Lieutenant Governors of New York Governors G. Clinton Jay G. Clinton Lewis Tompkins Tayler D. Clinton Yates D. Clinton Pitcher Van Buren Throop Marcy Seward Bouck Wright Young Fish Hunt Seymour Clark King Morgan Seymour Fenton Hoffman J. Adams Dix Tilden Robinson Cornell Cleveland Hill Flower Morton Black T. Roosevelt Odell Higgins Hughes White J. Alden Dix Sulzer Glynn Whitman Smith Miller Smith F. Roosevelt Lehman Poletti Dewey Harriman Rockefeller Wilson Carey M. Cuomo Pataki Spitzer Paterson A. Cuomo Lieutenant Governors Van Cortlandt S. Van Rensselaer J. Van Rensselaer Broome Tayler Clinton Tayler Swift Tayler Root Tallmadge Pitcher P. Livingston Dayan Throop Stebbins Oliver E. Livingston Tracy Bradish Dickinson Gardiner Lester Fish Patterson Church Raymond Selden Campbell Floyd - Jones Alvord Woodford Beach Robinson Dorsheimer Hoskins Hill McCarthy Jones Sheehan Saxton Woodruff Higgins Bruce Raines Chanler White Cobb Conway Glynn Wagner Schoeneck Walker Wood Lusk Lunn Lowman Corning Lehman Bray Poletti Hanley Wallace Hanley Moore Wicks Mahoney DeLuca Wilson Anderson Krupsak Cuomo DelBello Anderson Lundine McCaughey Donohue Paterson Bruno Skelos Smith Espada Ravitch Duffy Hochul Italics indicate acting officeholders United States Senators from New York Class 1 Schuyler Burr Schuyler Hobart North Watson Morris Bailey Armstrong Mitchill German Sanford Van Buren Dudley Tallmadge Dickinson Fish P. King Morgan Fenton Kernan Platt Miller Hiscock Murphy Depew O'Gorman Calder Copeland Mead Ives Keating Kennedy Goodell Buckley Moynihan H. Clinton Gillibrand Class 3 R. King Laurance Armstrong D. Clinton Armstrong Smith R. King Sanford Marcy Wright Foster Dix Seward Harris Conkling Lapham Evarts Hill Platt Root Wadsworth Wagner Dulles Lehman Javits D'Amato Schumer Attorneys General of New York Benson Varick Burr M. Lewis Lawrence J. Hoffman Spencer Woodworth Hildreth Van Vechten Hildreth Emmet Van Vechten M. Van Buren Oakley Talcott Bronson Beardsley Hall Barker J. Van Buren Jordan Chatfield Stow O Hoffman Cushing Tremain Myers Dickinson Cochrane Martindale Champlain Barlow Pratt Fairchild Schoonmaker Ward , Sr . Russell O'Brien Tabor Rosendale Hancock Davies Cunneen Mayer Jackson O'Malley Carmody Parsons Woodbury M.E. Lewis Newton Sherman Ottinger Ward , Jr . Bennett Goldstein Javits Lefkowitz Abrams Koppell Vacco Spitzer Cuomo Schneiderman United States Secretaries of State Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781 -- 89 R. Livingston Jay Secretary of State 1789 -- present Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher Albright Powell Rice ( tenure ) Clinton ( tenure ) Kerry ( tenure ) Tillerson Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James 's Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1785 -- 1811 John Adams ( 1785 -- 1788 ) Thomas Pinckney ( 1792 -- 1796 ) Rufus King ( 1796 -- 1803 ) James Monroe ( 1803 -- 1807 ) William Pinkney ( 1808 -- 1811 ) Jonathan Russell ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1811 -- 1812 ) Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1815 -- 1893 John Quincy Adams ( 1815 -- 1817 ) Richard Rush ( 1818 -- 1825 ) Rufus King ( 1825 -- 1826 ) Albert Gallatin ( 1826 -- 1827 ) James Barbour ( 1828 -- 1829 ) Louis McLane ( 1829 -- 1831 ) Martin Van Buren ( 1831 -- 1832 ) Aaron Vail ( chargé d'affaires ) ( 1832 -- 1836 ) Andrew Stevenson ( 1836 -- 1841 ) Edward Everett ( 1841 -- 1845 ) Louis McLane ( 1845 -- 1846 ) George Bancroft ( 1846 -- 1849 ) Abbott Lawrence ( 1849 -- 1852 ) Joseph R. Ingersoll ( 1852 -- 1853 ) James Buchanan ( 1853 -- 1856 ) George M. Dallas ( 1856 -- 1861 ) Charles Adams Sr. ( 1861 -- 1868 ) Reverdy Johnson ( 1868 -- 1869 ) John Lothrop Motley ( 1869 -- 1870 ) Robert C. Schenck ( 1871 -- 1876 ) Edwards Pierrepont ( 1876 -- 1877 ) John Welsh ( 1877 -- 1879 ) James Russell Lowell ( 1880 -- 1885 ) Edward J. Phelps ( 1885 -- 1889 ) Robert Todd Lincoln ( 1889 -- 1893 ) Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James 's 1893 -- present Thomas F. Bayard Sr. ( 1893 -- 1897 ) John Hay ( 1897 -- 1898 ) Joseph Choate ( 1899 -- 1905 ) Whitelaw Reid ( 1905 -- 1912 ) Walter Page ( 1913 - 1918 ) John W. Davis ( 1918 -- 1921 ) George Harvey ( 1921 -- 1923 ) Frank B. Kellogg ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Alanson B. Houghton ( 1925 -- 1929 ) Charles G. Dawes ( 1929 -- 1931 ) Andrew W. Mellon ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Robert Bingham ( 1933 -- 1937 ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( 1938 -- 1940 ) John G. Winant ( 1941 -- 1946 ) W. Averell Harriman ( 1946 ) Lewis W. Douglas ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Walter S. Gifford ( 1950 -- 1953 ) Winthrop W. Aldrich ( 1953 -- 1957 ) John Hay Whitney ( 1957 -- 1961 ) David K.E. Bruce ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Walter H. Annenberg ( 1969 -- 1974 ) Elliot L. Richardson ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Anne Armstrong ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Kingman Brewster Jr. ( 1977 -- 1981 ) John J. Louis Jr. ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Charles H. Price II ( 1983 -- 1989 ) Henry E. Catto Jr. ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Raymond G.H. Seitz ( 1991 -- 1994 ) William J. Crowe ( 1994 -- 1997 ) Philip Lader ( 1997 -- 2001 ) William Stamps Farish III ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Robert H. Tuttle ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Louis Susman ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Matthew Barzun ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Woody Johnson ( 2017 -- ) Chairmen of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary Chase Crittenden Burrill Smith Van Buren Berrien Rowan Marcy Wilkins Clayton Grundy Wall Berrien Ashley Butler Bayard Trumbull Wright Edmunds Thurman Edmunds Hoar Pugh Hoar Platt Clark Culberson Nelson Brandegee Cummins Norris Ashurst Van Nuys McCarran Wiley McCarran Langer Kilgore Eastland Kennedy Thurmond Biden Hatch Leahy Hatch Leahy Hatch Specter Leahy Grassley United States Democratic Party Chairpersons of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Presidential tickets Jackson / Calhoun Jackson / Van Buren Van Buren / R. Johnson Van Buren / None Polk / Dallas Cass / Butler Pierce / King Buchanan / Breckinridge Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) McClellan / Pendleton Seymour / Blair Greeley / Brown Tilden / Hendricks Hancock / English Cleveland / Hendricks Cleveland / Thurman Cleveland / Stevenson I W. Bryan / Sewall W. Bryan / Stevenson I Parker / H. Davis W. Bryan / Kern Wilson / Marshall ( twice ) Cox / Roosevelt J. Davis / C. Bryan Smith / Robinson Roosevelt / Garner ( twice ) Roosevelt / Wallace Roosevelt / Truman Truman / Barkley Stevenson II / Sparkman Stevenson II / Kefauver Kennedy / L. Johnson L. Johnson / Humphrey Humphrey / Muskie McGovern / ( Eagleton , Shriver ) Carter / Mondale ( twice ) Mondale / Ferraro Dukakis / Bentsen B. Clinton / Gore ( twice ) Gore / Lieberman Kerry / Edwards Obama / Biden ( twice ) H. Clinton / Kaine State / Territorial Parties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia Guam Puerto Rico Conventions ( List ) 1832 ( Baltimore ) 1835 ( Baltimore ) 1840 ( Baltimore ) 1844 ( Baltimore ) 1848 ( Baltimore ) 1852 ( Baltimore ) 1856 ( Cincinnati ) 1860 ( Baltimore ) 1864 ( Chicago ) 1868 ( New York ) 1872 ( Baltimore ) 1876 ( Saint Louis ) 1880 ( Cincinnati ) 1884 ( Chicago ) 1888 ( Saint Louis ) 1892 ( Chicago ) 1896 ( Chicago ) 1900 ( Kansas City ) 1904 ( Saint Louis ) 1908 ( Denver ) 1912 ( Baltimore ) 1916 ( Saint Louis ) 1920 ( San Francisco ) 1924 ( New York ) 1928 ( Houston ) 1932 ( Chicago ) 1936 ( Philadelphia ) 1940 ( Chicago ) 1944 ( Chicago ) 1948 ( Philadelphia ) 1952 ( Chicago ) 1956 ( Chicago ) 1960 ( Los Angeles ) 1964 ( Atlantic City ) 1968 ( Chicago ) 1972 ( Miami Beach ) 1976 ( New York ) 1980 ( New York ) 1984 ( San Francisco ) 1988 ( Atlanta ) 1992 ( New York ) 1996 ( Chicago ) 2000 ( Los Angeles ) 2004 ( Boston ) 2008 ( Denver ) 2012 ( Charlotte ) 2016 ( Philadelphia ) Affiliated groups Fundraising Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related articles History Primaries Debates Party factions Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election Liberalism portal ( 1832 ← ) United States presidential election , 1836 ( 1840 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Nominees William H. Harrison Hugh L. White Daniel Webster Willie P. Mangum VP nominees Francis Granger John Tyler Other 1836 elections : House Senate ( 1836 ← ) United States presidential election , 1840 ( 1844 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee William H. Harrison ( campaign ) VP nominee John Tyler Candidates Henry Clay Winfield Scott Democratic Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee None Other 1840 elections : House Senate ( 1840 ← ) United States presidential election , 1844 ( 1848 → ) Democratic Party Convention Nominee James K. Polk VP nominee George M. Dallas Candidates Martin Van Buren James Buchanan Lewis Cass Richard M. Johnson Whig Party Convention Nominee Henry Clay VP nominee Theodore Frelinghuysen Other 1844 elections : House Senate ( 1844 ← ) United States presidential election , 1848 ( 1852 → ) Whig Party Convention Nominee Zachary Taylor VP nominee Millard Fillmore Candidates Henry Clay John M. Clayton Winfield Scott Daniel Webster Democratic Party Convention Nominee Lewis Cass VP nominee William O. Butler Candidates James Buchanan Levi Woodbury Martin Van Buren Free Soil Party Convention Nominee Martin Van Buren VP nominee Charles F. Adams Candidates John P. Hale Joshua R. Giddings Other 1848 elections : House Senate VIAF : 69725811 LCCN : n80057180 ISNI : 0000 0000 8150 1034 GND : 118803824 SUDOC : 027747565 BNF : cb119724137 ( data ) BIBSYS : 90116949 NDL : 00526954 NKC : xx0105898 US Congress : V000009 IATH : w6q34p4z Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Van_Buren&oldid=817867695 '' Categories : 1782 births 1862 deaths Presidents of the United States Vice Presidents of the United States 18th - century American people 18th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians 19th - century American diplomats 19th - century American politicians 19th - century Calvinist and Reformed Christians Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom American members of the Dutch Reformed Church American people of Dutch descent Burials in New York ( state ) Claverack College alumni Deaths from asthma Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential nominees Democratic Party ( United States ) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party Presidents of the United States Democratic Party Vice Presidents of the United States Democratic Party state governors of the United States Democratic - Republican Party United States Senators Governors of New York ( state ) Jackson administration cabinet members New York ( state ) Democratic - Republicans New York ( state ) Democrats New York ( state ) Free Soilers New York State Attorneys General New York State Senators People from Kinderhook , New York Reformed Church in America members American slave owners United States Secretaries of State United States Senators from New York ( state ) United States presidential candidates , 1836 United States presidential candidates , 1840 United States presidential candidates , 1844 United States presidential candidates , 1848 United States presidential electors , 1820 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1824 United States vice-presidential candidates , 1832 American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Van Buren family Martin Van Buren Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages using web citations with no URL Use dmy dates from January 2014 Pages using infobox officeholder with ambassador from or minister from Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Bislama Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 01 : 17 . 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Reunited (song)

Reunited ( song ) - Wikipedia Reunited ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Reunited '' Single by Peaches & Herb from the album 2 Hot B - side `` Easy as Pie '' Released March 1979 ( 1979 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded 1977 Genre R&B Length 5 : 46 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Dino Fekaris Freddie Perren Producer ( s ) Freddie Perren Peaches & Herb singles chronology `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' ( 1978 ) `` Reunited '' ( 1979 ) `` We 've Got Love '' ( 1979 ) `` Reunited '' was a hit song for R&B vocal duo Peaches & Herb . As the second single release from their 1978 album , 2 Hot , the song was a huge crossover smash , topping both the pop and soul charts . It spent four weeks at number one on both the R&B singles chart and the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart in 1979 and sold over 2 million copies . Billboard ranked it as the No. 5 song for 1979 . In Canada , `` Reunited '' likewise reached number one and was the No. 9 song for the year . The song was written by Dino Fekaris and Freddie Perren , and was the sequel song to the duo 's 1968 hit `` ( We 'll Be ) United '' , which was itself a cover of The Intruders ' original 1966 hit . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart performance 1.1 Weekly singles charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Sales and certifications 3 Cover versions 4 Sampled versions 5 Uses in popular culture 6 References 7 External links Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position Australia 8 Canada Netherlands New Zealand UK U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard R&B U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Rank Australia 58 Canada 9 New Zealand 18 UK 27 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 U.S. Cash Box 9 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 2,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) A version by Louise Mandrell and R.C. Bannon reached # 13 on the Hot Country Singles chart in 1979 . It was regularly covered by Faith No More as the intro song to the live shows on their 2009 / 2010 reunion tour . It was sung by David Hasselhoff at the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 . Lulu recorded a version with Cliff Richard for her Together album . Raven - Symoné and Bobb'e J. Thompson sang `` Reunited '' in 2005 in the season 3 episode of That 's So Raven , `` The Grill Next Door '' . Sampled versions ( edit ) South Korean rapper Cho PD sampled in First Love ( 첫사랑 ) from the 2007 album Money Talks . Uses in popular culture ( edit ) Peaches and Herb 's version appears in a 2014 TV commercial for H&R Block . It appears in the TV shows Son of the Beach , Haven , Grounded for Life , King of the Hill , Brooklyn Nine - Nine and was also used as the theme for the BBC TV series Stars Reunited between 2003 and 2004 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 454 . Jump up ^ `` Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada '' . Bac-lac.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Intruders - ( We 'll Be ) United '' . YouTube . 2008 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ( We 'll Be ) United - Peaches & Herb '' . YouTube . 2012 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Reunited ( Peaches & Herbs ) with lyrics '' . YouTube . 2010 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Peaches & Herb on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com. 1942 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 32 , No. 13 , December 22 , 1979 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1979 The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . Nztop40.co.nz. 1979 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Archive -- 1970s Singles '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1979 / Top 100 Songs of 1979 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . Enter Reunited in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Peaches & Herb -- Reunited '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 29 March 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song Preceded by `` Heart of Glass '' by Blondie Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 5 -- 26 , 1979 Succeeded by `` Hot Stuff '' by Donna Summer Preceded by `` Disco Nights ( Rock - Freak ) '' by GQ Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single April 28 - May 19 , 1979 Succeeded by `` I Wanna Be with You ( Part 1 ) '' by The Isley Brothers Peaches & Herb Studio albums 2 Hot Singles `` Shake Your Groove Thing '' `` Reunited '' Related topics Freddie Perren Meritxell Negre Book : Peaches & Herb Louise Mandrell Notable singles `` Everlasting Love '' `` Save Me '' `` Too Hot to Sleep '' `` I 'm Not Through Loving You Yet '' `` Maybe My Baby '' `` I Wanna Say Yes '' `` Some Girls Have All the Luck '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' Collaboration singles `` Reunited '' ( with R.C. Bannon ) Related articles Barbara Mandrell Irlene Mandrell This 1970s pop song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This 1970s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reunited_(song)&oldid=804061684 '' Categories : 1979 singles 1978 songs Peaches & Herb songs R.C. Bannon songs Louise Mandrell songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Number - one dance singles in Canada Vocal duets Songs written by Freddie Perren RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Dino Fekaris Polydor Records singles 1970s pop song stubs 1970s R&B song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2016 Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 13 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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Roger Dean Stadium

Roger Dean Stadium - wikipedia Roger Dean Stadium Jump to : navigation , search Roger Dean Stadium Full name Roger Dean Stadium Location 4751 Main Street Jupiter , Florida 33458 ( 561 ) 775 - 1818 26 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 80 ° 06 ′ 59 '' W  /  26.89111 ° N 80.11639 ° W  / 26.89111 ; - 80.11639 Owner Palm Beach County Operator Jupiter Stadium Limited Capacity 6,871 Field size Left Field : 335 ft Left - Center : 380 ft Center Field : 400 ft Right - Center : 375 ft Right Field : 325 ft Surface Grass Construction Broke ground March 6 , 1997 Opened February 28 , 1998 Construction cost US $28 million ( $41.1 million in 2016 dollars ) Architect Populous Structural engineer Bliss & Nyitray , Inc . Services engineer Bredson & Associates , Inc . General contractor Case Contracting Company Tenants GCL Cardinals ( GCL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Jupiter Hammerheads ( FSL ) ( 1998 -- present ) Montreal Expos ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- 2002 ) St. Louis Cardinals ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 1998 -- present ) Palm Beach Cardinals ( FSL ) ( 2003 -- present ) GCL Marlins ( GCL ) ( 2003 -- present ) Miami Marlins ( MLB ) ( spring training ) ( 2003 -- present ) Roger Dean Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter , Florida . The stadium was built in 1998 , holds 6,871 people , and features luxury sky - box seating , two levels of permanent seating , parking and concessions . The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams : the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League , and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie - level Gulf Coast League . Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training : the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals ( the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches , which opened in 2017 , hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros ) . In both venues , the teams share the main stadium where the games are played . However , the teams have their own practice fields , outdoor batting cages , several pitching mounds , and state - of - the - art conditioning rooms . History ( edit ) Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals , until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria . The Expos , now known as the Washington Nationals , then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera , Florida . Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne . Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium 's history in spring training , 1998 . In September 2012 , the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic . Spain , France , Israel , and South Africa took part in the qualifier . Roger Dean Stadium References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Knight , Graham . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Baseball Pilgrimages . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jarvis , Gary . `` Roger Dean Stadium '' . Minor League Ballparks . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pro Baseball Sports Facilities '' . Bredson & Associates , Inc . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2002 . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muret , Don ( September 13 , 2004 ) . `` Teams Face Repairs at Spring Training Facilities '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McGwire Christens New Park for Cards '' . Southeast Missourian . Cape Girardeau , Missouri . March 1 , 1998 . pp. 1B , 4B . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dorado , Juan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Roger Dean Stadium to Host World Baseball Classic Qualifier '' . TCPalm. Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Roger Dean Stadium Official website Stadium Fact Sheet Miami Marlins Spring training ballpark St. Louis Cardinals Spring training ballpark Roger Dean Stadium Minor League Ball Parks Roger Dean Stadium Views -- Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Miami Marlins Formerly the Florida Marlins Based in Miami , Florida Franchise Seasons History Expansion Expansion Draft Records No - hitters Award winners and league leaders Players Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters Miami Marlins Radio Network Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks Pro Player Stadium Marlins Park Spring training : Cocoa Expo Stadium Space Coast Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Billy the Marlin Fire sale Marlins Man The Franchise ( Showtime TV series ) Lore Steve Bartman incident Fort Bragg Game Rivalries Tampa Bay Rays Retired numbers 42 Key personnel Owner : Bruce Sherman Team President : Derek Jeter President of Baseball Operations : Michael Hill General Manager : Michael Hill Manager : Don Mattingly World Series Championships ( 2 ) 1997 2003 National League Pennants ( 2 ) 1997 2003 Division titles National League East : none Wild card berths 1997 2003 Minor League affiliates AAA New Orleans Baby Cakes AA Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp A Adv . Jupiter Hammerheads Greensboro Grasshoppers Short A Batavia Muckdogs Rookie Gulf Coast League Marlins DSL Marlins Seasons ( 26 ) 1990s 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Montreal Expos Now the Washington Nationals Based in Montreal , Quebec ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Franchise Seasons Expansion Expansion draft Records No - hitters Players Opening Day starting pitchers Player of the Year Owners and executives Managers Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Jarry Park Olympic Stadium Hiram Bithorn Stadium Spring training City Island Ball Park Municipal Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Space Coast Stadium Culture `` The Happy Wanderer '' Youppi ! Expo 67 TSN The Cap Lore Blue Monday Dennis Martínez 's perfect game Meilleure équipe de baseball David Cone 's perfect game Rivalries Toronto Blue Jays Retired numbers 8 10 10 30 42 Championships National League East : 1981 ( second half ) Seasons ( 36 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 St. Louis Cardinals Based in St. Louis , Missouri Franchise Hall of Fame Members of the National Hall of Fame Awards & League Leaders Records No - hitters Roster Players Coaches Managers General Managers and Owners Broadcasters Opening Day starting pitchers Minor League Players First - round draft picks All articles History 1875 -- 1919 1920 -- 52 1953 -- 89 1990 -- present Seasons Ballparks Robison Field Sportsman 's Park Busch Memorial Stadium Busch Stadium Spring training Whittington Park Herald Park West End Park City Park City Island Ball Park Ninth Street Park Al Lang Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Culture Jack Buck Cardinal Nation Fredbird `` Here Comes the King '' Gashouse Gang KMOX Mike Shannon Rally Squirrel Whiteyball The Pride of St. Louis Budweiser Clydesdales Ballpark Village Lore 1946 NL tie - breaker series Slaughter 's Mad Dash Brock for Broglio `` Go Crazy , Folks ! '' The Call Home run chase Fernando Tatís ' two grand slams Game 6 of the 2011 World Series 2017 MLB Little League Classic Rivalries Chicago Cubs Kansas City Royals Key personnel Owner : Bill DeWitt , Jr . President of Baseball Operations : John Mozeliak General Manager : Mike Girsch Manager : Mike Matheny Minor league affiliates AAA Memphis Redbirds AA Springfield Cardinals A Adv . Palm Beach Cardinals Peoria Chiefs Short A State College Spikes Rookie Adv . Johnson City Cardinals Rookie Gulf Coast League Cardinals Dominican Summer League Cardinals World Series Championships pre-MLB 1885 1886 MLB 1926 1931 1934 1942 1944 1946 1964 1967 1982 2006 2011 League pennants American Association 1885 1886 1887 1888 National League 1926 1928 1930 1931 1934 1942 1943 1944 1946 1964 1967 1968 1982 1985 2006 2011 2013 Division titles National League East 1982 1985 National League Central 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006 2009 2013 2014 2015 Wild card titles 2001 2011 2012 All Star Games hosted 1940 1957 1966 2009 Seasons ( 137 ) 1880s 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Stadiums of the Grapefruit League Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Champion Stadium Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium First Data Field Florida Auto Exchange Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Hammond Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South LECOM Park Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Roger Dean Stadium Spectrum Field Ballparks in the Florida State League North Division Florida Auto Exchange Stadium Osceola County Stadium Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Radiology Associates Field at Jackie Robinson Ballpark Spectrum Field Steinbrenner Field South Division Charlotte Sports Park First Data Field Hammond Stadium LECOM Park Roger Dean Stadium Current ballparks in the Gulf Coast League East First Data Field Roger Dean Stadium Ballpark of the Palm Beaches Northeast Champion Stadium George M. Steinbrenner Field Pirate City Complex Publix Field at Joker Marchant Stadium Northwest Bobby Mattick Training Center at Englebert Complex Carpenter Complex George M. Steinbrenner Field Joker Marchant Stadium South Charlotte Sports Park Ed Smith Stadium JetBlue Park at Fenway South Lee County Sports Complex NAIA World Series Ballparks Kokernot Field ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Soos Park ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Phil Welch Stadium ( 1962 -- 1969 , 1974 -- 1978 ) Phoenix Municipal Stadium ( 1970 -- 1973 ) Herschel Greer Stadium ( 1979 -- 1980 ) Chaparral Stadium ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Harris Field ( 1984 -- 1991 , 2000 -- present ) Sec Taylor Stadium ( 1992 -- 1994 ) Lewis and Clark Park ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Drillers Stadium ( 1998 ) Roger Dean Stadium ( 1999 ) Tournaments 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Dean_Stadium&oldid=801989433 '' Categories : Florida State League ballparks Minor league baseball venues Spring training ballparks Grapefruit League venues Miami Marlins spring training venues Montreal Expos spring training venues St. Louis Cardinals spring training venues Baseball venues in Florida Sports venues completed in 1998 Jupiter , Florida Sports venues in Palm Beach County , Florida NAIA World Series venues 1998 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Français 한국어 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 07 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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List of Dallas Mavericks seasons

List of Dallas Mavericks seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Mavericks seasons The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team based in Dallas , Texas . They are members of the Southwest Division of the Western Conference in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Mavericks began playing in the NBA as an expansion team in the 1980 -- 81 season . In their inaugural season , they posted a win - loss record of 15 -- 67 . From 1983 to 1990 , the Mavericks , led by key players including Mark Aguirre , Brad Davis and Rolando Blackman , made the postseason six out of seven times , appearing in the Conference Finals in 1988 . For the rest of the decade the Mavericks were dreadful : they bottomed out with an 11 -- 71 record and the worst average point differential in NBA history during the 1992 -- 93 season . This was followed by a 13 -- 69 mark in the 1993 -- 94 season -- easily the worst two - season record in NBA history -- and the Mavericks did not win more than thirty - six games in any season until 1999 -- 2000 . The Mavericks returned to prominence in the 2000s , coinciding with the franchise 's purchase by Mark Cuban . Leading by the trio of Dirk Nowitzki , Michael Finley and Steve Nash , they returned to the playoffs in 2001 and to the Conference Finals in 2003 . While Nash and Finley left in 2004 and 2005 respectively , Nowitzki emerged as the team 's leader , leading the Mavericks to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2006 , only to lose to the Miami Heat . After a series of early exits from the playoffs , the Mavericks returned to the NBA Finals again in 2011 and won their first NBA Championship . The Mavericks have played 36 seasons , and advanced to the playoffs in 21 of those seasons . They have won three division titles , have been conference champions two times and have won one NBA Championship . Their overall record ( including playoffs ) is 1573 wins and 1527 losses . Contents 1 Table key 2 Seasons 2.1 All - time records 3 Notes 4 References Table key ( edit ) COY Coach of the Year Finish Final position in league or division standings GB Games behind first - place team in division Italics Season in progress Losses Number of regular season losses FMVP Finals Most Valuable Player MVP Most Valuable Player ROY Rookie of the Year SMOY Sixth Man of the Year SPOR Sportmanship Award Wins Number of regular season wins Seasons ( edit ) Note : Statistics are correct as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season . NBA Champions Conference Champions Division Champions Playoff berth Season League Conference Finish Division Finish Wins Losses Win % GB Playoffs Awards Ref . 1980 -- 81 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 15 67 . 183 37 -- -- 1981 -- 82 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 28 54 . 341 20 -- -- 1982 -- 83 NBA Western 8th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 15 -- -- 1983 -- 84 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 43 39 . 524 Won First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 1 -- 1984 -- 85 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 8 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 1 -- 1985 -- 86 NBA Western 4th Midwest 3rd 44 38 . 537 7 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 2 -- 1986 -- 87 NBA Western 2nd Midwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( SuperSonics ) 3 -- 1 -- 1987 -- 88 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 53 29 . 646 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 3 -- 1 Won Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 2 Lost Conference Finals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 3 Roy Tarpley ( SIX ) 1988 -- 89 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 38 44 . 463 13 -- -- 1989 -- 90 NBA Western 6th Midwest 3rd 47 35 . 573 9 Lost First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 3 -- 0 -- 1990 -- 91 NBA Western 12th Midwest 6th 28 54 . 341 27 -- -- 1991 -- 92 NBA Western 12th Midwest 5th 22 60 . 268 33 -- -- 1992 -- 93 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 11 71 . 134 44 -- -- 1993 -- 94 NBA Western 13th Midwest 6th 13 69 . 159 45 -- -- 1994 -- 95 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 36 46 . 439 26 -- Jason Kidd ( ROY ) 1995 -- 96 NBA Western T - 12th Midwest 5th 26 56 . 317 33 -- -- 1996 -- 97 NBA Western 11th Midwest 4th 24 58 . 293 40 -- -- 1997 -- 98 NBA Western 10th Midwest 5th 20 62 . 244 42 -- -- 1998 -- 99 NBA Western 11th Midwest 5th 19 31 . 380 18 -- -- 1999 -- 00 NBA Western 9th Midwest 4th 40 42 . 488 15 -- -- 2000 -- 01 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 53 29 . 646 5 Won First Round ( Jazz ) 3 -- 2 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 -- 2001 -- 02 NBA Western 4th Midwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Timberwolves ) 3 -- 0 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 -- 2002 -- 03 NBA Western 3rd Midwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 -- Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Semifinals ( Kings ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Finals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2003 -- 04 NBA Western 5th Midwest 3rd 52 30 . 634 6 Lost First Round ( Kings ) 4 -- 1 Antawn Jamison ( SIX ) 2004 -- 05 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 58 24 . 707 Won First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 3 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 -- 2005 -- 06 NBA Western 4th Southwest 2nd 60 22 . 732 Won First Round ( Grizzlies ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Semifinals ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 Won Conference Finals ( Suns ) 4 -- 2 Lost NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Avery Johnson ( COY ) 2006 -- 07 NBA Western 1st Southwest 1st 67 15 . 817 -- Lost First Round ( Warriors ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( MVP ) 2007 -- 08 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 51 31 . 622 5 Lost First Round ( Hornets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2008 -- 09 NBA Western 6th Southwest 3rd 50 32 . 610 Won First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 1 Lost Conference Semifinals ( Nuggets ) 4 -- 1 Jason Terry ( SIX ) 2009 -- 10 NBA Western 2nd Southwest 1st 55 27 . 671 -- Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 2 -- 2010 -- 11 NBA Western 3rd Southwest 2nd 57 25 . 695 Won First Round ( Trail Blazers ) 4 -- 2 Won Conference Semifinals ( Lakers ) 4 -- 0 Won Conference Finals ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 Won NBA Finals ( Heat ) 4 -- 2 Dirk Nowitzki ( FMVP ) 2011 -- 12 NBA Western 7th Southwest 3rd 36 30 . 545 14 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 0 -- 2012 -- 13 NBA Western 10th Southwest 4th 41 41 . 500 19 -- -- 2013 -- 14 NBA Western 8th Southwest 4th 49 33 . 598 13 Lost First Round ( Spurs ) 4 -- 3 -- 2014 -- 15 NBA Western 7th Southwest 4th 50 32 . 610 6 Lost First Round ( Rockets ) 4 -- 1 -- 2015 -- 16 NBA Western 6th Southwest 2nd 42 40 . 512 25 Lost First Round ( Thunder ) 4 -- 1 -- 2016 -- 17 NBA Western 11th Southwest 5th 33 49 . 402 28 -- -- 2017 -- 18 NBA Western 13th Southwest 4th 24 58 . 293 28 -- -- All - time records ( edit ) Statistic Wins Losses Win % Regular season record ( 1980 -- present ) 1,539 1,529 . 502 Postseason record ( 1980 -- present ) 91 105 . 464 All - time regular and post-season record ( 1980 -- present ) 1,630 1,634 . 515 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The formula is as followed : G a m e s b e h i n d = ( T e a m A ′ s w i n s − T e a m B ′ s w i n s ) + ( T e a m B ′ s l o s s e s − T e a m A ′ s l o s s e s ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( Games ) \ \ mathrm ( behind ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mathrm ( TeamA 's ) \ \ mathrm ( wins ) - \ mathrm ( TeamB 's ) \ \ mathrm ( wins ) ) + ( \ mathrm ( TeamB 's ) \ \ mathrm ( losses ) - \ mathrm ( TeamA 's ) \ \ mathrm ( losses ) ) ) ( \ mathrm ( 2 ) ) ) ) Jump up ^ Kidd shared Rookie of the Year honors with Grant Hill of the Detroit Pistons . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . References ( edit ) General `` Dallas Mavericks '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Specific Jump up ^ Wright , Kyle ; The NBA from Top to Bottom : A History of the NBA from the No. 1 Team to the No . 1,153 ; pp. 74 , 115 - 116 . ISBN 9780595697960 Jump up ^ `` 1980 -- 81 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1981 -- 82 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- 84 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 -- 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 -- 87 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 -- 88 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 -- 89 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 -- 90 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 -- 91 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 -- 92 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 -- 93 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 -- 94 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award Winners '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` 1994 -- 95 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 -- 98 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 -- 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 -- 00 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 -- 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 -- 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 -- 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 -- 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 -- 05 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 -- 06 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 -- 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 11 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 -- 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 18 , 2013 . Dallas Mavericks Founded in 1980 Based in Dallas , Texas Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Draft history Expansion Draft Head coaches Current season Arenas Reunion Arena Moody Coliseum American Airlines Center General managers Norm Sonju Keith Grant Frank Zaccanelli Nelson Sr . Nelson Jr . G League affiliates Fort Worth Flyers Albuquerque Thunderbirds Texas Legends Retired numbers 12 15 22 NBA Championships ( 1 ) 2011 Western Conference Championships ( 2 ) 2006 2011 Division Championships ( 3 ) 2007 Rivals Houston Rockets Culture and lore Don Carter Mark Cuban Nellie Ball Moody Madness German Wunderkind `` Eminence Front '' Media TV KTXA Fox Sports Southwest Radio KESN - FM KFLC - AM Announcers Mark Followill Derek Harper Chuck Cooperstein Brad Davis Victor Villalba Dallas Mavericks seasons Franchise History Seasons 1980s 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory NBA season - by - season team history Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Mavericks_seasons&oldid=846288680 '' Categories : Dallas Mavericks seasons Dallas Mavericks lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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Timeline of young people's rights in the United Kingdom

Timeline of Young People 's rights in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Timeline of Young People 's rights in the United Kingdom The timeline of children 's rights in the United Kingdom includes a variety of events that are both political and grassroots in nature . The UK government maintains a position that the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC ) is not legally enforceable and is hence ' aspirational ' only , although a 2003 ECHR ruling states that , `` The human rights of children and the standards to which all governments must aspire in realising these rights for all children are set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . '' Eighteen years after ratification , the four Children 's Commissioners in the UK ( including those for the three devolved administrations ) have united in calling for adoption of the Convention into domestic legislation , making children 's rights recognised and legally binding . Opponents of children 's rights often raise the objection that rights must entail responsibilities . The children 's rights movement asserts rather that children have rights which adults , states and the government have a responsibility to uphold . Overall , a 2008 report stated that there had been no improvement in children 's rights in the UK since 2002 . Warning that there is a `` widely held fear of children and young people '' in the UK , the report says : `` The incessant portrayal of children as thugs and yobs '' not only reinforces the fears of the public but also influences policy and legislation . '' The report does not address the question of the degree to which the fear of uncontrolled children in the UK is justified . The UNCRC defines children , for the purposes of the Convention , as persons under the age 18 , unless domestic legislation provides otherwise . In that spirit , this timeline includes as children all those below the UK age of majority , which was 21 until 1970 when it was reduced to 18 . Although the Crown Dependencies of the Isle of Man , Guernsey and Jersey are not constitutionally part of the UK , the British government is responsible for their external affairs and therefore for their international treaty obligations , so this timeline includes references to matters in those dependencies . Contents 1 Pre-19th century 2 19th century 3 20th century 4 21st century 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Pre-19th century ( edit ) Timeline of pre-19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image Pre-16th century The care of orphans was particularly commended to bishops and monasteries during the Middle Ages . Many orphanages practised a form of `` binding - out '' in which children , as soon as they were old enough , were given as apprentices to households to ensure their support and their learning an occupation . Common law maintaining the King 's peace was administered by the Court of Common Pleas ( England ) dealing with civil cases between parties by ordering the fine of debts and seizure of the goods of outlaws . Following the Peasants ' Revolt , British constables were authorised under a 1383 statute to collar vagabonds and force them to show their means of support ; if they could not , the penalty was gaol . Under a 1494 statute , vagabonds could be sentenced to the stocks for three days and nights ; in 1530 , whipping was added . The assumption was that vagabonds were unlicensed beggars . January 1561 Scotland The national Church of Scotland set out a programme for spiritual reform , setting the principle of a school teacher for every parish church and free education . This was provided for by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland , passed in 1633 , which introduced a tax to pay for this programme . 1367 -- 1607 Ireland Suppression of the Brehon Laws which enumerated the rights and responsibilities of fostered children , their birth - parents and foster - parents . The Brehon Law concept of family was eroded and the Gaelic tradition of fosterage lost . It was ultimately replaced by the State controlled Poor Law system . 1601 Elizabethan Poor Law The Poor Law was the social security system operating in England and Wales from the 16th century until the establishment of the Welfare State in the 20th century . The Impotent poor was a classification of poverty used to refer to those poor considered deserving of poor relief ; a vagrant was a person who could work , but preferred not to . The law did not distinguish between the impotent poor and the criminal , so both received the same punishments . The law provided for `` the putting out of children to be apprentices '' . 17th century Where an unmarried mother concealed the death of her baby , she was presumed guilty of infanticide unless she could prove that the baby was born dead . This requirement that the defendant prove her innocence was a reversal of the normal practice of requiring the prosecution to prove the defendant 's guilt . Women were acquitted of this charge if they could demonstrate that they had prepared for the birth of the baby , for example by acquiring bedding . In 1678 children aged 10 were deemed able to engage in consensual sex . 1732 -- 1744 Bastardy In 1732 , a woman pregnant with a `` bastard '' was required to declare the fact and to name the father . In 1733 , the putative father became responsible for maintaining his illegitimate child ; failing to do so could result in gaol . The parish would then support the mother and child , until the father agreed to do so , whereupon he would reimburse the parish -- although this rarely happened . In 1744 , a bastard took the ' settlement ' of its mother ( under the Poor Law , a person 's place of origin or later established residence , being the parish responsible for the person if destitute ) regardless of where the child was actually born . Previously , a bastard took settlement from its place of birth . The mother was to be publicly whipped . 1739 The Foundling Hospital Established in London by the philanthropic sea captain Thomas Coram as a home for the `` education and maintenance of exposed and deserted young children . '' Children were seldom taken after they were twelve months old . On reception they were sent to wet nurses in the countryside , where they stayed until they were about four or five years old . At sixteen girls were generally apprenticed as servants for four years ; at fourteen , boys became apprentices in varying occupations for seven years . 1779 The Penitentiary Act Drafted by Prison reformer John Howard , the Act introduced state prisons as an alternative to the death penalty or transportation . The prison population had risen after the US Declaration of Independence , because the American Colonies had been used as the destination for transported criminals . Howard 's 1777 report had identified appalling conditions in most of the prisons he inspected . The Howard League for Penal Reform emerged as a result , publishing in 2006 the findings of an independent inquiry by Lord Carlile of Berriew QC into physical restraint , solitary confinement and forcible strip searching of children in prisons , secure training centres and local authority secure children 's homes . 1795 Speenhamland system An amendment to the Poor Law , named after a meeting at the Pelican Inn in Speenhamland , Berkshire , where the local magistrates or squirearchy devised the system as a means to alleviate hardship caused by a spike in grain prices . Families were paid extra to top up wages to a set level , which varied according to the number of children and the price of bread . For example , if bread was 1s 2d a loaf , the wages of a family with two children was topped up to 8s 6d . If bread rose to 1s 8d the wages were topped up to 11s 0d . The system aggravated the underlying causes of poverty , allowing employers ( often farmers ) to pay below subsistence wages , because the parish made up the difference to keep their workers alive . Low incomes remained unchanged and the poor rate contributors subsidised the farmers , so that landowners sought other means of dealing with the poor e.g. the workhouse . The Poor Law Commissioners ' Report of 1834 called the Speenhamland System a `` universal system of pauperism . '' 1796 Thomas Spence Publication of The Rights of Infants by the revolutionary philosopher. ( 11 ) 19th century ( edit ) Timeline of 19th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1802 UK Parliament The Factory Acts were a series of Acts of Parliament passed to limit the number of hours worked by women and children , first in the textile industry , then later in all industries . The Factories Act 1802 , sometimes called the `` Health and Morals of Apprentices Act , '' 1806 Philanthropic Society The Society was incorporated by Act of Parliament , sanctioning its work with juvenile delinquents and began by opening homes where children were trained in cottage industries working under the instruction of skilled tradesmen . Remaining central in development of measures dealing with young offenders the Society is now the charity , Catch 22 , formerly Rainer . 1818 Ragged schools A cobbler , John Pounds , began to use his shop in Portsmouth as a base for educational activity for local poor children neglected by other institutions . Part of his concern was also to educate his disabled nephew . The Ragged School movement subsequently found powerful support in active philanthropists when public attention was aroused to the prevalence of juvenile delinquency by Thomas Guthrie in 1840 . An estimated 300,000 children passed through the London Ragged Schools alone between the early 1840s and 1881 1818 Elizabeth Fry After visiting Newgate Prison , Fry became particularly concerned at the conditions in which women prisoners and their children were held . Fry later presented evidence to the House of Commons in 1818 , which led to the interior of Newgate being rebuilt with individual cells . 1834 Workhouse The workhouse system was set up in England and Wales under the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 , although many individual houses existed before this legislation . Inmates entered and left as they liked and would receive free food and accommodation . However , workhouse life was made as harsh and degrading as possible so that only the truly destitute would apply . Accounts of the terrible conditions in some workhouses include references to women who would not speak and children who refused to play . 1838 Charles Dickens Oliver Twist , Dickens ' second novel , is the first in the English language to centre upon a child protagonist throughout . The book calls attention to various contemporary social evils , including the Poor Law , which required that poor people work in workhouses , child labour and the recruitment of children as criminals . A later character , Jo in Bleak House , is portrayed as a street child , relentlessly pursued by a police inspector . 1839 Custody of Infants Act Custody of children under 7 years old was assigned to mothers 1840 Mettray Penal Colony In Mettray , north of the city of Tours , France a private reformatory , without walls , was opened by penal reformer Frédéric - Auguste Demetz in 1840 for the rehabilitation of young males aged between 6 and 21 . At that time children and teenagers were routinely imprisoned with adults . Boys who were mostly deprived , disadvantaged or adandoned children , many of whom had committed only Summary offences or petty crime , were housed . Their heads were shaved , they wore uniforms , and up to age 12 spent most of the day studying arithmetic , writing and reading . Older boys had one hour of classes , with the rest of the day spent working . Reformatory Schools were modelled on Mettray , and the Borstal system , established in 1905 , separated adolescents from adult prisoners . In the twentieth century Mettray became the focus for Michel Foucault because of its various systems and expressions of power and led Foucault to suggest that Mettray began the descent into modern penal theories and their inherent power structures . 1847 Juvenile Offenders Act The Act allowed children under the age of fourteen to be tried summarily before two magistrates , speeding up the process of trial for children , and removing it from the publicity of the higher courts . The age limit was raised to sixteen in 1850 . 1850 Irish Workhouse Returns , 8 June 1850 . The number of children aged 15 years and younger in Irish Workhouses reaches its historic high , at 115,639 . 1854 Reformatory Schools Mary Carpenter 's research and lobbying contributed to the Youthful Offenders Act 1854 and the Reformatory Schools ( Scotland ) Act 1854 . These enabled voluntary schools to be certified as efficient by the Inspector of Prisons , and allowed courts to send them convicted juvenile offenders under 16 for a period of 2 to 5 years , instead of prison . Parents were required to contribute to the cost . Carpenter 's 1851 publication Reformatory Schools for the Children of the Perishing and Dangerous Classes and for Juvenile Offenders was the first to coin the term ' Dangerous Classes ' with respect to the lower classes , and the perceived propensity to criminality , of poor people . 1857 Industrial Schools The Industrial Schools Act 1857 allowed magistrates to send disorderly children to a residential industrial school , resolving the problems of juvenile delinquency by removing poor and neglected children from their home environment into a boarding school . An 1876 Act led to non-residential day schools of a similar kind . In 1986 Professor Sir Leon Radzinowitz noted the practice of Economic conscription , where , ' there was a network of 208 schools : 43 reformatories , 132 industrial schools , 21 day industrial schools and 12 truant schools ' by the eve of the First World War , alongside a negligible education system for the poor . 1870 UK Government Prior to the Elementary Education Act 1870 act , very few schools existed , other than those run by the Church . The National Education League was established to promote elementary education for all children , free from religious control . The Act first introduced and enforced compulsory school attendance between the ages of 5 and 12 , with school boards set up to ensure that children attended school ; although exemptions were made for illness and travelling distance . The London School Board was highly influential and launched a number of political careers . The Church / State ethical divide in schooling , persists into the present day . 1870 Thomas John Barnardo The first of 112 Barnardo 's Homes was founded , with destitution as the criterion for qualification . The project was supported by the seventh Earl of Shaftesbury and the first Earl Cairns . The system of operation was broadly as follows : infants and younger girls and boys are chiefly `` boarded out '' in rural districts ; girls above 14 years of age are sent to ' industrial training homes ' to be taught useful domestic occupations ; boys above 17 years old are first tested in labour homes and then placed in employment at home , sent to sea or emigrated ; boys between 13 -- 17 years old were trained for trades for which they may be mentally or physically fitted . 1880 UK Government Following campaigning by the National Education League the Elementary Education Act 1880 made schooling compulsory until the age of ten and also established attendance officers to enforce attendance , so that parents who objected to compulsory education , arguing they needed children to earn a wage , could be fined for keeping their children out of school . School leaving age was raised with successive Acts from ten to age fourteen in 1918 . 1885 UK Government Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 raises age of consent from 13 to 16 , introduced measures intended to protect girls from sexual exploitation and widens the criminalisation of male homosexual behaviour . 1891 UK Government The practice of ' spiriting ' i.e. kidnapping children for work in the Americas , had been sanctioned by the Privy Council since 1620 , but the Custody of Children Act ( the ' Barnardo 's Act ) legalised the work of private emigration societies for removing poor children from workhouses , industrial schools , reformatories and private care facilities , to British colonies . 1899 UK Government The Elementary Education ( Defective and Epileptic Children ) Act allowed school authorities to make arrangements for ascertaining which children , by reason of mental or physical defect , were incapable of receiving proper benefit from instruction in the ordinary schools . 20th century ( edit ) Timeline of 20th century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 1904 UK Government The Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act gave the NSPCC a statutory right to intervene in child protection cases . 1905 UK Government A specialist juvenile offenders court was tried in Birmingham , and formally established in the Children Act 1908 , along with juvenile courts . Borstals , a kind of youth prison , were established under the Prevention of Crime Act , with the aim of separating youths from adult prisoners . 1910 Home Office Allegations in John Bull of abuse at a boys ' reformatory , the Akbar Nautical Training School , Heswall , included accusations that boys were gagged before being birched , that boys who were ill were caned as malingerers , and that punishments included boys being drenched with cold water or being made to stand up all night for a trivial misdemeanour . John Bull further alleged that boys had died as a result of such punishments . The Home Office investigation rejected the allegations , but found that there had been instances of `` irregular punishments '' . 1914 New Ideals in Education Conferences In 1914 the first Montessori Conference was held in the UK , at a beachside village called East Runton , Norfolk , at the site of the first Montessori School created outside Italy . The organisers were Rev Bertrand Hawker ( whose house and grounds hosted the conference ) , Edmond Holmes ( a previous chief Inspector of Schools ) , and Earl Lytton . The heroes of the conference were Homer Lane , Harriet Finlay Johnson and Norman MacMunn . They went on to form a committee to organise annual conferences founded on ' liberating the child ' , they called the events New Ideals in Education Conferences . They went on to have ' experimental days ' that celebrated and shared good practice for liberating the child . People who spoke at the conferences included Percy Nunn ( first director of Institute of Education ) , Lord Baden Powell , The Rt Hon . H.A.L Fisher MP cabinet war member for Education , Dr Arthur Brock ( therapist to Wilfred Owen ) . They helped through legislation , practice and teacher training , to define the good primary school as child centred , group work , project work , learning through creativity , self - expression , peer teaching , play . They new from the beginning that they may fail with the secondary schools because of exams , national curriculum , and parents . 1915 A.S. Neill In 1915 the teacher A.S. Neill wrote his first book in his Dominie series of semi-autobiographical novels , A Dominie 's Log . This was the first of his writings to promote and advocate for children 's rights in UK schools , especially the rights to play , to protection and to control their own learning . He went on to found what is now the oldest school based on children 's rights , Summerhill ( 1921 ) . The school and Neill 's writings went on to influence schools and education systems around the world , including the UK . January 1916 UK Government In the early years of the 20th century the National Service League had urged compulsory military training for all men aged between 18 and 30 . After the outbreak of World War I , two million men enlisted voluntarily , some in Pals battalions but mostly in regular regiments and corps . Enthusiasm diminished as casualties increased , and the Military Service Act of January 1916 introduced conscription . Boys from the age of 18 were liable to be called up for service Men of Class 1 ( that is , 18 - year - olds ) , once enrolled , were given the option of returning home or remaining with the Colours and undergoing special training until they were 19 . At the start of 1914 the British Army had a reported strength of 710,000 men including reserves . By the end of the war almost 1 in 4 of the total male population of the UK had joined , over five million men , and almost half the infantry were 19 or younger . Conscription ceased with the termination of hostilities on 11 November 1918 and all conscripts were discharged , if they had not already been so , on 31 March 1920 . 1918 Maternity and Child Welfare Act The War prompted the government to direct funds towards infant welfare centres , and the Act encouraged local authorities to continue this work by introducing the principle of free ante - natal care and free medical care of under - fives . Most of the work was undertaken by volunteers , who were able to claim support for the resources they used . These measures taken together contributed to an astonishing decline in infant mortality in the first three decades of the 20th century . 1919 Save the Children Fund In the aftermath of the Great War social reformer Eglantyne Jebb and her sister Dorothy Buxton documented the terrible misery in which the children of Central , Eastern and Southern Europe were plunged , and believing there was no such thing as an `` enemy '' child , founded the Save the Children Fund in London to address their needs . The Save the Children International Union ( SCIU ) was founded in Geneva in 1920 with Save the Children and Swedish Rädda Barnen as leading members . Jebb went on to draft the Declaration of the Rights of the Child . 1921 Summerhill School As portrayed in his Dominie book , A Dominie Abroad ( Herbert Jenkins , 1923 ) , A.S. Neill founded what would become known as Summerhill School in Hellerau , a suburb of Dresden . It was part of an International school called the Neue Schule . Neill moved his school to Sonntagsberg in Austria . By 1923 Neill had moved to the town of Lyme Regis in the south of England , to a house called Summerhill where he began with 5 pupils . The school continued there until 1927 , when it moved to the present site at Leiston in the county of Suffolk , taking the name of Summerhill with it . The Secretary of the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child wrote in support of the school when it faced closure from Government inspectors , that it ' surpasses all expectations ' in its implementation of children 's rights , particularly Article 12 . Children 's BBC made a four - part drama called Summerhill based on its fight for survival against the government . March 1921 Family Planning Marie Stopes opened the UK 's first family planning clinic in London , the Mothers ' Clinic , offering a free service to married women and gathering scientific data about contraception . The opening of the clinic created a major social impact on the 20th century , marking the start of a new era in fertility control by promising an opportunity for the modern world to break out of the Malthusian Trap . A Eugenicist , Stopes ' brand of Feminism sought selective breeding to achieve racial purity , sterilisation of those ' unfit for parenthood ' . 1932 Children and Young Persons ( Scotland ) Act The Act provided for young offenders , to be sent to an Approved School , put on probation , or put into the care of a `` fit person '' . Courts could , in addition , still sentence male juvenile offenders , as previously , to be `` whipped with not more than six strokes of a birch rod by a constable '' . 1932 / 33 UK Government The Children and Young Persons Act 1932 broadened the powers of juvenile courts in England and Wales and introduced supervision orders for children at risk . The Children and Young Persons Act 1933 provided for young offenders , to be sent to an Approved School , put on probation , or put into the care of a `` fit person '' . Courts could , in addition , still sentence male juvenile offenders , as previously , to be `` whipped with not more than six strokes of a birch rod by a constable '' . The Act also introduced Remand Homes for youths temporarily held in custody , to await a court hearing . The Home Office maintained a team of inspectors who visited each institution from time to time . Offenders , as well as receiving academic tuition , were assigned to work groups for such activities as building and bricklaying , metalwork , carpentry and gardening . Approved schools were known for strict discipline , and were essentially `` open '' institutions from which it was relatively easy to abscond . This allowed the authorities to claim that they were not `` Reformatories '' , and set them apart from Borstal . The age of criminal responsibility was raised from 7 to 8 , and no - one could be hanged for an offence committed under the age of 18 . The Act consolidated most existing child protection legislation , enforcing strict punishments for anyone over 16 found to have neglected a child . Guidelines on the employment of school - age children were set , with a minimum age of 14 for full - time employment . November 1938 Kindertransport A few days after Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany , a delegation of British Jewish leaders , appealed in person to the Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , on the eve of a major Commons debate on refugees . They requested that the British government permit the temporary admission of Jewish children and teenagers who would later re-emigrate , among other measures . The Jewish community promised to pay guarantees for the refugee children . The Cabinet decided that the nation would accept unaccompanied children ranging from infants up to teenagers under the age of 17 . April 1939 UK Government The Military Training Act sought to ' call up ' boys from age 18 as ' militiamen ' , to distinguish them from the regular army . The intention was for conscripts to undergo six months basic training before being discharged into an active reserve , for subsequent recall to short training periods and an annual camp . Superseded by the National Service ( Armed Forces ) Act 1939 enacted immediately by Parliament on 3 September 1939 - the date of declaration of war on Germany . Liability to full - time conscription was enforced on all males between 18 and 41 . By 1942 , all male British subjects resident in Great Britain aged 18 -- 50 were liable to call - up , with only a few categories exempted , and female subjects aged 20 -- 29. National Service ( No 2 ) Act 1941 1944 UK Government In 1939 the government had considered raising school leaving age to 15 , but this was delayed by the onset of World War Two . The Education Act succeeded in extending compulsory education to age 15 , which took effect from 1947 . 1945 UNESCO Following dissolution of the League of Nations , the United Nations was founded on 24 October , but had already in 1943 begun operating UNRRA , a relief organization to combat famine and disease in liberated Europe . UNESCO was also established with Julian Huxley as the first Director General , standing at the centre of the post-World War II revival of education . Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society , and one of the liberal intellectual elite of the time who believed in birth control and ' voluntary ' sterilization for the `` virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types '' . Huxley 's six - year term of office , defined in the Charter , was reduced to two years , and UNESCO 's education programme became a collaboration with the International Bureau of Education , of which Jean Piaget was Director from 1929 until 1968 . Piaget had declared during the second world war in 1940 : `` The common wealth of all civilizations is the education of the child . '' 11 December 1946 United Nations General Assembly The first major step on behalf of children taken by the United Nations , was UNICEF 's creation in 1946 co-founded by Maurice Pate and Ludwik Rajchman to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries devastated by World War II . Two years later , the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly . 1947 UK Government After World War II the National Service Act 1947 and subsequent measures ordained peacetime conscription of all males aged 18 for a set period ( originally 1 year , later two years ) until National Service ceased in 1960 , with final Demobilization in 1963 . 1,132,872 men were conscripted after 1945 to serve the British Army on reaching the age of 18 . About 125,000 served in an active theatre of operations , and were expected to fight guerrillas or cope with riots or civil war situations with minimal training in such combat situations as Korea , Malaya , Suez and Aden . July 1948 UK Government The War landed more than a million children , evacuated from town centres , on to local councils with inadequate resources to care for them . Many were placed in foster homes and became emotionally disturbed , reacting by bed - wetting , stealing and running away . After the war , children who had no families to return to , became ' nobody 's children ' . The Children Act 1948 finally brought together responsibility for children without adequate parents , formerly dealt with under the Poor Law , and responsibility for delinquent children in Remand Homes , formerly under the aegis of Local Education Authorities , with the requirement for every County and County Borough to establish a Children 's Committee and appoint a Children 's Officer . This has been the basis on which social workers have acted on behalf of children ever since . Detention Centres , under the Prison Department of the Home Office , were later introduced for miscreants , designed to administer a `` short sharp shock '' to older teenagers through drilling , physical jerks , military - style discipline , and cold showers before dawn . 1950s Society and media Teenagers first came to public attention during the war years , when there were fears of juvenile delinquency . By the 1950s , the media presented the teenagers in terms of generational rebellion . The exaggerated moral panic among politicians and the older generation was typically belied by the growth in intergenerational cooperation between parents and children . Many working - class parents , enjoying newfound economic security , eagerly took the opportunity to encourage their teens to enjoy more adventurous lives . Schools were falsely portrayed as dangerous blackboard jungles under the control of rowdy kids . The media distortions of the teens as too affluent , and as promiscuous , delinquent , counter-cultural rebels do not reflect the actual experiences of ordinary young adults , particularly young women , 20 November 1959 United Nations General Assembly An expanded version of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child , covering children 's rights , maternal protection , health , adequate food , shelter and education , was adopted by the General Assembly in 1959 as a milestone in the commitment of world governments to focus on the needs of children -- an issue once considered peripheral to development , but serving as a moral , rather than legally binding framework . 1967 Court Lees Approved School The Gibbens report into allegations of excessive punishment at the school prompted Home Secretary Roy Jenkins to announce its immediate closure , and the need to phase out corporal punishment in all Approved Schools . Under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 responsibility for Approved Schools was devolved from the Home Office to local social services authorities , and they were renamed `` Community Homes with Education '' . 1968 Scotland Following publication of the Kilbrandon report in 1964 , the Social Work ( Scotland ) Act 1968 set up the Scottish Children 's Hearings system and revolutionised juvenile justice in Scotland by removing children in trouble from the criminal courts . The institutional framework for supporting children and families established on the basis of the key recommendations of the report has been largely unchanged since it was introduced in 1971 . Changes from the latest review , currently under way in 2008 , are planned for implementation from 2010 . 1970 United Kingdom Having concluded that the historical causes for fixing 21 years as the age of majority were no longer relevant to contemporary society , the Latey Committee 's recommendation was accepted , that the age of majority , including voting age , should be reduced to 18 years . 1972 UK Government The Children Act 1972 set the minimum school leaving age at 16 . After the 1972 Act schools were provided with temporary buildings to house their new final year , known as ROSLA ( Raising School Leaving Age ) buildings and were delivered to schools as self - assembly packs . Although not designed for long - term use , many schools continued using them . 1972 Murder of Maxwell Confait Three boys aged 14 , 15 and 18 with a mental age of eight confessed under police questioning to starting the fire that killed the victim . They were convicted of arson , manslaughter and murder . In subsequent developments it became apparent that their confessions were untrue and that they had been extracted by improper police pressure . The case caused a major review of police procedures and of how suspects are treated , particularly children and `` the educationally subnormal '' . After a successful appeal court hearing , the publication of a book , The Confait Confessions by Christopher Price and Jonathan Caplan , and the setting up of two major inquiries , some of the most radical reforms of the prosecution process ever to have taken place were instituted . The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 gave new rights to police suspects and made the tape - recording of police interviews compulsory . The Phillips Commission , which reported in 1981 , proposed a national prosecution service , one of whose aims would be to attempt to ensure that prosecution evidence was properly scrutinised , and that weak cases such as the one relating to the murder of Confait would not even reach the courts . The Crown Prosecution Service eventually came into being in 1986 . 1981 1981 Brixton riot One of the most serious riots in the 20th century fuelled by racial and social discord , brought black and white youth into violent confrontation with thousands of police . Further riots ensued that year throughout Britain . The Scarman Report detailed a loss of confidence and mistrust in the police and their methods of policing after liaison arrangements between police , community and local authority had collapsed . Recommendations for policing reforms were introduced in 1984 . However , the 1999 MacPherson Inquiry into teenager Stephen Lawrence 's murder , found that Scarman 's recommendations had been ignored , and concluded that the Metropolitan Police Service was institutionally racist . 1984 UK Government Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 Part IV 37 ( 15 ) . A child is defined as under 17 years old . The Act provides for an Appropriate adult to be called to the police station whenever a child has been detained in police custody . 1985 The Children 's Society The first refuge is opened for runaways . After 20 + years of campaigning , the government in 2008 set out plans to improve work with the estimated 100,000 under - 16s who run away from home or care each year . 1985 House of Lords Gillick competence ruling in the case Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority , which sought to decide in medical law whether a child is able to consent to his or her own medical treatment , without the need for parental permission or knowledge . A child is defined as 16 years or younger . The ruling , which applies in England and Wales ( but not in Scotland ) , is significant in that it is broader in scope than merely medical consent . It lays down that the authority of parents to make decisions for their minor children is not absolute , but diminishes with the child 's evolving maturity ; except in situations that are regulated otherwise by statute , the right to make a decision on any particular matter concerning the child shifts from the parent to the child when the child reaches sufficient maturity to be capable of making up his or her own mind on the matter requiring decision . 1986 Child Migrants Scandal Social worker Margaret Humphreys ' received a letter from a woman in Australia who had been sent on a boat from the UK to a children 's home in Australia , age four , and wanted help in tracing her parents in Britain . Humphrey 's subsequent research exposed the abuses of private emigration societies operating under the 1891 Custody of Children Act - a key subtext of which was the aim of supplying Commonwealth countries with sufficient `` white stock '' particularly in relation to Australia . A Department of Health Report shows that at least 150,000 children aged between 3 and 14 were sent to Commonwealth countries , in a programme that did not end until 1967 . The children -- the majority of whom were already in some form of social or charitable care -- were cut off from their families and even falsely informed that they were orphans . Most were sent with the promise of a better life -- but the reality was often very different , with many facing abuse and a regime of unpaid labour . A number of organisations , including Fairbridge , Barnardo 's , the Salvation Army , the Children 's Society and Catholic groups , were involved in sending children abroad . 1986 Wales , Bryn Estyn Although Care workers in Clwyd had been convicted of sex abuse as long ago as 1976 , with allegations and investigations in Gwynedd in the 1980s , the scandal was only exposed after Alison Taylor , a children 's home head in Gwynedd , pressed her concerns at the highest levels . During police investigations into Ms Taylor 's concerns in 1986 - 87 , the authorities constructed a `` wall of disbelief '' from the outset . An inquiry ordered by the Home Secretary in 1996 into quality of care and standards of education , found both to be below acceptable levels in all the homes investigated . 1989 United Nations General Assembly The UN Convention on Children 's Rights was adopted into international law . 1989 UK Government The Children Act 1989 was intended as the main piece of legislation setting out the legal framework for child protection procedures e.g. enquiries and conferences and introduced the notion of parental responsibility . Provisions apply to all children under 18 . It was very wide - ranging and covered all paid childcarers outside the parental home for under - 8 's , adoption and fostering , and aspects of family law including divorce . Although the Act aimed to enshrine consistency with the UNCRC approach that ' the best interests of the child are pre-eminent ' , UN monitoring committee reports issued in 1995 and 2002 noted that the principle of primary consideration for the best interests of the child was not consistently reflected in legislation and policies affecting children . 1990 / 1991 The Pindown Enquiry Allan Levy QC inquired into a method of discipline used in Staffordshire children 's homes in the 1980s . Pindown was named after the notion that it would `` pin down the problem '' relating to a particular `` difficult '' child , and involved locking children in `` pindown rooms '' , sometimes for periods of weeks or months . The 2000 Kilgallon report into Northumberland housing for children with special needs revealed that Pindown tactics were employed between 1972 and 1984 . 12 July 1990 Phillip Knight The 17 - year - old died in custody at HM Prison Swansea as a result of self - inflicted injuries . An inquest yielded an open verdict . Knight was the first of 30 children to die in custody since 1990 . The inquest into 16 - year - old Joseph Scholes ' death in custody in March 2002 led the coroner to support the call for a public inquiry . 1991 United Kingdom UK ratification of United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child , with a number of reservations . UNCRC defines a child as under 18 years old , unless an earlier age of majority is recognised by a country 's law . February 1993 James Bulger The murder of two - year - old James Bulger , by Jon Venables and Robert Thompson , both aged 10 , prompted national debate about the relationship between Childhood and criminality , which led to abolition in 1998 of the distinction with regard to criminal responsibility between young persons aged at least 14 and children aged between 10 and 14 . June 1994 Fred West After their children alerted authorities to the West 's rape of their daughter , investigations revealed that between 1967 and 1987 , Fred and his wife Rosemary tortured , raped and murdered at least 12 girls and young women , whose disappearance had previously gone unnoticed . The case highlighted the inadequacies of the National Missing Persons Bureau and eventually gave rise to the National Policing Improvement Agency established in 2007 . February 1995 United Nations The committee responsible for monitoring implementation of UNCRC issued first concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 1990 -- 1996 UK Government Concerns about children in residential care led to the commissioning of 10 public enquiries between 1990 and 1996 , including the Utting report ( 1991 ) and the Warner report ( 1992 ) , which exposed large - scale institutional abuse of children and young people . Sir William Utting CBE was Chief Inspector of Social Services during the period when the worst cases of abuse happened . Asked why safeguarding steps were not taken when he was directly responsible for overseeing Social Services , he replied : `` ... the crude answer to that question would be ignorance . There were tremendous pressures , I think , on everybody in the system at that time to deny that those of us working in the system and accepted by the community as being ' devoted to the interests of children ' were in fact exploiting them and abusing them . So there was a period of ignorance and ... denial and then the ... process of the revelation of these awful things that had gone on for a long time . '' 1998 UK Government The Human Rights Act 1998 received Royal Assent , mostly coming into force in 2002 . January 1998 UK Government The Public Interest Disclosure Act received Royal Assent , paving the way for whistleblowers of child abuse and other illegal corporate activities to receive support and protection via the industrial tribunal system . Employees such as those in the army , are excluded 1998 UK Government The Crime and Disorder Act 1998 abolished the distinction in England and Wales with regard to criminal responsibility between young persons aged at least 14 and children aged between 10 and 14 . Hitherto , a child over 10 but under 14 was deemed in law to be doli incapax , i.e. incapable of crime , unless the prosecution could satisfy the court that a particular child was in fact of such maturity , education and social development as to rebut that presumption . ( Children under 10 in England and Wales remain doli incapax , as they have been since the minimum age for criminal responsibility was raised from 8 to 10 under the Children and Young Persons Act 1963 ; power under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 to raise the minimum age from 10 to 14 has never been implemented . In Scotland the minimum age remains at 8 , but the presumption of doli incapax also remains ) . Describing Youth Courts as the ' secret garden ' of the legal system , Home Secretary Jack Straw established the Youth Justice system , with Restorative Justice premised as the key underlying principle for resolving youth crime . 1999 UK Government Protection of Children Act 1999 required a list to be kept of persons considered unsuitable to work with children . 1999 Professor Sir Roy Meadow In the trial of Sally Clark accused of murdering her two babies at age 11 weeks and 8 weeks , Meadow 's testimony as expert witness postulated Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy , or MSbP , convinced that many apparent cot deaths were in fact the result of child abuse brought on by MSbP . Clark 's conviction was overturned in 2003 , after 3 years of wrongful imprisonment . Throughout the 1990s Meadow had contributed to a number of convictions of ( mostly ) women whose children had suffered apparent cot deaths and a greater number of parents , whom Meadow suspected of MSbP , had their children forcibly removed and taken into care . Meadow was struck off the medical register , but reinstated in 2006 after an appeal . The Society of Expert Witnesses had commented that the severity of his punishment would cause many professionals to reconsider whether to stand as expert witnesses . 1999 UK Government Prime Minister Tony Blair announced the historic aim to end child poverty in a generation . At that time , the UK had the worst child poverty rate in the European Union . The Government set ambitious targets to cut child poverty by a half by 2010 , en route to eradicating it by 2020 . 2000 UK Government The Sexual Offences ( Amendment ) Act 2000 changed the age of consent for male homosexual sexual activities and defined the offence of Abuse of Trust , generally to protect 16 - and 17 - year - olds from sexual advances , both homosexual and heterosexual , from those in positions of trust . February 2000 Sir Ronald Waterhouse The report of an inquiry about abuse in Bryn Estyn and other children 's homes in North Wales between 1974 and 1990 was released , which included a recommendation for creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner to prevent such scandals in the future . March 2000 Summerhill School wins Court Case Defended by the international human rights barrister , Sir Geoffrey Robertson QC , after three days at the Royal Courts of Justice , Summerhill won its right to continue to be based on children 's rights . The DfES accepted its demands , expressed in a joint agreement . The agreement was voted on by the children from the school in the court room . This agreement accepted the right of children at Summerhill to control their own learning , and has been used by Home Educators as part of their legal fights with the government . Summerhill is now the most legally protected school in the country with a unique inspection process that is the first to include the voices of children , preceding the newly announced OFSTED plans to take account of students ' views . Summerhill is the only school that has direct input into its inspections through legally appointed experts . Its children have continued to lobby for all children to have the rights they have , attending and lobbying at the UN Special Session on the Child ( 2002 ) and the UNESCO conference of Education Ministers when a student spoke during the closing ceremony . 8 September 2000 United Nations The Millennium Development Declaration was signed by 189 countries , setting the Millennium Development Goals as targets for monitoring progress . November 2000 Murder of Damilola Taylor Research into the backgrounds of four teenagers accused of murdering Damilola Taylor found that some had been excluded from school , all had substantial histories of serious offending and antisocial behaviour , and had come to police attention before they were 10 . 21st century ( edit ) Timeline of 21st century events related to Children 's Rights in the UK in chronological order Date Parties Event Image 2001 Wales Children 's Commissioner for Wales was appointed . 2001 Sarah 's Law Following the abduction and murder of eight - year - old Sarah Payne , the News of the World newspaper spearheaded a controversial campaign for the government to allow controlled access to the Sex Offenders Register , so that parents with young children could know if a child sex - offender was living in their area . The campaign derived from the USA 's so - called Megan 's Law , operating in honour of murder victim Megan Kanka and allowing publication of a sex offender 's photograph and address . 2002 UK Government The Care Standards Act reformed the law relating to the inspection and regulation of various care institutions including children 's homes , and created the new post of Director of Children 's Rights with the power to investigate individual cases . October 2002 The UK committee responsible for monitoring the implementation of the UNCRC in the UK issued its second concluding observations on the UK 's progress . 2003 Northern Ireland The Commissioner for Children and Young People for Northern Ireland was appointed . 2003 UK Government The Sexual Offences Act 2003 lowered the age of consent for certain sexual activities from 18 to 16 in England and Wales . Section 45 defines a `` child '' for the purposes of the Protection of Children Act 1978 as a person under 18 years , rather than under 16 years , of age . Despite a previous `` deep lack of understanding '' of incidents of abuse in children 's homes run by Islington , Margaret Hodge is appointed Children 's Minister in June 2003 . 29 January 2003 Victoria Climbie The Laming report on the murder of Victoria Climbie recommended the creation of the post of Children 's Commissioner and generated legislation known as Every Child Matters . A revised Children Act based on Every Child Matters was enacted in 2004 . December 2003 Sir Michael Bichard After the murder of Jessica Chapman and Holly Wells , the Bichard report severely criticised the Chief Constable of Humberside Police for ordering the destruction of criminal records of child abusers as required under the Protection of Children Act 1999 . A revised registration scheme for people working with children and vulnerable adults was recommended . The report also revealed that investigation into the murders was severely compromised by involvement of some of the police officers in child pornography , or were Operation Ore suspects . Zahid Mubarek Inquiry After a long legal battle by the family , the Law Lords ordered Home Secretary David Blunkett to hold an Inquiry into Zahid 's murder . Sentenced to 3 months imprisonment in Feltham Young Offenders ' Institution for stealing razors and interfering with a motor vehicle , the 19 - year - old was murdered by his cell - mate on the eve of returning home in 2000 . The report 's findings are a ' devastating indictment ' of the prison system , to which teenagers are routinely consigned . Scotland The Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People was appointed , with Children 's Hearings and the Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration as significant components of children 's rights in Scotland . 2005 England The Children 's Commissioner for England was appointed . September 2005 United Nations General Assembly A Special Summit on the Millennium Development Goals reviewed progress since 2000 on the Goals , which included halving the proportion of people living in poverty by 2015 . November 2005 Ampleforth College A monk admitted to 20 incidents of child abuse at a leading Catholic boarding school . At least six paedophiles were active for decades following a decision by former Abbot Basil Hume not to call in police during his tenure , which commenced in 1963 . March 2006 British Army An independent review commissioned by the Minister for Armed Forces into circumstances surrounding the deaths of four soldiers recruited under the age of 18 at Princess Royal Barracks , Deepcut between 1995 and 2002 , concludes that the deaths were self - inflicted , despite a catalogue of allegations of misconduct at the relevant times . The call for a public enquiry is rejected . 2006 End Child Poverty Following the Make Poverty History march and Live 8 events , NGOs launch a coalition to secure the Government 's 1999 pledge to halve the numbers of children living below the poverty line by 2010 and eliminate child poverty by 2020 . February 2006 Howard League for Penal Reform Publication of Lord Carlile 's inquiry into the treatment of children in penal custody . The 47 recommendations include : severely restricting physical intervention ; stopping the Strip searching of children ; and an end to prison segregation . 2007 Jersey Social Worker Simon Bellwood was dismissed after making a complaint about a `` Dickensian '' system in a secure unit where children as young as 11 were routinely locked up for 24 hours or more , in solitary confinement . Police subsequently commenced investigations at the site of former children 's home Haut de la Garenne . July 2007 UK Government The third report on progress is issued to the UN Committee responsible for monitoring implementation of the UNCRC . 2007 Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 The Act was extended to apply to prisoners and young offenders killed or injured whilst in custody , with effect from April 2008 . From monitoring and analysis of deaths in custody , NGO INQUEST propose an independent , overarching standing commission on custodial deaths , with statutory powers to address the breadth of social and political issues that arise when these deaths occur . November 2007 Scottish Government Following publication of the Shaw report `` Historical Abuse Systemic Review : Residential Schools and Children 's Homes in Scotland 1950 to 1995 '' , the Scottish Government proposed a truth and reconciliation forum for victims of historic abuse . The discussion paper named `` Acknowledgement and Accountability '' will be published 2008 / 9 . 9 June 2008 United Kingdom The Children 's Commissioner for Wales , Children 's Commissioner for England , Scotland 's Commissioner for Children and Young People and the Commissioner for Children and Young People , Northern Ireland jointly report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child , in preparation for the 30th Anniversary of the International Year of the Child . The remit of individual UK Commissioners differ in the devolved administrations , however the first report by federal Commissioners is unanimous in calling for incorporation of UNCRC into domestic legislation and a ban on police indefinitely keeping children 's DNA on record . Amongst 100 recommendations are : increasing the age of criminal responsibility ; a reduction in the number of children in custody ; and a public inquiry into the deaths of 30 children in custody over the past 10 years . UK 's main NGO 's including UNICEF and CRAE also attended the Pre Sessional Working Group with the UN Committee . 12 Children and Young People represented England as well . November 2008 Death of Baby P After details of the tragic life and death of the 17 - month - old at the hands of his parent and carers , whilst on the ' At Risk ' register of Haringey Social Services were revealed , Ofsted confirmed that between April 2007 and August 2008 , 282 children died of neglect , abuse or in the care system . Of that total , 72 died in accidents , stabbings or shootings while in foster or residential care , while the remaining 210 died of abuse or neglect at the hands of their families . This means that 12 children are killed by abuse each month . 1 May 2012 Protection of Freedoms Act Part 1 , Chapter 2 gives a child the right to prevent their biometric information ( e.g. fingerprints ) from being collected by an educational establishment and requires the processing of biometric information to be discontinued should the child object at any time . The right of a child to refuse the collection of their biometric information stands regardless of whether parental consent is offered or not . It also requires one parent to provide consent for the processing of biometric data and if any parent is to object to such collection of data the data processing must be discontinued . See also ( edit ) List of children 's rights topics List of Acts of Parliament List of youth rights topics Student rights Timeline of children 's rights in the United States Youth rights References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Extract from Sahin v Germany , Grand Chamber judgment of the ECHR , 8 July 2003 , as quoted in `` 4 . Memorandum from Allan Levy QC and Peter Newell '' , Joint Committee on Human Rights . Retrieved 18 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 34 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Travis , A. `` Children 's jail staff given wider powers of restraint '' , The Guardian , London , 19 June 2007 ... Jump up ^ Adtunji , J. `` Prisons : Child secure units still use adult restraint methods , says inspector '' , The Guardian , London , 9 July 2008 ... ^ Jump up to : ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 4 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2008 ) UK Commissioners ' Special Report to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child Archived 27 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Commissioners . p 33 . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Heinze , Rudolph W. ( 1976 ) . The proclamations of the Tudor kings , p. 118 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 20938 - 2 Jump up ^ Records of the Parliament of Scotland official website . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Sophie pp37 - 55 : Liberty , order and law under native Irish rule Jump up ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Crimes tried at the Old Bailey . Retrieved 23 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , P. `` Workhouses - the Story of Workhouses . '' Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Coram : 1668 - 1751 '' . Retrieved 7 / 25 / 08 . Jump up ^ `` Victorian London - Health and Hygiene - Hospitals - Foundling Hospital '' . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Howard League for Penal Reform . Jump up ^ Shore , Heather . `` The Idea of Juvenile Crime in 19th - century England '' Archived 20 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... History Today , vol. 2 ( 6 ) , June 2000 . Jump up ^ Goodchild , Sophie . `` The 200 - year - old Asbos ( they make Blair 's Britain seem a soft touch ) '' , The Independent , London , 19 March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Catch 22 '' . Archived from the original on 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.infed.org/youthwork/ragged_schools.htm Jump up ^ Elizabeth Fry ( 1780 - 1845 ) . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ England and Wales Poor Law History Archived 4 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . `` Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses '' Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Foucault , Michel . Discipline and Punish . London : Penguin Books 1977 . p. 293 . Jump up ^ The Duty Of The State Towards The Pauper Children Of Ireland , 1909 Archived 29 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . p. 254 . To access report , scroll down and click View / Open . Jump up ^ Radzinowicz , Leon ; Hood , Roger ( 1990 ) . The emergence of penal policy in Victorian and Edwardian England Archived 4 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Oxford : Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 825663 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Parishes in Barnet '' , British History Online . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Faith school judgment fails to consider human rights angle '' . Ekklesia . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas John Barnardo ( ' The Doctor ' ) '' . Infed.org . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved 25 August 2008 Jump up ^ http://www.goldonian.org/barnardo/child_migrationl.htm A child Migration timeline . The Goldonian . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Elementary Education of Defective and Epileptic Children '' . Br Med J. 2 : 1207 -- 8 . 1899 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.2026. 1207 . PMC 2412294 . PMID 20758708 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Birmingham '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 985 . Jump up ^ `` Borstal - What 's in a Name ? '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Historical abuse in residential child care in Scotland 1950 - 1995 : A literature review , The Scottish Government , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Neil . `` It was our duty to protect these children in remand homes . Instead they were sexually abused by staff for years '' Archived 8 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , The Herald , Glasgow , 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . www.workhouses.org.uk `` Reformatories and Industrial Schools '' , workhouses.org.uk . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ A.S. Neill . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ World War 1 Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC History . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Call - up Notice . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Long , Long Trail - Recruitment . Retrieved 5 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Meller , Helen . Medicine , Biology and Women 's Bodies , 1840 - 1940 Archived 22 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Company history . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Summerhill School . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ CBBC Summerhill drama . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Court Lees Approved School Affair '' , World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ Higginbotham , Peter . Workhouse - the Story of Workhouses Archived 16 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` UK 's ' Schindler ' awaits Nobel vote '' BBC News Online , London , 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Education leaving age . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Hubback D. ( 1989 ) . `` Julian Huxley and eugenics '' , in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. ( eds ) , Evolutionary studies : a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley . Macmillan , London . Jump up ^ Armytage W.H.G. ( 1989 ) . `` The first Director - General of UNESCO '' , in Keynes M. and Harrison G.A. ( eds ) , Evolutionary studies : a centenary celebration of the life of Julian Huxley . Macmillan , London , p. 188 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Education Historical Note . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . Jump up ^ International Bureau of Education Directors . Retrieved 28 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Jean Piaget . International Bureau of Education . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF Briefing . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ UN Chronicle 1965 review after UNICEF received the Nobel Peace Prize . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 1 March 2011 . British Armed Forces & National Service website . Retrieved 6 September 2008 Jump up ^ ' Warfare to Welfare ' . Community Care Article . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ Linklater , Magnus ; Holman , Bob . `` Letter to The Times prompted huge response and The Children Act of 1948 '' , The Times , London , 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Melanie Tebbutt , Making Youth : A History of Youth in Modern Britain ( 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Selina Todd , and Hilary Young . `` Baby - Boomers to ' Beanstalkers ' Making the Modern Teenager in Post-War Britain . '' Cultural and Social History 9 # 3 ( 2012 ) : 451 - 467 . Jump up ^ Tisdall , Laura ( 2015 ) . `` Inside the ' blackboard jungle ' male teachers and male pupils at English secondary modern schools in fact and fiction , 1950 to 1959 '' . Cultural and Social History . 12 ( 4 ) : 489 -- 507 . doi : 10.1080 / 14780038.2015. 1088265 . Jump up ^ Mills , Helena ( 2016 ) . `` Using the personal to critique the popular : women 's memories of 1960s youth '' . Contemporary British History . 30 ( 4 ) : 463 -- 483 . doi : 10.1080 / 13619462.2016. 1206822 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Resolution 1386 adopted at the 14th session of the General Assembly . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ UN Background Note . Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Corporal Punishment In British Reformatories And Institutions '' , World Corporal Punishment Research . Jump up ^ ( 6 ) The 1964 Kilbrandon report . Retrieved 26 August 2008 Jump up ^ ' Offender management ' in Scotland : the first hundred years Archived 21 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 26 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Law Reform Commission Paper Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 24 August 2008 Jump up ^ Education leaving age . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Scarman Report '' , BBC News Online , London , 27 April 2004 . Jump up ^ The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry , The Stationery Office , 1999 . Jump up ^ Guide for Appropriate Adults Archived 26 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , The Home Office . Jump up ^ `` Our children are missing : Most vulnerable youngsters are targeted '' . The Independent , London , 9 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis : Children 's services - Young runaways : a strategy at last - Log in to Children & Young People Now '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Rosemary ( 11 January 2008 ) . `` Safe Refuges to stop child runaways sleeping rough '' . The Times , London . Jump up ^ ( 9 ) A child migration timeline . The Goldonian . Retrieved 29 November 2009 Jump up ^ Walker , Peter ( 15 November 2009 ) . `` Brown to apologise to care home children sent to Australia and Canada '' . London : Guardian . Jump up ^ ( 10 ) ' Former British Child Migrants . Retrieved 28 November 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Questions and answers that surround a catalogue of abuse against children '' . The Guardian , London , 16 February 2000 . Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of the Child . Jump up ^ UNCRC Monitoring committee 2nd report Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 4 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Inquiry reveals abuse at Northumberland homes '' . Community Care , 13 June 2000 . Jump up ^ `` INQUEST - United Campaigns For Justice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Multilateral treaties deposited with the Secretary - General - TREATY I - IV - 15. asp ^ Jump up to : `` UN Convention on the Rights of the Child : reporting process '' Archived 12 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Every Child Matters . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Commons - Health - Second Report Jump up ^ `` Sex abuse priest given four years '' . BBC News Online , London , 23 September 2005 . ^ Jump up to : Exclusive : UK social worker blows the whistle on Jersey Jump up ^ Hill , Amelia . `` Judge admits : Britain 's youth courts ' in chaos ' '' . The Observer , London , 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1999/ukpga_19990014_en_1 Jump up ^ Boseley , Sarah . `` Paediatricians reluctant to court ' backlash ' '' . The Guardian , London , 19 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Confusion over doctors ' role in protecting children Archived 20 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 11 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Child Poverty across Industrialized Nations , UNICEF 1999 . Retrieved 25 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Narey , Martin . `` Do n't give up on poor children '' . guardian.co.uk ( blog ) , 20 August 2008 . Jump up ^ House of Lords - Explanatory Note Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 9 / 5 / 00 . `` After Waterhouse , what ? '' Community Cares . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Summerhill Court Case . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student evidence . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student report for IHEU Archived 15 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Summerhill student speech . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Resolution adopted by the General Assembly . 55 / 2 . United Nations Millennium Declaration '' , United Nations . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ UNICEF - Monitoring and statistics - Millennium Development Goals ( MDG ) monitoring Jump up ^ Early warning . Community Care , 5 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 3 July 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Director of Children 's Rights . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Northern Ireland Commissioner . Announcement of Appointment . Archived 30 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 24 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Waugh , Paul ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` Another minister under fire : call for Hodge to quit over child abuse scandal '' . The Independent , London . Jump up ^ Victoria Climbie Inquiry - Phase Two Archived 12 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dickson , Niall ( 17 December 2002 ) . `` Climbie : Legacy of an inquiry '' . BBC News Online , London . Note : Up to Victoria 's death , the police , the social services department of many local authorities , the National Health Service , the NSPCC , and local churches all had contact with her , and noted the signs of abuse . Jump up ^ `` Aims '' Archived 1 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Every Child Matters . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ The Bichard Report Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 22 September 2008 . Jump up ^ First phase of the Mubarek inquiry Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Zahid Mubarek case '' . BBC News Online , 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' Devastating indictment ' of prisons '' . BBC News Online , London , 29 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Scottish Children 's Reporter Administration : Frequently Asked Questions Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Branagan , Mark ( 18 November 2005 ) . `` Ampleforth child abuse scandal hushed up by Basil Hume '' . Yorkshire Post , Leeds . Jump up ^ `` Deepcut Review '' . Archived from the original on 7 June 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2008 . Jump up ^ End Child Poverty - Why End Child Poverty ? Jump up ^ Press release Archived 20 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Howard League for Penal Reform , 17 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Press release from Operation Rectangle . States of Jersey Police , 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Resources and practice - Every Child Matters '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 1 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice Briefing Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Haldane Society article Archived 28 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 10 September 2008 . Jump up ^ An independent review of the systems in place to protect children and keep them safe in residential care between 1950 - 1995 . The Scottish Government , November 2007 . Jump up ^ Scottish Parliament Written answers , 8 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Policy & Practice : Children 's commissioners - Four nations '' , Children and Young People Now . Retrieved 29 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Rosemary ( 11 December 2008 ) . `` Safeguards ' still not in place to prevent repeat of Baby P case ' '' . The Times , London . Graham , Dr. Olga. ( 2009 ) Autism : The Teratogen Fallout . Toronto : Free Press 777 . Rights are needed for children with autism regarding training and educating using visual methodology , proper diagnosis and treatment etc . Rights of children to a non-hazardous environment has become urgent . http://autismfallout.com External links ( edit ) Child Advocacy Documents - Worldwide Peter Higginbotham 's history of the workhouse Andrew Roberts ' Mental Health History Timeline International Legal Standards for Children 's Rights Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_young_people%27s_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=856051515 '' Categories : Children 's rights in the United Kingdom Child care History of youth British history timelines Youth in the United Kingdom Human rights Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 August 2018 , at 14 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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when did the age of majority change from 21 to 18 in the uk

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Hunter Tylo

Hunter Tylo - wikipedia Hunter Tylo Hunter Tylo Tylo at the 2012 Monte - Carlo Television Festival Deborah Jo Hunter ( 1962 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1962 ( age 56 ) Fort Worth , Texas , U.S. Other names Deborah Morehart Alma mater Fordham University Occupation Actress , author Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Tom Morehart ( m . 1980 ; div. 1984 ) Michael Tylo ( m . 1987 ; div. 2005 ) Gersson Archila ( m . 2009 ; annulled 2018 ) Children Hunter Tylo ( born Deborah Jo Hunter , July 3 , 1962 ) is an American actress , author and former model . She is best known for her role as Taylor Hayes ( 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- ) on The Bold and the Beautiful . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Lawsuit 3 Personal life 3.1 Marriages and children 3.2 Religion 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Tylo was born Deborah Jo Hunter in Fort Worth , Texas , the daughter of Jo Anne and Morris Jabez Hunter . She is of Cherokee Native American descent on her mother 's side . She has an older brother Jay , who passed away August 29 , 2018 , and a younger brother named Cliff . Tylo has been credited as Deborah Morehart ; Morehart was the last name of her first husband . Career ( edit ) In 1984 , credited as Deborah Morehart , Tylo appeared in the sorority slasher film The Initiation with future Melrose Place actress Daphne Zuniga . Tylo subsequently became well known after playing regular roles in US daytime soap operas . Her television debut was on All My Children in 1985 . She was fired from the role in 1988 , on the grounds of having a relationship with another cast member , Michael Tylo ( whom she married in 1987 ) . In 1989 , she was cast as Marina Toscano on Days of Our Lives . The character was a rival who caused trouble for one of the soap 's most popular couples , Steven `` Patch '' Johnson and Kayla Brady . Tylo later said , `` Everyone hated my character. ( ... ) I hated her . They ( producers ) said they were going to do something with her , but they never did . ( ... ) I dreaded going to work for the last few weeks I was on the show . '' The character was killed off and Tylo left the series in 1990 . Discouraged by her lack of success on soap operas , Tylo decided to quit acting , and enrolled at Fordham University in the Bronx , New York , intending to be a pre-med student . As she and her husband were preparing to move to New York City , she was offered a role of Dr. Taylor Hayes on The Bold and the Beautiful . She initially resisted the part but eventually relented . She began her tenure in 1990 , while still pursuing her degree at Fordham . In 2000 , Tylo released her autobiography , Making a Miracle . Tylo left The Bold and the Beautiful in 2002 . She returned to the show in 2004 for a two - episode appearance as a vision . In May 2005 , she returned as a series regular and left the series again in July 2013 . In 2014 she returned to the show for a several weeks story arc . Lawsuit ( edit ) In 1996 , Tylo was cast in the primetime soap opera Melrose Place and opted to leave The Bold and the Beautiful to take the role . However , she was fired by Melrose Place producer Aaron Spelling prior to filming any episodes for the series , when she announced she was pregnant . The character she was to play , Taylor McBride , was recast , Lisa Rinna taking the role . Tylo quickly returned to The Bold and the Beautiful . Tylo sued Spelling on grounds of discrimination for being pregnant and won $4.8 million from a Los Angeles jury . Spelling argued that Tylo 's pregnancy rendered her unable to play the character , who was supposed to be a sexy seductress . During the trial , Tylo published pictures of herself while pregnant which showed that she retained a slim figure . Prior to trial , during the discovery phase of the litigation , Tylo 's lawyers won a partial victory in an interlocutory appeal challenging a lower court 's order compelling her to answer a broad range of personal questions . The Court of Appeal established Tylo 's right to refuse to answer questions in her deposition about marital problems and psychological treatment , although the Court sustained the portion of the order which compelled her to answer questions about her efforts to become pregnant , her husband 's ability or inability to impregnate her , and communications with her agent with respect to her efforts and ability to become pregnant . The case is widely recognized as an important one in establishing the right of privacy in deposition and the right of actresses to continue to work while pregnant . Personal Life ( edit ) Marriages and children ( edit ) Tylo has been married three times and has four children . She married her first husband , Tom Morehart , in 1980 . They have a son , Christopher `` Chris '' Morehart , and divorced in 1984 . In 1987 , she married actor Michael Tylo , with whom she had daughters Izabella Gabrielle and Katya Ariel Tylo and son Michael Edward `` Mickey '' Tylo , Jr . In 1998 , the couple 's daughter Katya was diagnosed with a rare cancer of the eye called retinoblastoma . Doctors removed the affected right eye and began chemotherapy . Later in the year a tumor was detected in Katya 's other eye ; that tumor inexplicably disappeared . Katya recovered and wears a prosthetic right eye . The couple divorced in 2005 . On October 18 , 2007 , their son , Michael Tylo , Jr. , drowned in the family pool in Henderson , Nevada . The Clark County Coroner concluded that Michael Tylo , Jr. 's death was caused by `` drowning due to seizure disorder , '' and was ruled accidental . In May 2008 , Tylo filed a restraining order against boyfriend Corey Cofield , claiming that he had acted violently towards her and her children . Shortly after the death of her mother , Joanne Hunter , on November 29 , 2009 , Tylo married Gersson Archila in a secret ceremony in Las Vegas , Nevada . The marriage was annulled on August 30 , 2018 due to Court findings of Gersson being of poor moral character ; 3 convicted counts of spousal abuse , auto theft , drug paraphernalia , misrepresentation by false identity , and hiding a criminal past . Religion ( edit ) Tylo is a born again Christian . She attributes her daughter Katya 's recovery from cancer to constant prayer and credits her faith for helping her deal with the death of her son , Michael . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 1984 The Initiation Alison Credited as Deborah Morehart Final Cut Anna Credited as Deborah Morehart Longshot Rachel Montgomery A Place Called Home Billie Jeeters TV film They Are Among Us June TV film 2005 Down and Derby Teri Montana Hammerhead : Shark Frenzy Amelia Lockhart Syfy TV film Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Ref 1985 -- 88 All My Children Robin McCall Credited as Deborah Morehart 1989 -- 90 Days of Our Lives Marina Toscano Zorro Senora Del Reynoso Episode : `` Family Business '' 1990 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2005 -- 13 , 2014 , 2018 -- The Bold and the Beautiful Dr. Taylor Hayes Series regular ( 1990 -- 2002 ; 2005 -- 13 ) Guest ( 2004 , 2014 ) Recurring role ( 2018 -- ) The Maharaja 's Daughter Messua Shandar TV miniseries 1994 -- 95 Burke 's Law Ingrid Rose Penelope Jordan Episode : `` Who Killed the Hollywood Headshrinker ? '' ( 1995 ) Episode : `` Who Killed the Soap Star ? '' ( 1994 ) Baywatch Heather Episode : `` Windswept '' 1997 Diagnosis : Murder Claire McKenna Episode : `` Physician , Murder Thyself '' 2003 She Spies Dr. Marks / Andres Sarlin Episode : `` Daze of Future Past '' 2015 Queens of Drama Herself Series regular Awards and nominations ( edit ) Tylo has been listed twice on People magazine 's list of `` 50 Most Beautiful People In The World '' . Year Award Work Result Ref Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Actress The Bold and the Beautiful Won 1995 Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Love Story ( shared with Katherine Kelly Lang and Ronn Moss ) Nominated 1997 Most Valuable Professional Award for Best Actress Won 1998 Telvis Award for Most Popular Television Stars in Finland -- ( shared with John McCook ) Won 1999 Soap Opera Digest Award for Hottest Female Star Nominated 2002 Telvis Award for Favorite Foreign Actress Won 2003 Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Plot Twist -- ( shared with Ronn Moss ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hart , marla ( 17 June 1993 ) . `` Three 's A Charm After Two Bad Starts , Hunter Tylo Comes Into Her Own In ` B & B ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo : Biography '' . tvguide.com . ^ Jump up to : `` A Real - Life ' The Bold & the Beautiful ' Wedding '' . etonline.com . December 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wasko , Beth ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` B&B 's Tylo Leaving , Too ! '' . soapoperadigest.com . Jump up ^ Text of Tylo v. Superior Court ( Spelling Entertainment Group , Inc . ) ( 1997 ) 55 CA4th 1379 is available from : ceb.com ^ Jump up to : Smolowe , Jill ( November 5 , 2007 ) . `` A Soap Star 's Devastating Loss '' . people.com . Jump up ^ Gray , Mark ; Nudd , Tim ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Actress Hunter Tylo 's Son Drowns '' . People.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hancock , Noelle ( 2007 - 10 - 19 ) . `` Hunter Tylo 's Son Dies in Accidental Drowning '' . Usmagazine.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Hunter Tylo married in secret ceremony '' . Soapcentral . Jump up ^ Gliatto , Tom ( December 1 , 1997 ) . `` Thrown a Curve '' . people.com . Jump up ^ `` People : Praise Be '' . Beaver County Times . October 14 , 1998 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo : ' Nothing More Painful Than Losing a Child ' '' . people.com . November 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Har , Marla ( June 17 , 1993 ) . `` Three 's a Charm '' . Chicago Tribune . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Executive producers : Lee Phillip Bell and William J. Bell ; Head writer : William J. Bell ( June 6 , 1990 ) . The Bold and the Beautiful . Season 25 . Episode 804 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` They 're Back ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. : 23 -- 24 . August 16 , 1994 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' Queens of Drama ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hunter Tylo Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Awards List '' . boldandbeautiful.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hunter Tylo . Hunter Tylo Official Site Hunter Tylo on IMDb Hunter Tylo on the Net Retinoblastoma International WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15521833j ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 1369 9955 SNAC : w6m051vx VIAF : 48879930 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hunter_Tylo&oldid=863149924 '' Categories : 1962 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Texas American evangelicals American film actresses American soap opera actresses American television actresses American people of Cherokee descent Fordham University alumni Living people People from Fort Worth , Texas Hidden categories : Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2018 , at 00 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Raviv Ullman

Raviv Ullman - wikipedia Raviv Ullman Raviv Ullman Ullman during the production of Choice in 2015 Raviv Ullman ( 1986 - 01 - 24 ) January 24 , 1986 ( age 32 ) Eilat , Israel Other names Ricky Ullman Occupation Actor , musician Years active 1997 -- present Raviv Ullman ( Hebrew : רביב אולמן ‎ ; born January 24 , 1986 ) , is an Israeli - American actor and musician . He is best known for playing Phil Diffy , the main character in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future . The actor was credited as Ricky Ullman from 1997 until 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early Career : 1997 -- 2003 2.2 Prominence in television : 2004 -- 2009 2.2. 1 Phil of the Future and Disney 2.2. 2 Rita Rocks and other television and film 2.2. 3 Music 2.3 Post-television career : 2009 -- Present 2.3. 1 Theater 2.3. 2 Music 2.3. 3 Filmmaking 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Films 4.2 Television 4.3 Stage 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ullman was born in Eilat , Israel , to American parents Laura ( née Ehrenkranz ) , a teacher , and Brian Ullman , a printer . He has a younger sister and younger brother named Tali and Nadav , respectively . After his first birthday , his family left their kibbutz in Israel for Norwalk , Connecticut , USA , and then to Fairfield , Connecticut the following year . When Ullman was younger , his father worked as a clown . While attending summer camp , he played Peter Pan , which helped him discover his talents in acting , singing , dancing , and reading drama novels . Ullman was raised in the Conservative and Orthodox denominations of Judaism . His maternal grandfather , Joseph Ehrenkranz , was an Orthodox rabbi in Stamford , Connecticut . Ullman is a first cousin , twice removed , of Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman . Lieberman 's mother and Ullman 's matrilineal great - grandmother were sisters . Ullman taught himself how to play the trombone . Ullman was selected to attend the Hugh O'Brian Youth Leadership Foundation ( HOBY ) youth leadership program of Connecticut in March 2002 where he was selected as the `` outstanding ambassador '' enabling him to attend the HOBY World Leadership Congress in the summer of 2002 . He went to Hillel Academy and is a graduate of Fairfield Warde High School . He was active in National Conference of Synagogue Youth . Career ( edit ) Early career : 1997 -- 2003 ( edit ) Ullman 's first professional role was as Louis in the national touring company of The King and I along with Jesse McCartney . Other productions he worked on include Peter Pan at the Polka Dot Playhouse , The Music Man with the New England Repertory Company , and Just People at the Long Wharf Theatre . He received a 1998 -- 1999 Best Actor nomination from the Connecticut Critics ' Awards for his character Stanley in Stamford Theater Work 's A Rosen by Any Other Name . He had small roles in film and television shows , notably portraying Christopher Knight in the 2000 movie Growing Up Brady . Prominence in television : 2004 -- 2009 ( edit ) Phil of the Future and Disney ( edit ) Ullman is best known for his starring role as Phil Diffy , a teen from the year 2121 on Disney Channel 's Phil of the Future , a series that debuted June 2004 . He also starred as Roscoe in Disney 's made - for - television film Pixel Perfect . During this period , Ullman appeared in other Disney Channel programming like and was an identified member of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , and appeared with other members of the Circle in the music video for `` A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes , '' where he sang as well as played the drums . Rita Rocks and other television and film ( edit ) In 2004 , Ullman starred as Sam in ABC Family 's television film Searching for David 's Heart . He appeared in a string of independent films including The Big Bad Swim and Driftwood ( 2006 ) , Normal Adolescent Behavior ( 2007 ) , and Prom Wars ( 2008 ) . During this period , he guest - starred in TV shows like Big Love and Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Ullman was cast as Kip in the Lifetime sitcom Rita Rocks , which premiered in 2009 . His character was the drummer in the titular character 's band and her daughter 's boyfriend . The show was canceled after two seasons . While Ullman previously went by the stage name Ricky , he started using his real name in 2006 when he guest - starred on an episode of House and continued to use Raviv on all projects since . Music ( edit ) In June 2006 , Ullman and a few of his friends created parody hip - hop music videos under the name the Webee Boys . In December 2006 , Ullman met actor Douglas Smith of Big Love fame and together they formed a band called Goodbye Ian . The group expanded to as many as seven people and later changed its name to His Orchestra . Ullman plays drums and glockenspiel in the band , which released its debut album , Field Guide to the Wilds , on February 24 , 2009 . Post-television career : 2009 -- present ( edit ) Theater ( edit ) After completing Rita Rocks in 2009 , Ullman had some small roles in short films , television , and film but began to focus his career on theater acting , starring in Off - Broadway and regional theater productions . From January 2012 to March 24 , 2012 , Ullman starred as the character Alex in the New Group 's production of Russian Transport Off - Broadway in New York . On April 30 , 2012 , it was announced that Ullman joined the cast of Alena Smith 's new Off - Broadway play The Bad Guys . It began performances on May 22 at the McGinn / Cazale Theater on the Upper West Side in New York City . In 2014 , Ullman acted opposite of Holly Hunter and Richard Chamberlain in the first revival of Sticks and Bones . Sticks and Bones opened November 6 , 2014 and closed December 14 , 2014 . Ullman 's last professional acting credit was in 2015 . However , he has acted since , starring in the 2017 benefit play Right Before I Go at The Town Hall . Music ( edit ) Ullman is an accomplished musician and plays drums and guitar . He has worked as a touring musician , notably with Soko on her 2012 tour . Ullman was a member of the band Reputante , which released their 2013 debut on Julian Casablancas ' record label Cult Records . He departed the band sometime in 2015 . With Reputante members James Levy and Jimmy Giannopoulos , Ullman helped form the band Lolawolf with actress Zoë Kravitz . They released their self - titled debut EP on February 4 , 2014 . He left Lolawolf before the release of their first full - length record , Come Down , in October 2014 . Filmmaking ( edit ) In October 2016 , Ullman announced his project Standing Ground , a documentary that explores the Standing Rock Sioux Nation , the North Dakota Access Pipeline and the fossil fuels industry . Production of the film took place throughout 2017 . Ullman also directs music videos . Personal life ( edit ) Ullman speaks fluent Hebrew and keeps a kosher kitchen . Ullman is an environmentalist and has called himself `` a fourth generation activist '' . He works with TAP ( Teens AIDS Prevention ) . Ullman lives in Brooklyn , New York . Filmography ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1998 Crossfire Aziz 2000 Growing Up Brady Christopher Knight TV movie The Boys of Sunset Ridge John Burroughs at 13 Pixel Perfect Roscoe TV movie Searching for David 's Heart Sam TV movie Costume Party Capers : The Incredibles Himself TV movie 2005 Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama Eric Voice Totally Suite New Year 's Eve Himself TV movie 2006 The Big Bad Swim Hunter McCarthy Driftwood David Forrester That Guy Logan TV Movie 2007 Normal Adolescent Behavior Price The Violin David Short 2008 Prom Wars Percy Mother Goose Parade Himself How to Make Love to a Woman Scott Conners The Trouble with Cali Lois 2011 A Sense of Humor Laughing Man Short 2013 Contest Rip 2015 The Other Side Jacob TBD Spring Break ' 83 Billy Filming completed in 2007 ; release postponed . Television ( edit ) Year Show Role Notes 2002 Guiding Light Jacky Episode dated 16 May 2002 Law & Order : Criminal Intent 1st Boy Episode : `` Crazy '' ( January 13 , 2002 ) 2004 -- 2006 Phil of the Future Phil Diffy 43 episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Danny Spencer Episode : `` Obscene '' ( October 12 , 2004 ) 2005 That 's So Raven Jake Haskell `` On Top of Old Oaky '' ( April 22 , 2005 ) 2006 Big Love Donna 's makeout partner Episode : `` Eclipse '' ( April 2 , 2006 ) House Jeremy Episode : `` Fools for Love '' ( October 31 , 2006 ) 2007 Cold Case Phil DiPreta , ' 98 Episode : `` That Woman '' ( September 30 , 2007 ) 2007 Phineas and Ferb Additional voices Episode : `` Rollercoaster / Candace Loses It '' ( August 17 , 2007 ) 2008 The Middleman Derek Episode : `` The Obsolescent Cryogenic Meltdown '' ( August 11 , 2008 ) 2008 -- 2009 Rita Rocks Kip 40 episodes 2011 Criminal Minds : Suspect Behavior Ben Episode : `` The Time Is Now '' ( May 4 , 2011 ) 2015 Broad City Reginald Carolla Episode : `` In Heat '' ( January 14 , 2015 ) Stage ( edit ) Year Play Role Venue Notes The King and I Louis National tour 1999 A Rosen By Any Other Name Stanley 2005 Dead End Tommy Ahmanson Theatre 2012 Russian Transport Alex The New Group @ Theatre Row 2012 The Bad Guys Paul McGinn / Cazale Theatre 2014 The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner Gunthorpe Stage 2 2014 Deathtrap Clifford Anderson Bucks County Playhouse 2014 Sticks and Bones Rick The Pershing Square Signature Center 2015 Bad Jews Jonah Geffen Playhouse 2015 Choice Hunter Huntington Theatre 2018 Right Before I Go The Town Hall One - night benefit References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Levinson , Linda Tishler ( 19 November 2004 ) . `` Fairfield youth is ' Phil of the Future ' on Disney Channel '' . Jewish Ledger . Fairfield , Connecticut . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fairfield Actor in Disney Channel Program This June '' . Fairfield Citizen News . 19 March 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Ullman '' . NNDB . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ricky Ullman : Jewish A'Phil'iation '' . Babaganews . Behrman House . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A teen idol with a difference '' . December 9 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobson , Judie ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Jewish Geography : The Celebrity Edition '' . Jewish Ledger . Archived from the original on 23 June 2009 . Retrieved June 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Screen capture from House '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The following film posters feature his real name : 1 , 2 Jump up ^ `` Webee Boys on MySpace Music '' . MySpace . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` His Orchestra on MySpace Music '' . MySpace . Retrieved June 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` BWW TV : STICKS AND BONES ' Richard Chamberlain , Holly Hunter , Bill Pullman & More Meet the Press ! Video '' . www.broadwayworld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Huntington Theatre Company '' . www.huntingtontheatre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standing Ground - A Documentary Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` I Was Very on Edge : Zoe Kravitz Explains Why Her New Band Lolawolf Came Together at Just the Right Time '' . ELLE. 2014 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Standing Ground - A Documentary Film '' . Kickstarter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` CAST '' . Right Before I Go A New Play by Stan Zimmerman December 4 , 2018 Town Hall NYC . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ League , The Broadway . `` Ricky Ullman -- Broadway Cast & Staff IBDB '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` The New Group Closes RUSSIAN TRANSPORT '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Michael Braun et al. Star in Second Stage Theatre 's THE BAD GUYS , Opening Tonight , 6 / 4 '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Photo Flash : Meet the Cast of Atlantic Theater 's LONELINESS OF THE LONG DISTANCE RUNNER '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Marakay . `` BWW Reviews : DEATHTRAP With Marsha Mason at Bucks County Playhouse '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Grigware , Don . `` BWW Reviews : BAD JEWS a Riotous Dramedy at the Geffen '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Huntington Theatre Company '' . www.huntingtontheatre.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Raviv Ullman on IMDb VIAF : 169363828 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raviv_Ullman&oldid=835883456 '' Categories : 1986 births American male child actors American drummers American male stage actors American male television actors American people of Israeli descent Israeli emigrants to the United States Jewish Israeli male actors Israeli people of American descent Jewish American male actors Living people Actors from Fairfield , Connecticut People from Eilat 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played phil in phil of the future

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Batting order (baseball)

Batting order ( baseball ) - wikipedia Batting order ( baseball ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the term `` batting order '' as used in baseball . For usage of the term in cricket , see Batting order ( cricket ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lineup card from a 2001 spring training game between the St. Louis Cardinals and Atlanta Braves In baseball , the batting order or batting lineup is the sequence in which the members of the offense take their turns in batting against the pitcher . The batting order is the main component of a team 's offensive strategy . In Major League Baseball , the batting order is set by the manager , who before the game begins must present the home plate umpire with two copies of his team 's lineup card , a card on which a team 's starting batting order is recorded . The home plate umpire keeps one copy of the lineup card of each team , and gives the second copy to the opposing manager . Once the home plate umpire gives the lineup cards to the opposing managers , the batting lineup is final and a manager can only make changes under the Official Baseball Rules governing substitutions . If a team bats out of order , it is a violation of baseball 's rules and subject to penalty . According to The Dickson Baseball Dictionary , a team has `` batted around '' when each of the nine batters in the team 's lineup has made a plate appearance , and the first batter is coming up again during a single inning . Dictionary.com , however , defines `` bat around '' as `` to have every player in the lineup take a turn at bat during a single inning . '' It is not an official statistic . Opinions differ as to whether nine batters must get an at - bat , or if the opening batter must bat again for `` batting around '' to have occurred . In modern American baseball , some batting positions have nicknames : `` leadoff '' for first , `` cleanup '' for fourth , and `` last '' for ninth . Others are known by the ordinal numbers or the term # - hole ( 3rd place hitter would be 3 - hole ) . In similar fashion , the third , fourth , and fifth batters are often collectively referred to as the `` heart '' or `` meat '' of the batting order , while the seventh , eighth , and ninth batters are called the `` bottom of the lineup , '' a designation generally referring both to their hitting position and to their typical lack of offensive prowess . At the start of each inning , the batting order resumes where it left off in the previous inning , rather than resetting to start with the # 1 hitter again . If the current batter has not finished his at - bat , by either putting a ball in play or being struck - out , and another baserunner becomes a third out , such as being picked - off or caught stealing , the current batter will lead off the next inning , with the pitch count reset to 0 - 0 . While this ensures that the players all bat roughly the same number of times , the game will almost always end before the last cycle is complete , so that the # 1 hitter ( for example ) almost always has one plate appearance more than the # 9 hitter , which is a significant enough difference to affect tactical decisions . This is not a perfect correlation to each batter 's official count of `` at - bats , '' as a sacrifice ( bunt or fly ) that advances a runner , or a walk ( base on balls or hit by pitch ) is not recorded as an `` at - bat '' as these are largely out of the batter 's control and should not hurt his batting average ( base hits per at - bats . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of the Set Batting Order 1.2 Contrast with Cricket 2 Positions in the lineup 2.1 # 1 2.2 # 2 2.3 # 3 2.4 # 4 2.5 # 5 , # 6 2.6 # 7 , # 8 2.7 # 9 3 Bragan 's Brainstorm 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Development of the set batting order ( edit ) Early forms of baseball or rounders from the mid 19th - Century did not require a fixed batting order , any player who was not on base could be called upon to bat . The concept of a set batting order is said to have been invented by Alexander Cartwright , who also instituted rules such as the foul ball and tagging the runner ( as opposed to pegging him with the ball ) , and devised the shortstop position . In the early days of baseball , the rules did not require that the batting order be announced before game time . This permitted strategic decisions regarding batting order to occur while the game was in progress . For example , Cap Anson was known to wait to see if the first two men got on base in the first inning . If they did not , he would wait and hit in the next inning . However , in the 1880s , organized baseball began mandating that the batting order be disclosed before the first pitch . For example , Rule 36 ( `` The Batsman 's Position -- Order of Batting '' ) in The Playing Rules of Professional Base Ball Clubs of 1896 stated the following : `` The Batsmen must take their positions within the batsmen 's lines ... in the order in which they are named in the batting order , which batting order must be submitted by the Captains of the opposing teams to the Umpire before the game , and this batting order must be followed except in the case of a substitute player , in which case the substitute must take the place of the original player in the batting order . After the first inning the first striker in each inning shall be the batsman whose name follows that of the last man who completed his turn ... in the preceding inning . '' Contrast with cricket ( edit ) Main article : Batting order ( cricket ) In cricket , the batting order is generally fixed so that players are sure of their role within the team , but there is no obligation to submit a definitive batting order and stick to it . A batsman can be `` promoted '' to a higher spot ( or conversely , demoted to a lower one ) in the batting order according to the team 's wishes . The idea of a `` revolving '' batting order is unique to baseball , in which the on - deck batter at the time the final out is made in one inning becomes the lead - off batter ( unless the current batter had not been struck - out or put a ball in play , in which case he returns as the lead - off batter with a 0 - 0 reset pitch count ) in the next inning ( unless his spot is taken by a pinch - hitter ) . In the shorter form of cricket , there is only one inning per side , while in the longer form each side bats a maximum of two times . In a typical innings of this latter form , all eleven players on the team will have a chance to bat , and the innings finishes when 10 players are out . In the team 's second innings , the batting order is usually maintained , but the team can make any changes it desires . As in baseball , many batting order configurations are possible , but a standard order might be : Two opening batsmen - able players who can negotiate a typically difficult period of play . Four middle order batsmen - specialist batsmen who may be more attacking . A wicket - keeper - the equivalent of the catcher , who is also expected to contribute with the bat . Four bowlers - the equivalent of pitchers ; players who may or may not have any ability with the bat . It has been noted that the concept of a batting order in baseball is `` profoundly democratic ; no matter how good a hitter you are , you have to wait your turn . '' In that respect , although baseball , like cricket , `` may have begun as a gentlemen 's game , '' Americans gravitated toward baseball as a better embodiment of the country 's egalitarian ideal , and as a symbol of cultural as well as political independence from the British colonial legacy . However , it should also be remembered that in cricket a single innings lasts hours or even days , and there are periods in which batting can be markedly easier or more difficult . A related factor is that a single ball is used in an innings for around 80 overs ( approximately 5 hours of play ) . At the beginning of an innings , therefore , when bowlers are fresh and the ball is hard , it would be appreciably more challenging for the non-specialist batsmen to make an impact . Conversely , if such a player bats when the ball is old and the bowlers are tired , he can thrive , and this can often be a great source of pleasure to spectators , as insult is added to injury for the other side . Finally , in cricket , there is no such thing as a designated hitter , so even if a bowler has no batting ability , he will still be required to bat , usually as the last man in the order . Positions in the lineup ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # 1 ( edit ) The first player in the batting order is known as the leadoff hitter . The leadoff batter is traditionally an individual with a high on - base percentage , plate discipline , bat control , good speed , and the ability to steal bases . His goal is to ensure the team has baserunners when the later , more powerful hitters come to bat . Once on base , his main goal is to get into scoring position ( that is , 2nd or 3rd base ) as quickly as possible , either through steals , hit and run plays or intelligent baserunning decisions , and then on to score . His need for a high on - base percentage ( OBP ) exceeds that of the other lineup spots . Because leadoff hitters are selected primarily for their speed and ability to reach base , they are typically not power hitters , but contact hitters . Leadoff hitters typically hit mostly singles and doubles and draw walks to get on base . However , speed is not essential , as was shown by Wade Boggs , but it is highly desired among leadoff hitters . However , today 's model for a leadoff hitter developed only gradually . An early `` job description '' for a leadoff hitter by baseball pioneer Henry Chadwick in 1867 advised only , `` Let your first striker always be the coolest hand of the nine . '' By 1898 , though , a Sporting Life article noted , `` It is customary to have a small , active fellow who can hit , run and steal bases , and also worry a pitcher into a preliminary base on balls , as a leader in the list . '' Examples of classic leadoff hitters are Phil Rizzuto , Richie Ashburn , Maury Wills , Lou Brock , Pete Rose , Rod Carew , Tim Raines , and Ichiro Suzuki , with some having somewhat more power ( Lou Whitaker , Rickey Henderson , Paul Molitor , Derek Jeter , Carlos Gómez , Gerardo Parra , Johnny Damon ) . It should be noted that the term `` leadoff hitter '' can be used interchangeably to describe not only the first batter on the lineup card , but also the first batter up in any particular inning . For example , if , in the second inning , the fifth batter in the lineup card is the first batter up , it will be said that he is leading off or that he is the leadoff batter for that particular inning . # 2 ( edit ) The second batter is usually a contact hitter with the ability to bunt or sacrifice a baserunner over or get a hit . His main goal is to move the leadoff man into scoring position and to avoid grounding into double plays . Managers often like to have a left - handed hitter bat second because of the potential gap in the infield defense caused by the first baseman holding the leadoff batter . As early as 1892 , it was recognized that a left - handed hitter in the second spot would make it easier for a man on base to steal second . On a very good team this batter can have characteristics of both a leadoff hitter and a power hitter ( Manny Machado , Curt Flood , Joe Morgan , Robin Yount , Alan Trammell ) , in some such cases abandoning the advantage of having a left - hand hitter in favor of a good right - handed hitter . # 3 ( edit ) The third batter , in the three - hole , is generally the best all - around hitter on the team , often hitting for a high batting average but not necessarily very fast . Part of his job is to reach base for the cleanup hitter , and part of it is to help drive in baserunners himself . Third - place hitters are best known for `` keeping the inning alive '' . However , in recent years , some managers have tended to put their best slugger in this position . Typically the greatest hitters for a combination of power and OBP on their teams bat third , as is shown by the use of such hitters as Babe Ruth , Mel Ott , Ted Williams , Willie Mays , Chipper Jones , Barry Bonds , Mickey Mantle , Carl Yastrzemski , Albert Pujols , Joey Votto , Andrew McCutchen , Miguel Cabrera , Ken Griffey Jr. , Josh Hamilton , Evan Longoria , José Bautista , Edwin Encarnación , Mike Trout , and Hank Aaron in this position in the lineup . Even without the combination of extreme power ( Yogi Berra , Al Kaline , George Brett ) or high batting average ( Ernie Banks , Harmon Killebrew , Johnny Bench , Mike Schmidt , Reggie Jackson ) this batting position contains an inordinate number of hitters who eventually become members of the Baseball Hall of Fame . # 4 ( edit ) The fourth player in the batting order is known as the cleanup hitter , also known as the cleanup spot and in modern baseball is almost always one of the best hitters on the team , often the one with the most power and ability to drive in runs with extra-base hits ( double , triple , or home run ) . Baseball managers tend to place hitters who are most likely to reach base ahead of the clean - up man , so that the fourth batter can `` clean '' the bases by driving these baserunners home to score runs . His main goal is to drive in runs , although he is expected to score runs as well . Hitting cleanup requires an exceptional level of talent , and the ability to deliver big hits in important situations ( such as the bases loaded with two out ) . Examples of # 4 hitters include Lou Gehrig , Eddie Mathews , Willie McCovey , Billy Williams , Tony Pérez , Eddie Murray , Daniel Murphy , Alex Rodriguez , Prince Fielder , David Ortiz , Edgar Martínez , and Ryan Howard . The theory behind the cleanup hitter is that , at the beginning of the game , if at least one of the first three batters reaches base with a single - base hit or walk , a home run will result in two or more runs rather than just one ( a `` solo '' home run ) . If all three players reach base , thereby loading the bases , the cleanup hitter has the chance to hit a grand slam , scoring four runs . But even without the grand slam , this batter can extend an inning with a high batting average and frequent walks . However , since home runs were a rarity before 1920 , the concept of slotting a home run hitter fourth was slow to develop . However , the need for a good run producer in that position was recognized from the early days in baseball history , as demonstrated by Cap Anson generally penciling his name there . As power came to play a larger role in the game , the tendency to bat home run hitters fourth developed accordingly . In 1904 , sportswriter Tim Murnane stated unequivocally that `` The heavy hitter of the team is located at the fourth place . '' The # 3 and # 4 hitters can often be switched in roles . For example , the 2011 Detroit Tigers had Miguel Cabrera as their # 4 hitter but moved him to the # 3 hitter after acquiring Prince Fielder as a free agent before the 2012 season . # 5 , # 6 ( edit ) The fifth and sixth ( and sometimes seventh ) batters have traditionally been RBI men , with the main goal of driving runners home , especially with sacrifice flies . The 3rd , 4th and 5th hitters in the lineup are called the `` heart of the order '' , signifying their collective ability to get on base , hit for power and drive in runs . Modern sabermetric baseball theories suggests that even the 5th and 6th batters should have high on - base percentages , though this approach has not been universally adopted . The fifth batter is usually a team 's second - best power hitter , and his purpose is often to `` protect '' the clean - up hitter in the batting order . He is expected to pose enough of a threat that the opposing team refrains from intentionally walking the clean - up hitter in potential scoring situations . The sixth hitter serves as a backup to the fifth hitter in case he fails to score runs or to drive more in himself if another scoring opportunity presents itself . # 7 , # 8 ( edit ) The seventh and eighth batters are often not as powerful as the earlier batters , and do not have as high a batting average . They are often players who are in the lineup more because of their defensive ability ( typically catcher , second baseman or shortstop ) than their ability as hitters . They are still expected to produce ( as is the case for any regular starter ) , but they have less pressure in those spots . The main pressure on the eighth hitter comes when there are two outs : in this case , he must battle the pitcher to get on base so that the ninth hitter can come up . That way , even if the ninth hitter gets out , the top of the order comes up next . Very often the # 7 hitter is a catcher , commonly the slowest baserunner on a team whose lack of speed would contribute to a large number of double plays higher in the order even if he is a good hitter ( Bill Freehan ) . The eighth batter is often a good contact hitter , and can be used as a back - up # 2 hitter . In leagues without designated hitters ( DHs ) , the catcher often bats eighth , as they are often employed for their defensive skills and handling of the pitching staff , and tend to have a relatively low batting average . However , this is by no means always the case . In a situation where the pitcher is batting in the # 9 slot , # 8 hitters are sometimes intentionally walked to get to the pitcher 's spot in the # 9 hole ; however , with two outs the opposing pitcher is expected to battle the # 8 hitter , so in the event of an out the pitcher leads off the following inning . # 9 ( edit ) In the presence of the designated hitter , the ninth batter is often like the second leadoff . Ninth - hitters tend to be fast , and have a decent on - base percentage like the leadoff hitter . In leagues where the DH rule is not in effect , the starting pitcher almost always fills the ninth spot , although relief pitchers may occupy a different spot due to a double switch . If there is a man on first or second base with fewer than two outs when the ninth hitter is up , he almost always bunts . However , a notable alternative exists to this , in which the pitcher or weakest hitter actually bats in the 8th slot , and another player with decent OBP and speed bats in the 9th slot , thus creating a kind of second leadoff hitter , at the bottom of the lineup , that loops to the top of the order afterwards . This has been used sparingly in the major leagues , but was notably employed by St. Louis Cardinals manager Tony La Russa in the second half of the 1998 baseball season , and again in August 2007 and in 2008 , and by Milwaukee Brewers manager Ned Yost in 2008 . Joe Maddon is currently placing the pitcher in the # 8 spot during the beginning of the 2017 Cubs season . Bragan 's brainstorm ( edit ) In 1957 major league manager Bobby Bragan placed his best hitter in the leadoff position and the remainder of his lineup in descending batting average order . Earnshaw Cook in his 1966 book , Percentage Baseball , claimed that , using a computer , Bragan 's lineup would result in 1 to 2 more wins per season . A recent computer simulation demonstrates the superiority of Bragan 's lineup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Baseball Explained by Phillip Mahony , McFarland Books , 2014 . See www.baseballexplained.com Archived 2014 - 08 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 82 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Batted around - Define Batted around at Dictionary.com '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` MLB : Here 's a Perplexing Question to Bat Around '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gerard , David P. ( 2013 ) . Baseball GPA : A New Statistical Approach to Performance and Strategy . McFarland . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 9780786472567 . ^ Jump up to : Zirin , Dave ( 2008 ) . A People 's History of Sports in the United States : 250 Years of Politics . New York , USA : The New Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 9781595581006 . ^ Jump up to : James , Bill ( 2010 ) . The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract . USA : Simon and Schuster . p. 40 . ISBN 9781439106938 . Jump up ^ Henry Chadwick , ed. ( 1896 ) . Spalding 's Base Ball Guide and Official League Book for ... : Volume 1896 . American Sports Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Knight , Jullian ( 2013 ) . Cricket For Dummies . John Wiley & Son . ISBN 9781118480342 . Jump up ^ http://cricket.about.com/od/cricketforbeginners/tp/How-To-Interpret-A-Cricket-Batting-Order.htm ^ Jump up to : Alvin L. Hall ; et al. , eds. ( 2001 ) . The Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and American Culture , 2000 . McFarland . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 9780786481705 . Jump up ^ http://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/5-of-the-best-innings-by-the-tail-enders-in-international-cricket ^ Jump up to : Dickson , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Dickson Baseball Dictionary ( Third Edition ) . W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 193 , 498 . ISBN 9780393073492 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Peter ( 2006 ) . A Game of Inches : The Stories Behind the Innovations that Shaped Baseball . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 218 -- 220 . ISBN 9781566636773 . Jump up ^ MLB.com La Russa shakes up lineup . August 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Official Site of The St. Louis Cardinals : News : Notes : La Russa to bat pitcher eighth External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Baseball concepts Outline , Glossary Rules Rules of baseball Ground rules Infield fly rule Interference Field Backstop Baseball diamond Batter 's box Batter 's eye Bullpen Dugout Foul pole Foul territory Infield On - deck circle Outfield Warning track Equipment Ball Bat Batting cage Batting glove Batting helmet Cap Doughnut Glove ( defense ) Pitching machine Protective cup Shin guard Stirrups Uniform Uniform number Game process Batting order Extra innings Innings On - deck Out Positions Run Seventh - inning stretch Batting At bat Baltimore chop Bat flip Chinese home run Batting count Bunt Checked swing Cleanup hitter Designated hitter Double Double switch Foul ball Foul tip Golden sombrero Grand slam Ground rule double Hat trick Hit Hit and run Hit by pitch Hitting for the cycle Home run Infield hit Inside - the - park home run Leadoff hitter Lefty - righty switch Line drive Moonshot Plate appearance Platoon system Pull hitter Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly Single Slap bunt Strikeout Strike zone Sweet spot Switch hitter Triple Walk Walk - off home run Pitching Balk Beanball Breaking ball Brushback pitch Changeup Curveball Eephus Fastball Full count Inside pitching Intentional walk Knuckleball No - hitter Passed ball Perfect game Pitch count Pitchout Quick pitch Screwball Shutout Slider Spitball Strikeout Striking out the side Time of pitch Wild pitch Base running Balk Bases loaded Caught stealing Contact play Hit and run Left on base Obstruction Safe Scoring position Slide Small ball Squeeze play Stolen base Tag up Fielding ( positioning ) Appeal play Assist Blocking the plate Catch Defensive indifference Double play Error Fielder 's choice Fifth infielder Force play Fourth out Hidden ball trick In - between hop Infield fly rule Infield shift Interference Pickoff Putout Rundown Tag out Triple play unassisted Uncaught third strike Wall climb Wheel play Miscellaneous Baseball statistics Bench jockey Bench - clearing brawl Dead ball Jargon In flight Pepper Scorekeeping Series Shagging Slump Streak ( losing ) Streak ( winning ) Portal WikiProject Baseball positions Pitchers by role Ace pitcher Starting pitcher Relief pitcher Middle relief pitcher Long reliever Setup man Closer Left - handed specialist by style Power pitcher Control pitcher Ground ball pitcher Fly ball pitcher Switch pitcher Defensive players by number Pitcher ( 1 / P ) Catcher ( 2 / C ) First baseman ( 3 / 1B ) Second baseman ( 4 / 2B ) Third baseman ( 5 / 3B ) Shortstop ( 6 / SS ) Left fielder ( 7 / LF ) Center fielder ( 8 / CF ) Right fielder ( 9 / RF ) by type Pitcher Catcher Infielder Outfielder Utility player Utility infielder Position player Fourth outfielder Corner outfielder Offensive players by role Batter Runner Batting order ( 1 -- 9 ) Designated hitter Pinch hitter Pinch runner Lead off Leadoff hitter Cleanup hitter by style Clutch hitter Contact hitter Power hitter Switch hitter Non-players Official scorer Umpire Manager Coaches Batboy Ball boy / girl General manager Related Captain Battery Disabled list Phantom ballplayer Platoon system Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batting_order_(baseball)&oldid=805390996 '' Categories : Batting ( baseball ) Baseball positions Baseball strategy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from July 2013 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 02 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the clean up hitter in baseball

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Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better)

Anything you can do ( I can do better ) - wikipedia Anything you can do ( I can do better ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Anything You Can Do '' is a song composed by Irving Berlin for the 1946 Broadway musical , Annie Get Your Gun . The song is a duet , with one male singer and one female singer attempting to outdo each other in increasingly complex tasks . In the musical , the song sets the scene for the climactic sharpshooting contest between Annie Oakley and Frank Butler . Its most memorable lines are , `` Anything you can do I can do better ; I can do anything better than you . '' The song was first performed in Annie Get Your Gun by Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton . During the song , they argue playfully about who can , for example , sing softer , sing higher , sing sweeter , and hold a note for longer , and boast of their abilities and accomplishments , such as opening safes and living on bread and cheese , although Annie always seems to counter Frank 's argument . Neither can `` bake a pie , '' though . Contents ( hide ) 1 Notable versions 2 Other recorded versions 3 Variants 4 References Notable versions ( edit ) Ethel Merman and Ray Middleton from original cast recording ( 1946 ) . Bing Crosby , Dick Haymes and The Andrews Sisters - recorded for Decca Records on March 19 , 1947 . Groucho Marx and his daughter Melinda Marx ( a child at the time ) in home movie footage used for select TV specials . Ethel Merman and Howard Keel ( 1950 ) Betty Hutton and Howard Keel in the 1950 film version of the musical Mary Martin and John Raitt on the 1957 National Tour recording Doris Day and Robert Goulet for the Columbia Records album Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Ethel Merman and Bruce Yarnell in the 1966 revival recording . Dusty Springfield and Freddie Paris on Bandstand ( 1967 ) . Robert Morse and an office computer in 1968 TV series That 's Life , episode S1E11 `` Bobby 's Pink Slip '' Barbara Walters and Howard Cosell on Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell in 1975 debating who interviews people better . Ethel Merman and Miss Piggy ( 1976 ) in The Muppet Show , episode 1.22 In 1963 , Heidi Brühl and Robert Trehy performed a German version in the stage version of this musical at the Theater des Westens in Berlin . In 1977 , Tina Arena and John Bowles recorded a version for their album Tiny Tina and Little John . In 1990 , Kidsongs released Ride the Roller Coaster , which contained a version of this song . Fran Drescher and Madeline Zima ( 1994 ) in The Nanny , episode S1E22 `` I Do n't Remember Mama '' Michael Jordan and Mia Hamm , Gatorade `` Michael vs. Mia '' commercial ( 1997 ) , performed by Sophia Ramos Bernadette Peters and Tom Wopat in the 1999 Broadway revival version of the musical Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso in a 2007 Mercedes - Benz commercial with Mika Häkkinen performing the last line . Blaire Elbert and Madeline Powell Cactus Cuties Performed at Cactus Theatere in Texas in 2008 . American rapper J. Cole used the `` Anything you can do '' line in his 2010 single `` Who Dat '' . Lindsay Pearce sang a mashup of `` Anything Goes '' / `` Anything You Can Do '' in the Glee 2011 third - season premiere , `` The Purple Piano Project '' . Dirty Rice sampled the opening lines of the song in the 116 Clique song `` Envy '' off the 2011 album Man Up by the 116 Clique . Julianne Hough and Derek Hough on their Move Live on Tour in 2014 Dame Shirley Bassey performed this song with the group BLAKE on the 2016 TV Special titled , David Walliams Celebrates Dame Shirley Bassey Barbra Streisand and Melissa McCarthy perform the duet as part of Streisand 's 2016 album Encore : Movie Partners Sing Broadway , with altered lyrics . Lusamine and Guzma MMD on a popular video on the website YouTube . AP - 5 and Chopper on the Star Wars Rebels 2017 episode `` Double Agent Droid . '' Darci Lynne Farmer and Terry Fator with their two puppets , Petunia and Winston on the finale of season 12 of America 's Got Talent . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Ethel Merman and Neilson Taylor ( 1973 ) Judy Garland and Howard Keel ( Pre-Production of film Annie Get Your Gun ) The Majors Von Trapp Children ( Song is on their Live in Concert DVD . ) Variants ( edit ) Peter Tosh : `` I 'm the Toughest '' Neil Patrick Harris and Hugh Jackman : Live performance , 2011 Tony Awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annie Get Your Gun listing at Internet Broadway Database ibdb.com , accessed November 16 , 2008 Jump up ^ Mordden , Ethan ( 8 August 2013 ) . Anything Goes : A History of American Musical Theatre . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 931357 - 0 . Jump up ^ Flinn , Caryl ( 2007 ) . Brass Diva : The Life and Legends of Ethel Merman . University of California Press . p. 455 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22942 - 6 . Jump up ^ Corp. , Hal Leonard ( 1 February 2006 ) . Lyrics ( Songbook ) : Complete Lyrics for Over 1000 Songs from Broadway to Rock . Hal Leonard . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4584 - 6657 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` allmusic.com '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bing Crosby Discography '' . BING magazine . International Club Crosby . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com entry on episode S1E11 of That 's Life Jump up ^ Schechter , Scott ( 25 August 2006 ) . Judy Garland : The Day - by - Day Chronicle of a Legend . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3555 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Patrick Harris and Former Tony Host Hugh Jackman Face Off '' . Playbill . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Irving Berlin , Dorothy Fields , and Herbert Fields ' Annie Get Your Gun ( 1946 ) Characters Annie Oakley Frank Butler Chief Sitting Bull Buffalo Bill Pawnee Bill Adaptations Annie Get Your Gun ( 1950 film ) Annie du Far - West ( 1950 French operetta ) Recordings Annie Get Your Gun ( 1963 ) Annie Get Your Gun - 1986 London Cast ( 1986 ) Music `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` I 'm an Indian , Too '' `` I Got Lost In His Arms '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' '' `` Anything You Can Do '' Related Songs ( fuller list ) Irving Berlin songs `` Alexander 's Ragtime Band '' `` All Alone '' `` All by Myself '' `` All My Life '' `` Always '' `` Any Bonds Today ? '' `` Anything You Can Do ( I Can Do Better ) '' `` The Best Thing for You ( Would Be Me ) '' `` Blue Skies '' `` Change Partners '' `` Cheek to Cheek '' `` Count Your Blessings '' `` Daddy , Come Home '' `` Doin ' What Comes Natur'lly '' `` Easter Parade '' `` Follow the Crowd '' `` Get Thee Behind Me Satan '' `` The Girl That I Marry '' `` God Bless America '' `` Happy Holiday '' `` Heat Wave '' `` Heaven Watch the Philippines '' `` How About Me ? '' `` How Deep Is the Ocean ? '' `` How 's Chances ? '' `` I Got Lost in His Arms '' `` I Got the Sun in the Mornin ' ( and the Moon at Night ) '' `` I Used to Be Color Blind '' `` I Want To Go Back To Michigan '' `` I 'm an Indian Too '' `` I 'm Gonna Pin My Medal on the Girl I Left Behind '' `` I 'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket '' `` I 've Got My Captain Working for Me Now '' `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' `` Is n't This a Lovely Day ? '' `` It 's a Lovely Day Today '' `` Lazy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Let 's Face the Music and Dance '' `` Let 's Have Another Cup of Coffee '' `` Let 's Take an Old - Fashioned Walk '' `` Mandy '' `` Moonshine Lullaby '' `` My Defenses Are Down '' `` The Near Future '' `` No Strings ( I 'm Fancy Free ) '' `` Now It Can Be Told '' `` Oh ! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning '' `` Play a Simple Melody '' `` A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody '' `` Puttin ' On the Ritz '' `` Reaching for the Moon '' `` Remember '' `` San Francisco Bound '' `` Say It Is n't So '' `` Sisters '' `` Slumming on Park Avenue '' `` The Song Is Ended ( but the Melody Lingers On ) '' `` Stay Down Here Where You Belong '' `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' `` Supper Time '' `` That International Rag '' `` That Mysterious Rag '' `` There 's No Business Like Show Business '' `` They Say It 's Wonderful '' `` Top Hat , White Tie and Tails '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When I Lost You '' `` White Christmas '' `` Who Do You Love , I Hope ? '' `` You Can Have Him '' `` You Ca n't Get a Man with a Gun '' `` You Keep Coming Back Like a Song '' `` You 'd Be Surprised '' `` You 're Just in Love '' `` You 're Laughing at Me '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anything_You_Can_Do_(I_Can_Do_Better)&oldid=813094098 '' Categories : Songs from Annie Get Your Gun Songs written by Irving Berlin 1946 songs Doris Day songs Vocal duets The Muppets songs Songs with feminist themes Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 December 2017 , at 18 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the song anything you can do from

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Automotive industry in Russia

Automotive industry in Russia - wikipedia Automotive industry in Russia Jump to : navigation , search Lada Vesta went into production in 2015 Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia , directly employing around 600,000 people or 1 % of the country 's total workforce . Russia produced 1,303,989 vehicles in 2016 , ranking 16th among car - producing nations in 2016 , and accounting for 1.4 % of the worldwide production . The main local brands are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ , while KamAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer . Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are constructing their plants in Russia . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Soviet era 1.3 Post-Soviet adjustments 1.4 2000 to 2008 1.5 Global financial crisis 1.6 Recent developments 2 Manufacturers 2.1 Domestic car brands 2.2 Foreign car brands 2.3 Commercial and heavy vehicles 2.4 Short - lived projects 3 Economic and political significance 4 Sales statistics 4.1 Manufacturers 4.2 Car models 4.3 Best - selling model by year 5 Factories 5.1 Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast 5.2 Kaluga 5.3 Volga Federal District 5.4 Rest of Russia 6 Manufacturers of automobile engines 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) Early history ( edit ) Yakovlev & Freze ( 1896 ) Hippolyte Romanov 's electric bus in Gatchina The Russian Empire had a long history of progress in the development of machinery . As early as in the eighteenth century Ivan I. Polzunov constructed the first two - cylinder steam engine in the world , while Ivan P. Kulibin created a human - powered vehicle that had a flywheel , a brake , a gearbox , and roller bearings . One of the world 's first tracked vehicles was invented by Fyodor A. Blinov in 1877 . In 1896 , the Yakovlev engine factory and the Freze carriage - manufacturing workshop manufactured the first Russian petrol - engine automobile , the Yakovlev & Freze . The turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was marked by the invention of the earliest Russian electrocar , nicknamed the `` Cuckoo '' , which was created by the engineer Hippolyte V. Romanov in 1899 . Romanov also constructed a battery - electric omnibus . In the years preceding the 1917 October Revolution , Russia produced a growing number of Russo - Balt , Puzyryov , Lessner , and other vehicles , held its first motor show in 1907 and had car enthusiasts who successfully participated in international motor racing . A Russo - Balt car placed 9th in the Monte Carlo Rally of 1912 , despite the extreme winter conditions that threatened the lives of the driver and riding mechanic on their way from Saint Petersburg , 2nd in the San Sebastián Rally and covered more than 15,000 km in Western Europe and Northern Africa in 1913 . The driver of the car , Andrei P. Nagel , was personally awarded by Emperor Nicholas II for increasing the prestige of the domestic car brand . By 1915 , about 1,000 motor vehicles had been built in Russia . Imported vehicles vastly exceeded domestic production , with the latter accounting for less than 10 % of total stock by 1914 . In February 1916 the Tsarist government allocated funds for the construction of six automotive plants : AMO in Moscow , Russo - Balt in the village of Fili , the State Plant of Military Self - Propelled Vehicles ( KZVS ) in Mytishchi , Russian Renault in Rybinsk , Aksai in Nakhichevan - on - Don , and Lebedev in Yaroslavl . None of the plants were completed before the October Revolution . Soviet era ( edit ) See also : Automobile industry of the Soviet Union The AvtoVAZ assembly line in 1969 After the 1917 October Revolution , Russo - Balt was nationalised on August 15 , 1918 , and renamed to Prombron by the new leadership . It continued the production of Russo - Balt cars and launched a new model on October 8 , 1922 , while AMO built FIAT 15 Ter trucks under licence and released a more modern FIAT - derived truck developed by a team of AMO designers , the AMO - F - 15 . About 6,000 -- 6,500 F - 15s were built in the years 1924 -- 1931 . In 1927 , engineers from the Scientific Automobile & Motor Institute ( NAMI ) created the first original Soviet car NAMI - I , which was produced in small numbers by the Spartak State Automobile Factory in Moscow , between 1927 and 1931 . In 1929 , due to a rapidly growing demand for automobiles and in cooperation with its trade partner , the Ford Motor Company , the Supreme Soviet of the National Economy established GAZ . A year later , a second automobile plant was founded in Moscow , which would become a major Soviet car maker after World War II and earn nationwide fame under the name Moskvitch . The beginning of the 1960s saw the release of the Moskvitch 408 , intended to be an economy car that would spread the use of cars among the population . Other manufacturers such as MZMA , GAZ and ZAZ were offering a variety of cars intended for the mass market . The Soviet government opted to build an even larger car manufacturing plant that would produce a people 's car and help to meet the demand for personal transport . For reasons of cost - efficiency , it was decided to produce the car on the basis of an existing , modern foreign model . After considering several options , the Fiat 124 was chosen because of its simple and sturdy design , being easy to manufacture and repair . The plant was built in just 4 years ( 1966 -- 1970 ) in the small town of Stavropol Volzhsky , which later grew to a population of more than half a million and was renamed Togliatti to commemorate Palmiro Togliatti . At the same time , the Izhmash car plant was established in the city of Izhevsk as part of the Izhevsk Mechanical Plant , with the initiative coming from the Minister of Defence and in order to increase the overall production of cars in the Soviet Union . It produced Moskvitchs and Moskvitch - based kombi hatchbacks . KaMAZ , Europe 's largest heavy truck plant , was built in Naberezhnye Chelny , while GAZ , ZIL , UralAZ , KrAZ , MAZ , BelAZ , and plants continued to produce other types of trucks . By the early 1980s , Soviet automobile industry consisted of several main plants , which produced vehicles for various market segments . In late 1987 , the industry produced 2 million cars , satisfying 45 % of the domestic demand . Post-Soviet adjustments ( edit ) In the early 1990s the Russian car market expanded dramatically , largely due to a drastic cut on import duties , so that by 1993 foreign - made imported cars made up 49 % of all sales . At the same time , Russian automakers were integrated into a market economy and immediately hit by a crisis due to the loss of financial support , economic turmoil , criminal activities and stiffer competition in the domestic market during the 1990s . The main domestic manufacturers in the early 1990s were AvtoVAZ , AZLK , IzhAvto , GAZ and UAZ . Some of them , like AvtoVAZ , turned to cooperation with other companies ( such as GM - AvtoVAZ ) in order to obtain substantial capital investment and overcome the crisis . By 1993 , total output was down 14 % compared to 1990 levels . Lada 's declining sales during the 1990s , and toughening European Union emissions requirements , saw exports to Western Europe discontinued by the end of the decade . Lada had enjoyed particularly strong sales in Britain , peaking at more than 30,000 sales a year in the late 1980s , but had failed to remain competitive with other budget brands over the subsequent few years . 850,000 cars were sold in 1996 . As demand kept rising , local brands continued to be affected by a reputation for poor manufacturing quality . In was estimated in 1996 that a newly bought AvtoVAZ car needed $1 - 2,000 worth of repairs to bring it to a comfortable level of safety . The 1998 Russian financial crisis affected the industry , as car manufacturers stopped using imported components because of higher import prices . Nevertheless , the industry quickly recovered in subsequent years . In 1997 , car production increased by 13.2 % in comparison with 1996 and achieved 981,000 . AvtoVAZ and UAZ extended their output by 8.8 and 52 percent respectively , whereas KamAZ doubled it . The overall truck production in Russia increased by 7 percent , reaching 148,000 in 1997 and 184,000 in 2000 . The overall production of cars rose from about 800,000 in 1993 to more than 1.16 million in 2000 , or 965,000 ( 969,235 according to OICA ) excluding commercial vehicles . Throughout the 1990s , the unavailability of dealer financing meant that cars had to be purchased in cash . 2000 to 2008 ( edit ) Lada Samara assembly line in 2005 In the early 2000s , the Russian economy recovered . Russian metal companies , having achieved significant profits on foreign markets , sought to invest in Russia 's automotive sector . Siberian Aluminum initially bought Pavlovo Bus Factory and accumulated increasing ownership stakes in GAZ . At the same time , Severstal gained control of UAZ . In 2001 Ford became the first western manufacturer to establish its own assembly plant in Russia , investing $150 million in their Vsevolozhsk factory , manufacturing the Ford Focus , which briefly became the best - selling foreign - branded car in Russia . In 2003 Russian manufacturers still accounted for over 90 % of car production in Russia , either under their own brand or in partnership with a foreign company . The six main automotive groups were AvtoVAZ , SOK Group , Kamaz , RusPromAvto , SeverstalAvto and AZLK . Just 11,000 cars were locally assembled by foreign manufacturers in 2002 . Macroeconomic trends were strong and growing incomes of the population led to a surging demand , and by 2005 the Russian car market was booming . In 2005 , 1,446,525 new cars were sold , including 832,200 Russian models and 614,325 foreign ones . During the first quarter of 2005 , foreign - branded cars outsold local ones for the first time in Russian history ( including used imports ) . Foreign companies started to massively invest in production in Russia : the number of foreign cars produced in the Russian Federation surged from 157,179 in 2005 to 456,500 in 2007 . To keep up with the competition , local brands launched more modern - looking models , such as Lada Kalina . The value of the Russian market grew at a brisk pace : 14 % in 2005 , 36 % in 2006 and 67 % in 2007 -- making it the world 's fastest growing automotive market by 2008 . Foreign companies started flocking to enter Russia in the 2000s , seeing it as a local production location and export powerhouse . Russia 's labour , material and energy costs were only 1 / 6 compared to those in Western Europe . To boost the market share of locally produced vehicles , the Russian government implemented several protectionist measures and launched programs to attract foreign producers into the country . In late 2005 , the Russian leadership enacted legislation to create special economic zones ( SEZ ) with the aim of encouraging investments by foreign automotive companies . The benefits of operating in the special economic zones include tax allowances , exemption from asset and land taxes and protection against changes in the tax regime . Some regions also provide extensive support for large investors ( over $100 million . ) These include Saint Petersburg / Leningrad Oblast ( Toyota , GM , Nissan ) and Kaluga Oblast ( VW ) . Kaluga has been especially successful in attracting foreign companies , as has been Kaliningrad Oblast . Global financial crisis ( edit ) President Vladimir Putin meeting with AvtoVAZ employees in the company 's factory in Tolyatti . Russia 's automotive industry was hit hard by the late 2000s recession . Production of passenger cars dropped from 1,470,000 units in 2008 to just 597,000 units in 2009 . Lorry production fell from 256,000 to 91,000 in the same period . In late 2008 , the Russian government introduced protectionist measures , worth $5 billion , to improve the situation in the industry . This included $2 billion of bailouts for troubled companies and $3 billion of credits for buyers of Russian cars . Prime minister Vladimir Putin described the move as vital in order to save jobs . The tariffs for imported foreign cars and trucks were increased to a minimum of 50 % and go up to 100 % . The tariffs are linked to the engine size of the vehicle . The increased duties led to protests in Russian cities , most notably in Vladivostok , where the importation of Japanese cars is an important sector of the city 's economy . To compensate for the losses of the Vladivostok businesses , Prime Minister Putin ordered the car manufacturing company Sollers to move one of its factories from Moscow to Vladivostok . The move was completed in 2009 , and the factory now employs about 700 locals . It was planned to produce 13,200 cars in Vladivostok in 2010 . The most efficient anti-crisis measure executed by the Russian government was the introduction of a car scrappage scheme in March 2010 . Under the scheme , buyers of new cars could receive a subsidy of up to 600,000 rubles ( 20,000 USD ) . Sales of Russia 's largest carmaker Avtovaz doubled in the second quarter of 2010 as a result , and the company returned to profit . Recent developments ( edit ) By the end of 2010 , automotive production had returned to pre-crisis levels . Nine out of the ten most sold models in Russia in 2010 were domestically produced , with Avtovaz 's Lada models topping the list . In the first 7 months of 2010 , sales of Lada cars increased by 60 % , the Korean KIA reported a jump of 101 % , and Chevrolet 's sales rose by 15 % . In 2010 , Russia was the world 's 15th largest producer of cars . The Russian automotive industry currently ( as of 2010 ) accounts for about 2 % of worldwide car production . The market share of Russian - branded vehicles fell to 34 % in 2010 and to 21 % in 2012 . At the same time , the market share of foreign - branded cars made in Russia kept rising , reaching 45 % in 2012 . Imported vehicles account for a sizable portion of the Russian automotive market : in 2014 they made up 27 % of cars and 46 % of trucks . The 2014 economic crisis led to a new fall in car sales and production levels , and reduced forecasts for future growth . The number of cars on Russian roads reached 40,629,200 in 2016 . Lada cars accounted for 34.6 % of the total , down from 41.6 % five years earlier . Almost half of those cars were over ten years old , and the single most popular car model was still the classic Lada Riva . Manufacturers ( edit ) Cars produced in Russia between 1997 - 2015 The Russian automotive industry can be divided into four types of companies : local brand producers , foreign OEMs , joint ventures and Russian companies producing foreign brands . In 2008 , there were 5,445 companies manufacturing vehicles and related equipment in Russia . The volume of production and sales amounted to 1,513 billion rubles . Cars with diesel engines are not popular in Russia , accounting for just 7.6 % of all sales as of 2015 , compared to half of the market in much of Western Europe . There are 145,000 natural gas vehicles in Russia as of 2016 , or 0.3 % of all vehicles in the country . The sale of leaded gasoline was outlawed in 2003 . Domestic car brands ( edit ) The four most popular cars in Russia in 2009 were all AvtoVAZ models . The economy car Lada Priora topped the list with 84,779 sold units . Lada Samara was second with 77,679 units sold in Russia , and the classic Lada 2105 / 2107 was third with sales of 57,499 . Lada 2105 was expected to considerably increase sales following the car scrappage scheme launched in March 2010 . The higher - end Lada Kalina was the fourth most sold car in Russia in 2009 , selling 52,499 units that year . In the light commercial vehicle sector , the GAZelle van , manufactured by GAZ has been very popular , occupying a market share of 49 % in 2009 and selling 42,400 units . The Avtoperevozchik magazine declared GAZelle as the most successful vehicle of 2009 in the Russian automotive market . The largest company of Russia 's automotive industry is Avtovaz , located in the city of Tolyatti . It currently employs more than 130,000 people , and its Lada models dominate the Russian car market . Avtovaz models account for about 50 % of Russia 's total car production . Russian car manufacturing companies are represented by two associations , ASM - Holding ( АСМ - холдинг ) and the Association of Russian Automakers ( Объединением автопроизводителей России ) . Foreign car brands ( edit ) Hyundai Solaris , the first foreign car to top Russian sales chart Russia 's second largest car manufacturer is Avtotor , located in Kaliningrad Oblast . Avtotor performs SKD , CKD or full - cycle assembly of foreign models , such as BMW , Kia , and General Motors ' Cadillac and Chevrolet vehicles . In 2009 , Avtotor produced 60,000 cars and accounted for 10 % of Russian car production . Avtoframos , the third largest car manufacturer , produced 49,500 cars in 2009 . Its plant is located in the south - east part of the city of Moscow . Avtoframos is a joint venture between France 's Renault and the Moscow city administration , but is majority owned by Renault . The company manufactures Renault Logan and Renault Sandero models . The ratio of Russian - made parts is 54 % . The figure was expected to rise to 74 % by 2012 . The fourth and fifth largest carmakers in Russia are Volkswagen and Ford , respectively . In total , the five largest companies of the industry account for 80 % of all cars made in Russia . In 2016 , Hyundai Solaris became the first foreign - branded car to be the best - selling vehicle in the country since sales statistics began in 1970 . Commercial and heavy vehicles ( edit ) The GAZelle NEXT van , produced by GAZ , is popular on the light commercial vehicle market In the heavy vehicle sector , the largest company is the truckmaker KaMAZ . It is also one of the largest companies in the whole Russian automotive industry . In 2010 , KaMAZ sold a total of 32,293 trucks ; 28,254 in Russia and 4,039 in foreign countries . Another very important company is GAZ , which makes vans , trucks and busses , among other products . Its most popular product is the GAZelle van , which has a market share of 49 % in the light commercial vehicle market . In 2009 , the company launched an improved version , called GAZelle Business . In the bus sector , the GAZ Group Bus Division occupied a market share of 77 % . In 2009 it sold 6,169 buses in the small - class , 1,806 in the medium class and 1,156 in the large class . Russia 's largest tractor maker , and one of the largest machine building companies in the world , is Concern Tractor Plants , located in Cheboksary . The company employs around 45,000 people . Short - lived projects ( edit ) Marussia B2 The Marussia brand , produced by Marussia Motors , became the first modern sports car and the first supercar produced in Russia . The Marussia B1 was launched on 16 December 2008 in the New Manezh Hall in Moscow . On 10 September 2010 the first Marussia Motors show room opened in Moscow . Marussia Motors was led by Nikolay Fomenko , a notable Russian showman , singer , actor and racer . His company acquired a ' significant stake ' in the Virgin Racing Formula One team , which was renamed Marussia Virgin Racing from 2011 . This team is to become the first ever Russian - owned team in Formula One . Marussia Motors declared bankruptcy and ceased both support for their F1 team and overall trading in 2014 . Another short - lived project was the Yo - mobile , a city car that could burn both gasoline and natural gas and was connected to a pair of electric motors . The car was introduced on 13 December 2010 in Moscow , a product of a joint venture between Yarovit , a producer of trucks based in St. Petersburg , Russia and the Onexim investment group , headed by Mikhail Prokhorov , who was the leader and financier of the project . In 2014 the entire project was sold to the Russian government for a nominal sum , thus signalling the abandonment of the idea . No actual vehicles other than a few concept cars were ever produced . Economic and political significance ( edit ) The main administration building of Avtovaz in Togliatti Russia 's automotive industry is a significant economic sector . It directly employs 600,000 people and supports around 2 -- 3 million people in related industries . It is politically a very important part of the country 's economy : firstly , due to the large number of employed people and secondly , because many citizens depend on the social services provided by automotive companies . For example , the well - being of the giant AvtoVAZ factory in Tolyatti is massively important to the city or to the region of Samara Oblast . Tolyatti is a typical monotown , a city whose economy is dependent on a single company . The factory employed around 100,000 people of the city 's population of 700,000 in 2009 . In 2009 , former President Dmitry Medvedev launched the Medvedev modernisation programme , which aims to diversify Russia 's raw materials and energy - dominated economy , turning it into a modern high - tech economy based on innovation . Following this , Russia 's automotive industry has been in the spotlight due to its great potential for modernisation . Former Prime Minister and current President Vladimir Putin has taken a personal interest in the automotive industry . In a symbolic gesture of support , Putin made a highly publicized road trip on the new Amur Highway in August 2010 , driving 2,165 kilometers in a Lada Kalina Sport . Putin described the car as `` excellent , even beyond my expectations '' , and praised it as `` comfortable '' and `` almost noise - free . '' The event was intended to show support for AvtoVAZ , which was recovering from the serious economic crisis . Sales statistics ( edit ) Top ten manufacturers and car models on the Russian market according to AEB sales figures for 2016 : Manufacturers ( edit ) Rank Brand Sales Market share Renault - Nissan ( includes AvtoVAZ ) 477,279 33.5 % VW Group 156,712 11.0 % Kia 149,567 10.5 % Hyundai Group 145,300 10.2 % 5 Toyota Group 118,685 8.3 % 6 GAZ 55,803 3.9 % 7 UAZ 48,848 3.4 % 8 Mercedes - Benz 43,912 3.1 % 9 Ford 42,528 3.0 % 10 General Motors 31,737 2.2 % Total 1,425,791 100 % Car models ( edit ) Rank Model Sales Group Hyundai Solaris 90,380 Hyundai Motor Group Lada Granta 87,726 Renault Kia Rio 87,662 Hyundai Motor Group Lada Vesta 55,174 Renault 5 Volkswagen Polo 47,702 Volkswagen Group 6 Renault Duster 44,001 Renault 7 Toyota RAV4 30,603 Toyota 8 Chevrolet Niva 29,844 General Motors 9 Renault Logan 29,565 Renault 10 Lada Largus 29,341 Renault Best - selling model by year ( edit ) 2008 : Lada 2105 / 2107 2009 : Lada Priora 2010 : Lada 2105 / 2107 2011 : Lada Kalina 2012 : Lada Priora 2013 : Lada Granta 2014 : Lada Granta 2015 : Lada Granta 2016 : Hyundai Solaris Factories ( edit ) Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast ( edit ) The Hyundai plant in Saint Petersburg Hyundai : established in 2010 , produced over 200,000 vehicles in 2016 . As of 2016 the plant is the second largest in Russia , and employs 2,200 workers . Nissan : started production in June 2009 , produced 33,600 vehicles in 2015 . Toyota : manufactured 39,000 vehicles in 2016 . Toyota Motors Manufacturing Russia ( TMMR ) , 224 - ha factory in Shushary laid down in 2005 and launched production on December 21 , 2007 . In 2007 it produced 20,000 2.4 L and 3.5 L Toyota Camry vehicles per year . General Motors : opened in July 2008 , closed in 2015 . Scania AB , truck plant Scania - Piter , established in 2002 . Produces Scania P , R , G . MAN Truck & Bus truck plant , established in 2013 . Ford Sollers in Vsevolozhsk : opened in 2002 . It was the first foreign - owned car plant to be established in Russia . Caterpillar Inc. in Tosno , established in 2000 , produces rigid dump trucks . Kaluga ( edit ) Volkswagen Group Rus in Kaluga Volkswagen : started production in November 2007 , produced 110,000 cars in 2016 . A 200 m2 facility with a projected full annual output capacity of 150,000 vehicles , reached during 2010 , with employees rising to 3,000 . All vehicles produced were initially semi knock downs ( SKD ) , with full production planned to start 2010 . Served by Grabtsevo Airport , part of Volkswagen Group Russia ( OOO Volkswagen Rus ) . Peugeot Citroen Mitsubishi Automotive : opened in April 2010 , produced 25,733 vehicles in 2015 . Volvo Vostok truck plant in Kaluga , established in 2009 . Produces Volvo FH , Volvo FMX , Volvo FM , Renault Premium , Renault Kerax . Volga federal district ( edit ) Nizhny Novgorod - GAZ , produced 41,691 vehicles in 2015 . The plant also Volkswagen and Skoda vehicles due to a partnership between Volkswagen Group Rus and GAZ Group . Tolyatti AvtoVAZ , produced 356,602 vehicles in 2015 . GM - AvtoVAZ , produced 34,218 vehicles in 2015 . Izhevsk : IzhAvto ( Nissan ) , produced 72,884 vehicles in 2015 . Naberezhnye Chelny : Sollers - Naberezhnye Chelny , produced 10,000 vehicles in 2015 . Yelabuga : Ford Sollers , produced 10,300 vehicles in 2015 . Naberezhnye Chelny : Kamaz truck plant , also produces Mercedes - Benz trucks under a joint venture established in 2010 . Produces Mercedes - Benz Axor , Mercedes - Benz Actros , Mercedes - Benz Unimog . Syzran : JBC truck plant , established in 2014 on the production facilities of the former RosLada plant . Produces JBC SY1041 , JBC SY1060 . Rest of Russia ( edit ) Mazda Sollers plant in Vladivostok Kaliningrad : Avtotor ( Kia , Hyundai , BMW ) , produced 92,200 vehicles in 2015 . Moscow : Renault Russia , produced 73,633 vehicles in 2015 . Vladivostok : Sollers ( Toyota , Mazda ) , produced 31,823 vehicles in 2015 . Cherkessk - Derways ( Lifan , Geely , Great Wall Hover , Chery ) , produced 24,800 cars in 2014 . Argun : ChechenAvto - produced 6,700 cars in 2016 . Yaroslavl , Komatsu Limited established in 2010 , produces rigid dump trucks . Miass , Iveco truck plant ( Iveco AMT , former joint venture Iveco - UralAZ ) established in 1994 . Produces Iveco Trakker , Iveco Stralis . Uzlovaya : Great Wall Motors plant under construction . Esipovo , Moscow Oblast : Mercedes - Benz plant under construction . Lipetsk : Lifan plant under construction . Manufacturers of automobile engines ( edit ) AvtoVAZ , based in Togliatti and established in 1966 . Manufactures gasoline engines for passenger cars under the Lada brand . Cummins Kama , based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 2006 as a joint venture between Cummins and Kamaz . Manufactures diesel engines for trucks under the Kamaz brand . Ford Sollers , engine plant established in 2015 . Kamaz , based in Naberezhnye Chelny and established in 1969 . Manufactures diesel engines for heavy - duty trucks and large buses under the brands KAMAZ , NefAZ , and also for the BTR - 80 . Tutaev Motor Plant ( TMZ ) , based in Tutaev and established in 1969 . Manufactures diesel engines for heavy trucks under the brands MZKT ( MZKT - 742910 ) , BAZ . Ulyanovsk Motor Plant ( UMZ ) , based in Ulyanovsk and established in 1944 , part of the GAZ Group . Manufactures gasoline and gasoline - gas engines for light commercial vehicles and SUVs under the brands GAZ ( GAZ Gazelle , GAZ Sobol ) , UAZ ( UAZ - 3151 military performance ) . Volkswagen Group Rus , plant in Kaluga producing 1.6 MPI engines . Yaroslavl Motor Plant ( YaMZ ) , based in Yaroslavl and established in 1916 ( as Autoworks ) , 1958 ( conversion to the production of engines ) , part of the GAZ Group . Manufactures diesel engines for trucks , small buses , large buses , armored vehicles , armored personnel carriers under the brands UralAZ , PAZ ( PAZ - 3205 , PAZ - 4234 ) , LiAZ ( LiAZ - 5256 ) , BTR - 80 , GAZ Tigr ( AMZ Tigr ) , BAZ , MAZ , KrAZ , MZKT , BelAZ ( younger models with BelAZ - 7540 - 7547 to BelAZ - 7547 ) , MoAZ ( MoAZ - 7505 ) . Zavolzhye Motor Plant ( ZMZ ) , based in Zavolzhye and established in 1958 , owned by UAZ . Manufactures petrol and diesel engines for off - road vehicles , light commercial vehicles and small buses under the brands UAZ , PAZ ( PAZ - 3203 , PAZ - 3204 , PAZ - 3205 ) . ZiL , based in Moscow and established in 1916 . Manufactures gasoline engines for medium trucks under the brands ZiL ( ZiL - 4331 ) . See also ( edit ) List of automobile manufacturers of Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Production Statistics '' . OICA . Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill M. 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Jump up ^ `` Emerging Trends and Future Prospects in Russian Automotive Industry '' . Growth Consulting . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russians still dislike diesel '' . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Current Natural Gas Vehicle Statistics '' . NGV Global Knowledgebase . Archived from the original on 1 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Этилированный бензин могут запретить '' . РИА Новости ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Самые популярные автомобили в России за 10 месяцев 2009 года '' . NEWSru.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAZ Group Annual Report 2009 '' . GAZ Group . 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Московский международный автомобильный салон '' . РИА Новости ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 27 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Renault says Avtoframos ' 10 output up 70 % to 87,600 vehicles '' . RIA Novosti. 25 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Russia Full Year 2016 : Hyundai Solaris ends 45 years of Lada domination '' . Best Selling Cars Blog . Archived from the original on 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KAMAZ in January '' . KaMAZ . January 2011 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Marussia Motors has launched its Moscow plant and started the official sales of its cars Archived 25 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Marussia Motors website ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ `` Russian buys ' significant ' stake in Virgin '' . TheF1Times.com . Archived from the original on 12 November 2010 . Retrieved 11 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Formula One . `` Marussia ceases trading and makes all 200 staff redundant '' . Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 December 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Andrew E. ( 13 December 2010 ) . `` Russian Billionaire Backs New Hybrid Car '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Popova , Nadia ( 14 December 2010 ) . `` Russian Billionaire Ventures Into Hybrid Cars '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 19 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2010 . Jump up ^ 08.04. 2014 . `` One of Russia 's wealthiest men sells Yo - Mobile project for 1 euro - PravdaReport '' . English.pravda.ru . Archived from the original on 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ INFOGRAPHICS AvtoVAZ ecosystem in Russia , May 2013 Archived 3 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` From Lada the Car to Winnie the Pooh '' . Russia Today . 16 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Putin 's Lada Kalina Sport Image galleries RIA Novosti Archived 8 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... En.rian.ru . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Vladimir Putin travels by Lada Kalina Video RIA Novosti Archived 3 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... En.rian.ru . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Russian PM hits freshly - built highway in a nationally - made car -- RT Archived 31 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Rt.com . Retrieved on 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Year 2016 ends with 11 % car market decrease - AEB ^ Jump up to : `` Sales of cars and light commercial vehicles '' . AEB Rus ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Карта заводов : где и какие автомобили собирают в России '' . Autonews . Archived from the original on 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hyundai St. Petersburg plant will start the production of new Solaris on 15 February '' . Rusautonews. 8 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Продажа в России '' . Hyundai.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nissan celebrates the 10th anniversary of St Petersburg plant with the launch of the new Nissan Murano '' . Global Newsroom . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Опубликована статистика производства автомобилей в России в 2015 году '' ( in Russian ) . Wroom.ru . Archived from the original on 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. Petersburg Toyota plant has increased production by 19 % in 2016 '' . Rusautonews. 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Kostyakova , Elena ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Toyota запустила огромный завод в Питере '' ( Toyota has launched a huge plant in St. Petersburg ) . autonews.ru ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on 7 August 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Jeff ; Stoll , John D. ( 18 March 2015 ) . `` GM to Close Russian Assembly Plant '' . Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vsevolozhsk plant - About company '' . Ford Sollers . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vsevolozhsk plant '' . Ford Sollers . Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About Volkswagen Group Rus '' . Volkswagengrouprus.ru . Archived from the original on 13 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Volkswagen Plant in Kaluga '' . Volkswagen-Media-Services.com ( Press release ) . Volkswagen AG . 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Volkswagen Group starts full production in Russia '' . VolkswagenAG.com . Volkswagen AG . 20 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . Retrieved 9 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Central and Eastern European automotive market - Russia '' . EY . Archived from the original on 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About the Nizhny Novgorod plant '' . Volkswagengrouprus.ru . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mercedes - Benz Trucks Vostok eröffnet Produktionsstandort in Russland '' . Mercedes - Benz Trucks Vostok ( in German ) . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The assembly of Chinese vehicles began in Russia '' . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avtotor plans to maintain the production levels in 2016 '' . Rusautonews. 19 May 2016 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Сокращение производства на черкесском Derways '' . Archived from the original on 10 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Chechenavto '' is ready to increase the assembly of LADA cars in 2017 `` . eng.autostat.ru . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall will establish a factory in Tula Region in 2018 '' . Rusautonews. 3 December 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Daimler Localizes Production in Russia With New $280 Mln Mercedes - Benz Plant '' . Sputniknews.com . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese automaker Lifan to begin plant construction in Lipetsk on July 16 '' . Russia & India Report . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ford opens $275 million engine plant in Russia '' . Reuters. 3 September 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 100 000 engines produced at the VW engine plant in Kaluga '' . Rusautonews. 23 September 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobile manufacturers of Russia . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Automobiles of the Russian Federation . 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Lovey Howell

Lovey Howell - wikipedia Lovey Howell Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lovey '' Howell Gilligan 's Island character First appearance `` Marooned '' Gilligan 's Island ( pilot , 1963 ) Last appearance `` Gilligan 's Army '' Gilligan 's Planet ( 1982 ) Created by Sherwood Schwartz Portrayed by Natalie Schafer Information Gender Female Occupation Socialite Spouse ( s ) Thurston Howell III `` Lovey '' Howell ( née Wentworth ) , referred to as `` Mrs. Howell '' by characters other than her husband , is a fictional character from the 1964 to 1967 television show Gilligan 's Island . Played by Natalie Schafer , the character was a rich , spoiled socialite , married to Thurston Howell III . Character summary ( edit ) While Mr. Howell always called her `` Lovey '' , the other castaways always called her `` Mrs. Howell '' . There are only two times someone besides Thurston calls her Lovey : in the pilot , when the radio is announcing the missing people , the announcer says `` Thurston Howell III and his wife , international hostess Lovey Howell '' ; and in the episode in which Gilligan thinks he wins the lottery and invites all the people into the Howells ' club , The Professor greets Mr. and Mrs. Howell as Thurston and Lovey . In episode 31 of season 2 , `` Mr. and Mrs. ? ? ? '' , in which the Howells were having marital problems , she mentioned her maiden name was Wentworth . Her actual first name was never mentioned in the series itself or its unaired pilot episode . Not much information was revealed about her life before being marooned with her fellow castaways , but she introduced herself in episode 6 of season 2 ( `` Quick Before It Sinks '' ) as `` Mrs. Thurston Howell III , from New York , Palm Beach and of course , Paris , mon cher . '' She also mentions in episode 17 of season 2 : `` You 've Been Disconnected '' that she spoke fluent French and Italian , hinting at a classical education . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Ring Around Gilligan '' ) , Mr. Howell mentions her having studied at Vassar , saying `` Mommy warned me about you Vassar girls and your long gym classes '' . During episode 4 of season 2 : `` Smile , You 're on Mars Camera '' Thurston Howell indicates that Lovey , or at least her family , had money of their own ; Mr. Howell describes her as being an heiress who is `` loaded '' . It is also revealed that Mrs. Howell 's father gave them an oil company ( apparently dry ) in `` Dustbowl , Oklahoma '' as a wedding gift , which she claims he thought was a football stadium ( episode 13 of season 1 : `` Three Million Dollars More or Less '' ) . Lovey claimed she was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution ( DAR ) ( episode 30 of season 2 , `` ' V ' for Vitamins '' ) , to have been presented at the Court of St. James and to have been selected the `` Queen of the Prune - Bowl Parade '' ( episode 30 of season 3 , `` Gilligan , the Goddess '' ) . Although spoiled and preoccupied with social status , Mrs. Howell was also kind and genuinely cared about the well - being of her fellow castaways . She frequently served as something of a mother figure to the two younger female castaways , Ginger Grant and Mary Ann Summers , offering advice ( though she sometimes also displays jealousy toward the two younger women ) . One of the Island `` Visitors '' she ca n't stand is socialite Erika - Tiffany Smith ( played by Zsa Zsa Gabor ) because her name appears before the Howells in the `` Social Register '' . She also claims to be close friends with `` Grace and Prince Rainier '' on several episodes . Several times she acted as a motherly figure to Gilligan , such as psychoanalyzing him , adopting him , and praising him for his accomplishments when no one else did . She often plotted with her husband several times to steal / access / manipulate things from the other survivors . She once tried to get Gilligan and Mary Ann to wed , kept a gold mine secret from the rest of the group , divulged secrets about stolen jewelry from a parrot , schemed to convince a burnt out artist to leave the island and got through to an uncivilized jungle boy played by Kurt Russell . It was once quoted by Thurston Howell himself that their brilliance together was exceeded only by their greed . They had also proven to have a house in each state and several staffs of servants , including an upstairs maid , a downstairs maid and a butler who served him breakfast in bed . Thurston once quoted that the neighborhood of one million dollars apiece was considered a slum area where they resided . Although the Howells were portrayed as childless in the original series , their son Thurston Howell IV ( portrayed by David Ruprecht ) was introduced in the reunion movie The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island . Gilligan 's Island Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Characters Gilligan The Skipper The Professor Ginger Grant Mary Ann Summers Thurston Howell III Lovey Howell Spin - offs The New Adventures of Gilligan Rescue from Gilligan 's Island The Castaways on Gilligan 's Island The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Planet Surviving Gilligan 's Island Related Episodes S.S. Minnow The Adventures of Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Island pinball machine The Real Gilligan 's Island Gilligan 's Wake Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lovey_Howell&oldid=789866840 '' Categories : Fictional socialites Gilligan 's Island characters Fictional characters from Rhode Island Fictional characters introduced in 1964 Female characters in television Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 10 July 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what was mrs howell's first name on gilligan's island

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Anne with an E

Anne with an E - wikipedia Anne with an E Anne with an E Also known as Anne Genre Drama Created by Moira Walley - Beckett Based on Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery Screenplay by Moira Walley - Beckett Starring Amybeth McNulty Geraldine James R.H. Thomson Lucas Jade Zumann Dalila Bela Corrine Koslo Aymeric Jett Montaz Opening theme `` Ahead by a Century '' by The Tragically Hip Country of origin Canada Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Elizabeth Bradley Alex Sapot Sally Catto Debra Hayward Alison Owen Miranda de Pencier Moira Walley - Beckett Ken Girotti Producer ( s ) Susan Murdoch John Calvert Cinematography Bobby Shore Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Pelican Ballet Northwood Entertainment Distributor Netflix Release Original network CBC Television Netflix ( worldwide ) Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 with Descriptive Video Service track Original release March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website Anne with an E is a Canadian drama television series based on the 1908 novel Anne of Green Gables by Lucy Maud Montgomery , and adapted by Emmy Award - winning writer and producer Moira Walley - Beckett . It airs on CBC Television in Canada , and elsewhere in the world it is available for streaming on Netflix . The first season consists of seven episodes , with Niki Caro directing the 90 - minute season premiere . The series premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC , the first season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The first season was titled simply Anne in Canada , while Netflix used Anne with an E. CBC adopted the Anne with an E name beginning in the second season . On August 3 , 2017 , both CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode second season , which began production in November 2017 . Season 2 premiered on Netflix on July 6 , 2018 , and on CBC on September 23 , 2018 . In August 2018 , CBC and Netflix renewed the series for a 10 - episode third season to premiere in 2019 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Others 3 Production 3.1 Personnel 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming locations 3.4 Music 4 Themes 5 Broadcast and release 6 Episodes 6.1 Series Overview 6.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 7 Reception 7.1 Critical response 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) In the late 19th century , brother and sister Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert , both in their old age , decide to take on an orphan boy to help out around their ancestral farm of Green Gables , on the outskirts of the town of Avonlea , on Prince Edward Island . When Matthew goes to pick the child up at the railway station , he finds not a boy , but a high - spirited and talkative girl , Anne Shirley . At first , the Cuthberts are inclined to send her back , particularly after Marilla 's brooch goes missing , and Anne , in despair , runs away . The family reconciles and Anne settles in her new home . Upon starting school , Anne once again displays boundless enthusiasm which is nevertheless easily turned into despair when things go wrong , which they often do . Slowly , her ebullient nature wins over those around her . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Amybeth McNulty as Anne Shirley Geraldine James as Marilla Cuthbert R.H. Thomson as Matthew Cuthbert Dalila Bela as Diana Barry Lucas Jade Zumann as Gilbert Blythe Aymeric Jett Montaz as Jerry Baynard Corrine Koslo as Rachel Lynde Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian `` Bash '' Lacroix ( season 2 ) Cory Grüter - Andrew as Cole Mackenzie ( season 2 ) Others ( edit ) Jonathan Holmes as Mr. William Barry Dalmar Abuzeid as Sebastian Lacroix Helen Johns as Mrs. Eliza Barry Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Minnie May Barry Deborah Grover as Josephine Barry Wayne Best as John Blythe Phillip Williams as Thomas Lynde David Ingram as Mr. Harmon Andrews Janet Porter as Mrs. Andrews Christian Martyn as Billy Andrews Lia Pappas - Kemps as Jane Andrews Ella Jonas Farlinger as Prissy Andrews Jim Annan as Mr. Gillis Fiona Byrne as Mrs. Gillis Kyla Matthews as Ruby Gillis Jacob Ursomarzo as Moody Spurgeon Stephen Tracey as Mr. Phillips Miranda McKeon as Josie Pye Glenna Walters as Tillie Boulter Katelyn Wells as Mary Joe Jacob Horsley as Charlie Sloane Joanna Douglas as Miss Muriel Stacy Trenna Keating as Mrs. Pye Production ( edit ) The production companies are listed as Northwood Anne , Northwood Entertainment and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ; Netflix is only the distributor . The executive producers are Miranda de Pencier and series creator Moira Walley - Beckett . According to de Pencier , the adaptation of the novel for this television series was intended to provide a different look and feel compared to past productions ; they were aiming for a `` documentary level of realism '' , as reflected in the extraordinary detail which has gone into the design of sets and costumes . Production on Season 3 was planned to start in late 2018 Personnel ( edit ) Besides the show itself having a larger number of female characters than male , women serving as executive producer and showrunner , the series has several female directors . For the second season , showrunner and scriptwriter Moira Walley - Beckett was joined by a team of women writers . Season 3 will also feature a team of women writers . Casting ( edit ) Approximately 1800 girls on three continents auditioned for the role of Anne Shirley . Amybeth McNulty was chosen for her ability to deliver dialogue which is `` incredibly thick and dynamic and beautiful '' , according to Miranda de Pencier . Walley - Beckett describes her as at once `` luminous , '' transparent , smart , soulful and emotional . Filming locations ( edit ) The series has occasionally filmed on Prince Edward Island but , for budgetary reasons , it has primarily been filmed in Southern Ontario , at a Toronto studio , at outdoor locations in or near Toronto including Black Creek Pioneer Village , in Waterloo Region at locations including Doon Pioneer Village , and in communities such as Millbrook , Pickering , Hamilton , and Caledon . Music ( edit ) The opening theme is the song `` Ahead by a Century '' performed and originally composed by Canadian band The Tragically Hip . Themes ( edit ) Moira Walley - Beckett had this to say about her treatment , which is darker than the previous productions : `` In this day and age , themes of identity , prejudice , bullying , being an outsider , searching for a way to be accepted and how to belong are entirely topical and super relevant , and those are themes that are built into the story of ' Anne . ' '' She went on to call Anne Shirley an `` accidental feminist '' , and how she `` really wanted to tell this story now . '' For the second season , according to what she called her `` master plan '' , Walley - Beckett introduced an entirely new character of her own , Bash , to reflect the racial diversity present in and around Charlottetown at the time of the novel , with a view to representing a community absent from previous adaptations , achieving this by having Gilbert travel on a steamship and meet with the new character in Trinidad : `` Bash is the vehicle to explore intolerance and inequality , even more when he goes to The Bog , when he learns that other black people live there . '' Walley - Beckett explained : `` The Bog is the community that 's just outside of Charlottetown , where people of color were marginalized and had their own community there . '' The plan for Season 3 was to cover topics such as identity , feminism , bullying and gender parity . Walley - Beckett provided this additional hint : `` Our beloved Anne will be 16 years old when we return to this season full of romantic complications , bold adventures and dramatic discoveries . I will explore important , contemporary themes that I hope will continue to resonate with , and inspire and uplift , our audience . '' Broadcast and Release ( edit ) The series initially premiered on March 19 , 2017 , on CBC and aired on a weekly basis , the season finale airing on April 30 , 2017 . The series debuted on Netflix on May 12 , 2017 , under the title Anne With An E. The second and later seasons were retitled to match Netflix 's title by the CBC which had initially used the title Anne . The CBC premier for Season 2 was in late September , after it had been streaming on Netflix for some time . Episodes ( edit ) Series Overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 7 March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) 10 July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) `` Your Will Shall Decide Your Destiny '' Niki Caro Moira Walley - Beckett March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 0.999 When a miscommunication brings a girl , Anne Shirley , to Green Gables instead of a boy , Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert are faced with a life - changing decision . `` I Am No Bird , and No Net Ensnares Me '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 0.780 Hoping all is not lost , Matthew races to catch up with Anne while Marilla anxiously hopes and waits for their return to Green Gables . `` But What Is So Headstrong as Youth ? '' Sandra Goldbacher Moira Walley - Beckett April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 0.994 Anne is excited to begin school and make friends , but is unprepared for the bullying that occurs when she does n't fit in . Marilla too , is testing new waters as she accepts an invitation to join a `` Progressive Mothers '' group . `` An Inward Treasure is Born '' David Evans Moira Walley - Beckett April 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 09 ) 0.654 Anne is faced with the decision of whether or not to return to school . But a fire at the Gillis house and Anne 's generous actions help her in her choice . 5 5 `` Tightly Knotted to a Similar String '' Patricia Rozema Moira Walley - Beckett April 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 16 ) N / A Anne must deal with the inevitability of womanhood when she gets her first period . At the same time , Marilla and Matthew acclimatize to parenthood and revisit moments of their youth through Anne . 6 6 `` Remorse Is the Poison of Life '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) 0.656 When her little sister Minnie May becomes ill , Diana runs to Anne for help . Meanwhile , the Blythe farm sees change , as Marilla is reminded of what she gave up and Matthew receives some unsettling news . 7 7 `` Wherever You Are Is My Home '' Amanda Tapping Moira Walley - Beckett April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) N / A The Cuthberts vow to do whatever it takes to save the farm which reminds Anne of the strength of friendship and love . Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Can . viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Youth is the Season of Hope '' Helen Shaver Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A The Cuthberts ' boarders stir excitement with a question : Could there be gold in Avonlea ? Elsewhere , Gilbert makes a new friend at sea . 9 `` Signs are Small Measurable Things , but Interpretations are Illimitable '' Paul Fox Shernold Edwards July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A The steamer lands in Trinidad , bringing Bash face to face with his past . The Barrys get behind the gold rush , but Matthew and Marilla are n't so sure . 10 `` The True Seeing is Within '' Ken Girotti Kathryn Borel , Jr . July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A An adventure away with the Barrys teaches Anne to trust her instincts . Marilla begins to suspect that her boarders are n't as innocent as they seem . 11 `` The Painful Eagerness of Unfed Hope '' Anne Wheeler Jane Maggs July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne writes letters as an `` agent of romance '' while Diana trains at home to be a lady . A life - changing encounter steers Gilbert toward his destiny . 12 5 `` The Determining Acts of Her Life '' Norma Bailey Amanda Fahey July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A A game of spin the bottle prompts burning questions about love and beauty . Anne and Cole bond over their differences as Gilbert makes his way home . 13 6 `` I Protest Against Any Absolute Conclusion '' Ken Girotti Naledi Jackson July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne faces the world with a shocking new look while the town preps for its annual Christmas pantomime . Gilbert and Bash join the Cuthberts for dinner . 14 7 `` Memory Has as Many Moods as The Temper '' Anne Wheeler Jane Maggs July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Cole accompanies the girls to Aunt Josephine 's for a lavish party filled with surprises . Back at home , Marilla 's health takes a worrisome turn . 15 8 `` Struggling Against the Perception of Facts '' Amanda Tapping Shernold Edwards July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A With a wedding on the horizon , Anne wonders what kind of bride she 'd like to be . Marilla sees an oculist , and Bash meets a friendly face in `` The Bog . '' 16 9 `` What We Have Been Makes Us What We Are '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A A brand - new teacher brings unconventional methods -- and a motorbike -- to Avonlea . Gilbert 's plan to speed up his studies leaves Bash feeling lost . 17 10 `` The Growing Good of the World '' Paul Fox Moira Walley - Beckett July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) N / A Anne rallies her friends to save Miss Stacy in the wake of a disastrous incident . Bash gets an unexpected gift , and Cole makes a surprising choice . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season has achieved a rating of 84 % on Rotten Tomatoes , the site 's critical consensus stating : `` Anne with an E uses its complex central character to offer a boldly stylish , emotionally resonant spin on classic source material that satisfies in its own right . '' The series has received a rating of 79 on Metacritic based on fifteen reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Emily Ashby , writing for Common Sense Media , calls the series an `` exceptional '' and `` spectacular '' interpretation , giving it four out of five stars . Tasha Cerny , contributor for the Tracking Board , praises the cinematography as lush and colourful , the characters vibrant , and the plot `` surprisingly thrilling for a story about a young girl living in a small secluded community in the late nineteenth century . I laughed , I cried , and I did n't expect either from a show about a little girl . '' Gwen Inhat of The A.V. Club calls the series `` at once darker and sweeter than the original '' novel , praising the core cast , reserving the highest for the series lead : `` Amybeth McNulty defies her youth with a performance that 's less a portrayal of Anne than an absolute possession . It ca n't be easy to make Anne 's fanciful language sing the way she does , and McNulty captures the endearing awkwardness that enables Anne to win over everyone she comes in contact with . '' Writing of the 90 - minute premiere episode for the Toronto Star , Johanna Schneller was appreciative of Walley - Beckett 's departures from the novel , bringing its subtext to the fore : `` Reading between the novel 's lines and adding verisimilitude , she gives us quick but potent glimpses of the miseries many orphans faced in 1890s imperialist culture . '' Hanh Nguyen , reviewing the series for IndieWire , concurs with this assessment , saying : `` Rather than ruining the series , they give the context for why Anne would be filled with gratitude for the beauties of nature , basic human decency and having a family to call her own . Montgomery had based much of Anne 's need for escape into imagination on her own lonely childhood , and her stories have always had an underlying poignancy that made them all the sweeter . '' Jen Chaney , writing for Vulture.com , agrees , saying : `` What distinguishes it from other previous Anne iterations is its willingness to harden some of the story 's softness , just enough , to create an element of realism that period pieces , Gables - related or not , can be inclined to avoid . '' Neil Genzlinger writing for The New York Times , commenting on reports of darkness and grittiness , goes so far as to call the adaptation `` richer '' than the source material : `` Ms. McNulty 's Anne is still wonderfully ebullient and eminently likable ; she 's just not the one - dimensional figure of other adaptations '' . Annie Hirschlag , writing for Mic , suggests that a genuinely contemporary Anne is bound to reflect the current television landscape and wider culture of its times ( the 2010s ) : `` Since today 's entertainment is peppered with antiheroes -- characters who are far from perfect , even occasionally villainous -- it makes sense that Anne 's familiar idealism is fringed with darkness and agony . '' Some reviewers were more ambivalent , mainly about Walley - Beckett 's changes to the story . Canadian novelist Saleema Nawaz , who reviewed the 90 - minute first episode for Toronto Life , said she enjoyed it more than she expected , particularly the set designs and costumes , as well as the performances by McNulty and Thomson , and she approved of the choice of theme song as reflective of the continued relevance of the source material . She was less sure about how far the series intended to stray from that source material , and disapproved of the `` manufactured drama , such as Matthew 's wild horse ride '' . Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Isabella Beidenharn expressed similar feelings , but , `` putting the source material aside , it 's a fine show on its own '' , and she conceded that `` inventing a dark side might help Anne With an E fit into today 's TV landscape '' . Allison Keene , writing for Collider , agrees that Anne is a good drama on its own terms , but allows it is `` only a fair adaptation '' of the novel , at its best in the home scenes : `` Anne with an E is undeniably the most stylish adaptation we 've ever seen of Anne of Green Gables . But its desire to reveal more of Anne 's miserable past in order to be more true to what the desperation of an orphan is like feels at odds with Montgomery 's story . '' Writing for Variety , critic Sonia Saraiya is even more ambivalent , describing the series as on the one hand `` a brilliant adaptation '' which `` succeeds admirably '' , but on the other hand , `` the show ca n't quite sustain the brilliance , veering first into maudlin territory and then into the oddly saccharine as it tests out its tone '' , contending that `` the show gets a bit bogged down in telling the story of Anne 's dysfunction '' , presenting `` a slightly soapy view of Anne 's trials and tribulations that at times really humanize her and in others , are rather infantilizing '' . Sarah Larson , writing for The New Yorker , was not at all impressed with changes made to the story , arguing that they alter Anne 's character to the point of non-recognition . While she acknowledges that bringing subtext to the fore is a fine idea , she is not pleased with the execution , saying that the result is part `` the Anne we know and love '' and part `` untrustworthy stranger '' , calling the alteration and addition of scenes a `` betrayal '' of Montgomery 's novel , comparing the treatment unfavourably to Patricia Rozema 's 1999 adaptation of Jane Austen 's Mansfield Park . For Joanna Robinson , writing for Vanity Fair , a central problem with the show is that it `` seems to think that in order for Anne to be a feminist figure , she has to butt up against a straw - man - filled patriarchy , '' and so it turned many of the male characters into misogynists , most notably the Reverend Allan , who is considered by Anne to be a `` kindred spirit '' in the book : `` Anne with an E seems to think Anne 's triumphs are only noteworthy if she 's continually told she ca n't succeed , when in fact her unfettered brilliance needs no such clumsy opposition . It also seems to think that Anne needs a radical feminist makeover when , in fact , the story of her success was feminist in its own right . '' This is part of a more general problem Robinson notes , that conflicts are exaggerated and overdone : `` this series thrives on non-stop tragedy . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Anne of Green Gables set for new life on CBC - TV '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Boards CBC 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation ; Niki Caro To Helm Premiere '' . Deadline . August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers . `` Oh , Gilbert ! ' Anne of Green Gables ' Is Coming to Netflix '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne '' . CBC.ca . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix rebrands Anne TV series as Anne with an E '' . CBC News . The Canadian Press . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season One Recap '' . Anne with an E. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . August 20 , 2018 . Retrieved September 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anne ( with an E ) : Season Two Filming Begins for CBC and Netflix Series '' . TV Series Finale . November 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anne with an E Season 2 - Official Trailer '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Anne With An E : Season 2 Official Trailer Netflix '' . youtube . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Anne With An E ' Renewed For Third Season By Netflix & CBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne of Green Gables ' Adaptation Finds Its Anne Shirley , Casts 2 Other Roles '' . Deadline . October 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Anne Of Green Gables ' Adaptation Adds Three To Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maureen McCormick To Guest In ' The Guest Book ' ; Lucas Jade Zumann Joins ' Anne ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bley Griffiths , Eleanor . `` Meet the cast of Anne With an E Season 2 on Netflix '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Company Credits '' . IMDB. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Nigel ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ai n't your grandmother 's Anne ' : new series gives gritty Green Gables amid glut of Anne adaptations '' . CBC News . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Credits '' . Hollywood Reporter. 15 August 2018 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ahearn , Victoria ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` VIDEO : CBC 's ' Anne ' shows darker past of ' accidental feminist ' from Green Gables '' . Chronicle Herald . Canadian Press . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC - TV and Netflix renew Anne series for 2nd season : Episodes will be written by team of female writers '' . CBC News Prince Edward Island . Canadian Press . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , Molli ( 20 August 2018 ) . `` ANNE WITH AN E season 3 has been confirmed by Netflix and CBC but when is the new series out ? '' . Express . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Sara ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` Behind the scenes on the newest Anne of Green Gables series '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Where is Netflix 's Anne with an E filmed ? How town transforms for the series '' . 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Where CBC 's Anne Of Green Gables Was Filmed in Toronto '' . Torontoist. 26 Feb 2016 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh ( July 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Anne With an E ' Boss Answers Burning Questions About the Queer Soirée , Season 3 , and More '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get Red - dy ! Netflix 's ' Anne ' Now Has a Release Date '' . EW.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC and Netflix renew reimagined Anne of Green Gables '' . Toronto Star . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 13 , 2017 - March 19 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` LAST SUN o'nites CBC Heartland 859k Anne 780k Story of Us 745k CTV Saving Hope 665k GLO NCIS : LA 1127k SNet NHL Van - Peg 473k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs -- Total Canada ( English ) March 27 , 2017 - April 2 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` SUN onites SNET NHL TOR - COL 1181k VAN -- EDM 766k TSN CURL 1026k GLO NCISLA 1Mk CBC ANNE 654k STORY US 546k CITY SHOTS 623k CTV SAVE HOPE 548k '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( @ BillBriouxTV ) ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` SJN o'nites SNet NHL TOR - WASH Game 6 3467k OTT - BOS 1284k OMNI2 TOR - WASH 121k CTV SAVE HOPE 686K CBC ANNE 656K STORY OF US 450K '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E ( 2017 - ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anne with an E : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashby , Emily . `` Anne with an E '' . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Cerny , Tasha . `` Anne with an E -- Review : `` Episodes 1 - 3 '' `` . www.thetrackingboard.com . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Inhat , Gwen . `` Anne With An E offers a winning , darker take on a familiar tale '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneller , Johanna ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` This Anne of Green Gables hints at miseries : What I 'm Watching '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nguyen , Hanh . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : A ' Breaking Bad ' Producer Updates ' Anne of Green Gables ' for Our Darker Times '' . IndieWire . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen . `` Anne of Green Gables Fans , You Will Love Netflix 's Anne With an E '' . Vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Anne With an E ' Is a Rewarding Return to Green Gables '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hirschlag , Annie . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : The Neflix Adpatation Hits the Nostalgia Button and More '' . Mic.com . Mic ( media Company ) . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Nawaz , Saleema ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` We asked an Anne of Green Gables superfan to review the first episode of CBC 's new TV series '' . Toronto Life . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Beidenharn , Isabella ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Anne With an E : EW review Netflix 's new series has a different take on the pleasant Avonlea you may have grown up with '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison . `` ' Anne with an E ' Review : Netflix 's Green Gables Adaptation Has Grit '' . Collider . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Saraiya , Sonia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` TV Review : ' Anne With an E , ' Based on the Book ' Anne of Green Gables ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Sarah ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Not to Adapt `` Anne of Green Gables '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Depths of Despair : Anne of Green Gables : Netflix 's Bleak Adaptation Gets It All So Terribly Wrong '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Television in Canada portal Anne on CBC Anne with an E on Netflix Anne with an E on IMDb The Anne of Green Gables series by L.M. Montgomery Characters Anne Shirley Gilbert Blythe Walter Blythe Original novels Anne of Green Gables ( 1908 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1909 ) Anne of the Island ( 1915 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1936 ) Anne 's House of Dreams ( 1917 ) Anne of Ingleside ( 1939 ) Rainbow Valley ( 1919 ) Rilla of Ingleside ( 1921 ) Companion books Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1912 ) Further Chronicles of Avonlea ( 1920 ) Before Green Gables ( authorised prequel by Budge Wilson , 2008 ) The Blythes Are Quoted ( 2009 ) Films Anne of Green Gables ( 1919 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1934 ) Anne of Windy Poplars ( 1940 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1956 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1985 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Sequel ( 1987 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Continuing Story ( 2000 ) Anne : Journey to Green Gables ( 2005 ) Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) L.M. Montgomery 's Anne of Green Gables ( 2016 ) Television series Anne of Green Gables ( 1972 ) Anne of Avonlea ( 1975 ) Anne of Green Gables ( 1979 ) Road to Avonlea ( 1990 - 1996 ) Anne of Green Gables : The Animated Series ( 2000 ) Kon'nichiwa Anne : Before Green Gables ( 2009 ) Anne with an E ( 2017 ) Stage Anne of Green Gables : The Musical ( since 1965 ) Anne & Gilbert ( since 2005 ) Related articles Avonlea Green Gables CBC Television programs Primetime Anne with an E ( 2017 -- ) Back in Time for Dinner ( 2018 - ) Baroness von Sketch Show ( 2016 -- ) Burden of Truth ( 2018 -- ) Canada 's Smartest Person ( 2012 -- ) Caught ( 2018 -- ) CBC Docs POV ( 2015 -- ) CBC Music Backstage Pass ( 2013 -- ) Crawford ( 2018 - ) The Detectives ( 2018 -- ) Dragons ' Den ( 2006 -- ) Exhibitionists ( 2015 -- ) Extraordinary Canadians ( 2017 - ) The Filmmakers ( 2017 - ) Frankie Drake Mysteries ( 2017 -- ) The Great Canadian Baking Show ( 2017 -- ) Ha ! ifax Comedy Fest ( 1995 -- ) Heartland ( 2007 -- ) Hello Goodbye ( 2015 -- ) Hockey Night in Canada ( 1952 -- ) Kim 's Convenience ( 2016 -- ) In the Making ( 2018 - ) Little Dog ( 2018 -- ) Mr. D ( 2012 -- ) Murdoch Mysteries ( 2012 -- ) The Nature of Things ( 1960 -- ) Schitt 's Creek ( 2015 -- ) The Stats of Life ( 2017 ) Still Standing ( 2015 -- ) This Hour Has 22 Minutes ( 1993 -- ) Winnipeg Comedy Festival ( 2002 -- ) Workin ' Moms ( 2017 -- ) CBC Kids The Adventures of Napkin Man ! 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Robert Parish

Robert Parish - wikipedia Robert Parish Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the retired NBA player . For the American director - editor - actor , see Robert Parrish . . Robert Parish Parish in 2005 ( 1953 - 08 - 30 ) August 30 , 1953 ( age 64 ) Shreveport , Louisiana Nationality American Listed height 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) Listed weight 230 lb ( 104 kg ) Career information High school Woodlawn ( Shreveport , Louisiana ) College Centenary ( 1972 -- 1976 ) NBA draft 1976 / Round : 1 / Pick : 8th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 1976 -- 1997 Position Center Number 00 Career history 1976 -- 1980 Golden State Warriors 1980 -- 1994 Boston Celtics 1994 -- 1996 Charlotte Hornets 1996 -- 1997 Chicago Bulls Career highlights and awards 4 × NBA champion ( 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 1997 ) 9 × NBA All - Star ( 1981 -- 1987 , 1990 , 1991 ) All - NBA Second Team ( 1982 ) All - NBA Third Team ( 1989 ) NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team No. 00 retired by Boston Celtics Second - team All - American -- AP ( 1976 ) Career statistics Points 23,334 ( 14.5 ppg ) Rebounds 14,715 ( 9.1 rpg ) Blocks 2,361 ( 1.6 bpg ) Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Basketball Hall of Fame as player College Basketball Hall of Fame Inducted in 2006 Medals ( hide ) Representing United States Men 's basketball Pan American Games 1975 Mexico City Team competition Robert Parish ( born August 30 , 1953 ) is an American retired basketball center . He was known for his strong defense , his high arcing jump shooting , and his clutch rebounding late in games . He was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . In 1996 , Parish was also named as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . His nickname was The Chief , after the fictitious Chief Bromden , a silent , giant Native American character in the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest . According to Parish , former Celtics forward Cedric Maxwell gave him this nickname because of his stoic nature . He played an NBA - record 1,611 regular season games in his career . Contents ( hide ) 1 College career 2 NBA career 2.1 Golden State Warriors 2.2 Boston Celtics 2.3 Charlotte Hornets 2.4 Chicago Bulls 3 Legacy 4 NBA career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Playoffs 4.3 Career highs 4.3. 1 Top shot - blocking efforts 4.3. 2 Regular season 4.3. 3 Playoffs 5 See also 6 References 7 External links College career ( edit ) Although Parish had a successful college career at Centenary College of Louisiana from 1972 -- 1976 , he received virtually no notice because of one of the most severe penalties ever levied by the National Collegiate Athletic Association . In 1965 , the NCAA adopted the so - called `` 1.6 rule '' to determine academic eligibility of incoming freshmen . Under its provisions , freshmen academically qualified if their high school grades and standardized test scores predicted a minimum college grade point average of 1.6 on a 4 - point scale . Parish , who led Woodlawn High School in Shreveport to the Louisiana High School Athletic Association Class AAAA state championship in 1972 , took a standardized test that did not fit the NCAA 's formula ; Centenary converted his score to an equivalent that fit the formula , which it had done for 12 other athletes in the previous two years . This was a violation of NCAA regulations ; however , the NCAA had not paid any attention to the school 's actions before Parish 's recruitment . Shortly before Parish was to enroll , the NCAA notified Centenary that he and four other basketball players whose test scores had been converted were ineligible to play there , but said that the school would not be subject to penalty if it rescinded the five scholarships . Centenary argued that the rule did not say that the school could not convert the scores of Parish and the other players , while the NCAA argued that Centenary could not use the test taken by Parish and the other players to establish eligibility . When Centenary refused to pull the scholarships , the NCAA issued one of the most draconian sanctions in its history . The school 's basketball program was put on probation for six years , during which time it was not only barred from postseason play , but its results and statistics were excluded from weekly statistics and its existence was not acknowledged in the NCAA 's annual press guides . Within days of its decision , the NCAA repealed the 1.6 rule -- but refused to make the five players eligible . A few months later , all five , including Parish , sued the NCAA for their eligibility at Centenary , but lost . The decision made Parish a sort of `` invisible man '' who racked up huge statistical totals in virtual obscurity . In his four years at Centenary , the Gents went 87 - 21 and spent 14 weeks in the AP Top 20 poll , mostly during his senior season in 1975 -- 76 . He averaged 21.6 points and 16.9 rebounds per game during his Centenary career . However , although the school recognizes his records , the NCAA to this day does not include Parish in its record books . Between his junior and senior years , Parish played for the US national team at the 1975 Pan American Games . His difficulties with the NCAA indirectly led to his not being recommended for a spot on the team . Centenary paid his way to Salt Lake City to try out ; he made the team , was unanimously elected captain , and led the team to a gold medal . Throughout his time at Centenary , Parish chose not to escape anonymity by either jumping to the National Basketball Association or American Basketball Association ( the latter of which existed until the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 ) , or by transferring to another college , even though the professional ranks offered him potential riches and a transfer would have given him eligibility and far more publicity . At the time , professional scouts did not question his physical skills , but were divided as to whether his decision to stay at Centenary was a show of loyalty or evidence of poor decision - making . For his part , Parish said , `` I did n't transfer because Centenary did nothing wrong . And I have no regrets . None . '' NBA career ( edit ) Golden State Warriors ( edit ) After college , Parish was drafted in the first round of the 1976 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . He had also been drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1973 ABA Special Circumstances draft and by the Spurs in the 1975 ABA draft . Parish signed with the Warriors . The Warriors were NBA champions in 1975 ( two seasons prior to Parish 's rookie campaign ) . However , when Parish joined the Warriors , their decline had begun , and they missed the playoffs completely from 1978 to 1980 . Boston Celtics ( edit ) Robert Parish during his tenure with the Celtics . Heading into the 1980 NBA draft , the Boston Celtics ( who already had small forward Larry Bird ready to start his second NBA season ) held the number one overall pick . In a pre-draft trade , Celtics President Red Auerbach dealt the top pick and an additional first - round pick to the Warriors for Parish and the Warriors ' first - round pick , the third overall . With that pick , the Celtics chose Kevin McHale . The Warriors then selected Joe Barry Carroll with the first pick , whose career eventually was shortened by injuries , and whose perceived laziness earned him the moniker `` Joe Barely Cares . '' The Celtics now had an imposing frontcourt consisting of Bird , Parish , Cedric Maxwell , and McHale . Parish compared his transition from Golden State to Boston in a televised quote where he jokingly said it was like going from an outhouse to a penthouse . Playing 14 years with the Celtics from 1980 to 1994 , Parish won three NBA titles ( 1981 , 1984 and 1986 ) teaming with Bird and power forward McHale . Parish , Bird and McHale came to be known as `` The Big Three , '' and are regarded as one of the greatest frontcourts in NBA history ; all three players were named to the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All - Time Team . Charlotte Hornets ( edit ) After leaving the Celtics , Parish played two seasons with the Charlotte Hornets . Chicago Bulls ( edit ) Parish played his final season with the Chicago Bulls in 1996 -- 97 , which led to his fourth NBA title . At 43 , he is the third - oldest player to ever play an NBA game , behind Nat Hickey of the Providence Steamrollers and Kevin Willis of the Dallas Mavericks . As of 2018 , Parish was first on the list of National Basketball Association career games played leaders with 1,611 career games played . As of 2017 , he also remains the oldest player to win an NBA championship . Legacy ( edit ) He was known as a versatile center , using his 7 ' size and speed to contain opposing players , launch precise shots from outside the paint , and finish fast breaks -- the latter uncanny for a man of his stature . Fellow Hall of Famer and teammate from 1985 to 1987 Bill Walton once called Parish the `` greatest shooting big man of all time '' , perhaps because of Parish 's field goal and free throw shooting ability , an unusual talent among most centers . His trademark was his high - release jump shot , which traversed a very high arc before falling . In 1996 , Parish , along with teammates Larry Bird and Kevin McHale , were each selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . In 1998 , in honor of his achievements , the Celtics retired Parish 's famous # 00 jersey number at halftime of a Celtics -- Pacers game ; this allowed Larry Bird , then head coach of the Pacers , to participate in the ceremony . He was enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2003 . Parish remains active as the Celtics ' team consultant and mentor for current Celtics big men . NBA career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high Denotes seasons in which Parish won an NBA championship NBA record Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1976 -- 77 Golden State 77 18.0 . 503 - . 708 7.1 1.0 0.7 1.2 9.1 1977 -- 78 Golden State 82 37 24.0 . 472 - . 625 8.3 1.2 1.0 1.5 12.5 1978 -- 79 Golden State 76 75 31.7 . 499 - . 698 12.1 1.5 1.3 2.9 17.2 1979 -- 80 Golden State 72 69 29.4 . 507 . 000 . 715 10.9 1.7 0.8 1.6 17.0 1980 -- 81 † Boston 82 82 28.0 . 545 . 000 . 710 9.5 1.8 1.0 2.6 18.9 1981 -- 82 Boston 80 78 31.7 . 542 . 000 . 710 10.8 1.8 0.8 2.4 19.9 1982 -- 83 Boston 78 76 31.5 . 550 . 000 . 698 10.6 1.8 1.0 1.9 19.3 1983 -- 84 † Boston 80 79 35.8 . 546 . 000 . 745 10.7 1.7 0.7 1.5 19.0 1984 -- 85 Boston 79 78 36.1 . 542 . 000 . 743 10.6 1.6 0.7 1.3 17.6 1985 -- 86 † Boston 81 80 31.7 . 549 . 000 . 731 9.5 1.8 0.8 1.4 16.1 1986 -- 87 Boston 80 80 37.4 . 556 . 000 . 735 10.6 2.2 0.8 1.8 17.5 1987 -- 88 Boston 74 73 31.2 . 589 . 000 . 734 8.5 1.6 0.7 1.1 14.3 1988 -- 89 Boston 80 80 35.5 . 570 . 000 . 719 12.5 2.2 1.0 1.5 18.6 1989 -- 90 Boston 79 78 30.3 . 580 . 000 . 747 10.1 1.3 0.5 0.9 15.7 1990 -- 91 Boston 81 81 30.1 . 598 . 000 . 767 10.6 0.8 0.8 1.3 14.9 1991 -- 92 Boston 79 79 28.9 . 535 . 000 . 772 8.9 0.9 0.9 1.2 14.1 1992 -- 93 Boston 79 79 27.2 . 535 . 000 . 689 9.4 0.8 0.7 1.4 12.6 1993 -- 94 Boston 74 74 26.9 . 491 . 000 . 740 7.3 1.1 0.6 1.3 11.7 1994 -- 95 Charlotte 81 16.7 . 427 . 000 . 703 4.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 4.8 1995 -- 96 Charlotte 74 34 14.7 . 498 . 000 . 704 4.1 0.4 0.3 0.7 3.9 1996 -- 97 † Chicago 43 9.4 . 490 . 000 . 677 2.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 3.7 Career 1,611 1,320 28.4 . 537 . 000 . 721 9.1 1.4 0.8 1.5 14.5 All - Star 9 15.8 . 529 -- . 667 5.9 0.9 0.4 0.9 9.6 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 1977 Golden State 10 0 23.9 . 481 - . 654 10.3 1.1 0.7 1.1 12.1 1981 † Boston 17 17 28.9 . 493 . 000 . 672 8.6 1.1 1.2 2.3 15.0 1982 Boston 12 12 35.5 . 488 . 000 . 680 11.3 1.5 0.4 4.0 21.3 Boston 7 7 35.6 . 483 . 000 . 850 10.6 1.3 0.7 1.3 14.7 1984 † Boston 23 23 37.8 . 478 . 000 . 646 10.8 1.2 1.0 1.8 14.9 1985 Boston 21 21 38.2 . 493 . 000 . 784 10.4 1.5 1.0 1.6 17.1 1986 † Boston 18 18 32.8 . 471 . 000 . 652 8.8 1.4 0.5 1.7 15.0 Boston 21 21 35.0 . 567 . 000 . 767 9.4 1.3 0.9 1.7 18.0 Boston 17 17 36.8 . 532 . 000 . 820 9.9 1.2 0.6 1.1 14.7 1989 Boston 37.3 . 455 . 000 . 778 8.7 2.0 1.3 0.7 15.7 1990 Boston 5 5 34.0 . 574 . 000 . 944 10.0 2.6 1.0 1.4 15.8 1991 Boston 10 10 29.6 . 598 . 000 . 689 9.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 15.8 1992 Boston 10 10 33.5 . 495 . 000 . 714 9.7 1.4 0.7 1.5 12.0 1993 Boston 36.5 . 544 . 000 . 857 9.5 1.3 0.2 1.5 17.0 1995 Charlotte 0 17.8 . 545 . 000 . 400 2.3 0.3 0.0 0.8 3.5 1997 † Chicago 0 9.0 . 143 . 000 . 000 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 Career 184 168 33.6 . 506 . 000 . 722 9.6 1.3 0.8 1.7 15.3 Career highs ( edit ) Top shot - blocking efforts ( edit ) Blocks Opponent Date 11 at Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001978 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 1978 9 vs. Atlanta Hawks 000000001982 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 1982 8 at New Orleans Jazz 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1978 8 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001979 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 1979 8 at Indiana Pacers 000000001980 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 1980 Regular season ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 40 at San Antonio Spurs 000000001981 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1981 Field goals made 16 5 times Field goal attempts 26 vs Phoenix Suns 000000001992 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1992 Free throws made , none missed 12 at New Jersey Nets 000000001984 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1984 Free throws made , one missed 13 vs Atlanta Hawks 000000001983 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1983 Free throws made 13 vs Atlanta Hawks 000000001983 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 1983 Free throw attempts 18 at Milwaukee Bucks 000000001985 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1985 Rebounds 32 vs. New York Knicks 000000001979 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1979 Offensive rebounds Defensive rebounds 25 vs. New York Knicks 000000001979 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1979 Assists 10 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001987 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1987 Steals Turnovers Minutes played Playoffs ( edit ) Stat High Opponent Date Points 33 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Field goals made , none missed 8 - 8 at Atlanta Hawks 000000001988 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1988 Field goals made 13 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Field goal attempts 25 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Free throws made , none missed 8 @ Milwaukee Bucks 000000001983 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1983 Free throws made , one missed 7 vs. Washington Bullets 000000001982 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 1982 Free throws made 11 vs. Chicago Bulls 000000001986 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1986 Free throw attempts 13 vs. Chicago Bulls 000000001986 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1986 Rebounds 19 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001987 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1987 Offensive rebounds 11 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001987 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1987 Defensive rebounds 14 vs. Cleveland Cavaliers 000000001992 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 1992 Assists 6 vs. Milwaukee Bucks 000000001983 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1983 Steals 5 ( OT ) vs. Los Angeles Lakers 000000001984 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 1984 Blocks 7 vs. Philadelphia 76ers 000000001982 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1982 Turnovers Minutes played 54 vs. Detroit Pistons 000000001988 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1988 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff rebounding leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders List of National Basketball Association players with most rebounds in a game List of National Basketball Association players with most blocks in a game References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moses , Sam ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Invisible In The Post '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 1 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prop 48 : 25 Years Later '' . NCAA Champion Magazine . Summer 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ At that time , freshmen were not eligible to play varsity athletics . The NCAA allowed freshmen to play varsity sports other than football and basketball in 1968 , and extended freshman varsity eligibility to those sports in 1972 . Jump up ^ At that time , the Associated Press ranked only 20 teams instead of today 's 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Parish '' . 2009 -- 10 Centenary Gents Basketball Media Guide . Centenary Sports Information . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Division I All - Time Individual Leaders : Rebound Average ( Since 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . p. 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Division I All - Time Individual Leaders : Career Records , Rebound Average ( For careers beginning in 1973 or after ) '' ( PDF ) . Official 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Record Book . p. 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . The NCAA lists seasons by the calendar years in which they end . Jump up ^ Moses , Sam ( 1975 - 12 - 08 ) . `` Invisible In The Post '' . Sports Illustrated . p. 2 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ John Stockton : Still Going Strong at 41 , published March 26 , 2003 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Parish . Robert Parish NBA Legends Bio Robert Parish at the Wayback Machine ( archived February 11 , 2001 ) NBA biography ( archived from 1997 ) Career statistics and player information from Basketball-Reference.com Robert Parish at the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Where Are They Now ? : Robert Parish @ NBA.com Links to related articles United States men 's basketball squad -- 1975 Pan American Games -- Gold medal Birdsong Bond Cook Davis Douglas Grunfeld Hassett LaGarde Parish Parkinson Robey Rollins Coach : Harshman 1976 NBA Draft First round John Lucas Scott May Richard Washington Leon Douglas Wally Walker Adrian Dantley Quinn Buckner Robert Parish Armond Hill Ron Lee Bob Wilkerson Terry Furlow Mitch Kupchak Larry Wright Chuckie Williams Norm Cook Sonny Parker Second round Willie Smith Bayard Forrest Major Jones Earl Tatum Johnny Davis Alex English Scott Lloyd Lonnie Shelton Jacky Dorsey Phil Hicks Bob Carrington Dennis Johnson Al Fleming Joe Pace Mo Howard Butch Feher Marshall Rogers Boston Celtics 1980 -- 81 NBA champions 00 Parish 7 Archibald 30 Carr 31 Maxwell ( Finals MVP ) 32 McHale 33 Bird 40 Duerod 42 Ford 43 Henderson 45 Fernsten 53 Robey Head coach Fitch Assistant coaches Jones Rodgers Regular season Playoffs Boston Celtics 1983 -- 84 NBA champions 00 Parish 3 Johnson 8 Wedman 28 Buckner 30 Carr 31 Maxwell 32 McHale 33 Bird ( Finals MVP ) 40 Clark 43 Henderson 44 Ainge 50 Kite Head coach Jones Assistant coaches Rodgers Ford Regular season Playoffs Boston Celtics 1985 -- 86 NBA champions 00 Parish 3 Johnson 5 Walton 8 Wedman 11 Vincent 12 Sichting 32 McHale 33 Bird ( Finals MVP ) 34 Carlisle 44 Ainge 45 Thirdkill 50 Kite Head coach Jones Assistant coaches Rodgers Ford Badger Regular season Playoffs Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 NBA champions 00 Parish 1 Brown 7 Kukoč 9 Harper 13 Longley 18 Dele 23 Jordan ( Finals MVP ) 25 Kerr 30 Buechler 33 Pippen 34 Wennington 35 Caffey 91 Rodman Head coach Phil Jackson Assistant coaches Winter Cartwright Rodgers Hamblen Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors Founded in 1946 Played in Philadelphia ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and San Francisco ( 1962 -- 1971 ) Based in Oakland , California Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Philadelphia Arena Philadelphia Convention Hall Cow Palace San Francisco Civic Auditorium War Memorial Gymnasium ( University of San Francisco ) San Jose Arena Oracle Arena Chase Center General managers Tyrell Gottlieb Feerick Vertlieb Stirling Attles Nelson Twardzik St. Jean Mullin Riley Myers G League affiliate Santa Cruz Warriors Retired numbers 13 14 16 17 24 42 Hall of Famers Paul Arizin Rick Barry Wilt Chamberlain Joe Fulks Tom Gola Neil Johnston Jerry Lucas Šarūnas Marčiulionis Chris Mullin Mitch Richmond Don Nelson Robert Parish Andy Phillip Guy Rodgers Ralph Sampson Nate Thurmond Jamaal Wilkes NBA Championships ( 5 ) 1947 1956 2015 2017 Conference Championships ( 9 ) 1947 1948 1956 1964 1967 2015 2016 2017 2018 Culture / lore Wilt the Stilt 100 point game Nate the Great Nellie Ball Run TMC The Sleepy Floyd game Splash Brothers Death Lineup Warrior Girls 73 -- 9 The Block Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Media TV NBC Sports Bay Area Radio KGMZ - FM Announcers Bob Fitzgerald Jim Barnett Tim Roye Boston Celtics Founded in 1946 Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise Team history All - time roster Seasons Accomplishments Head coaches Current season Arenas Boston Arena Boston Garden Hartford Civic Center TD Garden The Auerbach Center ( practice facility ) Administration Boston Basketball Partners ( owner ) Wyc Grousbeck ( CEO ) Wyc Grousbeck , H. Irving Grousbeck , Stephen Pagliuca ( managing partners ) Danny Ainge ( General manager ) Brad Stevens ( Head coach ) General managers Brown Auerbach Volk Wallace Ainge Retired numbers 00 5 6 10 14 15 16 17 18 LOSCY 19 21 22 23 24 25 31 32 33 34 35 MIC Hall of Famers Boston Celtics Hall of Famers G League affiliate Maine Red Claws Rivalries Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Culture Celtic Pride Greatest game ever played Tommy Points `` Love ya , Cooz ! '' Close , but no cigar ! Bill Russell Beat L.A. Celtics / Lakers : Best of Enemies Mike Gorman Johnny Most `` Havlicek stole the ball ! '' Henderson steals the ball ! Bird steals the ball ! Boston Garden North Station Larry Legend DJ The Chief The Truth The Sports Museum of New England NBA Championships ( 17 ) 1957 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1986 2008 Eastern Conference Championships ( 21 ) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1976 1981 1984 1985 1986 2008 Media TV NBC Sports Boston Radio WBZ - FM Announcers Mike Gorman Tom Heinsohn Brian Scalabrine Sean Grande Cedric Maxwell John Wallach Chicago Bulls Founded in 1966 Based in Chicago , Illinois Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Seasons Records Broadcasters Head coaches Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Stadium United Center Personnel Owner : Jerry Reinsdorf Vice president of basketball operations : John Paxson General manager : Gar Forman Head coach : Fred Hoiberg Culture Air Jordan Jumpman Tommy Edwards Benny the Bull `` Sirius '' Ray Clay Jordan Rules Triangle offense Ashland Green / Pink Line Station Tex Winter The Spirit ( Michael Jordan statue ) Lore Phantom Buzzer Game The Shot Championship riots Trent Tucker Rule Disputed foul against Scottie Pippen 72 -- 10 Michael Jordan 's last shot Rivals Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Miami Heat New York Knicks Retired numbers 10 23 33 Coach General Manager G League affiliate Windy City Bulls NBA Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Eastern Conference Championships ( 6 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 Division titles ( 9 ) 1991 1992 1993 1997 1998 2011 2012 Hall of Famers George Gervin Artis Gilmore Phil Jackson Michael Jordan Robert Parish Scottie Pippen Dennis Rodman Jerry Sloan Nate Thurmond Tex Winter Jerry Reinsdorf Media TV WGN ( through WGN Sports ) NBC Sports Chicago CN100 Radio WSCR Announcers Neil Funk Stacey King Chuck Swirsky Bill Wennington Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2003 Players Dino Meneghin Robert Parish James Worthy Coach Leon Barmore Contributors Chick Hearn Meadowlark Lemon Earl Lloyd Members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Players Guards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Brennan Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper - Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Goodrich Greer Guerin Hanson Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette D. Johnson E. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Monroe C. Murphy Nash Page Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas Thompson Vandivier Wanzer West J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bradley R. Brown Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Endacott English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell G. Johnson King Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Pettit Pippen Pollard Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Washington N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul - Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Gruenig Harris - Stewart Houbregs Issel W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Pereira Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Thurmond Unseld Wachter Walton Yao Coaches Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz - Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hobson Holzman Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stringer Summitt Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Yow Contributors Abbott Barksdale Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Cooper Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd McLendon Lobo Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1960 United States Olympic Team 1992 United States Olympic Team All - American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics Texas Western National Basketball Association 's 50 Greatest Players in NBA History Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Nate Archibald Paul Arizin Charles Barkley Rick Barry Elgin Baylor Dave Bing Larry Bird Wilt Chamberlain Bob Cousy Dave Cowens Billy Cunningham Dave DeBusschere Clyde Drexler Julius Erving Patrick Ewing Walt Frazier George Gervin Hal Greer John Havlicek Elvin Hayes Magic Johnson Sam Jones Michael Jordan Jerry Lucas Karl Malone Moses Malone Pete Maravich Kevin McHale George Mikan Earl Monroe Hakeem Olajuwon Shaquille O'Neal Robert Parish Bob Pettit Scottie Pippen Willis Reed Oscar Robertson David Robinson Bill Russell Dolph Schayes Bill Sharman John Stockton Isiah Thomas Nate Thurmond Wes Unseld Bill Walton Jerry West Lenny Wilkens James Worthy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Parish&oldid=843645731 '' Categories : 1953 births Living people African - American basketball players All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players at the 1975 Pan American Games Basketball players from Louisiana Boston Celtics players Centenary Gentlemen basketball players Centers ( basketball ) Charlotte Hornets players Chicago Bulls players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductees National Basketball Association All - Stars National Basketball Association players with retired numbers NCAA sanctions Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States Parade High School All - Americans ( boys ' basketball ) San Antonio Spurs draft picks Sportspeople from Shreveport , Louisiana Utah Stars draft picks Pan American Games medalists in basketball Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 14 : 15 . 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Folate

Folate - wikipedia Folate Jump to : navigation , search Folic acid Clinical data Pronunciation foe ' lik Synonyms FA , N - ( 4 - ( ( ( 2 - amino - 4 - oxo - 1 , 4 - dihydropteridin - 6 - yl ) methyl ) amino ) benzoyl ) - L - glutamic acid , pteroyl - L - glutamic acid , vitamin B , vitamin B , vitamin M , folacin , pteroyl - L - glutamate AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a682591 Pregnancy category US : A ( No risk in human studies ) Routes of administration By mouth , IM , IV , sub-Q ATC code B03BB01 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status US : OTC Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 50 -- 100 % Metabolism Liver Excretion Urine Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) ( 2S ) - 2 - ( ( 4 - ( ( 2 - Amino - 4 - oxo - 1H - pteridin - 6 - yl ) methylamino ) benzoyl ) amino ) pentanedioic acid CAS Number 59 - 30 - 3 PubChem CID 6037 IUPHAR / BPS 4563 DrugBank DB00158 ChemSpider 5815 UNII 935E97BOY8 KEGG C00504 ChEBI CHEBI : 27470 ChEMBL CHEMBL1622 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 381 Chemical and physical data Formula Molar mass 441.40 g mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Melting point 250 ° C ( 482 ° F ) ( decomposition ) Solubility in water 1.6 mg / L ( 25 ° C ) mg / mL ( 20 ° C ) SMILES ( show ) n1c2C ( = O ) NC ( N ) = Nc2ncc1CNc3ccc ( cc3 ) C ( = O ) N ( C@H ) ( C ( O ) = O ) CCC ( O ) = O InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C19H19N7O6 / c20 - 19 - 25 - 15 - 14 ( 17 ( 30 ) 26 - 19 ) 23 - 11 ( 8 - 22 - 15 ) 7 - 21 - 10 - 3 - 1 - 9 ( 2 - 4 - 10 ) 16 ( 29 ) 24 - 12 ( 18 ( 31 ) 32 ) 5 - 6 - 13 ( 27 ) 28 / h1 - 4 , 8 , 12 , 21H , 5 - 7H2 , ( H , 24 , 29 ) ( H , 27 , 28 ) ( H , 31 , 32 ) ( H3 , 20 , 22 , 25 , 26 , 30 ) / t12 - / m0 / s1 Key : OVBPIULPVIDEAO - LBPRGKRZSA - N Folate , forms of which are known as folic acid and vitamin B9 , is one of the B vitamins . The recommended daily intake of folate in the US is 400 micrograms from foods or dietary supplements . Folic acid is the form of folate used to treat anemia caused by folic acid deficiency . Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects in the baby . Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with neural tube defects . More than 50 countries use fortification of certain foods with folic acid as a measure to decrease the rate of NTDs in the population . Long term supplementation is also associated with small reductions in the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease . It may be taken by mouth or by injection . There are no common side effects . It is not known whether high doses over a long period of time are of concern . There are concerns that large amounts of folic acid might hide vitamin B12 deficiency . Folic acid is essential for the body to make DNA , RNA , and metabolise amino acids which are required for cell division . As humans can not make folic acid , it is required from the diet , making it an essential vitamin . Not consuming enough folate can lead to folate deficiency . This may result in a type of anemia in which low numbers of large red blood cells occur . Symptoms may include feeling tired , heart palpitations , shortness of breath , open sores on the tongue and changes in the color of the skin or hair . Folate deficiency in children may develop within a month of poor dietary intake . In adults normal total body folate is between 10,000 -- 30,000 micrograms ( μg ) with blood levels of greater than 7 nmol / L ( 3 ng / mL ) . Folic acid was discovered between 1931 and 1943 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale cost of supplements in the developing world is between 0.001 and 0.005 USD per dose as of 2014 . The term `` folic '' is from the Latin word folium , which means leaf . Folates occur naturally in many foods especially dark green leafy vegetables and liver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Health effects 2.1 Pregnancy 2.2 Fertility 2.3 Heart disease 2.4 Stroke 2.5 Cancer 2.5. 1 Antifolate chemotherapy 2.6 Psychological 2.7 Age related macular degeneration 2.8 Folic acid , B and iron 2.9 Toxicity 2.10 Folate deficiency 2.11 Malaria 3 Dietary recommendations 3.1 Sources 4 History 5 Biological roles 5.1 DNA and cell division 5.2 DNA and amino acid production 5.3 Conversion to biologically active derivatives 5.3. 1 Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions 6 Food fortification 6.1 Australia 6.2 Canada 6.2. 1 Supplementation promotion 6.3 New Zealand 6.4 United Kingdom 6.5 United States 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Definition ( edit ) `` Folate '' is the term used to name the many forms of the vitamin -- namely folic acid and its congeners , including tetrahydrofolic acid ( the activated form of the vitamin ) , methyltetrahydrofolate , methenyltetrahydrofolate , and folinic acid . People sometimes confuse this use of `` folate '' with the use of `` folate '' in the standard way of naming acids in organic chemistry , in which the complete compound is called `` X-ic acid '' but is called `` X-ate '' when it loses a proton ; acids shift back and forth between these forms based on the acidity of the solution in which they are found . In this usage , `` folate '' is just `` folic acid '' in a non-acidic solution . Other names include vitamin B , vitamin B , vitamin M , folacin , and pteroyl - L - glutamate . Health effects ( edit ) Pregnancy ( edit ) Folate intake during pregnancy has been linked to a lessened risk of neural tube defects . Likewise a meta - analysis of folate supplementation during pregnancy reported a 28 % lower risk of newborn congenital heart defects . The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends the folic acid supplementation for all women able to become pregnant ; forms of folate other than folic acid have not been studied for this use and are not recommended . Prenatal supplementation with folic acid did not appear to reduce the risk of preterm births . One systematic review indicated no effect of folic acid on mortality , growth , body composition , respiratory , or cognitive outcomes of children from birth to 9 years old . There was no correlation between maternal folic acid supplementation and an increased risk for childhood asthma . Fertility ( edit ) Folate is necessary for fertility in both men and women . It contributes to spermatogenesis . Therefore , it is necessary to receive sufficient amounts through the diet to avoid subfertility . Also , polymorphisms in genes of enzymes involved in folate metabolism could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility . Heart disease ( edit ) Taking folic acid over years reduced the risk of cardiovascular disease by 4 % , where another study found it did not affect cardiovascular disease , even while reducing homocysteine levels . Stroke ( edit ) Long - term supplementation with folic acid reduced the risk of stroke by 10 % , which may be due to the role folate plays in regulating homocysteine concentration . The reviews indicate the risk of stroke appears to be reduced only in some individuals , but a definite recommendation regarding supplementation beyond the current RDA has not been established for stroke prevention . Asian populations had greater protection against stroke with folate supplementation than did European or North American subjects . Observed stroke reduction is consistent with the reduction in pulse pressure produced by folate supplementation of 5 mg per day , since hypertension is a key risk factor for stroke . Folic supplements are inexpensive and relatively safe to use , which is why people who have had strokes or who have hyperhomocysteinemia are encouraged to consume daily B vitamins including folic acid . Cancer ( edit ) Studies on folic acid intake from food and folate supplementation with regards to cancer risk are based on the adequacy of chronic intake . Chronically insufficient intake of folic acid ( below the recommended level of 400 micrograms per day ) may increase the risk of colorectal , breast , ovarian , pancreas , brain , lung , cervical , and prostate cancers . Other studies showed that excessive dietary supplementation with synthetic folate may increase the risk of certain cancers , in particular prostate . A 2017 review found no relationship between taking folate supplements and cancer risk . Antifolate chemotherapy ( edit ) Folate is important for cells and tissues that divide rapidly . Cancer cells divide rapidly , and drugs that interfere with folate metabolism are used to treat cancer . The antifolate methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form of THF from the inactive dihydrofolate ( DHF ) . However , methotrexate can be toxic , producing side effects , such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally . Also , bone marrow depression ( inducing leukopenia and thrombocytopenia ) , and acute kidney and liver failure have been reported . Folinic acid , under the drug name leucovorin , a form of folate ( formyl - THF ) , can help `` rescue '' or reverse the toxic effects of methotrexate . Folinic acid is not the same as folic acid . Folic acid supplements have little established role in cancer chemotherapy . There have been cases of severe adverse effects of accidental substitution of folic acid for folinic acid in people receiving methotrexate cancer chemotherapy . It is important for anyone receiving methotrexate to follow medical advice on the use of folic or folinic acid supplements . The supplement of folinic acid in people undergoing methotrexate treatment is to give cells dividing less rapidly enough folate to maintain normal cell functions . The amount of folate given is depleted by rapidly dividing cells ( cancer ) quickly , and so does not negate the effects of methotrexate . Psychological ( edit ) Some evidence links a shortage of folate with depression . Limited evidence from randomised controlled trials showed using folic acid in addition to SSRIs may have benefits . Research at the University of York and Hull York Medical School has found a link between depression and low levels of folate . One study by the same team involved 15,315 subjects . Folic acid supplementation affects noradrenaline and serotonin receptors within the brain , which could be the cause of folic acid 's possible ability to act as an antidepressant . The exact mechanisms involved in the development of schizophrenia and depression are not entirely clear , but the bioactive folate , methyltetrahydrofolate ( 5 - MTHF ) , a direct target of methyl donors like S - adenosyl methionine ( SAMe ) , recycles the inactive dihydrobiopterin ( BH ) into tetrahydrobiopterin ( BH ) , the necessary cofactor in various steps of monoamine synthesis , including that of dopamine . BH serves a regulatory role in monoamine neurotransmission and is required to mediate the actions of most antidepressants. 5 - MTHF also plays both direct & indirect roles in DNA methylation , NO synthesis , and one - carbon metabolism . Age related macular degeneration ( edit ) A sub study of the Women 's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study published in 2009 reported use of a nutritional supplement containing folic acid , pyridoxine , and cyanocobalamin decreased the risk of developing age - related macular degeneration by 34.7 % . The amount of folic acid used in this clinical trial -- 2500 μg -- was higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 1000 μg . Folic acid , B and iron ( edit ) There is a complex interaction between folic acid , vitamin B and iron . A deficiency of one may be `` masked '' by excess of another so the three must always be in balance . Toxicity ( edit ) The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low , because folate is a water - soluble vitamin and is regularly removed from the body through urine . One potential issue associated with high dosages of folic acid is that it has a masking effect on the diagnosis of pernicious anaemia ( vitamin B deficiency ) , and a variety of concerns of potential negative impacts on health . Folate deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Folate deficiency Folate deficiency can be caused by unhealthy diets that do not include enough fruits and vegetables , diseases in which folates are not well absorbed in the digestive system ( such as Crohn 's disease or celiac disease ) , some genetic disorders that affect levels of folate , and certain medicines ( such as phenytoin , sulfasalazine , or trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole ) . Folate deficiency is accelerated by alcohol consumption . Folate deficiency may lead to glossitis , diarrhea , depression , confusion , anemia , and fetal neural tube defects and brain defects ( during pregnancy ) . Other symptoms include fatigue , gray hair , mouth sores , poor growth , and swollen tongue . Folate deficiency is diagnosed by analyzing CBC and plasma vitamin B and folate levels . CBC may indicate megaloblastic anemia but this could also be a sign of vitamin B deficiency . A serum folate of 3 μg / L or lower indicates deficiency . Serum folate level reflects folate status but erythrocyte folate level better reflects tissue stores after intake . Serum folate reacts more rapidly to folate intake than erythrocyte folate . An erythrocyte folate level of 140 μg / L or lower indicates inadequate folate status . Increased homocysteine level suggests tissue folate deficiency but homocysteine is also affected by vitamin B and vitamin B , renal function , and genetics . One way to differentiate between folate ( vitamin B ) deficiency from vitamin B deficiency is by testing for methylmalonic acid levels . Normal MMA levels indicate folate deficiency and elevated MMA levels indicate vitamin B deficiency . Folate deficiency is treated with supplemental oral folic acid of 400 to 1000 μg per day . This treatment is very successful in replenishing tissues , even if deficiency was caused by malabsorption . People with megaloblastic anemia need to be tested for vitamin B deficiency before treatment with folic acid , because if the person has vitamin B deficiency , folic acid supplementation can remove the anemia , but can also worsen neurologic problems . People who are morbidly obese with BMIs of greater than 50 are more likely to develop folate deficiency . People with celiac disease have a higher chance of developing folate deficiency . Cobalamin deficiency may lead to folate deficiency , which , in turn , increases homocysteine levels and may result in the development of cardiovascular disease or birth defects . Malaria ( edit ) Some studies show iron -- folic acid supplementation in children under 5 may result in increased mortality due to malaria ; this has prompted the World Health Organization to alter their iron -- folic acid supplementation policies for children in malaria - prone areas , such as India . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) Because of the difference in bioavailability between supplemented folic acid and the different forms of folate found in food , the dietary folate equivalent ( DFE ) system was established . One DFE is defined as 1 μg of dietary folate . One μg of folic acid supplement counts as 1.7 μg DFE . The reason for the difference is that at least 85 % of folic acid is estimated to be bioavailable when taken with food , whereas only about 50 % of folate naturally present in food is bioavailable . National Institutes of Health ( US ) nutritional recommendations ( μg DFE per day for RDA , μg folic acid for UL ) Age Infants ( AI ) Infants ( UL ) Adults ( RDA ) Adults ( UL ) Pregnant women ( RDA ) Pregnant women ( UL ) Lactating women ( RDA ) Lactating women ( UL ) 0 -- 6 months 65 None set -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 -- 12 months 80 None set -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 -- 3 years -- -- 150 300 -- -- -- -- 4 -- 8 years -- -- 200 400 -- -- -- -- 9 -- 13 years -- -- 300 600 -- -- -- -- 14 -- 18 -- -- 400 800 600 800 500 800 19 + -- -- 400 1000 600 1000 500 1000 The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for folate in 2001 . As for safety , the IOM sets Tolerable upper intake levels ( ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . The UL for folate refers to only micrograms of synthetic folic acid , as no health risks have been associated with high intake of folate from food sources . Collectively the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes ( DRIs ) . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL defined the same as in United States . For women and men over age 18 the PRI is set at 330 μg / day . PRI for pregnancy is 600 μg / day , for lactation 500 μg / day . For children ages 1 -- 17 years the PRIs increase with age from 120 to 270 μg / day . These values differ somewhat from the U.S. RDAs . The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and agreed with United States that the UL be set at 1000 μg . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For folate labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 400 μg . As of May 27 , 2016 update it was kept unchanged at 400 μg . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . Food and supplement companies have until January 1 , 2020 to comply with the change . Sources ( edit ) Vitamins C and M as featured on a monument in front of University of Warsaw 's Centre of New Technologies Folate naturally occurs in a wide variety of foods , including vegetables ( particularly dark green leafy vegetables ) , fruits and fruit juices , nuts , beans , peas , dairy products , poultry and meat , eggs , seafood , grains , and some beers . Avocado , beetroot , spinach , liver , yeast , asparagus , and Brussels sprouts are among the foods with the highest levels of folate . Folate naturally found in food is susceptible to high heat and ultraviolet light , and is soluble in water . It is heat - labile in acidic environments and may also be subject to oxidation . Folic acid is added to grain products in many countries , and these fortified products make up a significant source of the population 's folate intake . History ( edit ) In the 1920s , scientists believed folate deficiency and anemia were the same condition . In 1931 , researcher Lucy Wills made a key observation that led to the identification of folate as the nutrient required to prevent anemia during pregnancy . Wills demonstrated that anemia could be reversed with brewer 's yeast . In the late 1930s , folate was identified as the corrective substance in brewer 's yeast . It was first isolated via extraction from spinach leaves by Herschel K. Mitchell , Esmond E. Snell , and Roger J. Williams in 1941 . Bob Stokstad isolated the pure crystalline form in 1943 , and was able to determine its chemical structure while working at the Lederle Laboratories of the American Cyanamid Company . This historical research project , of obtaining folic acid in a pure crystalline form in 1945 , was done by the team called the `` folic acid boys , '' under the supervision and guidance of Director of Research Dr. Yellapragada Subbarow , at the Lederle Lab , Pearl River , NY . This research subsequently led to the synthesis of the antifolate aminopterin , the first - ever anticancer drug , the clinical efficacy was proven by Sidney Farber in 1948 . In the 1950s and 1960s , scientists began to discover the biochemical mechanisms of action for folate . In 1960 , experts first linked folate deficiency to neural tube defects . In the late 1990s , US scientists realized , despite the availability of folate in foods and in supplements , there was still a challenge for people to meet their daily folate requirements , which is when the US implemented the folate fortification program . Biological roles ( edit ) DNA and cell division ( edit ) A diagram of the chemical structure of folate Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of new cells , for DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis through methylation , and for preventing changes to DNA , and , thus , for preventing cancer . It is especially important during periods of frequent cell division and growth , such as infancy and pregnancy . Folate is needed to carry one - carbon groups for methylation reactions and nucleic acid synthesis ( the most notable one being thymine , but also purine bases ) . Thus , folate deficiency hinders DNA synthesis and cell division , affecting hematopoietic cells and neoplasms the most because of their greater frequency of cell division . RNA transcription , and subsequent protein synthesis , are less affected by folate deficiency , as the mRNA can be recycled and used again ( as opposed to DNA synthesis , where a new genomic copy must be created ) . Since folate deficiency limits cell division , erythropoiesis , production of red blood cells , is hindered and leads to megaloblastic anemia , which is characterized by large immature red blood cells . This pathology results from persistently thwarted attempts at normal DNA replication , DNA repair , and cell division , and produces abnormally large red cells called megaloblasts ( and hypersegmented neutrophils ) with abundant cytoplasm capable of RNA and protein synthesis , but with clumping and fragmentation of nuclear chromatin . Some of these large cells , although immature ( reticulocytes ) , are released early from the marrow in an attempt to compensate for the anemia . Both adults and children need folate to make normal red and white blood cells and prevent anemia . Deficiency of folate in pregnant women has been implicated in neural tube defects ( NTD ) ; therefore , many developed countries have implemented mandatory folic acid fortification in cereals , etc . NTDs occur early in pregnancy ( first month ) , therefore women must have abundant folate upon conception . Folate is required to make red blood cells and white blood cells and folate deficiency may lead to anemia , which causes fatigue , weakness and inability to concentrate . DNA and amino acid production ( edit ) Metabolism of folic acid to recycle homocysteine into methionine In the form of a series of tetrahydrofolate ( THF ) compounds , folate derivatives are substrates in a number of single - carbon - transfer reactions , and also are involved in the synthesis of dTMP ( 2 ′ - deoxythymidine - 5 ′ - phosphate ) from dUMP ( 2 ′ - deoxyuridine - 5 ′ - phosphate ) . It is a substrate for an important reaction that involves vitamin B and it is necessary for the synthesis of DNA , and so required for all dividing cells . The pathway leading to the formation of tetrahydrofolate ( FH ) begins when folic acid ( F ) is reduced to dihydrofolate ( DHF ) ( FH ) , which is then reduced to THF . Dihydrofolate reductase catalyses the last step . Vitamin B in the form of NADPH is a necessary cofactor for both steps of the synthesis . Thus , hydride molecules are transferred from NADPH to the C6 position of the pteridine ring to reduce folic acid to THF . Methylene - THF ( CH FH ) is formed from THF by the addition of a methylene bridge from one of three carbon donors : formate , serine , or glycine . Methyl tetrahydrofolate ( CH - THF , or methyl - THF ) can be made from methylene - THF by reduction of the methylene group with NADPH . Another form of THF , 10 - formyl - THF , results from oxidation of methylene - THF or is formed from formate donating formyl group to THF . Also , histidine can donate a single carbon to THF to form methenyl - THF . Vitamin B is the only acceptor of methyl - THF , and this reaction produces methyl - B ( methylcobalamin ) . There is also only one acceptor for methyl - B , homocysteine , in a reaction catalyzed by homocysteine methyltransferase . These reactions are important because a defect in homocysteine methyltransferase or a deficiency of B may lead to a so - called `` methyl - trap '' of THF , in which THF converts to a reservoir of methyl - THF . Thereafter , this THF has no way of being metabolized , and serves as a sink of THF that causes a subsequent deficiency in folate . Thus , a deficiency in B can generate a large pool of methyl - THF that is unable to undergo reactions and mimics folate deficiency . The reactions that lead to the methyl - THF reservoir can be shown in chain form : folate → dihydrofolate → tetrahydrofolate ↔ methylene - THF → methyl - THF Folate metabolism Conversion to biologically active derivatives ( edit ) All the biological functions of folic acid are performed by tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives . Their biological availability to the body depends upon dihydrofolate reductase action in the liver . This action is unusually slow in humans , being less than 2 % of that in rats ( and with an almost - 5-fold variation in enzymatic activity ) , leading to the accumulation of unmetabolized folic acid . It has been suggested this low activity limits the conversion of folic acid into its biologically active forms `` when folic acid is consumed at levels higher than the Tolerable Upper Intake Level ( 1 mg / d for adults ) . '' Overview of drugs that interfere with folate reactions ( edit ) A number of drugs interfere with the biosynthesis of folic acid and THF . Among them are the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as trimethoprim , pyrimethamine , and methotrexate ; the sulfonamides ( competitive inhibitors of 4 - aminobenzoic acid in the reactions of dihydropteroate synthetase ) . Valproic acid , one of the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants that is also used to treat certain psychological conditions , is a known inhibitor of folic acid , and as such , has been shown to cause neural tube defects and cases of spina bifida and cognitive impairment in the newborn . Because of this considerable risk , those mothers who must continue to use valproic acid or its derivatives during pregnancy to control their condition ( as opposed to stopping the drug or switching to another drug or to a lesser dose ) should take folic acid supplements under the direction and guidance of their health care providers . The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES III 1988 -- 91 ) and the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( 1994 -- 96 CSFII ) indicated most adults did not consume adequate folate . However , the folic acid fortification program in the United States has increased folic acid content of commonly eaten foods such as cereals and grains , and as a result , diets of most adults now provide recommended amounts of folate equivalents . Food fortification ( edit ) In the USA many grain products are fortified with folic acid . See also : Food fortification Folic acid fortification is a process where folic acid is added to flour with the intention of promoting public health through increasing blood folate levels in the populace . In the USA , food is fortified with folic acid , only one of the many naturally occurring forms of folate , and a substance contributing only a minor amount to the folates in natural foods . Since the discovery of the link between insufficient folic acid and neural tube defects , governments and health organizations worldwide have made recommendations concerning folic acid supplementation for women intending to become pregnant . Fortification is controversial , with issues having been raised concerning individual liberty , as well as the health concerns described in the Toxicity section above . In the USA , there is concern that the federal government mandates fortification , but does not provide monitoring of potential undesirable effects of fortification . 76 countries worldwide require mandatory folic acid fortification of at least one major cereal grain , with nearly all fortifying at least wheat flour , according to November 2013 data from the Food Fortification Initiative . These countries are : Antigua and Barbuda , Argentina , Australia , Bahamas , Bahrain , Barbados , Belize , Benin , Bolivia ( Plurinational State of ) , Brazil , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Canada , Chile , Colombia , Costa Rica , Cote d'Ivoire , Cuba , Dominica , Dominican Republic , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Fiji , Ghana , Grenada , Guatemala , Guinea , Guyana , Haiti , Honduras , Indonesia , Iran ( Islamic Republic of ) , Iraq , Jamaica , Jordan , Kazakhstan , Kenya , Kosovo , Kuwait , Kyrgyzstan , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Mexico , Morocco , Nepal , Nicaragua , Niger , Nigeria , Oman , Palestine ( Occupied Territory ) , Panama , Papua New Guinea , Paraguay , Peru , Republic of Moldova , Rwanda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Solomon Islands , South Africa , Suriname , Tanzania ( United Republic of ) , Togo , Trinidad and Tobago , Turkmenistan , Uganda , United States of America , Uruguay , Uzbekistan , and Yemen . As of November 2013 , no EU country has mandated folic acid fortification . Australia ( edit ) There has been previous debate in Australia regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour . Australia and New Zealand have jointly agreed to fortification though the Food Standards Australia New Zealand . Australia will fortify all flour from 18 September 2009 . Although the food standard covers both Australia and New Zealand , an Australian government official has stated it is up to New Zealand to decide whether to implement it there , and they will watch with interest . The requirement is 0.135 mg of folate per 100g of bread . Canada ( edit ) In 2003 , a Hospital for Sick Children , University of Toronto research group published findings showing the fortification of flour with folic acid in Canada has resulted in a dramatic decrease in neuroblastoma , an early and very dangerous cancer in young children . In 2009 , further evidence from McGill University showed a 6.2 % decrease per year in the birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects . Folic acid used in fortified foods is a synthetic form called pteroylmonoglutamate . It is in its oxidized state and contains only one conjugated glutamate residue . Folic acid therefore enters via a different carrier system from naturally occurring folate , and this may have different effects on folate binding proteins and its transporters . Folic acid has a higher bioavailability than natural folates and are rapidly absorbed across the intestine ; therefore , it is important to consider the Dietary Folate Equivalent ( DFE ) when calculating one 's intake . Natural occurring folate is equal to 1 DFE ; , however , 0.6 μg of folic acid is equal to 1 DFE . Folic acid food fortification became mandatory in Canada in 1998 , with the fortification of 150 μg of folic acid per 100 grams of enriched flour and uncooked cereal grains . The purpose of fortification was to decrease the risk of neural tube defects in newborns . It is important to fortify grains because it is a widely eaten food and the neural tube closes in the first four weeks of gestation , often before many women even know they are pregnant . Canada 's fortification program has been successful with a decrease of neural tube defects by 19 % since its introduction . A seven - province study from 1993 to 2002 showed a reduction of 46 % in the overall rate of neural tube defects after folic acid fortification was introduced in Canada . The fortification program was estimated to raise a person 's folic acid intake level by 70 -- 130 μg / day ; however , an increase of almost double that amount was actually observed . This could be from the fact that many foods are over fortified by 160 -- 175 % the predicted value . In addition , much of the elder population take supplements that adds 400 μg to their daily folic acid intake . This is a concern because 70 -- 80 % of the population have detectable levels of unmetabolized folic acid in their blood and high intakes can accelerate the growth of preneoplastic lesions . It is still unknown the amount of folic acid supplementation that might cause harm . Supplementation promotion ( edit ) According to a Canadian survey , 58 % of women said they took a folic acid containing multivitamin or a folic acid supplement as early as three months before becoming pregnant . Women in higher income households and with more years of school education are using more folic acid supplements before pregnancy . Women with planned pregnancies and who are over the age of 25 are more likely to use folic acid supplement . Canadian public health efforts are focused on promoting awareness of the importance of folic acid supplementation for all women of childbearing age and decreasing socio - economic inequalities by providing practical folic acid support to vulnerable groups of women . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand was planning to fortify bread ( excluding organic and unleavened varieties ) from 18 September 2009 , but has opted to wait until more research is done . The Association of Bakers and the Green Party have opposed mandatory fortification , describing it as `` mass medication '' . Food Safety Minister Kate Wilkinson reviewed the decision to fortify in July 2009 , citing links between overconsumption of folate with cancer . The New Zealand Government is reviewing whether it will continue with the mandatory introduction of folic acid to bread . United Kingdom ( edit ) There has been previous debate in the United Kingdom regarding the inclusion of folic acid in products such as bread and flour . While the Food Standards Agency has recommended folic acid fortification , and wheat flour is fortified with iron , folic acid fortification of wheat flour is allowed voluntarily rather than required . United States ( edit ) The United States Public Health Service recommends an extra 0.4 mg / day for newly pregnant women , which they can take as a pill . However , many researchers believe this supplementation can never work effectively enough , since about half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unplanned , and not all women comply with the recommendation . Approximately 53 % of the US population uses dietary supplements and 35 % uses dietary supplements that contain folic acid . Men consume more folate ( in dietary folate equivalents ) than women , and non-Hispanic whites have higher folate intakes than Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks . Twenty - nine percent of black women have inadequate intakes of folate . The age group consuming the most folate and folic acid is the > 50 group . 5 % of the population exceeds the Tolerable Upper Intake Level . In 1996 , the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) published regulations requiring the addition of folic acid to enriched breads , cereals , flours , corn meals , pastas , rice , and other grain products . This ruling took effect on 1 January 1998 , and was specifically targeted to reduce the risk of neural tube birth defects in newborns . There are concerns that the amount of folate added is insufficient . In October 2006 , the Australian press claimed that U.S. regulations requiring fortification of grain products were being interpreted as disallowing fortification in non-grain products , specifically Vegemite ( an Australian yeast extract containing folate ) . The FDA later said the report was inaccurate , and no ban or other action was being taken against Vegemite . As a result of the folic acid fortification program , fortified foods have become a major source of folic acid in the American diet . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta , Georgia used data from 23 birth defect registries covering about half of United States births , and extrapolated their findings to the rest of the country . These data indicate that , since the addition of folic acid in grain - based foods as mandated by the FDA , the rate of neural tube defects dropped by 25 % in the United States . Before folic acid fortification , about 4,100 pregnancies were affected by a neural tube defect each year in the United States . After fortification , this number declined to around 3,000 . The results of folic acid fortification on the rate of neural tube defects in Canada have also been positive , showing a 46 % reduction in prevalence of NTDs ; the magnitude of reduction was proportional to the prefortification rate of NTDs , essentially removing geographical variations in rates of NTDs seen in Canada before fortification . When the U.S. Food and Drug Administration set the folic acid fortification regulation in 1996 , the projected increase in folic acid intake was 100 μg / d . Data from a study with 1480 subjects showed that folic acid intake increased by 190 μg / d and total folate intake increased by 323 μg dietary folate equivalents ( DFE ) / d . Folic acid intake above the upper tolerable intake level ( 1000 μg folic acid / d ) increased only among those individuals consuming folic acid supplements as well as folic acid found in fortified grain products . Taken together , folic acid fortification has led to a bigger increase in folic acid intake than first projected . See also ( edit ) Levomefolic acid Pteridine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fenech , Michael ( May 2012 ) . `` Folate ( vitamin B9 ) and vitamin B12 and their function in the maintenance of nuclear and mitochondrial genome integrity '' . 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External links ( edit ) Jane Higdon , `` Folic Acid '' , Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University Biochemistry links Folate biosynthesis ( early stages ) Folate biosynthesis ( later stages ) Folate coenzymes C metabolism with folate Formylation , hydroxymethylation and methylation using folate Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements ( `` minerals '' ) Retinol ( Vitamin A ) B vitamins : Thiamine ( B ) Riboflavin ( B ) Niacin ( B ) Pantothenic acid ( B ) Pyridoxine ( B ) Biotin ( B ) Folic acid ( B ) Cyanocobalamin ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( Vitamin C ) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol ( Vitamin D ) Tocopherol ( Vitamin E ) Naphthoquinone ( Vitamin K ) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β - hydroxy β - methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine / Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John 's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III GND : 4121288 - 5 NDL : 00574353 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Folate&oldid=806948649 '' Categories : Folates Dicarboxylic acids B vitamins Alcohols World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2010 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from January 2017 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 02 : 16 . 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Mama's Family

Mama 's Family - wikipedia Mama 's Family Jump to : navigation , search Mama 's Family Genre Sitcom Created by Dick Clair Jenna McMahon Directed by Roger Beatty Harvey Korman Dick Martin Dave Powers Starring Vicki Lawrence Ken Berry Dorothy Lyman Rue McClanahan ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Eric Brown ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Karin Argoud ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Betty White ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Beverly Archer ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Allan Kayser ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Theme music composer Peter Matz Opening theme `` Bless My Happy Home '' Composer ( s ) Peter Matz Dick Walter Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 2 ( NBC run ) 4 ( syndicated run ) No. of episodes 35 ( NBC run ) 95 ( syndicated run ) 130 ( total ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joe Hamilton Producer ( s ) Jim Evering Neil Lebowitz Dave Powers Fred Rubin Location ( s ) CBS Television City Hollywood , California ( 1983 -- 84 ) Metromedia Square Hollywood , California ( 1986 -- 90 ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 24 -- 25 minutes ( NBC episodes ) 21 -- 22 minutes ( syndicated episodes ) Production company ( s ) Joe Hamilton Productions Distributor Lorimar - Telepictures ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Warner Bros. Television Distribution ( 1989 -- 1996 , 2003 -- present ) Telepictures Distribution ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Release Original network NBC ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Syndicated ( 1986 -- 90 ) Audio format Mono ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Stereo ( 1986 -- 1990 ) Original release January 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 22 ) -- April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) -- February 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 24 ) Chronology Preceded by Eunice Mama 's Family is an American television sitcom starring Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper ( Mama ) . The series is a spin - off of a recurring series of comedy sketches called `` The Family '' featured on The Carol Burnett Show ( 1974 -- 78 ) and Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) . The sketeches led to the made - for - TV movie Eunice , and finally the television series . The show 's theme song is `` Bless My Happy Home '' by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz ( music ) and Vicki Lawrence ( lyrics ) . The show 's producers chose to use an instrumental version . Mama 's Family originally aired on NBC , debuting on January 22 , 1983 . After several timeslot changes and a subsequent drop in ratings , the network canceled the series ; the final episode aired on April 7 , 1984 . NBC broadcast reruns until September 1985 . Two years after its cancellation , original series producer Joe Hamilton Productions ( JHP ) revived Mama 's Family for first - run syndication on local stations across the United States . The revived series , produced by JHP and distributed by Lorimar - Telepictures , premiered on September 27 , 1986 . The syndicated version garnered substantially higher ratings than its network version had , eventually becoming the highest - rated sitcom in first - run syndication . Its four - season run ended on February 24 , 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Network run ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) 2.1 Beginning the series 2.2 Plot details 2.3 Opening theme discrepancies 2.4 Cancellation 3 First - run syndication ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) 3.1 Series rebirth 3.2 Plot details 3.3 Absence of Carol Burnett as the `` Eunice '' character 3.4 Series end 4 Cast and characters 4.1 Thelma Mae Crowley Harper ( Mama ) 4.1. 1 Role 4.1. 2 Appearance 4.1. 3 Persona evolution 4.1. 4 Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama 4.2 Family members and friends 5 Harper family tree 6 Recurring characters 7 Episodes 7.1 Favorites of Vicki Lawrence 8 Ratings 9 DVD releases 10 Awards and nominations 10.1 Primetime Emmy Awards 10.2 TV Land Awards 10.3 Young Artist Awards 11 Syndication 12 Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper / Mama 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The show is set in the city of Raytown , which was later revealed by actress Vicki Lawrence to be Raytown , Missouri , a suburb of Kansas City The televison series revolves around the wacky misadventures of the Harper family , extended non-Harper family members and their neighbor friend in later seasons . Always at the center of the trouble and confusion is head of the clan and matriarch Thelma Harper -- a buxom , blue - haired , purse - lipped , 65 - year - old widow who is portrayed as explosively quick - tempered , abrasive and brash . Thelma 's snappy retorts and wisecracks are featured in a running gag in which the final scenes of each episode cut to an exterior shot of her house while she is heard riposting the comments of whomever had previously spoken , followed by audience laughter and applause . In spite of Thelma 's brusqueness , she is nurturing and obliging at heart , allowing family members to live in her home who would otherwise have no place to live , while also cooking for and cleaning up after them . Thelma 's family members can be ingrates , even banding together and ganging up on Thelma on occasion . Network run ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( edit ) Cast of the first life of Mama 's Family ( clockwise from bottom left ) : Buzz , Vinton , Naomi , Ed ( recurring character ) , Ellen ( recurring ) , Fran , Sonja , and Thelma Beginning the series ( edit ) In the ninth season of The Carol Burnett Show , producer Joe Hamilton wanted to spin off Mama in her own series , but Lawrence turned him down . She did not wish to wear a fat suit portraying an old lady every week , and she had misgivings about playing the role without Harvey Korman ( who played Mama 's son - in - law , Ed Higgins ) and Carol Burnett ( who played Mama 's daughter Eunice Higgins ) regularly by her side as in `` The Family '' sketches . Burnett and Korman told Lawrence that they would only appear as guest stars on the new series , and that it was Lawrence 's time to shine and take what she had learned from The Carol Burnett Show and make it on her own . Shortly after the highly rated Eunice TV movie , with continued urging by Korman and Burnett , Lawrence finally changed her mind and accepted the offer for her character 's own sitcom . The writers had created Raytown to be its own `` cartoon - like '' world outside of reality . Even though the series was sold to NBC without a pilot , the network had its own requirements , such as having `` normal '' teenagers as seen in other sitcoms of the time , which is how the Buzz and Sonja characters came about . However , Lawrence had a great deal of creative input and made many important decisions , including bringing in Korman very early on to co-direct the series . Lawrence had objections to the original script of the episode `` Mama Cries Uncle '' , in which Thelma 's brother - in - law comes to visit and the two are supposed to have wound up sleeping together : `` I went to the writers and I said , ' I 'm sorry , she is nothing if not Bible Belt . She would never sleep with her brother - in - law . I do n't care how dead her husband is , This is wrong , wrong , wrong , wrong ' . Well , threw everything into a tizzy and Joe ( Hamilton ) said , ' Gotta listen to her , ' and they re-wrote the second half of the show . '' According to her autobiography , Lawrence had a problem with the decision to film the series on Stage 33 at CBS Television City , where The Carol Burnett Show was produced . Plot details ( edit ) For one and a half seasons from 1983 through 1984 , Mama 's Family ran on NBC . In the series ' first episode , Thelma Harper lives with her uptight spinster sister Fran ( Rue McClanahan ) , a journalist for a local paper . Thelma 's son , Vinton ( whose wife , Mitzi , had left him to become a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas ) , stops by to inform Thelma that he and his two children , Sonja and Buzz , have been evicted from their home and need a place to stay . Much to Fran 's chagrin , Thelma allows Vint , Sonja and Buzz to move in . During the first season , Vinton forged a relationship with the Harpers ' flirtatious next - door neighbor , Naomi Oates ( whom Thelma disliked ) , and soon married her . After selling Naomi 's house and losing the money in a bad business deal , Naomi and Vint are forced to move into Thelma 's basement , where they remain for most of the show 's run . Also seen on a recurring basis were Thelma 's two daughters : the snobbish Ellen ( Betty White ) and the ornery Eunice ( Carol Burnett ) . Harvey Korman , who directed many of the earlier episodes , made featured appearances as Eunice 's husband , Ed Higgins . ( During the eleventh and final season of The Carol Burnett Show , the Ed Higgins character was written out of `` The Family '' skits , having left Eunice ) . Opening theme discrepancies ( edit ) Korman also appeared at the beginning of each episode as the stuffed shirt Alistair Quince ( an obvious parody of Alistair Cooke ) , who would soberly introduce the program in the style of Masterpiece Theatre . These monologues were cut out of the later syndicated reruns . Korman also performed the voice of Thelma 's unseen late husband , Carl , in flashback episodes . An extended version of the show 's opening theme song , with repeated melodies , was used during the original NBC run , but was never used in reruns . The house and neighborhood shown in the opening credits differed between the original NBC run and the syndicated shows , leading to discrepancies such as in the episode `` Mama for Mayor '' , in which Mama is shown in front of the house used in the original opening theme used for the first two seasons . In 2013 , StarVista Entertainment released the original NBC seasons with the Alistair Quince intros and original opening credits intact , except for two episodes in Season 1 ( `` Cellmates '' and `` Mama 's Boyfriend '' ) , as the master prints of those episodes are lost and were replaced by the syndicated version in the re-release . Cancellation ( edit ) While not a huge ratings success , the first season garnered solid enough numbers to justify being renewed for a second season . For instance , the premiere episode ranked # 28 for the week with an 18.6 / 28 rating / share . However , during the second season , the show dropped out of the top 50 shows , losing share to CBS ' hit Magnum , P.I. As a result , NBC canceled the series in May 1984 . First - run syndication ( seasons 3 -- 6 ) ( edit ) Cast of the second life of Mama 's Family ( clockwise from center left ) : Iola , Bubba , Vinton , Naomi , and Mama . Series rebirth ( edit ) After Mama 's Family was canceled by NBC in 1984 , it was later relaunched in first - run syndication in 1986 . Lorimar had merged with Telepictures and were looking for projects for first - run syndication , and after seeing the show 's ratings in the summer reruns , it decided that the show needed a second chance and ordered 100 episodes for syndication . Plot details ( edit ) Since the original set had been destroyed , a new set had to be constructed . This led to some significant changes in set design details . Adjustments in the show 's cast occurred as well , with only Vicki Lawrence ( Thelma ) , Ken Berry ( Vinton ) and Dorothy Lyman ( Naomi ) returning as regulars from the first life of the sitcom . Vinton 's kids from his first marriage , Buzz ( played by Eric Brown ) and Sonja ( played by Karin Argoud ) , who were regulars in the show 's first life , did not reprise their roles for the show 's revival ; their characters , though mentioned briefly in the first episode of the show 's syndicated life , were never to be spoken of again . During the hiatus of the series , both Rue McClanahan ( Aunt Fran ) and Betty White ( Ellen Jackson ) had both gone on to star in the NBC sitcom The Golden Girls , rendering them unavailable to return . White , however , did return as Ellen for one episode in 1986 while Fran was killed off in the first episode of the revival . Carol Burnett and Harvey Korman , meanwhile , did not reprise their roles either , resulting in their characters ( Eunice and Ed Higgins ) being written out as having moved to Florida . To fill the void left by Mama 's grandchildren , Allan Kayser was cast as Thelma 's delinquent teenage grandson Mitchel `` Bubba '' Higgins . Bubba was the son of Ed and Eunice . Bubba was ordered to live with his grandmother after being released from juvenile hall and placed on probation . Also added to the cast was Beverly Archer , who played the new character of Iola Boylen , the family 's prissy neighbor and Mama 's best friend . Her catchphrase was calling out `` Knock , knock ! '' in place of ringing the doorbell . The second life of the show saw far less bickering than in its first life and particularly `` The Family '' sketches . The Naomi and Vinton characters became far less assertive and more dimwitted , and Mama was represented as more overpowering throughout the show 's syndicated run . A recurring theme throughout the fifth season was Naomi 's desire to become a mother , and the penultimate season concluded with Naomi 's announcement that she was pregnant . Preparation for the baby became a central theme of the sixth and final season . Absence of Carol Burnett as the `` Eunice '' character ( edit ) According to Lawrence 's autobiography , Vicki ! : The True - Life Adventures of Miss Fireball , Burnett resented Lawrence for accepting the role of Mama for first - run syndication . It was during this time that Burnett was involved in an acrimonious divorce with The Carol Burnett Show and Mama 's Family producer Joe Hamilton . Burnett felt Lawrence had been disloyal to her and held a grudge against her until Hamilton 's death in 1991 . By the time of Hamilton 's death , Burnett and Lawrence had reconciled . Lawrence 's autobiography reads : `` A funny thing happened the day I signed with Lorimar . Carol called and said , ' I think I 'd like to put together maybe a little syndicated show with the family characters . I 'll do Eunice , you do Mama . Does n't that sound like fun ? ' I said , ' It does , but I just signed with Lorimar to do Mama 's Family for Joe . ' It became a very abrupt conversation , and Carol hung up . I then went to Al and asked him what he made of the whole thing . He agreed it was really weird . I wondered if I was about to get caught in the middle of yet another struggle between the two of them ... During her divorce , Carol and I went through a ' cool ' period . She ' divorced ' everyone and remained distant for a lot of years . She called the house a few years ago . I was standing at the sink peeling carrots , fifteen feet from the phone , but Garrett got to it first and I only heard his half of the following conversation : ' Hello ? Oh hi . Yeah , sure , he 's in the other room , on the other line . You want me to tell him you 're calling ? My mom 's here , you want to talk to her ? No ? Okay . Goodbye . ' When he hung up I asked him who it was . ' Carol Burnett . ' I was shocked . ' What did she say ? ' ' She did n't want to talk to you . She only wanted to talk to Dad . ' Al called her back later that night , made a point of telling her how much we missed and loved her , and she told him , ' I 'll be back . It 's just going to take a while longer . Give me another year or so . '' '' Series End ( edit ) After Mama 's Family was picked up in first - run syndication , ratings for the series improved , becoming the highest - rated first - run program in syndication . Despite the show 's success , Lawrence did not sign on for further seasons after completing her four - season contract in first - run syndication . According to Ken Berry ( who played Mama 's son , Vinton Harper ) , Lawrence had seemingly tired of playing the `` Mama '' role by 1990 and wanted to end the show . According to Lawrence , who would reprise the Mama role on stage for many years thereafter , the series ended because the series had reached the standard threshold of 100 episodes and no longer needed to produce any more . The series finale featured Naomi giving birth to a baby girl , who was named Tiffany Thelma . Cast and characters ( edit ) Thelma mae Crowley Harper ( Mama ) ( edit ) Main article : Thelma Harper Role ( edit ) Thelma Harper , also known as Mama , is the title character / main character of Mama 's Family . Despite the title of `` Mama , '' few characters in the sitcom actually refer to Thelma as Mama . In actuality , Thelma plays miscellaneous roles in the series , including grandmother , mother - in - law , sister , neighbor friend , and mother dependent on the supporting character in question . Thelma is the widowed matriarch of a rural , Southern family . She is a country elderly woman in her mid-to - late 60s , who speaks in a southern drawl . Always active in the housework and nurturance of her family , Mama is usually seen cooking , cleaning , and providing loving support to her family . Appearance ( edit ) Mama 's appearance is based on that of a stereotypical elderly woman . She is a buxom , purse - lipped widow with silvery blue curls . All of her daytime outfits were short - sleeved , floral - print dresses that carried lace collars . Costumer Ret Turner color - coded Mama in lavender . As much of Mama 's time was spent cooking and cleaning , her dresses were often worn with an overlapping apron . Mama 's lower legs were always clasped by visible support hose ( a feature that was nonexistent during `` The Family '' sketches and the Eunice movie ) . For footwear , Mama invariably wore white , orthopedic shoes of a high heeled brogue style . Mama invariably wore a few fashion accessories : a white pearl necklace and white pearl earrings . Mama 's outerwear always consisted of the same purple sweater , worn casually , draped over her shoulders without arms in the sleeves ; inconstant floral headpieces ; and a white purse , which she did n't hesitate to use as a weapon when given the opportunity . Persona evolution ( edit ) In contrast to her more stereotypically elderly , dependent , invariably spiteful and cantankerous character on `` The Family '' skits , Mama 's hostilities are significantly toned down by the sitcom 's first life . Though still cantankerous in the sitcom 's first life , Mama 's character expanded with wisecracks and humor ; pesky antics ; unseemliness and naivete . Mama 's unseemliness and naivete were exemplified by her inability to drive ( episode `` Mama Learns to Drive '' ) ; inability to act in socially acceptable ways out in public and in the presence of guests ( episodes `` The Mama Who Came to Dinner '' , `` Country Club '' and `` Ellen 's Boyfriend '' ) ; inability to work jobs outside of the home ( episodes `` Mama Gets a Job '' , `` Supermarket '' and `` Mama for Mayor '' ) ; etc . These characteristics often resulted in the humiliation or frustration of her loved ones . By the show 's second life , Mama was no longer naive ( rather , Vinton overwhelmingly assumed this role ) and far more capable of high spirits than ever before . This version of Mama had the least amount of stereotypically elderly traits . Rather conversely , Mama was dutiful in caring for her home , garden and family ; independent ; and active in the community along with best friend Iola Boylen . For example , Mama returned to high school and graduated ( episodes `` Educating Mama '' and `` Pomp and Circumstance '' ) ; Mama was heavily involved in the Church Ladies League and at one point , its president ( episode `` Where There 's Smoke '' ) ; Mama participated in dirty dancing ( episode `` Very Dirty Dancing '' ) ; Mama went on a trip ( episode `` Mama Goes Hawaiian '' ) , etc . Highlighting her much more relaxed nature during the syndicated seasons , Mama 's main character trait during this time was her many fretful wisecracks typically made in high - pitched , whiny vocal qualities . Despite that , this era of Mama was also very rough , abrasive and brash in manner ; volatile and explosive in temper ; and smart - mouthed with a proneness for making snappy retorts . Unlike the precedent sketch comedy and television movie , Thelma had many locutions on the program , `` Good Lord ! '' being her most frequently used . She occasionally stated this in alternate ways , such as `` Good Lord in heaven ! '' `` Good heavens ! '' or `` Good night Louise ! '' Among some of Thelma 's additional locutions on the series include : `` Hell 's bells ! '' `` The hell you say , '' `` Now hear this , '' `` God - awful , '' `` In a pig 's eye ! '' `` Shoot ! '' `` For crying out loud ! '' `` For heaven 's sake ! '' `` Real good ! '' ( sarcastically ) etc . Disparaging and impudent , Thelma had a series of name - calling catchphrases she often used to refer to certain members of her family or her family as a whole , such as `` Nitwit , '' `` Dimwit , '' `` Goon , '' `` Goober goon , '' `` Lamebrain , '' `` Dunce , '' `` Tramp , '' `` Floozy , '' etc . Vicki Lawrence on evolution of Mama ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence has stated that at the beginning of Mama 's Family , she detected that the writers had made adjustments to her character from `` The Family '' skits , significantly toning down Mama 's hostilities and nastiness . Lawrence originally disfavored Mama 's change in character from `` The Family '' sketches to the series version , believing that toning down the character 's then - familiar aggression and spite in exchange for a less difficult , more agreeable nature , capable of humor and high spirits , was n't funny . Lawrence has revealed , however , that after counsel that the character needed to be reshaped for sitcom television from Harvey Korman , she came to accept the adjustments made to `` Mama . '' Korman informed Lawrence that Mama had to be less one - dimensionally hostile since the entire show would revolve around her -- that more characteristics would need to be added into the mix . Korman also informed her that you ca n't expect people to come home from work , pop a beer , and put up their feet to a character that 's so one - dimensional . He informed her that the character would have to be more than just disagreeable for a whole half hour otherwise viewers would get bored . According to Korman , silly elements would need to be added to the character . Lawrence has stated that it took her a while to warm up to this , but that she later came to greatly appreciate how Mama `` blossomed '' and `` matured '' from her early years on `` The Family '' . She added that she still favors the adjustments in Mama 's character and has credited who Thelma Harper is today partly to Korman . `` The Family '' sketch writers , however , who based `` The Family '' characters on their real - life family members , disfavored the less aggressive Mama . In February 2013 , Lawrence remarked that `` The Family '' sketch version of Mama was created by writers who hated their mothers . Family members and friends ( edit ) See also : List of Mama 's Family characters Character Actor Years character rank Description Vinton Harper Ken Berry 1983 -- 1984 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character The youngest of Thelma 's three children . Dopey , buffoonish , and accident prone , Vint regularly makes a fool out of himself , particularly when he attempts to be assertive or knowledgeable . Works at Kwik Keys as a locksmith . Vinton was color - coded in tan in a short - sleeved button - down shirt and pants . Naomi Oates Harper Dorothy Lyman 1983 -- 1984 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character Vinton 's lascivious , demonstrative , and maritally flirtatious second wife , who is often at odds with Thelma over his loyalty , also in part for her salaciousness . Naomi works as a checker ( later becoming the assistant manager ) at Food Circus , a local supermarket . Vinton 's nickname for her is `` Skeeter '' while Mama 's nickname for her is `` tramp . '' While Naomi had straight hair in the first life of the sitcom , she had curls by the show 's second life . Naomi was color - coded in yellow - colored , off - the - shoulder or strapless dresses , which Thelma often referred to as `` gaudy . '' Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . Eric Brown 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Vint 's teenage son with his first wife , Mitzi . Buzz is very cheerful , spirited , patient , and obliging . Buzz was last mentioned in `` Farewell Frannie '' , and subsequently retconned as never to have existed . Sonja Harper Karin Argoud 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Vint 's teenage daughter with his first wife , Mitzi . Sonja starts out moody , whiny , lazy , and rather oblivious , but later becomes interested in boys and blossoms into a young lady interested in civic affairs . Like her brother , she later moved out , presumably going off to college . She was also crowned Miss Rayteen 1984 during the second season of the show 's run . Sonja was last mentioned in `` Farewell Frannie '' , and subsequently retconned as never to have existed . Ellen Harper - Jackson Betty White 1983 -- 1984 1986 Recurring character The eldest of Thelma 's three children . Ellen is a pretentious social elitist , who often avoids fraternizing with the rest of the family , unless it suits her purpose . Her birthday is June 30 . Eunice Harper Higgins Carol Burnett 1983 -- 1984 Recurring character The second of Thelma 's three children . Seemingly never changing her outfit and always layered in tattered , raggedy green rags , Eunice is extremely tempestuous , antagonistic , and quarrelsome , constantly bickering with everyone in the family ( especially her mother ) . Her birthday is December 19 . Ed Higgins Harvey Korman 1983 -- 1984 Recurring character Eunice 's mild mannered , browbeaten husband . The Ed character was toned down from his appearances in `` The Family '' sketches , formerly a fiercely ill - tempered man that had no qualms with regularly quarreling with his mother - in - law and Eunice , at one point even permanently up and leaving Eunice . In Mama 's Family , however , the two remained married . Bubba Higgins Allan Kayser 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character Ed and Eunice 's teenage son who is forced to live with Thelma upon being released from juvenile hall , after his parents had moved to Florida . Although initially depicted as a frisky , hyperactive , and eccentric teen with a penchant for playing instruments along with friends Dwayne and T - Boy , he over time evolved into a calm , mature , and commonsensical teen , though still with a robust interest in the opposite sex . The character always wore extremely tight - fitting jeans and in the early going suspenders as well . This later progressed into tight - fitting jeans and conservative sweatshirts . Bubba was color - coded in green . Frances Marie Crowley Rue McClanahan 1983 -- 1984 Supporting character Thelma 's younger uncomfortable and uptight spinster sister . Works as a newspaper reporter and free - lance writer . She later died by choking on a toothpick at the Bigger Jigger . McClanahan was unhappy with the role . Iola Lucille Boylen Beverly Archer 1986 -- 1990 Supporting character The Harpers ' well - meaning but obnoxious , nice , chipper , quirky , and prissy neighbor . She is a spinster like Thelma 's sister Frannie . Among her quirks , she constantly bestows the family with peculiar handicraft items , predominately wears pink , and calls `` knock knock '' upon her every entrance . During her first appearances on the show , a running gag existed that saw her having loopy temper tantrums at odd intervals , described as `` spells '' . She lives with her overbearing and aging parents , whom she seeks to escape by spending as much time at Thelma 's home as possible . Iola is best friends with Thelma ( her only friend ) . In her first couple of seasons , she was secretly infatuated with Vint ; the two had known each other since their youth , which caused her and Naomi to have an adversarial relationship . Iola was color - coded in pink , usually gingham , shirtwaist dresses . Harper Family tree ( edit ) Grandma Crowley * unknown parents Frances Crowley Thelma Crowley Carl Harper Effie Harper Roy Harper Bruce Jackson ( div . ) Ellen Harper Eunice Harper Ed Higgins Vinton Harper Naomi Oates Leonard Oates ( div . ) Mitzi ( div . ) Bubba Higgins Tiffany Thelma Harper Sonja Harper Vinton `` Buzz '' Harper , Jr . Magenta = Crowleys Orange = Harpers Blue = Harper children Red = Harper in - laws Green = Harper grandchildren * Note : Thelma 's mother was shown on two occasions on the show ( once in a flashback and once as a ghost , played both times by Vicki Lawrence ) , but her name was never revealed . There were at least two Crowley brothers ( mentioned in passing in `` Double Standard '' and `` Mama with the Golden Arm '' ) ; one was named Clyde ( `` Pomp and Circumstance '' ) . A cousin named Cora is seen in `` There 's No Place Like ... No Place '' , and an Uncle Oscar is mentioned in `` Mama Gets the Bird '' , but it is not known if he was from Thelma 's side of the family or her husband Carl 's . Eunice also mentions having a son named Billy , but Billy 's whereabouts is unknown in Mama 's Family . Recurring characters ( edit ) Carl Harper , a predominately unseen character ( although once played by Ken Berry in a flashback episode ) , he is the deceased husband of Mama and father of Ellen , Eunice , and Vinton . While he 's occasionally made mention of especially by Thelma , he only appears in flashback episodes . Though even in flashbacks , he 's unseen for the most part , as he 's usually only portrayed in voice as a man who spent the vast majority of his life nested on the toilet in the bathroom with the door closed . In fact , Carl died on the toilet . He 's characterized as a grouch who screams from the bathroom about how he does n't want to be interrupted during his long hours on the toilet , even for emergencies . Effie Crowley Harper , Thelma 's cousin ( in season 2 ) and later her sister - in - law ( in season 4 ) . She lives in nearby Ceciltown on a farm . Played by Dorothy Van . Reverend Lloyd Meechum , the Harpers ' henpecked minister . Played by Earl Boen . Alberta Meechum , Reverend Meechum 's stuck - up , catty wife and a perennial thorn in the side of Thelma Harper . Played by Anne Haney . Mayor Alvin Tutweiler , the mayor of Raytown and Ellen 's boyfriend . Played by Alan Oppenheimer . Eddie Edwards , a TV personality in Raytown , who hosts such programs as Good Morning , Raytown and the Grandma USA pageant . Played by Wayne Morton . Clive Montaigne , the head of the community theater , who fashions himself an actor just as important as actors in New York and London . The people in town treat him like a mini-celebrity , despite only running the community theater . Played by Rod McCary . Luann Fayette , Naomi Harper 's flamboyant and flirtatious best friend . Played by Jennifer Richards . She is only seen once but mentioned several times . Mr. and Mrs. Boylen , Iola 's elderly , predominately unseen parents , who live across the street from Thelma . Not much is mentioned of her father , while her mother is often alluded to as a grotesquely large , temperamental , T.V. - watching invalid . The two characters are largely unseen ; however , Mama once called out a greeting to an elderly woman , living next to her , she referred to as `` Ms. Boylen . '' This was a brief moment from the episode `` Mama Learns To Drive , '' from the show 's first life ( season 2 ) , prior to the appearances of Iola . Roselle Huplander , an obese associate of Thelma and Iola who is never seen . On a few occasions Thelma has spoken to her over the phone but more often , she is gossiped about by Thelma and Iola . Once , at a church fair , she gave Vint a black eye when he suggested that she weighed 309 pounds at the `` Guess Your Weight '' booth he was running . Dwayne and T - Boy , Bubba 's best friends . Played by Beau Bishop and Grant Heslov respectively . More spoken of than ever seen . Mr. Alan Hanson , an intelligent , laid - back night - school teacher of Thelma and Bubba , and love interest of Thelma Harper . Her relationship with him is unceremoniously discontinued in the series however . Played by Joseph Campanella . Amy Johnson , girlfriend of Bubba Higgins . Played by Amy Benedict . Lolly Purdue , member and later president ( succeeding Thelma ) of the Church Ladies League . Revealed to be illiterate . Played first by Doris Hess , then Marge Redmond . Officer Sneed , an extremely youthful - looking , strange police officer . Played by Allan David Fox . Claude Cainmaker , Vint 's seedy friend , who is always thinking up schemes . Played by Geoffrey Lewis . Alistair Quince , The erudite host that introduced Mama 's Family during the first and second seasons . The character was a take off of Alistair Cooke who at the time introduced Masterpiece Theater each week on PBS . These intros were edited out when the show went into syndication but have been restored in the DVDs released by StarVista / Time Life . The character first appeared as Alistair Cookie on The Carol Burnett Show . Played by Harvey Korman . Grandma Crowley ( played by Vicki Lawrence ) , Thelma 's dearly departed mother , who only appeared in flashback sequences or by photo . She had a dismal , forbidding appearance , constantly grimacing and wearing nothing but dark , somber dresses . She first appeared in the first life of the show ( episode `` Mama 's Birthday '' ) as a buxom elderly woman with a surly nature . In this appearance , she spoke to a middle - aged Thelma over the phone . The conversation ended with Grandma Crowley hanging up on Thelma , following Thelma 's resentful protests against Grandma Crowley 's contemptuous remarks about her husband , Carl . Grandma Crowley 's second appearance was in the show 's second life ( episode `` My Mama , Myself '' ) . In this appearance , Grandma Crowley appeared as a slender ghost , haunting Mama . Taking on a menacing , overbearing , and harassing nature , she spent the entirety of the episode relentlessly criticizing , insulting , and ordering Thelma around . On more than one episode of the show 's second life , Thelma alluded to having to possess forbearance in dealing with her mother 's harassingly censorious nature growing up . For example , in the episode `` Mama Makes Three , '' Thelma visited a psychiatrist with Vinton and Naomi . During the session , she began ranting and raving about her childhood and her mother , even referring to Grandma Crowley as a `` prune - face old harpy . '' Vinton has also described Grandma Crowley as being `` mean '' in her treatment of him , Eunice , and Ellen when they were all children . Church Ladies League , also known as CLL . Their motto is : `` Gentle Helpers ; Kind and Good '' and First Lady Alberta Meechum served as the first president . Members include Thelma Harper , Lolly Purdue , Iola Boylen , Roselle Huplander , Inez and Florence . The association was first mentioned in `` Where 's There 's Smoke '' , when Mama was nominated for president of the Church Ladies League . It was mentioned later in the episodes `` Reading the Riot Act '' , `` Ladies Choice '' and `` Mama 's Medicine Show '' . Their award bears the name `` Church Ladies League Woman of the Year . '' Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Mama 's Family episodes Season Episodes First aired Last aired Network 13 January 22 , 1983 ( 1983 - 01 - 22 ) May 7 , 1983 ( 1983 - 05 - 07 ) NBC 22 September 29 , 1983 ( 1983 - 09 - 29 ) April 7 , 1984 ( 1984 - 04 - 07 ) 25 September 27 , 1986 ( 1986 - 09 - 27 ) March 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 03 - 28 ) Syndicated 25 September 26 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 26 ) March 26 , 1988 ( 1988 - 03 - 26 ) 5 25 November 5 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 05 ) May 27 , 1989 ( 1989 - 05 - 27 ) 6 20 September 23 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 23 ) February 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 02 - 24 ) Altogether , Mama 's Family had six seasons consisting of 130 episodes . The show 's first life consisted of thirty - five episodes , making for two seasons . The show 's second life consisted of ninety - five episodes , making for four seasons . Favorites of Vicki Lawrence ( edit ) On September 30 , 2013 , Vicki Lawrence was asked what her favorite episodes of the series are : Lawrence answered that between the early seasons , her favorite is the episode `` The Wedding ( Part 2 ) . '' Her reason for favoring this episode is because of the combination of big names featured in it . She listed Carol Burnett , Harvey Korman , Betty White , Ken Berry and Dorothy Lyman . Admiring the episode , Lawrence remarked `` How much help does one girl get ? '' and `` It 's just an amazing supporting cast . Dear God , Carol was funny in that show ! '' Lawrence has stated that another favorite of hers from the early seasons is the episode `` Rashomama . '' Lawrence revealed that `` Rashomama '' is a takeoff of the Japanese film `` Rashomon . '' She explained that the episode is about Mama getting hit with a kettle in the kitchen and it is her , Betty , Dorothy , and Carol . At the emergency room , the three of them each have a different version of what happened to Mama . Lawrence explained , `` ... we redo the scene three different ways , and it 's pretty funny . '' As other episode favorites , Lawrence has named `` Family Feud '' and `` Mama on Jeopardy ! '' Lawrence stated to loving this dysfunctional family getting sent out into the real world . In particular , she stated to loving this when game shows were involved because `` ... people know the format of these shows so perfectly , and to watch this crazy family get stuck in that format was really fun to me . Probably because I also love game shows so much . '' As another episode favorite , Lawrence named `` The Love Letter . '' Stated Lawrence , `` It was a great episode , a record - holder actually . I think Bubba writes a love letter for Vint , who is having some problems with Naomi . In the course of the 22 minute episode , everybody thinks that the love letter is meant for them . Mama thinks it is for her from the repair guy who is there . Iola is sure Vint has written it to her . The show actually ran 22 minutes with no costume changes or anything . I remember the night that we did it . We did it in 22 minutes and were out at 7 : 25 , and our director said ' good night , you 're done ! ' '' Lawrence added `` Honestly , I have to say , by the time we finished the show , we had it down to a four day workweek , so I kind of felt like we got paid to play dress up really . '' Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 : # 22 Season 2 : # 59 DVD releases ( edit ) DVD Cover Art DVD information Mama 's Family -- The Complete First Season Release date : September 26 , 2006 Studio : Warner Home Video On September 26 , 2006 , Warner Bros. Television released season 1 of Mama 's Family on DVD . The DVD release features the syndicated versions of the episodes , which edits roughly three minutes from what originally aired . Warner Bros. claimed to only own the rights to the syndicated form . Due to issues relating to ownership rights between the show 's production companies , Mama 's Family for a long time had difficulties coming out on DVD , with only its first season available for many years . However , in May 2013 , it was announced that StarVista Entertainment would release all 6 seasons of the sitcom to DVD , as well as a complete series box set , which was available only through the StarVista website . Most of the original unedited versions , dubbed `` The Joe Hamilton Cuts , '' were presented on DVD . Included with the package were extras of over 10 hours of bonus material , as well as a new cast reunion with Vicki Lawrence and the show 's syndicated cast members . In addition , StarVista offered a `` Signature '' collection of the entire series , autographed by Vicki Lawrence , which was limited to 500 copies . In the fall of 2013 , Star Vista began releasing individual season sets , Seasons 1 & 2 were released on September 10 , 2013 , followed by season 3 on February 25 , 2014 . Season 4 was released on June 24 , 2014 , Season 5 on September 23 , 2014 and the sixth and final season was released on February 10 , 2015 . In conjunction with the complete seasons , Star Vista released a `` best - of '' single - disc unit for each season . Selected by Vicki Lawrence , each release has 6 ( season 1 has 7 ) of her personal favorite episodes from each season . Release Ep # DVD release date Bonus features The Complete 1st Season 13 September 26 , 2006 ( re-released September 10 , 2013 ) Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Branches ( All About Eunice and Ellen ) Family History : A Classic `` Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show , featuring Betty White The Complete 2nd Season 22 September 10 , 2013 The original TV movie Eunice Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Roots ( all about Mama and Fran ) Interviews : Vicki Lawrence interviews Mama ; Vicki Lawrence and Carol Burnett ; Betty White The Complete 3rd Season 25 February 25 , 2014 Family History : A Classic `` Family '' Sketch from The Carol Burnett Show , featuring Maggie Smith Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Sprouts ( All about Bubba ) Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion Interview : Allan Kayser ( Bubba ) The Complete 4th Season 25 June 24 , 2014 Featurette : Mama 's Family Tree : The Neighbors ( All about Iola ) Interview : Beverly Archer ( Iola Boylen ) Under One Roof : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion The Complete 5th Season 25 September 23 , 2014 Interviews : Vicki Lawrence Dorothy Lyman Ken Berry Rick Hawkins The Complete 6th Season 20 February 10 , 2015 Interviews : Jim Evering Manny Basanese Vicki Lawrence and Rick Hawkins Bob Mackie and Ret Turner Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 1 ) 7 September 10 , 2013 Vint and the kids move in ; The Wedding , pt. 1 ; The Wedding , pt. 2 ; Cellmates ; Family Feud ; Positive Thinking ; Mama 's boyfriend Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 2 ) 6 September 10 , 2013 Country Club ; Rashomama ; Aunt Gert Rides Again ; Mama Learns to Drive ; Mama Buys a Car ; Dear Aunt Fran Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 3 ) 6 September 9 , 2014 Soup to Nuts ; Cat 's Meow ; Steal One , Pearl Two ; Where There 's Smoke ; Birthright ; It Takes Two to Watusi Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 4 ) 6 January 27 , 2015 Zirconia 's are a Girl 's Best Friend ; Educating Mama ; The Sins of the Mother ; Mama on Jeopardy ! ; Mama Goes Hawaiian , pt. 1 ; Mama Goes Hawaiian , pt. 2 Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 5 ) 6 April 28 , 2015 Naomi 's new position ; The Really Loud Family ; Found Money ; Mama 's Layaway Plan ; Mama in One ; Dependence Day Mama 's Family : Mama 's Favorites ( Season 6 ) 6 July 28 , 2015 Mama Fights Back ; Bubba 's House Band ; The Big Nap ; Pinup Mama ; Look Who 's Breathing ; Bye - Bye Baby ! The Complete Series 130 September 10 , 2013 ( online exclusive ) September 23 , 2014 ( retail release ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Primetime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` '' The Wedding : Part 2 '' Nominated 1984 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Costumes for a Series Bob Mackie and Ret Turner for `` The Love Letter '' Nominated TV Land Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result Favorite `` Big , Bad Momma '' Vicki Lawrence N / A Won Young Artist Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominee ( s ) Episodes ( s ) Result 1984 Best Young Actress in a Comedy Series Karin Argoud N / A Nominated Best Young Actor in a Comedy Series Eric Brown N / A Nominated 1985 Best Young Actress -- Guest in a Television Series Tanya Fenmore for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated Best Young Actor -- Guest in a Television Series David Friedman for `` Mama 's Birthday '' Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Syndicated Comedy , Drama or Special Ryan Bollman for `` Child 's Play '' Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Drama or Comedy Series Allan Kayser N / A Nominated Syndication ( edit ) After the series finale in 1990 , the entire series ( including the NBC episodes ) was placed in off - network syndication , airing in most cities every weekday . Mama 's Family also ran on TBS from 1997 until August 2006 . That same month , ION Television ( formerly the PAX network ) began airing reruns of the series . The show aired Monday through Wednesday at 8 : 00 to 9 : 00 pm from 2006 to 2008 . ET . In December 2006 , CMT began re-airing the series . On September 19 , 2015 , during a live appearance on the EVINE Live shopping channel , Vicki Lawrence announced that the show would begin airing on the Me - TV Network in early 2016 . As of early 2017 , re-runs appear on the Logo Network and Me - TV . Post-television show appearances of Thelma Harper / Mama ( edit ) Vicki Lawrence as Thelma Harper , 2009 Vicki Lawrence has been reprising her role of Mama in her non-televised touring stage show , entitled Vicki Lawrence and Mama : A Two - Woman Show . In the show , Lawrence first performs stand - up comedy as herself , then comes out in character as Mama , giving her opinions on modern - day topics . During the break between the two acts , the audience is shown bloopers from the syndicated seasons of the series . Lawrence also sings the lyrics she wrote for `` Bless My Happy Home , '' the show 's theme song , which were omitted from the version used on - air . Lawrence has also appeared in her Mama role on several Halloween - themed episodes of the 1998 -- 2004 run of Hollywood Squares with Tom Bergeron at the helm . Lawrence appeared on RuPaul 's Drag Race in the `` All - Stars '' season as Mama in the skit `` RuPaul 's Gaff - In . '' Vicki Lawrence appeared on The Queen Latifah Show as Mama the Monday after Mother 's Day 2014 in a comical skit that aired prior to each commercial break . Lawrence would also appear on the show 8 days later alongside two other well - known actresses to speak about her role of Mama and on her personal life . Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character in promos for re-runs of Mama 's Family on the MeTV channel in 2015 -- 2016 . Vicki Lawrence resurrected the character during the 2015 and 2016 TV Seasons of `` The Doctors '' , where she talked about health - related issues . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Interesting facts about Vicki Lawrence '' . Findfactsabout.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mama 's Family ( Vicki Lawrence Interview ) '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vicki Lawrence on the comedy legacy of `` Mama 's Family , '' now on DVD `` . Heyreverb.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Questions with Vicki Lawrence of Mama 's Family ; Charmed Coming to Lifetime to Compliment Witches of East End , Project Runway All - Stars with Alyssa Milano -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Marla ( 2005 ) . The American Family on Television : A Chronology of 121 shows , 1948 -- 2004 . McFarland & Co. p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2074 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicki Lawrence Reflects on ' Mama 's Family ' Legacy and Reveals Her Favorite Episodes ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2013 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vicki Lawrence '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Vicki Lawrence '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Hawkins , Rick . `` Rick Hawkins '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 5th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 5th Season DVD . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows , 1946 -- Present ( 9 ed . ) . Random House Digital , Inc. p. 843 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 49773 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Dan ( 1983 - 04 - 23 ) . `` A shaky reunion for ' Mama 's Family ' '' . Merced Sun - Star . p. 12 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Dorothy . `` Mama Knows Best : A Mama 's Family Cast Reunion '' . Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD ( Interview ) . Interview with Mama 's Family The Complete 4th Season DVD . Jump up ^ `` Humor Helps Carol Burnett Cope -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Vicki ; Eliot , Marc ( 1995 ) . Vicki ! : The True - Life Adventures Of Miss Fireball . Simon & Schuster . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 80286 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mama 's Family ' hits top in field in sitcom '' . Eugene Register - Guard . 19 July 1987 . p. 8E . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family ( Vicki Lawrence Interview ) '' . emmytvlegends.org . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ TVtherapy : The Television Guide to Life -- Beverly West , Jason Bergund -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Abramson , Stephen J. ( June 17 , 2003 ) . `` Interview : Ret Turner '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Funny Ladies -- Michael Karol -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Indianapolis Monthly -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Pavan -- SitcomsOnline.com ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) . `` Seven Questions with Vicki Lawrence of Mama 's Family ; Charmed Coming to Lifetime to Compliment Witches of East End , Project Runway All - Stars with Alyssa Milano -- SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Comedian Vicki Lawrence talks about life with Mama -- Theater & art '' . The Boston Globe . 2013 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Colucci , Jim ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Interview : Rue McClanahan '' . Archive of American Television . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ YouTube . youtube.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chat transcripts with Warner Home Video TV and Animation '' . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : DVD Plans for Mama 's Family '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for The Complete 1st Season and The Complete 2nd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Release Date for Mama 's Family - The Complete 3rd Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for Mama 's Family - The Complete 4th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Release Date for The Complete 5th Season and The Complete Collection - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mama 's Family DVD news : Press Release for Mama 's Family - The Complete 6th Season - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Televisionhits.com : Mama 's Family Schedule Jump up ^ `` CMT 's PROGRAMMING HIGHLIGHTS FOR 12 / 25 - 12 / 31 '' . cmtpress.com. 2006 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` METV Promos BTS '' . MeTV . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Mama for President : Good Lord , Why Not ? , by Thelma Harper , as told to Vicki Lawrence and Monty Aidem , Thomas Nelson , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4016 - 0409 - 7 `` Mama 's Family '' : The Unofficial Episode Viewing Guide , by Andrew Whitenack , ANDDAR Publications , 2011 . ISBN 1466292105 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mama 's Family Mama 's Family on IMDb Mama 's Family - related interview videos at the Archive of American Television Mama 's Family at TV.com The Mama 's Family Site Mama 's Family at epguides.com ( hide ) The Carol Burnett Show Notable sketches `` As the Stomach Turns '' `` The Family '' `` Mrs. Wiggins '' `` Went with the Wind ! '' Notable characters Thelma Harper Eunice Harper Higgins Mrs. Wiggins The Oldest Man Films and TV shows based on sketches Carol Burnett & Company ( 1979 ) Eunice ( 1982 ) Mama 's Family ( 1982 - 1984 ; 1986 - 1990 ) Episodes `` A Special Evening with Carol Burnett '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mama%27s_Family&oldid=818255809 '' Categories : 1983 American television series debuts 1990 American television series endings 1980s American comedy television series 1990s American comedy television series American television sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States NBC network shows Television spin - offs Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series revived after cancellation Television series based on comedy sketches Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles prone to spam from February 2013 Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 14 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

why did they kill off fran on mama's family

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United States Postal Service

United States Postal Service - Wikipedia United States Postal Service `` United States Post Office '' redirects here . For individual post offices , see List of United States Post Offices . `` USPS '' redirects here . For the non-profit boating safety and education organization , see United States Power Squadrons . United States Postal Service Logo used since 1993 USPS headquarters Agency overview Formed July 1 , 1971 ; 47 years ago ( 1971 - 07 - 01 ) Washington , D.C. , U.S. Type Independent Headquarters 475 L'Enfant Plaza SW Washington , D.C. 20260 - 0004 U.S. Employees 639,789 ( 508,908 career , 130,881 non-career ) as of September 30 , 2016 Agency executives Megan Brennan , Postmaster General Ronald A. Stroman , Deputy Postmaster General Key document Postal Clause of the United States Constitution Website www.usps.com Revenue ( 2017 ) US $ 69.636 billion Net income ( 2017 ) US $ ( 2.742 ) billion The full eagle logo , used in various versions from 1970 to 1993 The United States Postal Service ( USPS ; also known as the Post Office , U.S. Mail , or Postal Service ) is an independent agency of the United States federal government responsible for providing postal service in the United States , including its insular areas and associated states . It is one of the few government agencies explicitly authorized by the United States Constitution . The U.S. Mail traces its roots to 1775 during the Second Continental Congress , when Benjamin Franklin was appointed the first postmaster general . The Post Office Department was created in 1792 from Franklin 's operation , elevated to a cabinet - level department in 1872 , and transformed in 1971 into the U.S. Postal Service as an independent agency . The USPS as of February 2015 has 617,254 active employees and operated 211,264 vehicles in 2014 . The USPS is the operator of the largest civilian vehicle fleet in the world . The USPS is legally obligated to serve all Americans , regardless of geography , at uniform price and quality . The USPS has exclusive access to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' and personal letterboxes in the United States , but now has to compete against private package delivery services , such as United Parcel Service and FedEx . Since the early 1980s , many of the direct tax subsidies to the Post Office , with the exception of subsidies for costs associated with the disabled and overseas voters , have been reduced or eliminated in favor of indirect subsidies , in addition to the advantages associated with a government - enforced monopoly on the delivery of first - class mail . Since the 2006 all - time peak mail volume , after which Congress passed the Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act which mandated that $5.5 billion per year be paid to fully prefund employee retirement health benefits , revenue dropped sharply due to recession - influenced declining mail volume , prompting the postal service to look to other sources of revenue while cutting costs to reduce its budget deficit . Contents 1 History 1.1 Foundations 1.2 The American Revolution 1.3 19th century 1.4 20th century 2 Current operations 2.1 Five - year plans 2.2 Initiatives 3 Budget 3.1 Revenue decline and planned cuts 3.1. 1 Declining mail volume 3.1. 2 Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown 3.1. 3 Post office closures 3.1. 4 Elimination of Saturday delivery averted 3.2 Retirement funding and payment defaults 3.3 Rate increases 3.4 Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery 4 Governance and organization 5 Universal service obligation and monopoly status 5.1 Legal basis and rationale 5.2 2008 report on universal postal service and the postal monopoly 5.3 Competitors 5.4 Alternative transmission methods 5.5 Criticism of the universal service requirement and the postal monopoly 6 Law enforcement agencies 6.1 Postal Inspection Service 6.2 Office of Inspector General 7 How delivery services work 7.1 Elements of addressing and preparing domestic mail 7.1. 1 Delivery Point Validation 7.2 Paying postage 7.2. 1 Postage meters 7.2. 2 PC postage 7.3 Other electronic postage payment methods 7.3. 1 Stamp copyright and reproduction 7.4 Service level choices 7.4. 1 General domestic services 7.4. 2 Bulk mail 7.4. 3 Extra services 7.5 International services 7.5. 1 The discontinuation of international surface mail 7.6 Sorting and delivery process 7.6. 1 Types of postal facilities 7.6. 1.1 Automated Postal Centers 7.6. 2 Evolutionary Network Development ( END ) program 7.6. 3 Airline and rail division 7.6. 4 Parcel forwarding and private interchange 7.7 Delivery timing 7.7. 1 Delivery days 7.7. 2 Direct delivery vs. customer pickup 7.7. 3 Special delivery 7.7. 4 Same - day trials 7.7. 5 Forwarding and holds 8 Financial services 9 Employment in the USPS 9.1 Workplace violence 10 In fiction 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Foundations ( edit ) Running pony logo used by the U.S. Post Office Department before the creation of the USPS In the early years of the North American colonies , many attempts were made to initiate a postal service . These early attempts were of small scale and usually involved a colony , Massachusetts Bay Colony for example , setting up a location in Boston where one could post a letter back home to England . Other attempts focused on a dedicated postal service between two of the larger colonies , such as Massachusetts and Virginia , but the available services remained limited in scope and disjointed for many years . For example , informal independently - run postal routes operated in Boston as early as 1639 , with a Boston to New York City service starting in 1672 . A central postal organization came to the colonies in 1691 , when Thomas Neale received a 21 - year grant from the British Crown for a North American Postal Service . On February 17 , 1691 , a grant of letters patent from the joint sovereigns , William III and Mary II , empowered him : to erect , settle , and establish within the chief parts of their majesties ' colonies and plantations in America , an office or offices for receiving and dispatching letters and pacquets , and to receive , send , and deliver the same under such rates and sums of money as the planters shall agree to give , and to hold and enjoy the same for the term of twenty - one years . The patent included the exclusive right to establish and collect a formal postal tax on official documents of all kinds . The tax was repealed a year later . Neale appointed Andrew Hamilton , Governor of New Jersey , as his deputy postmaster . The first postal service in America commenced in February 1692 . Rates of postage were fixed and authorized , and measures were taken to establish a post office in each town in Virginia . Massachusetts and the other colonies soon passed postal laws , and a very imperfect post office system was established . Neale 's patent expired in 1710 , when Parliament extended the English postal system to the colonies . The chief office was established in New York City , where letters were conveyed by regular packets across the Atlantic . The American Revolution ( edit ) Before the Revolution , there was only a trickle of business or governmental correspondence between the colonies . Most of the mail went back and forth to counting houses and government offices in London . The revolution made Philadelphia , the seat of the Continental Congress , the information hub of the new nation . News , new laws , political intelligence , and military orders circulated with a new urgency , and a postal system was necessary . Journalists took the lead , securing post office legislation that allowed them to reach their subscribers at very low cost , and to exchange news from newspapers between the thirteen states . Overthrowing the London - oriented imperial postal service in 1774 -- 1775 , printers enlisted merchants and the new political leadership , and created a new postal system . The United States Post Office ( USPO ) was created on July 26 , 1775 , by decree of the Second Continental Congress . Benjamin Franklin headed it briefly . Before the Revolution , individuals like Benjamin Franklin and William Goddard were the colonial postmasters who managed the mails then and were the general architects of a postal system that started out as an alternative to the Crown Post . The official post office was created in 1792 as the Post Office Department ( USPOD ) . It was based on the Constitutional authority empowering Congress `` To establish post offices and post roads '' . The 1792 law provided for a greatly expanded postal network , and served editors by charging newspapers an extremely low rate . The law guaranteed the sanctity of personal correspondence , and provided the entire country with low - cost access to information on public affairs , while establishing a right to personal privacy . Rufus Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson first postmaster of St. Louis under the recommendation of Postmaster General Gideon Granger . Rufus Easton was the first postmaster and built the first post office west of the Mississippi . At the same time Easton was appointed by Thomas Jefferson , judge of Louisiana Territory , the largest territory in North America . Bruce Adamson wrote that : `` Next to Benjamin Franklin , Rufus Easton was one of the most colorful people in United States Postal History . '' It was Easton who educated Abraham Lincoln 's Attorney General , Edward Bates . In 1815 Edward Bates moved into the Easton home and lived there for years at Third and Elm . Today this is the site of the Jefferson Memorial Park . In 1806 Postmaster General Gideon Granger wrote a three - page letter to Easton , begging him not to partake in a duel with vice-president Aaron Burr . Two years earlier it was Burr who had shot and killed Alexander Hamilton . Many years later in 1852 , Easton 's son , Major - General Langdon Cheves Easton , was commissioned by William T. Sherman , at Fort Union to deliver a letter to Independence , Missouri . Sherman wrote : `` In the Spring of 1852 , General Sherman mentioned that the quartermaster , Major L.C. Easton , at Fort Union , New Mexico , had occasion to send some message east by a certain date , and contracted with Aubrey to carry it to the nearest post office ( then Independence , Missouri ) , making his compensation conditional on the time consumed . He was supplied with a good horse , and an order on the outgoing trains for exchange . Though the whole route was infested with hostile Indians , and not a house on it , Aubrey started alone with his rifle . He was fortunate in meeting several outward - bound trains , and thereby made frequent changes of horses , some four or five , and reached Independence in six days , having hardly rested or slept the whole way . '' To cover long distances , the Post Office used a hub - and - spoke system , with Washington as the hub and chief sorting center . By 1869 , with 27,000 local post offices to deal with , it had changed to sorting mail en route in specialized railroad mail cars , called Railway Post Offices , or RPOs . The system of postal money orders began in 1864 . Free mail delivery began in the larger cities in 1863 . 19th century ( edit ) The postal system played a crucial role in national expansion . It facilitated expansion into the West by creating an inexpensive , fast , convenient communication system . Letters from early settlers provided information and boosterism to encourage increased migration to the West , helped scattered families stay in touch and provide assistance , assisted entrepreneurs in finding business opportunities , and made possible regular commercial relationships between merchants in the west and wholesalers and factories back east . The postal service likewise assisted the Army in expanding control over the vast western territories . The widespread circulation of important newspapers by mail , such as the New York Weekly Tribune , facilitated coordination among politicians in different states . The postal service helped integrate established areas with the frontier , creating a spirit of nationalism and providing a necessary infrastructure . The Post Office in the 19th century was a major source of federal patronage . Local postmasterships were rewards for local politicians -- often the editors of party newspapers . About three quarters of all federal civilian employees worked for the Post Office . In 1816 it employed 3341 men , and in 1841 , 14,290 . The volume of mail expanded much faster than the population , as it carried annually 100 letters and 200 newspapers per 1000 white population in 1790 , and 2900 letters and 2700 newspapers per thousand in 1840 . The Post Office Department was enlarged during the tenure of President Andrew Jackson . As the Post Office expanded , difficulties were experienced due to a lack of employees and transportation . The Post Office 's employees at that time were still subject to the so - called `` spoils '' system , where faithful political supporters of the executive branch were appointed to positions in the post office and other government corporations as a reward for their patronage . These appointees rarely had prior experience in postal service and mail delivery . This system of political patronage was replaced in 1883 , after passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act . In 1823 , ten years after the Post Office had first begun to use steamboats to carry mail between post towns where no roads existed , waterways were declared post roads . Once it became clear that the postal system in the United States needed to expand across the entire country , the use of the railroad to transport the mail was instituted in 1832 , on one line in Pennsylvania . All railroads in the United States were designated as post routes , after passage of the Act of July 7 , 1838 . Mail service by railroad increased rapidly thereafter . ~ Benjamin Franklin ~ George Washington ~ The First U.S. Postage Stamps Issued 1847 The first stamp issues were authorized by an act of Congress and approved on March 3 , 1847 . The earliest known use of the Franklin 5 ¢ is July 7 , 1847 , while the earliest known use of the Washington 10 ¢ is July 2 , 1847 . Remaining in postal circulation for only a few years , these issues were declared invalid for postage on July 1 , 1851 . An Act of Congress provided for the issuance of stamps on March 3 , 1847 , and the Postmaster General immediately let a contract to the New York City engraving firm of Rawdon , Wright , Hatch , and Edson . The first stamp issue of the U.S. was offered for sale on July 1 , 1847 , in New York City , with Boston receiving stamps the following day and other cities thereafter . The 5 - cent stamp paid for a letter weighing less than 1 oz ( 28 g ) and traveling less than 300 miles , the 10 - cent stamp for deliveries to locations greater than 300 miles , or twice the weight deliverable for the 5 - cent stamp . In 1847 , the U.S. Mail Steamship Company acquired the contract which allowed it to carry the U.S. mails from New York , with stops in New Orleans and Havana , to the Isthmus of Panama for delivery in California . The same year , the Pacific Mail Steamship Company had acquired the right to transport mail under contract from the United States Government from the Isthmus of Panama to California . In 1855 , William Henry Aspinwall completed the Panama Railway , providing rail service across the Isthmus and cutting to three weeks the transport time for the mails , passengers and goods to California . This remained an important route until the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869 . Railroad companies greatly expanded mail transport service after 1862 , and the Railway Mail Service was inaugurated in 1869 . Rail cars designed to sort and distribute mail while rolling were soon introduced . RMS employees sorted mail `` on - the - fly '' during the journey , and became some of the most skilled workers in the postal service . An RMS sorter had to be able to separate the mail quickly into compartments based on its final destination , before the first destination arrived , and work at the rate of 600 pieces of mail an hour . They were tested regularly for speed and accuracy . Parcel Post service began with the introduction of International Parcel Post between the USA and foreign countries in 1887 . That same year , the U.S. Post Office ( predecessor of the USPS ) and the Postmaster General of Canada established parcel - post service between the two nations . A bilateral parcel - post treaty between the independent ( at the time ) Kingdom of Hawaii and the USA was signed on 19 December 1888 and put into effect early in 1889 . Parcel - post service between the USA and other countries grew with the signing of successive postal conventions and treaties . While the Post Office agreed to deliver parcels sent into the country under the UPU treaty , it did not institute a domestic parcel - post service for another twenty - five years . 20th century ( edit ) The advent of Rural Free Delivery ( RFD ) in the U.S. in 1896 , and the inauguration of a domestic parcel post service by Postmaster General Frank H. Hitchcock in 1913 , greatly increased the volume of mail shipped nationwide , and motivated the development of more efficient postal transportation systems . Many rural customers took advantage of inexpensive Parcel Post rates to order goods and products from businesses located hundreds of miles away in distant cities for delivery by mail . From the 1910s to the 1960s , many college students and others used parcel post to mail home dirty laundry , as doing so was less expensive than washing the clothes themselves . After four - year - old Charlotte May Pierstorff was mailed from her parents to her grandparents in Idaho in 1914 , mailing of people was prohibited . In 1917 , the Post Office imposed a maximum daily mailable limit of two hundred pounds per customer per day after a business entrepreneur , W.H. Coltharp , used inexpensive parcel - post rates to ship more than eighty thousand masonry bricks some four hundred seven miles via horse - drawn wagon and train for the construction of a bank building in Vernal , Utah . The advent of parcel post also led to the growth of mail order businesses that substantially increased rural access to modern goods over what was typically stocked in local general stores . Historic Mineral Wells , Texas post office built between 1911 and 1913 In 1912 , carrier service was announced for establishment in towns of second and third class with $100,000 appropriated by Congress . From January 1 , 1911 , until July 1 , 1967 , the United States Post Office Department operated the United States Postal Savings System . An Act of Congress of June 25 , 1910 , established the Postal Savings System in designated Post Offices , effective January 1 , 1911 . The legislation aimed to get money out of hiding , attract the savings of immigrants accustomed to the postal savings system in their native countries , provide safe depositories for people who had lost confidence in banks , and furnish more convenient depositories for working people . The law establishing the system directed the Post Office Department to redeposit most of the money in the system in local banks , where it earned 2.5 percent interest . The system paid 2 % interest per year on deposits . The half - percent difference in interest was intended to pay for the operation of the system . Certificates were issued to depositors as proof of their deposit . Depositors in the system were initially limited to hold a balance of $500 , but this was raised to $1,000 in 1916 and to $2,500 in 1918 . The initial minimum deposit was $1 . In order to save smaller amounts for deposit , customers could purchase a 10 - cent postal savings card and 10 - cent postal savings stamps to fill it . The card could be used to open or add to an account when its value , together with any attached stamps , amounted to one or more dollars , or it could be redeemed for cash . At its peak in 1947 , the system held almost $3.4 billion in deposits , with more than four million depositors using 8,141 postal units . The Post Office Department played an important intelligence role during World War I , implementing the Espionage and Trading with the Enemy Acts , monitoring foreign mail and acting as counter-espionage to help secure allied victory . On August 12 , 1918 , the Post Office Department took over airmail service from the United States Army Air Service ( USAAS ) . Assistant Postmaster General , Otto Praeger , appointed Benjamin B. Lipsner to head the civilian - operated Air Mail Service . One of Lipsner 's first acts was to hire four pilots , each with at least 1,000 hours ' flying experience , paying them an average of $4,000 per year ( $65.1 thousand today ) . The Post Office Department used new Standard JR - 1B biplanes specially modified to carry the mail while the war was still in progress , but following the war operated mostly World War I surplus military de Havilland DH - 4 aircraft . During 1918 , the Post Office hired an additional 36 pilots . In its first year of operation , the Post Office completed 1,208 airmail flights with 90 forced landings . Of those , 53 were due to weather and 37 to engine failure . By 1920 , the Air Mail service had delivered 49 million letters . Domestic air mail became obsolete in 1975 , and international air mail in 1995 , when the USPS began transporting First - Class mail by air on a routine basis . The Post Office was one of the first government departments to regulate obscene materials on a national basis . When the U.S. Congress passed the Comstock laws of 1873 , it became illegal to send through the U.S. mail any material considered obscene or indecent , or which promoted abortion issues , birth control , or alcohol consumption . On March 18 , 1970 , postal workers in New York City -- upset over low wages and poor working conditions , and emboldened by the Civil Rights movement -- organized a strike against the United States government . The strike initially involved postal workers in only New York City , but it eventually gained support of over 210,000 United States Post Office Department workers across the nation . While the strike ended without any concessions from the Federal government , it did ultimately allow for postal worker unions and the government to negotiate a contract which gave the unions most of what they wanted , as well as the signing of the Postal Reorganization Act by President Richard Nixon on August 12 , 1970 . The Act replaced the cabinet - level Post Office Department with a new federal agency , the United States Postal Service , and took effect on July 1 , 1971 . Current operations ( edit ) USPS service delivery truck The United States Postal Service employs some 617,000 workers , making it the third - largest civilian employer in the United States behind the federal government and Wal - Mart . In a 2006 U.S. Supreme Court decision , the Court noted : `` Each day , according to the Government 's submissions here , the United States Postal Service delivers some 660 million pieces of mail to as many as 142 million delivery points . '' As of 2016 , the USPS operates 31,585 post offices and locations in the U.S. , and delivers 153.4 billion pieces of mail annually . The USPS operates one of the largest civilian vehicle fleets in the world , with an estimated 227,896 vehicles , the majority of which are the easily identified Chevrolet / Grumman LLV ( long - life vehicle ) , and the newer Ford / Utilimaster FFV ( flex - fuel vehicle ) , originally also referred to as the CRV ( carrier route vehicle ) . It is by geography and volume the globe 's largest postal system , delivering 47 % of the world 's mail . For every penny increase in the national average price of gasoline , the USPS spends an extra US $8 million per year to fuel its fleet . The number of gallons of fuel used in 2009 was 444 million , at a cost of US $1.1 billion . The fleet is notable in that many of its vehicles are right - hand drive , an arrangement intended to give drivers the easiest access to roadside mailboxes . Some rural letter carriers use personal vehicles . Standard postal - owned vehicles do not have license plates . These vehicles are identified by a seven - digit number displayed on the front and rear . A fleet of post office vehicles at the James Griffith Station in Spring Branch , Houston The Department of Defense and the USPS jointly operate a postal system to deliver mail for the military ; this is known as the Army Post Office ( for Army and Air Force postal facilities ) and the Fleet Post Office ( for Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard postal facilities ) . In February 2013 , the Postal Service announced that on Saturdays it would only deliver packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , and Express Mail , effective August 10 , 2013 . However , this change was reversed by federal law in the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 . They now deliver packages on Sunday -- only for Amazon.com . During the four weeks preceding Christmas since 2013 , packages from all mail classes and senders were delivered on Sunday in some areas . Parcels are also delivered on holidays , with the exception of Thanksgiving and Christmas . Five - year plans ( edit ) In October 2016 , the Postal Service released Future Ready , a five - year plan required by law starting in 1993 . The plan outlines the Postal Service 's goals for the next five years . 1 . Deliver a world - class customer experience . 2 . Equip , empower , and engage employees . 3 . Innovate faster to deliver value . 4 . Invest in our future platforms . Initiatives ( edit ) In 2011 , numerous media outlets reported that the USPS was going out of business . The USPS 's strategy came under fire as new technologies emerged and the USPS was not finding ways to generate new sources of revenue . Budget ( edit ) In 2016 , the Postal Service collected $71.49 billion in revenue . Revenue decline and planned cuts ( edit ) In 2016 , the USPS had its fifth straight annual operating loss , in the amount of $5.59 billion , of which $5.8 billion was the accrual of unpaid mandatory retiree health payments . Declining mail volume ( edit ) First - class mail volume peaked in 2001 , declining by 43 % as of 2017 due to the increasing use of email and the World Wide Web for correspondence and business transactions . Private courier services , such as FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) , directly compete with USPS for the delivery of urgent letters and packages . Lower volume means lower revenues to support the fixed commitment to deliver to every address once a day , six days a week . According to an official report on November 15 , 2012 , the U.S. Postal Service lost $15.9 billion its 2012 fiscal year . Internal streamlining and delivery slowdown ( edit ) In response , the USPS has increased productivity each year from 2000 to 2007 , through increased automation , route re-optimization , and facility consolidation . Despite these efforts , the organization saw an $8.5 billion budget shortfall in 2010 , and was losing money at a rate of about $3 billion per quarter in 2011 . On December 5 , 2011 , the USPS announced it would close more than half of its mail processing centers , eliminate 28,000 jobs and reduce overnight delivery of First - Class Mail . This will close down 252 of its 461 processing centers . ( At peak mail volume in 2006 , the USPS operated 673 facilities . ) As of May 2012 , the plan was to start the first round of consolidation in summer 2012 , pause from September to December , and begin a second round in February 2014 ; 80 % of first - class mail would still be delivered overnight through the end of 2013 . New delivery standards were issued in January 2015 , and the majority of single - piece ( not presorted ) first - class mail is now being delivered in two days instead of one . Large commercial mailers can still have first - class mail delivered overnight if delivered directly to a processing center in the early morning , though as of 2014 this represented only 11 % of first - class mail . Unsorted first - class mail will continued to be delivered anywhere in the contiguous United States within three days . Post Office closures ( edit ) In July 2011 , the USPS announced a plan to close about 3,700 small post offices . Various representatives in Congress protested , and the Senate passed a bill that would have kept open all post offices farther than 10 miles from the next office . In May 2012 , the service announced it had modified its plan . Instead , rural post offices would remain open with reduced retail hours ( some as little as two hours per day ) unless there was a community preference for a different option . In a survey of rural customers , 20 % preferred the `` Village Post Office '' replacement ( where a nearby private retail store would provide basic mail services with expanded hours ) , 15 % preferred merger with another Post Office , and 11 % preferred expanded rural delivery services . Approximately 40 % of postal revenue already comes from online purchases or private retail partners including Walmart , Staples , Office Depot , Walgreens , Sam 's Club , Costco , and grocery stores . The National Labor Relations Board agreed to hear the American Postal Workers Union 's arguments that these counters should be manned by postal employees who earn far more and have `` a generous package of health and retirement benefits '' . Elimination of Saturday delivery averted ( edit ) On January 28 , 2009 , Postmaster General John E. Potter testified before the Senate that , if the Postal Service could not readjust its payment toward the contractually funding earned employee retiree health benefits , as mandated by the Postal Accountability & Enhancement Act of 2006 , the USPS would be forced to consider cutting delivery to five days per week during June , July , and August . H.R. 22 , addressing this issue , passed the House of Representatives and Senate and was signed into law on September 30 , 2009 . However , Postmaster General Potter continued to advance plans to eliminate Saturday mail delivery . On June 10 , 2009 , the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) was contacted for its input on the USPS 's current study of the effect of five - day delivery along with developing an implementation plan for a five - day service plan . A team of Postal Service headquarters executives and staff has been given a time frame of sixty days to complete the study . The current concept examines the effect of five - day delivery with no business or collections on Saturday , with Post Offices with current Saturday hours remaining open . On Thursday , April 15 , 2010 , the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform held a hearing to examine the status of the Postal Service and recent reports on short and long term strategies for the financial viability and stability of the USPS entitled `` Continuing to Deliver : An Examination of the Postal Service 's Current Financial Crisis and its Future Viability . '' At which , PMG Potter testified that by the year 2020 , the USPS cumulative losses could exceed $238 billion , and that mail volume could drop 15 percent from 2009 . In February 2013 , the USPS announced that in order to save about $2 billion per year , Saturday delivery service would be discontinued except for packages , mail - order medicines , Priority Mail , Express Mail , and mail delivered to Post Office boxes , beginning August 10 , 2013 . However , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 , passed in March , reversed the cuts to Saturday delivery . Retirement funding and payment defaults ( edit ) The Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act of 2006 ( PAEA ) obligates the USPS to fund the present value of earned retirement obligations ( essentially past promises which have not yet come due ) within a ten - year time span . In contrast , private businesses in the United States have no legal obligation to pay for retirement costs at promise - time rather than retirement - time , but about one quarter do . The Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) is the main bureaucratic organization responsible for the human resources aspect of many federal agencies and their employees . The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund ( PSRHB ) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System ( CSRS ) . Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7 % deducted from their wages . Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System ( FERS ) once they become a full - time regular employees . On September 30 , 2014 , the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt , the fourth such default . Rate increases ( edit ) Congress has limited rate increases for First - Class Mail to the cost of inflation , unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission . A three - cent surcharge above inflation increased the 1 oz ( 28 g ) rate to 49 ¢ in January , 2014 , but this was approved by the Commission for two years only . Reform packages , delivery changes , and alcohol delivery ( edit ) Comprehensive reform packages considered in the 113th Congress include S. 1486 and H.R. 2748 . These include the efficiency measure , supported by Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe of ending door - to - door delivery of mail for some or most of the 35 million addresses that currently receive it , replacing that with either curbside boxes or nearby `` cluster boxes '' . This would save $4.5 billion per year out of the $30 billion delivery budget ; door - to - door city delivery costs annually on average $353 per stop , curbside $224 , and cluster box $160 ( and for rural delivery , $278 , $176 , and $126 , respectively ) . S. 1486 , also with the support of Postmaster Donahoe , would also allow the USPS to ship alcohol in compliance with state law , from manufacturers to recipients with ID to show they are over 21 . This is projected to raise approximately $50 million per year . ( Shipping alcoholic beverages is currently illegal under 18 U.S.C. § 1716 ( f ) . ) In 2014 , the Postal Service was requesting reforms to workers ' compensation , moving from a pension to defined contribution retirement savings plan , and paying senior retiree health care costs out of Medicare funds , as is done for private - sector workers . Governance and organization ( edit ) The Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service sets policy , procedure , and postal rates for services rendered , and has a similar role to a corporate board of directors . Of the eleven members of the Board , nine are appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate ( see 39 U.S.C. § 202 ) . The nine appointed members then select the United States Postmaster General , who serves as the board 's tenth member , and who oversees the day - to - day activities of the service as Chief Executive Officer ( see 39 U.S.C. § § 202 -- 203 ) . The ten - member board then nominates a Deputy Postmaster General , who acts as Chief Operating Officer , to the eleventh and last remaining open seat . The independent Postal Regulatory Commission ( formerly the Postal Rate Commission ) is also controlled by appointees of the President confirmed by the Senate . It oversees postal rates and related concerns , having the authority to approve or reject USPS proposals . The USPS is often mistaken for a government - owned corporation ( e.g. , Amtrak ) because it operates much like a business . It is , however , an `` establishment of the executive branch of the Government of the United States '' , ( 39 U.S.C. § 201 ) as it is controlled by Presidential appointees and the Postmaster General . As a government agency , it has many special privileges , including sovereign immunity , eminent domain powers , powers to negotiate postal treaties with foreign nations , and an exclusive legal right to deliver first - class and third - class mail . Indeed , in 2004 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a unanimous decision that the USPS was not a government - owned corporation , and therefore could not be sued under the Sherman Antitrust Act . The U.S. Supreme Court has also upheld the USPS 's statutory monopoly on access to letter boxes against a First Amendment freedom of speech challenge ; it thus remains illegal in the U.S. for anyone , other than the employees and agents of the USPS , to deliver mailpieces to letter boxes marked `` U.S. Mail '' . The Postal Service also has a Mailers ' Technical Advisory Committee and local Postal Customer Councils , which are advisory and primarily involve business customers . Universal Service obligation and monopoly status ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Legal basis and rationale ( edit ) Article I , section 8 , Clause 7 of the United States Constitution grants Congress the power to establish post offices and post roads , which has been interpreted as a de facto Congressional monopoly over the delivery of first - class residential mail -- which has been defined as non-urgent residential letters ( not packages ) . Accordingly , no other system for delivering first - class residential mail -- public or private -- has been tolerated , absent Congress 's consent . The mission of the Postal Service is to provide the American public with trusted universal postal service . While not explicitly defined , the Postal Service 's universal service obligation ( USO ) is broadly outlined in statute and includes multiple dimensions : geographic scope , range of products , access to services and facilities , delivery frequency , affordable and uniform pricing , service quality , and security of the mail . While other carriers may claim to voluntarily provide delivery on a broad basis , the Postal Service is the only carrier with a legal obligation to provide all the various aspects of universal service . Proponents of universal service principles claim that since any obligation must be matched by the financial capability to meet that obligation , the postal monopoly was put in place as a funding mechanism for the USO , and it has been in place for over a hundred years . It consists of two parts : the Private Express Statutes ( PES ) and the mailbox access rule . The PES refers to the Postal Service 's monopoly on the delivery of letters , and the mailbox rule refers to the Postal Service 's exclusive access to customer mailboxes . Proponents of universal service principles further claim that eliminating or reducing the PES or mailbox rule would affect the ability of the Postal Service to provide affordable universal service . If , for example , the PES and the mailbox rule were to be eliminated , and the USO maintained , then either billions of dollars in tax revenues or some other source of funding would have to be found . Some proponents of universal service principles suggest that private communications that are protected by the veil of government promote the exchange of free ideas and communications . This separates private communications from the ability of a private for - profit or non-profit organization to corrupt . Security for the individual is in this way protected by the United States Post Office , maintaining confidentiality and anonymity , as well as government employees being much less likely to be instructed by superiors to engage in nefarious spying . It is seen by some as a dangerous step to extract the universal service principle from the post office , as the untainted nature of private communications is preserved as assurance of the protection of individual freedom of privacy . However , as the recent notice of a termination of mail service to residents of the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness indicates , mail service has been contracted to private firms such as Arnold Aviation for many decades . KTVB - TV reported : `` We can not go out every week and pick up our mail ... it 's impossible '' , said Heinz Sippel . `` Everyone gets their mail . Why ca n't we ? '' said Sue Anderson . Getting mail delivered , once a week , by airplane is not a luxury , it 's a necessity for those who live in Idaho 's vast wilderness -- those along the Salmon and Selway rivers . It 's a service that 's been provided to them for more than half a century -- mostly by Ray Arnold of Arnold Aviation . The decision was reversed ; U.S. Postmaster General John Potter indicated that acceptable service to back country customers could not be achieved in any other fashion than continuing an air mail contract with Arnold Aviation to deliver the mail . 2008 report on universal Postal Service and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) The Postal Act of 2006 required the Postal Regulatory Commission ( PRC ) to submit a report to the President and Congress on universal postal service and the postal monopoly in December 2008 . The report must include any recommended changes . The Postal Service report supports the requirement that the PRC is to consult with and solicit written comments from the Postal Service . In addition , the Government Accountability Office is required to evaluate broader business model issues by 2011 . On October 15 , 2008 , the Postal Service submitted a report to the PRC on its position related to the Universal Service Obligation ( USO ) . It said no changes to the USO and restriction on mailbox access were necessary at this time , but increased regulatory flexibility was required to ensure affordable universal service in the future . In 2013 , the Postal Service announced that starting August 2013 , Saturday delivery would be discontinued . Obligations of the USO include uniform prices , quality of service , access to services , and six - day delivery to every part of the country . To assure financial support for these obligations , the postal monopoly provides the Postal Service the exclusive right to deliver letters and restricts mailbox access solely for mail . The report argued that eliminating or reducing either aspect of the monopoly `` would have a devastating impact on the ability ... to provide the affordable universal service that the country values so highly . '' Relaxing access to the mailbox would also pose security concerns , increase delivery costs , and hurt customer service , according to the Post Office . The report notes : It is somewhat misleading to characterize the mailbox rule as a `` monopoly , '' because the enforcement of 18 U.S.C. § 1725 leaves customers with ample alternative means of delivering their messages . Customers can deliver their messages either by paying postage , by placing messages on or under a door or a doormat , by using newspaper or non-postal boxes , by telephoning or emailing , by engaging in person - to - person delivery in public areas , by tacking or taping their notices on a door post , or by placing advertisements in local newspapers . These methods are comparable in efficacy to communication via the mailbox . Most of these alternatives are not actually free in some communities . For example , in the Chicago metropolitan area and many other major metros one must get a background check from police and pay a daily fee for the right to solicit or post commercial messages on private property . Regarding the monopoly on delivery of letters , the report notes that the monopoly is not complete , as there is an exception for letters where either the amount paid for private carriage of the letter equals at least six times the current rate for the first ounce of a single - piece First - Class Mail letter ( also known as the `` base rate '' or `` base tariff '' ) or the letter weighs at least 12.5 ounces . The Postal Service said that the USO should continue to be broadly defined and there should be no changes to the postal monopoly . Any changes would have far - reaching effects on customers and the trillion dollar mailing industry . `` A more rigidly defined USO would ... ultimately harm the American public and businesses , '' according to the report , which cautions that any potential change must be studied carefully and the effects fully understood . Competitors ( edit ) USPS Terminal Annex building in Los Angeles FedEx and United Parcel Service ( UPS ) directly compete with USPS Express Mail and package delivery services , making nationwide deliveries of urgent letters and packages . Due to the postal monopoly , they are not allowed to deliver non-urgent letters and may not directly ship to U.S. Mail boxes at residential and commercial destinations . However , both companies have transit agreements with the USPS in which an item can be dropped off with either FedEx or UPS who will then provide shipment up to the destination post office serving the intended recipient where it will be transferred for delivery to the U.S. Mail destination , including Post Office Box destinations . These services also deliver packages which are larger and heavier than USPS will accept . DHL Express was the third major competitor until February 2009 , when it ceased domestic delivery operations in the United States . A variety of other transportation companies in the United States move cargo around the country , but either have limited geographic scope for delivery points , or specialize in items too large to be mailed . Many of the thousands of courier companies focus on same - day delivery , for example , by bicycle messenger . Although USPS and FedEx are direct competitors , USPS contracts with FedEx for air transport of 2 -- 3 Day Priority Mail and Priority Mail Express ( typically delivered overnight ) . Alternative transmission methods ( edit ) The Post Office Department owned and operated the first public telegraph lines in the United States , starting in 1844 from Washington to Baltimore , and eventually extending to New York , Boston , Buffalo , and Philadelphia . In 1847 , the telegraph system was privatized , except for a period during World War I , when it was used to accelerate the delivery of letters arriving at night . Between 1942 and 1945 , `` V - Mail '' ( for `` Victory Mail '' ) service was available for military mail . Letters were converted into microfilm and reprinted near the destination , to save room on transport vehicles for military cargo . From 1982 to 1985 , Electronic Computer Originated Mail , known as E-COM was accepted for bulk mailings . Text was transmitted electronically to one of 25 post offices nationwide . The Postal Service would print the mail and put it in special envelopes bearing a blue E-COM logo . Delivery was assured within 2 days . To improve accuracy and efficiency , the Postal Service introduced the Intelligent Mail program to complement the ZIP code system . This system , which was intended to replace the depreciated POSTNET system , allows bulk mailers to use pre-printed bar codes to assist in mail delivery and sorting . Additional features , called Enhanced , or Full - Service , Intelligent Mail Barcodes allow for mail tracking of bulk mail through the postal system up to the final delivery Post Office . Criticism of the universal Service requirement and the Postal monopoly ( edit ) Critics of the universal service requirement and the statutory postal monopoly include several professional economists advocating for the privatization of the mail delivery system , or at least a relaxation of the universal service model that currently exists . Rick Geddes argued in 2000 : First , basic economics implies that rural customers are unlikely to be without service under competition ; they would simply have to pay the true cost of delivery to them , which may or may not be lower than under monopoly . Second , basic notions of fairness imply that the cross-subsidy should be eliminated . To the extent that people make choices about where they live , they should assume the costs of that decision . Third , there is no reason why the government monopoly is necessary to ensure service to sparsely populated areas . The government could easily award competitive contracts to private firms for that service . Fourth , early concerns that rural residents of the United States would somehow become isolated without federally subsidized mail delivery today are simply unfounded ... Once both sender and receiver have access to a computer , the marginal cost of sending an electronic message is close to zero . Furthermore , some economists have argued that because public enterprises may pursue objectives different than profit maximization , they might have more of an incentive than profit - maximizing firms to behave anticompetitively through policies such as predatory pricing , misstating costs , and creating barriers to entry . To resolve those issues , one economist proposes a cost - allocation model that would determine the optimal allocation of USPS 's common costs by finding the share of costs that would maximize USPS profits from its competitive products . Postal regulators could use such a cost model to ensure that the Postal Service is not abusing its statutory monopoly by subsidizing price cuts in competitive product markets with revenue obtained from the monopolized market . Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) The Food and Drug Administration inspects packages for illegal drug shipments Postal Inspection Service ( edit ) The United States Postal Inspection Service ( USPIS ) is one of the oldest law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Founded by Benjamin Franklin , its mission is to protect the Postal Service , its employees , and its customers from crime and protect the nation 's mail system from criminal misuse . Postal Inspectors enforce over 200 federal laws providing for the protection of mail in investigations of crimes that may adversely affect or fraudulently use the U.S. Mail , the postal system or postal employees . The USPIS has the power to enforce the USPS monopoly by conducting search and seizure raids on entities they suspect of sending non-urgent mail through overnight delivery competitors . According to the American Enterprise Institute , a private conservative think tank , the USPIS raided Equifax offices in 1993 to ascertain if the mail they were sending through Federal Express was truly `` extremely urgent . '' It was found that the mail was not , and Equifax was fined $30,000 . Lastly , the PIS oversees the activities of the Postal Police Force who patrol in and around selected high - risk postal facilities in major metropolitan areas in the United States and its territories . Office of Inspector General ( edit ) The United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General ( OIG ) was authorized by law in 1996 . Prior to the 1996 legislation , the Postal Inspection Service performed the duties of the OIG . The Inspector General , who is independent of postal management , is appointed by and reports directly to the nine presidentially appointed , Senate -- confirmed members of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service . The primary purpose of the OIG is to prevent , detect and report fraud , waste and program abuse , and promote efficiency in the operations of the Postal Service . The OIG has `` oversight '' responsibility for all activities of the Postal Inspection Service . How delivery services work ( edit ) Elements of addressing and preparing Domestic mail ( edit ) See also : Address ( geography ) § United States All mailable articles ( e.g. , letters , flats , machinable parcels , irregular parcels , etc . ) shipped within the United States must comply with an array of standards published in the USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) . Before addressing the mailpiece , one must first comply with the various mailability standards relating to attributes of the actual mailpiece such as : minimum / maximum dimensions and weight , acceptable mailing containers , proper mailpiece sealing / closure , utilization of various markings , and restrictions relating to various hazardous ( e.g. , explosives , flammables , etc . ) and restricted ( e.g. , cigarettes , smokeless tobacco , etc . ) materials , as well as others articulated in § 601 of the DMM . The USPS specifies the following key elements when preparing the face of a mailpiece : Proper Placement : The Delivery Address should be left - justified and located roughly in the center of mailpiece 's largest side . More precisely , on a letter - size piece , the recommended address placement is within the optical character reader ( OCR ) read area , which is a space on the address side of the mailpiece defined by these boundaries : Left -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the left edge of the piece ; Right -- 1 / 2 inch ( 13 mm ) from the right edge of the piece ; Top -- 2 - 3 / 4 inches ( 70 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece ; Bottom -- 5 / 8 inch ( 16 mm ) from the bottom edge of the piece . Preferred placement of a return address is in the upper left portion of the mailpiece -- on the side of the piece bearing postage . Finally , postage ( e.g. , stamps , meter imprints , information - based indicia ( IBI ) , etc . ) is to be affixed in the upper right corner of the address side of the mail cover . It should be noted that any stamp / indicia partly concealed or otherwise obscured by an overlapping stamp / indicia may not be counted as valid postage . Delivery Address ( party receiving mail ) : The mail piece must have the address of the intended recipient , visible and legible , only on the side of the mail piece bearing postage . Generally , the name of the addressee should be included above the address itself . A ZIP + 4 code will facilitate delivery . Return Address ( party sending mail ) : A return address tells the USPS where the sender wants the mail returned if it is undeliverable . Usage of a return address is required for some postal services ( including Priority Mail , Express Mail , Periodicals in envelopes or wrappers , Insured Mail , Registered Mail , and parcel services ) . Postage Payment : All mailpieces must include appropriate valid postage . Postage payment may be in the form of stamps , stamped stationery , precanceled stamps , postage meter imprints & PC Postage products ( `` Postage Evidencing Systems '' ) , or permit imprint ( indicia ) . Members of the U.S. Congress , among others , have franking privileges , which require only a signature . Domestic First - Class Mail costs 50 ¢ for envelopes ( 35 ¢ for post cards ) and upwards , depending on the weight and dimensions of the letter and the class . Mail going to naval vessels is known as the Fleet Post Office ( FPO ) and to Army or Air Force installations use the city abbreviation APO ( Army Post Office or Air Force Post Office ) . Undeliverable mail that could not be readily returned , including mail without a return address , is treated as dead mail at a Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia or Saint Paul , Minnesota . Sticker promoting ZIP code use The format of the address is as follows Line 1 : Name of recipient Line 2 : Street address or P.O. Box Line 3 : City , State ( ISO 3166 - 2 : US code or APO / FPO code ) and ZIP + 4 code Example Clifford Clavin 789 Beacon Street Boston MA 02186 - 1234 The USPS maintains a list of proper abbreviations . The format of a return address is similar . Though some style manuals recommend using a comma between the city and state name when typesetting addresses in other contexts , for optimal automatic character recognition , the Post Office does not recommend this when addressing mail . The official recommendation is to use all upper case block letters with proper formats and abbreviations , and leave out all punctuation except for the hyphen in the ZIP + 4 code . If the address is unusually formatted or illegible enough , it will require hand - processing , delaying that particular item . The USPS publishes the entirety of their postal addressing standards . Postal address verification tools and services are offered by the USPS and third party companies to help ensure mail is deliverable by fixing formatting , appending information such as ZIP code and validating the address is a valid delivery point . Customers can look up ZIP codes and verify addresses using USPS Web Tools available on the official USPS website and Facebook page , as well as on third - party sites . Delivery point validation ( edit ) Delivery Point Validation ( DPV ) provides the highest level of address accuracy checking . In a DPV process , the address is checked against the AMS data file to ensure that it exists as an active delivery point . The USPS does not offer DPV validation on their website ; however , there are companies that offer services to perform DPV verification . Paying postage ( edit ) The actual postage can be paid via : Stamps purchased online at usps.com , at a Post Office , from a stamp vending machine or `` Automated Postal Center '' which can also handle packages , or from a third party ( such as a grocery store ) Pre-cancelled stamps for bulk mailings Postal meter Prepaid envelope Shipping label purchased online and printed by the customer on standard paper ( e.g. with Click - N - Ship , or via a third - party such as PayPal or Amazon shipping ) All unused U.S. postage stamps issued since 1861 are still valid as postage at their indicated value . Stamps with no value shown or denominated by a letter are also still valid , although the value depends upon the particular stamp . For some stamps issued without a printed value , the current value is the original value . But some stamps beginning in 1988 or earlier , including Forever Stamps ( issued from April 2007 ) and all first - class , first - ounce stamps issued from January 21 , 2011 , the value is the current value of a first - class - mail first - ounce stamp . The USPS calls these Forever Stamps but the generic name is non-denominated postage . Forever stamps are sold at the First - Class Mail postage rate at the time of purchase , but will always be valid for First - Class Mail ( 1 oz and under ) , no matter how rates rise in the future . Britain has had a similar stamp since 1989 . The cost of mailing a 1 oz ( 28 g ) First - Class letter increased to 50 cents on 28 January 2018 Postage meters ( edit ) Main article : Postage meter A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage ( or franking ) to mailed matter . Postage meters are regulated by a country 's postal authority ; for example , in the United States , the United States Postal Service specifies the rules for the creation , support , and use of postage meters . A postage meter imprints an amount of postage , functioning as a postage stamp , a cancellation and a dated postmark all in one . The meter stamp serves as proof of payment and eliminates the need for adhesive stamps . PC postage ( edit ) In addition to using standard stamps , postage can now be printed in the form of an electronic stamp , or e-stamp , from a personal computer using a system called Information Based Indicia . This online PC Postage method relies upon application software on the customer 's computer contacting a postal security device at the office of the postal service . Other electronic postage payment methods ( edit ) Electronic Verification System ( eVS ) is the Postal Service 's integrated mail management technology that centralizes payment processing and electronic postage reports . Part of an evolving suite of USPS electronic payment services called PostalOne ! , eVS allows mailers shipping large volumes of parcels through the Postal Service a way to circumvent use of hard - copy manifests , postage statements and drop - shipment verification forms . Instead , mailers can pay postage automatically through a centralized account and track payments online . Beginning in August 2007 , the Postal Service began requiring mailers shipping Parcel Select packages using a permit imprint to use eVS for manifesting their packages . Stamp copyright and reproduction ( edit ) All U.S. postage stamps issued under the former United States Post Office Department and other postage items that were released before 1978 are not subject to copyright , but stamp designs since 1978 are copyrighted . The United States Copyright Office in section 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) of the Third Edition of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices holds that `` Works prepared by officers or employees of the U.S. Postal Service ... are not considered works of the U.S. Government '' and are therefore eligible for registration . Thus , the USPS holds copyright to such materials released since 1978 under Title 17 of the United States Code . Written permission is required for use of copyrighted postage stamp images , although under USPS rules , permission is `` generally '' not required for `` educational use '' , `` news reporting '' or `` philatelic advertising use , '' but users must cite USPS as the source of the image and include language such as `` © United States Postal Service . All rights reserved . '' Service level choices ( edit ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2016 ) General Domestic services ( edit ) Former Tyvek envelope design for Express Mail before July 28 , 2013 As of April 2011 , domestic postage levels for low - volume mailers include : Priority Mail Express ( Formerly Express Mail ) : Overnight delivery guaranteed to most locations Sunday , holiday and 10 : 30 am delivery available for additional charge . $100 insurance included . Tracking included . Flat Rate envelopes are available . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight and distance . Priority Mail : Day specific delivery service ranging from 1 -- 3 days depending on origin of shipment ( not guaranteed ) As of January 27 , 2013 , tracking via Delivery Confirmation is now included on all Priority Mail shipments . Flat Rate envelopes and boxes ( various sizes ) are available free from the Postal Store . Otherwise , pricing varies by weight , size and distance . $50 insurance for retail / $100 insurance for commercial starting on July 28 , 2013 . Tracking Included First - Class Mail 2 - to 3 - day delivery . In most cases for letters and small packages . Rate varies by size and weight , but not distance . Postcards ( 5 '' × 3.5 '' × 0.007 to 6 '' × 4.25 '' × 0.016 '' ( 127 × 89 × 0.18 to 152 × 108 × 0.4 mm ) ) : 35 ¢ Letters ( up to 11.5 '' × 6.125 '' × 0.25 `` , 3.5 oz ( 292 × 156 × 6.4 mm , 100 g ) ) : 50 ¢ + 21 ¢ for each additional ounce Large Envelope or Flat ( up to 15 '' × 12 '' × 0.75 `` , 13 oz ( 381 × 305 × 19 mm , 370 g ) ) : 90 ¢ + 21 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) . Must be rectangular , uniformly thick , and not too rigid . Package / Parcel ( Up to 108 inches ( 270 cm ) length plus girth , 13 ounces ( 370 g ) : $1.95 + 17 ¢ each additional ounce ( 28 g ) over 3 ounces ( 84 g ) ) USPS Retail Ground ( formerly Parcel Post ) Slowest but cheapest service for packages too large or heavy for First Class -- uses surface transport . 2 - to 9 - day service to contiguous U.S. , 4 -- 14 days internal to AK / HI / territories , 3 -- 6 weeks between mainland and outlying areas ( travels by ship ) . Variable pricing by weight , size and distance . Free forwarding if recipient has filed change - of - address form , or return if the item is undeliverable . Media Mail -- formerly `` Book Rate '' Books and recorded media only . No advertising . Pricing by weight only . Transit time similar to Parcel Post . Cheaper than Parcel Post but only due to increased restrictions on package contents . Library Mail Similar to Media Mail , but cheaper and restricted to academic institutions , public libraries , museums , etc . The Post Office will not deliver packages heavier than 70 pounds ( 32 kg ) or if the length ( the package 's longest dimension ) plus the girth ( the measurement around the package at its largest point in the two shorter dimensions ) is greater than 108 inches ( 270 cm ) combined ( 130 inches ( 330 cm ) for Parcel Post ) Bulk mail ( edit ) See also : Bulk mail USPS Dodge Caravan used for residential delivery in Omaha , Nebraska USPS - operated minivan serving in the LLV 's role Discounts are available for large volumes of mail . Depending on the postage level , certain conditions might be required or optional for an additional discount : Minimum number of pieces Weight limits Ability for the USPS to process by machine Addresses formatting standardized USPS - readable barcode Sorted by three - digit ZIP code prefix , five - digit ZIP code , ZIP + 4 , or 11 - digit delivery point Delivered in trays , bundles , or pallets partitioned by destination Delivered directly to a regional Bulk Mail Center , destination SCF , or destination Post Office Certification of mailing list accuracy and freshness ( e.g. correct ZIP codes , purging of stale addresses , processing of change - of - address notifications ) In addition to bulk discounts on Express , Priority , and First - Class Mail , the following postage levels are available for bulk mailers : Periodicals Standard Mail ( A ) Automation Enhanced Carrier Route Regular Standard Mail ( B ) Parcel Post Bound Printed Matter -- Cheaper than Media Mail , for advertising catalogs , phone books , etc. up to 15 lb Special Standard Mail Library Mail Nonprofit Extra services ( edit ) A Long Life Vehicle seen in Guam Depending on the type of mail , additional services are available for an additional fee : Certificate of Mailing provides proof of the date a package was mailed . Certified Mail provides proof of mailing , and a delivery record . Used for serving legal documents and for sending U.S. Government classified information , up to the `` confidential '' level . Collect on Delivery ( C.O.D. ) allows merchants to offer customers an option to pay upon delivery , up to $1000 . Includes insurance . USPS Tracking provides proof of delivery to sorting facilities , local post office and destination , but no signature is required . Insurance is shipping insurance against loss or damage for the value of the goods mailed . Amount of coverage can be specified , up to $5,000 . Registered Mail is used for highly valuable or irreplaceable items , and classified information up to the `` secret '' level . Registered mail is transported separately from other mail , in locked containers . Tracking is included and insurance up to $25,000 is available . Restricted Delivery requires delivery to a specific person or their authorized agent , not just to a mailbox . Return Receipt actively sends signature confirmation back to the sender by postcard or emailed PDF ( as opposed to merely putting this information into the online tracking system ) . Signature Confirmation requires a delivery signature , which is kept on file . The online tracking system displays the first initial and last name of the signatory . Special Handling is for unusual items , like live animals . International services ( edit ) Packages awaiting inspection at the International Mail Facility in JFK airport In May 2007 , the USPS restructured international service names to correspond with domestic shipping options . Formerly , USPS International services were categorized as Airmail ( Letter Post ) , Economy ( Surface ) Parcel Post , Airmail Parcel Post , Global Priority , Global Express , and Global Express Guaranteed Mail . The former Airmail ( Letter Post ) is now First - Class Mail International , and includes small packages weighing up to four pounds ( 1.8 kg ) . Economy Parcel Post was discontinued for international service , while Airmail Parcel Post was replaced by Priority Mail International . Priority Mail International Flat - Rate packaging in various sizes was introduced , with the same conditions of service previously used for Global Priority . Global Express is now Express Mail International , while Global Express Guaranteed is unchanged . The international mailing classes with a tracking ability are Express , Express Guaranteed , and Priority ( except that tracking is not available for Priority Mail International Flat Rate Envelopes or Priority Mail International Small Flat Rate Boxes ) . One of the major changes in the new naming and services definitions is that USPS - supplied mailing boxes for Priority and Express mail are now allowed for international use . These services are offered to ship letters and packages to almost every country and territory on the globe . The USPS provides much of this service by contracting with a private parcel service , FedEx . An m - bag The USPS provides an M - bag service for international shipment of printed matter ; previously surface M - bags existed , but with the 2007 elimination of surface mail , only airmail M - bags remain . The term `` M - bag '' is not expanded in USPS publications ; M - bags are simply defined as `` direct sacks of printed matter ... sent to a single foreign addressee at a single address '' ; however , the term is sometimes referred to informally as `` media bag '' , as the bag can also contain `` discs , tapes , and cassettes '' , in addition to books , for which the usual umbrella term is `` media '' ; some also refer to them as `` mail bags '' . Military mail is billed at domestic rates when being sent from the United States to a military outpost , and is free when sent by deployed military personnel . The overseas logistics are handled by the Military Postal Service Agency in the Department of Defense . Outside of forward areas and active operations , military mail First - Class takes 7 -- 10 days , Priority 10 -- 15 days , and Parcel Post about 24 days . Three independent countries with a Compact of Free Association with the U.S. ( Palau , the Marshall Islands , and the Federated States of Micronesia ) have a special relationship with the United States Postal Service : Each associated state maintains its own government - run mail service for delivery to and pickup from retail customers . The associated states are integrated into the USPS addressing and ZIP code system . The USPS is responsible for transporting mail between the United States and the associated states , and between the individual states of the Federated States of Micronesia . The associated states synchronize postal services and rates with the USPS . The USPS treats mail to and from the associated states as domestic mail , ( as of November 19 , 2007 , after a 23 - month period of being treated as international mail ) . Incoming mail does require customs declarations because , like some U.S. territories , the associated states are outside the main customs territory of the United States . The discontinuation of International surface mail ( edit ) For more information about surface mail , see Surface mail . In 2007 , the US Postal Service discontinued its outbound international surface mail ( `` sea mail '' ) service , mainly because of increased costs . Returned undeliverable surface parcels had become an expensive problem for the USPS . The discontinuation has been criticized by independent booksellers , by other small businesses which ship internationally , by the Peace Corps , and by military personnel . Domestic surface mail ( now `` Retail Ground '' or `` Commercial Parcel Select '' ) remains available . Alternatives to international surface mail include : International Surface Air Lift . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service includes neither tracking nor insurance ; but it may be possible to purchase shipping insurance from a third - party company . USPS Commercial ePacket . This service is available to commercial senders only . The service is trackable . Ordinary first - class international airmail . Sorting and delivery process ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mail flow through national infrastructure Processing of standard sized envelopes and cards is highly automated , including reading of handwritten addresses . Mail from individual customers and public postboxes is collected by mail carriers into plastic tubs , which are taken to one of approximately 251 Processing and Distribution Centers ( P&DC ) across the United States . Each P&DC sorts mail for a given region ( typically with a radius of around 200 miles ( 320 km ) ) and connects with the national network for interregional mail . The USPS has consolidated mail sorting for large regions into the P&DCs on the basis that most mail is addressed to faraway destinations , but for cities at the edge of a P&DC 's region , this means all locally addressed mail must now travel long distances ( that is , to and from the P&DC for sorting ) to reach nearby addresses . At the P&DC , mail is emptied into hampers which are then automatically dumped into a Dual Pass Rough Cull System ( DPRCS ) . As mail travels through the DPRCS , large items , such as packages and mail bundles , are removed from the stream . As the remaining mail enters the first machine for processing standard mail , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System ( AFCS ) , pieces that passed through the DPRCS but do not conform to physical dimensions for processing in the AFCS ( e.g. , large envelopes or overstuffed standard envelopes ) are automatically diverted from the stream . Mail removed from the DPRCS and AFCS is manually processed or sent to parcel sorting machines . In contrast to the previous system , which merely canceled and postmarked the upper right corner of the envelope , thereby missing any stamps which were inappropriately placed , the Advanced Facer - Canceler System locates indicia ( stamp or metered postage mark ) , regardless of the orientation of the mail as it enters the machine , and cancels it by applying a postmark . Detection of indicia enables the AFCS to determine the orientation of each mailpiece and sort it accordingly , rotating pieces as necessary so all mail is sorted right - side up and faced in the same direction in each output bin . Mail is output by the machine into three categories : mail already affixed with a bar code and addressed ( such as business reply envelopes and cards ) ; mail with machine printed ( typed ) addresses ; and mail with handwritten addresses . Additionally , machines with a recent Optical Character Recognition ( OCR ) upgrade have the capability to read the address information , including handwritten , and sort the mail based on local or outgoing ZIP codes . Mail with typed addresses goes to a Multiline Optical Character Reader ( MLOCR ) which reads the ZIP Code and address information and prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelope . Mail ( actually the scanned image of the mail ) with handwritten addresses ( and machine - printed ones that are not easily recognized ) goes to the Remote Bar Coding System . It also corrects spelling errors and , where there is an error , omission , or conflict in the written address , identifies the most likely correct address . When it has decided on a correct address , it prints the appropriate bar code onto the envelopes , similarly to the MLOCR system . RBCS also has facilities in place , called Remote Encoding Centers , that have humans look at images of mail pieces and enter the address data . The address data is associated with the image via an ID Tag , a fluorescent barcode printed by mail processing equipment on the back of mail pieces . Processed mail is imaged by the Mail Isolation Control and Tracking ( MICT ) system to allow easier tracking of hazardous substances . Images are taken at more than 200 mail processing centers , and are destroyed after being retained for 30 days . If a customer has filed a change of address card and his or her mail is detected in the mailstream with the old address , the mailpiece is sent to a machine that automatically connects to a Computerized Forwarding System database to determine the new address . If this address is found , the machine will paste a label over the former address with the current address . The mail is returned to the mailstream to forward to the new location . Mail with addresses that can not be resolved by the automated system are separated for human intervention . If a local postal worker can read the address , he or she manually sorts it out according to the ZIP code on the article . If the address can not be read , mail is either returned to the sender ( First - Class Mail with a valid return address ) or is sent to the Mail Recovery Center in Atlanta , Georgia ( formerly known as the dead letter office ) . At this office , the mail is opened to try to find an address to forward to . If an address is found , the contents are resealed and delivered . Otherwise , the items are held for 90 days in case of inquiry by the customer ; if they are not claimed , they are either destroyed or auctioned off at the monthly Postal Service Unclaimed Parcel auction to raise money for the service . Once the mail is bar coded , it is automatically sorted by a Delivery Bar Code Sorter ( DBCS ) that reads the bar code , identifies the destination of the mailpiece , and sends it to an appropriate tray that corresponds to the next segment of its journey . Regional mail is either trucked to the appropriate local post office , or kept in the building for carrier routes served directly from the P&DC . Out - of - region mail is trucked to the airport and then flown , usually as baggage on commercial airlines , to the airport nearest the destination station . At the destination P&DC , mail is once again read by a DBCS which sorts items to local post offices ; this includes grouping mailpieces by individual mail carrier . At the carrier route level , 95 % of letters arrive pre-sorted ; the remaining mail must be sorted by hand . The Post Office is working to increase the percentage of automatically sorted mail , including a pilot program to sort `` flats '' . FedEx provides air transport service to USPS for Priority and Express Mail . Priority Mail and Express Mail are transported from Priority Mail processing centers to the closest FedEx - served airport , where they are handed off to FedEx . FedEx then flies them to the destination airport and hands them back to USPS for transport to the local post office and delivery . Types of Postal facilities ( edit ) Historic main post office in Tomah , Wisconsin A typical post office station in the Spring Branch area of Houston , Texas A combined Post Office , Customs House , and Federal Court House in Galveston , Texas Floating post office , Halibut Cove , Alaska Although its customer service centers are called post offices in regular speech , the USPS recognizes several types of postal facilities , including the following : A main post office ( formerly known as a general post office ) is the primary postal facility in a community . A station or post office station is a postal facility that is not the main post office , but that is within the corporate limits of the community . A branch or post office branch is a postal facility that is not the main post office and that is outside the corporate limits of the community . A classified unit is a station or branch operated by USPS employees in a facility owned or leased by the USPS . A contract postal unit ( or CPU ) is a station or branch operated by a contractor , typically in a store or other place of business . A community post office ( or CPO ) is a contract postal unit providing services in a small community in which other types of post office facilities have been discontinued . A finance unit is a station or branch that provides window services and accepts mail , but does not provide delivery . A village post office ( VPO ) is an entity such as a local business or government center that provides postal services through a contract with the USPS . First introduced in 2011 as an integral part of the USPS plan to close low volume post offices , village post offices will fill the role of the post office within a ZIP code . A processing and distribution center ( P&DC , or processing and distribution facility , formerly known as a General Mail Facility ) is a central mail facility that processes and dispatches incoming and outgoing mail to and from a designated service area ( 251 nationwide ) . A sectional center facility ( SCF ) is a P&DC for a designated geographical area defined by one or more three - digit ZIP code prefixes . An international service center ( ISC ) is an international mail processing facility . There are only five such USPS facilities in the continental United States , located in Chicago , New York , Miami , Los Angeles and San Francisco . A network distribution center , formerly known as a bulk mail center ( BMC ) , is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as the hub in a hub and spoke network . An auxiliary sorting facility ( ASF ) is a central mail facility that processes bulk rate parcels as spokes in a hub and spoke network . A remote encoding center ( REC ) is a facility at which clerks receive images of problem mail pieces ( those with hard - to - read addresses , etc . ) via secure Internet - type feeds and manually type the addresses they can decipher , using a special encoding protocol . The mail pieces are then sprayed with the correct addresses or are sorted for further handling according to the instructions given via encoding . The total number of RECs is down from 55 in 1998 to just 1 center in December 2016 . The last REC is in Salt Lake City , Utah . While common usage refers to all types of postal facilities as `` substations '' , the USPS Glossary of Postal Terms does not define or even list that word . Post Offices often share facilities with other governmental organizations located within a city 's central business district . In those locations , often Courthouses and Federal Buildings , the building is owned by the General Services Administration while the U.S. Postal Services operates as a tenant . The USPS retail system has approximately 36,000 post offices , stations , and branches . Automated Postal Centers ( edit ) A 24 - hour Automated Postal Center kiosk inside the Webster , Texas main post office In the year 2004 , the USPS began deploying Automated Postal Centers ( APCs ) . APCs are unattended kiosks that are capable of weighing , franking , and storing packages for later pickup as well as selling domestic and international postage stamps . Since its introduction , APCs do not take cash payments -- they only accept credit or debit cards . Similarly , traditional vending machines are available at many post offices to purchase stamps , though these are being phased out in many areas . Due to increasing use of Internet services , as of June 2009 , no retail post office windows are open 24 hours ; overnight services are limited to those provided by an Automated Postal Center . Evolutionary network development ( end ) program ( edit ) In February 2006 , the USPS announced that they plan to replace the nine existing facility - types with five processing facility - types : Regional Distribution Centers ( RDCs ) , which will process all classes of parcels and bundles and serve as Surface Transfer Centers ; Local Processing Centers ( LPCs ) , which will process single - piece letters and flats and cancel mail ; Destination Processing Centers ( DPC ) , sort the mail for individual mail carriers ; Airport Transfer Centers ( ATCs ) , which will serve as transfer points only ; and Remote Encoding Centers ( RECs ) . Over a period of years , these facilities are expected to replace Processing & Distribution Centers , Customer Service Facilities , Bulk Mail Centers , Logistic and Distribution Centers , annexes , the Hub and Spoke Program , Air Mail Centers , and International Service Centers . The changes are a result of the declining volumes of single - piece First - Class Mail , population shifts , the increase in drop shipments by advertising mailers at destinating postal facilities , advancements in equipment and technology , redundancies in the existing network , and the need for operational flexibility . Airline and rail division ( edit ) A former United States Postal Service Boeing 727 - 200 aircraft at Miami International Airport in 1999 The United States Postal Service does not directly own or operate any aircraft or trains , although both were formerly operated . The mail and packages are flown on airlines with which the Postal Service has a contractual agreement . The contracts change periodically . Contract airlines have included : UPS , Emery Worldwide , Ryan International Airlines , FedEx Express , American Airlines , United Airlines , and Express One International . The Postal Service also contracts with Amtrak to carry some mail between certain cities such as Chicago and Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . The last air delivery route in the continental U.S. , to residents in the Frank Church -- River of No Return Wilderness , was scheduled to be ended in June 2009 . The weekly bush plane route , contracted out to an air taxi company , had in its final year an annual cost of $46,000 , or $2400 / year per residence , over ten times the average cost of delivering mail to a residence in the United States . This decision has been reversed by the U.S. Postmaster General . Parcel forwarding and private interchange ( edit ) Private US parcel forwarding or US mail forwarding companies focusing on personal shopper , relocation , Ex-pat and mail box services often interface with the United States Postal Service for transporting of mail and packages for their customers . Delivery timing ( edit ) USPS contractor - driven semi-trailer truck seen near Mendota , California USPS Ford Windstar used for residential delivery in Olympia , Washington 1998 United States Postal Service Ford Windstar , showing the larger driver 's side door Delivery days ( edit ) From 1810 , mail was delivered seven days a week . In 1828 , local religious leaders noticed a decline in Sunday - morning church attendance because of local post offices ' doubling as gathering places . These leaders appealed to the government to intervene and close post offices on Sundays . The government , however , declined , and mail was delivered 7 days a week until 1912 . Today , U.S. Mail ( with the exception of Express Mail ) is not delivered on Sunday . Saturday delivery was temporarily suspended in April 1957 , because of lack of funds , but quickly restored . Budget problems prompted consideration of dropping Saturday delivery starting around 2009 . This culminated in a 2013 announcement that regular mail services would be cut to five days a week , which was reversed by Congress before it could take effect . ( See the section Revenue decline and planned cuts . ) Direct delivery vs. customer pickup ( edit ) Originally , mail was not delivered to homes and businesses , but to post offices . In 1863 , `` city delivery '' began in urban areas with enough customers to make this economical . This required streets to be named , houses to be numbered , with sidewalks and lighting provided , and these street addresses to be added to envelopes . The number of routes served expanded over time . In 1891 , the first experiments with Rural Free Delivery began in less densely populated areas . There is currently an effort to reduce direct delivery in favor of mailbox clusters . To compensate for high mail volume and slow long - distance transportation which saw mail arrive at post offices throughout the day , deliveries were made multiple times a day . This ranged from twice for residential areas to up to seven times for the central business district of Brooklyn , New York . In the late 19th century , mail boxes were encouraged , saving carriers the time it took to deliver directly to the addressee in person ; in the 1910s and 1920s , they were phased in as a requirement for service . In the 1940s , multiple daily deliveries began to be reduced , especially on Saturdays . By 1990 , the last twice - daily deliveries in New York City were eliminated . Today , mail is delivered once a day on - site to most private homes and businesses . The USPS still distinguishes between city delivery ( where carriers generally walk and deliver to mailboxes hung on exterior walls or porches , or to commercial reception areas ) and rural delivery ( where carriers generally drive ) . With `` curbside delivery '' , mailboxes are at the ends of driveways , on the nearest convenient road . `` Central point delivery '' is used in some locations , where several nearby residences share a `` cluster '' of individual mailboxes in a single housing . Some customers choose to use post office boxes for an additional fee , for privacy or convenience . This provides a locked box at the post office to which mail is addressed and delivered ( usually earlier in the day than home delivery ) . Customers in less densely populated areas where there is no city delivery and who do not qualify for rural delivery may receive mail only through post office boxes . High - volume business customers can also arrange for special pick - up . Another option is the old - style general delivery , for people who have neither post office boxes nor street addresses . Mail is held at the post office until they present identification and pick it up . Some customers receive free post office boxes if the USPS declines to provide door - to - door delivery to their location or a nearby box . People with medical problems can request door - to - door delivery . Homeless people are also eligible for post office boxes at the discretion of the local postmaster , or can use general delivery . Special delivery ( edit ) From 1885 to 1997 , a service called special delivery was available , which caused a separate delivery to the final location earlier in the day than the usual daily rounds . Same - day trials ( edit ) In December 2012 , the USPS began a limited one - year trial of same - day deliveries directly from retailers or distribution hubs to residential addresses in the same local area , a service it dubbed `` Metro Post '' . The trial was initially limited to San Francisco and the only retailer to participate in the first few weeks was 1 - 800 - FLOWERS . In March 2013 , the USPS faced new same - day competition for e-commerce deliveries from Google Shopping Express . In November 2013 , the Postal Service began regular package delivery on Sundays for Amazon customers in New York and Los Angeles , which it expanded to 15 cities in May 2014 . Amazon Sunday delivery has now been expanded to most major markets as of September 2015 . Other competition in this area includes online grocers such as AmazonFresh , Webvan , and delivery services operated by grocery stores like Peapod and Safeway . Forwarding and holds ( edit ) Residential customers can fill out a form to forward mail to a new address , and can also send pre-printed forms to any of their frequent correspondents . They can also put their mail on `` hold '' , for example , while on vacation . The Post Office will store mail during the hold , instead of letting it overflow in the mailbox . These services are not available to large buildings and customers of a commercial mail receiving agency , where mail is subsorted by non-Post Office employees into individual mailboxes . Financial services ( edit ) Postal money orders provide a safe alternative to sending cash through the mail , and are available in any amount up to $1,000 . Like a bank cheque , money orders are cashable only by the recipient . Unlike a personal bank check , they are prepaid and therefore can not be returned because of insufficient funds . Money orders are a declining business for the USPS , as companies like PayPal , PaidByCash and others are offering electronic replacements . From 1911 to 1967 , the Postal Service also operated the United States Postal Savings System , not unlike a savings and loan association with the amount of the deposit limited . A January 2014 report by the Inspector General of the USPS suggested that the agency could earn $8.9 billion per year in revenue by providing financial services , especially in areas where there are no local banks but there is a local post office , and to customers who currently do not have bank accounts . Employment in the USPS ( edit ) A Rural Letter Carrier from Fort Myers , Florida The Postal Service is the nation 's second - largest civilian employer . As of 2011 , it employed 574,000 personnel , divided into offices , processing centers , and actual post offices . The United States Postal Service would rank 29th on the 2010 Fortune 500 list , if considered a private company . Labor unions representing USPS employees include : The American Postal Workers Union ( APWU ) , which represents postal clerks and maintenance , motor vehicle , mail equipment shops , material distribution centers , and operating services and facilities services employees , postal nurses , and IT and accounting ; the National Association of Letter Carriers ( NALC ) , which represents city letter carriers ; the National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association ( NRLCA ) , which represents rural letter carriers ; and the National Postal Mail Handlers Union ( NPMHU ) . USPS employees are divided into three major crafts according to the work they engage in : Mail carriers , also referred to as mailmen or letter carriers , prepare and deliver mail and parcels . They are divided into two categories : City Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NALC , and Rural Letter Carriers , who are represented by the NRLCA . City Carriers are paid hourly with automatic overtime paid after 8 hours or 40 hours a week of duty . City Carriers are required to work in any kind of weather , daylight or dark and carry three bundles of mail ( letters in one hand , magazines in the other and advertisements in a mailbag ) in addition to parcels up to a total of 70 lbs . Mail routes are outfitted with a number of scanpoints ( mailbox barcodes ) on random streets every 30 to 40 minutes apart to keep track of the Carriers ' whereabouts up until the last 5 minutes of any given workday . Rural carriers are under a form of salary called `` evaluated hours '' , usually with overtime built into their pay . The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks , and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted . Mail handlers and processors , prepare , separate , load and unload mail and parcels , by delivery ZIP code and station , for the clerks . They work almost exclusively at the plants or larger mail facilities now after having their duties excessed and reassigned to clerks in Post Offices and Station branches . Clerks , have a dual function by design of where their assignment is . Window clerks directly handle customer service needs at the counter , sort box mail and also sort first - class letters , standard and bulk - rate mail for the carriers on the work floor . Clerks may also work alongside mail handlers in large sorting facilities , outside of the public view , sorting mail . Data Conversion Operators , who encode address information at Remote Encoding Centers , are also members of the clerk craft . Mail handlers and Clerks are represented by the NPMHU and the APWU , respectively . Other non-managerial positions in the USPS include : Maintenance and custodians , who see to the overall operation and cleaning of mail sorting machines , work areas , public parking and general facility operations . City Carrier Assistants . ( CCAs ) With the Das Arbitration award the designation of PTF City Carrier has been abolished . TE City Carriers will have the opportunity to become CCAs . A CCA is a non-career employee who is hired for a 360 - day term , similar to what TEs had . CCAs earn annual leave . CCAs , unlike TEs do have a direct path to becoming career employees . When excess City Carrier positions exist the CCA in that work installation with the highest `` relative standing '' will be promoted to a career employee and be assigned to the vacant position . Career , Part Time Flexible and Transitional employees ( Career , PTF & TE ) There are a variety of other non-managerial positions in such crafts as accounting , information technology , and the remote encoding center . These are under a different contract than plant workers or mail carriers . Though the USPS employs many individuals , as more Americans send information via email , fewer postal workers are needed to work dwindling amounts of mail . Post offices and mail facilities are constantly downsizing , replacing craft positions with new machines and consolidating mail routes through the MIARAP ( Modified Interim Alternate Route Adjustment Process ) agreement . A major round of job cuts , early retirements , and a construction freeze were announced on March 20 , 2009 . Workplace violence ( edit ) Main article : List of postal killings § United States In the early 1990s , widely publicized workplace shootings by disgruntled employees at USPS facilities led to a Human Resource effort to provide care for stressed workers and resources for coworker conflicts . Due to media coverage , postal employees gained a reputation among the general public as more likely to be mentally ill . The USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace found that `` Postal workers are only a third as likely as those in the national workforce to be victims of homicide at work . '' In the documentary Murder by Proxy : How America Went Postal , it was argued that this number failed to factor out workers killed by external subjects rather than by fellow employees . This series of events in turn has influenced American culture , as seen in the slang term `` going postal '' ( see Patrick Sherrill for information on his August 20 , 1986 , rampage ) and the computer game Postal . Also , in the opening sequence of Naked Gun 331⁄3 : The Final Insult , a yell of `` Disgruntled postal workers '' is heard , followed by the arrival of postal workers with machine guns . In an episode of Seinfeld , the mailman character , Newman , explained in a dramatic monologue that postal workers `` go crazy and kill everyone '' because the mail never stops . In The Simpsons episode `` Sunday , Cruddy Sunday , '' Nelson Muntz asks Postmaster Bill if he has `` ever gone on a killing spree '' ; Bill replies , `` The day of the gun - toting , disgruntled postman shooting up the place went out with the Macarena '' . The series of massacres led the USPS to issue a rule prohibiting the possession of any type of firearms ( except for those issued to Postal Inspectors ) in all designated USPS facilities . In 2016 , video footage was released showing a group of police officers from the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) arresting a USPS worker while he was in the middle of his deliveries . The footage showed that the officers were dressed in civilian clothing . The NYPD is reportedly investigating alleged disorderly conduct . In fiction ( edit ) In the film Miracle on 34th Street ( 1947 ) , the identity of Kris Kringle ( played by Edmund Gwenn ) as the one and only `` Santa Claus '' was validated by a state court , based on the delivery of 21 bags of mail ( famously carried into the courtroom ) to the character in question . The contention was that it would have been illegal for the United States Post Office to deliver mail that was addressed to `` Santa Claus '' to the character `` Kris Kringle '' unless he were , in fact , the one and only Santa Claus . Judge Henry X . Harper ( played by Gene Lockhart ) ruled that since the U.S. Government had demonstrated through the delivery of the bags of mail that Kris Kringle was Santa Claus , the State of New York did not have the authority to overrule that decision . The novel Post Office ( 1971 ) , written by poet and novelist Charles Bukowski , is a semi-autobiographical account of his life over the years as a mail carrier . Bukowski would , under duress , quit and years later return as a mail clerk . His personal account would detail the work at lengths as frustrating , menial , boring , and degrading . David Brin 's novel The Postman ( 1985 ) portrays the USPS and its returned services as a staple to revive the United States government in a post-apocalyptic world . It was adapted as a film starring Kevin Costner and Larenz Tate in 1997 . The comedy film Dear God ( 1996 ) , starring Greg Kinnear and Laurie Metcalf , portrays a group of quirky postal workers in a dead letter office that handle letters addressed to the Easter Bunny , Elvis , and even God himself . In 2015 , The Inspectors , which depicts a group of postal inspectors investigating postal crimes , debuted on CBS . The series uses the USPIS seal and features messages and tips from the Chief Postal Inspector at the end of each episode . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Philately portal List of U.S. state abbreviations United States Postal Service creed USPS Post Office Box Lobby Recycling program Unions of the U.S. Postal Service American Postal Workers Union National Association of Letter Carriers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association History American Letter Mail Company History of United States postage rates Owney ( dog ) Post Office Murals Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Railway Mail Service International associations Universal Postal Union Postal Union of the Americas , Spain and Portugal Mail bag types Catcher pouch Mail pouch Mail sack Mail satchel Pony Express mochila Portmanteau Workplace violence `` Going postal '' List of postal killings References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The history of the United States Postal Service : 1775 -- 2006 '' . USPS . May 2007 . 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Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to Delay Cutbacks Until Mid-May , Staving Off Bankruptcy , Fox News . Accessed : 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET : MODIFIED NETWORK REALIGNMENT PLAN '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ USPS ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Postal Service Moves Ahead with Modified Network Consolidation Plan '' . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` USPS Delivery Standards and Statistics fact sheet '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Key facts on network rationalization '' . USPS. 2015 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Sanburn , Josh ( 2013 - 04 - 12 ) . `` Post Office Keeps Saturday Delivery Thanks to Congress '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS . `` FACT SHEET / New Strategy Preserves Post Offices in Rural America '' ( PDF ) . 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Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Postmaster General / CEO John E. Potter Before the Committee on Government on Oversight & Government Reform United States House of Representatives & Subcommittee on Federal Workforce , Postal Service , and the District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 9 , 2010 . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service Announces New Delivery Schedule '' . 2013 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Service to end Saturday mail delivery in bid to cut costs '' . Fox News . February 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Civil Service Retirement System Funding Reform Act of 2003 '' ( PDF ) . 2003 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Barro , Josh ( 2012 - 08 - 02 ) . `` Understanding the Post Office 's Benefits Mess '' . Bloomberg View . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` CSRS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Reports Revenue Increase , $5.5 Billion Loss in Fiscal 2014 '' . USPS. 2014 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Pence , Herbert ( 6 November 2011 ) . `` Congress did n't do US Postal Service any favors '' . Nashua Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley Klapper ( 2013 - 12 - 24 ) . `` First - class stamps to cost 49 cents as of Jan. 26 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- S. 1486 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . USA Congress . 2014 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Text -- H.R. 2748 -- 113th Congress ( 2013 -- 2014 ) : Postal Reform Act of 2013 '' . USA Congress . 2013 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` USPS suggests lifting alcohol delivery ban '' . Spokesman - Review . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Liberto , Jennifer ( 2013 - 07 - 23 ) . `` Postal Service moving away from at - your - door delivery '' . CNN . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Postal Service delivers the last mile , almost : Changing modes of delivery '' . Save the Post Office . 2013 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` S 1486 - Postal Reform Act of 2014 '' . Scribd.com. 2013 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Miga ( 2013 - 08 - 02 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service Wants To Deliver Alcohol To Your Doorstep '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postal Service Testifies Before Congress Urging Elimination of Unfunded Liabilities '' . USPS. 2014 - 03 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Flamingo Indus . ( USA ) Ltd. , 540 U.S. 736 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ United States Postal Serv . v. Greenburgh Civic Ass'ns , 453 U.S. 114 ( 1981 ) . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( September 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States : A Transcription '' . National Archives . 2015 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mission statement '' ( PDF ) . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Report On Universal Postal Service and The Postal Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . USPS . October 2008 . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Postal Service to renew Idaho back country mail route Archived March 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Alyson Outen , KTVB - TV , April 10 , 2009 Jump up ^ Minnick , Walt ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press Releases . Congressman Walt Minnick . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FedEx SmartPost ® Shipping & Tracking for Low Weight Packages '' . FedEx . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UPS Mail Innovations -- Overview '' . United Parcel Service . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Priority Mail Express - USPS '' . www.usps.com . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph : Early Postal Role '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` V - Mail '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` E-COM , Electronic Computer Originated Mail '' ( PDF ) . USPS . July 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent Mail '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick . `` Do Vital Economists Reach a Policy Conclusion on Postal Reform ? '' ( April 2004 ) . econjournalwatch.org Jump up ^ `` Neither Snow nor Sleet ... Can Dampen This Monopoly '' . Hoover Institution . Jump up ^ Sappington , David E.M. ; Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2003 ) . `` Incentives for Anticompetitive Behavior by Public Enterprises '' ( PDF ) . Review of Industrial Organization . 22 : 183 , 184 . Jump up ^ Sidak , J. Gregory ( 2015 ) . `` Maximizing the Postal Service 's Profits from Competitive Products '' . Journal of Competition Law & Economics . 11 ( 3 ) : 617 . doi : 10.1093 / joclec / nhv026 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ `` Who We Are '' . USPS.com . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Geddes , Rick ( June 1 , 2003 ) . `` Opportunities for Anticompetitive Behavior in Postal Services '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Why Ca n't You Start a Rival Post Office ? '' . 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Mailing Standards of the United States Postal Service Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 600 : Basic Standards For All Mailing Services . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 101 : Physical Standards . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 601 : Mailability . Pe.usps.com ( August 20 , 1912 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5 : Elements of Addressing -- Return Address . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- Section 102.2. 1 : Exhibit 2.1 OCR Read Area . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Customer 's Guide to Mailing '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 25 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 602.1. 5.3 Addressing -- Required Use of Return Addresses . Pe.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Domestic Mail Manual ( DMM ) -- § 604 Postage Payment Methods . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS list of abbreviations . Usps.com . Retrieved on September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ USPS postal addressing standards . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zip '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations '' . USPS . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . 2004 Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations Chapter 2 Postal Operations Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 1 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Postal Rates Set to Go Up on May 14 . March 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ New Prices Coming May 12 , 2008 Archived August 4 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS announces new 2018 prices '' . about.usps.com . Jump up ^ van Tilborg , Henk C.A. ( 2005 ) . `` Electronic Postage '' . Encyclopedia of cryptography and security . Springer . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 23473 - 1 . Jump up ^ Advanced Preparation and Special Postage Payment Systems -- Manifest Mailing System -- Electronic Verification System . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS Memo To Mailers -- August 2006 `` Making It E-Easy For High - Volume Shippers '' Archived August 22 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Stamp Collecting : What other stamp materials can I collect ? '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices , § 313.6 ( C ) ( 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Copyright Office . December 22 , 2014 . pp. 36 -- 37 . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rights and Permission Overview '' . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : USPS FAQ -- Domestic Classes of Mail Estimated Delivery Time Archived 2013 - 04 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Postage Payment for Bound Printed Matter Limited to Permit Imprint '' . USPS . September 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Executive Order No. 10501 . Fas.org . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` International Delivery Options '' . USPS . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS International Mail Manual , Issue 35 . Pe.usps.gov . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ First - Class Mail International . USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Archived June 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ USPS press release , June 8 , 2004 , Release No. 40 , FedEx to deliver premium postal int'l service Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Styling for `` M - bag '' is inconsistent -- the term is styled both as M - bag ( with a hyphen ) and M -- bag ( with an en - dash ) . ^ Jump up to : Postal Explorer > IMM Issue 37 -- International Mail Manual > 2 Conditions for Mailing > 260 Direct Sacks of Printed Matter to One Addressee ( M -- bags ) Jump up ^ Airmail M - Bags . Usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mailing to military personnel . Faq.usps.com . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Palau Agreement '' . US Department of the Interior . 2011 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Under Construction '' . Mipsa.biz . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` FSM Communications '' . Government of the Federated States of Micronesia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` USPS Domestic Mail Service Returns to the FSM and RMI '' . US Embassy in Kolonia. 2007 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 14 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` USPS International Mail - Frequently Asked Questions '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ DWTripp . `` USPS mail changes - international surface mail going away '' . BoardGameGeek `` Chit Chat '' forum . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Internal newsletters detailed a huge loss for the USPS in the failed delivery of packages sent from the USA via surface . Since the USPS can not dictate how scores of different countries handle surface mail , and since its agreements required the USPS to take back undeliverable parcels , the losses were mounting . Jump up ^ `` Why nobody offers USPS International Surface Air Lift for international shipment ? '' . BoardGameGeek `` General Gaming '' forum . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . The reason , probably , why no other dealers offer it : ... it is very difficult and time - consuming to do . Plus , there is no tracking , no insurance , and lots of complaints -- as those packages can easily take 60 days to arrive . ^ Jump up to : Author unknown ( date unknown ) . Direct Marketing Direct Mail . Allbusiness.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Equipment Scheduling at Mail Processing and Distribution Centers '' . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2008 . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ Wade , Madison ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Changes announced for Redding mail processing center '' . KRCR News Channel ABC 7 . Redding : Bonten Media Group . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Benda , David ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` Mail sorting facility will close ; move will affect 90 jobs in Redding '' . Redding Record - Searchlight . Gannett . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Miga , Andrew ( 2 August 2013 ) . `` AP Interview : Postal Service takes photos of all mail , keeps images for up to a month '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 31 , 2009 ... ^ Jump up to : Publication 32 -- Glossary of Postal Terms Archived May 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USPS VPO Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . usps.com . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : Processing Facilities '' ( PDF ) . USPS News Kit : Our Future Network ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Jump up ^ `` USPS Postal News Release No. 08 - 063 '' . usps.com . June 5 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Piper , Matthew . `` The first and last of its kind , a Salt Lake City postal facility looks to grow '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Federal Buildings : Galveston U.S. Post Office and Courthouse '' . General Services Administration . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ USPS.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 07 - 08 from `` Comprehensive Statement on Postal Operations 2008 '' . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 ... Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ USPS.com Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corley , Cheryl ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Chicago 's 24 - Hour Postal Service Comes To An End '' . All Things Considered . National Public Radio . Jump up ^ `` Lunewsviews.com '' . Lunewsviews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USPS '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Where to Buy Stamps ' Jump up ^ `` Idaho delegation gets reversal on backcountry mail delivery decision '' . Press release . House.gov . May 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Forward Mail USPS '' . www.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ About.com , `` Sunday Mail Service in a Christian Nation '' , Austin Cline , February 19 , 2006 Archived September 6 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Unlikely Alliance That Ended Sunday Mail Delivery ... in 1912 '' . Jump up ^ USPS -- Express Mail Delivery Chart Archived September 29 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 13 . Jump up ^ Historyorb.com , events April 15 ^ Jump up to : `` City Delivery '' ( PDF ) . Postal History . USPS . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Deliveries per Day Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( PDF ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Home Delivery Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Caller Service , multiple pickups for a fee Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Firm Holdout Service , free pickup once a day Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Do I qualify for free box service ? Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Hardship / Medical Problems Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Mail service available for the homeless Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Post office tests same - day delivery '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Target ( 2011 - 03 - 28 ) . `` USPS.com ® -- Metro Post '' . Usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Corbin ( 2013 - 01 - 14 ) . `` USPS Adding Retailers to Same Day Delivery Trial http://www.ecommercebytes.com/cab/abn/y13/m01/i14/s04 '' . EcommerceBytes.com . Jump up ^ Joseph Adinolfi ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Terms Of Deal For US Postal Service ( USPS ) To Deliver Amazon ( AMZN ) Packages Not Revealed By USPS Or Amazon '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) . `` Amazon and USPS expand Sunday delivery to 15 more cities , will reach ' large portion ' of U.S. this year '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ USPS FAQ -- Commercial Mail Receiving Agency ( CMRA ) Archived 2012 - 03 - 24 at the Wayback Machine ... Faq.usps.com ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Domestic Money Orders Archived July 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... USPS ( November 26 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Postal Savings System by HISTORIAN , UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE , JULY 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Providing Non-Bank Financial Services for the Underserved '' ( PDF ) . 2014 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Postal Facts '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Postal Service . 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . -- There is also a web version of the content . Jump up ^ Collective Bargaining Agreement between APWU and USPS Jump up ^ `` IT / ASC & OS Employees '' . APWU . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal service to slash more than 3,000 jobs , offer early retirements '' . CNN . March 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Resources '' . About.usps.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ USPS Commission on a Safe and Secure Workplace , January 31 , 2006 Archived June 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Vick , Karl , `` Violence at work tied to loss of esteem '' , St. Petersburg Times , Dec 17 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Year in Review 1993 '' , Los Angeles Times , December 31 , 1993 Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons Episode Scripts : AABF08 -- Sunday , Cruddy Sunday '' . Springfieldspringfield.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 43 Firearms Postal Explorer '' . pe.usps.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Postal worker speaks out on controversial NYPD arrest caught on video '' . 28 March 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Adelman , Joseph M. `` ' A Constitutional Conveyance of Intelligence , Public and Private ' : The Post Office , the Business of Printing , and the American Revolution , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2010 ) 11 # 4 pp 709 -- 752 . in Project MUSE Fuller , Wayne . American Mail : Enlarger of the Common Life ( 1972 ) Gallagher , Winifred . How the Post Office Created America ( New York : Penguin , 2017 ) . 326 pp Henkin , David M. The Postal Age : The Emergence of Modern Communications in Nineteenth - Century America ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search John , Richard R. Spreading the News : The American Postal System From Franklin to Morse ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Kielbowicz , Richard . `` The Press , Post Office , and Flow of News in the Early Republic , '' Journal of the Early Republic ( 1983 ) 3 : 255 -- 80 . Kielbowicz , Richard . News in the Mail : The Press , Post Office , and Public Information , 1700 - 1860s ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search Leonard , Devin ( 2016 ) . Neither Snow nor Rain : A History of the United States Postal Service . Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0802124586 . McCaleb , Walter Flavius . `` The Organization of the Post-Office Department of the Confederacy , '' American Historical Review ( 1906 ) 12 # 1 pp. 66 -- 74 in JSTOR Musacco Ph. D , Stephen . `` Beyond Going Postal : Shifting from Workplace Tragedies and Toxic Work Environments to a Safe and Healthy Organization '' , ( 2009 ) Booksurge Publishing , Book Trailer Rich , Wesley Everett . The History of the United States Post Office to the Year 1829 ( Harvard University Press , 1924 ) Smith , William . `` The Colonial Post-Office , '' American Historical Review ( 1916 ) 21 # 2 pp. 258 -- 275 in JSTOR United States Postal Service ( May 2007 ) . The United States Postal Service : An American History 1775 -- 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Postal Service . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 31 . Publication 100 White , Leonard D . The Federalists : A study in administrative history : 1789 -- 1801 ( 1948 ) , pp 173 -- 98 White , Leonard D . The Jeffersonians : A study in administrative history : 1801 -- 29 ( 1950 ) , pp 299 -- 335 White , Leonard D . The Jacksonians : A study in administrative history : 1829 -- 61 ( 1954 ) , pp 251 -- 83 White , Leonard D . The Republican Era : A study in administrative history : 1869 -- 1901 ( 1963 ) , pp 257 -- 77 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Postal Service . Official website ( Mobile ) United States Postal Service in the Federal Register United States Postal Service Organizations American Letter Mail Company American Postal Workers Union Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service Bureau of Transportation Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee National Alliance of Postal and Federal Employees National Association of Letter Carriers National Association of Presort Mailers National Postal Mail Handlers Union National Rural Letter Carriers ' Association Postal Regulatory Commission Postal Transportation Service PostalWatch Incorporated United States Postal Inspection Service United States Postal Service Office of Inspector General Systems Address Management System Advanced Facer - Canceler System Coding Accuracy Support System Flats Sequencing System Locatable Address Conversion System United States Postal Savings System Services Click - N - Ship Express mail in the United States National Change Of Address Permit mail Permit Reply Mail Postal notes Railway Mail Service Registered mail Special Delivery Special handling Facilities Air Mail Facility Boat Railway Post Office Community post office Dead letter office Highway Post Office J.W. 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Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino

Rio All Suite hotel and casino - wikipedia Rio All Suite hotel and casino Jump to : navigation , search Rio Las Vegas Rio Las Vegas in 2014 Location Paradise , Nevada , U.S. Address 3700 West Flamingo Road Opening date January 15 , 1990 ; 27 years ago ( 1990 - 01 - 15 ) Theme Brazilian No. of rooms 2,522 Total gaming space 117,330 sq ft ( 10,900 m ) Permanent shows Masquerade Penn & Teller Signature attractions Voodoo Sky Lounge Wine Cellar & Tasting Room World Series of Poker Notable restaurants Guy Fieri 's El Burro Borracho Voodoo Steak and Lounge Owner Caesars Entertainment Corporation Architect Marnell Corrao Associates Previous names None Renovated in 2005 , 2007 Coordinates 36 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 13 '' W  /  36.117 ° N 115.187 ° W  / 36.117 ; - 115.187 Coordinates : 36 ° 07 ′ 01 '' N 115 ° 11 ′ 13 '' W  /  36.117 ° N 115.187 ° W  / 36.117 ; - 115.187 Website caesars.com/rio-las-vegas Rio Las Vegas is a hotel and casino near the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada , United States . It is owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment Corporation . The Rio was the first all suite resort in the Las Vegas area . It was named after the city of Rio de Janeiro and is influenced by Brazilian culture . It is the host casino for the World Series of Poker . The hotel towers are covered in blue and red glass . The Rio hotel 's 2,522 suites range in size from 600 to 13,000 sq ft ( 56 to 1,208 m ) and have floor to ceiling windows . There are several private villas on the property for high - rollers . The complex includes a wine cellar that has more than 50,000 bottles . The Rio Pavilion convention center has a total of 160,000 sq ft ( 15,000 m ) of space . A Race and Sports Book is also available . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 KISS by Monster Mini Golf 2.2 Sapphire Pool 3 Events 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Rio Las Vegas logo Rio Las Vegas with an advertisement for Penn & Teller in 2008 Rio Las Vegas in 2008 The Rio opened on January 15 , 1990 as a locals casino ; it had been constructed and owned and operated by Marnell Corrao Associates . The opening acts were the Brazilian Group Sérgio Mendes ' 99 and Henrietta Alves of New Orleans , bringing the first two - piano act to Las Vegas , with various co-performers . A 20 - story expansion tower was added to the current Ipanema Tower in 1993 . Masquerade Village , a hotel tower and casino expansion including the Masquerade Show in the Sky , opened in 1997 , at a cost of over $200 million . The Rio was purchased by Harrah 's Entertainment in 1999 for $888 million . After the purchase , the Culinary Workers Union organized the Rio employees through card check recognition by enforcing the neutrality clause of the existing Harrah 's contract on the new acquisition . Danny Gans , after moving from the Stratosphere Las Vegas , opened as the headliner in 1998 . He later moved to The Mirage in 2000 . Penn & Teller have been the resident headline entertainers since 2001 . The Rio 's Penn & Teller Theater was the host venue of the 30th Anniversary Special for the hit CBS game show The Price Is Right and has been used for Live ! with Regis and Kelly , Hell 's Kitchen and numerous Penn & Teller television projects . The hotel hosted the World Series of Poker in 2005 , the first time this event was not held at Binion 's . Binion 's was used for the final three tables and the last two days of the competition as part of the celebration of Las Vegas ' centennial . Since 2005 , the Rio has been the home for the tournament . Features ( edit ) KISS by Monster Mini Golf ( edit ) KISS by Monster Mini Golf is a franchise of the popular Monster Mini Golf chain ; as the name suggests , this location is based on legendary classic rock band KISS . In addition to the 18 - hole miniature golf course , the venue also boasts a Rock and Roll Themed wedding chapel called `` The Love It Loud Wedding Chapel , the world 's largest KISS gift shop , and a KISS Museum featuring memorabilia from the band 's storied career on display . It also hosts regular appearances by KISS band members , both past and present . Sapphire pool ( edit ) On May 30 , 2008 , the Rio opened the Sapphire Pool in conjunction with a local club . The daylight - hour , adults - only club surrounded one of the property 's outdoor pools and featured dancers . It opened with a $30 - per - male - customer admission price . The venture was a high - profile joint venture between a casino company and a topless business , and was notable because the possibility of bringing in criminal activity at the club had caused the Nevada Gaming Control Board to balk at previous collaborations ; some in the media questioned whether the risk was worth the potential payoff for the hotel . In late July 2009 , the Rio hotel asked the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department ( LVMPD ) to do a routine undercover investigation of the Sapphire Pool , as casino - resorts in Nevada are held responsible for the activities held on their premises . The request was a part of the resort 's effort to show good faith to the Gaming Control Board . The July 25 visit resulted in 11 arrests . Upon finding out the results of the investigation , the Rio immediately shut down the pool . Events ( edit ) When Creation Entertainment lost the `` Star Trek mecca '' for its annual Official Convention after the closing of Star Trek : The Experience at the adjoining former Las Vegas Hilton , the convention moved to the Rio in 2011 and has grown ever since . For 2016 , the 50th anniversary of Star Trek , the event expands to a fifth day and by Dec. 31 , 2015 , had already broken a room - reservation record with 12,000 + rooms reserved by attendees , guests and vendors . The SKUSA SuperNationals , a kart racing event to which international kart and car drivers are invited ( Michael Schumacher raced in 2009 ) , takes place each year at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino , a circuit is set on the hotel parking lot . The DEF CON hacker convention took place at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino from 2011 to 2014 . The Computer Measurement Group ( CMG ) annual conference took place at the Rio in December 2012 . `` The Best Seminar Ever , '' considered to be one of the premier dental events in The United States , took place at the Rio on November 11 -- 12 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) List of Caesars Entertainment properties List of casinos in Nevada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wine Cellar and Tasting Room . '' Harrah 's Las Vegas . 01 / JAN / 2009 . Harrah 's Entertainment Inc ... 3 Aug 2009 < http://www.riolasvegas.com/casinos/rio/restaurants-dining/wine-cellar-and-tasting-room-detail.html > . Jump up ^ Benston , Liz ( 2005 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Culinary , Boyd in legal bout '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.monsterminigolf.com/kiss/ ^ Jump up to : John L. Smith , Rio - Sapphire joint venture an inevitable merging of casinos and strip clubs , Las Vegas Review - Journal , June 20 , 2008 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Abowitz , Rio : Bringing sexy back , LATimes.com , June 20 , 2008 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Recent Raids Have Casinos on Edge , KLAS , July 30 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Metro : Prostitution , drug activity found at topless Rio pool , Las Vegas Sun , July 29 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Richard Abowitz , Rio kicks the strippers out of the pool , LATimes.com , July 29 , 2009 , Accessed August 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ SKUSA Supernationals / Michael Schumacher - YouTube video Jump up ^ SKUSA SuperNationals - SuperKarts ! USA External links ( edit ) Las Vegas portal Official website Media related to Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino at Wikimedia Commons Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Las Vegas Club Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Harmon Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Key Largo Klondike La Concha Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - 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Chin California Harrah 's Resort Southern California Illinois Harrah 's Joliet Harrah 's Metropolis Indiana Horseshoe Hammond Horseshoe Southern Indiana Iowa Harrah 's Council Bluffs Horseshoe Council Bluffs Mid-America Center Kentucky Bluegrass Downs Turfway Park ( 50 % ) Louisiana Harrah 's Louisiana Downs Harrah 's New Orleans Horseshoe Bossier City Maryland Horseshoe Baltimore Mississippi Biloxi Harrah 's Gulf Coast Tunica Horseshoe Tunica Roadhouse Missouri Harrah 's North Kansas City Nevada Lake Tahoe Harrah 's Harveys Las Vegas Bally 's Caesars Palace Bacchanal Buffet The Colosseum The Forum Shops Cromwell Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq High Roller O'Sheas Paris Planet Hollywood Miracle Mile Shops The AXIS Rio Laughlin Harrah 's Reno Harrah 's Golf Courses Rio Secco Golf Club New Jersey Atlantic City Bally 's Caesars Harrah 's Wild Wild West North Carolina Harrah 's Cherokee Harrah 's Cherokee Valley River Pennsylvania Harrah 's Philadelphia International United Kingdom London Clubs International Macau Caesars Golf Macau Ontario Caesars Windsor Uruguay Conrad Resort and Casino Programs Caesars Casino Online Total Rewards World Series of Poker Defunct Assets Casinos Bill 's Casino Lake Tahoe Bourbon Street Caesars Palace at Sea Harrah 's Tunica Brands LuckyMe Programs Connection Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rio_All_Suite_Hotel_and_Casino&oldid=794872217 '' Categories : 1990 establishments in Nevada Caesars Entertainment Corporation Casino hotels Casinos completed in 1990 Casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Hotel buildings completed in 1990 Hotels established in 1990 Landmarks in Nevada Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada World Series of Poker Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 14 : 47 . 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List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers

List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers - wikipedia List of FIFA World Cup finals goalscorers This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of goalscorers in the FIFA World Cup finals . Only goals scored during regulation or extra time are included . Any goals scored during the penalty shoot - out are excluded . As of the 2018 final , sixty - two individuals have scored the total of seventy - seven goals in the all of finals history . Ten players have scored multiple goals in the finals , while half of these players have done so in a single game . Geoff Hurst is the only men 's player to score a hat trick in a final . Five players have done so via a penalty kick . Mario Mandžukić was the first player to score an own goal in a final , as well as the first to follow it up with a goal at the opponent 's net . He scored the opening and closing goal of the final in 2018 . Only two scorers , Pelé and Kylian Mbappe , scored a finals goal as teenagers . ESPN featured a documentary on the 34 finals goalscorers who were alive before the 2010 final . Contents 1 Finals goalscorers 2 Players with most goals in the Finals 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Finals goalscorers ( edit ) Year Player Team Score Minute Result Report Ref 1930 Pablo Dorado Uruguay 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Carlos Peucelle Argentina 1 -- 1 20 ' Guillermo Stábile Argentina 2 -- 1 37 ' Pedro Cea Uruguay 2 -- 2 57 ' Santos Iriarte Uruguay 3 -- 2 68 ' Héctor Castro Uruguay 4 -- 2 89 ' 1934 Antonín Puč Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 71 ' 2 -- 1 Report Raimundo Orsi Italy 1 -- 1 81 ' Angelo Schiavio Italy 2 -- 1 95 ' 1938 Gino Colaussi Italy 1 -- 0 6 ' 4 -- 2 Report Pál Titkos Hungary 1 -- 1 8 ' Silvio Piola Italy 2 -- 1 16 ' Gino Colaussi ( 2 ) Italy 3 -- 1 35 ' György Sárosi Hungary 2 -- 3 70 ' Silvio Piola ( 2 ) Italy 4 -- 2 82 ' 1950 Friaça Brazil 1 -- 0 47 ' 2 -- 1 Report Juan Alberto Schiaffino Uruguay 1 -- 1 66 ' Alcides Ghiggia Uruguay 2 -- 1 79 ' 1954 Ferenc Puskás Hungary 1 -- 0 6 ' 3 -- 2 Report Zoltán Czibor Hungary 2 -- 0 8 ' Max Morlock West Germany 1 -- 2 10 ' Helmut Rahn West Germany 2 -- 2 18 ' Helmut Rahn ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 2 84 ' 1958 Nils Liedholm Sweden 1 -- 0 4 ' 5 -- 2 Report Vavá Brazil 1 -- 1 9 ' Vavá ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 1 32 ' Pelé Brazil 3 -- 1 55 ' Zagallo Brazil 4 -- 1 68 ' Agne Simonsson Sweden 2 -- 4 80 ' Pelé ( 2 ) Brazil 5 -- 2 90 ' 1962 Josef Masopust Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 15 ' 3 -- 1 Report Amarildo Tavares da Silveira Brazil 1 -- 1 17 ' Zito Brazil 2 -- 1 69 ' Vavá ( 3 ) Brazil 3 -- 1 78 ' 1966 Helmut Haller West Germany 1 -- 0 12 ' 4 -- 2 Report Geoff Hurst England 1 -- 1 18 ' Martin Peters England 2 -- 1 78 ' Wolfgang Weber West Germany 2 -- 2 89 ' Geoff Hurst ( 2 ) England 3 -- 2 101 ' Geoff Hurst ( 3 ) England 4 -- 2 120 ' 1970 Pelé ( 3 ) Brazil 1 -- 0 18 ' 4 - 1 Report Roberto Boninsegna Italy 1 -- 1 37 ' Gérson Brazil 2 -- 1 66 ' Jairzinho Brazil 3 -- 1 71 ' Carlos Alberto Brazil 4 -- 1 86 ' Johan Neeskens Netherlands 1 -- 0 2 ' ( p ) 2 -- 1 Report Paul Breitner West Germany 1 -- 1 25 ' ( p ) Gerd Müller West Germany 2 -- 1 43 ' 1978 Mario Kempes Argentina 1 -- 0 38 ' 3 -- 1 Report Dick Nanninga Netherlands 1 -- 1 82 ' Mario Kempes ( 2 ) Argentina 2 -- 1 105 ' Daniel Bertoni Argentina 3 -- 1 115 ' 1982 Paolo Rossi Italy 1 -- 0 57 ' 3 -- 1 Report Marco Tardelli Italy 2 -- 0 69 ' Alessandro Altobelli Italy 3 -- 0 81 ' Paul Breitner ( 2 ) West Germany 3 -- 1 83 ' 1986 José Luis Brown Argentina 1 -- 0 23 ' 3 -- 2 Report Jorge Valdano Argentina 2 -- 0 56 ' Karl - Heinz Rummenigge West Germany 1 -- 2 74 ' Rudi Völler West Germany 2 -- 2 81 ' Jorge Burruchaga Argentina 3 -- 2 84 ' 1990 Andreas Brehme West Germany 1 -- 0 85 ' ( p ) 1 -- 0 Report 1994 No goals scored . Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Report 1998 Zinedine Zidane France 1 -- 0 27 ' 3 -- 0 Report Zinedine Zidane ( 2 ) France 2 -- 0 45 + 1 ' Emmanuel Petit France 3 -- 0 90 + 3 ' 2002 Ronaldo Brazil 1 -- 0 67 ' 2 -- 0 Report Ronaldo ( 2 ) Brazil 2 -- 0 79 ' 2006 Zinedine Zidane ( 3 ) France 1 -- 0 7 ' ( p ) 1 -- 1 Report Marco Materazzi Italy 1 -- 1 19 ' Game decided in penalty shoot - out . Andrés Iniesta Spain 1 -- 0 116 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2014 Mario Götze Germany 1 -- 0 113 ' 1 -- 0 Report 2018 Mario Mandžukić France 1 -- 0 18 ' ( o.g. ) 4 -- 2 Report Ivan Perišić Croatia 1 -- 1 28 ' Antoine Griezmann France 2 -- 1 38 ' ( p ) Paul Pogba France 3 -- 1 59 ' Kylian Mbappe France 4 -- 1 65 ' Mario Mandžukić Croatia 2 -- 4 69 ' Players with most goals in the finals ( edit ) Geoff Hurst is the only player to have scored a hat - trick in a World Cup final . Players with multiple goals in FIFA World Cup Finals Player Team Goals scored Finals played Final ( s ) Geoff Hurst England 1966 Vavá Brazil 1958 , 1962 Pelé Brazil 1958 , 1970 Zinedine Zidane France 1998 , 2006 Gino Colaussi Italy 1938 Silvio Piola Italy 1938 Helmut Rahn West Germany 1954 Mario Kempes Argentina 1978 Paul Breitner West Germany 1974 , 1982 Ronaldo Brazil 1998 , 2002 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quartz Staff ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Kylian Mbappé became only the second teenager to score in a World Cup final '' . Quartz . Quartz . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` I Scored a Goal in the FIFA World Cup Final '' . IMDB . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Player photographs FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FIFA_World_Cup_finals_goalscorers&oldid=851578210 '' Categories : FIFA World Cup - related lists FIFA World Cup statistics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Српски / srpski Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 07 : 35 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Planet of the Apes

Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Planet of the Apes ( disambiguation ) . Planet of the Apes Created by Pierre Boulle Original work La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Print publications Novel ( s ) La Planète des Singes ( 1963 ) Comics List of comics Films and television Film ( s ) Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television series Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 -- 1976 ) Games Video game ( s ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films , books , television series , comics , and other media about a world in which humans and intelligent apes clash for control . The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes , translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet . The 1968 film adaptation , Planet of the Apes , was a critical and commercial hit , initiating a series of sequels , tie - ins , and derivative works . Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973 ; since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise . Four sequels followed the original film between 1970 and 1973 : Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , and Battle for the Planet of the Apes . They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original , but were commercially successful . The series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975 . Plans for a film remake stalled in `` development hell '' for over ten years before Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes was released in 2001 . A new reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017 . The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion worldwide , against a combined budget of $567.5 million . Other media and merchandising tie - ins include books , comics , video games , and toys . Planet of the Apes has received particular attention for its treatment of race , which critics consider its primary theme . Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes . The series has had a wide influence on subsequent films , media , and art , as well as popular culture and political discourse . Contents ( hide ) 1 La Planète des Singes 2 Original film series 2.1 Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 2.2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) 2.3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) 2.4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) 2.5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) 3 Television series 3.1 Planet of the Apes TV series 3.2 Animated series 3.2. 1 Return to the Planet of the Apes 4 Remake film 4.1 Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' 4.2 Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 5 Reboot film series 5.1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) 5.2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) 5.3 War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) 5.4 Possible fourth film 6 Other media and merchandise 6.1 Books 6.2 Comics 6.3 Toys and merchandise 6.4 Theme park ride 6.5 Video games 7 Themes 8 Cultural impact and legacy 9 List of media 9.1 Feature films 10 Reception 10.1 Box office performance 10.2 Critical and public response 11 Characters 11.1 Humans 11.2 Apes 12 Crew and other 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 External links La Planète des Singes ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( novel ) First American edition of Boulle 's novel , titled Planet of the Apes The series began with French author Pierre Boulle 's 1963 novel La Planète des Singes . Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the `` humanlike expressions '' of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape . La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th - and 19th - century fantastical travel narratives , especially Jonathan Swift 's satirical Gulliver 's Travels . It is one of several of Boulle 's works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankind 's overreliance on technology . However , Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work , instead terming it `` social fantasy '' . The novel is a social satire following French journalist Ulysse Mérou , who participates in a voyage to a distant planet where speechless , animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by an advanced society of apes . Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them . The novel 's central message is that human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted . Boulle considered the novel one of his minor works , though it proved to be a hit . Xan Fielding translated it into English ; it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes . Original film series ( edit ) Boulle 's literary agent Allain Bernheim brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs , who had come to Paris looking for new properties to adapt with his new company , APJAC Productions . To explain his interests , Jacobs had mentioned to agents , `` I wish King Kong had n't been made so I could make it . '' Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel , which Jacobs turned down . Remembering Jacobs ' earlier comment about King Kong , Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes , not expecting Jacobs would be interested . However , the story intrigued Jacobs , who bought the film rights immediately . Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 1968 film ) Charlton Heston , star of Planet of the Apes Franklin J. Schaffner , director of Planet of the Apes After optioning the novel 's film rights , Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project . He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches , and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling , creator of The Twilight Zone , to pen the script . Serling 's script changed elements of Boulle 's novel , introducing Cold War themes ; notably he wrote a new twist ending that revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear warfare . As production costs were estimated at over $10 million , no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk . Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered , and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star ; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner . The team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston , which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed . Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million . The producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson , who had previously adapted Boulle 's novel The Bridge over the River Kwai , to rewrite Serling 's script . To save on special effects costs , Wilson 's script described an ape society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel . The new script changed much of the plot and dialogue , but retained the Cold War themes and Serling 's ending . John Chambers created the innovative makeup effects . Heston played 20th - century American astronaut George Taylor , who travels to a strange planet where intelligent apes dominate mute , primitive humans . Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius , and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor 's love interest Nova . Maurice Evans played the villain , orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius . The finale , in which Taylor comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along , became the series ' defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film . The film was released on February 8 , 1968 , and was a smash success with both critics and audiences , breaking contemporary box office records and earning rave reviews . John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy Awards for his make - up effects , the first ever given to a make - up artist . Jerry Goldsmith 's score and Morton Haack 's costume design also earned Oscar nominations . Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel . Though they had not made the film with sequels in mind , its success led them to consider the prospect . Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) ( edit ) Main article : Beneath the Planet of the Apes Kim Hunter played Zira in the first three films Planning for the sequel , eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes , began two months after the original film 's release . Jacobs and Abrahams initially considered several treatments by Rod Serling and Pierre Boulle , but ultimately turned them down . In fall 1968 the producers hired Paul Dehn to write the script ; he would become the primary writer for the franchise . Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel , but agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character were killed off and his salary donated to charity . In one of many major rewrites , Dehn altered the script to center on a new character , Brent , played by James Franciscus . With director Franklin J. Shaffner unavailable , owing to his work on Patton , the producers hired Ted Post on January 8 , 1969 . Post struggled with the material , especially after the studio cut the budget to $3.4 million . The story follows Franciscus ' character Brent , an astronaut who inadvertently follows Taylor into the future while searching for him . After encountering the apes from the first film , Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an ancient nuclear bomb . Kim Hunter , Maurice Evans , and Linda Harrison returned as Zira , Zaius , and Nova . David Watson replaced Roddy McDowall as Cornelius , as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict . James Gregory played gorilla General Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez . The film opened on May 26 , 1970 . Unlike the first film , Beneath was poorly reviewed ; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes . However , it was a major box office hit , nearing the original 's numbers . Despite a conclusion depicting the planet 's nuclear destruction , Fox requested another sequel , creating a series . Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) ( edit ) Main article : Escape from the Planet of the Apes Roddy McDowall returned as Cornelius in Escape from the Planet of the Apes . He would go on to star in two additional Apes films and the live - action television series Following the financial success of Beneath , Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script with a brief telegram : `` Apes exist , Sequel required . '' Dehn immediately started work on what became Escape from the Planet of the Apes . The producers hired a new director , Don Taylor . Fox gave the production a greatly diminished budget ( $2.5 million ) , which required a tight production schedule . To work around the budget , as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending , the film took the series in a new direction by transporting Zira ( Kim Hunter ) and Cornelius ( Roddy McDowall , returning to the role after being absent from Beneath ) back in time to the contemporary United States , reducing the need for expensive sets and ape make - up effects . In the film , Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by American society , but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved apes leads to conflict . Jacob 's wife Natalie Trundy , who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and later played the ape Lisa in the next two sequels , was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton . Bradford Dillman played Dr. Lewis Dixon , Ricardo Montalbán played Armando , and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain , the President 's Science Advisor Otto Hasslein . Compared to its predecessors , Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict , which became a primary focus through the rest of the series . The film opened on May 21 , 1971 , less than a year after Beneath . It was well received by critics . From this point critics began seeing the films less as independent units and more as installments in a greater work ; Frederick S. Clarke wrote that the burgeoning series had `` the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction . '' It also performed well at the box office , though not as strongly as its predecessors . Fox ordered a third sequel . Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) ( edit ) Main article : Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Based on the strong positive response to Escape , Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , though it provided a comparatively low budget of $1.7 million . Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter , and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct . Thompson had worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet , but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable during its long development process . For Conquest , Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme , an ancillary concern in the early films that became a major theme in Escape . In particular , Dehn associated the apes with African - Americans and modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement . Roddy McDowall signed on to play Caesar , the son of his previous character Cornelius . Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando , while Don Murray played Governor Breck , Severn Darden played Kolp , and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald . Following Escape , Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves ; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape rebellion . The film opened June 30 , 1972 . Reviews were mixed . However , the ending left the series open to another sequel , and Conquest was successful enough at the box office that Fox greenlit another film . Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) ( edit ) Main article : Battle for the Planet of the Apes Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget , the lowest of the series . The filmmakers went into the project knowing it would be the last of the series . J. Lee Thompson returned as director . Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a treatment , but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script . The producers subsequently hired John William Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay . Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and domination . However , likely based in part on the studio 's wishes , the Corringtons discarded Dehn 's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story with a more hopeful , though ambiguous , resolution . Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet . He contends with both an attack by radiation - scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both apes and humans . McDowall returned as Caesar , and Severn Darden returned as Kolp . Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil , Austin Stoker played MacDonald ( the brother of Hari Rhodes ' character ) , and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo . John Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative . The film opened May 2 , 1973 . It made a profit over production costs , but received poor reviews from critics , who regard it as the weakest of the five films . Critics have offered various interpretations of the film 's message and its significance for the series . Particular attention has been paid to the ambiguous imagery in the ending : set 700 years after the main events , the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar 's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children . By one interpretation , the statue cries tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression , giving the series an optimistic finale . By another , the statue weeps because racial strife still exists , implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable . Television series ( edit ) Planet of the Apes TV series ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( TV series ) The cast of the Planet of the Apes television series : James Naughton as Burke , Ron Harper as Virdon , and Roddy McDowall as Galen In addition to their box office grosses , the films earned very high ratings when broadcast on television after their theatrical run . To capitalize on this success , Arthur P. Jacobs conceived of an hour - long live action television series to follow the films . He originally thought of the idea in 1971 during the production of Conquest , which he then anticipated would be the final film . However , he shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth film . Jacobs died on June 27 , 1973 , bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise . Former Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project , titled Planet of the Apes . CBS picked up the series for its 1974 fall lineup . Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke , two 20th - century American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans ( unlike the original film , the humans can speak ) . Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise as Galen , a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts . Booth Coleman played orangutan Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko . The episodes portray Virdon , Burke , and Galen as they look for answers , aid downtrodden humans and apes , and avoid the authorities . The show premiered on September 13 , 1974 , filling CBS ' 8 -- 9 p.m. time slot on Fridays . It earned low ratings during its run , a fact the production team attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the series famous . Given the considerable production costs , CBS cancelled the show after 14 episodes , the last airing on December 20 , 1974 . In 1981 , Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films . Each film combined two episodes and ( in some markets ) added new introductory and concluding segments starring Roddy McDowall as an aged Galen . The films were given what scholar Eric Greene called `` the most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus '' : Back to the Planet of the Apes ; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes ; Treachery and Greed on the Planet of the Apes ; Life , Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes ; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes . Greene finds the show 's timeline significant : set in 3085 , it occurs about 900 years before Taylor 's crash in the original film , and 400 years after the Lawgiver 's sermon in Battle . By depicting a future where apes dominate humans , it implies the Lawgiver 's message of equality between man and ape has failed , giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's ending . Greene writes that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had , though the episodes `` The Trap '' and `` The Liberator '' made it the central focus . However , the show is actually set in the original timeline , before Caesar came to exist . Animated series ( edit ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( edit ) Main article : Return to the Planet of the Apes In 1975 , after the failure of the live - action series , NBC decided to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series . The network contracted DePatie - Freleng Enterprises to produce a half - hour Saturday morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of the Apes . Doug Wildey , co-creator of Jonny Quest , took on most creative control as associate producer , storyboard director , and supervising director . Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath , and thus based his interpretation on them . As such , the show relied less on the themes and plot developments from Escape , Conquest , and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War themes prominent in the first two films . The plot concerns three American astronauts , Bill Hudson ( Tom Williams ) , Jeff Allen ( Austin Stoker , who played MacDonald in Battle ) , and Judy Franklin ( Claudette Nevins ) , who inadvertently journey to Earth 's far future . They find the world populated by three groups : mute humans who inhabit desert caves , subterranean human `` Underdwellers '' fashioned after the mutants of Beneath , and civilized apes who subjugate the humans . Through the show , the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet 's affairs and in defending the humans against an ape invasion . The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series , including Nova ( Claudette Nevis ) , General Urko ( Henry Cordin ) , Zira ( Philippa Harris ) , Cornelius ( Edwin Mills ) , and Dr. Zaius ( Richard Blackburn ) . NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21 , 1975 . The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings . The network considered producing a second three - episode season to complete the story , but this never materialized . Remake film ( edit ) Planned relaunch and `` development hell '' ( edit ) Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s , but the project fell into `` development hell '' for over ten years , experiencing one of the most protracted development periods in film history . It began in 1988 , when Fox announced Adam Rifkin , then a 21 - year - old independent film director , would develop a new Apes film . At a Fox executive 's invitation , Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes , an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films . In Rifkin 's initial concept , Taylor 's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus - like uprising against Roman - inspired ape oppressors led by General Izan . The project nearly entered pre-production , but days before , Fox brought in new studio executives who sent the project back to development . They commissioned Rifkin to rewrite the script through several drafts , but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the project . After several years in limbo , Fox returned to the Apes concept , this time with Oliver Stone as a producer . Stone brought in Terry Hayes as screenwriter , and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes . In their script , humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded in their DNA , so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin . They discover the disease was engineered by advanced apes to ensure humanity 's eventual destruction . Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson , while Philip Noyce agreed to direct . The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin , but other executives were ambivalent about the action script , believing it should be lighter . Notably , executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing baseball as his `` stamp '' on the film , and fired Hayes when he left it out . This move caused Noyce to quit as well , and subsequently almost everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another . After the collapse of the Stone - Hayes project , Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept . Columbus hired Sam Hamm to write a new draft taking elements from Boulle 's novel and various unused scripts . In Hamm 's script , an ape astronaut from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth . Scientists go to the astronaut 's planet , where apes hunt humans ; they locate a cure , but return to find Earth overrun by simians . Schwarzenegger remained attached , but Fox found the script underwhelming . Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother 's death , and James Cameron stepped in to produce . Cameron intended to go in a `` very different direction '' with the script , but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic , he dropped out of the project . Fox approached a series of directors to take over , without success . By 1999 the studio decided once again to go in a new direction . Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( 2001 film ) Tim Burton , director of the 2001 Planet of the Apes In 1999 , Fox hired William Broyles , Jr. to write a new script . Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date , but otherwise offered considerable creative control . This prospect attracted director Tim Burton , who hoped to do a `` re-imagining '' of Planet of the Apes . However , Burton found the production arduous , largely due to Fox 's strict release schedule . The studio budgeted the film at $100 million , meaning Broyles ' ambitious script had to be rewritten to reduce costs ; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film entered production . The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed . The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson , who accidentally travels through a wormhole to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans . He leads a human revolt and upends ape civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied his mission , and arrived years before . Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari , while Tim Roth played the human - hating chimpanzee General Thade . The film received mixed reviews , with critics generally believing it failed to compare to the original . Much criticism focused on the confusing plot and twist ending , though many reviewers praised the special effects . The film succeeded in the box office , taking in a total of $362,211,740 . Fox had initially hoped for a second film , but the difficult production made Burton disinclined to participate , and the film failed to generate enough interest for Fox to pursue a sequel . Reboot film series ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Andy Serkis portrayed Caesar via performance capture acting In 2005 , screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apes film , eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans and advances in genetics , Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in a human household . He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar , the lead character of Conquest . Fox was impressed and bought the pitch , but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts , writers , directors , and producers . In 2010 , producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward , retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers . In the final script , Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman , who raises him . After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary , Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an uprising . The screenplay contains numerous complex connections to other entries in the series , causing some confusion as to its exact relation to them . Oliver Lindler writes that while the film 's premise might identify it as a remake of Conquest , official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the term , instead calling the film a prequel or `` origin story '' to the original Planet of the Apes film , and / or a reboot of the series , although fans and bloggers were more apt to make the `` remake '' connection . The completed script attracted director Rupert Wyatt . To portray ape characters realistically , the production avoided practical effects and animal actors in favor of performance capture acting , partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital . Wyatt cast James Franco as Will Rodman , while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar . Rise debuted on August 5 , 2011 . Critics reviewed it positively , especially praising the visual effects and Serkis ' performance . It was a major box office hit , taking in $481,801,049 over its $93 million budget . Weta 's special effects earned the film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards , among other accolades . The strength of Serkis 's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration , though the Academy did not nominate him . Following this success , Fox immediately planned for a sequel . Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Cast and crew of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( from left ) : director Matt Reeves and stars Jason Clarke , Keri Russell , and Andy Serkis Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's release in 2011 . Fox gave the film a budget of $170 million and a release date of July 11 , 2014 . Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce , and the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar . Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production and scheduling issues , and was replaced by Matt Reeves . Set ten years after Rise , the film establishes that the `` Simian Flu '' that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans . Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into a war with nearby human survivors . Weta Digital again provided special effects work , which combined practical sets , digitally manipulated backgrounds , and performance capture ape characters . The human cast included Jason Clarke as Malcolm , Keri Russell as Ellie , and Gary Oldman as Dreyfus . The film debuted on July 11 , 2014 . It was met with critical acclaim ; reviewers found it a strong followup to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive special effects . It also performed very strongly at the box office , taking in $707,498,744 in worldwide grosses . Its special effects received several accolades , including three Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards . War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : War for the Planet of the Apes The producers were confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that they started planning for the next installment before production had completed . They contracted Matt Reeves to return as director after seeing his cut of Dawn ; he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback . Peter Chernin , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver serve as producers . The film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Woody Harrelson and Gabriel Chavarria played human characters , while Steve Zahn played Bad Ape . The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews . Possible fourth film ( edit ) In October 2016 , it was announced that a fourth Planet of the Apes film is already being planned . Other media and merchandise ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Pierre Boulle 's novel La Planète des Singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963 . In addition , all of the original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day , each of which went through multiple reprintings of their own . Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970 . Jerry Pournelle , who later co-authored Lucifer 's Hammer and The Mote in God 's Eye , wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization . John Jakes , former Science Fiction Writers of America president , wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . David Gerrold , scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode `` The Trouble with Tribbles '' , novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes . Novelizations of the live action and animated television series were also produced . William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes ; he also wrote two prequel novels , and several other book tie - ins were published . Comics ( edit ) Main article : Planet of the Apes ( comics ) Planet of the Apes - based comics have been published regularly since 1968 . Among the most notable is Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine , published from 1974 to 1977 . The black - and - white series featured comics adaptations of each of the films , new Apes stories by Doug Moench , series news , essays , interviews and other material . It became one of Marvel 's most successful titles , attracting 300 to 400 fan letters with every issue , so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses . Marvel also published the monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976 , comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneath adaptations . In 1990 , during a resurgence of interest in the series , Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black - and - white Planet of the Apes comic through its Adventure Comics studio . The debut issue sold 40,000 , a record for black - and - white comics , leading to a successful run of 24 issues over two years . The series follows Caesar 's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization . The comic 's success led Malibu to publish five four - issue spin - off miniseries : Ape City , Planet of the Apes : Urchak 's Folly , the Alien Nation crossover Ape Nation , Planet of the Apes : Blood of the Apes , and Planet of the Apes : The Forbidden Zone . Malibu also published two one - shots : A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet prequel Planet of the Apes : Sins of the Fathers ; a trade paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series , titled Monkey Planet ; and reissues of stories from Marvel 's earlier Apes series . Other companies producing Planet of the Apes comics include Gold Key Comics , Dark Horse Comics , and Boom ! Studios . In 2014 , Boom ! collaborated with IDW Publishing on the Star Trek crossover Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive . Toys and merchandise ( edit ) The series , and particularly the live - action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon , generated numerous toy and merchandising tie - ins . During the 1970s , Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products , including action figures and playsets , model building kits , coloring books , book - and - record sets , trading cards , toy weapons , costumes , apparel , branded tableware , and lunch boxes . This level of merchandising was unusual for the time , and the success of Apes merchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series . The action figures , sold by Mego beginning in 1973 , were the first such toys sold as film tie - ins ; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure series based on popular culture franchises . Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary children to engage in apes - vs. - humans role - playing make believe games that simulated the series ' conflicts in a manner similar to `` Cowboys and Indians '' . With the release of the 21st - century films , Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys , including detailed action figures of new and `` classic '' characters sold as collectibles . Theme park ride ( edit ) A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme park under construction in Malaysia . Video games ( edit ) In 1983 , 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600 , which was to be the first computer game based on the series . However , the game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of 1983 , and never saw release . It was assumed lost until 2002 , when collectors identified a prototype , found earlier in a case labeled Alligator People , as the missing Apes game . Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge of the Apes in 2003 . In the game , the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the Statue of Liberty . A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001 . Fox Interactive began developing the Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC and PlayStation as a tie - in to the long - gestating remake film . Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the film went into limbo , creating their own story based on Boulle 's novel and the original films . The game is an action - adventure in which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape - ruled future Earth . Setbacks with the film project and Fox Interactive 's decision to co-publish with another company ( Ubisoft ) delayed the game three years . Despite its long development , the game missed the debut of Tim Burton 's Planet of the Apes film by two months ; it finally appeared on September 20 , 2001 , to mostly negative reviews . Additionally , Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color , a side - scroller following the first two films . In 2014 , Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes - themed update to the mobile game Plague Inc . Players create and spread a `` Simian Flu '' virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive . Andy Serkis has mentioned that War for the Planet of the Apes would be accompanied by a video game , for which he performed motion capture . Titled Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier , the game is set for release for the PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC in fall 2017 . Themes ( edit ) Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series ' primary theme . Eric Greene , author of a book on the role of race in the original films and spinoff material , writes that `` when seen as one epic work , the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict . '' In Greene 's interpretation , the franchise 's plot arc is founded in the conflict between humans and apes , who alternately subjugate one another in a destructive cycle . Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical appearance , and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority . Each film shifts the power balance so that the audience identifies sometimes with the humans , and other times with the apes . According to Greene , this arc 's central message is that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm . Other critics have followed Greene 's interpretations . Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film 's racial undertones , and did not appreciate them until Sammy Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968 . Subsequently , the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later installments ; as a result , race moves from being a secondary theme in the first two films , to becoming the major concern of the last three . Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay the original series ' theme of race , generally arguing that this is to their detriment . Others , however , write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler ways . The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling 's original Planet of the Apes script . The films are apocalyptic and dystopian , and portray the era 's tensions leading to world destruction . The films critique both sides of the war , with the oppressive ape society and the mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet bloc . According to Greene , Cold War themes were central to the first two films and some spinoff media , but were less significant in the later sequels , which foregrounded racial conflict instead . Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series ; Greene considers this related to the racial themes . The first film portrays Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal ; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason . The primate rights theme is much more dominant in the reboot films , which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons . Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius and Dr. Zira at a science fiction convention Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series . Fans ' interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics ' Planet of the Apes magazine and science fiction conventions , where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire `` apecons '' -- conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes -- in the 1970s . The series ' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances , including by musician Paul Williams ( Virgil from Battle ) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show . In the 1970s , fans Bill Blake and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes ; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the characters at events . The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases , and various stations rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years . The live - action television series was re-formatted into five TV movies for further broadcast in 1981 , and the Sci - Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s . Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media . In terms of production , the series ' success with sequelization , spinoffs , and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking , in which studios develop films specifically to generate multi-media franchises . In terms of content , the series influenced various films and television productions during the 1970s and ' 80s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations , including Alien Nation , Enemy Mine , and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics ' 1972 -- 1978 series Kamandi : The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese franchise Time of the Apes , which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds ruled by talking animals . Mel Brooks ' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned the Statue of Liberty ending from the original Planet . Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s , as plans for a new film and other media circulated . Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of `` pop culture nostalgia and baby boomer economics '' , as well as a `` political ferment '' rising at the time that hearkened back to the period when the films were first released . Inspired particularly by the publication of the Malibu Comics series , during this period fans founded new clubs , websites , and fanzines active in the U.S. , Canada , Brazil , and other countries . Companies began producing new branded merchandise , including clothing , toys , and costumes . Especially after the 1990s , artists in diverse media referenced , incorporated , or were otherwise influenced by the series . Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various musicians , references in films , comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney , and an episode of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston . The Simpsons parodied the series several times . Notably , the episode `` A Fish Called Selma '' features the washed - up actor Troy McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes , I Want to Get Off ! Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira 's interrogation from Escape in her installation `` Global Taste : A Meal in Three Courses '' , while Guillermo Gómez - Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of American Art . The series ' impact has also extended to the political sphere , and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their discourse . The phrase `` planet of the apes '' has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo . Eric Greene writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes , who use it in reference to race conflict . According to Greene , white supremacists liken minority advancement to the films ' world in which supposed `` inferiors '' seize control , while black nationalists subvert the reference to celebrate the `` racial apocalypse '' ; in this spirit , gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planet of da Apes . Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films . Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of Liberty has become a common political reference ; for example , Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing . The series ' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture , urban decay , contemporary wars , and gun violence . List of media ( edit ) Feature films ( edit ) Number Title Release date Director Continuity Planet of the Apes 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner Original series Beneath the Planet of the Apes 000000001970 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 1970 Ted Post Escape from the Planet of the Apes 000000001971 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1971 Don Taylor Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 000000001972 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1972 J. Lee Thompson 5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes 000000001973 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1973 6 Planet of the Apes 000000002001 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2001 Tim Burton Remake 7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 000000002011 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 , 2011 Rupert Wyatt Reboot series 8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 000000002014 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2014 Matt Reeves 9 War for the Planet of the Apes 000000002017 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2017 Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office gross Box office ranking Budget Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) February 8 , 1968 $32,589,624 $160,000,000 # 2,328 $5.8 million Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27 , 1970 $18,999,718 # 3,301 $4.67 million Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21 , 1971 $12,348,905 # 4,089 $2.06 million Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 14 , 1972 $9,043,472 # 4,555 $1.7 million Battle for the Planet of the Apes May 23 , 1973 $8,844,595 # 4,581 $1.71 million Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) July 27 , 2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 # 215 # 282 $100 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5 , 2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 # 235 # 184 $93 million Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11 , 2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 # 167 # 90 $208.6 million War for the Planet of the Apes July 14 , 2017 $146,288,952 $324,620,270 $470,909,222 # 343 # 198 $150 million Total $793,197,282 $1,283,407,873 $2,185,566,577 $567.5 million List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and Public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) 90 % ( 49 reviews ) 79 ( 14 reviews ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes 41 % ( 22 reviews ) 46 ( 9 reviews ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes 78 % ( 23 reviews ) 69 ( 9 reviews ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44 % ( 18 reviews ) 49 ( 6 reviews ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes 38 % ( 24 reviews ) 40 ( 5 reviews ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) 45 % ( 156 reviews ) 50 ( 34 reviews ) B - Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81 % ( 252 reviews ) 68 ( 39 reviews ) A - Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90 % ( 283 reviews ) 79 ( 48 reviews ) A - War for the Planet of the Apes 93 % ( 268 reviews ) 82 ( 50 reviews ) A - List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Planet of the Apes characters The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the film series . Character Original series Remake Reboot series Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Humans ( edit ) George Taylor Charlton Heston Charlton Heston ( archival footage ) Nova Linda Harrison Amiah Miller Brent James Franciscus Mendez Paul Richards Albina Natalie Trundy Skipper Tod Andrews Dr. Lewis Dixon Bradford Dillman Dr. Stephanie `` Stevie '' Branton Natalie Trundy Dr. Otto Hasslein Eric Braeden Armando Ricardo Montalbán Governor Breck Don Murray MacDonald Hari Rhodes Kolp Severn Darden MacDonald Austin Stoker Mendez Paul Stevens Jake Michael Stearns Leo Davidson Mark Wahlberg Daena Estella Warren Birn Luke Eberl Will Rodman James Franco James Franco ( archival footage ) Caroline Aranha Freida Pinto John Landon Brian Cox Steven Jacobs David Oyelowo Charles Rodman John Lithgow Dodge Landon Tom Felton Dreyfus Gary Oldman Malcolm Jason Clarke Ellie Keri Russell Alexander Kodi Smit - McPhee Carver Kirk Acevedo Werner Jocko Sims McVeigh Kevin Rankin Finney Keir O'Donnell The Colonel Woody Harrelson Preacher Gabriel Chavarria Apes ( edit ) Cornelius Roddy McDowall David Watson Roddy McDowall Roddy McDowall ( archival footage ) Infant Devyn Dalton Dr. Zira Kim Hunter Kim Hunter ( archival footage ) Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans Charlton Heston General Ursus James Gregory Caesar Walker Edmiston ( voice ) Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis Lisa Natalie Trundy General Aldo David Chow Claude Akins Virgil Paul Williams Nova Lisa Marie Ari Helena Bonham Carter General Thade Tim Roth Rocket Terry Notary Maurice Karin Konoval Cornelia Devyn Dalton Judy Greer Koba Christopher Gordon Toby Kebbell Toby Kebbell ( as hallucination ) Blue Eyes Nick Thurston Max Lloyd - Jones Ash Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Grey Lee Ross Bad Ape Steve Zahn Red Donkey Ty Olsson Lake Sara Canning Luca Michael Adamthwaite Winter Aleks Paunovic Note : A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that medium . Crew and other ( edit ) Crew / detail Film Planet of the Apes Beneath the Planet of the Apes Escape from the Planet of the Apes Conquest of the Planet of the Apes Battle for the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes Rise of the Planet of the Apes Dawn of the Planet of the Apes War for the Planet of the Apes 1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017 Director Franklin J. Schaffner Ted Post Don Taylor J. Lee Thompson Tim Burton Rupert Wyatt Matt Reeves Producer ( s ) Arthur P. Jacobs Richard D. Zanuck Peter Chernin , Dylan Clark , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Composer Jerry Goldsmith Leonard Rosenman Jerry Goldsmith Tom Scott Leonard Rosenman Danny Elfman Patrick Doyle Michael Giacchino Writer ( s ) Michael Wilson , Rod Serling Paul Dehn John William Corrington , Joyce Hooper Corrington William Broyles , Jr. , Lawrence Konner , Mark Rosenthal Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver Mark Bomback , Matt Reeves Distributor 20th Century Fox Running time 112 mins . 95 mins . 98 mins . 87 mins . 96 mins . 120 mins . 105 mins . 130 mins . 142 mins . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 4 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Becker 1993 , pp. 122 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 , 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Webb 1998 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 29 , 42 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 52 , 53 and note . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 57 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 57 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 105 -- 106 , 117 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 117 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 108 -- 109 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 -- 110 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 143 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 145 -- 147 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 153 , 187 , 212 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 217 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 170 , 178 -- 179 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 81 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 186 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 217 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 114 -- 115 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 109 , 217 -- 220 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 143 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 232 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , pp. 235 -- 237 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 158 , 218 -- 221 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 , 221 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 159 -- 164 , 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 221 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Hughes 2004 , pp. 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 180 -- 181 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 181 -- 182 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 41 -- 43 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes 2004 , pp. 44 -- 46 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 188 -- 190 , 192 . Jump up ^ Brodesser - Akner , Claude ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Vulture Exclusive : Fox 's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On '' . www.vulture.com . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 191 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Lindner 2015 , pp. 30 , 31 , 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Faraci , Devin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ? '' . birthmoviesdeath.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 194 -- 199 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 209 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 209 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 216 , 222 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( October 1 , 2012 ) . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . www.slashfilm.com . / Film . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo. 2014 . Retrieved August 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , pp. 222 -- 224 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 1998 , pp. 227 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond 2014 , p. 225 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves Will Return to Direct ' Planet of the Apes 3 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : New PLANET OF THE APES Movie Title Revealed '' . www.collider.com . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . The Wrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` War of the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` War for the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Director Matt Reeves `` Absolutely '' Has Ideas About Where the Story Goes Next `` . SlashFilm.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Luke ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` Planet of the Apes 4 already being developed '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 166 and note . Jump up ^ Handley 2008 , pp. 256 , 267 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 164 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 171 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek / Planet of the Apes Crossover Announced By Boom Studios '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 166 -- 168 . Jump up ^ Scott 2010 , pp. 3 , 204 . Jump up ^ Fordham and Bond , pp. 178 -- 184 . Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-20th-century-fox-dubai-20151103-story.html ^ Jump up to : Green , Earl ( 2014 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( Prototype ) '' . www.allgame.com . AllGame . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss 2012 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Adams , Tom ( February 9 , 2000 ) . `` IGNDC Monkeys Around with Planet of the Apes Producer Cos Lazouras '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ubi Soft and Fox Interactive kick off a global partnership , bringing Planet of the Apes to video games '' . www.bluesnews.com . September 6 , 2001 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 16 , 2001 ) . `` Fox 's Ape - athy '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sulic , Ivan ( October 18 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PC ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( PlayStation ) '' . www.gamerankings.com . GameRankings. 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( December 14 , 2001 ) . `` Planet of the Apes ( GBA ) '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Virus Added to Plague Inc '' . www.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mat Paget . `` War for the Planet of the Apes Video Game Coming to Consoles '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Video Game Announced for This Fall '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 9 , 21 , 33 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , pp. 171 -- 173 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 16 , 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Russo , Landsman , and Gross 2001 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 245 -- 246 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 19 -- 20 , 71 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Ed ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Slant . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emerson , Jim ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Apes and allegories : What is the meaning of this ? ! '' . rogerebert.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goodkind , Seth ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Enlightened Racism in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Paracinema . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chidester 2015 , pp. 7 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kirshner 2001 , pp. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 8 -- 9 , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 65 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 72 , 159 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 3 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 27 , 78 -- 79 , 86 . Jump up ^ Hamilton 2016 , pp. 300 -- 301 . Jump up ^ Southard 1982 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 164 , 167 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 152 , 169 . Jump up ^ Von Busack 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Greene 1998 , pp. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 169 , 170 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 175 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. xv , 169 . Jump up ^ Kassabian 2013 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 176 -- 177 . Jump up ^ Greene 1998 , pp. 177 -- 179 . Jump up ^ Cotham , Perry C. ( 1973 ) . Obscenity , pornography & censorship . Baker Book House . p. 129 . ISBN 9780801023453 ... taken in up to $150 million at box offices around the world Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes '' . boxofficemojo.com . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ FilmL. A. ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` 2014 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes Moviesat the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/planet-of-the-apes-1968 Jump up ^ `` Beneath the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/beneath-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Escape from the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/escape-from-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Conquest of the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/conquest-of-the-planet-of-the-apes Jump up ^ `` Battle for the Planet of the Apes -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/movie/battle-for-the-planet-of-the-apes ^ Jump up to : `` Cinemascore '' . Cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . www.metacritic.com . Metacritic. 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War for the Planet of the Apes Will Feature A Character From The Original 1968 Movie References ( edit ) Becker , Lucille Frackman ( 1993 ) . `` Science and Detective Fiction : Complementary Genres on the Margins of French Literature '' . In Henry , Freeman G. French Literature Series : On The Margins of French Literature . XX . Ropodi . pp. 119 -- 126 . ISBN 9051834268 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Chidester , Phil ( January 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Simian That Screamed No ! : Rise of the Planet of the Apes and the Speculative as Public Memory '' . Visual Communication Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . Davis , Jason ( 2013 ) . `` Aping Race , Racing Apes '' . In Huss , John . Planet of the Apes and Philosophy : Great Apes Think Alike . Open Court Publishing . ISBN 0812698223 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Fordham , Joe ; Bond , Jeff ( 2014 ) . Planet of the Apes : The Evolution of a Legend . Titan Books . ISBN 1783291982 . Greene , Eric ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American Myth : Race and Politics in the Films and Television Series . Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 9780819563293 . Hamilton , Sheryl N. ( November 2016 ) . `` ' Human no like smart ape ' : figuring the ape as legal person in Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Law and Humanities . Routledge. 10 ( 2 ) : 300 -- 321 . Handley , Rich ( 2008 ) . Timeline of the Planet of the Apes : The Definitive Chronology . Hasslein Books . ISBN 061525392X . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Hughes , David ( 2004 ) . Tales from Development Hell . London : Titan Books . pp. 34 -- 37 . ISBN 1 - 84023 - 691 - 4 . Kassabian , Anahid ( 2013 ) . Ubiquitous Listening : Affect , Attention , and Distributed Subjectivity . University of California Press . ISBN 0520275152 . Kirshner , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` Subverting the Cold War in the 1960s : Dr. Strangelove , The Manchurian Candidate , and The Planet of the Apes '' . Film & History : an Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies . 31 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 44 . Lindner , Oliver ( 2015 ) . `` The Remade Prequel : Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Remakes and Remaking : Concepts -- Media − Practices . Transcript Verlag . pp. 23 -- 39 . ISBN 3839428947 . Russo , Joe ; Landsman , Larry ; Gross , Edward ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited . Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 0312252390 . Scott , Sharon M. ( 2010 ) . Toys and American Culture : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0313351112 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Southard , Bruce ( March 1 , 1982 ) . `` The Language of Science Fiction Fan Magazines '' . American Speech . Duke University Press . 57 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 31 . ISSN 0003 - 1283 . Von Busack , Richard ( 2004 ) . `` Signifying Monkeys : Politics and Story - Telling in the Planet of the Apes Series '' . In Rickman , Gregg . The Science Fiction Film Reader . Limelight Editions . pp. 165 -- 177 . ISBN 0879109947 . Webb , Gordon C. ( July -- August 1998 ) . `` 30 Years Later : Rod Serling 's Planet of the Apes '' . Creative Screenwriting . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Weiss , Brett ( 2012 ) . Classic Home Video Games , 1972 - 1984 : A Complete Reference Guide . McFarland . ISBN 0786487550 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planet of the Apes . Dale Winogura ( Summer 1972 ) . `` Special Planet of the Apes Series Issue - Interviews & Set Visit '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . ( hide ) Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=804924404 '' Categories : Film series Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Evolution in popular culture Planet of the Apes Science fiction by franchise Works about slavery Films adapted into television programs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia भोजपुरी Čeština Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Latviešu 日本 語 Português Română Русский Scots ไทย Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 23 : 32 . 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Eminent domain

Eminent domain - wikipedia Eminent domain Eminent domain ( United States , Philippines ) , land acquisition ( Singapore ) , compulsory purchase ( United Kingdom , New Zealand , Ireland ) , resumption ( Hong Kong , Uganda ) , resumption / compulsory acquisition ( Australia ) , or expropriation ( France , Italy , Mexico , South Africa , Canada , Brazil , Portugal , Spain , Chile , Denmark , Sweden , Germany ) is the power of a state , provincial , or national government to take private property for public use . However , this power can be legislatively delegated by the state to municipalities , government subdivisions , or even to private persons or corporations , when they are authorized by the legislature to exercise the functions of public character . In the Anglo - American historical context , property taken could be used only by the government taking the property in question . The most common uses of property taken by eminent domain have been for roads , government buildings and public utilities . However , in the mid-20th century , a new application of eminent domain was pioneered , in which the government could take the property and transfer it to a private third party . This was initially done only to `` blighted '' property , on the principle that such properties had a negative impact upon surrounding property owners , but was later expanded to allow the taking of any private property when the new 3rd party owner could develop the property in such a way as to bring in increased tax revenues to the government . Some jurisdictions require that the taker make an offer to purchase the subject property , before resorting to the use of eminent domain . However , once the property is taken and the judgment is final , the condemnor owns it in fee simple , and may put it to uses other than those specified in the eminent domain action . Takings may be of the subject property in its entirety ( total take ) or in part ( part take ) , either quantitatively or qualitatively ( either partially in fee simple or , commonly , an easement , or any other interest less than the full fee simple title ) . Contents 1 Meaning 2 North America 2.1 United States 2.2 Canada 3 Europe 3.1 France 3.2 England and Wales 3.3 Germany 3.4 Italy 3.5 Spain 3.6 Sweden 4 Australia 5 South America 5.1 Brazil 5.2 Chile 6 Asia 6.1 India 6.2 Pakistan 7 Other countries 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Meaning ( edit ) The term `` eminent domain '' was taken from the legal treatise De jure belli ac pacis ( On the Law of War and Peace ) , written by the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius in 1625 , which used the term dominium eminens ( Latin for supreme lordship ) and described the power as follows : ... The property of subjects is under the eminent domain of the state , so that the state or those who act for it may use and even alienate and destroy such property , not only in the case of extreme necessity , in which even private persons have a right over the property of others , but for ends of public utility , to which ends those who founded civil society must be supposed to have intended that private ends should give way . But , when this is done , the state is bound to make good the loss to those who lose their property . The exercise of eminent domain is not limited to real property . Condemnors may also take personal property , even intangible property such as contract rights , patents , trade secrets , and copyrights . Even the taking of a professional sports team 's franchise has been held by the California Supreme Court to be within the purview of the `` public use '' constitutional limitation , although eventually , that taking ( of the Oakland Raiders ' NFL franchise ) was not permitted because it was deemed to violate the interstate commerce clause of the U.S. Constitution . A taking of property must be accompanied by payment of `` just compensation '' to the ( former ) owner . In theory , this is supposed to put the owner in the same position `` pecuniarily '' that he would have been in had his property not been taken . But in practice courts have limited compensation to the property 's fair market value , considering its highest and best use . But though rarely granted , this is not the exclusive measure of compensation ; see Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States ( business losses in temporary takings ) and United States v. Pewee Coal Co. ( operating losses caused by government operations of a mine seized during World War II ) . In most takings owners are not compensated for a variety of incidental losses caused by the taking of their property that , though incurred and readily demonstrable in other cases , are deemed by the courts to be noncompensable in eminent domain . The same is true of attorneys ' and appraisers fees . But as a matter of legislative grace rather than constitutional requirement some of these losses ( e.g. , business goodwill ) have been made compensable by state legislative enactments , and may be partially covered by provisions of the federal Uniform Relocation Assistance Act . North america ( edit ) United states ( edit ) Main article : Eminent domain in the United States Most states use the term eminent domain , but some U.S. states use the term appropriation ( New York ) or expropriation ( Louisiana ) as synonyms for the exercise of eminent domain powers . The term condemnation is used to describe the formal act of exercising this power to transfer title or some lesser interest in the subject property . The constitutionally required `` just compensation '' in partial takings is usually measured by fair market value of the part taken , plus severance damages ( the diminution in value of the property retained by the owner ( remainder ) when only a part of the subject property is taken ) . Where a partial taking provides economic benefits specific to the remainder , those must be deducted , typically from severance damages . The former owners of the property rarely receive full market value because some elements of value are deemed noncompensable in eminent domain law . The practice of condemnation came to the American colonies with the common law . When it came time to draft the United States Constitution , differing views on eminent domain were voiced . The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution requires that the taking be for a `` public use '' and mandates payment of `` just compensation '' to the owner . In federal law , Congress may take private property directly ( without recourse to the courts ) by passing an Act transferring title of the subject property directly to the government . In such cases , the property owner seeking compensation must sue the United States for compensation in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims . The legislature may also delegate the power to private entities like public utilities or railroads , and even to individuals . The U.S. Supreme Court has consistently deferred to the right of states to make their own determinations of `` public use '' . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , expropriation is governed by federal or provincial statutes . Under these statutory regimes , public authorities have the right to acquire private property for public purposes , so long as the acquisition is approved by the appropriate government body . Once a property is taken , an owner is entitled to `` be made whole '' by compensation for : the market value of the expropriated property , injurious affection to the remainder of the property ( if any ) , disturbance damages , business loss , and special difficulty relocating . Owners can advance claims for compensation above that initially provided by the expropriating authority by bringing a claim before the court or an administrative body appointed by the governing legislation . Europe ( edit ) In many European nations , the European Convention on Human Rights provides protection from an appropriation of private property by the state . Article 8 of the Convention provides that `` Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life , his home , and his correspondence '' and prohibits interference with this right by the state , unless the interference is in accordance with law and necessary in the interests of national security , public safety , economic well - being of the country , prevention of disorder or crime , protection of health or morals , or protection of the rights and freedoms of others . This right is expanded by Article 1 of the First Protocol to the Convention , which states that `` Every natural person or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions . '' Again , this is subject to exceptions where state deprivation of private possessions is in the general or public interest , is in accordance with law , and , in particular , to secure payment of taxes . Settled case - law of ECHR provides that just compensation has to be paid in cases of expropriation . France ( edit ) In France , the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen similarly mandates just and preliminary compensation before expropriation ; and a Déclaration d'utilité publique is commonly required , to demonstrate a public benefit . Notably , in 1945 , by decree of General Charles de Gaulle based on untried accusations of collaboration , the Renault company was expropriated from Louis Renault posthumously and nationalised as Régie Nationale des Usines Renault -- without compensation . England and Wales ( edit ) Main article : Compulsory purchase in England and Wales After his victory in 1066 , William the Conqueror seized virtually all land in England . Although he maintained absolute power over the land , he granted fiefs to landholders who served as stewards , paying fees and providing military services . During the Hundred Years War in the 14th century , Edward III used the Crown 's right of purveyance for massive expropriations . Chapter 28 of Magna Carta required that immediate cash payment be made for expropriations . As the king 's power was broken down in the ensuing centuries , tenants were regarded as holding ownership rights rather than merely possessory rights over their land . In 1427 , a statute was passed granting commissioners of sewers in Lincolnshire the power to take land without compensation . After the early 16th century , however , Parliamentary takings of land for roads , bridges , etc. generally did require compensation . The common practice was to pay 10 % more than the assessed value . However , as the voting franchise was expanded to include more non-landowners , the bonus was eliminated . In spite of contrary statements found in some American law , in the United Kingdom , compulsory purchase valuation cases were tried to juries well into the 20th century , such as Attorney - General v De Keyser 's Royal Hotel Ltd ( 1919 ) . In England and Wales , and other jurisdictions that follow the principles of English law , the related term compulsory purchase is used . The landowner is compensated with a price agreed or stipulated by an appropriate person . Where agreement on price can not be achieved , the value of the taken land is determined by the Upper Tribunal . The operative law is a patchwork of statutes and case law . The principal Acts are the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act 1845 , the Land Compensation Act 1961 , the Compulsory Purchase Act 1965 , the Land Compensation Act 1973 , the Acquisition of Land Act 1981 , part IX of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 , the Planning and Compensation Act 1991 , and the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 . Germany ( edit ) The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany states in its Article 14 ( 3 ) that `` an expropriation is only allowed for the public good '' and just compensation must be made . It also provides for the right to have the amount of the compensation checked by a court . Italy ( edit ) Espropria , `` expropiate '' . Protest graffiti in Turin Esproprio , or more formally espropriazione per pubblica utilità ( literally `` expropriation for public utility '' ) in Italy takes place within the frame of civil law , as an expression of the potere ablatorio ( ablative power ) . The law regulating expropriation is the D.P.R. n. 327 of 2001 , amended by D. Lgs . n. 302 of 2002 ; it supersedes the old expropriation law , the Royal Decree n. 2359 of 1865 . Also other national and regional laws may apply , not always giving a full compensation to the owner . Expropriation can be total ( the whole property is expropriated ) or partial ; permanent or temporary . The article 42 of the Italian Constitution and the article 834 of the Italian Civil Code state that a private good can be expropriated for public utility . Furthermore , the article 2 of the Constitution binds Italian citizens to respect their mandatory duties of political , economical and social solidarity . The implementation of the eminent domain follows two principles : legality : a public institution can exporpriate private goods only in the cases law allowes it and respecting its procedures ( following the article 23 of the Italian Constitution ) ; compensation : ( art . 42 / III ) the State must provide a certain amount of money as compensation , which is determined by the law . According to the Italian Constitutional Court , this compensation is not required to be equal to the market value of the expropriated good , although this sum must not be merely symbolic . Nazionalizzazione ( `` nationalization '' ) , instead , is provided for by article 43 of the Constitution ; it transfers to governmental authority and property a whole industrial sector , if it is deemed to be a natural or de facto monopoly , and an essential service of public utility . The most famous nationalization in Italy was the 1962 nationalization of the electrical power sector . Spain ( edit ) Article 33.3 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 allows forced expropriation ( `` expropiación forzosa '' ) only where justified on the grounds of public utility or social interest and subject to the payment of appropriate compensation as provided for in law . Sweden ( edit ) Expropriation . The right of state or municipality to buy property when it is determined to be of `` particular public interest '' , is regulated in Expropriationslagen ( 1972 : 719 ) . The government purchases the property at an estimated market value plus a 25 % compensation . The law also states that the property owner shall not suffer economic harm because of the expropriation . Australia ( edit ) Main article : Section 51 ( xxxi ) of the Australian Constitution In Australia , section 51 ( xxxi ) of the Australian Constitution permits the Commonwealth Parliament to make laws with respect to `` the acquisition of property on just terms from any State or person for any purpose in respect of which the Parliament has power to make laws . '' This has been construed as meaning that just compensation may not always include monetary or proprietary recompense , rather it is for the court to determine what is just . It may be necessary to imply a need for compensation in the interests of justice , lest the law be invalidated . Property subject to resumption is not restricted to real estate as authority from the Federal Court has extended the states ' power to resume property to any form of physical property . For the purposes of section 51 ( xxxi ) , money is not property that may be compulsorily acquired . ( The following is cited by a dead link ) A statutory right to sue has been considered `` property '' under this section . The Commonwealth must also derive some benefit from the property acquired , that is , the Commonwealth can `` only legislate for the acquisition of Property for particular purposes '' . Accordingly , the power does not extend to allow legislation designed merely to seek to extinguish the previous owner 's title . The states and territories ' powers of resumption on the other hand are not so limited . The section 43 ( 1 ) of the Lands Acquisition Act 1998 ( NT ) grants the Minister the power to acquire land ' for any purpose whatever ' . The High Court of Australia interpreted this provision literally , relieving the Territory government of any public purpose limitation on the power . This finding permitted the Territory government to acquire land subject to Native Title , effectively extinguishing the Native Title interest in the land . Kirby J in dissent , along with a number of commentators , viewed this as a missed opportunity to comment on the exceptional nature of powers of resumption exercised in the absence of a public purpose limitation . The term resumption is a reflection of the fact that , as a matter of Australian law , all land was originally owned by the Crown before it was sold , leased or granted and that , through the act of compulsory acquisition , the Crown is `` resuming '' possession . South america ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) Brazil 's expropriation laws are governed by the Presidential Decree No. 3365 of July 21 , 1941 . Chile ( edit ) Art . 19 , No. 24 , of the Chilean Constitution says in part , `` In no case may anyone be deprived of his property , of the assets affected or any of the essential faculties or powers of ownership , except by virtue of a general or a special law which authorizes expropriation for the public benefit or the national interest , duly qualified by the legislator . The expropriated party may protest the legality of the expropriation action before the ordinary courts of justice and shall , at all times , have the right to indemnification for patrimonial harm actually caused , to be fixed by mutual agreement or by a sentence pronounced by said courts in accordance with the law . '' Asia ( edit ) India ( edit ) Main articles : Land Acquisition in India and The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to ' acquire , hold and dispose of property ' . Article 31 provided that `` No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property had been ' taken possession of or acquired ' for public purposes . In addition , both the state government as well as the union ( federal ) government were empowered to enact laws for the `` acquisition or requisition of property '' ( Schedule VII , Entry 42 , List III ) . It is this provision that has been interpreted as being the source of the state 's ' eminent domain ' powers . The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The 44th amendment act of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of Fundamental Rights . A new article , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution to provide , `` No person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' Thus , if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , it will not be unconstitutional . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by citizens . Land acquisition in India is currently governed by The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 , which came into force from 1 January 2014 . Until 2013 , land acquisition in India was governed by Land Acquisition Act of 1894 . However the new LARR ( amendment ) ordinance 31 December 2014 diluted many clauses of the original act . The liberalisation of the economy and the Government 's initiative to set up special economic zones have led to many protests by farmers and have opened up a debate on the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . Pakistan ( edit ) Under the Land Acquisition Act , 1894 , the government has the power to compulsorily acquire private land at the prevailing market rate for public purposes such as roads , highways , railways , dams , airports , etc . Other countries ( edit ) Many countries recognize eminent domain to a much lesser extent than the English - speaking world or do not recognize it at all . Japan , for instance , has very weak eminent domain powers , as evidenced by the high - profile opposition to the expansion of Narita International Airport , and the disproportionately large amounts of financial inducement given to residents on sites slated for redevelopment in return for their agreement to leave , one well - known recent case being that of Roppongi Hills . There are other countries such as the People 's Republic of China that practice eminent domain whenever it is convenient to make space for new communities and government structures . Singapore practices eminent domain under the Land Acquisitions Act , which allows it to carry out its Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme for urban renewal . The Amendments to the Land Titles Act allowed property to be purchased for purposes of urban renewal against an owner sharing a collective title if the majority of the other owners wish to sell and the minority did not . Thus , eminent domain often invokes concerns of majoritarianism . In the Bahamas , the Acquisition of Land Act operates to permit the acquisition of land where it is deemed likely to be required for a public purpose . The land can be acquired by private agreement or compulsory purchase ( s7 of the Act ) . Under section 24 of the Acquisition of Land Act , the purchaser may purchase the interest of the mortgagee of any land acquired under the Act . To do so , the purchaser must pay the principal sum and interest , together with costs and charges plus 6 months ' additional interest . Since the 1990s , the Zimbabwean government under Robert Mugabe has seized a great deal of land and homes of mainly white farmers in the course of the land reform movement in Zimbabwe . The government argued that such land reform was necessary to redistribute the land to Zimbabweans dispossessed of their lands during colonialism -- these farmers were never compensated for this seizure . See also ( edit ) Angary Confiscation Individual reclamation Land bonds Legal plunder Navigable servitude Public use Water law References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eminent Domain '' . The Free Dictionary . Farlex , Inc . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Nowak , John E. ; Rotunda , Ronald D. ( 2004 ) . Constitutional Law ( Seventh ed . ) . St. Paul , MN : Thomson West . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 314 - 14452 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` City of Oakland v. Oakland Raiders ( 1982 ) 32 C3d 60 '' . Online.ceb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` New York Code , Public Lands , Art . 2 , Sec. 27 , Appropriations '' . NYSenate.gov . The New York Senate . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Revised Statutes , Title 19 , Expropriation '' . Louisiana State Legislature . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Aaron . `` Eminent Domain '' . ExpertLaw.com . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Evolution of Eminent Domain : A Remedy for Market Failure or an Effort to Limit Government Power and Government Failure ? '' ( PDF ) . Independent.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , `` Linggi v. Garovotti , 45 Cal. 2d 20 , 286 P. 2d 15 ( 1955 ) '' . Google Scholar . Google . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . Jump up ^ See James v. the UK , decision of ECHR dated by 21 February 1986 , para 54 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louis Renault and the shame of a nation '' . London : The Daily Telegraph , Ian Morton . 14 May 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign News : Was He Murdered ? '' . Time Magazine . Feb 6 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Art . 14 GG '' . Dejure.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` D.P.R. 327 / 2001 '' . Camera.it . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dlgs 302 / 2002 '' . Parlamento.it . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ In other countries ( France , Germany , Great Britain , Germany ) is provided fair compensation according to the free market value both for regular expropriations or for absolutely unlawful occupations : Buonomo , Giampiero ( 2003 ) . `` Occupazione acquisitiva : nodo irrisolto nonostante le modifiche al Testo unico '' . Diritto&Giustizia edizione online . -- via Questia ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Assini , N. - Tescaroli , N. ( 2003 ) . Manuale pratico dell'espropriazione . Padua . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=33&tipo=2 Constitución Española de 1978 Art 33 part 3 Jump up ^ `` Expropriationslag ( 1972 : 719 ) ( ExprL ) '' . Lagen.nu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Andrews v Howell ( 1941 ) 65 CLR 255 '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Australian Constitutional Commission , Final Report of the Constitutionali Commission vol 1 ( Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service , 1988 ) : 600 . ISBN 0 - 644 - 06897 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Griffiths v Minister for Lands , Planning and Environment ( 2008 ) HCA 20 ( 15 May 2008 ) '' . Austlii.edu.au . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Reale , Andreana ( 2009 ) . `` Assisted Theft : Compulsory land acquisition for private benefit in Australia and the US '' . Alternative Law Journal . Melbourne : Legal Service Bulletin Co-operative Ltd. 34 ( 3 ) : 147 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Samantha J. Hepburn , Principles of Property Law , 2nd ed . ( Newport , NSW : Cavendish , 2001 ) : 45 - 46 . ISBN 1 - 876905 - 08 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` DECRETO - LEI No 3.365 , DE 21 DE JUNHO DE 1941 '' . Presidência da República . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chile '' ( PDF ) . Confinder.richmond.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Amendment ) '' . Indiacode.nic.in . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , p . A-33 Jump up ^ `` The Land Acquisition , Rehabilation and Resettlement Bill , 2011 -- Full Text of Bill '' . Ministry of Rural Development , Government of India . Jump up ^ Bhattacharyya , Debjani ( 2015 ) . `` The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice , Special Section Artic ... 9 Pages The history of eminent domain in colonial thought and legal practice '' . Economic and Political Weekly . 50 ( 50 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement ( Amendment ) Ordinance '' ( PDF ) . Prsindia. irg. 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times Of India . Jump up ^ Dancaescu , Nick . Note . Land reform in Zimbabwe. 15 Fla . J. Int'l L. 615 ( 2003 ) . External links ( edit ) `` Eminent Domain '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . 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Rothbard The Ethics of Liberty Jean - Jacques Rousseau The Social Contract Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Categories : Property Property law by country GND : 4014843 - 9 LCCN : sh85042794 NARA : 10637795 NDL : 00573437 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eminent_domain&oldid=849717716 '' Categories : Eminent domain Legal doctrines and principles Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 21 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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the condemnation of private property for public use is allowed under the state's right of

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Oregon Trail

Oregon trail - wikipedia Oregon trail This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 28 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Oregon Trail ( disambiguation ) . The Oregon Trail The route of the Oregon Trail shown on a map of the western United States from Independence , Missouri ( on the eastern end ) to Oregon City , Oregon ( on the western end ) Map from The Ox Team , or the Old Oregon Trail 1852 -- 1906 , by Ezra Meeker Location Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , Oregon Established 1830s by mountain men of fur trade , widely publicized by 1843 Governing body National Park Service Website Oregon National Historic Trail The Oregon Trail is a 2,170 - mile ( 3,490 km ) historic East -- West , large - wheeled wagon route and emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon . The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of the future state of Kansas , and nearly all of what are now the states of Nebraska and Wyoming . The western half of the trail spanned most of the future states of Idaho and Oregon . The Oregon Trail was laid by fur traders and traders from about 1811 to 1840 , and was only passable on foot or by horseback . By 1836 , when the first migrant wagon train was organized in Independence , Missouri , a wagon trail had been cleared to Fort Hall , Idaho . Wagon trails were cleared increasingly farther west , and eventually reached all the way to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , at which point what came to be called the Oregon Trail was complete , even as almost annual improvements were made in the form of bridges , cutoffs , ferries , and roads , which made the trip faster and safer . From various starting points in Iowa , Missouri , or Nebraska Territory , the routes converged along the lower Platte River Valley near Fort Kearny , Nebraska Territory and led to rich farmlands west of the Rocky Mountains . From the early to mid-1830s ( and particularly through the epoch years , 1846 -- 69 ) the Oregon Trail and its many offshoots were used by about 400,000 settlers , farmers , miners , ranchers , and business owners and their families . The eastern half of the trail was also used by travelers on the California Trail ( from 1843 ) , Mormon Trail ( from 1847 ) , and Bozeman Trail ( from 1863 ) , before turning off to their separate destinations . Use of the trail declined as the first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , making the trip west substantially faster , cheaper , and safer . Today , modern highways , such as Interstate 80 and Interstate 84 , follow parts of the same course westward and pass through towns originally established to serve those using the Oregon Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Lewis and Clark Expedition 1.2 Pacific Fur Company 1.3 The North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company 1.4 Great American Desert 1.5 Fur traders , trappers and explorers 1.6 Missionaries 1.7 Early emigrants 1.8 Great Migration of 1843 1.9 Oregon Country 1.10 Women on the Overland Trail 1.11 Mormon emigration 1.12 California Gold Rush 1.13 Later emigration and uses of the trail 1.14 Trail decline 2 Routes 2.1 Missouri 2.2 Iowa 2.3 Kansas 2.4 Nebraska 2.4. 1 Cholera on the Platte River 2.5 Colorado 2.6 Wyoming 2.7 Utah 2.8 Idaho 2.9 Oregon 3 Travel equipment 3.1 Wagons and pack animals 3.2 Food 3.3 Clothing , equipment and supplies 4 Statistics 4.1 Emigrants 4.2 Western census data 4.3 Costs 4.4 Deaths 5 Other trails west 6 Legacy 6.1 Art , entertainment , and media 6.1. 1 Games 6.1. 2 Music 6.1. 3 Television 6.1. 4 Commemorative Coin 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Oregon Trail Lewis and Clark expedition ( edit ) Main article : Lewis and Clark Expedition In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson issued the following instructions to Meriwether Lewis : `` The object of your mission is to explore the Missouri river , & such principal stream of it , as , by its course & communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean , whether the Columbia , Oregon , Colorado and / or other river may offer the most direct & practicable water communication across this continent , for the purposes of commerce . '' Although Lewis and William Clark found a path to the Pacific Ocean , it was not until 1859 that a direct and practicable route , the Mullan Road , connected the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Oregon Trail reenactment at Scotts Bluff The first land route across what is now the United States was mapped by the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 . Lewis and Clark initially believed they had found a practical overland route to the west coast ; however , the two passes they found going through the Rocky Mountains , Lemhi Pass and Lolo Pass , turned out to be much too difficult for prairie schooner wagons to pass through without considerable road work . On the return trip in 1806 , they traveled from the Columbia River to the Snake River and the Clearwater River over Lolo pass again . They then traveled overland up the Blackfoot River and crossed the Continental Divide at Lewis and Clark Pass and on to the head of the Missouri River . This was ultimately a shorter and faster route than the one they followed west . This route had the disadvantages of being much too rough for wagons and controlled by the Blackfoot Indians . Even though Lewis and Clark had only traveled a narrow portion of the upper Missouri River drainage and part of the Columbia River drainage , these were considered the two major rivers draining most of the Rocky Mountains , and the expedition confirmed that there was no `` easy '' route through the northern Rocky Mountains as Jefferson had hoped . Nonetheless , this famous expedition had mapped both the eastern and western river valleys ( Platte and Snake Rivers ) that bookend the route of the Oregon Trail ( and other emigrant trails ) across the continental divide -- they just had not located the South Pass or some of the interconnecting valleys later used in the high country . They did show the way for the mountain men , who within a decade would find a better way across , even if it was not to be an easy way . Pacific fur Company ( edit ) Main article : Pacific Fur Company Founded by John Jacob Astor as a subsidiary of his American Fur Company ( AFC ) in 1810 , the Pacific Fur Company ( PFC ) operated in the Pacific Northwest in the ongoing North American fur trade . Two movements of PFC employees were planned by Astor , one detachment to be sent to the Columbia River by the Tonquin and the other overland under an expedition led by Wilson Price Hunt . Hunt and his party were to find possible supply routes and trapping territories for further fur trading posts . Upon arriving at the river in March 1811 , the Tonquin crew began construction of what became Fort Astoria . The ship left supplies and men to continue work on the station and ventured north up the coast to Clayoquot Sound for a trading expedition . While anchored there , Jonathan Thorn insulted an elder Tla - o - qui - aht who was previously elected by the natives to negotiate a mutually satisfactory price for animal pelts . Soon after , the vessel was attacked and overwhelmed by the indigenous Clayoquot killing most of the crew except its Quinault interpreter , who later told the PFC management at Fort Astoria of the destruction . The next day , the ship was blown up by surviving crew members . Under Hunt , fearing attack by the Niitsitapi , the overland expedition veered south of Lewis and Clark 's route into what is now Wyoming and in the process passed across Union Pass and into Jackson Hole , Wyoming . From there they went over the Teton Range via Teton Pass and then down to the Snake River into modern Idaho . They abandoned their horses at the Snake River , made dugout canoes , and attempted to use the river for transport . After a few days ' travel they soon discovered that steep canyons , waterfalls and impassable rapids made travel by river impossible . Too far from their horses to retrieve them , they had to cache most of their goods and walk the rest of the way to the Columbia River where they made new boats and traveled to the newly established Fort Astoria . The expedition demonstrated that much of the route along the Snake River plain and across to the Columbia was passable by pack train or with minimal improvements , even wagons . This knowledge would be incorporated into the concatenated trail segments as the Oregon Trail took its early shape . Pacific Fur Company partner Robert Stuart led a small group of men back east to report to Astor . The group planned to retrace the path followed by the overland expedition back up to the east following the Columbia and Snake rivers . Fear of an Indian attack near Union Pass in Wyoming forced the group further south where they discovered South Pass , a wide and easy pass over the Continental Divide . The party continued east via the Sweetwater River , North Platte River ( where they spent the winter of 1812 -- 13 ) and Platte River to the Missouri River , finally arriving in St. Louis in the spring of 1813 . The route they had used appeared to potentially be a practical wagon route , requiring minimal improvements , and Stuart 's journals provided a meticulous account of most of the route . Because of the War of 1812 and the lack of U.S. fur trading posts in the Pacific Northwest , most of the route was unused for more than 10 years . The North west Company and Hudson 's Bay Company ( edit ) See also : North West Company and Hudson 's Bay Company This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The first Fort Laramie as it looked prior to 1840 . Painting from memory by Alfred Jacob Miller In August 1811 , three months after Fort Astor was established , David Thompson and his team of British North West Company explorers came floating down the Columbia to Fort Astoria . He had just completed a journey through much of western Canada and most of the Columbia River drainage system . He was mapping the country for possible fur trading posts . Along the way he camped at the confluence of the Columbia and Snake rivers and posted a notice claiming the land for Britain and stating the intention of the North West Company to build a fort on the site ( Fort Nez Perces was later established there ) . Astor , concerned the British navy would seize their forts and supplies in the War of 1812 , sold to the North West Company in 1812 their forts , supplies and furs on the Columbia and Snake River . The North West Company started establishing more forts and trading posts of its own . By 1821 , when armed hostilities broke out with its Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) rivals , the North West Company was pressured by the British government to merge with the HBC . The HBC had nearly a complete monopoly on trading ( and most governing issues ) in the Columbia District , or Oregon Country as it was referred to by the Americans , and also in Rupert 's Land . That year the British parliament passed a statute applying the laws of Upper Canada to the district and giving the HBC power to enforce those laws . From 1812 to 1840 , the British , through the HBC , had nearly complete control of the Pacific Northwest and the western half of the Oregon Trail . In theory , the Treaty of Ghent , which ended the War of 1812 , restored possession of Oregon territory to the United States . `` Joint occupation '' of the region was formally established by the Anglo - American Convention of 1818 . The British , through the HBC , tried to discourage any U.S. trappers , traders and settlers from work or settlement in the Pacific Northwest . Breaking up Camp at Sunrise , by Alfred Jacob Miller By overland travel , American missionaries and early settlers ( initially mostly ex-trappers ) started showing up in Oregon around 1824 . Although officially the HBC discouraged settlement because it interfered with its lucrative fur trade , its Chief Factor at Fort Vancouver , John McLoughlin , gave substantial help , including employment , until they could get established . In the early 1840s thousands of American settlers arrived and soon greatly outnumbered the British settlers in Oregon . McLoughlin , despite working for the HBC , gave help in the form of loans , medical care , shelter , clothing , food , supplies and seed to U.S. emigrants . These new emigrants often arrived in Oregon tired , worn out , nearly penniless , with insufficient food or supplies , just as winter was coming on . McLoughlin would later be hailed as the Father of Oregon . The York Factory Express , establishing another route to the Oregon territory , evolved from an earlier express brigade used by the North West Company between Fort Astoria and Fort William , Ontario on Lake Superior . By 1825 the HBC started using two brigades , each setting out from opposite ends of the express route -- one from Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River and the other from York Factory on Hudson Bay -- in spring and passing each other in the middle of the continent . This established a `` quick '' -- about 100 days for 2,600 miles ( 4,200 km ) one way -- to resupply its forts and fur trading centers as well as collecting the furs the posts had bought and transmitting messages between Fort Vancouver and York Factory on Hudson Bay . HBC 's York Factory Express trade route , 1820s to 1840s . Modern political boundaries shown . The HBC built a new much larger Fort Vancouver in 1824 slightly upstream of Fort Astoria on the north side of the Columbia River ( they were hoping the Columbia would be the future Canada -- U.S. border ) . The fort quickly became the center of activity in the Pacific Northwest . Every year ships would come from London to the Pacific ( via Cape Horn ) to drop off supplies and trade goods in its trading posts in the Pacific Northwest and pick up the accumulated furs used to pay for these supplies . It was the nexus for the fur trade on the Pacific Coast ; its influence reached from the Rocky Mountains to the Hawaiian Islands , and from Russian Alaska into Mexican - controlled California . At its pinnacle in about 1840 , Fort Vancouver and its Factor ( manager ) watched over 34 outposts , 24 ports , 6 ships , and about 600 employees . When American emigration over the Oregon Trail began in earnest in the early 1840s , for many settlers the fort became the last stop on the Oregon Trail where they could get supplies , aid and help before starting their homesteads . Fort Vancouver was the main re-supply point for nearly all Oregon trail travelers until U.S. towns could be established . The HBC established Fort Colvile in 1825 on the Columbia River near Kettle Falls as a good site to collect furs and control the upper Columbia River fur trade . Fort Nisqually was built near the present town of DuPont , Washington and was the first HBC fort on Puget Sound . Fort Victoria was erected in 1843 and became the headquarters of operations in British Columbia , eventually growing into modern - day Victoria , the capital city of British Columbia . The Oregon Country / Columbia District stretched from 42'N to 54 40'N . The most heavily disputed portion is highlighted . By 1840 the HBC had three forts : Fort Hall ( purchased from Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth in 1837 ) , Fort Boise and Fort Nez Perce on the western end of the Oregon Trail route as well as Fort Vancouver near its terminus in the Willamette Valley . With minor exceptions they all gave substantial and often desperately needed aid to the early Oregon Trail pioneers . When the fur trade slowed in 1840 because of fashion changes in men 's hats , the value of the Pacific Northwest to the British was seriously diminished . Canada had few potential settlers who were willing to move more than 2,500 miles ( 4,000 km ) to the Pacific Northwest , although several hundred ex-trappers , British and American , and their families did start settling in Oregon , Washington and California . They used most of the York Express route through northern Canada . In 1841 , James Sinclair , on orders from Sir George Simpson , guided nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony ( located at the junction of the Assiniboine River and Red River near present Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada ) into the Oregon territory . This attempt at settlement failed when most of the families joined the settlers in the Willamette Valley , with their promise of free land and HBC - free government . In 1846 , the Oregon Treaty ending the Oregon boundary dispute was signed with Britain . The British lost the land north of the Columbia River they had so long controlled . The new Canada -- United States border was established much further north at the 49th parallel . The treaty granted the HBC navigation rights on the Columbia River for supplying their fur posts , clear titles to their trading post properties allowing them to be sold later if they wanted , and left the British with good anchorages at Vancouver and Victoria . It gave the United States what it mostly wanted , a `` reasonable '' boundary and a good anchorage on the West Coast in Puget Sound . While there were almost no United States settlers in the future state of Washington in 1846 , the United States had already demonstrated it could induce thousands of settlers to go to the Oregon Territory , and it would be only a short time before they would vastly outnumber the few hundred HBC employees and retirees living in Washington . Great American desert ( edit ) Trail ruts near Guernsey , Wyoming Reports from expeditions in 1806 by Lieutenant Zebulon Pike and in 1819 by Major Stephen Long described the Great Plains as `` unfit for human habitation '' and as `` The Great American Desert '' . These descriptions were mainly based on the relative lack of timber and surface water . The images of sandy wastelands conjured up by terms like `` desert '' were tempered by the many reports of vast herds of millions of Plains Bison that somehow managed to live in this `` desert '' . In the 1840s , the Great Plains appeared to be unattractive for settlement and were illegal for homesteading until well after 1846 -- initially it was set aside by the U.S. government for Indian settlements . The next available land for general settlement , Oregon , appeared to be free for the taking and had fertile lands , disease free climate ( yellow fever and malaria were prevalent in much of the Missouri and Mississippi River drainage then ) , extensive uncut , unclaimed forests , big rivers , potential seaports , and only a few nominally British settlers . Fur traders , trappers and explorers ( edit ) Fur trappers , often working for fur traders , followed nearly all possible streams looking for beaver in the years ( 1812 -- 40 ) the fur trade was active . Fur traders included Manuel Lisa , Robert Stuart , William Henry Ashley , Jedediah Smith , William Sublette , Andrew Henry , Thomas Fitzpatrick , Kit Carson , Jim Bridger , Peter Skene Ogden , David Thompson , James Douglas , Donald Mackenzie , Alexander Ross , James Sinclair , and other mountain men . Besides discovering and naming many of the rivers and mountains in the Intermountain West and Pacific Northwest , they often kept diaries of their travels and were available as guides and consultants when the trail started to become open for general travel . The fur trade business wound down to a very low level just as the Oregon trail traffic seriously began around 1840 . Our Camp , by Alfred Jacob Miller In fall of 1823 , Jedediah Smith and Thomas Fitzpatrick led their trapping crew south from the Yellowstone River to the Sweetwater River . They were looking for a safe location to spend the winter . Smith reasoned since the Sweetwater flowed east it must eventually run into the Missouri River . Trying to transport their extensive fur collection down the Sweetwater and North Platte River , they found after a near disastrous canoe crash that the rivers were too swift and rough for water passage . On July 4 , 1824 , they cached their furs under a dome of rock they named Independence Rock and started their long trek on foot to the Missouri River . Upon arriving back in a settled area they bought pack horses ( on credit ) and retrieved their furs . They had re-discovered the route that Robert Stuart had taken in 1813 -- eleven years before . Thomas Fitzpatrick was often hired as a guide when the fur trade dwindled in 1840 . Jedediah Smith was killed by Indians around 1831 . The exploration of the West by Jedediah Smith Up to 3,000 mountain men were trappers and explorers , employed by various British and United States fur companies or working as free trappers , who roamed the North American Rocky Mountains from about 1810 to the early 1840s . They usually traveled in small groups for mutual support and protection . Trapping took place in the fall when the fur became prime . Mountain men primarily trapped beaver and sold the skins . A good beaver skin could bring up to $4 at a time when a man 's wage was often $1 per day . Some were more interested in exploring the West . In 1825 , the first significant American Rendezvous occurred on the Henry 's Fork of the Green River . The trading supplies were brought in by a large party using pack trains originating on the Missouri River . These pack trains were then used to haul out the fur bales . They normally used the north side of the Platte River -- the same route used 20 years later by the Mormon Trail . For the next 15 years the American rendezvous was an annual event moving to different locations , usually somewhere on the Green River in the future state of Wyoming . Each rendezvous , occurring during the slack summer period , allowed the fur traders to trade for and collect the furs from the trappers and their Indian allies without having the expense of building or maintaining a fort or wintering over in the cold Rockies . In only a few weeks at a rendezvous a year 's worth of trading and celebrating would take place as the traders took their furs and remaining supplies back east for the winter and the trappers faced another fall and winter with new supplies . Trapper Jim Beckwourth described the scene as one of `` Mirth , songs , dancing , shouting , trading , running , jumping , singing , racing , target - shooting , yarns , frolic , with all sorts of extravagances that white men or Indians could invent . '' In 1830 , William Sublette brought the first wagons carrying his trading goods up the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers before crossing over South Pass to a fur trade rendezvous on the Green River near the future town of Big Piney , Wyoming . He had a crew that dug out the gullies and river crossings and cleared the brush where needed . This established that the eastern part of most of the Oregon Trail was passable by wagons . In the late 1830s the HBC instituted a policy intended to destroy or weaken the American fur trade companies . The HBC 's annual collection and re-supply Snake River Expedition was transformed to a trading enterprise . Beginning in 1834 , it visited the American Rendezvous to undersell the American traders -- losing money but undercutting the American fur traders . By 1840 the fashion in Europe and Britain shifted away from the formerly very popular beaver felt hats and prices for furs rapidly declined and the trapping almost ceased . Map of the Green River watershed Fur traders tried to use the Platte River , the main route of the eastern Oregon Trail , for transport but soon gave up in frustration as its many channels and islands combined with its muddy waters were too shallow , crooked and unpredictable to use for water transport . The Platte proved to be unnavigable . The Platte River and North Platte River Valley , however , became an easy roadway for wagons , with its nearly flat plain sloping easily up and heading almost due west . There were several U.S. government - sponsored explorers who explored part of the Oregon Trail and wrote extensively about their explorations . Captain Benjamin Bonneville on his expedition of 1832 to 1834 explored much of the Oregon trail and brought wagons up the Platte , North Platte , Sweetwater route across South Pass to the Green River in Wyoming . He explored most of Idaho and the Oregon Trail to the Columbia . The account of his explorations in the west was published by Washington Irving in 1838 . ) . John C. Frémont of the U.S. Army 's Corps of Topographical Engineers and his guide Kit Carson led three expeditions from 1842 to 1846 over parts of California and Oregon . His explorations were written up by him and his wife Jessie Benton Frémont and were widely published . The first detailed map of California and Oregon were drawn by Frémont and his topographers and cartographers in about 1848 . Missionaries ( edit ) In 1834 , The Dalles Methodist Mission was founded by Reverend Jason Lee just east of Mount Hood on the Columbia River . In 1836 , Henry H. Spalding and Marcus Whitman traveled west to establish the Whitman Mission near modern - day Walla Walla , Washington . The party included the wives of the two men , Narcissa Whitman and Eliza Hart Spalding , who became the first European - American women to cross the Rocky Mountains . En route , the party accompanied American fur traders going to the 1836 rendezvous on the Green River in Wyoming and then joined Hudson 's Bay Company fur traders traveling west to Fort Nez Perce ( also called Fort Walla Walla ) . The group was the first to travel in wagons all the way to Fort Hall , where the wagons were abandoned at the urging of their guides . They used pack animals for the rest of the trip to Fort Walla Walla and then floated by boat to Fort Vancouver to get supplies before returning to start their missions . Other missionaries , mostly husband and wife teams using wagon and pack trains , established missions in the Willamette Valley , as well as various locations in the future states of Washington , Oregon , and Idaho . Early emigrants ( edit ) On May 1 , 1839 , a group of eighteen men from Peoria , Illinois , set out with the intention of colonizing the Oregon country on behalf of the United States of America and drive out the HBC operating there . The men of the Peoria Party were among the first pioneers to traverse most of the Oregon Trail . The men were initially led by Thomas J. Farnham and called themselves the Oregon Dragoons . They carried a large flag emblazoned with their motto `` Oregon Or The Grave '' . Although the group split up near Bent 's Fort on the South Platte and Farnham was deposed as leader , nine of their members eventually did reach Oregon . In September 1840 , Robert Newell , Joseph L. Meek , and their families reached Fort Walla Walla with three wagons that they had driven from Fort Hall . Their wagons were the first to reach the Columbia River over land , and they opened the final leg of Oregon Trail to wagon traffic . In 1841 , the Bartleson - Bidwell Party was the first emigrant group credited with using the Oregon Trail to emigrate west . The group set out for California , but about half the party left the original group at Soda Springs , Idaho , and proceeded to the Willamette Valley in Oregon , leaving their wagons at Fort Hall . On May 16 , 1842 , the second organized wagon train set out from Elm Grove , Missouri , with more than 100 pioneers . The party was led by Elijah White . The group broke up after passing Fort Hall with most of the single men hurrying ahead and the families following later . Great migration of 1843 ( edit ) In what was dubbed `` The Great Migration of 1843 '' or the `` Wagon Train of 1843 '' , an estimated 700 to 1,000 emigrants left for Oregon . They were led initially by John Gantt , a former U.S. Army Captain and fur trader who was contracted to guide the train to Fort Hall for $1 per person . The winter before , Marcus Whitman had made a brutal mid-winter trip from Oregon to St. Louis to appeal a decision by his mission backers to abandon several of the Oregon missions . He joined the wagon train at the Platte River for the return trip . When the pioneers were told at Fort Hall by agents from the Hudson 's Bay Company that they should abandon their wagons there and use pack animals the rest of the way , Whitman disagreed and volunteered to lead the wagons to Oregon . He believed the wagon trains were large enough that they could build whatever road improvements they needed to make the trip with their wagons . The biggest obstacle they faced was in the Blue Mountains of Oregon where they had to cut and clear a trail through heavy timber . The wagons were stopped at The Dalles , Oregon by the lack of a road around Mount Hood . The wagons had to be disassembled and floated down the treacherous Columbia River and the animals herded over the rough Lolo trail to get by Mt . Hood . Nearly all of the settlers in the 1843 wagon trains arrived in the Willamette Valley by early October . A passable wagon trail now existed from the Missouri River to The Dalles . In 1846 , the Barlow Road was completed around Mount Hood , providing a rough but completely passable wagon trail from the Missouri River to the Willamette Valley : about 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) . Oregon country ( edit ) In 1843 , settlers of the Willamette Valley drafted the Organic Laws of Oregon organizing land claims within the Oregon Country . Married couples were granted at no cost ( except for the requirement to work and improve the land ) up to 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) ( a section or square mile ) , and unmarried settlers could claim 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) . As the group was a provisional government with no authority , these claims were not valid under United States or British law , but they were eventually honored by the United States in the Donation Land Act of 1850 . The Donation Land Act provided for married settlers to be granted 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) and unmarried settlers 160 acres ( 0.65 km ) . Following the expiration of the act in 1854 the land was no longer free but cost $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) with a limit of 320 acres ( 1.3 km ) -- the same as most other unimproved government land . Women on the Overland trail ( edit ) Consensus interpretations , as found in John Faragher 's book , Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 1979 ) , held that men and women 's power within marriage was uneven . This meant that women did not experience the trail as liberating , but instead only found harder work than they had handled back east . However , feminist scholarship , by historians such as Lillian Schlissel , Sandra Myres , and Glenda Riley , suggests men and women did not view the West and western migration in the same way . Whereas men might deem the dangers of the trail acceptable if there was a strong economic reward at the end , women viewed those dangers as threatening to the stability and survival of the family . Once they arrived at their new western home , women 's public role in building western communities and participating in the western economy gave them a greater authority than they had known back East . There was a `` female frontier '' that was distinct and different from that experienced by men . Women 's diaries kept during their travels or the letters they wrote home once they arrived at their destination supports these contentions . Women wrote with sadness and concern of the numerous deaths along the trail . Anna Maria King wrote to her family in 1845 about her trip to the Luckiamute Valley Oregon and of the multiple deaths experienced by her traveling group : `` But listen to the deaths : Sally Chambers , John King and his wife , their little daughter Electa and their babe , a son 9 months old , and Dulancy C. Norton 's sister are gone . Mr. A. Fuller lost his wife and daughter Tabitha . Eight of our two families have gone to their long home . '' Similarly , emigrant Martha Gay Masterson , who traveled the trail with her family at the age of 13 , mentioned the fascination she and other children felt for the graves and loose skulls they would find near their camps . Anna Maria King , like many other women , also advised family and friends back home of the realities of the trip and offered advice on how to prepare for the trip . Women also reacted and responded , often enthusiastically , to the landscape of the West . Betsey Bayley in a letter to her sister , Lucy P. Griffith described how travelers responded to the new environment they encountered : `` The mountains looked like volcanoes and the appearance that one day there had been an awful thundering of volcanoes and a burning world . The valleys were all covered with a white crust and looked like salaratus . Some of the company used it to raise their bread . '' Mormon emigration ( edit ) Main article : Mormon Trail Following persecution and mob action in Missouri , Illinois , and other states , and the assassination of their prophet Joseph Smith in 1844 , Mormon leader Brigham Young was chosen by the leaders of the Latter Day Saints ( LDS ) church to lead the LDS settlers west . He chose to lead his people to the Salt Lake Valley in present - day Utah . In 1847 Young led a small , especially picked fast - moving group of men and women from their Winter Quarters encampments near Omaha , Nebraska , and their approximately 50 temporary settlements on the Missouri River in Iowa including Council Bluffs . About 2,200 LDS pioneers went that first year as they filtered in from Mississippi , Colorado , California , and several other states . The initial pioneers were charged with establishing farms , growing crops , building fences and herds , and establishing preliminary settlements to feed and support the many thousands of emigrants expected in the coming years . After ferrying across the Missouri River and establishing wagon trains near what became Omaha , the Mormons followed the northern bank of the Platte River in Nebraska to Fort Laramie in present - day Wyoming . They initially started out in 1848 with trains of several thousand emigrants , which were rapidly split into smaller groups to be more easily accommodated at the limited springs and acceptable camping places on the trail . Organized as a complete evacuation from their previous homes , farms , and cities in Illinois , Missouri , and Iowa , this group consisted of entire families with no one left behind . The much larger presence of women and children meant these wagon trains did not try to cover as much ground in a single day as Oregon and California bound emigrants . Typically taking about 100 days to cover the 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) trip to Salt Lake City . ( The Oregon and California emigrants typically averaged about 15 miles ( 24 km ) per day . ) In Wyoming , the Mormon emigrants followed the main Oregon / California / Mormon Trail through Wyoming to Fort Bridger , where they split from the main trail and followed ( and improved ) the rough path known as Hastings Cutoff , used by the ill - fated Donner Party in 1846 . Between 1847 and 1860 , over 43,000 Mormon settlers and tens of thousands of travelers on the California Trail and Oregon Trail followed Young to Utah . After 1848 , the travelers headed to California or Oregon resupplied at the Salt Lake Valley , and then went back over the Salt Lake Cutoff , rejoining the trail near the future Idaho -- Utah border at the City of Rocks in Idaho . Starting in 1855 , many of the poorer Mormon travelers made the trek with hand built handcarts and fewer wagons . Guided by experienced guides , handcarts -- pulled and pushed by two to four people -- were as fast as ox - drawn wagons and allowed them to bring 75 to 100 pounds ( 34 to 45 kg ) of possessions plus some food , bedding , and tents to Utah . Accompanying wagons carried more food and supplies . Upon arrival in Utah , the handcart pioneers were given or found jobs and accommodations by individual Mormon families for the winter until they could become established . About 3,000 out of over 60,000 Mormon pioneers came across with handcarts . Along the Mormon Trail , the Mormon pioneers established a number of ferries and made trail improvements to help later travelers and earn much needed money . One of the better known ferries was the Mormon Ferry across the North Platte near the future site of Fort Caspar in Wyoming which operated between 1848 and 1852 and the Green River ferry near Fort Bridger which operated from 1847 to 1856 . The ferries were free for Mormon settlers while all others were charged a toll of from $3 to $8 . California gold rush ( edit ) Main article : California Trail In January 1848 , James Marshall found gold in the Sierra Nevada portion of the American River , sparking the California Gold Rush . It is estimated that about two - thirds of the male population in Oregon went to California in 1848 to cash in on the opportunity . To get there , they helped build the Lassen Branch of the Applegate - Lassen Trail by cutting a wagon road through extensive forests . Many returned with significant gold which helped jump - start the Oregon economy . Over the next decade , gold seekers from the Midwestern United States and East Coast of the United States dramatically increased traffic on the Oregon and California Trails . The `` forty - niners '' often chose speed over safety and opted to use shortcuts such as the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff in Wyoming which reduced travel time by almost seven days but spanned nearly 45 miles ( 72 km ) of desert without water , grass , or fuel for fires . 1849 was the first year of large scale cholera epidemics in the United States , and thousands are thought to have died along the trail on their way to California -- most buried in unmarked graves in Kansas and Nebraska . The `` adjusted '' 1850 U.S. Census of California showed this rush was overwhelmingly male with about 112,000 males to 8,000 females ( with about 5,500 women over age 15 ) . Women were significantly underrepresented in the California Gold Rush , and sex ratios did not reach essential equality in California ( and other western states ) until about 1950 . The relative scarcity of women gave them many opportunities to do many more things that were not `` normally '' considered `` women 's work '' of this era . After 1849 , the California Gold Rush continued for several years as the miners continued to find about $50,000,000 worth of gold per year at $21 per ounce . Once California was established as a prosperous state , many thousands more emigrated there each year for the opportunities . Later emigration and uses of the trail ( edit ) The trail was still in use during the Civil War , but traffic declined after 1855 when the Panama Railroad across the Isthmus of Panama was completed . Paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships , often heavily subsidized to carry the mail , provided rapid transport to and from the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to and from Panama to ports in California and Oregon . Over the years many ferries were established to help get across the many rivers on the path of the Oregon Trail . Multiple ferries were established on the Missouri River , Kansas River , Little Blue River , Elkhorn River , Loup River , Platte River , South Platte River , North Platte River , Laramie River , Green River , Bear River , two crossings of the Snake River , John Day River , Deschutes River , Columbia River , as well as many other smaller streams . During peak immigration periods several ferries on any given river often competed for pioneer dollars . These ferries significantly increased speed and safety for Oregon Trail travelers . They increased the cost of traveling the trail by roughly $30 per wagon but increased the speed of the transit from about 160 to 170 days in 1843 to 120 to 140 days in 1860 . Ferries also helped prevent death by drowning at river crossings . In April 1859 , an expedition of U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers led by Captain James H. Simpson left Camp Floyd , Utah , to establish an army supply route across the Great Basin to the eastern slope of the Sierras . Upon return in early August , Simpson reported that he had surveyed the Central Overland Route from Camp Floyd to Genoa , Nevada . This route went through central Nevada ( roughly where U.S. Route 50 goes today ) and was about 280 miles ( 450 km ) shorter than the `` standard '' Humboldt River California trail route . The Central Route in Nevada The Army improved the trail for use by wagons and stagecoaches in 1859 and 1860 . Starting in 1860 , the American Civil War closed the heavily subsidized Butterfield Overland Mail stage Southern Route through the deserts of the American Southwest . In 1860 -- 61 the Pony Express , employing riders traveling on horseback day and night with relay stations about every 10 miles ( 16 km ) to supply fresh horses , was established from St. Joseph , Missouri , to Sacramento , California . The Pony Express built many of their eastern stations along the Oregon / California / Mormon / Bozeman trails and many of their western stations along the very sparsely settled Central Route across Utah and Nevada . The Pony Express delivered mail summer and winter in roughly 10 days from the midwest to California . In 1861 , John Butterfield , who since 1858 had been using the Butterfield Overland Mail , also switched to the Central Route to avoid traveling through hostile territories during the American Civil War . George Chorpenning immediately realized the value of this more direct route , and shifted his existing mail and passenger line along with their stations from the `` Northern Route '' ( California Trail ) along the Humboldt River . In 1861 , the First Transcontinental Telegraph also laid its lines alongside the Central Overland Route . Several stage lines were set up carrying mail and passengers that traversed much of the route of the original Oregon Trail to Fort Bridger and from there over the Central Overland Route to California . By traveling day and night with many stations and changes of teams ( and extensive mail subsidies ) , these stages could get passengers and mail from the midwest to California in about 25 to 28 days . These combined stage and Pony Express stations along the Oregon Trail and Central Route across Utah and Nevada were joined by the First Transcontinental Telegraph stations and telegraph line , which followed much the same route in 1861 from Carson City , Nevada to Salt Lake City . The Pony Express folded in 1861 as they failed to receive an expected mail contract from the U.S. government and the telegraph filled the need for rapid east -- west communication . This combination wagon / stagecoach / pony express / telegraph line route is labeled the Pony Express National Historic Trail on the National Trail Map . From Salt Lake City the telegraph line followed much of the Mormon / California / Oregon trails to Omaha , Nebraska . Covered wagon replica and Mission Monument at the Whitman Mission National Historic Site about ten miles west of Walla Walla , Washington After the First Transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869 , telegraph lines usually followed the railroad tracks as the required relay stations and telegraph lines were much easier to maintain alongside the tracks . Telegraph lines to unpopulated areas were largely abandoned . As the years passed , the Oregon Trail became a heavily used corridor from the Missouri River to the Columbia River . Offshoots of the trail continued to grow as gold and silver discoveries , farming , lumbering , ranching , and business opportunities resulted in much more traffic to many areas . Traffic became two - directional as towns were established along the trail . By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350,000 over their 1860 census levels . With the exception of most of the 180,000 population increase in California , most of these people living away from the coast traveled over parts of the Oregon Trail and its many extensions and cutoffs to get to their new residences . Even before the famous Texas cattle drives after the Civil War , the trail was being used to drive herds of thousands of cattle , horses , sheep , and goats from the midwest to various towns and cities along the trails . According to studies by trail historian John Unruh the livestock may have been as plentiful or more plentiful than the immigrants in many years . In 1852 , there were even records of a 1,500 - turkey drive from Illinois to California . The main reason for this livestock traffic was the large cost discrepancy between livestock in the midwest and at the end of the trail in California , Oregon , or Montana . They could often be bought in the midwest for about 1 / 3 to 1 / 10 what they would fetch at the end of the trail . Large losses could occur and the drovers would still make significant profit . As the emigrant travel on the trail declined in later years and after livestock ranches were established at many places along the trail large herds of animals often were driven along part of the trail to get to and from markets . Trail decline ( edit ) The first transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , providing faster , safer , and usually cheaper travel east and west ( the journey took seven days and cost as little as $65 or $1189.39 in 2016 dollars ) . Some emigrants continued to use the trail well into the 1890s , and modern highways and railroads eventually paralleled large portions of the trail , including U.S. Highway 26 , Interstate 84 in Oregon and Idaho and Interstate 80 in Nebraska . Contemporary interest in the overland trek has prompted the states and federal government to preserve landmarks on the trail including wagon ruts , buildings , and `` registers '' where emigrants carved their names . Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries there have been a number of re-enactments of the trek with participants wearing period garments and traveling by wagon . Routes ( edit ) Oregon Trail pioneer Ezra Meeker erected this boulder near Pacific Springs on Wyoming 's South Pass in 1906 . As the trail developed it became marked by many cutoffs and shortcuts from Missouri to Oregon . The basic route follows river valleys as grass and water were absolutely necessary . While the first few parties organized and departed from Elm Grove , the Oregon Trail 's primary starting point was Independence , Missouri , or Westport , ( which was annexed into modern day Kansas City ) , on the Missouri River . Later , several feeder trails led across Kansas , and some towns became starting points , including Weston , Fort Leavenworth , Atchison , St. Joseph , and Omaha . The Oregon Trail 's nominal termination point was Oregon City , at the time the proposed capital of the Oregon Territory . However , many settlers branched off or stopped short of this goal and settled at convenient or promising locations along the trail . Commerce with pioneers going further west helped establish these early settlements and launched local economies critical to their prosperity . At dangerous or difficult river crossings , ferries or toll bridges were set up and bad places on the trail were either repaired or bypassed . Several toll roads were constructed . Gradually the trail became easier with the average trip ( as recorded in numerous diaries ) dropping from about 160 days in 1849 to 140 days 10 years later . Many other trails followed the Oregon Trail for much of its length , including the Mormon Trail from Illinois to Utah ; the California Trail to the gold fields of California ; and the Bozeman Trail to Montana . Because it was more a network of trails than a single trail , there were numerous variations with other trails eventually established on both sides of the Platte , North Platte , Snake , and Columbia rivers . With literally thousands of people and thousands of livestock traveling in a fairly small time slot the travelers had to spread out to find clean water , wood , good campsites , and grass . The dust kicked up by the many travelers was a constant complaint , and where the terrain would allow it there may be between 20 and 50 wagons traveling abreast . Remnants of the trail in Kansas , Nebraska , Wyoming , Idaho , and Oregon have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and the entire trail is a designated National Historic Trail . Missouri ( edit ) Initially , the main `` jumping off point '' was the common head of the Santa Fe Trail and Oregon trail -- Independence , and Kansas City . Travelers starting in Independence had to ferry across the Missouri River . After following the Santa Fe trail to near present - day Topeka , they ferried across the Kansas River to start the trek across Kansas and points west . Another busy `` jumping off point '' was St. Joseph -- established in 1843 . In its early days , St. Joseph was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town , serving as one of the last supply points before heading over the Missouri River to the frontier . St. Joseph had good steamboat connections to St. Louis and other ports on the combined Ohio , Missouri , and Mississippi River systems . During the busy season there were several ferry boats and steamboats available to transport travelers to the Kansas shore where they started their travels westward . Before the Union Pacific Railroad was started in 1865 , St. Joseph was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail . Other towns used as supply points in Missouri included Old Franklin , Arrow Rock , and Fort Osage . Iowa ( edit ) A bison bull on a Nebraska wildlife refuge In 1803 , President Thomas Jefferson obtained from France the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million ( equivalent to about $230 million today ) which included all the land drained by the Missouri River and roughly doubled the size of U.S. territory . The future states of Iowa and Missouri , located west of the Mississippi River and east of Missouri River , were part of this purchase . The Lewis and Clark Expedition stopped several times in the future state of Iowa on their 1805 -- 1806 expedition to the west coast . A disputed 1804 treaty between Quashquame and William Henry Harrison ( future ninth President of the U.S. ) that surrendered much of the future state of Illinois to the U.S. enraged many Sauk ( Sac ) Indians and led to the 1832 Black Hawk War . As punishment for the uprising , and as part of a larger settlement strategy , treaties were subsequently designed to remove all Indians from Iowa Territory . Some settlers started drifting into Iowa in 1833 . President Martin Van Buren on July 4 , 1838 , signed the U.S. Congress laws establishing the Territory of Iowa . Iowa was located opposite the junction of the Platte and Missouri rivers and was used by some of the fur trapper rendezvous traders as a starting point for their supply expeditions . In 1846 the Mormons , expelled from Nauvoo , Illinois , traversed Iowa ( on part of the Mormon Trail ) and settled temporarily in significant numbers on the Missouri River in Iowa and the future state of Nebraska at their Winter Quarters near the future city of Omaha , Nebraska . ( See : Missouri River settlements ( 1846 -- 1854 ) ) The Mormons established about 50 temporary towns including the town of Kanesville , Iowa ( renamed Council Bluffs in 1852 ) on the east bank of the Missouri River opposite the mouth of the Platte River . For those travelers to Oregon , California , and Utah who were bringing their teams to the Platte River junction Kanesville and other towns became major `` jumping off places '' and supply points . In 1847 the Mormons established three ferries across the Missouri River and others established even more ferries for the spring start on the trail . In the 1850 census there were about 8,000 mostly Mormons tabulated in the large Pottawattamie County , Iowa District 21 . ( The original Pottawattamie County was subsequently made into five counties and parts of several more . ) By 1854 most of the Mormon towns , farms and villages were largely taken over by non-Mormons as they abandoned them or sold them for not much and continued their migration to Utah . After 1846 the towns of Council Bluffs , Iowa , Omaha ( est. 1852 ) and other Missouri River towns became major supply points and `` jumping off places '' for travelers on the Mormon , California , Oregon , and other trails west . Kansas ( edit ) Map of principal rivers in Kansas Starting initially in Independence , Missouri , or Kansas City in Missouri , the initial trail follows the Santa Fe Trail into Kansas south of the Wakarusa River . After crossing Mount Oread at Lawrence , the trail crosses the Kansas River by ferry or boats near Topeka and crossed the Wakarusa and Black Vermillion rivers by ferries . After the Black Vermillion River the trail angles northwest to Nebraska paralleling the Little Blue River until reaching the south side of the Platte River . Travel by wagon over the gently rolling Kansas countryside was usually unimpeded except where streams had cut steep banks . There a passage could be made with a lot of shovel work to cut down the banks or the travelers could find an already established crossing . Nebraska ( edit ) See also : California Hill and O'Fallons Bluff Chimney Rock , Nebraska Those emigrants on the eastern side of the Missouri River in Missouri or Iowa used ferries and steamboats ( fitted out for ferry duty ) to cross into towns in Nebraska . Several towns in Nebraska were used as jumping off places with Omaha eventually becoming a favorite after about 1855 . Fort Kearny ( est. 1848 ) is about 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the Missouri River , and the trail and its many offshoots nearly all converged close to Fort Kearny as they followed the Platte River west . The army maintained fort was the first chance on the trail to buy emergency supplies , do repairs , get medical aid , or mail a letter . Those on the north side of the Platte could usually wade the shallow river if they needed to visit the fort . Map showing the Platte River watershed , including the North Platte and South Platte tributaries The Platte River and the North Platte River in the future states of Nebraska and Wyoming typically had many channels and islands and were too shallow , crooked , muddy and unpredictable for travel even by canoe . The Platte as it pursued its braided paths to the Missouri River was `` too thin to plow and too thick to drink '' . While unusable for transportation , the Platte River and North Platte River valleys provided an easily passable wagon corridor going almost due west with access to water , grass , buffalo , and buffalo chips for fuel . The trails gradually got rougher as it progressed up the North Platte . There were trails on both sides of the muddy rivers . The Platte was about 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) wide and 2 to 60 inches ( 5.1 to 152.4 cm ) deep . The water was silty and bad tasting but it could be used if no other water was available . Letting it sit in a bucket for an hour or so or stirring in a 1 / 4 cup of cornmeal allowed most of the silt to settle out . In the spring in Nebraska and Wyoming the travelers often encountered fierce wind , rain and lightning storms . Until about 1870 travelers encountered hundreds of thousands of bison migrating through Nebraska on both sides of the Platte River , and most travelers killed several for fresh meat and to build up their supplies of dried jerky for the rest of the journey . The prairie grass in many places was several feet high with only the hat of a traveler on horseback showing as they passed through the prairie grass . In many years the Indians fired much of the dry grass on the prairie every fall so the only trees or bushes available for firewood were on islands in the Platte River . Travelers gathered and ignited dried cow dung to cook their meals . These burned fast in a breeze , and it could take two or more bushels of chips to get one meal prepared . Those traveling south of the Platte crossed the South Platte fork at one of about three ferries ( in dry years it could be forded without a ferry ) before continuing up the North Platte River Valley into present - day Wyoming heading to Fort Laramie . Before 1852 those on the north side of the Platte crossed the North Platte to the south side at Fort Laramie . After 1852 they used Child 's Cutoff to stay on the north side to about the present day town of Casper , Wyoming , where they crossed over to the south side . Notable landmarks in Nebraska include Courthouse and Jail Rocks , Chimney Rock , Scotts Bluff , and Ash Hollow with its steep descent down Windlass Hill over the South Platte . Today much of the Oregon Trail follows roughly along Interstate 80 from Wyoming to Grand Island , Nebraska . From there U.S. Highway 30 which follows the Platte River is a better approximate path for those traveling the north side of the Platte . The National Park Service ( NPS ) gives traveling advice for those who want to follow other branches of the trail . Cholera on the Platte River ( edit ) Because of the Platte 's brackish water , the preferred camping spots were along one of the many fresh water streams draining into the Platte or the occasional fresh water spring found along the way . These preferred camping spots became sources of cholera in the epidemic years ( 1849 -- 1855 ) as many thousands of people used the same camping spots with essentially no sewage facilities or adequate sewage treatment . One of the side effects of cholera is acute diarrhea which helps contaminate even more water unless it is isolated and / or treated . The cause of cholera , ingesting the Vibrio cholerae bacterium from contaminated water , and the best treatment for cholera infections were unknown in this era . Thousands of travelers on the combined California , Oregon , and Mormon trails succumbed to cholera between 1849 and 1855 . Most were buried in unmarked graves in Kansas , Nebraska and Wyoming . Although also considered part of the Mormon Trail , the grave of Rebecca Winters is one of the few marked ones left . There are many cases cited involving people who were alive and apparently healthy in the morning and dead by nightfall . Colorado ( edit ) A branch of the Oregon trail crossed the very northeast corner of Colorado if they followed the South Platte River to one of its last crossings . This branch of the trail passed through present day Julesburg before entering Wyoming . Later settlers followed the Platte and South Platte Rivers into their settlements there ( much of which became the state of Colorado ) . Wyoming ( edit ) Main article : Emigrant Trail in Wyoming After crossing the South Platte River the Oregon Trail follows the North Platte River out of Nebraska into Wyoming . Fort Laramie , at the confluence of the Laramie and North Platte rivers , was a major stopping point . Fort Laramie was a former fur trading outpost originally named Fort John that was purchased in 1848 by the U.S. Army to protect travelers on the trails . It was the last army outpost till travelers reached the coast . Fort Laramie was the end of most cholera outbreaks which killed thousands along the lower Platte and North Platte from 1849 to 1855 . Spread by cholera bacteria in fecal contaminated water , cholera caused massive diarrhea , leading to dehydration and death . In those days its cause and treatment were unknown , and it was often fatal -- up to 30 percent of infected people died . It is believed that the swifter flowing rivers in Wyoming helped prevent the germs from spreading . Independence Rock After crossing the South Platte the trail continues up the North Platte River , crossing many small swift - flowing creeks . As the North Platte veers to the south , the trail crosses the North Platte to the Sweetwater River Valley , which heads almost due west . Independence Rock is on the Sweetwater River . The Sweetwater would have to be crossed up to nine times before the trail crosses over the Continental Divide at South Pass , Wyoming . From South Pass the trail continues southwest crossing Big Sandy Creek -- about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) wide and 1 foot ( 0.30 m ) deep -- before hitting the Green River . Three to five ferries were in use on the Green during peak travel periods . The deep , wide , swift , and treacherous Green River which eventually empties into the Colorado River , was usually at high water in July and August , and it was a dangerous crossing . After crossing the Green , the main trail continued approximately southwest until the Blacks Fork of the Green River and Fort Bridger . From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued southwest following the upgraded Hastings Cutoff through the Wasatch Mountains . From Fort Bridger , the main trail , comprising several variants , veered northwest over the Bear River Divide and descended to the Bear River Valley . The trail turned north following the Bear River past the terminus of the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff at Smiths Fork and on to the Thomas Fork Valley at the present Wyoming -- Idaho border . Over time , two major heavily used cutoffs were established in Wyoming . The Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff was established in 1844 and cut about 70 miles ( 110 km ) off the main route . It leaves the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of South Pass and heads almost due west crossing Big Sandy Creek and then about 45 miles ( 72 km ) of waterless , very dusty desert before reaching the Green River near the present town of La Barge . Ferries here transferred them across the Green River . From there the Sublette - Greenwood Cutoff trail had to cross a mountain range to connect with the main trail near Cokeville in the Bear River Valley . Prairie Scene : Mirage , by Alfred Jacob Miller The Lander Road , formally the Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake Wagon Road , was established and built by U.S. government contractors in 1858 -- 59 . It was about 80 miles ( 130 km ) shorter than the main trail through Fort Bridger with good grass , water , firewood and fishing but it was a much steeper and rougher route , crossing three mountain ranges . In 1859 , 13,000 of the 19,000 emigrants traveling to California and Oregon used the Lander Road . The traffic in later years is undocumented . The Lander Road departs the main trail at Burnt Ranch near South Pass , crosses the Continental Divide north of South Pass and reaches the Green River near the present town of Big Piney , Wyoming . From there the trail followed Big Piney Creek west before passing over the 8,800 feet ( 2,700 m ) Thompson Pass in the Wyoming Range . It then crosses over the Smith Fork of the Bear River before ascending and crossing another 8,200 - foot ( 2,500 m ) pass on the Salt River Range of mountains and then descending into Star Valley . It exited the mountains near the present Smith Fork road about 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) south of the town of Smoot . The road continued almost due north along the present day Wyoming -- Idaho western border through Star Valley . To avoid crossing the Salt River ( which drains into the Snake River ) which runs down Star Valley the Lander Road crossed the river when it was small and stayed west of the Salt River . After traveling down the Salt River Valley ( Star Valley ) about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north the road turned almost due west near the present town of Auburn , and entered into the present state of Idaho along Stump Creek . In Idaho , it followed the Stump Creek valley northwest until it crossed the Caribou Mountains and proceeded past the south end of Grays Lake . The trail then proceeded almost due west to meet the main trail at Fort Hall ; alternatively , a branch trail headed almost due south to meet the main trail near the present town of Soda Springs . Numerous landmarks are located along the trail in Wyoming including Independence Rock , Ayres Natural Bridge and Register Cliff . Utah ( edit ) In 1847 , Brigham Young and the Mormon pioneers departed from the Oregon Trail at Fort Bridger in Wyoming and followed ( and much improved ) the rough trail originally recommended by Lansford Hastings to the Donner Party in 1846 through the Wasatch Mountains into Utah . After getting into Utah , they immediately started setting up irrigated farms and cities -- including Salt Lake City . In 1848 , the Salt Lake Cutoff was established by Sam Hensley , and returning members of the Mormon Battalion providing a path north of the Great Salt Lake from Salt Lake City back to the California and Oregon trails . This cutoff rejoined the Oregon and California Trails near the City of Rocks near the Utah -- Idaho border and could be used by both California and Oregon bound travelers . Located about half way on both the California and Oregon trails many thousands of later travelers used Salt Lake City and other Utah cities as an intermediate stop for selling or trading excess goods or tired livestock for fresh livestock , repairs , supplies or fresh vegetables . The Mormons looked on these travelers as a welcome bonanza as setting up new communities from scratch required nearly everything the travelers could afford to part with . The overall distance to California or Oregon was very close to the same whether one `` detoured '' to Salt Lake City or not . For their own use and to encourage California and Oregon bound travelers the Mormons improved the Mormon Trail from Fort Bridger and the Salt Lake Cutoff trail . To raise much needed money and facilitate travel on the Salt Lake Cutoff they set up several ferries across the Weber , Bear , and Malad rivers , which were used mostly by travelers bound for Oregon or California . Idaho ( edit ) The main Oregon and California Trail went almost due north from Fort Bridger to the Little Muddy Creek where it passed over the Bear River Mountains to the Bear River Valley , which it followed northwest into the Thomas Fork area , where the trail crossed over the present day Wyoming line into Idaho . In the Eastern Sheep Creek Hills in the Thomas Fork valley the emigrants encountered Big Hill . Big Hill was a detour caused by a then - impassable cut the Bear River made through the mountains and had a tough ascent often requiring doubling up of teams and a very steep and dangerous descent . ( Much later , US - 30 , using modern explosives and equipment , was built through this cut ) . In 1852 Eliza Ann McAuley found and with help developed the McAuley Cutoff which bypassed much of the difficult climb and descent of Big Hill . About 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) on they passed present - day Montpelier , Idaho , which is now the site of the National Oregon - California Trail Center . The trail follows the Bear River northwest to present - day Soda Springs . The springs here were a favorite attraction of the pioneers who marveled at the hot carbonated water and chugging `` steamboat '' springs . Many stopped and did their laundry in the hot water as there was usually plenty of good grass and fresh water available . Just west of Soda Springs the Bear River turns southwest as it heads for the Great Salt Lake , and the main trail turns northwest to follow the Portneuf River valley to Fort Hall , Idaho . Fort Hall was an old fur trading post located on the Snake River . It was established in 1832 by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth and company and later sold in 1837 to the Hudson 's Bay Company . At Fort Hall nearly all travelers were given some aid and supplies if they were available and needed . Mosquitoes were constant pests , and travelers often mention that their animals were covered with blood from the bites . The route from Fort Bridger to Fort Hall is about 210 miles ( 340 km ) , taking nine to twelve days . Storm : Waiting for the Caravan , by Alfred Jacob Miller At Soda Springs was one branch of Lander Road ( established and built with government contractors in 1858 ) , which had gone west from near South Pass , over the Salt River Mountains and down Star Valley before turning west near present - day Auburn , Wyoming , and entering Idaho . From there it proceeded northwest into Idaho up Stump Creek canyon for about 10 miles ( 16 km ) . One branch turned almost 90 degrees and proceeded southwest to Soda Springs . Another branch headed almost due west past Gray 's Lake to rejoin the main trail about 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Fort Hall . On the main trail about 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) west of Soda Springs Hudspeth 's Cutoff ( established 1849 and used mostly by California trail users ) took off from the main trail heading almost due west , bypassing Fort Hall . It rejoined the California Trail at Cassia Creek near the City of Rocks . Hudspeth 's Cutoff had five mountain ranges to cross and took about the same amount of time as the main route to Fort Hall , but many took it thinking it was shorter . Its main advantage was that it helped spread out the traffic during peak periods , making more grass available . West of Fort Hall the main trail traveled about 40 miles ( 64 km ) on the south side of the Snake River southwest past American Falls , Massacre Rocks , Register Rock , and Coldwater Hill near present - day Pocatello , Idaho . Near the junction of the Raft River and Snake River the California Trail diverged from the Oregon Trail at another Parting of the Ways junction . Travellers left the Snake River and followed Raft River about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southwest past present day Almo . This trail then passed through the City of Rocks and over Granite Pass where it went southwest along Goose Creek , Little Goose Creek , and Rock Spring Creek . It went about 95 miles ( 153 km ) through Thousand Springs Valley , West Brush Creek , and Willow Creek , before arriving at the Humboldt River in northeastern Nevada near present - day Wells . The California Trail proceeded west down the Humboldt before reaching and crossing the Sierra Nevadas . Goodale 's Cutoff of the Oregon Trail at Lava Lake , west of Arco , ID and east of Carey , ID along US 26 , 20 , 93 . Picture of current two track along section of the cutoff of the Oregon Trail . There were only a few places where the Snake River was not buried deep in a canyon , and few spots where the river slowed down enough to make a crossing possible . Two of these fords were near Fort Hall , where travelers on the Oregon Trail North Side Alternate ( established about 1852 ) and Goodale 's Cutoff ( established 1862 ) crossed the Snake to travel on the north side . Nathaniel Wyeth , the original founder of Fort Hall in 1834 , writes in his diary that they found a ford across the Snake River 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) southwest of where he founded Fort Hall . Another possible crossing was a few miles upstream of Salmon Falls where some intrepid travelers floated their wagons and swam their stock across to join the north side trail . Some lost their wagons and teams over the falls . The trails on the north side joined the trail from Three Island Crossing about 17 miles ( 27 km ) west of Glenns Ferry on the north side of the Snake River . Goodale 's Cutoff , established in 1862 on the north side of the Snake River , formed a spur of the Oregon Trail . This cutoff had been used as a pack trail by Indians and fur traders , and emigrant wagons traversed parts of the eastern section as early as 1852 . After crossing the Snake River the 230 - mile ( 370 km ) cutoff headed north from Fort Hall toward Big Southern Butte following the Lost River part of the way . It passed near the present - day town of Arco , Idaho , and wound through the northern part of what is now Craters of the Moon National Monument . From there it went southwest to Camas Prairie and ended at Old Fort Boise on the Boise River . This journey typically took two to three weeks and was noted for its very rough lava terrain and extremely dry climate , which tended to dry the wooden wheels on the wagons , causing the iron rims to fall off the wheels . Loss of wheels caused many wagons to be abandoned along the route . It rejoined the main trail east of Boise . Goodale 's Cutoff is visible at many points along US - 20 , US - 26 , and US - 93 between Craters of the Moon National Monument and Carey . View across top of Shoshone Falls , Snake River , Idaho ( Timothy H. O'Sullivan , 1874 ) One of Boise 's 21 Oregon Trail monuments . From the present site of Pocatello , the trail proceeded almost due west on the south side of the Snake River for about 180 miles ( 290 km ) . This route passed Cauldron Linn rapids , Shoshone Falls , two falls near the present city of Twin Falls , and Upper Salmon Falls on the Snake River . At Salmon Falls there were often a hundred or more Indians fishing who would trade for their salmon , a welcome treat . The trail continued west to Three Island Crossing ( near present - day Glenns Ferry . ) Here most emigrants used the divisions of the river caused by three islands to cross the difficult and swift Snake River by ferry or by driving or sometimes floating their wagons and swimming their teams across . The crossings were doubly treacherous because there were often hidden holes in the river bottom which could overturn the wagon or entangle the team , sometimes with fatal consequences . Before ferries were established there were several drownings here nearly every year . The north side of the Snake had better water and grass than the south . The trail from Three Island Crossing to Old Fort Boise was about 130 miles ( 210 km ) long . The usually lush Boise River Valley was a welcome relief . The next crossing of the Snake River was near Old Fort Boise . This last crossing of the Snake could be done on bull boats while swimming the stock across . Others would chain a large string of wagons and teams together . The theory was that the front teams , usually oxen , would get out of water first and with good footing help pull the whole string of wagons and teams across . How well this worked in practice is not stated . Often young Indian boys were hired to drive and ride the stock across the river -- they knew how to swim , unlike many pioneers . In present - day Idaho , I - 84 roughly follows the Oregon Trail from the Idaho - Oregon State border at the Snake River . Approximately seven miles ( 11 km ) east of Declo in present - day rural Cassia County , I - 84 meets the western terminus of the western section of I - 86 . I - 86 heads east , then northeast to American Falls and Pocatello following the Oregon Trail , while I - 84 heads southeast to the State border with Utah . US - 30 roughly follows the path of the Oregon Trail from Pocatello to Montpelier Starting in about 1848 the South Alternate of Oregon Trail ( also called the Snake River Cutoff ) was developed as a spur off the main trail . It bypassed the Three Island Crossing and continued traveling down the south side of the Snake River . It rejoined the trail near present - day Ontario , Oregon . It hugged the southern edge of the Snake River canyon and was a much rougher trail with poorer water and grass , requiring occasional steep descents and ascents with the animals down into the Snake River canyon to get water . Travellers on this route avoided two dangerous crossings of the Snake River . In present - day Idaho , the state highway ID - 78 roughly follows the path of the South Alternate route of the Oregon Trail . In 1869 , the Central Pacific established Kelton , Utah as a railhead and the terminus of the western mail was moved from Salt Lake City . The Kelton Road became important as a communication and transportation road to the Boise Basin . Boise has 21 monuments in the shape of obelisks along its portion of the Oregon Trail . Oregon ( edit ) Once across the Snake River ford near Old Fort Boise the weary travelers traveled across what would become the state of Oregon . The trail then went to the Malheur River and then past Farewell Bend on the Snake River , up the Burnt River canyon and northwest to the Grande Ronde Valley near present - day La Grande before coming to the Blue Mountains . In 1843 settlers cut a wagon road over these mountains making them passable for the first time to wagons . The trail went to the Whitman Mission near Fort Nez Perces in Washington until 1847 when the Whitmans were killed by Native Americans . At Fort Nez Perce some built rafts or hired boats and started down the Columbia ; others continued west in their wagons until they reached The Dalles . After 1847 the trail bypassed the closed mission and headed almost due west to present day Pendleton , Oregon , crossing the Umatilla River , John Day River , and Deschutes River before arriving at The Dalles . Interstate 84 in Oregon roughly follows the original Oregon Trail from Idaho to The Dalles . Arriving at the Columbia at The Dalles and stopped by the Cascade Mountains and Mount Hood , some gave up their wagons or disassembled them and put them on boats or rafts for a trip down the Columbia River . Once they transited the Cascade 's Columbia River Gorge with its multiple rapids and treacherous winds they would have to make the 1.6 - mile ( 2.6 km ) portage around the Cascade Rapids before coming out near the Willamette River where Oregon City was located . The pioneer 's livestock could be driven around Mount Hood on the narrow , crooked and rough Lolo Pass . Several Oregon Trail branches and route variations led to the Willamette Valley . The most popular was the Barlow Road , which was carved though the forest around Mount Hood from The Dalles in 1846 as a toll road at $5 per wagon and 10 cents per head of livestock . It was rough and steep with poor grass but still cheaper and safer than floating goods , wagons and family down the dangerous Columbia River . In Central Oregon , there was the Santiam Wagon Road ( established 1861 ) , which roughly parallels Oregon Highway 20 to the Willamette Valley . The Applegate Trail ( established 1846 ) , cutting off the California Trail from the Humboldt River in Nevada , crossed part of California before cutting north to the south end of the Willamette Valley . U.S. Route 99 and Interstate 5 through Oregon roughly follow the original Applegate Trail . Travel equipment ( edit ) Wagons and pack animals ( edit ) Three types of draft and pack animals were used by Oregon Trail pioneers : oxen , mules , and horses . By 1842 , many emigrants favored oxen -- castrated bulls ( males ) of the genus Bos ( cattle ) , generally over four years old -- as the best animal to pull wagons , because they were docile , generally healthy , and able to continue moving in difficult conditions such as mud and snow . Oxen could also survive on prairie grasses and sage , unlike horses , who had to be fed . Moreover , oxen were less expensive to purchase and maintain than horses . Oxen also could stand idle for long periods without suffering damage to the feet and legs . Oxen were trained by leading , the use of a whip or goad , and the use of oral commands ( such as `` Gee '' ( right ) , `` Haw '' ( left ) , and `` Whoa '' ( stop ) ) . Two oxen were typically yoked together at the neck or head ; the left ox was referred to as the `` near '' or `` nigh '' ox , and the right ox as the `` off '' ox . While no reins , bits , or halters were needed , the trainer had to be forceful . Oxen typically traveled at a steady pace up to two miles an hour . One drawback of oxen was the difficulty of shoeing . Oxen hooves are cloven ( split ) , and they had to be shod with two curved pieces of metal , one on each side of the hoof . While horses and mules allowed themselves to be shod relatively easily , the process was more difficult with oxen , which would lie down and tuck their feet under themselves . As a result , several men had to lift and hold an ox while he was being shod . Mules were used by some emigrants . The competing merits of oxen and mules were hotly debated among emigrants . Some found oxen to be more durable . Others , by contrast , believed that mules were more durable , and mules may have had a lower attrition rate on the trail than oxen . Like oxen , mules could survive on prairie grasses . Mules were , however , notoriously ill - tempered . Mules also cost about three times as much as oxen , a deciding factor for many emigrants . Conestoga wagons Covered wagon ( `` prairie schooners '' ) Studebaker Food ( edit ) The typical cost of food for four people for six months was about $150 . Food and water were key concerns for migrants . Wagons typically carried at least one large water keg , and guidebooks available from the 1840s and later gave similar advice to migrants on what food to take . T.H. Jefferson , in his Brief Practice Advice guidebook for migrants , recommended that each adult take 200 pounds of flour : `` Take plenty of bread stuff ; this is the staff of life when everything else runs short . '' Food often took the form of crackers or hardtack ; Southerners sometimes chose cornmeal or pinole rather than wheat flour . Emigrants typically ate rice and beans only at forts stopped at along the way , because boiling water was difficult on the trail , and fuel was not abundant . Lansford Hastings recommended that each emigrant take 200 pounds of flour , 150 pounds of `` bacon '' ( a word which , at the time , referred broadly to all forms of salt pork ) , 20 pounds of sugar , and 10 pounds of salt . Chipped beef , rice , tea , dried beans , dried fruit , saleratus ( for raising bread ) , vinegar , pickles , mustard , and tallow might also be taken . Joseph Ware 's 1849 guide recommends that travelers take for each individual a barrel of flour or 180 pounds of ship 's biscuit ( i.e. , hardtack ) , 150 - 180 pounds of bacon , 60 pounds of beans or peas , 25 pounds of rice , 25 pounds of coffee , 40 pounds of sugar , a keg of lard , 30 or 40 pounds of dried fruit ( peaches or apples ) , a keg of clear , rendered beef suet ( to substitute for butter ) , as well as some vinegar , salt , and pepper . Many emigrant families also carried a small amount of tea and maple sugar . Randolph B. Marcy , an Army officer who wrote an 1859 guide , advised taking less bacon than the earlier guides had recommended . He advised emigrants to drive cattle instead as a source of fresh beef . Marcy also instructed emigrants to store sides of bacon in canvas bags or in boxes surrounded by bran to protect against extreme heat , which could make bacon go rancid . Marcy instructed emigrants to put salt pork on the bottom of wagons to avoid exposure to extreme heat . Marcy also recommended the use of pemmican , as well as the storage of sugar in India - rubber or gutta - percha sacks , to prevent it from becoming wet . Canning technology had just begun to be developed , and it gained in popularity through the period of westward expansion . Initially , only upper - class migrants typically used canned goods . There are references in sources to canned cheese , fruit , meat , oysters , and sardines . By the time Marcy wrote his 1859 guide , canned foods were increasingly available but remained expensive . Canning also added weight to a wagon . Rather than canned vegetables , Marcy suggested that travelers take dried vegetables which had been used in the Crimean War and by the U.S. Army . Some pioneers took eggs and butter packed in barrels of flour , and some took dairy cows along the trail . Hunting provided another source of food along the trail ; pioneers hunted American bison as well as pronghorn antelope , deer , bighorn sheep , and wildfowl . From rivers and lakes , emigrants also fished for catfish and trout . When emigrants faced starvation , they would sometimes slaughter their animals ( horses , mules , and oxen ) . In desperate times , migrants would search for less - popular sources of food , including coyote , fox , jackrabbit , marmot , prairie dog , and rattlesnake ( nicknamed `` bush fish '' in the later period ) . At the time , scurvy was well - recognized , but there was a lack of clear understanding of how to prevent the disease . Nevertheless , pioneers ' consumption of the wild berries ( including chokeberry , gooseberry , and serviceberry ) and currants that grew along the trail ( particularly along the Platte River ) and were consumed , helped make scurvy infrequent . Marcy 's guide correctly suggested that the consumption of wild grapes , greens , and onions could help prevent the disease and that if vegetables were not available , citric acid could be drunk with sugar and water . Emigrant families , who were mostly middle - class , prided themselves on preparing a good table . Although operating Dutch ovens and kneading dough was difficult on the trail , many baked good bread and even pies . For fuel to heat food , travelers would collect cedar wood , cottonwood , or willow wood , when available , and sometimes dry prairie grass . More frequently , however , travelers relied on `` buffalo chips '' -- dried bison dung -- to fuel fires . Buffalo chips resembled rotten wood and would make clear and hot fires . Chips burned quickly , however , and it took up to three bushels of chips to heat a single meal . Collecting buffalo chips was a common task for children and was one chore that even very young children could carry out . As a result , `` memoirs written by those who were very young when they made the journey west invariably refer to this aspect of life on the trail . '' Clothing , equipment and supplies ( edit ) Tobacco was popular , both for personal use , and for trading with Indians and other pioneers . Each person brought at least two changes of clothes and multiple pairs of boots ( two to three pairs often wore out on the trip ) . About 25 pounds of soap was recommended for a party of four , for bathing and washing clothes . A washboard and tub were usually brought for washing clothes . Wash days typically occurred once or twice a month , or less , depending on availability of good grass , water , and fuel . Most wagons carried tents for sleeping , though in good weather most would sleep outside . A thin fold - up mattress , blankets , pillows , canvas , or rubber gutta percha ground covers were used for sleeping . Sometimes an unfolded feather bed mattress was brought for the wagon , if there were pregnant women or very young children along . The wagons had no springs , and the ride along the trail was very rough . Despite modern depictions , hardly anyone actually rode in the wagons ; it was too dusty , too rough , and too hard on the livestock . Oregon Trail , painting by Albert Bierstadt , circa 1863 Travelers brought books , Bibles , trail guides , and writing quills , ink , and paper for writing letters or journalling ( about one in 200 kept a diary ) . A belt and folding knives were carried by nearly all men and boys . Awls , scissors , pins , needles , and thread for mending were required . Spare leather was used for repairing shoes , harnesses , and other equipment . Some used goggles to keep dust out of the eyes . Storage boxes were ideally the same height , so they could be arranged to give a flat surface inside the wagon for a sleeping platform . Saddles , bridles , hobbles , and ropes were needed if the party had a horse or riding mule , and many men did . Extra harnesses and spare wagon parts were often carried . Most carried steel shoes for horses , mules , or livestock . Tar was carried to help repair an ox 's injured hoof . Goods , supplies , and equipment were often shared by fellow travelers . Items that were forgotten , broken , or worn out could be bought from a fellow traveler , post , or fort along the way . New iron shoes for horses , mules , and oxen were put on by blacksmiths found along the way . Equipment repairs and other goods could be procured from blacksmith shops established at some forts and some ferries . Emergency supplies , repairs , and livestock were often provided by local residents in California , Oregon , and Utah for late travelers on the trail who were hurrying to beat the snow . Non-essential items were often abandoned to lighten the load , or in case of emergency . Many travelers would salvage discarded items , picking up essentials or leaving behind their lower quality item when a better one was found abandoned along the road . Some profited by collecting discarded items , hauling them back to jumping off places , and reselling them . In the early years , Mormons sent scavenging parties back along the trail to salvage as much iron and other supplies as possible and haul it to Salt Lake City , where supplies of all kinds were needed . Others would use discarded furniture , wagons , and wheels as firewood . During the 1849 gold rush , Fort Laramie was known as `` Camp Sacrifice '' because of the large amounts merchandise discarded nearby . Travelers had pushed along the relatively easy path to Fort Laramie with their luxury items but discarded them before the difficult mountain crossing ahead , and after discovering that many items could be purchased at the forts or located for free along the way . Some travelers carried their excess goods to Salt Lake City to be sold . Professional tools used by blacksmiths , carpenters , and farmers were carried by nearly all . Axes , crow bars , hammers , hatchets , hoes , mallets , mattocks , picks , planes , saws , scythes , and shovels were used to clear or make a road through brush or trees , cut down the banks to cross a wash or steep banked stream , build a raft or bridge , or repair the wagon . In general , as little road work as possible was done . Travel was often along the top of ridges to avoid the brush and washes common in many valleys . Statistics ( edit ) Overall , some 268,000 pioneers used the Oregon Trail and its three primary offshoots , the Bozeman , California , and Mormon trails to reach the West Coast , 1840 - 60 . Another 48,000 headed to Utah . There is no estimate on how many used it to return East . Emigrants ( edit ) Estimated California Oregon Mormon Trail Emigrants Year Oregon California Utah Total 1834 -- 39 20 − − 20 1840 13 − − 13 1841 24 34 − 58 1842 125 − − 125 1843 875 38 − 913 1844 1,475 53 − 1,528 1845 2,500 260 − 2,760 1846 1,200 1,500 − 2,700 1847 4,000 450 2,200 6,650 1848 1,300 400 2,400 4,100 Total 11,512 2,735 4,600 18,847 1849 450 25,000 1,500 26,950 1850 6,000 44,000 2,500 52,500 1851 3,600 1,100 1,500 6,200 1852 10,000 50,000 10,000 70,000 1853 7,500 20,000 8,000 35,500 1854 6,000 12,000 3,200 21,200 1855 500 1,500 4,700 6,700 1856 1,000 8,000 2,400 11,400 1857 1,500 4,000 1,300 6,800 1858 1,500 6,000 150 7,650 1859 2,000 17,000 1,400 20,400 1860 1,500 9,000 1,600 12,100 Total 53,000 200,300 43,000 296,300 1834 -- 60 Oregon California Utah Total 1861 − − 3,148 5,000 1862 − − 5,244 5,000 1863 − − 4,760 10,000 1864 − − 2,626 10,000 1865 − − 690 20,000 1866 − − 3,299 25,000 1867 − − 700 25,000 1868 − − 4,285 25,000 Total 80,000 250,000 70,000 400,000 1834 -- 67 Oregon California Utah Total Some of the trail statistics for the early years were recorded by the U.S. Army at Fort Laramie , Wyoming , from about 1849 to 1855 . None of these original statistical records have been found -- the Army either lost them or destroyed them . Only some partial written copies of the Army records and notes recorded in several diaries have survived . Emigration to California spiked considerably with the 1849 gold rush . Following the discovery of gold , California remained the destination of choice for most emigrants on the trail up to 1860 , with almost 200,000 people traveling there between 1849 and 1860 . Travel diminished after 1860 , as the Civil War caused considerable disruptions on the trail . Many of the people on the trail in 1861 -- 1863 were fleeing the war and its attendant drafts in both the south and the north . Trail historian Merrill J. Mattes has estimated the number of emigrants for 1861 -- 1867 given in the total column of the above table . But these estimates may well be low since they only amount to an extra 125,000 people , and the 1870 census shows that over 200,000 additional people ( ignoring most of the population increase in California , which had excellent sea and rail connections across Panama by then ) showed up in all the states served by the Bozeman , California , Mormon , and Oregon Trail ( s ) and their offshoots . Mormon emigration records after 1860 are reasonably accurate , as newspaper and other accounts in Salt Lake City give most of the names of emigrants arriving each year from 1847 to 1868 . Gold and silver strikes in Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , and Oregon caused a considerable increase in people using the trails , often in directions different from the original trail users . Though the numbers are significant in the context of the times , far more people chose to remain at home in the 31 states . Between 1840 and 1860 , the population of the United States rose by 14 million , yet only about 300,000 decided to make the trip . Many were discouraged by the cost , effort and danger of the trip . Western scout Kit Carson is thought to have said , `` The cowards never started and the weak died on the way '' , though the general saying was written by Joaquin Miller , in reference to the California gold rush . According to several sources , 3 to 10 percent of the emigrants are estimated to have perished on the way west . Many who went were between the ages 12 and 24 . Between 1860 and 1870 , the U.S. population increased by seven million ; about 350,000 of this increase was in the Western states . Western census data ( edit ) Census Population of western States State 1870 1860 Difference California 560,247 379,994 180,253 Nevada 42,491 6,857 35,634 Oregon 90,923 52,465 38,458 Colorado 39,684 34,277 5,407 Idaho 14,990 − 14,990 Montana 20,595 − 20,595 Utah 86,789 40,273 46,516 Washington 23,955 11,594 12,361 Wyoming 9,118 − 9,118 Totals 888,792 525,460 363,332 These census numbers show a 363,000 population increase in the western states and territories between 1860 and 1870 . Some of this increase is because of a high birth rate in the western states and territories , but most is from emigrants moving from the east to the west and new immigration from Europe . Much of the increase in California and Oregon is from emigration by ship , as there was fast and reasonably low cost transportation via east and west coast steamships and the Panama Railroad after 1855 . The census numbers imply at least 200,000 emigrants ( or more ) used some variation of the California / Oregon / Mormon / Bozeman trails to get to their new homes between 1860 and 1870 . Costs ( edit ) The cost of traveling over the Oregon Trail and its extensions varied from nothing to a few hundred dollars per person . Women seldom went alone . The cheapest way was to hire on to help drive the wagons or herds , allowing one to make the trip for nearly nothing or even make a small profit . Those with capital could often buy livestock in the Midwest and drive the stock to California or Oregon for profit . About 60 to 80 percent of the travelers were farmers and as such already owned a wagon , livestock team , and many of the necessary supplies . This lowered the cost of the trip to about $50 per person for food and other items . Families planned the trip months in advance and made much of the extra clothing and many other items needed . Individuals buying most of the needed items would end up spending between $150 -- $200 per person . As the trail matured , additional costs for ferries and toll roads were thought to have been about $30 per wagon . Deaths ( edit ) Oregon - California - Mormon Trail Deaths Cause Estimated deaths Disease 6,000 -- 12,500 Native American attack 3,000 -- 4,500 Freezing 300 -- 500 Run overs 200 -- 500 Drownings 200 -- 500 Shootings 200 -- 500 Miscellaneous 200 -- 500 Scurvy 300 -- 500 Totals 9,400 -- 21,000 The route west was arduous and fraught with many dangers , but the number of deaths on the trail is not known with any precision ; there are only wildly varying estimates . Estimating is difficult because of the common practice of burying people in unmarked graves that were intentionally disguised to avoid their being dug up by animals or Indians . Graves were often put in the middle of a trail and then run over by the livestock to make them difficult to find . Disease was the main killer of trail travelers ; cholera killed up to 3 percent of all travelers in the epidemic years from 1849 to 1855 . Indian attacks increased significantly after 1860 , when most of the army troops were withdrawn , and miners and ranchers began fanning out all over the country , often encroaching on Indian territory . Increased attacks along the Humboldt led to most travelers ' taking the Central Nevada Route . The Goodall cutoff , developed in Idaho in 1862 , kept Oregon bound travelers away from much of the Indian trouble nearer the Snake River . Other trails were developed that traveled further along the South Platte to avoid local Indian hot spots . Other common causes of death included hypothermia , drowning in river crossings , getting run over by wagons , and accidental gun deaths . Later , more family groups started traveling , and many more bridges and ferries were being put in , so fording a dangerous river became much less common and dangerous . Surprisingly few people were taught to swim in this era . Being run over was a major cause of death , despite the wagons ' only averaging 2 -- 3 miles per hour . The wagons could not easily be stopped , and people , particularly children , were often trying to get on and off the wagons while they were moving -- not always successfully . Another hazard was a dress getting caught in the wheels and pulling the person under . Accidental shootings declined significantly after Fort Laramie , as people became more familiar with their weapons and often just left them in their wagons . Carrying around a ten - pound rifle all day soon became tedious and usually unnecessary , as the perceived Indian threat faded and hunting opportunities receded . A significant number of travelers were suffering from scurvy by the end of their trips . Their typical flour and salted pork / bacon diet had very little vitamin C in it . The diet in the mining camps was also typically low in fresh vegetables and fruit , which indirectly led to early deaths of many of the inhabitants . Some believe that scurvy deaths may have rivaled cholera as a killer , with most deaths occurring after the victim reached California . Miscellaneous deaths included deaths by childbirth , falling trees , flash floods , homicides , kicks by animals , lightning strikes , snake bites , and stampedes . According to an evaluation by John Unruh , a 4 percent death rate or 16,000 out of 400,000 total pioneers on all trails may have died on the trail . Reaching the Sierra Nevada before the start of the winter storms was critical for a successful completion of a trip . The most famous failure in that regard was that of the Donner Party , whose members struggled to traverse what is today called Donner Pass , in November 1846 . When the last survivor was rescued in April 1847 , 33 men , women , and children had died at Donner Lake ; with some of the 48 survivors ' confessing to having resorted to cannibalism to survive . Other trails west ( edit ) There were other possible migration paths for early settlers , miners , or travelers to California or Oregon besides the Oregon trail prior to the establishment of the transcontinental railroads . From 1821 -- 1846 , the Hudson 's Bay Company twice annually used the York Factory Express overland trade route from Fort Vancouver to Hudson Bay then on to London . James Sinclair led a large party of nearly 200 settlers from the Red River Colony in 1841 . These northern routes were largely abandoned after Britain ceded its claim to the southern Columbia River basin by way of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 . The longest trip was the voyage of about 13,600 to 15,000 miles ( 21,900 to 24,100 km ) on an uncomfortable sailing ship rounding the treacherous , cold , and dangerous Cape Horn between Antarctica and South America and then sailing on to California or Oregon . This trip typically took four to seven months ( 120 to 210 days ) and cost about $350 to $500 . The cost could be reduced to zero if you signed on as a crewman and worked as a common seaman . The hundreds of abandoned ships , whose crews had deserted in San Francisco Bay in 1849 -- 50 , showed many thousands chose to do this . Other routes involved taking a ship to Colón , Panama ( then called Aspinwall ) and a strenuous , disease ridden , five - to seven - day trip by canoe and mule over the Isthmus of Panama before catching a ship from Panama City , Panama to Oregon or California . This trip could be done from the east coast theoretically in less than two months if all ship connections were made without waits and typically cost about $450 / person . Catching a fatal disease was a distinct possibility as Ulysses S. Grant in 1852 learned when his unit of about 600 soldiers and some of their dependents traversed the Isthmus and lost about 120 men , women , and children . This passage was considerably sped up and made safer in 1855 when the Panama Railroad was completed at terrible cost in money and life across the Isthmus . The once treacherous 50 - mile ( 80 km ) trip could be done in less than a day . The time and the cost for transit dropped as regular paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships went from ports on the east coast and New Orleans , Louisiana , to Colón , Panama ( $80 -- $100 ) , across the Isthmus of Panama by railroad ( $25 ) and by paddle wheel steamships and sailing ships to ports in California and Oregon ( $100 -- $150 ) . Another route established by Cornelius Vanderbilt in 1849 was across Nicaragua . The 120 - mile ( 190 km ) long San Juan River to the Atlantic Ocean helps drain the 100 - mile ( 160 km ) long Lake Nicaragua . From the western shore of Lake Nicaragua it is only about 12 miles ( 19 km ) to the Pacific Ocean . Vanderbilt decided to use paddle wheel steam ships from the U.S. to the San Juan River , small paddle wheel steam launches on the San Juan River , boats across Lake Nicaragua , and a stage coach to the Pacific where connections could be made with another ship headed to California , Oregon , etc ... Vanderbilt , by undercutting fares to the Isthmus of Panama and stealing many of the Panama Railroad workers , managed to attract roughly 30 % of the California bound steam boat traffic . All his connections in Nicaragua were never completely worked out before the Panama Railroad 's completion in 1855 . Civil strife in Nicaragua and a payment to Cornelius Vanderbilt of a `` non-compete '' payment ( bribe ) of $56,000 per year killed the whole project in 1855 . Another possible route consisted of taking a ship to Mexico traversing the country and then catching another ship out of Acapulco , Mexico to California etc . This route was used by some adventurous travelers but was not too popular because of the difficulties of making connections and the often hostile population along the way . The Gila Trail going along the Gila River in Arizona , across the Colorado River and then across the Sonora Desert in California was scouted by Stephen Kearny 's troops and later by Captain Philip St. George Cooke 's Mormon Battalion in 1846 who were the first to take a wagon the whole way . This route was used by many gold hungry miners in 1849 and later but suffered from the disadvantage that you had to find a way across the very wide and very dry Sonora Desert . It was used by many in 1849 and later as a winter crossing to California , despite its many disadvantages . Running from 1857 to 1861 , the Butterfield Stage Line won the $600,000 / yr . U.S. mail contract to deliver mail to San Francisco , California . As dictated by southern Congressional members , the 2,800 - mile ( 4,500 km ) route ran from St. Louis , Missouri through Arkansas , Oklahoma Indian Territory , Texas , New Mexico Territory , and across the Sonora Desert before ending in San Francisco , California . Employing over 800 at its peak , it used 250 Concord Stagecoaches seating 12 very crowded passengers in three rows . It used 1,800 head of stock , horses and mules and 139 relay stations to ensure the stages ran day and night . A one way fare of $200 delivered a very thrashed and tired passenger into San Francisco in 25 to 28 days . After traveling the route , New York Herald reporter Waterman Ormsby said , `` I now know what Hell is like . I 've just had 24 days of it . '' Other ways to get to Oregon were : using the York Factory Express route across Canada , and down the Columbia River ; ships from Hawaii , San Francisco , or other ports that stopped in Oregon ; emigrants trailing up from California , etc . All provided a trickle of emigrants , but they were soon overwhelmed in numbers by the emigrants coming over the Oregon Trail . The ultimate competitor arrived in 1869 , the First Transcontinental Railroad , which cut travel time to about seven days at a low fare of about $60 ( economy ) Legacy ( edit ) One of the enduring legacies of the Oregon Trail is the expansion of the United States territory to the West Coast . Without the many thousands of United States settlers in Oregon and California , and thousands more on their way each year , it is highly unlikely that this would have occurred . Art , entertainment , and media ( edit ) The western expansion , and the Oregon Trail in particular , inspired numerous creative works about the settlers ' experiences . Games ( edit ) The story of the Oregon Trail inspired the popular educational computer game , The Oregon Trail ( 1971 ) , which became widely popular in the 1980s and early 1990s . Several sequels to the game were also released , such as The Oregon Trail II ( 1995 ) , The Yukon Trail ( 1994 ) , and The Amazon Trail ( 1994 ) . Music ( edit ) The song `` Uncle Sam 's Farm '' encouraged east - coast dwellers to `` Come right away . Our lands they are broad enough , so do n't be alarmed . Uncle Sam is rich enough to give us all a farm . '' In `` Western Country '' , the singer exhorts that , `` if I had no horse at all , I 'd still be a hauling , far across those Rocky Mountains , goin ' away to Oregon . '' Online rapper Bones has a side project called `` OregonTrail , '' which has roughly 10,400 followers on SoundCloud . The lyrical themes of his songs under this pseudonym revolve around the Oregon Trail . Television ( edit ) The Oregon Trail was a television series that ran from September 22 through October 26 , 1977 , on NBC . The show stars Rod Taylor , Tony Becker , Darleen Carr , Charles Napier , and Ken Swofford . Although the show was canceled after six episodes , the remaining seven episodes were later aired on BBC 2 in the United Kingdom , the entire series was shown in the UK on BBC1 , from November 1977 to January 1978 , and on April 13 , 2010 , Timeless Media Group ( TMG ) released in the USA the entire show on six DVDs , running 750 minutes . The set includes 14 original episodes , including the feature - length pilot and the six episodes that did not air on NBC . The episode of Teen Titans Go ! titled ' Oregon Trail ' parodies expeditions that took place on the Oregon Trail , as well as the video game The Oregon Trail . Commemorative coin ( edit ) The Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar was coined to commemorate the route . Issued intermittently between 1926 and 1939 , 202,928 were sold to the public . With 131,050 minted in 1926 , that year 's issue remains readily available for collectors . See also ( edit ) Kansas Territory Landmarks of the Nebraska Territory National Historic Oregon Trail Interpretive Center National Historic Trails Interpretive Center Nebraska Territory Oregon Trail Memorial half dollar Route of the Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life The West as America Art Exhibition Trailside Center References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Basic Facts About the Oregon Trail '' . U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR - BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT . n.d. Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Writers Project ( 1939 ) . The Oregon Trail : The Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean . Open Library . p. 215 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Randall A . `` The Mullan Road : A Real Northwest Passage '' ( Reprint of 1995 article in The Pacific Northwesterner , Vol. 39 , No. 2 ) . History Ink . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tonquin '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marsh , James H. ( 1999 ) . The Canadian Encyclopedia . The Canadian Encyclopedia . ISBN 9780771020995 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Astorian expedition , Lewis and Clark expedition , Oregon Trail , etc. in Pacific Northwest etc '' . oregon.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved December 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rollins , Philip Ashton ( 1995 ) . The Discovery of the Oregon Trail : Robert Stuart 's Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812 -- 13 . University of Nebraska . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9234 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Richard Somerset ( 1997 ) . Trading Beyond the Mountains : The British Fur Trade on the Pacific ; 1793 - 1843 . UBC Press . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 0613 - 8 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Colville '' . Nwcouncil.org . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red River Settlers in Oregon , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Area Histories : Historical Maps '' . North East Winnipeg Historical Society Inc. ( 2010 ) . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ It was not until later that the Ogallala Aquifer was discovered and used for irrigation , dry farming techniques developed and railtracks laid . Jump up ^ `` IDAHO FUR TRADE '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gowans , Fred R. Rocky Mountain Rendezvous , pg 27 . Gibbs Smith Publisher . ISBN 1 - 58685 - 756 - 8 Jump up ^ The Adventures of Captain Bonneville s : The Adventures of Captain Bonneville Jump up ^ Frémont 's Map of California and Oregon , Retrieved December 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Protestant Ladder '' . Oregon Historical Society . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Emigrants 1839 '' . Oregonpioneers.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldham , Kit ( 2003 ) . `` Robert Newell and Joseph Meek reach Fort Walla Walla '' . www.historylink.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Members of the party later disagreed over the size of the party , one stating 160 adults and children were in the party , while another counted 105 . Jump up ^ `` The Wagon Train of 1843 : The Great Migration '' . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Events in The West : 1840 -- 1850 PBS . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lillian Schlissel , `` Women 's diaries on the western frontier . '' American Studies ( 1977 ) : 87 - 100 online . Jump up ^ Sandra L. Myres , ed. , Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( Huntington Library Press , 1980 ) Jump up ^ Glenda Riley , `` The Specter of a Savage : Rumors and Alarmism on the Overland Trail . '' Western Historical Quarterly ( 1984 ) : 427 - 444 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Kenneth L. Holmes , Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , Introduction by Anne M. Butler , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , ( 1983 ) pp 1 - 10 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Anna Maria King , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 41 . Jump up ^ Peavy , Linda S. , and Ursula Smith . Pioneer Women : The Lives of Women on the Frontier . University of Oklahoma Press , 1998 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ From the letter of Betsey Bayley , in Covered Wagon Women , Volume 1 , by Kenneth L. Holmes , ebook version , University of Nebraska Press , Lincoln , Nebraska , 1983 , Page 35 . Jump up ^ `` Mormons in Iowa towns '' . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 109 . Jump up ^ `` American West - Oregon Trail '' . American West . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The 1850 U.S. California Census , the first census that included everyone , showed only about 7,019 females with 4,165 non-Indian females older than 15 in the state . To find a `` correct '' census there should be added about 20,000 men and about 1,300 females from San Francisco , Santa Clara , and Contra Costa counties whose censuses were lost and not included in the official totals. ( 1 ) Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ U.S. Seventh Census 1850 : California Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace . `` An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859 '' . www.yosemite.ca.us . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 410 Jump up ^ Simpson , Capt . J.H. ( 1876 ) . `` Report of Explorations across the Great Basin of the Territory of Utah '' . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office : 25 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Pony Express Trail maps , Retrieved January 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Unruh , John D ( 1993 ) . The Plains Across the Overland Emigrants and Trans - Mississippi West 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 392 , 512 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Barry , Louise . The Beginnings of the West . 1972 . pp 1084 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Railroad ticket 1870 Transcontinental Railroad Statistics '' . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ventures and Adventures of Ezra Meeker : Or , Sixty Years of Frontier Life by Ezra Meeker . Rainer Printing Company 1908 . ASIN : B000861WA8 Jump up ^ North America Travel Guide . `` Saint Peters : Missouri '' . North America Travel Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Larry and Carolyn . `` Franklin Missouri The Beginning of the Santa Fe Trail '' . www.santafetrailresearch.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Winter Quarters Project '' . Winterquarters.byu.edu . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. The Great Platte River Road . Bison Books , 1987 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8153 - 0 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail in Western Nebraska '' . www.globalclassroom.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Greg . `` NE - OCTA Home Page '' . gnelson.incolor.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail Nebraska eastern Wyoming NPS road guide , accessed February 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Chronological List of Fort Laramie History '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Treading the Elephant 's Tail : Medical Problems on the Overland Trails '' . Overland Journal , Volume 6 , Number 1 , 1988 ; Peter D. Olch ; Pp. 25 -- 31 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00881 - 6 Jump up ^ `` The Hastings Cutoff Introduction '' . scienceviews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln County Photos II - Wyoming Tales and Trails '' . Wyomingtalesandtrails.com . June 30 , 1952 . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sublette -- Greenwood Cutoff Map '' . Wyoming State Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Additional estimate for Fort Kearney , South Pass , and Honey Lake wagon road : letter from the acting Secretary of the Interior , transmitting a communication from Colonel Lander in regard to the Fort Kearney , South Pass and Honey Lake wagon road '' . United States . Dept. of the Interior . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Road Construction '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Unruh : page 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ `` Lander Road Cutoff Map '' . Wyoshpo.state.wy.us . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Emigrant Trails of Southern Idaho '' ; Bureau of Land Management & Idaho State Historical Society ; 1993 ; pp 117 -- 125 ASIN : B000KE2KTU Jump up ^ `` An Emigrant Train from the top of Big Mountain entering the valley of the Great Salt Lake '' . Utah Division of Parks and Recreation . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schindler , Hal ( June 5 , 1994 ) . `` It 's Sam Hensley - Not Hansel - Who Discovered Cutoff '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . pp. D1 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Hill Idaho . OCTA Idaho accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ The National Oregon - California Trail Center Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Soda Springs quotes Idaho State Historical Society ( 2 ) Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hudspeth cutoff map ( OCTA - Idaho ) ( 3 ) Accessed February 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ For an Oregon - California trail map up to the junction in Idaho NPS Oregon National Historic Trail Map . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Northern Nevada and Utah , Southern Idaho Tail Map Accessed February 9 , 2009 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Oregon Trail North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ map of North Side Alternate Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved February 25 , 2009 Jump up ^ Goodale 's Cutoff NPS ( 5 ) Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing photos Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Island Crossing quotes `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ Three Mile Island Crossing Park , Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ National Trail Map Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` IdahoHistory.net '' ( PDF ) . IdahoHistory.net . July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Trail Monuments '' . Boise City Department of Arts & History . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : David Dary , The Oregon Trail : An American Saga ( Knopt , 2004 ) , pp. 79 - 80 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Stamm , The Mule Alternative : The Saddle Mule in the American West ( 1992 ) , p. 61 - 62 . Jump up ^ George R. Stewart , The California Trail : An Epic with Many Heroes ( 1962 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . p. 274 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : McLynn , Frank ( 2002 ) . Wagons West : The Epic Story of America 's Overland Trails . Random House . pp. 103 -- 04 . ^ Jump up to : Reginald Horsman , Feast or Famine : Food and Drink in American Westward Expansion ( University of Missouri Press , 2008 ) , pp. 128 - 31 . Jump up ^ Unruh : op . cit . pp 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 155 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 149 -- 150 Jump up ^ Unruh : p 150 Jump up ^ `` Supplies '' . Oregon Trail Center . Jump up ^ Unruh ( 1992 ) . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . pp. 119 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Mormon Pioneer Companies ( 6 ) Retrieved April 11 , 2009 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merril J. ; `` The Great Platte River Road '' ; p23 ; Nebraska State Historical Society ; 1979 : ISBN 978 - 0 - 686 - 26254 - 1 Jump up ^ Mattes , Merrill J. ; op . cit. ; p 23 Jump up ^ A. Roman , ed . ( January 1881 ) . `` The Californian '' . The Californian . San Francisco , CA : The California Publishing Company . III . Old Californians , page 48 , by Joaquin Miller . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . The cowards did not start to the Pacific Coast in the old days ; all the weak died on the way . And so it was that we had then not only a race of giants , but of gods . Jump up ^ Lloyd W. Coffman , 1993 , Blazing A Wagon Trail To Oregon Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census 1790 -- 1870 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Territory Jump up ^ Dary , David ( 2004 ) . The Oregon Trail an American Saga . New York : Alfred P. Knopf . pp. 272 -- 275 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 41399 - 5 . Jump up ^ Unruh : page 408 Jump up ^ Unruh : pp 408 -- 410 , 516 Jump up ^ Steele , Volney M.D. Bleed , Blister , and Purge : A History of Medicine on the American Frontier . Mountain Press Publishing Company , 2005 . pp 115 , 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87842 - 505 - 1 Jump up ^ Unruh , John David ( 1993 ) . ' The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 . University of Illinois Press . pp. 408 -- 410 , 516 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06360 - 2 . Jump up ^ Peters 1996 , pp. 102 - 109 . Jump up ^ Brooks D. Simpson ; Ulysses S. Grant : Triumph Over Adversity , 1822 -- 1865 ; 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 65994 - 6 , pg. 55 Jump up ^ `` Nicaragua Route '' . Jump up ^ Railroad fares 1869 Retrieved February 22 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` The Oregon Trail '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` The Oregon Trail - The ' 70s NBC Show Starring Rod Taylor Comes to DVD with Unaired Episodes '' . TV Shows on DVD . TV Guide Online . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bagley , Will . So Rugged and Mountainous : Blazing the Trails to Oregon and California , 1812 -- 1848 ( University of Oklahoma Press ; 458 pages ; 2010 ) . First book in a projected four - volume study of the course and impact of western migration . Faragher , John Mack . Women and Men on the Overland Trail ( 2nd ed. 2001 ) excerpt and text search Federal Writers ' Project . The Oregon trail : the Missouri River to the Pacific ocean ( 1939 ) online edition , 244pp Hanson , TJ ( 2001 ) . Western Passage . Bookmasters , Inc . ISBN 0 - 9705847 - 0 - 9 . Peters , Arthur K. ( 1996 ) . Seven trail west . Abbeville Press . ISBN 1 - 55859 - 782 - 4 . Unruh , John David . The Plains Across : The Overland Emigrants and the Trans - Mississippi West , 1840 -- 1860 ( 1979 ) University of Illinois Press . the standard scholarly history Primary sources ( edit ) Crawford , Medorem ( 1897 ) . Journal of Medorem Crawford : an account of his trip across the plains with the Oregon pioneers of 1842 ( DJVU ) . Star Job Office . OCLC 5001642 . Hewitt , Randall ( 1863 ) . Notes by the way : memoranda of a journey across the plains , from Dundee , Ill. , to Olympia , W.T. May 7 , to November 3 , 1862 ( DJVU ) . Washington Standard . OCLC 51465106 . Myres , Sandra L. , ed . Ho for California ! : Women 's Overland Diaries from the Huntington Library ( 2007 ) Parkman , Francis , The Oregon Trail : Sketches of Prairie and Rocky - Mountain Life . University of Virginia Press. , personal account by a famous historian Smedley , William ( 1916 ) . Across the plains in ' 62 ( DJVU ) . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 460 - 0 . OCLC 4981167 . Ward , D.B. ( 1911 ) . Across the plains in 1853 ( DJVU ) . Ward . ISBN 0 - 8466 - 0061 - 7 . OCLC 2931824 . Williams , Joseph ( 1921 ) . Narrative of a tour from the state of Indiana to the Oregon Territory in the years 1841 -- 2 ( DJVU ) . Standard . ISBN 0 - 87770 - 172 - 5 . OCLC 2095243 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oregon Trail . Find more aboutOregon Trailat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Oregon National Historic Trail ( National Park Service ) National Trail Map Oregon Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) California Trail Map ( archived from broken National Park Service link ) Oregon Trail history ( archived from broken Oregon Department of Transportation link ) ( with maps ) Pathways of Pioneers : Idaho 's Oregon Trail Legacy Documentary produced by Idaho Public Television U.S. National Trails System National Geologic Trail Ice Age Floods Trail National Historic Trails Scenic motor routes California Trail El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro Juan Bautista de Anza Trail Mormon Trail Nez Perce Trail Old Spanish Trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Trail Santa Fe Trail Selma to Montgomery Trail Trail of Tears Natural surface trails Ala Kahakai Trail Iditarod Trail Water trails Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail Combination Lewis and Clark Trail ( motor & land & water ) Overmountain Victory Trail ( motor & land ) Star - Spangled Banner Trail ( motor & water ) Washington -- Rochambeau Revolutionary Route ( motor & water ) National Scenic Trails Appalachian Trail Arizona Trail Continental Divide Trail New England Trail Florida Trail Ice Age Trail Natchez Trace Trail North Country Trail Pacific Crest Trail Pacific Northwest Trail Potomac Heritage Trail National Water Trails Alabama Scenic River Trail Bronx River Blueway Chattahoochee River Water Trail Hudson River Greenway Water Trail Island Loop Route Kansas River Trail Mississippi National River and Recreation Area Water Trail Mississippi River Water Trail ( MRWT ) Great River Water Trail Missouri National Recreational River Water Trail Okefenokee Wilderness Canoe Trails Red Rock Water Trail Rock River Water Trail Waccamaw River Blue Trail Willamette River Water Trail National Recreation Trails National Park Service United States Forest Service Bureau of Land Management Related Triple Crown of Hiking Pioneer history of Oregon ( 1806 -- 1890 ) Topics American Fur Company Columbian Exchange Executive Committee Ferries Hudson 's Bay Company Oregon & California Railroad Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Country Oregon Lyceum Oregon missionaries Oregon Spectator Oregon Territory Oregon Trail Oregon Treaty Organic Laws Pacific Fur Company Provisional Government Events Treaty of 1818 Russo - American Treaty of 1824 Willamette Cattle Company Champoeg Meetings Star of Oregon Whitman massacre Cayuse War Donation Land Claim Act Holmes v. Ford Rogue River Wars Constitutional Convention Modoc War Great Gale of 1880 Places Albina Applegate Trail Barlow Road Canemah Champoeg Elliott Cutoff Fort Astoria Fort Dalles Fort Vancouver Fort William French Prairie Linn City Meek Cutoff Methodist Mission Oregon City Oregon Institute Philip Foster Farm Thomas and Ruckle Road Tualatin Academy Whitman Mission Willamette Trading Post People George Abernethy Jesse Applegate Ira Babcock Sam Barlow François Blanchet William H. Boring Elijah Bristow Tabitha Brown Matthew Deady Abigail Scott Duniway Thomas Lamb Eliot Philip Foster Peter French Joseph Gale Cornelius Gilliam David Hill Chief Joseph Joseph Kellogg H.A.G. Lee Jason Lee David Thomas Lenox Asa Lovejoy Morton M. McCarver John McLoughlin Joseph Meek Ezra Meeker James D. Miller John Minto Robert Newell Joel Palmer Osborne Russell Sager orphans Levi Scott Henry Spalding William Vandevert Elijah White Marcus Whitman Narcissa Whitman Geo . H. 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Levite

Levite - wikipedia Levite Jump to : navigation , search Levites לויים Total population Around 500 -- 600 thousand worldwide Regions with significant populations Israel 240,000 United States 200,000 France 16,000 Canada 12,000 Languages Vernacular : Hebrew , English Historical : Biblical Hebrew , Aramaic Religion Judaism , Samaritanism Related ethnic groups Jews , Samaritans Levites are the descendants of the Tribe of Levi , one of the twelve tribes . In addition to Levites , the Kohens ( priests ) are also descended from Levi . Both are integrated in Jewish and Samaritan communities , but keep a distinct status . A Levite or Levi ( / ˈliːvaɪt / , Hebrew : לֵוִי ‎ , Modern Levi Tiberian Lēwî ) is a Jewish male whose descent is traced by tradition to Levi . In Jewish tradition , a Levite is a member of the Israelite Tribe of Levi , descended from Levi , the third son of Jacob and Leah . As a surname , Levite status may be indicated by the term HaLevi , which consists of the Hebrew prefix `` ה '' Ha - ( `` the '' ) plus Levi ( Levite ) . The daughter of a Levite is a `` Bat Levi '' ( Bat being Hebrew for `` daughter '' ) . The Tribe of Levi served particular religious duties for the Israelites and had political responsibilities as well . In return , the landed tribes were expected to give tithe to support the Levites , particularly the tithe known as the ' Maaser Rishon ' . The Kohanim were the priests , who performed the work of holiness in the Temple . The Levites , who were not Kohanim , were specifically assigned to singing and / or playing music in the Temple serving as guards carrying When Joshua led the Israelites into the land of Canaan ( Joshua 13 : 33 ) , the Sons of Levi were the only Israelite tribe that received cities but were not allowed to be landowners `` because the Lord the God of Israel Himself is their inheritance '' ( Deuteronomy 18 : 2 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 In contemporary Jewish practice 1.1 Relationship with Kohanim 1.2 Bat Levi 1.3 The Levites and the Holocaust 2 Levite population 2.1 Levite Y - chromosome studies 2.2 Lineage 2.3 Notable descendants 2.3. 1 In tradition 2.3. 2 Levite surnames 2.3. 3 Modern Levites 3 See also 4 Footnotes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links In contemporary Jewish practice ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Today , Levites in Orthodox Judaism continue to have additional rights and obligations compared to lay people , although these responsibilities have diminished with the destruction of the Temple . For instance , Kohanim are eligible to be called to the Torah first , followed by the Levites . Levites also provide assistance to the Kohanim , particularly washing their hands , before the Kohanim recite the Priestly Blessing . They also do not participate in the Pidyon HaBen ( redemption of the firstborn ) ceremony , because they are traditionally pledged to Divine service . Conservative Judaism recognizes Levites as having special status , but not all Conservative congregations call Kohanim and Levites to the first and second reading of the Torah , and many no longer perform rituals such as the Priestly Blessing and Pidyon HaBen in which Kohanim and Levites have a special role . Reconstructionist and Reform Judaism do not observe the distinctions between Kohanim , Levites , and other Jews . Orthodox Judaism believes in the eventual rebuilding of a Temple in Jerusalem and a resumption of the Levitical role . There are a small number of schools , primarily in Israel , to train priests and Levites in their respective roles . Conservative Judaism believes in a restoration of the Temple as a house of worship and in some special role for Levites , although not the ancient sacrificial system as previously practiced . Relationship with Kohanim ( edit ) Main articles : Kohen and Priesthood ( Ancient Israel ) The Kohanim are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the Biblical Aaron of the Levi tribe . The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests , both Israelite and non-Israelite , such as the Israelite nation as a whole , as well as the priests ( Hebrew kohanim ) of Baal . During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem , Kohanim performed the daily and holiday ( Yom Tov ) duties of sacrificial offerings . Today kohanim retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within Judaism , and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism . During the Priestly Blessing , the Levites traditionally wash the hands of the Kohanim prior to the blessing of the House of Israel . Bat Levi ( edit ) A Bat Levi ( daughter of a Levite ) is no longer recognized by many rishonim as having lineal sanctity in both Orthodox and Conservative Judaism , stemming from her traditional eligibility to receive proceeds of the Levitical tithe ( Maaser Rishon ) . In both Orthodox Judaism and Conservative Judaism , children of a Bat Levi , regardless of her marital status or husband 's tribe , retain the traditional exemption for their children from the requirement of being redeemed through the Pidyon HaBen . Contrary to popular belief , this is not due to any sort of lineal sanctity , but rather , it is a mitzvah similar to all other mitzvahs . Conservative Judaism permits a Bat Levi to perform essentially all the rituals a male Levi would perform , including being called to the Torah for the Levite aliyah in those Conservative synagogues which have both retained traditional tribal roles and modified traditional gender roles . In Israel , Conservative / Masorti Judaism has not extended Torah honors to either a bat Kohen or a bat Levi . The Levites and the Holocaust ( edit ) Main article : Holocaust theology In 1938 , with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as Kristallnacht , American Orthodox rabbi Menachem HaKohen Risikoff wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses , in worship , liturgy , and teshuva , repentance . In The Priests and the Levites , he stressed that members of these groups exist in the realm between history ( below ) and redemption ( above ) , and must act in a unique way to help move others to prayer and action , and help bring an end to suffering . He wrote , `` Today , we also are living through a time of flood , Not of water , but of a bright fire , which burns and turns Jewish life into ruin . We are now drowning in a flood of blood ... Through the Kohanim and Levi'im help will come to all Israel . '' Levite population ( edit ) Levite Y - chromosome studies ( edit ) A 2003 study of the Y - chromosome by Behar et al. pointed to multiple origins for Ashkenazi Levites , a priestly class who comprise approximately 4 % among the Ashkenazi Jews . It found that Haplogroup R1a1a ( R - M17 ) , uncommon in the Middle East or among Sephardi Jews , is present in over 50 % of Ashkenazi Levites , while the rest of Ashkenazi Levites ' paternal lineage is of certain Middle Eastern origin . Haplogroup R1a1a is found at the highest levels among people of Eastern European descent , with 50 to 65 % among Sorbs , Poles , Russians , and Ukrainians . In South Asia , R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups , reaching over 70 % in West Bengal Brahmins in India and among the Mohani tribe in Sindh province in Pakistan . Behar suggested a founding event , probably involving one or very few European men , occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community as a possible explanation . As Nebel , Behar and Goldstein speculate , `` although neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin , as has been speculated by some authors ( Baron 1957 ; Dunlop 1967 ; Ben - Sasson 1976 ; Keys 1999 ) , one can not rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites . '' A 2013 paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. confirmed a Near or Middle Eastern origin for all Ashkenazi Levites , including the R1a Y - chromosome carriers , and refuted the Khazar origin : Previous Y - chromosome studies have demonstrated that Ashkenazi Levites , members of a paternally inherited Jewish priestly caste , display a distinctive founder event within R1a , the most prevalent Y - chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europe . Here we report the analysis of 16 whole R1 sequences and show that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage . While our survey of one of these , M582 , in 2,834 R1a samples reveals its absence in 922 Eastern Europeans , we show it is present in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites , as well as in 33.8 % of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males and 5.9 % of 303 R1a Near Eastern males , where it shows considerably higher diversity . Moreover , the M582 lineage also occurs at low frequencies in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations . In contrast to the previously suggested Eastern European origin for Ashkenazi Levites , the current data are indicative of a geographic source of the Levite founder lineage in the Near East and its likely presence among pre-Diaspora Hebrews . Lineage ( edit ) Having a last name of Levi or a related term does not necessarily mean a person is a Levite , and some Levites do not have such last names . Levitical status is passed down in families from parent to child , as part of a family 's genealogical tradition . Tribal status of Levite is determined by patrilineal descent , so a child whose biological father is a Levite ( in cases of adoption or artificial insemination , status is determined by the genetic father ) , is also considered a Levite . Jewish status is determined by matrilineal descent , thus conferring levitical status onto children requires both biological parents to be Israelites and the biological father to be a Levite . Currently the only branches of Judaism which regard Jewish status as being conferable by both parents have largely abolished tribal statuses and distinctions , due to a view in both cases that egalitarian principles override halakha ( traditional Jewish law ) . Accordingly , there is currently no branch of Judaism that regards levitical status as conferable by matrilineal descent . It is either conferable patrilineally , in the traditional manner , or it does not exist and is not conferred at all . Notable descendants ( edit ) In tradition ( edit ) Moses Aaron Ezekiel Isaiah Jeremiah Samuel Habakkuk Malachi Miriam Ezra Korah John the Baptist Levite surnames ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some Levites have adopted a related last name to signify their priestly status . Because of diverse geographical locations , the names have several variations : Alouwi , Arabic variant , of Sephardic origin Aguiló - surname to the Jews from Mallorca ( Xuetes ) . Bazes -- a Levite Surname . Benveniste - a Sephardic Levite surname . Epstein - one of the European lineages descended from Zerahiah Ha - Levi of Sepharad HaLevi , Halevi and Halevy - Hebrew language and all translate to `` the Levi '' or `` the Levite '' . Horowitz HaLevi , or simply Horowitz / Hurwitz / Gurvich / Gurevich - a European Levite surname , tracing to Isaiah Horowitz HaLevi - a descendant of Zerahiah Ha - Levi of Sepharad Lavi - a common Levite surname Leevi - Finnish variation . Lev - simplified Russian variation of Levi Levai and Levay - a Levitic surname , originally meaning `` a person from Levice '' but today it is used by Jews who were forced to change their name during the Holocaust . Leven - Swedish variation . Lévi , Levi , Lévy or Levy - Hebrew for `` Levite '' , equally common in Ashkenasic and Sephardic groups . Levian / Livian / Benlevi / Liviem - Persian - Jewish variations . Lević , - also Levinić , Prelević , Croatian or Serbian variations . Levin - Russian variation , also Levine , Lavin or Lavine ( / ləˈviːn / , rhyming with `` ravine '' , or in some cases further anglicised to / ləˈvaɪn / , rhyming with `` divine '' ) and Lewin a Polish variation . Sometimes supplemented with German `` thal '' ( valley ) to Levinthal or Leventhal and - sohn and - son to Levinson or Levinsohn as a patronymic , and with Slavic - ski and - sky suffixes Levinski , Levinsky , Lewinski and Lewinsky ( the `` e '' often replaced with `` a '' in German areas ) . Levit , - also Levitt , typically from the Bessarabia region of Romania , Moldova and southern Ukraine . Levita - Elia Levita , an ancestor of David Cameron Leviyev - the Russified surname ( adding the yev / ev ) that many Bukharian Jews of Central Asia have . Sometimes spelled Leviev or even Levaev . Lewi or Lewj ( Polish , Levi and Levy ) Lewicki - Polish `` of the Levites '' , also Lewicka , Lewycka , Lewycki , Lewycky , Lewicky , Levicki , Levicky ( can also originate from placenames in Poland ) . Lewita : - Polish Levite or Levita Latinized , with Slavic suffix - an / in Lewitan , Levitan , Levitin , Lewitin , Lewitinn , and with additional suffix - ski / sky Levitanski , Lewitanski , Levitansky , also Lewitas , Levitas , Lithuanian , Belorussian , also but rare Lefite , Lafite , Lafitte , of French Sephardic origin . Variants from Yiddish Leyvik , a pet form of Leyvi : Levitch Ukrainian variant , also Levicz , Levis , Levitz , Lewicz , Lewitz , Lewis , and with - ski and - sky suffixes Leviczky , Levitski , Levitsky , Lewitski and Lewitsky ( `` e '' and `` s '' often replaced with `` a '' and `` z '' in German areas ) . Loewy , Löwi , Löwy and Loewe German or Swiss variations ( although the usual origin for these names is Löwe , the German word for `` lion '' ) . Segal - shortened `` Segen Levi '' ( secondary Levite ) Urfali or Levi Urfali ( also Levi Abud , Levi Aslan , Levi Hamami - an Urfalim community surname , which was mostly Levite in origin Zemmel - shortened `` Zecher mi - Shevet Levi '' ( descendant of the Levite tribe ) Modern Levites ( edit ) The following is a list of Levites in modern times : Frank Gehry Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz ( HaLevi ) Efraim Halevy Saadia Kobashi Norman Lear Primo Levi Claude Lévi - Strauss Chaim Herzog See also ( edit ) bat - Kohen Samaritans Urfalim Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Levites comprise a subgroup of about 4 % of world Jewry . Combined with Kohanim , who are also Levites , the subgroup forms roughly 8 % of the Jewish population worldwide , or about 1 -- 1.1 million . Levites also comprise one of the four surviving families of Samaritans , where they serve the role of High Priests due to the fact that the last Samaritan High Priest Cohanic family went extinct in the 17th century . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Medical Definition of Levite '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ Numbers 18 : 21 - 25 Jump up ^ Joshua 13 : 33 , cited in Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Levites '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 18 : 2 Jump up ^ `` The general procedure of the Priestly Blessing is : After * Kedushah the priests prepare themselves , removing their shoes and washing their hands with the assistance of the levites , whereafter they ascend the platform before the Ark . '' `` Priestly Blessing . '' Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ Rivash '' 15 ; `` Divrei Yatziv '' by R ' Y . Halberstam , E.H. 6 ; `` Yechaveh Da'at '' by R ' O. Yosef , V 61 ) Jump up ^ `` Rivash '' 15 ; `` Divrei Yatziv '' by R ' Y . Halberstam Jump up ^ Joel Roth , The Status of Daughters of Kohanim and Leviyim for Aliyot , Rabbinical Assembly Jump up ^ See : Robert A. ( Rafael ) Harris , Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 's Law Committee Teshuvah : `` The First Two Aliyot for a Bat Kohen and a Bat Levi . '' Pages 31 -- 33 in Responsa of the Va'ad Halacha of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 5748 -- 5749 ( 1989 ) . Volume 3 . Jerusalem : The Rabbinical Assembly of Israel and the Masorti Movement ( Hebrew ; English Summary , vii -- viii ) . Jump up ^ הכהנים והלוים HaKohanim vHaLeviim ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Gershon Greenberg , `` Kristallnacht : The American Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Theology of Response , '' in Maria Mazzenga ( editor ) , American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht , Palgrave MacMillan : 2009 , pp158 - 172 . Jump up ^ Underhill , PA ; Myres , NM ; Rootsi , S ; Metspalu , M ; Zhivotovsky , LA ; King , RJ ; Lin , AA ; Chow , CE ; Semino , O ; Battaglia , V ; Kutuev , I ; Järve , M ; Chaubey , G ; Ayub , Q ; Mohyuddin , A ; Mehdi , SQ ; Sengupta , S ; Rogaev , EI ; Khusnutdinova , EK ; Pshenichnov , A ; Balanovsky , O ; Balanovska , E ; Jeran , N ; Augustin , DH ; Baldovic , M ; Herrera , RJ ; Thangaraj , K ; Singh , V ; Singh , L ; Majumder , P ; Rudan , P ; Primorac , D ; Villems , R ; Kivisild , T ( 2010 ) . `` Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a '' . Eur. J. Hum . Genet. 18 : 479 -- 84 . doi : 10.1038 / ejhg. 2009.194 . PMC 2987245 . PMID 19888303 . Jump up ^ Balanovsky 2008 . Jump up ^ Sengupta 2006 . Jump up ^ Behar DM , Thomas MG , Skorecki K , et al. ( October 2003 ) . `` Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites : Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries '' . American Journal of Human Genetics . 73 ( 4 ) : 768 -- 779 . doi : 10.1086 / 378506 . PMC 1180600 . PMID 13680527 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , David B. ( 2008 ) . `` 3 '' . Jacob 's legacy : A genetic view of Jewish history . Yale University Press . pp. location 873 ( Kindle for PC ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12583 - 2 . Jump up ^ Siiri Rootsi ; Doron M. Behar ; Mari Järve ; Alice A. Lin ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Phylogenetic applications of whole Y - chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites '' . Nature Communications . 4 : 1 . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms3928 . PMC 3905698 . PMID 24346185 . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 5 - 6 Jump up ^ `` David Cameron ' may be directly descended from Moses ' '' . Mail Online . 20 July 2009 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast February 2 , 2016 Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast January 26 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Bradman et al. 1999 . Jump up ^ Sean Ireton ( 2003 ) . `` The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel : Strategies for Survival of an Ethno - religious Minority in the Twenty First Century '' . Anthrobase . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Grena , G.M. ( 2004 ) . LMLK : A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1 . Redondo Beach , California : 4000 Years of Writing History . ISBN 0 - 9748786 - 0 - X . External links ( edit ) Twenty - four places in tanach where the Kohanim are called Levi'im - Kehuna.org The Cohen - Levi Family Heritage LeviteDNA.org - website on R1a Ashkenazi Levites Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levite&oldid=814019501 '' Categories : Levites Torah people Hebrew Bible words and phrases Jewish religious occupations Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles containing Hebrew - language text `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский සිංහල Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 15 . 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what is a levite according to the bible

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Tablespoon

Tablespoon - wikipedia Tablespoon This tablespoon has a capacity of about 15 ml . A tablespoon is a large spoon used for serving or eating . In many English - speaking regions , the term now refers to a large spoon used for serving , however , in some regions , including parts of Canada , it is the largest type of spoon used for eating . By extension , the term is used as a measure of volume in cooking . In this capacity , it is most commonly abbreviated tbsp or T , and occasionally referred to as a tablespoonful to distinguish it from the utensil . The unit of measurement varies by region : a United States tablespoon is approximately 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) , a United Kingdom and Canadian tablespoon is exactly 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) , and an Australian tablespoon is 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . The capacity of the utensil ( as opposed to the measurement ) is not defined by law or custom and bears no particular relation to the measurement . Contents 1 History 2 Variants 2.1 Relationship to teaspoon and fluid ounce 2.2 Traditional definitions 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Before about 1700 , it was customary for Europeans to bring their own spoons to the table . Spoons were carried as personal property in much the same way as people today carry wallets , key rings , etc . From about 1700 the place setting became popular , and with it the `` table - spoon '' , `` table - fork '' and `` table - knife '' . Around the same time the tea - spoon and dessert - spoon first appeared , and the table - spoon was reserved for eating soup . The 18th century witnessed a proliferation of different sorts of spoons , including the mustard - spoon , salt - spoon , coffee - spoon , and soup - spoon . In the late 19th century UK , the dessert - spoon and soup - spoon began to displace the table - spoon as the primary implement for eating from a bowl , at which point the name `` table - spoon '' took on a secondary meaning as a much larger serving spoon . At the time the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary was published in 1928 , `` tablespoon '' ( which by then was no longer hyphenated ) still had two definitions in the UK : the original definition ( eating spoon ) and the new definition ( serving spoon ) . In the 18th century , the table - spoon became an unofficial unit of the Apothecaries ' system of measures , equal to 4 drams or ​ ⁄ fl oz . It was more commonly known by the Latin cochleare majus ( abbreviated cochl . maj . ) or , in Apothecaries ' notation , f ℥ ss or f ℥ ß . Variants ( edit ) Measuring spoons Main article : Dry measure A level tablespoon , the usual meaning without further qualification , is measured by filling the spoon and scraping it level . In contrast , a heaped , heaping , or rounded spoonful is not leveled off , and includes a heap above the spoon . The exact volume of a heaped tablespoon depends somewhat on the shape and curvature of the measuring spoon being used , and so is not a precise unit of measurement . Common tablespoons intended for use as cutlery ( called dessert spoons in the UK , where a tablespoon is always a serving spoon ) usually hold 7 -- 14 ml ( 0.24 -- 0.47 US fl oz ) , considerably less than some tablespoons used for serving . Relationship to teaspoon and fluid ounce ( edit ) In most regions ( including the US , UK , most Commonwealth countries , East Asia and the Philippines ) , one tablespoon equals three teaspoons . In many of these regions , one tablespoon is 14.8 ml ( 0.50 US fl oz ) . In South Africa , one tablespoon is 15 ml . In some places like the US , the tablespoon was historically defined as ​ ⁄ US fl oz ( 2 tbsp. = 1 US fl oz ) . In Australia , a tablespoon is defined as four teaspoons , equaling to 20 ml ( 0.68 US fl oz ) . Victorian and Edwardian era tablespoons used in the UK are often 25 ml ( 0.85 US fl oz ) or sometimes larger . They are used only for preparing and serving food , not as part of a place - setting . In writing volume - based recipes , an abbreviation like tbsp. is usually used to refer to a tablespoon , to differentiate it from the smaller teaspoon ( tsp . ) . Some authors additionally capitalize the abbreviation , as Tbsp. , while leaving tsp. in lower case , to emphasize that the larger tablespoon , rather than the smaller teaspoon , is wanted . The tablespoon abbreviation is sometimes further abbreviated to `` Tb . '' or T . Traditional definitions ( edit ) The traditional US interpretation of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is : 1 US tablespoon = 4 fluid drams = 3 teaspoons = ​ ⁄ US fluid ounce = ​ ⁄ US shot = ​ ⁄ US gill = ​ ⁄ US cup ≈ 14.8 ml In nutrition labeling in the US and the UK , a tablespoon is defined as 15 ml ( 0.51 US fl oz ) . A metric tablespoon is exactly equal to 15 cm ( 0.92 cu in ) . The Australian definition of the tablespoon as a unit of volume is : 1 Australian tablespoon = 20 ml ≈ ​ ⁄ fl . oz . = 2 dessertspoons = 4 teaspoons See also ( edit ) Dessert spoon Teaspoon References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary Third edition , December 2008 , entry at tablespoon ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` How Many Tablespoons in a Cup - Easy Conversions '' . First Health Mag . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chuck Smothermon ( 2002 ) . Better Homes and Gardens Biggest Book of Slow Cooker Recipes . Meredith Books . p. 416 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Moore , Simon ( 1987 ) . Spoons 1650 -- 1930 . Shire Publications . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Simon Moore ( 2005 ) . Spoons 1650 - 2000 . Osprey Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7478 - 0640 - 0 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Alexander Whitelaw , ed. ( 1884 ) . The popular encyclopedia ; or , ' Conversations Lexicon ' . p. 11 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson Ritter ; Elizabeth Johnstone ( 1910 ) . Mother 's remedies ; over one thousand tried and tested remedies from mothers of the United States and Canada . G.H. Foote pub . co . p. 637 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hazell 's annual . Hazell , Watson and Viney. 1910 . p. 584 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dean BS , Krenzelok EP ( April 1986 ) . `` Syrup of ipecac dosing ... How much is a tablespoonful ? '' . Vet Hum Toxicol. 28 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 6 . PMID 2871653 . Jump up ^ A. Thompson ; B.N. Taylor . The NIST Guide for the use of International System of Units ( PDF ) . United States Government . Jump up ^ Mechtly , E. A : The International System of units , NASA - SP = 7012 , 1964 , 1973 . The reference indicates the exact conversion to cubic meters , which has been converted to 14.78676478125 ml here for convenience . Jump up ^ 21 CFR ( Code of Federal Regulations ) 101.9 ( b ) ( 5 ) ( viii ) Jump up ^ Cardarelli , François Cradarelli ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Scientific Units , Weights and Measures . London : Springer . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4471 - 1122 - 1 . Look up tablespoon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tablespoon&oldid=851467159 '' Categories : Cooking weights and measures Units of volume Spoons Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Metricated units Alcohol measurement Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ 粵語 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 14 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how much is a table spoon in ounces

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2018 Wimbledon Championships

2018 Wimbledon Championships - Wikipedia 2018 Wimbledon Championships Further information on singles results at : Gentlemen 's singles draw and Ladies ' singles draw 2018 Wimbledon Championships Date 2 -- 15 July Edition 132nd Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 48XD Prize money £ 34,000,000 Surface Grass Location Church Road SW19 , Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom Venue All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Champions Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2017 Wimbledon Championships 2019 → The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was a Grand Slam tennis tournament which took place at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in Wimbledon , London , United Kingdom . The main tournament began on Monday , 2 July 2018 and finished on Sunday , 15 July 2018 . Novak Djokovic won the Gentleman 's Singles title and Angelique Kerber won the Ladies Singles title . The 2018 tournament was the 132nd edition of The Championships , the 125th staging of the Ladies ' Singles Championship event , the 51st in the Open Era and the third Grand Slam tournament of the year . It was played on grass courts and was part of the ATP World Tour , the WTA Tour , the ITF Junior tour and the NEC Tour . The tournament was organised by All England Lawn Tennis Club and International Tennis Federation . Roger Federer and Garbiñe Muguruza were both unsuccessful in defending their 2017 titles . Federer lost in the quarterfinals to eventual finalist Kevin Anderson , while Muguruza lost in the second round to Alison Van Uytvanck . Contents 1 Tournament 2 Point and prize money distribution 2.1 Point distribution 2.1. 1 Senior points 2.1. 2 Wheelchair points 2.1. 3 Junior points 2.2 Prize money 3 Singles players 3.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 3.2 Ladies ' Singles 4 Day - by - day summaries 5 Singles seeds 5.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 5.1. 1 Withdrawn players 5.2 Ladies ' Singles 6 Doubles seeds 6.1 Gentlemen 's Doubles 6.2 Ladies ' Doubles 6.3 Mixed Doubles 7 Champions 7.1 Seniors 7.1. 1 Gentlemen 's Singles 7.1. 2 Ladies ' Singles 7.1. 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.1. 4 Ladies ' Doubles 7.1. 5 Mixed Doubles 7.2 Juniors 7.2. 1 Boys ' Singles 7.2. 2 Girls ' Singles 7.2. 3 Boys ' Doubles 7.2. 4 Girls ' Doubles 7.3 Invitation 7.3. 1 Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.3. 2 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles 7.3. 3 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles 7.4 Wheelchair events 7.4. 1 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles 7.4. 2 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles 7.4. 3 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles 7.4. 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles 7.4. 5 Wheelchair Quad Doubles 8 Main draw wild card entries 8.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 8.2 Ladies ' Singles 8.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 8.4 Ladies ' Doubles 8.5 Mixed Doubles 9 Main draw qualifier entries 9.1 Gentlemen 's Singles 9.1. 1 Lucky Losers 9.2 Ladies ' Singles 9.2. 1 Lucky Losers 9.3 Gentlemen 's Doubles 9.4 Ladies ' Doubles 10 Protected ranking 11 Withdrawals 12 References 13 External links Tournament ( edit ) Centre Court where the Finals of Wimbledon take place The 2018 Wimbledon Championships was the 132nd edition of the tournament and was held at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club in London . The tournament was run by the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) and included in the 2018 ATP World Tour and the 2018 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category . The tournament consisted of men 's ( singles and doubles ) , women 's ( singles and doubles ) , mixed doubles , boys ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) and girls ( under 18 -- singles and doubles ) , which was also a part of the Grade A category of tournaments for under 18 , and singles and doubles events for men 's and women 's wheelchair tennis players as part of the UNIQLO Tour under the Grand Slam category . The tournament was played only on grass courts ; the main draw matches were played at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , Wimbledon . Qualifying matches were played , from Monday 25 June to Thursday 28 June 2018 , at the Bank of England Sports Ground , Roehampton . The Tennis sub-committee met to decide wild card entries on 19 June . Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is the tables with the point distribution for each phase of the tournament . Senior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men 's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men 's Doubles 0 -- -- 0 Women 's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women 's Doubles 10 -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair points ( edit ) Event 3rd 4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Junior points ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys ' Singles 1000 600 370 200 100 45 30 20 Girls ' Singles Boys ' Doubles 750 450 275 150 75 N / A N / A N / A Girls ' Doubles N / A N / A N / A Prize money ( edit ) The Wimbledon total prize money for 2018 had increased to £ 34,000,000 , up by 7.6 % on 2017 . The winners of the men 's and women 's singles titles will earn £ 2.25 m . Prize money for the men 's and women 's doubles and wheelchair players were also increased for the 2018 competition . A new rule in 2018 was that any first round singles player who is unfit to play and withdraws on - site after 12pm on Thursday before the start of the Main Draw will now receive half of the First Round prize money , the other half to be awarded to the replacement Lucky Loser . Any player who competes in the First Round Main Draw singles and retires or performs below professional standards , may now be subject to a fine of up to First Round prize money , to deter players from appearing only to claim prize money . Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles £ 2,250,000 £ 1,125,000 £ 562,000 £ 281,000 £ 163,000 £ 100,000 £ 63,000 £ 39,000 £ 19,500 £ 9,750 £ 4,875 Doubles * £ 450,000 £ 225,000 £ 112,000 £ 56,000 £ 29,000 £ 17,750 £ 11,500 -- -- -- -- Mixed Doubles * £ 110,000 £ 55,000 £ 27,500 £ 13,750 £ 6,500 £ 3,250 £ 1,625 -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Singles £ 40,000 £ 20,000 £ 13,000 £ 8,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Wheelchair Doubles * £ 14,000 £ 7,000 £ 4,500 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Invitation Doubles £ 26,000 £ 22,000 £ 19,000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Singles players ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Semifinals out John Isner ( 9 ) Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) Quarterfinals out Roger Federer ( 1 ) Milos Raonic ( 13 ) Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) Juan Martín del Potro ( 5 ) 4th round out Adrian Mannarino ( 22 ) Gaël Monfils Mackenzie McDonald Stefanos Tsitsipas ( 31 ) Karen Khachanov Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) Gilles Simon Jiří Veselý 3rd round out Jan - Lennard Struff Daniil Medvedev Sam Querrey ( 11 ) Philipp Kohlschreiber ( 25 ) Guido Pella Dennis Novak ( Q ) Radu Albot Thomas Fabbiano ( Q ) Frances Tiafoe Kyle Edmund ( 21 ) Nick Kyrgios ( 15 ) Alexander Zverev ( 4 ) Benoît Paire Matthew Ebden Fabio Fognini ( 19 ) Alex de Minaur 2nd round out Lukáš Lacko Ivo Karlović Ryan Harrison Guillermo García López Sergiy Stakhovsky ( WC ) Paolo Lorenzi Gilles Müller Andreas Seppi Marin Čilić ( 3 ) Nicolás Jarry Lucas Pouille ( 17 ) John Millman Ruben Bemelmans ( Q ) Aljaž Bedene Jared Donaldson Stan Wawrinka Marcos Baghdatis Julien Benneteau Bradley Klahn ( Q ) Horacio Zeballos Robin Haase Bernard Tomic ( LL ) Damir Džumhur ( 27 ) Taylor Fritz Feliciano López Denis Shapovalov ( 26 ) Matteo Berrettini Stéphane Robert ( Q ) Diego Schwartzman ( 14 ) Simone Bolelli ( LL ) Pierre - Hugues Herbert Mikhail Kukushkin 1st round out Dušan Lajović Benjamin Bonzi ( Q ) Mikhail Youzhny Leonardo Mayer ( 32 ) Christian Garín ( Q ) Roberto Carballés Baena Gastão Elias Borna Ćorić ( 16 ) Jordan Thompson João Sousa Laslo Đere Richard Gasquet ( 23 ) Evgeny Donskoy Michael Mmoh ( LL ) John - Patrick Smith ( Q ) Norbert Gombos ( Q ) Yoshihito Nishioka ( PR ) Jason Kubler ( Q ) Ričardas Berankis Filip Krajinović ( 28 ) Denis Kudla ( WC ) Peter Polansky ( LL ) Stefano Travaglia ( Q ) Liam Broady ( WC ) Yannick Maden ( Q ) Steve Johnson Cameron Norrie Pablo Carreño Busta ( 20 ) Grégoire Barrère ( Q ) Malek Jaziri Yuki Bhambri Grigor Dimitrov ( 6 ) Dominic Thiem ( 7 ) David Ferrer Márton Fucsovics Fernando Verdasco ( 30 ) Alex Bolt ( Q ) Yūichi Sugita Guido Andreozzi Tennys Sandgren Denis Istomin Marius Copil Hubert Hurkacz ( LL ) Christian Harrison ( Q ) Maximilian Marterer Jay Clarke ( WC ) Lorenzo Sonego ( LL ) James Duckworth ( PR ) Peter Gojowczyk Federico Delbonis Jason Jung ( LL ) Jérémy Chardy Jack Sock ( 16 ) Nikoloz Basilashvili Albert Ramos Viñolas David Goffin ( 10 ) Mirza Bašić Florian Mayer Pablo Cuevas Taro Daniel Marco Cecchinato ( 29 ) Mischa Zverev Vasek Pospisil Dudi Sela Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles show Champion Runner - up Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) Semifinals out Jeļena Ostapenko ( 12 ) Julia Görges ( 13 ) Quarterfinals out Dominika Cibulková Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) Camila Giorgi 4th round out Hsieh Su - wei Aliaksandra Sasnovich Alison Van Uytvanck Belinda Bencic Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) Donna Vekić Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) Ekaterina Makarova 3rd round out Simona Halep ( 1 ) Elise Mertens ( 15 ) Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) Daria Gavrilova ( 26 ) Anett Kontaveit ( 28 ) Ashleigh Barty ( 17 ) Naomi Osaka ( 18 ) Carla Suárez Navarro ( 27 ) Mihaela Buzărnescu ( 29 ) Venus Williams ( 9 ) Barbora Strýcová ( 23 ) Yanina Wickmayer Kristina Mladenovic Madison Keys ( 10 ) Kateřina Siniaková Lucie Šafářová 2nd round out Zheng Saisai ( PR ) Lara Arruabarrena Johanna Konta ( 22 ) Sachia Vickery Kirsten Flipkens Sofia Kenin Samantha Stosur Taylor Townsend Garbiñe Muguruza ( 3 ) Jennifer Brady Eugenie Bouchard ( Q ) Yulia Putintseva Claire Liu ( Q ) Katie Boulter ( WC ) Sara Sorribes Tormo ( Q ) Alison Riske Victoria Azarenka Katie Swan ( WC ) Anna Blinkova Alexandra Dulgheru ( Q ) Vera Lapko Lesia Tsurenko Andrea Petkovic Rebecca Peterson Tatjana Maria Viktoriya Tomova ( Q ) Sorana Cîrstea Luksika Kumkhum Ons Jabeur ( WC ) Madison Brengle Agnieszka Radwańska ( 32 ) Caroline Wozniacki ( 2 ) 1st round out Kurumi Nara Wang Qiang Ana Bogdan Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova ( 30 ) Natalia Vikhlyantseva Alizé Cornet Markéta Vondroušová Danielle Collins Katy Dunne ( WC ) Heather Watson Maria Sakkari Maria Sharapova ( 24 ) Caroline Dolehide ( LL ) Peng Shuai Pauline Parmentier Petra Kvitová ( 8 ) Naomi Broady ( WC ) Polona Hercog Kateryna Kozlova Denisa Allertová Stefanie Vögele Gabriella Taylor ( WC ) Magda Linette Jana Fett Vera Zvonareva ( Q ) Ana Konjuh Verónica Cepede Royg Monica Niculescu Carina Witthöft Kaia Kanepi Mariana Duque Mariño ( LL ) Caroline Garcia ( 6 ) Harriet Dart ( WC ) Ekaterina Alexandrova Irina - Camelia Begu Aryna Sabalenka Barbora Štefková ( Q ) Wang Yafan Kristýna Plíšková Johanna Larsson Monica Puig Christina McHale Tímea Babos Svetlana Kuznetsova Zhang Shuai ( 31 ) Mona Barthel ( Q ) Viktória Kužmová Sloane Stephens ( 4 ) Elina Svitolina ( 5 ) Anna Karolína Schmiedlová Tereza Smitková ( WC ) Arantxa Rus Magdaléna Rybáriková ( 19 ) Antonia Lottner ( Q ) Bernarda Pera Ajla Tomljanović Coco Vandeweghe ( 16 ) Viktorija Golubic Aleksandra Krunić Anastasija Sevastova ( 21 ) Elena - Gabriela Ruse ( Q ) Kateryna Bondarenko Petra Martić Varvara Lepchenko Day - by - day summaries ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Day - by - day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's singles ( edit ) The seeds for men 's singles are adjusted on a surface - based system to reflect more accurately the individual player 's grass court achievement as per the following formula , which applies to the top 32 players according to the ATP Rankings on 25 June 2018 : Take Entry System Position points at 25 June 2018 . Add 100 % points earned for all grass court tournaments in the past 12 months ( 26 June 2017 -- 24 June 2018 ) . Add 75 % points earned for best grass court tournament in the 12 months before that ( 20 June 2016 -- 25 June 2017 ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Roger Federer 8,720 2,000 360 7,080 Quarterfinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) Rafael Nadal 8,770 180 720 9,310 Semifinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 5 Marin Čilić 5,060 1,200 45 3,905 Second round lost to Guido Pella Alexander Zverev 5,755 180 90 5,665 Third round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 5 Juan Martín del Potro 5,080 45 360 5,395 Quarterfinals lost to Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) 6 6 Grigor Dimitrov 4,780 180 10 4,610 First round lost to Stan Wawrinka 7 7 Dominic Thiem 3,835 180 10 3,665 First round retired against Marcos Baghdatis 8 8 Kevin Anderson 3,635 180 1,200 4,655 Runner - up , lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 9 10 John Isner 3,045 45 720 3,720 Semifinals lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 10 9 David Goffin 3,110 0 10 3,120 First round lost to Matthew Ebden 11 13 Sam Querrey 2,130 720 90 1,500 Third round lost to Gaël Monfils 12 21 Novak Djokovic 1,715 360 2,000 3,355 Champion , defeated Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 13 32 Milos Raonic 1,430 360 360 1,430 Quarterfinals lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 14 11 Diego Schwartzman 2,435 10 45 2,470 Second round lost to Jiří Veselý 15 18 Nick Kyrgios 1,855 10 90 1,935 Third round lost to Kei Nishikori ( 24 ) 16 20 Borna Ćorić 1,745 10 10 1,745 First round lost to Daniil Medvedev 17 19 Lucas Pouille 1,835 45 45 1,835 Second round lost to Dennis Novak ( Q ) 18 15 Jack Sock 2,110 45 10 2,075 First round lost to Matteo Berrettini 19 16 Fabio Fognini 2,030 90 90 2,030 Third round lost to Jiří Veselý 20 12 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,145 0 10 2,155 First round lost to Radu Albot 21 17 Kyle Edmund 1,950 45 90 1,995 Third round lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 22 26 Adrian Mannarino 1,580 180 180 1,580 Fourth round lost to Roger Federer ( 1 ) 23 31 Richard Gasquet 1,465 10 10 1,465 First round lost to Gaël Monfils 24 28 Kei Nishikori 1,530 90 360 1,800 Quarterfinals lost to Novak Djokovic ( 12 ) 25 27 Philipp Kohlschreiber 1,575 10 90 1,655 Third round lost to Kevin Anderson ( 8 ) 26 25 Denis Shapovalov 1,588 0 45 1,633 Second round lost to Benoît Paire 27 23 Damir Džumhur 1,665 45 45 1,665 Second round lost to Ernests Gulbis ( Q ) 28 30 Filip Krajinović 1,489 ( 80 ) 10 1,419 First round lost to Nicolás Jarry 29 29 Marco Cecchinato 1,514 10 + 10 10 + 6 1,510 First round lost to Alex de Minaur 30 34 Fernando Verdasco 1,280 10 10 1,280 First round lost to Frances Tiafoe 31 35 Stefanos Tsitsipas 1,254 35 180 1,399 Fourth round lost to John Isner ( 9 ) 32 36 Leonardo Mayer 1,235 ( 48 ) 10 1,197 First round lost to Jan - Lennard Struff † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 but is defending points from the 2017 ATP Challenger Tour instead . Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Reason 14 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,120 180 1,940 Hip injury 22 Chung Hyeon 1,685 0 1,685 Ankle injury 24 Tomáš Berdych 1,625 720 905 Back injury 33 Andrey Rublev 1,281 70 1,211 Back injury Ladies ' singles ( edit ) The seeds for ladies ' singles are based on the WTA rankings as of 25 June 2018 , with an exception for Serena Williams ( details are given below ) . Rank and points before are as of 2 July 2018 . Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Simona Halep 7,871 430 130 7,571 Third round lost to Hsieh Su - wei Caroline Wozniacki 6,910 240 70 6,740 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova Garbiñe Muguruza 6,550 2,000 70 4,620 Second round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck Sloane Stephens 5,463 10 10 5,463 First round lost to Donna Vekić 5 5 Elina Svitolina 5,250 240 10 5,020 First round lost to Tatjana Maria 6 6 Caroline Garcia 4,960 240 10 4,730 First round lost to Belinda Bencic 7 8 Karolína Plíšková 4,315 70 240 4,485 Fourth round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 8 7 Petra Kvitová 4,610 70 10 4,550 First round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 9 9 Venus Williams 3,971 1,300 130 2,801 Third round lost to Kiki Bertens ( 20 ) 10 11 Madison Keys 3,536 70 130 3,596 Third round lost to Evgeniya Rodina ( Q ) 11 10 Angelique Kerber 3,545 240 2,000 5,305 Champion , defeated Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 12 12 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,437 430 780 3,787 Semifinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 13 13 Julia Görges 3,210 10 780 3,980 Semifinals lost to Serena Williams ( 25 / PR ) 14 14 Daria Kasatkina 3,165 70 430 3,525 Quarterfinals lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 15 15 Elise Mertens 2,635 10 130 2,755 Third round lost to Dominika Cibulková 16 16 CoCo Vandeweghe 2,603 430 10 2,183 First round lost to Kateřina Siniaková 17 17 Ashleigh Barty 2,435 10 130 2,555 Third round lost to Daria Kasatkina ( 14 ) 18 18 Naomi Osaka 2,350 130 130 2,350 Third round lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 19 19 Magdaléna Rybáriková 2,310 780 10 1,540 First round lost to Sorana Cîrstea 20 20 Kiki Bertens 2,090 10 430 2,510 Quarterfinals lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 21 21 Anastasija Sevastova 2,005 70 10 1,945 First round lost to Camila Giorgi 22 24 Johanna Konta 1,866 780 70 1,156 Second round lost to Dominika Cibulková 23 23 Barbora Strýcová 1,915 70 130 1,975 Third round lost to Julia Görges ( 13 ) 24 22 Maria Sharapova 1,943 0 10 1,953 First round lost to Vitalia Diatchenko ( Q ) 25 181 Serena Williams 315 0 1,300 1,615 Runner - up , lost to Angelique Kerber ( 11 ) 26 25 Daria Gavrilova 1,765 10 130 1,885 Third round lost to Aliaksandra Sasnovich 27 26 Carla Suárez Navarro 1,677 70 130 1,737 Third round lost to Belinda Bencic 28 27 Anett Kontaveit 1,656 130 130 1,656 Third round lost to Alison Van Uytvanck 29 28 Mihaela Buzărnescu 1,648 ( 85 ) 130 1,693 Third round lost to Karolína Plíšková ( 7 ) 30 29 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 1,596 10 10 1,596 First round lost to Hsieh Su - wei 31 31 Zhang Shuai 1,545 10 10 1,545 First round lost to Andrea Petkovic 32 30 Agnieszka Radwańska 1,580 240 70 1,410 Second round lost to Lucie Šafářová † The player did not qualify for the tournament in 2017 . Accordingly , points for her 16th best result are deducted instead . ‡ Serena Williams was ranked outside the top 150 on the day when seeds were announced , because she missed most of the last 12 - month period due to her pregnancy . Nevertheless she was deemed a special case and seeded 25th by the organisers . Doubles seeds ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Oliver Marach Mate Pavić Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7 Henri Kontinen John Peers 15 Pierre - Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 19 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 27 5 Juan Sebastián Cabal Robert Farah 28 6 Mike Bryan Jack Sock 31 7 Nikola Mektić Alexander Peya 37 8 Aisam - ul - Haq Qureshi Jean - Julien Rojer 44 9 Ivan Dodig Rajeev Ram 46 10 Pablo Cuevas Marcel Granollers 50 11 Rohan Bopanna Édouard Roger - Vasselin 50 12 Raven Klaasen Michael Venus 53 13 Ben McLachlan Jan - Lennard Struff 61 14 Dominic Inglot Franko Škugor 66 15 Max Mirnyi Philipp Oswald 75 16 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Team Rank Seed Tímea Babos Kristina Mladenovic 12 Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková Barbora Strýcová 12 Barbora Krejčíková Kateřina Siniaková 15 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 26 Latisha Chan Peng Shuai 27 5 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 27 6 Chan Hao - ching Yang Zhaoxuan 34 7 Elise Mertens Demi Schuurs 41 8 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 45 9 Ashleigh Barty CoCo Vandeweghe 48 10 Raquel Atawo Anna - Lena Grönefeld 49 11 Nicole Melichar Květa Peschke 51 12 Kirsten Flipkens Monica Niculescu 63 13 Lucie Hradecká Hsieh Su - wei 67 14 Irina - Camelia Begu Mihaela Buzărnescu 72 15 Lyudmyla Kichenok Alla Kudryavtseva 77 16 Vania King Katarina Srebotnik 79 17 Rankings were as of 25 June 2018 . Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Team Rank Seed Mate Pavić Gabriela Dabrowski 10 Bruno Soares Ekaterina Makarova 15 Ivan Dodig Latisha Chan 21 Jean - Julien Rojer Demi Schuurs 27 Nikola Mektić Chan Hao - ching 29 5 Édouard Roger - Vasselin Andrea Sestini Hlaváčková 31 6 Robert Farah Anna - Lena Grönefeld 34 7 Rajeev Ram Andreja Klepač 42 8 Michael Venus Katarina Srebotnik 51 9 Juan Sebastián Cabal Abigail Spears 52 10 Alexander Peya Nicole Melichar 52 11 Matwé Middelkoop Johanna Larsson 55 12 Max Mirnyi Květa Peschke 56 13 Ben McLachlan Eri Hozumi 59 14 Marcelo Demoliner María José Martínez Sánchez 61 15 Henri Kontinen Heather Watson 65 16 Rankings were as of 2 July 2018 . Champions ( edit ) Seniors ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Novak Djokovic def . Kevin Anderson , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 6 Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Angelique Kerber def . Serena Williams , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Mike Bryan / Jack Sock def . Raven Klaasen / Michael Venus , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Barbora Krejčíková / Kateřina Siniaková def . Nicole Melichar / Květa Peschke , 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Mixed Doubles Alexander Peya / Nicole Melichar def . Jamie Murray / Victoria Azarenka , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Juniors ( edit ) Boys ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Singles Tseng Chun - hsin def . Jack Draper , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Singles Iga Świątek def . Leonie Küng , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 Boys ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Boys ' Doubles Yankı Erel / Otto Virtanen def . Nicolás Mejía / Ondřej Štyler , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Girls ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Girls ' Doubles Wang Xinyu / Wang Xiyu def . Caty McNally / Whitney Osuigwe , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 Invitation ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Tommy Haas / Mark Philippoussis def . Colin Fleming / Xavier Malisse , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 Ladies ' Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Ladies ' Invitation Doubles Kim Clijsters / Rennae Stubbs def . Cara Black / Martina Navratilova , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Senior Gentlemen 's Invitation Doubles Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge def . Richard Krajicek / Mark Petchey , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair events ( edit ) Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stefan Olsson def . Gustavo Fernández , 6 -- 2 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 Wheelchair Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Singles Diede de Groot def . Aniek van Koot , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 Wheelchair Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def . Joachim Gérard / Stefan Olsson , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 Wheelchair Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Diede de Groot / Yui Kamiji def . Sabine Ellerbrock / Lucy Shuker , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 Wheelchair Quad Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def . Dylan Alcott / Lucas Sithole , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 Main draw wild card entries ( edit ) The following players received wild cards into the main draw senior events . Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Liam Broady Jay Clarke Denis Kudla Sergiy Stakhovsky Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Katie Boulter Naomi Broady Harriet Dart Katy Dunne Ons Jabeur Tereza Smitková Katie Swan Gabriella Taylor Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Jonny O'Mara Alex Bolt / Lleyton Hewitt Liam Broady / Scott Clayton Jay Clarke / Cameron Norrie Jürgen Melzer / Daniel Nestor Frederik Nielsen / Joe Salisbury Ladies ' Doubles ( edit ) Katie Boulter / Katie Swan Naomi Broady / Asia Muhammad Harriet Dart / Katy Dunne Mixed Doubles ( edit ) Luke Bambridge / Katie Boulter Jay Clarke / Harriet Dart Dominic Inglot / Samantha Stosur Thanasi Kokkinakis / Ashleigh Barty Joe Salisbury / Katy Dunne Main draw qualifier entries ( edit ) Gentlemen 's Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Singles Qualifying Christian Harrison Ruben Bemelmans Dennis Novak Grégoire Barrère Stefano Travaglia Norbert Gombos Stéphane Robert Jason Kubler Yannick Maden John - Patrick Smith Christian Garín Ernests Gulbis Alex Bolt Benjamin Bonzi Bradley Klahn Thomas Fabbiano Lucky Losers ( edit ) Bernard Tomic Peter Polansky Michael Mmoh Hubert Hurkacz Lorenzo Sonego Simone Bolelli Jason Jung Ladies ' Singles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Singles Qualifying Alexandra Dulgheru Eugenie Bouchard Sara Sorribes Tormo Antonia Lottner Claire Liu Vera Zvonareva Viktoriya Tomova Mona Barthel Evgeniya Rodina Elena - Gabriela Ruse Vitalia Diatchenko Barbora Štefková Lucky Losers ( edit ) Mariana Duque Mariño Caroline Dolehide Gentlemen 's Doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Men 's Doubles Qualifying Sriram Balaji / Vishnu Vardhan Kevin Krawietz / Andreas Mies Andre Begemann / Yasutaka Uchiyama Austin Krajicek / Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan Ladies ' doubles ( edit ) Main article : 2018 Wimbledon Championships -- Women 's Doubles Qualifying Ysaline Bonaventure / Bibiane Schoofs Alexa Guarachi / Erin Routliffe Han Xinyun / Luksika Kumkhum Arina Rodionova / Maryna Zanevska The following pairs received entry as Lucky Losers : Nicola Geuer / Viktorija Golubic Georgina García Pérez / Fanny Stollár Anna Blinkova / Markéta Vondroušová Protected ranking ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main draw using a protected ranking : Gentlemen 's Singles James Duckworth Yoshihito Nishioka Ladies ' Singles Serena Williams Zheng Saisai Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament but withdrew with injuries , suspensions , or personal reasons : Gentlemen 's Singles Roberto Bautista Agut → replaced by Peter Polansky Tomáš Berdych → replaced by Guido Andreozzi Chung Hyeon → replaced by Lorenzo Sonego Alexandr Dolgopolov → replaced by Simone Bolelli Nicolás Kicker → replaced by Dudi Sela Lu Yen - hsun → replaced by Bernard Tomic Andy Murray → replaced by Jason Jung Andrey Rublev → replaced by Hubert Hurkacz Viktor Troicki → replaced by Michael Mmoh Jo - Wilfried Tsonga → replaced by Laslo Đere Ladies ' Singles Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Mariana Duque Mariño Catherine Bellis → replaced by Arantxa Rus Zarina Diyas → replaced by Caroline Dolehide Sara Errani → replaced by Viktorija Golubic Beatriz Haddad Maia → replaced by Anna Blinkova Laura Siegemund → replaced by Jana Fett Elena Vesnina → replaced by Andrea Petkovic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Announcements for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 14 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Jurejko ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon 2018 : Serena Williams could be top seed on return '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE CHAMPIONSHIPS , WIMBLEDON -- PRIZE MONEY PER PROGRAMME '' ( PDF ) . www.wimbledon.com. 1 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Newman ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` Wimbledon set to introduce new rules that penalise injured players who retire mid-match '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wild cards for The Championships 2018 '' . www.wimbledon.com. 24 June 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by 2018 French Open Grand Slam Tournaments Succeeded by 2018 US Open Preceded by 2017 Wimbledon Championships The Championships , Wimbledon Succeeded by 2019 Wimbledon Championships Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio de Janeiro ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. 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The Man in the High Castle (TV series)

The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Production location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format 5.1 Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternate history television series , produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions , and Big Light Productions . The series is based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into the Greater Nazi Reich , comprising more than half of eastern part of the continent , and the Japanese Pacific States to the west . These territories are separated by a neutral zone that encompasses the Rocky Mountains . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after they come into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a very different history from their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began '' . The next month , Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later , to be released on October 5 , 2018 . On July 21 , 2018 , it was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that the series had been renewed for a fourth season . Contents 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Advertising controversy 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kenpeitai just after she gives Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage . Entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , it depicts an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . It is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel to reflect some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink -- who keeps his Jewish roots hidden to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis -- believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns that Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Joe is a 27 - year - old New Yorker , who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Joe is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , who replaces Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official , the Trade Minister , in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman , Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are both concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer , Adolf Hitler , either dies or is forced to step down because of his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war that is full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for . They kill Frank 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frank to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately finds himself unable to execute the plan . Season 2 ( edit ) The second season encompasses Frank 's decision to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States . He eventually participates in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in Downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich by using its San Francisco Embassy so that she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , sponsors the claim himself , and takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe discovers that he was a product of the Lebensborn programme and is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually , Joe reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and then becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Hitler dies . Hitler named Heusmann the Acting Chancellor of the Reich when he fell ill , so after Hitler 's collapse and death , Heusmann assumes the role until the Nazi party can meet and select his successor . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents who , he claims , assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To understand why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann that is designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill the emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to absorb themselves into a global Nazi Reich and strengthen Heusmann 's position . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and finally travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler , the Nazi Reichsführer , who is not involved , of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence that reach too deeply within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by Smith over to Himmler , who then leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Hitler 's office , which is occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Hitler , detains Joe along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle , packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers . Nixing the speech declaring war , which would have been delivered by Heusmann , Himmler instead informs the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and of Smith 's exposure . The entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood that is marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men , in general , and then of Smith , in particular . The season ends with Himmler and Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films that were watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control . She is an expert in aikido and is friendly with the Japanese people who live in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , who killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of prewar American pistols that are prized by the Japanese . On his own time , he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if that is exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance , but he is actually an agent working for the SS , under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States , as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer who is investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who had served in the US Army Signal Corps . He lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco . Brennan Brown as Robert Childan ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank . Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell ( season 2 ) , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen . Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer ( season 2 ) , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who crosses paths with Joe . Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi . Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , the owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance . Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man . Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant . Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister . Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance . Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees . Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City . Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee , David P. Frees . Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance . Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew who is living in the Pacific States and is Frank 's friend . Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects prewar American memorabilia . Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife . Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building . Bernhard Forcher as Hugo Reiss , the Nazi ambassador to the Japanese Pacific States . Aaron Blakely as Erich Raeder , an SS - Sturmbannführer working with Smith . Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States . Neal Bledsoe as Captain Connolly ( season 1 ) , an American SS officer serving under John Smith and secretly an agent for Reinhard Heydrich . Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle ( season 2 ) . Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann ( season 2 ) , Joe 's estranged father and a high - ranking member of the Reich . Cara Mitsuko as Sarah ( season 2 ) , a Japanese American Resistance member , Frank 's confidante and a survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp Tate Donovan as George Dixon ( season 2 ) , a mysterious friend of the Crains . Michael Hogan as Hagan ( season 2 ) , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco Resistance . Tzi Ma as Rikugun - Taishō Hidehisa Onoda ( season 2 ) , a leading member of the Japanese army . John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father . Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II . Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half - sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke 's wife . Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son . Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 10 January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) 9 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) 10 December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 10 October 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 05 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) In 1962 Nazi - occupied New York , Joe Blake volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck to the Neutral Zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to later see her shot by the Japanese police . Juliana discovers the package contains impossible footage of the Allies winning World War II . Her boyfriend , Frank , urges her to go to the police to plead her innocence . However , Juliana lies to him and instead heads to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A woman attempts to steal the film but escapes only with decoys . The Japanese trade minister , Nobusuke Tagomi , meets the Nazi ambassador to finalize the details of a visit to San Francisco by the Japanese Crown Prince . Later Tagomi meets Rudolph Wegener , a high - ranking Nazi official pretending to be a Swedish businessman . Joe and Juliana meet and become friends in Canon City in the Neutral Zone . In San Francisco , the Kempeitai -- the Japanese secret police -- begin searching for Juliana because of her connection to Trudy . Blake calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is secretly working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man whom she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that this contact is actually an undercover SD agent working against resistance and orders him not to intervene . However , when Juliana goes to meet the agent , Joe drives up behind her to help her . The SD agent tries to kill Juliana , but she is able to throw him over a railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters in an assassination attempt . In San Francisco , the Kempeitai arrest Frank to find out the whereabouts of Juliana . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter , who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children for his refusal to help them , but stop the planned execution of Frank when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter named the Marshal in town . The Marshal is looking for the man Juliana killed . Joe and Juliana go to dispose of the dead agent 's body and car and , while doing this , find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and a list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . The Marshal realizes Juliana 's true identity and tries to kill her . In San Francisco , the Japanese Crown Prince arrives in the city . Tagomi tells Wegener that his contact is Japanese Science Minister Shimura . Wegener is to contact him during the Crown Prince 's speech at the Nazi Embassy . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank also returns to work , where he makes a real gun . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel , who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters . Lemuel forces them to give up the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough away , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in New York , after he is attacked on the way to work , Smith suspects SS Captain Connolly is the informant who supplied information about his movements to the resistance . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him but hesitates . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . Wegener leaves a microfilm capsule in the Science Minister 's pocket . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku for failing to protect the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns that the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner , Randall , but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then compelled to report to Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes that Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA Day ( Victory in America Day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA Day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe him for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe , who tries to retrieve a new film and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when he is confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics that she cowrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith , as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco in which the SS round up and execute survivors . Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Smith learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper who shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince to avoid the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener 's assassination of Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle , filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle . However , after confronting Hitler , who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault and says that he learns something every time he watches , Wegener kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports him to Hitler . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm . He opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 in which the Allies won World War II and the United States is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and submits resignation , but Smith refuses to accept the resignation before he delivers the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , where he keeps his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule that Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contained plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family then , desperate to save Ed , goes ask for Childan 's help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue that may help avert the nuclear war . Gary Connell , the leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers , and Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects that Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods that he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza with whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery if Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , Reichminister Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue about a mysterious man on whom Abendsen is fixated , Juliana discovers the man to be a family friend , George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning that he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum and leaves a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end the life of his son Thomas , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps that a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states but does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai , in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member , Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant because of Heusmann 's treatment of Joe 's mother . Joe crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when he is given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich , under the tutelage of Smith 's wife , Helen , and Thomas . While looking for Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and is almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife , Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing , as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals that he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Still , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , but he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance , and Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen with moving to a new location because the location of the High Castle may have compromised . Abendsen destroys most of the films before he leaves . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke but discovers that the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee , as planned , and gains the support of one of its members , Lucy . Helen discovers that Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and living a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's forgoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right - hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns that the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members who are present for treason , as he has deduced the Yakuza to be working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor , where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an nuclear bomb there . He alerts the Resistance of that information . At Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife , Alice , raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while she talks to Thomas , she notices that he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen not to reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana that she knows that supposedly - live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband managed the television broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decides that it is time to stage an uprising . Juliana is left concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe that she has been trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary , but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly - imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war . That leads Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich but not before learning that it is someone else who is the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away . Now in charge is the new chancellor , Heusmann , who is revealed to be the one to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family on the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , but their conversation is secretly being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation , much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda by using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the underground parking garage of the Kempeitai . They set the bomb 's timer and attempt to leave the building , but they are spotted by Kido . A gunfight starts in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . The fates of Frank and Sarah are not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai headquarters . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith that appears to provide evidence that the Japanese have a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she violently escapes . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi superiors not to attack Japan to avoid nuclear retaliation . Smith meets privately with Himmler to expose Heusmann as a traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition that Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for the third season to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of the second season . Reception ( edit ) The first season received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns '' . Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex and gripping plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz '' . The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing '' . Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building '' , cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After the season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the 40 best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . The second season was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives it an approval rating of 63 % , based on reviews from 19 critics with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , an entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery , as seen in the show , including multiple US flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads because the neutral content subway ad standards prohibit only advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad because of pressure from Cuomo . See also ( edit ) Fatherland , 1994 TV film SS - GB , 2017 TV series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( July 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man In The High Castle ' Renewed For Season 4 ; Unveils Season 3 Premiere Date & Trailer -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . Amazon Video original programming Current Bosch ( since 2014 ) Transparent ( since 2014 ) The Man in the High Castle ( since 2015 ) Patriot ( since 2015 ) Sneaky Pete ( since 2015 ) The Collection ( since 2016 ) Fleabag ( since 2016 ) Goliath ( since 2016 ) The Grand Tour ( since 2016 ) The Tick ( since 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( since 2017 ) Comrade Detective ( since 2017 ) Lore ( since 2017 ) Britannia ( since 2018 ) Foreign language Kamen Rider Amazons ( since 2016 ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( since 2016 ) You Are Wanted ( since 2017 ) Baahubali : The Lost Legends ( since 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( since 2017 ) Tokyo Vampire Hotel ( since 2017 ) Inside Edge ( since 2017 ) Laakhon Mein Ek ( since 2017 ) Pushpavalli ( since 2017 ) Shaitaan Haveli ( since 2018 ) Breathe ( since 2018 ) The Remix ( since 2018 ) Diablo Guardián ( since 2018 ) Inspector Chingum ( since 2018 ) Chacha Vidhayak Hain Humare ( since 2018 ) Gangstars ( since 2018 ) Comicstaan ( since 2018 ) Falco ( since 2018 ) Ended Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- 18 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Ripper Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- 17 ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- 17 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Dangerous Book for Boys ( 2018 ) Upcoming Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Forever ( 2018 ) The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Homecoming ( 2018 ) The Boys ( 2019 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) The Expanse ( 2019 ) The Feed ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Too Old To Die Young ( 2019 ) Undone ( 2019 ) Utopia ( 2019 ) Cortes ( TBA ) Daisy Jones & The Six ( TBA ) The Expatriates ( TBA ) Hanna ( TBA ) The Hunt ( TBA ) Invincible ( TBA ) Lorena ( TBA ) Modern Love ( TBA ) Tales from the Loop ( TBA ) Them ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) The Underground Railroad ( TBA ) Upload ( TBA ) Philip K. Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award LCCN : no2015162175 VIAF : 39145003703561340487 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=857111958 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Parallel universes in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. 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who stars in the man in the high castle

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The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe

The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe - wikipedia The Lion , the Witch and the wardrobe Jump to : navigation , search For the film adaptation of the novel , see The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . For other uses ( disambiguation ) , see The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( disambiguation ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe First edition dustjacket Author C.S. Lewis Illustrator Pauline Baynes Cover artist Pauline Baynes Country United Kingdom Language English Series The Chronicles of Narnia Genre Children 's fantasy novel , Christian literature Publisher Geoffrey Bles Publication date 16 October 1950 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , e-book OCLC 7207376 LC Class PZ8. L48 Li Followed by Prince Caspian The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C.S. Lewis , published by Geoffrey Bles in 1950 . It is the first published and best known of seven novels in The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1950 -- 1956 ) . Among all the author 's books it is also the most widely held in libraries . Although it was written as well as published first in the series , it is volume two in recent editions , which are sequenced by the stories ' chronology ( the first being The Magician 's Nephew ) . Like the others , it was illustrated by Pauline Baynes , and her work has been retained in many later editions . Most of the novel is set in Narnia , a land of talking animals and mythical creatures that one White Witch has ruled for 100 years of deep winter . In the frame story , four English children are relocated to a large , old country house following a wartime evacuation . The youngest visits Narnia three times via the magic of a wardrobe in a spare room . All four children are together on her third visit , which verifies her fantastic claims and comprises the subsequent 12 of 17 chapters except for a brief conclusion . In Narnia , the siblings seem fit to fulfill an old prophecy and so are soon adventuring both to save Narnia and their lives . Lewis wrote the book for , and dedicated it to , his goddaughter Lucy Barfield . She was the daughter of Owen Barfield , Lewis 's friend , teacher , adviser , and trustee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Character list 3 Writing 4 Illustrations 5 Reception 6 Allusions 7 Differences between editions 8 Adaptations 8.1 Television 8.2 Theatre 8.3 Audio 8.4 Film 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot summary ( edit ) In 1940 , four siblings -- Peter , Susan , Edmund , and Lucy Pevensie -- are among many children evacuated from London during World War II to escape the Blitz . They are sent to the countryside to live with professor Digory Kirke . Exploring the professor 's house , Lucy finds a wardrobe which doubles as a magic portal to a forest in a land called Narnia . At a lamppost oddly located in the forest , she meets Tumnus , a faun , who invites her to tea in his home . There the faun confesses that he invited her not out of hospitality , but with the intention of betraying her to the White Witch . The witch has ruled Narnia for years , using magic to keep it frozen in a perpetual winter . She has ordered all Narnians to turn in any humans ( `` Sons of Adam '' or `` Daughters of Eve '' ) they come across . But now that he has come to know and like a human , Tumnus repents his original intention and escorts Lucy back to the lamppost . Lucy returns through the wardrobe and finds that only a few seconds have passed in normal time during her absence . Her siblings do not believe her story about another world inside the wardrobe , which is now found to have a solid back panel . During a game of hide - and - seek on some days later , Lucy again passes into Narnia . This time her brother Edmund chances to follow her . He meets Jadis , who calls herself Queen of Narnia . When she learns that he is human and has two sisters and a brother , she places an enchantment on him . She urges him to bring his siblings to her castle , promising in return to make him her heir . When Lucy and Edmund return together through the wardrobe , Edmund realizes that the queen he met and the witch Lucy describes are one and the same . He denies to the others that he has been in Narnia at all . Peter and Susan are puzzled by Lucy 's insistence , and consult the Professor , who surprises them by taking Lucy 's side in the debate of Narnia 's existence . Soon afterward , all four children enter Narnia together after hiding in the wardrobe to avoid the professor 's dour housekeeper , Mrs. Macready . Remembering the winter cold ahead , they take coats from the wardrobe before exploring . Lucy guides them to Tumnus 's cave , but they find it ransacked , with a notice from Jadis ( the White Witch ) proclaiming his arrest for harbouring humans . A talking beaver intercepts them , proves himself a friend , and hides the children in his den . There , he and Mrs. Beaver tell them of a prophecy that Jadis 's power will fail when two Sons of Adam and two Daughters of Eve fill the four thrones at Cair Paravel . Aslan , the great lion and the rightful King , has been absent for many years but is now `` on the move again '' in Narnia . Edmund steals away to Jadis 's castle , which is filled with statues of Narnian victims she has turned to stone . Jadis is furious when Edmund appears alone and angrier still to learn that Aslan may have returned . She takes him on her sledge to catch the others or to reach Aslan 's court before them . Meanwhile , Mr Beaver realises that Edmund has betrayed them , and they set off at once to seek Aslan at the Stone Table . As they travel , the Witch 's spell over Narnia begins to break : Father Christmas ( who has not been seen in Narnia for a hundred years ) arrives with magical presents : a sword for Peter , a horn and a bow with arrows for Susan , a knife and a bottle of healing cordial for Lucy . The snow melts , and winter ends . Aslan welcomes the children and the Beavers to his camp near the Stone Table . Upon hearing Edmund 's situation , he orders a rescue party of loyal Narnians . After much hardship at the hands of the Witch and her sledge driver , Edmund is rescued from their camp and reunited with his siblings . Jadis approaches in truce to parley with Aslan . She insists that , according to `` deep magic from the dawn of time '' , she holds the right to kill Edmund following his treason . Aslan bargains with her privately and she renounces her claim . That evening , Aslan secretly returns to the Stone Table , shadowed by Susan and Lucy . Upon noticing them , Aslan welcomes their company but warns them not to interfere with what is about to happen . He has traded his own life to the witch for Edmund 's , and the girls watch as Jadis oversees his shaming before her underlings . She orders Aslan tied to the Stone Table , shaved and muzzled ; and she administers the killing blow herself . Confident now of victory , the Witch leads her army away to battle . Susan and Lucy remain weeping over Aslan 's abandoned body . They un-muzzle him and see mice gnaw away his bonds . The Stone Table breaks and Aslan is restored to life . He tells Lucy and Susan that Jadis was unaware of the `` deeper magic from before the dawn of time '' that will resurrect an innocent killed in place of a traitor . Aslan carries Lucy and Susan on his back as he hurries to Jadis 's castle . He breathes upon the stone statues in the courtyard , restoring them to life . Meanwhile , Peter and Edmund lead the Narnians against Jadis , and Edmund is seriously wounded . Aslan arrives with the former statues as reinforcements . The Narnians rout Jadis 's supporters , and Aslan kills Jadis . Aslan breathes life into those Jadis has turned to stone on the battlefield , and Lucy uses her magic cordial to revive the wounded , starting with Edmund . The Pevensie children are crowned kings and queens of Narnia at Cair Paravel . Soon afterward , Aslan slips away and disappears . Fifteen years later , the four rulers chase a wish - granting white stag through the forest whereupon they rediscover the lamppost . They soon find their way not through branches but coats . They come back through the wardrobe in the Professor 's house and are suddenly children again , dressed in their old clothes . Almost no time has passed in the real world , despite their many years in Narnia . The four children consult the Professor . He forgives them the absence of the four coats they stole , and hints that theirs would prove not to be the first adventure in Narnia , nor by any means the last . Character list ( edit ) The Pevensie Siblings Raised in London , evacuated to the Dorset countryside , and reaching adulthood in Narnia , they are the four main characters . In one chapter , Father Christmas arrives to endow those present ( three Pevensies and two beavers ) with a feast , weapons , and magical items . After the restoration of Narnia , a Tetrarchy is established with the four siblings as the rulers . Lucy Pevensie is the youngest Pevensie child and , in some respects , the primary protagonist of the story . She is the first to discover the land of Narnia when she finds her way through the magical wardrobe in the Professor 's house . When Lucy tells her three siblings , they do n't believe her : Peter and Susan think she is just playing a game while Edmund persistently ridicules her about it . She is later crowned Queen Lucy the Valiant . Edmund Pevensie is the second - youngest of the Pevensie children . He has a bad relationship with his siblings . Edmund is known to be a liar , and often harasses children younger than him . He often singles out Lucy as his favourite target . In Narnia he meets the White Witch , who plies him with enchanted Turkish delight , drink , and smooth talk . Lured by the White Witch 's promise of power and an unlimited supply of the magical treats , Edmund betrays his siblings . He eventually regrets his actions and repents . After he helps Aslan and the good denizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch , he is crowned and named King Edmund the Just . He has no endowments , because of his betrayal . Susan Pevensie is the second - oldest of Pevensie children . She does not believe in Narnia until she actually goes there . Along with Lucy , she accompanies Aslan on the journey to his apparent self - sacrifice and secretly witnesses the horrific event . Tending to his carcass , she removes a muzzle from him to restore his dignity and oversees a horde of mice who gnaw away his bonds . She then shares the joy of his resurrection and the endeavor to bring reinforcements to a critical battle . She is crowned Queen of Narnia alongside Lucy and pronounced Queen Susan the Gentle . Peter Pevensie is the eldest of the Pevensie siblings . He judiciously settles disputes between his younger brother and sisters , often rebuking Edmund for his attitude . At first , Peter disbelieves Lucy 's stories about Narnia , but changes his mind when he sees it for himself . He is hailed as a hero for the slaying of Maugrim and for his command in the battle to overthrow the White Witch . He is eventually crowned High King of Narnia and dubbed King Peter the Magnificent . At the Country Home The house that shelters the Pevensie children is run by a Professor , staffed by servants , and frequently toured by historians . The Professor is a kindly old gentleman who takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London . He is the first to believe that Lucy did indeed visit a land called Narnia . He tries to convince the others logically that she did n't make it up . The book hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on . He is identified in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader as Professor Kirke , and appears as a young boy , Digory Kirke , a main character in the prequel , in which he witnesses Aslan 's creation of Narnia . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between himself and Aslan on the smaller scale of the house in Dorset ; in that he is rarely seen , can be sought for impartial wisdom , provides a sense of stability , and sometimes can not be found . Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for the Professor and takes it upon herself to guide the tour groups . Although never explicitly stated , there are minor parallels between herself and the White Witch , albeit on the smaller scale ; for example , she effectively rules the country house in the absence of the Professor ( terrifyingly so in the imagination of a young girl torn from her home and mother ) . The Pevensies certainly see her as an antagonist and dub her `` The Macready '' . She is stated to be not very fond of children , imposes strict rules on their behavior , and disturbs their peace with the tours . Narnians The magical land of Narnia is populated by talking animals , mythological species , and sentient flora . Aslan , a lion , is the rightful King of Narnia and other magic countries . He sacrifices himself to save Edmund , but is resurrected in time to aid the denizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children against the White Witch and her minions . As the `` son of the Emperor beyond the sea '' ( an allusion to the first person of the Holy Trinity in Christianity ( the Father ) Aslan is the all powerful creator of Narnia . He is the deity that links all created worlds together and is thus all knowing , all present , and all powerful . The White Witch is the land 's self - proclaimed queen and the primary antagonist of the story . She tyrannizes Narnia through her magically imposed rule . Her spell on Narnia has made winter persist for a hundred years with no end in sight . When provoked , she turns creatures to stone with her wand . She fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that `` two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve '' ( meaning humans ; two male , two female ) will claim the right to rule and supplant her . She is usually referred to simply as `` the White Witch '' but her actual name , `` Jadis , '' appears in one proclamation in this book . Lewis later wrote a prequel to include her back - story and account for her presence in the Narnian world . Tumnus , a faun , is the first individual Lucy meets in Narnia . Tumnus befriends Lucy , despite the White Witch 's standing order to turn in any human found in Narnia . He initially plans to obey the order but , after getting to like Lucy , he can not bear to alert the Witch 's forces . He instead escorts her back towards the safety of her own country . His good deed is later given away by Edmund who innocently tells the White Witch that Lucy mentioned meeting a faun . The witch orders Tumnus arrested and turns him to stone , but he is later restored to life by Aslan . Mr. and Mrs. Beaver , two beavers , are friends of Tumnus . They play host to Peter , Susan , and Lucy and lead them to Aslan . A Dwarf serves the White Witch . He 's never named in the book but called Ginabrik in the film , where he has a more significant role . Maugrim ( Fenris Ulf in most American editions ) the wolf is the chief of the White Witch 's secret police . She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children . He tries to kill Susan who flees and sees to the safety of others . She sounds her horn . Peter answers the call and slays Maugrim . Giant Rumblebuffin is a character who is turned to stone by the White Witch . Aslan restores him to life by breathing on him . Although slightly dim - witted , he is very kind . His significant contribution is to break down the gate of the Witch 's castle to let the rescued Narnians out , and also to crush some of her army . Writing ( edit ) Lewis described the origin of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in an essay titled `` It All Began with a Picture '' : The Lion all began with a picture of a Faun carrying an umbrella and parcels in a snowy wood . This picture had been in my mind since I was about sixteen . Then one day , when I was about forty , I said to myself : ' Let 's try to make a story about it . ' Shortly before the Second World War many children were evacuated from London to the English countryside to escape bomber attacks on London by Nazi Germany . On 2 September 1939 three school girls , Margaret , Mary and Katherine , came to live at The Kilns in Risinghurst , Lewis 's home three miles east of Oxford city centre . Lewis later suggested that the experience gave him a new appreciation of children and in late September he began a children 's story on an odd sheet that has survived as part of another manuscript : This book is about four children whose names were Ann , Martin , Rose and Peter . But it is most about Peter who was the youngest . They all had to go away from London suddenly because of Air Raids , and because Father , who was in the Army , had gone off to the War and Mother was doing some kind of war work . They were sent to stay with a kind of relation of Mother 's who was a very old professor who lived all by himself in the country . The plot element of entering a new world through the back of a wardrobe had certainly entered Lewis 's mind by 1946 , when he used it to describe his first encounter with really good poetry : I did not in the least feel that I was getting in more quantity or better quality a pleasure I had already known . It was more as if a cupboard which one had hitherto valued as a place for hanging coats proved one day , when you opened the door , to lead to the garden of the Hesperides ... How much more of the story Lewis then wrote is uncertain . Roger Lancelyn Green thinks that he might even have completed it . In September 1947 Lewis wrote in a letter about stories for children : `` I have tried one myself but it was , by the unanimous verdict of my friends , so bad that I destroyed it . '' In August 1948 , during a visit by an American writer , Chad Walsh , Lewis talked vaguely about completing a children 's book he had begun `` in the tradition of E. Nesbit '' . After this conversation not much happened until the beginning of the next year . Then everything changed . In his essay `` It All Began With a Picture '' Lewis continues : `` At first I had very little idea how the story would go . But then suddenly Aslan came bounding into it . I think I had been having a good many dreams of lions about that time . Apart from that , I do n't know where the Lion came from or why he came . But once he was there , he pulled the whole story together , and soon he pulled the six other Narnian stories in after him . '' The major ideas of the book echo lines Lewis had written fourteen years earlier in his alliterative poem The Planets : ... Of wrath ended And woes mended , of winter passed And guilt forgiven , and good fortune Jove is master ; and of jocund revel , Laughter of ladies . The lion - hearted ... are Jove 's children . On 10 March 1949 Roger Lancelyn Green dined with Lewis at Magdalen College . After the meal Lewis read two chapters from his new children 's story to Green . Lewis asked Green 's opinion of the tale and Green said that he thought it was good . The manuscript of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was complete by the end of March 1949 . Lucy Barfield received it by the end of May . When on 16 October 1950 Geoffrey Bles in London published the first edition , three new `` chronicles '' , Prince Caspian , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader and The Horse and His Boy , had also been completed . Illustrations ( edit ) Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , allowed him to choose the illustrator for the novel and the Narnia series . Lewis chose Pauline Baynes , possibly based on J.R.R. Tolkien 's recommendation . Baynes had greatly impressed Tolkien with her illustrations for his Farmer Giles of Ham ( 1949 ) . However , Baynes claimed that Lewis learned about her work after going into a bookshop and asking for a recommendation for an illustrator who was skilled at portraying both humans and animals . In December 1949 , Bles showed Lewis the first drawings for the novel , and Lewis sent Baynes a note congratulating her , particularly on the level of detail . Lewis 's appreciation of the illustrations is evident in a letter he wrote to Baynes after The Last Battle won the Carnegie Medal for best children 's book of 1956 : `` is it not rather ' our ' medal ? I 'm sure the illustrations were taken into account as well as the text '' . The British edition of the novel had 43 illustrations ; American editions generally had fewer . The popular United States paperback edition published by Collier between 1970 and 1994 , which sold many millions , had only 17 illustrations , many of them severely cropped from the originals , giving many readers in that country a very different experience when reading the novel . All the illustrations were restored for the 1994 worldwide HarperCollins edition , although these lacked the clarity of early printings . Reception ( edit ) Lewis very much enjoyed writing The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and embarked on the sequel Prince Caspian soon after finishing the first novel . He completed the sequel by end of 1949 , less than a year after finishing the initial book . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe had few readers during 1949 and was not published until late in 1950 , so his initial enthusiasm did not stem from favourable reception by the public . While Lewis is known today on the strength of the Narnia stories as a highly successful children 's writer , the initial critical response was muted . At the time it was fashionable for children 's stories to be realistic ; fantasy and fairy tales were seen as indulgent , appropriate only for very young readers and potentially harmful to older children , even hindering their ability to relate to everyday life . Some reviewers considered the tale overtly moralistic or the Christian elements over-stated -- attempts to indoctrinate children . Others were concerned that the many violent incidents might frighten children . Lewis 's publisher , Geoffrey Bles , feared that the Narnia tales would not sell , and might damage Lewis ' reputation and affect sales of his other books . Nevertheless , the novel and its successors were highly popular with young readers , and Lewis 's publisher was soon eager to release further Narnia stories . In the United States a 2004 study found that The Lion was a common read - aloud book for seventh - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . In 2005 it was included on TIME 's unranked list of the 100 best English - language novels published since 1923 . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association named it one of `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . In 2012 it was ranked number five among all - time children 's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal , a monthly with primarily U.S. audience . A 2012 survey by the University of Worcester determined that it was the second most common book that UK adults had read as children , after Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland . ( Adults , perhaps limited to parents , ranked Alice and The Lion fifth and sixth as books the next generation should read , or their children should read during their lifetimes . ) TIME magazine included the novel in its `` All - TIME 100 Novels '' ( best English - language novels from 1923 to 2005 ) . In 2003 , the novel was listed at number 9 on the BBC 's survey The Big Read . It has also been published in 47 foreign languages . Allusions ( edit ) Lewis wrote that `` The Narnian books are not as much allegory as supposal . Suppose there were a Narnian world and it , like ours , needed redemption . What kind of incarnation and Passion might Christ be supposed to undergo there ? '' The main story is an allegory of Christ 's crucifixion : Aslan sacrifices himself for Edmund , a traitor who may deserve death , in the same way that Christians believe Jesus sacrificed himself for sinners . Aslan is killed on the Stone Table , symbolizing Mosaic Law , which breaks when he is resurrected , symbolizing the replacement of the strict justice of Old Testament law with redeeming grace and forgiveness granted on the basis of substitutional atonement , according to Christian theology . As with the Christian Passion , it is women ( Susan and Lucy ) who tend Aslan 's body after he dies and are the first to see him after his resurrection . The significance of the death contains elements of both the ransom theory of atonement and the satisfaction theory : Aslan suffers Edmund 's penalty ( satisfaction ) , and buys him back from the White Witch , who was entitled to him by reason of his treachery ( ransom ) . In Christian belief , Christ is associated with the Biblical `` Lion of Judah '' of Revelation 5 : 5 . Professor Kirke is based on W.T. Kirkpatrick , who tutored a 16 - year - old Lewis . `` Kirk , '' as he was sometimes called , taught the young Lewis much about thinking and communicating clearly , skills that would be invaluable to him later . Narnia is caught in endless winter that has lasted a century when the children first enter . Norse tradition mythologises a `` great winter , '' known as the Fimbulwinter , said to precede Ragnarök . The trapping of Edmund by the White Witch is reminiscent of the seduction and imprisonment of Kay by The Snow Queen in Hans Christian Andersen 's novella of that name . The dwarves and giants are found in Norse mythology ; fauns , centaurs , minotaurs and dryads derive from Greek mythology . Father Christmas , of course , was part of popular English folklore . There are several parallels between the White Witch and the immortal white queen , Ayesha , of H. Rider Haggard 's She , a novel greatly admired by C.S. Lewis . The Story of the Amulet written by Edith Nesbit also contains scenes that can be considered precursors to sequences presenting Jadis , particularly in The Magician 's Nephew . Nesbit 's short story The Aunt and Amabel includes the motif of a girl entering a wardrobe to gain access to a magical place . The freeing of Aslan 's body from the stone table by field mice is reminiscent of Aesop 's fable of `` The Lion and the Mouse . '' In the fable , a lion catches a mouse , but the mouse persuades the lion to release him , promising that the favor would be rewarded . Later in the story , he gnaws through the lion 's bonds after he has been captured by hunters . It is also reminiscent of a scene from Edgar Allan Poe 's story `` The Pit and the Pendulum , '' in which a prisoner is freed when rats gnaw through his bonds . In a later book , `` Prince Caspian , '' we learn that as reward for their actions , mice gained the same intelligence and speech as other Narnian animals . Differences between editions ( edit ) Due to labor union rules , the text of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe was reset for the publication of the first American edition of by Macmillan US in 1950 . Lewis took that opportunity to make the following changes to the original British edition published by Geoffrey Bles earlier that same year : In chapter one of the American edition , the animals that Edmund and Susan express interest in are snakes and foxes rather than the foxes and rabbits of the British edition . In chapter six of the American edition , the name of the White Witch 's chief of police is changed to `` Fenris Ulf '' from `` Maugrim '' in the British . In chapter thirteen of the American edition , `` the trunk of the World Ash Tree '' takes the place of `` the fire - stones of the Secret Hill '' . When HarperCollins took over publication of the series in 1994 , they began using the original British edition for all subsequent English editions worldwide . The current US edition published by Scholastic has 36,135 words . Adaptations ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The story has been adapted three times for television . The first adaptation was a ten - part serial produced by ABC Weekend Television for ITV and broadcast in 1967 . In 1979 , an animated TV - movie , directed by Peanuts director Bill Meléndez , was broadcast and won the first Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . A third television adaptation was produced in 1988 by the BBC using a combination of live actors , animatronic puppets and animation . Only this last one was the first of a series of 3 Narnia adaptations . The programme was nominated for an Emmy and won a BAFTA . It was followed by three further Narnia adaptations . Theatre ( edit ) Stage adaptations include a 1984 version staged at London 's Westminster Theatre , produced by Vanessa Ford Productions . The play , adapted by Glyn Robbins , was directed by Richard Williams and designed by Marty Flood . Jules Tasca , Ted Drachman , and Thomas Tierney collaborated on a musical adaptation published in 1986 . In 1997 , Trumpets Inc. , a Filipino Christian theatre and musical production company , produced a musical rendition that Douglas Gresham , Lewis 's stepson ( and co-producer of the Walden Media film adaptations ) , has openly declared that he feels is the closest to Lewis 's intention . It starred among others popular young Filipino singer Sam Concepcion as Edmund Pevensie . The book and lyrics were written by Jaime del Mundo and Luna Inocian , while music was composed by Lito Villareal . In 1998 , the Royal Shakespeare Company did an adaptation by Adrian Mitchell , for which the acting edition has been published . The Stratford Festival in Canada mounted a new production of Mitchell 's work in June 2016 . ( 2 ) ( 3 ) In 2003 , there was an Australian commercial stage production which toured the country by Malcolm C. Cooke Productions , using both life - size puppets and human actors . It was directed by notable film director Nadia Tass , and starred Amanda Muggleton , Dennis Olsen , Meaghan Davies and Yolande Brown . In 2011 , a two - actor stage adaptation by Le Clanché du Rand opened Off - Broadway in New York City at St. Luke 's Theatre . The production was directed by Julia Beardsley O'Brien and starred Erin Layton and Andrew Fortman . As of 2014 , the production is currently running with a replacement cast of Abigail Taylor - Sansom and Rockford Sansom . Audio ( edit ) Multiple audio editions have been released , both straightforward readings and dramatizations . In 1981 , Michael Hordern read abridged versions of the classic tale ( and the others in the series ) . In 2000 , an unabridged audio book was released , narrated by Michael York . ( All the books were released in audio form , read by different actors . ) In 1988 , BBC Radio 4 mounted a full dramatization . In 1998 , Focus on the Family Radio Theatre also adapted this story . Both the original BBC version and the Focus on the Family version have been broadcast on BBC radio . Both are the first in a series of adaptations of all seven of the Narnia books . The BBC series uses the title Tales of Narnia , while the Focus on the Family version uses the more familiar Chronicles moniker . The Focus on the Family version is also longer , with a full orchestra score , narration , a larger cast of actors , and introductions by Douglas Gresham , C.S. Lewis ' stepson . Film ( edit ) In 2005 , the story was adapted for a theatrical film , co-produced by Walt Disney and Walden Media . It has so far been followed by two more films : The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian and The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . The latter was co-produced by Twentieth - Century Fox and Walden Media . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Fantasy portal Narnia portal Novels portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first edition ) . Library of Congress Catalog Record . `` The lion , the witch and the wardrobe ; a story for children '' ( first U.S. edition ) . LCC record . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis , C.S. ( Clive Staples ) 1898 -- 1963 '' . WorldCat . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 ^ Jump up to : `` Bibliography : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe '' . ISFDB . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 p. 75 Jump up ^ for she is mentioned by name in the notice left by Maugrim after the arrest of Tumnus in chapter 6 , `` Into the Forest . '' Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . `` It All Began with a Picture '' . Radio Times . 15 July 1960 . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Of Other Worlds '' , by C.S. Lewis `` . Huntington . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 24 . Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Edwards , Owen Dudley ( 2007 ) . British Children 's Fiction in the Second World War . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 1650 - 3 . Jump up ^ Green , Roger Lancelyn , and Walter Hooper ( 2002 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Biography . Fully Revised and Expanded Edition . p. 303 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 715714 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1966 ) , `` Different Tastes in Literature '' . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 2004 ( 1947 ) ) . Collected Letters : Volume 2 ( 1931 - 1949 ) . p. 802 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 072764 - 0 . Letter to E.L. Baxter dated 10 September 1947 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Chad ( 1974 ) . C.S. Lewis : Apostle to the Skeptics . Norwood Editions . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 88305 - 779 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1960 ) . In Hooper ( 1982 ) , pp. xix , 53 . Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1935 ) , `` The Alliterative Metre '' . In Hooper , ed. ( 1969 ) , Selected Literary Essays , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 9780521074414 , p. 25 . The connection argued in Michael Ward ( 2008 ) , Planet Narnia : the seven heavens in the imagination of C.S. Lewis , Oxford University Press , ISBN 9780195313871 . Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter . `` Lucy Barfield ( 1935 -- 2003 ) '' . SEVEN : An Anglo - American Literary Review . Volume 20 , 2003 , p. 5 . ISSN 0271 - 3012 . `` The dedication ... was probably taken from Lewis 's letter to Lucy of May 1949 '' . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , pp. 30 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Schakel 2002 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Veith , pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Veith , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas , James Flood , Diane Lapp , and Nancy Frey ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / RT. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( 16 October 2005 ) . `` All - TIME 100 Novels : The Lion , The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . Time . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Top ten books parents think children should read '' . The Telegraph . 19 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ GoodKnight , Glen H. `` Translations of The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis '' ( index ) . Narnia Editions & Translations ( inklingsfocus.com ) . Updated 3 August 2010 . Confirmed 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ James E. Higgins . `` A Letter from C.S. Lewis '' . The Horn Book Magazine . October 1966 . Archived 2012 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Lindskoog , Kathryn . Journey into Narnia . Pasadena , CA : Hope Publ House . ISBN 9780932727893 . pp. 44 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Gormley , Beatrice . C.S. Lewis : The Man Behind Narnia . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802853011 . p. 122 . ( Second edition of C.S. Lewis : Christian and Storyteller . Eerdmans. 1997 . ISBN 9780802851215 . ) Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S. ( 2007 ) . The Collected Letters of C.S. Lewis , Volume 3 : Narnia , Cambridge , and Joy , 1950 - 1963 . Zondervan . p. 497 . ISBN 0060819227 . Jump up ^ Lindsley , Art . `` C.S. Lewis : His Life and Works '' . C.S. Lewis Institute . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No sex in Narnia ? How Hans Christian Andersen 's `` Snow Queen '' problematizes C.S. Lewis 's The Chronicles of Narnia `` . Free Online Library ( thefreelibrary.com ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Tracy V. `` Howstuffworks `` The World of Narnia '' `` . Howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` C.S. Lewis And The Scholarship Of Imagination In E. Nesbit And Rider Haggard -- Research and Read Books , Journals , Articles at Questia Online Library '' . Questia.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What C.S. Lewis Took From E. Nesbit '' . Project Muse . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ Prince Caspian , Chapter 15 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Devin ( 2013 ) . Inside Narnia : A Guide to Exploring The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe . Abingdon Press . ISBN 0801065992 . Jump up ^ Schakel , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Way Into Narnia : A Reader 's Guide . Wm . B. Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802829849 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Bell , James ; Dunlop , Cheryl ( 2007 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the World of Narnia . Alpha . ISBN 1592576176 . Jump up ^ Hardy , Elizabeth ( 2013 ) . Milton , Spenser and The Chronicles of Narnia : Literary Sources for the C.S . Abingdon Press . ISBN 9781426785559 . pp. 138 , 173 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Scholastic Catalog - Book Information '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe on IMDb Jump up ^ Hooper , Walter ( 1998 ) . C.S. Lewis : A Complete Guide to His Life & Works . HarperCollins . pp. 787 , 960 . Jump up ^ WorldCat libraries have catalogued the related works in different ways including `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( book , 1986 , OCLC 14694962 ) ; `` The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe : a musical based on C.S. Lewis ' classic story '' ( musical score , 1986 , OCLC 16713815 ) ; `` Narnia : a dramatic adaptation of C.S. Lewis 's The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( video , 1986 , OCLC 32772305 ) ; `` Narnia : based on C.S. Lewis ' ( classic story ) The lion , the witch , and the wardrobe '' ( 1987 , OCLC 792898134 ) . Google Books uses the title `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' and hosts selections , perhaps from the play by Tasca alone , without lyrics or music . `` Narnia -- Full Musical '' at Google Books ( books.google.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Trumpets The Lion The Witch and the Wardrobe '' . TheBachelorGirl.com. 29 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Evidently `` the Bachelor Girl '' was a former member of the Trumpets cast . Jump up ^ David , B.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Narnia Revisited '' . From a Filipino school newspaper , probably in translation , posted 12 September 2002 to a discussion forum at Pinoy Exchange ( pinoyexchange.com/forums ) . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 29 . `` Stephen Gresham , stepson of C.S. Lewis '' saw the second staging by invitation and returned with his wife to see it again . `` ( T ) his approval from the family and estate of the well - loved author is enough evidence that the Trumpets adaptations is at par with other version . '' Jump up ^ See also blog reprint of local paper article at ( 1 ) . Article in English . Blog in Filipino . Jump up ^ Garcia , Rose ( 29 March 2007 ) . `` Is Sam Concepcion the next Christian Bautista ? '' . PEP ( Philippine Entertainment Portal ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Adrian ( 4 December 1998 ) . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe : The Royal Shakespeare Company 's Stage Adaptation . An Acting Edition . Oberon Books Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1840020496 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Jim ( 2 January 2003 ) . `` Mythical , magical puppetry '' . The Age ( theage.com.au ) . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Yench , Belinda . `` Welcome to the lion 's den '' . The Blurb ( Australian arts and entertainment ) ( theblurb.com.au ) . Archived from the original on 8 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 11 ... This review mistakenly identifies C.S. Lewis as the author of Alice in Wonderland . Jump up ^ Charles Quittner . `` The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Is Cute and Compact '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Graeber , Laurel ( 4 September 2014 ) . `` Spare Times for Children for Sept. 5 - 11 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 20 . Citations Ford , Paul F. ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : Revised Edition . San Francisco : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 079127 - 8 . Hooper , Walter , ed. ( 1982 ) . On Stories and Other Essays on Literature . By C.S. Lewis . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 0 - 15 - 668788 - 7 . Schakel , Peter J. ( 2002 ) . Imagination and the arts in C.S. Lewis : journeying to Narnia and other worlds . University of Missouri Press . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 1407 - X . Veith , Gene ( 2008 ) . The Soul of Prince Caspian : Exploring Spiritual Truth in the Land of Narnia . David C. Cook . ISBN 0 - 7814 - 4528 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Sammons , Martha C. ( 1979 ) . A Guide Through Narnia . Wheaton , Illinois : Harold Shaw Publishers . ISBN 0 - 87788 - 325 - 4 . Downing , David C. ( 2005 ) . Into the Wardrobe : C.S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . ISBN 0 - 7879 - 7890 - 6 . Ryken , Leland ; and Mead ; Marjorie Lamp ( 2005 ) . A Reader 's Guide Through the Wardrobe : Exploring C.S. Lewis 's Classic Story . London : InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3289 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe at Faded Page ( Canada ) The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) -- immediately , the full - colour C.S. Lewis centenary edition The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr. Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Works by C.S. Lewis Poetry Spirits in Bondage ( 1919 ) Dymer ( 1926 ) Fiction The Pilgrim 's Regress ( 1933 ) The Screwtape Letters ( 1942 ) The Great Divorce ( 1945 ) Till We Have Faces ( 1956 ) Screwtape Proposes a Toast ( 1959 ) Letters to Malcolm : Chiefly on Prayer ( 1964 ) Boxen ( 1985 ) The Space Trilogy Out of the Silent Planet ( 1938 ) Perelandra ( 1943 ) That Hideous Strength ( 1945 ) The Dark Tower ( manuscript ) ( 1977 ) The Chronicles of Narnia The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 1950 ) Prince Caspian ( 1951 ) The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 1952 ) The Silver Chair ( 1953 ) The Horse and His Boy ( 1954 ) The Magician 's Nephew ( 1955 ) The Last Battle ( 1956 ) Non-fiction The Allegory of Love ( 1936 ) The Personal Heresy ( 1939 ) The Problem of Pain ( 1940 ) A Preface to Paradise Lost ( 1942 ) The Abolition of Man ( 1943 ) Miracles ( 1947 ) Mere Christianity ( 1952 ) Surprised by Joy ( 1955 ) The Four Loves ( 1960 ) Studies in Words ( 1960 ) The World 's Last Night and Other Essays ( 1960 ) An Experiment in Criticism ( 1961 ) A Grief Observed ( 1961 ) They Asked for a Paper : Papers and Addresses ( 1962 ) Selections from Layamon 's Brut ( 1963 ) The Discarded Image ( 1964 ) The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses ( 1965 ) Of Other Worlds ( 1966 ) God in the Dock ( 1970 - 1971 ) VIAF : 179642103 LCCN : no97081413 GND : 7548964 - 8 BNE : XX2054247 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe&oldid=815144532 '' Categories : 1950 British novels 1950s fantasy novels British children 's novels British novels adapted into films Christian fiction and allegory High fantasy novels Jinn in popular culture Novels adapted into television programs The Chronicles of Narnia books 1950 children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2015 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2015 Use dmy dates from December 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with Project Gutenberg links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 58 . 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Engagement

Engagement - wikipedia Engagement Jump to : navigation , search Engaged , Betrothed , Affiance , Fiancé , and Fiancée redirect here . For other uses , see Engaged ( disambiguation ) , Betrothed ( disambiguation ) , Affiance ( band ) , and Fiancé ( disambiguation ) For other uses , see Engagement ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William - Adolphe Bouguereau 's The Proposal An engagement , betrothal , or fiancer is a promise to wed , and also the period of time between a marriage proposal and a marriage . During this period , a couple is said to be betrothed , intended , affianced , engaged to be married , or simply engaged . Future brides and grooms may be called the betrothed , a wife - to - be or husband - to - be , fiancée or fiancé ( from the French word of the same form ) , respectively . The duration of the courtship varies vastly , and is largely dependent on cultural norms or upon the agreement of the parties involved . Long engagements were once common in formal arranged marriages , and it was not uncommon for parents betrothing children to arrange marriages many years before the engaged couple were old enough . This is still common in some countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 2 Betrothal 2.1 Protestant Churches 2.2 Orthodox Churches 2.3 Roman Catholic Church 3 Engagement rings 4 Engagement parties 5 Notes Origin ( edit ) The origins of European engagement in marriage practice is found in the Jewish law ( Torah ) , first exemplified by Abraham , and outlined in the last Talmudic tractate of the Nashim ( Women ) order , where marriage consists of two separate acts , called erusin ( or kiddushin , meaning sanctification ) , which is the betrothal ceremony , and nissu'in or chupah , the actual ceremony for the marriage . Erusin changes the couple 's interpersonal status , while nissu'in brings about the legal consequences of the change of status . ( However , in the Talmud and other sources of Jewish law there is also a process , called kiddushin , corresponding to what today is called engagement . Marrying without such an agreement is considered immoral . To complicate matters , erusin in modern Hebrew means engagement , not betrothal . ) This was later adopted in Ancient Greece as the gamos and engeysis rituals , although unlike in Judaism the contract made in front of witness was only verbal . The giving of a ring was eventually borrowed from Judaism by Roman marriage law , with the fiancé presenting it after swearing the oath of marriage intent , and presenting of the gifts at the engagement party . Betrothal ( edit ) `` Betrothed '' redirects here . For other uses , see Betrothed ( disambiguation ) . Modern engagement gifts basket in Bangladesh . Betrothal ( also called espousal ) is a formal state of engagement to be married . In Jewish weddings during Talmudic times ( c. 1st century BC -- 6th century AD ) , the two ceremonies of betrothal ( erusin ) and wedding usually took place up to a year apart ; the bride lived with her parents until the actual marriage ceremony ( nissuin ) , which would take place in a room or tent that the groom had set up for her . Since the Middle Ages the two ceremonies have taken place as a combined ceremony performed in public . The betrothal is now generally part of the Jewish wedding ceremony , accomplished when the groom gives the bride the ring or another object of at least nominal value . As mentioned above , betrothal in Judaism is separate from engagement ; breaking a betrothal requires a formal divorce , and violation of betrothal is considered adultery . Typical steps of a match were the following : Negotiation of a match , usually done by the couple 's families with bride and groom having varying levels of input , from no input , to veto power , to a fuller voice in the selection of marriage partner . This is not as widely practiced as it was historically , although it is still common in culturally conservative communities in Israel , India , Africa , and Persian Gulf countries , although most of these have a requirement that the bride be at least allowed veto power . Negotiation of bride price or dowry In most cultures evolved from Europe , bride prices or dowries have been reduced to the engagement ring accompanying the marriage contract , while in other cultures , such as those on the Arabian Peninsula , they are still part of negotiating a marriage contract . Blessing by the parents and clergy Exchange of Vows and Signing of Contracts Often one of these is omitted Celebration Engagement photograph of Lionel Logue and Myrtle Gruenert , 1906 . The exact duration of a betrothal varies according to culture and the participants ' needs and wishes . For adults , it may be anywhere from several hours ( when the betrothal is incorporated into the wedding day itself ) to a period of several years . A year and a day are common in neo-pagan groups today . In the case of child marriage , betrothal might last from infancy until the age of marriage . The responsibilities and privileges of betrothal vary . In most cultures , the betrothed couple is expected to spend much time together , learning about each other . In some historical cultures ( including colonial North America ) , the betrothal was essentially a trial marriage , with marriage only being required in cases of conception of a child . Almost all cultures are loosening restrictions against physical contact between partners , even in cultures that normally had strong prohibitions against it . The betrothal period was also considered to be a preparatory time , in which the groom built a house , started a business or otherwise proved his readiness to enter adult society . In medieval Europe , in canon law , a betrothal could be formed by the exchange of vows in the future tense ( `` I will take you as my wife / husband , '' instead of `` I take you as my wife / husband '' ) , but sexual intercourse consummated the vows , making a binding marriage rather than a betrothal . Although these betrothals could be concluded with only the vows spoken by the couple , they had legal implications : Richard III of England had his older brother 's children declared illegitimate on the grounds their father had been betrothed to another woman when he married their mother . A betrothal is considered to be a ' semi-binding ' contract . Normal reasons for invalidation of a betrothal include : Revelation of a prior commitment or marriage Evidence of infidelity Failure to conceive ( in ' trial marriage ' cultures ) Failure of either party to meet the financial and property stipulations of the betrothal contract Normally , either party can break a betrothal , though some financial penalty ( such as forfeit of the bride price ) usually applies . In some common law countries , including England and Wales and many US states , it was once possible for the spurned partner ( often only the woman ) to sue the other for breach of promise or `` heart - balm '' . This provided some protection in an age where virginity at marriage was considered important and having a failed engagement could damage one 's reputation , but this tort has become obsolete in most jurisdictions as attitudes to premarital sex have softened and emphasis shifted to allowing people to leave loveless relationships . Protestant Churches ( edit ) The Rite of Betrothal in the Anglican Communion is found within The Book of Common Prayer , first published in 1549 . The Anglican Communion , as well as the Methodist Church and Presbyterian Church , has questions & responses for family members in its Rite of Betrothal . Orthodox Churches ( edit ) In the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches , the Rite of Betrothal is traditionally performed in the narthex ( entranceway ) of the church , to indicate the couple 's first entrance into the married estate . The priest blesses the couple and gives them lit candles to hold . Then , after a litany , and a prayer at which everyone bows , he places the bride 's ring on the ring finger of the groom 's right hand , and the groom 's ring on the bride 's finger . The rings are subsequently exchanged three times , either by the priest or by the best man , after which the priest says a final prayer . Originally , the betrothal service would take place at the time the engagement was announced . In recent times , however , it tends to be performed immediately before the wedding ceremony itself . The exchange of rings is not a part of the wedding service in the Eastern Churches , but only occurs at the betrothal . Traditionally , the groom 's ring is gold and the bride 's ring is silver . The Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depicting a betrothal . Musée Condé , Chantilly . Roman catholic church ( edit ) Historically , betrothal in Roman Catholicism was a formal contract considered as binding as marriage , and a divorce was necessary to terminate a betrothal . Betrothed couples were regarded legally as husband and wife -- even before their wedding and physical union . The concept of an official engagement period in Western European culture may have begun in 1215 at the Fourth Lateran Council , headed by Pope Innocent III , which decreed that `` marriages are to be ... announced publicly in the churches by the priests during a suitable and fixed time so that , if legitimate impediments exist , they may be made known . '' Such a formal church announcement of the intent to marry is known as banns . In some jurisdictions , reading the banns may be part of one type of legal marriage . Engagement rings ( edit ) Main article : Engagement ring A white gold wedding ring and a single - diamond , gold - banded engagement ring . The engagement ring is usually worn on the outside . Customs for engagement rings vary according to time , place , and culture . An engagement ring has historically been uncommon , and when such a gift was given , it was separate from the wedding ring . The first recorded tradition of giving a ring for marriage is in Genesis 24 : 22 of the Hebrew Bible when a golden nose ring ( Chayei Sarah 24 : 22 ) was given by Eliezer of Damascus to Rebecca , with Saadiah Gaon also citing as a possible source of the practice in the phrase in Nehemiah 7 : 46 be'nei tabbaot ( children of the rings ) . The latter case refers to betrothal ( see above ) rather than engagement ; one of the three ways in which betrothal may be effected in Judaism is by the husband giving the bride money or an object of at least nominal value . In fact , it is a long - standing practice within Judaism to contract the betrothal with a ring . Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract , from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol ( two hands clasping a heart ) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people . Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity , but was first practiced on the fourth finger / ring finger by the Romans , who believed this finger to be the beginning of the vena amoris ( `` vein of love '' ) , the vein that leads to the heart . In cultures with European origin , and many other countries , an engagement ring is worn following the practice of the Romans who `` ... wore the ring either on the right middle finger or the left ring ( 4th ) finger , from which , according to ancient Egyptian physicians , a nerve led directly to the heart . '' The custom in Continental Europe and other countries is to wear it on the right hand . One historical exception arose in monarchical regimes , in which a nobleman entering into morganatic marriage , a marriage in which the person , usually the woman , of lower rank stayed at the same rank instead of rising ranks , would present their left hand to receive the ring , hence the alternative term ' marriage with the left hand ' ( Ger . Ehe zur linken Hand ) , the offspring of such marriages considered to be disinherited from birth . The modern Western form of the practice of giving or exchanging engagement rings is traditionally thought to have begun in 1477 when Maximilian I , Holy Roman Emperor , gave Mary of Burgundy a diamond ring as an engagement present . In other countries like Argentina , men and women each wear a ring similar to wedding bands . They are made of silver ( `` alianza de plata '' ) when manifesting an informal `` boyfriend - girlfriend '' relationship , though this first step might not always happen ; howbeit depending on finances , this may be the only ring given at all . The gold band ( `` anillo de compromiso '' or `` alianza de oro '' ) is given to the bride when the commitment is formal and the ( optional ) diamond ring ( `` cintillo '' ) is reserved for the wedding ceremony when the groom gives it to the bride . The gold band that the groom wore during the engagement -- or a new one , as some men choose not to wear them during engagement -- is then given to the groom by the bride ; and the bride receives both the original gold band and the new diamond at the ceremony . The bride 's diamond ring is worn on top of the engagement band at the wedding and thereafter , especially at formal occasions or parties ; otherwise the engagement band suffices for daily wear for both parties . At the wedding , the rings are swapped from the right to the left hand . In Brazil , they are always made of gold , and there is no tradition for the engagement ring . Both men and women wear the wedding band on their right hand while engaged , and , after they marry , they shift the rings to their left hands . In Nordic countries such as Finland and Norway , both men and women wear an engagement ring . In the modern era , some women 's wedding rings are made into two separate pieces . One part is given to her to wear as an engagement ring when she accepts the marriage proposal and the other during the wedding ceremony . When worn together , the two rings look like one piece of jewelry . The engagement ring is not worn during the wedding ceremony , when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride , and sometimes by the bride onto the groom 's finger . After the wedding , the engagement ring is put back on , and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring . Engagement parties ( edit ) Main article : Engagement party Some engagements are announced at an engagement party , traditionally hosted by the bride 's parents . These parties are given in the family 's usual style of entertainment . Traditionally , engagement parties were normal parties at which a surprise announcement of the engagement was made by the father of the bride to his guests . Therefore , it is not a traditional gift - giving occasion since no guests were supposed to be aware of the engagement until after their arrival . In modern times , engagement parties often celebrate a previously publicized engagement . Whether presents are given at these engagement parties varies from culture to culture . Notes ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Betrothal . Jump up ^ To be precise , nesiuin is the process , and chuppah is the method . Sources Jump up ^ Kaplan , Rabbi Aryeh ( 1983 ) . Made in Heaven , A Jewish Wedding Guide . New York / Jerusalem : Moznaim Publishing . , Chapter 4 , See also footnote 1 and 2 . The author uses the specific term proposal , and considers this the first step in a formal engagement . Jump up ^ Norman Bancroft Hunt , Living in Ancient Greece , Infobase Publishing , 2008 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Philippe Ariès , Paul Veyne , eds. , A History of Private Life : From pagan Rome to Byzantium , Harvard University Press , 1992 , p. 467 Jump up ^ See Talmud Kiddushin , Mishna 1 : 1 and the main article Jump up ^ Nancy R. Gallo ( 2004 ) . `` Left at the Altar '' . Introduction to Family Law . Cengage Learning . pp. 114 -- 116 . ISBN 1401814530 . Jump up ^ Hefling , Charles ; Shattuck , Morehouse Cynthia ( 1 July 2006 ) . The Oxford Guide to The Book of Common Prayer . Oxford University Press . p. 510 . ISBN 9780199723898 . Jump up ^ Prichard , Robert W. ( 1 January 2009 ) . Cohabiting Couples and Cold Feet : A Practical Marriage - Preparation Guide for Clergy . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 107 . ISBN 9780898696035 . The Episcopal Book of Common Prayer of 1979 reworked the betrothal by adding a positive question to the congregation immediately after the couple speaks their words of betrothal . The celebrant asks the congregation , `` Will all of you witnessing these promises do all in your power to uphold these two persons in their marriage ? '' The congregation 's response is , `` We will . '' This inquiry was expanded in The United Methodist Hymnal ( 1989 ) and the Presybterian Book of Common Worship ( 1993 ) into separate questions for family members and for other members in the congregation . Jump up ^ Hapgood , Isabel F. ( 1922 ) . `` Service Book of the Holy Orthodox - Catholic Apostolic Church '' . Englewood , NJ : Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese ( published 1975 ) : 291 ff , 604 -- 5 Jump up ^ Askelm.com Jump up ^ Medieval Sourcebook : Twelfth Ecumenical Council : Lateran IV 1215 Jump up ^ Utunumsint.org Jump up ^ Herczeg , Y.I.Z , The Torah : with Rashi 's commentary , Vol. 1 , Mesorah Publications , New York , 2000 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Catherine Johns , The jewellery of Roman Britain : Celtic and classical traditions , Routledge , 1996 , p. 63 -- 64 ^ Jump up to : Philippe Ariès , Paul Veyne , A History of Private Life : From pagan Rome to Byzantium , Harvard University Press , 1992 , p. 467 Jump up ^ Marie Maclean , The name of the mother : writing illegitimacy , Routledge , 1994 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Michael R Collings , Gemlore : An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones , Wildside Press LLC , 2009 , p. 50 ( hide ) Weddings Pre-wedding Engagement Wedding planner Bridal registry Bridal shower Engagement party Wedding invitation Chinese pre-wedding customs Bachelor party Bachelorette party Stag and doe party Marriage licence Rehearsal dinner Locations Wedding chapel Gretna Green Las Vegas Clothing Black tie Boutonnière Contemporary Western wedding dress Garter Hwarot Morning dress Optional Tuxedo Wedding dress White tie Objects Chuppah Las arras Lebes Gamikos Wedding cord Wedding favors Wedding mandap Wedding ring cushion Wishing well Participants Bride child bride Bridegroom child bridegroom Bridesmaid Bridesman Flower girl Groomsman Page boy Officiant Traditions Ahesta Bero Banns of marriage Bedding ceremony Bridal Chorus First dance Hesitation step `` Indian '' Wedding Blessing Jumping the broom Lych Gate Money dance Music Polterabend Pounded rice ritual Pyebaek Trash the dress Unity candle Walima Wedding March Wedding photography Wedding reception Wedding videography Food and drink Wedding breakfast Wedding cake Wedding cake topper Cookie table Groom 's cake Hochzeitssuppe Icingtons Jordan almonds Korovai Loving cup Place card Religion and culture Anand Karaj ( Sikh ) Arab Ayie Ayyavazhi Bengali Bengali Hindu Brunei Malay Chinese Hajong Hindu Islamic Iyer Jewish Mormon Oriya Persian Poruwa ceremony Punjabi Quaker Rajput Saint Thomas Christian Shinto Vőfély ( Hungary ) Zoroastrian By country Vőfély ( Hungary ) Iceland Pakistan Philippines Russia South Asia Sri Lanka Ukraine United States United Kingdom : England and Wales , Scotland , history Vietnam Honeymoon Honeymoon registry Consummation Other Elopement Same - sex marriage Marriage Marriage vows Posthumous marriage Royal intermarriage Royal weddings Shotgun wedding Knobstick wedding Wedding anniversary Wedding crashing Wedding customs by country Wedding vow renewal ceremony Wife selling Womanless wedding World Marriage Day Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engagement&oldid=822508454 '' Categories : Marriage Engagement Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from April 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ತುಳು Türkçe Українська اردو 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 19 : 50 . 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this refers to an old ritual of formalizing an engagement to marry

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United States House of Representatives

United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 235 ) Republican ( 235 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Length of term 2 years Elections Voting system Nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in Washington and California Two - round system in Georgia Ranked - choice voting in Maine Louisiana primary in Louisiana Single member plurality in all other 45 states . Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Kavanaugh Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government United States portal Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they comprise the legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 References 11.1 Surveys 11.2 Notes 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . However , after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich - led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades , along with a substantial tax cut . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state they represents . Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts . Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and New Mexico ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and New Mexico were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent run - off election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice and can introduce bills on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Salaries are not for life , only during active term . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,500 in 2018 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 115th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the discontinuation of the House pages in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily Procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . ( If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . ) Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 235 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 7 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Balanced Budget : HR 2015 , FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending ; Tax Cut : HR 2014 , FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation - Revenue Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2011 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hudiburg , Jane A. ( July 23 , 2018 ) . House Voting Procedures : Forms and Requirements ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Party Breakdown '' . April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1945 -- 1964 ( 1965 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1965 -- 1968 ( 1969 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1969 -- 1972 ( 1973 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1973 -- 1976 ( 1977 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1977 -- 1980 ( 1981 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1981 -- 1984 ( 1985 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1985 -- 1988 ( 1989 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1989 -- 1992 ( 1993 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1993 -- 1996 ( 1998 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 1997 -- 2001 ( 2002 ) Congressional Quarterly , Congress and the Nation : 2001 -- 2004 : A Review of Government and Politics : 107th and 108th Congresses ( 2005 ) Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to Congress ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Press . 2000 . , Cooper , Joseph ( 1970 ) . The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House . Rice Univ . Press . Cox , Gary W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1993 ) . Legislative Leviathan : Party Government in the House . Univ. of California Press . DeGregorio , Christine A. ( 1997 ) . Networks of Champions : Leadership , Access , and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Michigan Press . Dierenfield , Bruce J. ( 1987 ) . Keeper of the Rules : Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia . Univ . Press of Virginia . , leader of Conservative coalition 1940 -- 66 Farrell , John A. ( 2001 ) . Tip O'Neill and the Democratic Century . Little , Brown . , Democratic Speaker in the 1980s Gertzog , Irwin J. ( 1984 ) . Congressional Women : Their Recruitment , Treatment , and Behavior . Praeger . Hardeman , D.B. ; Bacon , Donald C. ( 1987 ) . Rayburn : A Biography . Texas Monthly Press . Hatzenbuehler , Ronald L. ( 1972 ) . `` Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 29 : 367 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 1923870 . Hechler , Ken ( 1980 ) . Toward the Endless Frontier : History of the Committee on Science and Technology , 1959 -- 79 . Washington : Government Printing Office . Henig , Gerald S. ( 1973 ) . Henry Winter Davis : Antebellum and Civil War Congressman from Maryland . , Radical leader in Civil War era Hibbing , John R. ( 1991 ) . Congressional Careers : Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Jacobs , John ( 1995 ) . A Rage for Justice : The Passion and Politics of Phillip Burton . Univ. of California Press . , leader of liberal Democrats in the 1970s Jacobson , Gary C. ( 1990 ) . The Electoral Origins of Divided Government : Competition in U.S. House Elections , 1946 -- 1988 . Westview . Kiewiet , D. Roderick ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 1991 ) . The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal : The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress , 1933 -- 39 . Price , David E. ( 1992 ) . The Congressional Experience : A View from the Hill . Westview . , Political scientist who served in House . Remini , Robert V. ( 1992 ) . Henry Clay : Statesman for the Union ... Speaker for most of 1811 -- 1825 Rohde , David W. ( 1991 ) . Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House . Univ. of Chicago Press . Rohde , David W. ; Shepsle , Kenneth A. ( 1987 ) . `` Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives : Reflections on Woodrow Wilson 's Congressional Government '' . Congress & the Presidency. 14 . Schickler , Eric ( 2001 ) . Disjointed Pluralism : Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress . Schooley , C. Herschel ( 1977 ) . Missouri 's Cannon in the House . Marceline , Missouri : Walsworth . , Chaired Appropriations in the 1960s Shelley II , Mack C. ( 1983 ) . The Permanent Majority : The Conservative Coalition in the United States Congress . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1982 ) . Congressional Realignment , 1925 -- 1978 . Univ. of Texas Press . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1995 ) . Legislators , Leaders , and Lawmaking : The U.S. House of Representatives in the Postreform Era . Johns Hopkins Univ . Press . Steinberg , Alfred ( 1975 ) . Sam Rayburn : A Biography . Hawthorn . , popular biography Stewart , Charles H. , III ( 1989 ) . Budget Reform Politics : The Design of the Appropriations Process in the House of Representatives , 1865 -- 1921 . Cambridge Univ . Press . Story , Joseph ( 1891 ) . Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States ( 2 vol . ) . Boston : Brown & Little . Strahan , Randall ; Moscardelli , Vincent G. ( 2000 ) . `` The Clay Speakership Revisited '' . Polity. 32 ( 4 ) : 561 -- 593 . doi : 10.2307 / 3235293 . , uses roll call analysis Strahan , Randall ( 1990 ) . New Ways and Means : Reform and Change in a Congressional Committee . Univ. of North Carolina Press . Trefousse , Hans L. ( 1997 ) . Thaddeus Stevens : Nineteenth - Century Egalitarian . , majority leader in the 1860s VanBeek , Stephen D. ( 1995 ) . Post-Passage Politics : Bicameral Resolution in Congress . Univ. of Pittsburgh Press . Waller , Robert A. ( 1977 ) . Rainey of Illinois : A Political Biography , 1903 -- 34 . Univ. of Illinois Press . , Democratic Speaker 1932 -- 1934 Wilson , Woodrow ( 1885 ) . Congressional Government . New York : Houghton Mifflin . , Zelizer , Julian E. ( 2006 ) . On Capitol Hill : The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences , 1948 -- 2000 . External links ( edit ) Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States House of Representatives '' dated August 4 , 2006 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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2 ISNI : 0000 0001 2309 4044 LCCN : n79107874 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 20 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 32 '' W  /  38.88889 ° N 77.00889 ° W  / 38.88889 ; - 77.00889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_House_of_Representatives&oldid=866347084 '' Categories : United States House of Representatives National lower houses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from June 2018 Infobox legislature with background color Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Ænglisc Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 63 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 20 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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Piss Up a Rope

Piss up a rope - Wikipedia Piss up a rope Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Piss Up a Rope '' Single by Ween from the album 12 Golden Country Greats B - side `` Sweet Texas Fire '' Released Genre Alternative country , comedy Length 3 : 34 Songwriter ( s ) Gene Ween , Dean Ween `` Piss Up a Rope '' is a song by the band Ween in 1996 from the album 12 Golden Country Greats . It was released on 7 '' yellow vinyl single on Diesel Only Records . History ( edit ) When asked about the lyrics `` You can wash my balls with a warm wet rag '' and `` On your knees , you big bootied bitch , '' Dean Ween stated that he wrote the song for his wife . The inspiration for the title came from his father : `` ( It is ) a funny expression that I copped from my dad . When I was a kid , he used to say , ' Aw , go piss up a rope . ' It was just nonsense . It was like , ' Aw , go shit in your hat ' or whatever . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The song is heard in the background in a scene in the cafe from a May 2008 episode of English soap EastEnders . The song can be heard in the movie U Turn when Bobby ( Sean Penn ) asks Darrell ( Billy Bob Thornton ) to replace a radiator hose . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eric Spitznagel ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Dean Ween on Ween : `` We 've Never Broken Up '' `` . MTVHive ( interview ) . Ween Dean Ween Gene Ween Claude Coleman Jr . Dave Dreiwitz Glenn McClelland Internationally released studio albums GodWeenSatan : The Oneness The Pod Pure Guava Chocolate and Cheese 12 Golden Country Greats The Mollusk Craters of the Sac White Pepper Quebec Shinola , Vol. 1 La Cucaracha Independently released studio albums The Crucial Squeegie Lip Axis : Bold as Boognish Erica Peterson 's Flaming Crib Death The Live Brain Wedgie / WAD Prime 5 Live albums Paintin ' the Town Brown : Ween Live 1990 -- 1998 Live in Toronto Canada Live at Stubb 's Live in Chicago At The Cat 's Cradle , 1992 GodWeenSatan Live Song articles `` Push th ' Little Daisies '' `` Freedom of ' 76 '' `` Voodoo Lady '' `` Piss Up a Rope '' `` Mutilated Lips '' `` Ocean Man '' `` Even If You Do n't '' Related articles Chocodog Records Moistboyz Synthetic Socks The Friends EP Z - Rock Hawaii Josh Freese Ween discography This 1990s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piss_Up_a_Rope&oldid=795025951 '' Categories : 1996 singles Ween songs 1996 songs Songs written by Gene Ween Songs written by Dean Ween 1990s single stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 14 : 50 . About Wikipedia

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Mid-Autumn Festival

Mid-Autumn Festival - wikipedia Mid-Autumn Festival Jump to : navigation , search For the related lunar festivals celebrated on the same day , see Tsukimi ( Japan ) and Chuseok ( North and South Korea ) . Mid-Autumn Festival Mid-Autumn Festival decorations in Beijing Official name 中秋 节 ( Zhōngqiū Jié in China , Taiwan , Malaysia , Singapore ; `` Tiong Chiu Jiet '' in Taiwan , Jūng - chāu Jit in Hong Kong and Macau ) Tết Trung Thu ( Vietnam ) Also called Mooncake Festival / Celebration Observed by China , Taiwan , Vietnam , Singapore , Malaysia Type Cultural , Religious Significance Celebrates the end of the autumn harvest Observances Consumption of mooncakes Consumption of cassia wine Date 15th day of the 8th lunar month 2017 date October 4 2018 date September 24 Related to Chuseok ( in Korea ) , Tsukimi ( in Japan ) , Uposatha of Ashvini / Krittika ( similar festivals that generally occur on the same day in Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Laos , Thailand and Cambodia ) Mid-Autumn Festival `` Mid-Autumn Festival '' in Traditional ( top ) and Simplified ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Traditional Chinese 中秋 節 Simplified Chinese 中秋 节 Literal meaning `` Mid-Autumn Festival '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngqiū jié Wade -- Giles Chung - ch'iu chieh IPA ( ʈʂʊ́ŋ. tɕhjóu tɕjě ) Wu Suzhounese Tson - tsheu tsìh Hakka Romanization Chung ciu tset Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Jūng - chāu jit IPA ( tsóŋ. tshɐ́u tsīːt̚ ) Jyutping Zung - cau zit Min Chinese name Traditional Chinese 八 月 節 Literal meaning `` Festival of the Eighth Month '' ( show ) Transcriptions Southern Min Hokkien POJ Peh - go̍eh - cheh Eastern Min Fuzhou BUC Báik - nguŏk - cáik Vietnamese name Vietnamese Tết Trung Thu Chữ Nôm 節 中 秋 The Mid-Autumn Festival is a harvest festival celebrated by ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese people . The festival is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar with full moon at night , corresponding to late September to early October of the Gregorian calendar with a full moon at night . Due to ancient China 's cultural influence , Mid-Autumn Festival spread to other parts of Asia . Mooncakes have also appeared in western countries as an exotic sweet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Alternative names 2 Meanings of the festival 3 Origins and development 3.1 Moon worship 4 Modern celebration 4.1 Lanterns 4.2 Mooncakes 4.3 Other foods and food displays 4.4 Courtship and matchmaking 4.5 Games and activities 5 Practices by region and cultures 5.1 Xiamen 5.2 Hong Kong and Macau 5.3 Ethnic minorities in China 5.4 Vietnam 5.5 Philippines 5.6 Taiwan 6 Similar traditions in other parts of Asia 6.1 India 6.2 Japan 6.3 Korea 6.4 Southeast Asia 6.4. 1 Cambodia 6.4. 2 Laos 6.4. 3 Myanmar 6.4. 4 Sri Lanka 7 Dates 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Alternative names ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn Festival is also known by other names , such as : Moon Festival or Harvest Moon Festival , because of the celebration 's association with the full moon on this night , as well as the traditions of moon worship and moon gazing . Jūng - chāu Jit ( 中秋 節 ) , official name in Cantonese . Tết Trung Thu , official name in Vietnamese . Zhōngqiū Jié ( 中秋 节 ) , the official name in Mandarin Chinese . Lantern Festival , a term sometimes used in Singapore and Malaysia , which is not to be confused with the Lantern Festival in China that occurs on the 15th day of the first month of the Chinese calendar . Reunion Festival , in earlier times , a woman in China took this occasion to visit her parents before returning to celebrate with her husband and his parents . Children 's Festival , in Vietnam , because of the emphasis on the celebration of children . Meanings of the Festival ( edit ) The festival celebrates three fundamental concepts that are closely connected : Gathering , such as family and friends coming together , or harvesting crops for the festival . It 's said the moon is the brightest and roundest on this day which means family reunion . And this is the main reason why people think mid-autumn is important . Thanksgiving , to give thanks for the harvest , or for harmonious unions Praying ( asking for conceptual or material satisfaction ) , such as for babies , a spouse , beauty , longevity , or for a good future Traditions and myths surrounding the festival are formed around these concepts , although traditions have changed over time due to changes in technology , science , economy , culture , and religion . It 's about well being together . Origins and development ( edit ) The Chinese have celebrated the harvest during the autumn full moon since the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600 -- 1046 BCE ) . Morris Berkowitz , who studied the Hakka people during the 1960s , theorizes that the harvest celebration originally began with worshiping Mountain Gods after the harvest was completed . For the Baiyue peoples , the harvest time commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops . The celebration as a festival only started to gain popularity during the early Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) . One legend explains that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang started to hold formal celebrations in his palace after having explored the Moon - Palace . The term mid-autumn ( 中秋 ) first appeared in Rites of Zhou , a written collection of rituals of the Western Zhou dynasty ( 1046 -- 771 BCE ) . Empress Dowager Cixi ( late 19th century ) enjoyed celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival so much that she would spend the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth day of the eighth month staging elaborate rituals . Moon worship ( edit ) Houyi helplessly looking at his wife Chang'e flying off to the moon after she drank the elixir . An important part of the festival celebration is moon worship . The ancient Chinese believed in rejuvenation being associated with the moon and water , and connected this concept to the menstruation of women , calling it `` monthly water '' . The Zhuang people , for example , have an ancient fable saying the sun and moon are a couple and the stars are their children , and when the moon is pregnant , it becomes round , and then becomes crescent after giving birth to a child . These beliefs made it popular among women to worship and give offerings to the moon on this evening . In some areas of China , there are still customs in which `` men worship the moon and the women offer sacrifices to the kitchen gods . '' Offerings are also made to a more well - known lunar deity , Chang'e , known as the Moon Goddess of Immortality . The myths associated with Chang'e explain the origin of moon worship during this day . One version of the story is as follows , as described in Lihui Yang 's Handbook of Chinese Mythology : In the ancient past , there was a hero named Hou Yi who was excellent at archery . His wife was Chang'e . One year , the ten suns rose in the sky together , causing great disaster to people . Yi shot down nine of the suns and left only one to provide light . An immortal admired Yi and sent him the elixir of immortality . Yi did not want to leave Chang'e and be immortal without her , so he let Chang'e keep the elixir . But Peng Meng , one of his apprentices , knew this secret . So , on the fifteenth of August in the lunar calendar , when Yi went hunting , Peng Meng broke into Yi 's house and forced Chang'e to give the elixir to him . Chang'e refused to do so . Instead , she swallowed it and flew into the sky . Since she loved very much her husband and hoped to live nearby , she chose the moon for her residence . When Yi came back and learned what had happened , he felt so sad that he displayed the fruits and cakes Chang'e liked in the yard and gave sacrifices to his wife . People soon learned about these activities , and since they also were sympathetic to Chang'e they participated in these sacrifices with Yi . Handbook of Chinese Mythology also describes an alternate common version of the myth : After the hero Houyi shot down nine of the ten suns , he was pronounced king by the thankful people . However , he soon became a conceited and tyrannical ruler . In order to live long without death , he asked for the elixir from Xiwangmu . But his wife , Chang'e , stole it on the fifteenth of August because she did not want the cruel king to live long and hurt more people . She took the magic potion to prevent her husband from becoming immortal . Houyi was so angry when discovered that Chang'e took the elixir , he shot at his wife as she flew toward the moon , though he missed . Chang'e fled to the moon and became the spirit of the moon . Houyi died soon because he was overcome with great anger . Thereafter , people offer a sacrifice to Chang'e on every lunar fifteenth of August to commemorate Chang'e's action . Modern celebration ( edit ) The festival was a time to enjoy the successful reaping of rice and wheat with food offerings made in honor of the moon . Today , it is still an occasion for outdoor reunions among friends and relatives to eat mooncakes and watch the moon , a symbol of harmony and unity . During a year of a solar eclipse it is typical for governmental offices , banks and schools will close of extra days to enjoy the extra celestial celebration an eclipse brings . The festival is celebrated with many cultural or regional customs , among them : Burning incense in reverence to deities including Chang'e . Performance of dragon and lion dances , which is mainly practiced in southern China and Vietnam . Lanterns ( edit ) For information on a different festival that also involve lanterns , see Lantern Festival Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns in Chinatown , Singapore Mid-Autumn Festival lanterns at a shop in Hong Kong A notable part of celebrating the holiday is the carrying of brightly lit lanterns , lighting lanterns on towers , or floating sky lanterns . Another tradition involving lanterns is to write riddles on them and have other people try to guess the answers ( simplified Chinese : 灯谜 ; traditional Chinese : 燈謎 ; pinyin : dēng mí ; literally : `` lantern riddle '' ) . It is difficult to discern the original purpose of lanterns in connection to the festival , but it is certain that lanterns were not used in conjunction with moon - worship prior to the Tang dynasty . Traditionally , the lantern has been used to symbolize fertility , and functioned mainly as a toy and decoration . But today the lantern has come to symbolize the festival itself . In the old days , lanterns were made in the image of natural things , myths , and local cultures . Over time , a greater variety of lanterns could be found as local cultures became influenced by their neighbors . As China gradually evolved from an agrarian society to a mixed agrarian - commercial one , traditions from other festivals began to be transmitted into the Mid-Autumn Festival , such as the putting of lanterns on rivers to guide the spirits of the drowned as practiced during the Ghost Festival , which is observed a month before . Hong Kong fishermen during the Qing dynasty , for example , would put up lanterns on their boats for the Ghost Festival and keep the lanterns up until Mid-Autumn Festival . In Vietnam , children participate in parades in the dark under the full moon with lanterns of various forms , shapes , and colors . Traditionally , lanterns signified the wish for the sun 's light and warmth to return after winter . In addition to carrying lanterns , the children also don masks . Elaborate masks were made of papier - mâché , though it is more common to find masks made of plastic nowadays . Handcrafted shadow lanterns were an important part of Mid-Autumn displays since the 12th - century Lý dynasty , often of historical figures from Vietnamese history . Handcrafted lantern - making declined in modern times due to the availability of mass - produced plastic lanterns , which often depict internationally recognized characters such as Pokémon 's Pikachu , Disney characters , SpongeBob SquarePants , and Hello Kitty . Mooncakes ( edit ) Typical lotus bean - filled mooncakes eaten during the festival Animal - shaped mooncakes in Vietnam Main article : Mooncake Making and sharing mooncakes is one of the hallmark traditions of this festival . In Chinese culture , a round shape symbolizes completeness and reunion . Thus , the sharing and eating of round mooncakes among family members during the week of the festival signifies the completeness and unity of families . In some areas of China , there is a tradition of making mooncakes during the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival . The senior person in that household would cut the mooncakes into pieces and distribute them to each family member , signifying family reunion . In modern times , however , making mooncakes at home has given way to the more popular custom of giving mooncakes to family members , although the meaning of maintaining familial unity remains . Although typical mooncakes can be around a few inches in diameter , imperial chefs have made some as large as several feet in radius , with its surface pressed with designs of Chang'e , cassia trees , or the Moon - Palace . One tradition is to pile 13 mooncakes on top of each other to mimic a pagoda , the number 13 being chosen to represent the 13 months in a full lunar year . According to Chinese folklore , a Turpan businessman offered cakes to Emperor Taizong of Tang in his victory against the Xiongnu on the fifteenth day of the eighth lunar month . Taizong took the round cakes and pointed to the moon with a smile , saying , `` I 'd like to invite the toad to enjoy the hú ( 胡 ) cake . '' After sharing the cakes with his ministers , the custom of eating these hú cakes spread throughout the country . Eventually these became known as mooncakes . Although the legend explains the beginnings of mooncake - giving , its popularity and ties to the festival began during the Song dynasty ( 906 -- 1279 CE ) . Another popular legend concerns the Han Chinese 's uprising against the ruling Mongols at the end of the Yuan dynasty ( 1280 -- 1368 CE ) , in which the Han Chinese used traditional mooncakes to conceal the message that they were to rebel on Mid-Autumn Day . Because of strict controls upon Han Chinese families imposed by the Mongols in which only 1 out of every 10 households was allowed to own a knife guarded by a Mongolian guard , this coordinated message was important to gather as many available weapons as possible . Other foods and food displays ( edit ) Cassia wine is the traditional choice for `` reunion wine '' drunk during Mid-Autumn Festival Vietnamese rice figurines , known as tò he Imperial dishes served on this occasion included nine - jointed lotus roots which symbolize peace , and watermelons cut in the shape of lotus petals which symbolize reunion . Teacups were placed on stone tables in the garden , where the family would pour tea and chat , waiting for the moment when the full moon 's reflection appeared in the center of their cups . Owing to the timing of the plant 's blossoms , cassia wine is the traditional choice for the `` reunion wine '' drunk on the occasion . Also , people will celebrate by eating cassia cakes and candy . Food offerings made to deities are placed on an altar set up in the courtyard , including apples , pears , peaches , grapes , pomegranates , melons , oranges , and pomelos . One of the first decorations purchased for the celebration table is a clay statue of the Jade Rabbit . In Chinese folklore , the Jade Rabbit was an animal that lived on the moon and accompanied Chang'e . Offerings of soy beans and cockscomb flowers were made to the Jade Rabbit . Nowadays , in southern China , people will also eat some seasonal fruit that may differ in different district but carrying the same meaning of blessing . In Vietnam , cakes and fruits are not only consumed , but elaborately prepared as food displays . For example , glutinous rice flour and rice paste are molded into familiar animals . Pomelo sections can be fashioned into unicorns , rabbits , or dogs . Villagers of Xuân La , just north of Hanoi , produce tò he , figurines made from rice paste and colored with natural food dyes . Into the early decades of the twentieth century of Vietnam , daughters of wealthy families would prepare elaborate centerpieces filled with treats for their younger siblings . Well - dressed visitors could visit to observe the daughter 's handiwork as an indication of her capabilities as a wife in the future . Eventually the practice of arranging centerpieces became a tradition not just limited to wealthy families . Courtship and matchmaking ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn moon has traditionally been a choice occasion to celebrate marriages . Girls would pray to Chang'e to help fulfill their romantic wishes . In some parts of China , dances are held for young men and women to find partners . For example , young women are encouraged to throw their handkerchiefs to the crowd , and the young man who catches and returns the handkerchief has a chance at romance . In Daguang , in northeast Guizhou Province , young men and women of the Dong people would make an appointment at a certain place . The young women would arrive early to overhear remarks made about them by the young men . The young men would praise their lovers in front of their fellows , in which finally the listening women would walk out of the thicket . Pairs of lovers would go off to a quiet place to open their hearts to each other . Into the early decades of the twentieth century Vietnam , young men and women used the festival as a chance to meet future life companions . Groups would assemble in a courtyard and exchange verses of song while gazing at the moon . Those who performed poorly were sidelined until one young man and one young woman remained , after which they would win prizes as well as entertain matrimonial prospects . Games and activities ( edit ) During the 1920s and 1930s , ethnographer Chao Wei - pang conducted research on traditional games among men , women and children on or around the Mid-Autumn day in the Guangdong Province . These games relate to flights of the soul , spirit possession , or fortunetelling . One type of activity , `` Ascent to Heaven '' ( Chinese : 上 天堂 shàng tiāntáng ) involves a young lady selected from a circle of women to `` ascend '' into the celestial realm . While being enveloped in the smoke of burning incense , she describes the beautiful sights and sounds she encounters . Another activity , `` Descent into the Garden '' ( Chinese : 落 花园 luò huāyuán ) , played among younger girls , detailed each girl 's visit to the heavenly gardens . According to legend , a flower tree represented her , and the number and color of the flowers indicated the sex and number of children she would have in her lifetime . Men played a game called `` Descent of the Eight Immortals '' ( jiangbaxian ) , where one of the Eight Immortals took possession of a player , who would then assume the role of a scholar or warrior . Children would play a game called `` Encircling the Toad '' ( guanxiamo ) , where the group would form a circle around a child chosen to be a Toad King and chanted a song that transformed the child into a toad . He would jump around like a toad until water was sprinkled on his head , in which he would then stop . Practices by region and cultures ( edit ) Mid-Autumn Festival at the Botanical Garden , Montreal Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival parade , Belfast City Hall , Belfast , Northern Ireland Mid-Autumn Festival at Chinatown , Singapore Mid-Autumn Festival celebrations in Victoria Park , Hong Kong Xiamen ( edit ) A unique tradition is celebrated quite exclusively in the island city of Xiamen . On the festival , families and friends gather to play a gambling sort of game involving 6 dice . People take turns in rolling the dice in a ceramic bowl with the results determining what they win . The number 4 is mainly what determines how big the prize is . Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) Lantern in Senado Square , Macau In Hong Kong and Macau , the day after the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday rather than the festival date itself ( unless that date falls on a Sunday , then Monday is also a holiday ) , because many celebration events are held at night . There are a number of festive activities such as lighting lanterns , but mooncakes are the most important feature there . However , people do n't usually buy mooncakes for themselves , but to give their relatives as presents . People start to exchange these presents well in advance of the festival . Hence , mooncakes are sold in elegant boxes for presentation purpose . Also , the price for these boxes are not considered cheap -- a four - mooncake box of the lotus seeds paste with egg yolks variety , can generally cost US $40 or more . However , as environmental protection has become a concern of the public in recent years , many mooncake manufacturers in Hong Kong have adopted practices to reduce packaging materials to practical limits . The mooncake manufacturers also explore in the creation of new types of mooncakes , such as ice - cream mooncake and snow skin mooncake . Ethnic minorities in China ( edit ) Korean minorities living in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture have a custom of welcoming the moon , where they put up a large conical house frame made of dry pine branches and call it a `` moon house '' . The moonlight would shine inside for gazers to appreciate . The Bouyei people call the occasion `` Worshiping Moon Festival '' , where after praying to ancestors and dining together , they bring rice cakes to the doorway to worship the Moon Grandmother . The Tu people practice a ceremony called `` Beating the Moon '' , where they place a basin of clear water in the courtyard to reflect an image of the moon , and then beat the water surface with branches . The Maonan people tie a bamboo near the table , on which a grapefruit is hung , with three lit incense sticks on it . This is called `` Shooting the Moon '' . Vietnam ( edit ) Vietnamese children celebrating the Mid-Autumn Festival with traditional 5 - pointed star - shaped lantern The Mid-Autumn festival is named `` Tết Trung Thu '' in Vietnamese . It is also known as Children 's Festival because of the event 's emphasis on children . In olden times , the Vietnamese believed that children , being innocent and pure , had the closest connection to the sacred and natural world . Being close to children was seen as a way to connect with animist spirits and deities . In its most ancient form , the evening commemorated the dragon who brought rain for the crops . Celebrants would observe the moon to divine the future of the people and harvests . Eventually the celebration came to symbolize a reverence for fertility , with prayers given for bountiful harvests , increase in livestock , and human babies . Over time , the prayers for children evolved into a celebration of children . Confucian scholars continued the tradition of gazing at the moon , but to sip wine and improvise poetry and song . By the early twentieth century in Hanoi , the festival had begun to assume its identity as a children 's festival . Aside from the story of Chang'e ( Vietnamese : Hằng Nga ) , there are two other popular folktales associated with the festival . The first describes the legend of Cuội , whose wife accidentally urinated on a sacred banyan tree . The tree began to float towards the moon , and Cuội , trying to pull it back down to earth , floated to the moon with it , leaving him stranded there . Every year , during the Mid-Autumn Festival , children light lanterns and participate in a procession to show Cuội the way back to Earth . The other tale involves a carp who wanted to become a dragon , and as a result , worked hard throughout the year until he was able to transform himself into a dragon . One important event before and during the festival are lion dances . Dances are performed by both non-professional children 's groups and trained professional groups . Lion dance groups perform on the streets , going to houses asking for permission to perform for them . If the host consents , the `` lion '' will come in and start dancing as a blessing of luck and fortune for the home . In return , the host gives lucky money to show their gratitude . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Filipino - Chinese celebrate the evening and exchange mooncakes with all Filipinos friends , families and neighbors . A game of chance , originating from the island city of Xiamen in China , known as Pua Tiong Chiu which means `` mid-autumn gambling '' in Philippine Hokkien ( see 中秋 博 饼 ) , or simply mid-autumn dice game , is also played by both Filipino - Chinese and Filipinos alike . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , the Mid-Autumn Festival is a public holiday . Outdoor barbecues have become a popular affair for friends and family to gather and enjoy each other 's company . As of 2016 , Taipei City designated 15 riverside parks to accommodate outdoor barbecues for the public . Similar traditions in other parts of Asia ( edit ) Similar traditions are found in other parts of Asia and also revolve around the full moon . These festivals tend to occur on the same day or around the Mid-Autumn Festival . India ( edit ) Main article : Sharad Purnima Sharad Purnima is a harvest festival celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu lunar month of Ashvin ( September -- October ) , marking the end of the monsoon season . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Tsukimi The Japanese moon viewing festival , o - tsukimi , is also held at this time . People picnic and drink sake under the full moon to celebrate the harvest . Korea ( edit ) Main article : Chuseok Chuseok ( 추석 ; 秋 夕 ; ( tɕhu. sʌk̚ ) ) , literally `` Autumn eve '' , once known as hangawi ( 한가위 ; ( han. ɡa. ɥi ) ; from archaic Korean for `` the great middle ( of autumn ) '' ) , is a major harvest festival and a three - day holiday in North Korea and South Korea celebrated on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar calendar on the full moon . As a celebration of the good harvest , Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and share a feast of Korean traditional food such as songpyeon ( 송편 ) and rice wines such as sindoju and dongdongju . Southeast Asia ( edit ) Main article : Uposatha Many festivals revolving around a full moon are also celebrated in other parts of Asia . Like the Mid-Autumn Festival , these festivals have Buddhist origins and revolve around the full moon however unlike their East Asian counterparts they occur several times a year to correspond with each full moon as opposed to one day each year . The festivals that occur in the lunar months of Ashvini and Kṛttikā generally occur during the Mid-Autumn Festival . Cambodia ( edit ) In Cambodia , the Mid-Autumn Festival is primarily celebrated by the Chinese Cambodian community however the day also has a significant meaning to the native Khmer people as the day is associated with the Buddhist legend of the rabbit . Laos ( edit ) In Laos , many festivals are held on the day of the full moon . The most popular festival known as the That Luang Festival is associated with Buddhist legend and is held at Pha That Luang temple in Vientiane . The festival often lasts for three to seven days . A procession occurs and many people visit the temple . Myanmar ( edit ) In Myanmar , numerous festivals are held on the day of the full moon however Thadingyut Festival is the most popular one and occurs in the month of Thadingyut . It also occurs around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival , depending on the lunar calendar . It is one of the biggest festivals in Myanmar after the New Year festival , Thingyan . It is a Buddhist festival and many people go to the temple to pay respect to the monks and offer food . It is also a time for thanksgiving and paying homage to Buddhist monks , teachers , parents and elders . Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Poya In Sri Lanka , a full moon day is known as Poya and each full moon day is a public holiday . Shops and businesses are closed on these days as people prepare for the full moon . Exteriors of buildings are adorned with lanterns and people often make food and go to the temple to listen to sermons . The Binara Full Moon Poya Day and Vap Full Moon Poya Day occur around the time of the Mid-Autumn Festival and like other Buddhist Asian countries , the festivals celebrate the ascendance and culmination of the Buddha 's visit to heaven and for the latter , the acknowledgement of the cultivation season known as `` Maha '' . Dates ( edit ) The Mid-Autumn Festival is held on the 15th day of the eighth month in the Han calendar -- essentially the night of a full moon -- which falls near the Autumnal Equinox ( on a day between September 8 and October 7 in the Gregorian calendar ) . In 2015 , the Mid-Autumn Festival fell on September 27 . It will occur on these days in coming years : 2017 : October 4 ( Wednesday ) 2018 : September 24 ( Monday ) 2019 : September 13 ( Friday ) 2020 : October 1 ( Thursday ) 2021 : September 21 ( Tuesday ) 2022 : September 10 ( Saturday ) See also ( edit ) Agriculture in China Agriculture in Vietnam Chinese holidays Chuseok , the Korean autumn harvest festival held on the same day Tsukimi , the Japanese moon - observance festival held on the same day Vietnamese holidays List of harvest festivals References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Yang , Fang . `` Mid-Autumn Festival and its traditions '' . The festival , celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth month of the Chinese calendar , has no fixed date on the Western calendar , but the day always coincides with a full moon . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Van Huy ( 2003 ) , `` The Mid-Autumn Festival ( Tet Trung Thu ) , Yesterday and Today '' , in Kendall , Laurel , Vietnam : Journeys of Body , Mind , and Spirit , University of California Press , pp. 93 -- 106 , ISBN 0520238729 Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Festival in Other Asian Countries '' . www.travelchinaguide.com . Jump up ^ `` A Chinese Symbol of Reunion : Moon Cakes -- China culture '' . kaleidoscope.cultural-china.com . Jump up ^ `` Back to Basics : Baked Traditional Moon Cakes '' . Guai Shu Shu. 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Parulis - Cook , Sienna . `` Mooncakes : China 's Evolving Tradition '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ `` Customs around the Mid-Autumn Festival '' . The State Council Information Office of the People 's Republic of China . 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Xing ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter VI : Women 's Festivals '' . Festivals of China 's Ethnic Minorities . China Intercontinental Press . pp. 124 -- 127 . ISBN 7508509994 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Jonathan H.X. ; Nadeau , Kathleen M. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . p. 1180 . ISBN 0313350663 . ^ Jump up to : Siu , K.W. Michael ( 1999 ) . `` Lanterns of the mid-Autumn Festival : A Reflection of Hong Kong Cultural Change '' . The Journal of Popular Culture . 33 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 86 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 0022 - 3840.1999. 3302_67. x . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Yu , Jose Vidamor B. ( 2000 ) . Inculturation of Filipino - Chinese culture mentality . Roma : Pontificia università gregoriana . pp. 111 -- 112 . ISBN 8876528482 . ^ Jump up to : Roy , Christian ( 2005 ) . Traditional festivals : a multicultural encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 282 -- 286 . ISBN 1576070891 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Lihui ; Deming An ( 2005 ) . Handbook of Chinese mythology . Santa Barbara , Calif. ( u.a. ) : ABC - Clio . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 157607806X . ^ Jump up to : Stepanchuk , Carol ; Wong , Charles ( 1991 ) . Mooncakes and hungry ghosts : festivals of China . San Francisco : China Books & Periodicals . pp. 51 -- 60 . ISBN 0835124819 . ^ Jump up to : Yang , Lemei ( Sep -- Dec 2006 ) . `` China 's Mid-Autumn Day '' . Journal of Folklore Research . Indiana University Press . 43 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 270 . doi : 10.2979 / jfr. 2006.43. 3.263 . JSTOR 4640212 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Barbara ( 1 October 1995 ) . `` Mid-Autumn Children 's Festival '' . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 中秋 食品 '' . Academy of Chinese Studies . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wei , Liming ; Lang , Tao . Chinese festivals ( Updated ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521186595 . Jump up ^ Li Zhengping . Chinese Wine , p. 101 . Cambridge University Press ( Cambridge ) , 2011 . Accessed 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Qiu Yaohong . Origins of Chinese Tea and Wine , p. 121 . Asiapac Books ( Singapore ) , 2004 . Accessed 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Liu Junru . Chinese Food , p. 136 . Cambridge Univ . Press ( Cambridge ) , 2011 . Accessed 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom , K.S. ( 1989 ) . Echoes from old China : life , legends , and lore of the Middle Kingdom . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0824812859 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xiamen rolls the dice , parties for Moon Festival '' . www.shanghaidaily.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Voluntary Agreement on Management of Mooncake Packaging '' . Environmental Protection Department of Hong Kong . 2013 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Wong , Bet Key . `` Tet Trung Thu '' . FamilyCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Ember , Carol R. ; Ember , Melvin ; Skoggard , Ian ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of diasporas : immigrant and refugee cultures around the world ( ( Online - Ausg . ) ed . ) . Dordrecht , Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers . p. 767 . ISBN 0306483211 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Joanna ( 20 September 2012 ) . `` Traditional BBQ for Mid-Autumn Festival ? '' . Makansutra . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Liu Pin - chuan , Kuo Yi , Ho Yu - hua and William Hetherington ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` MID-AUTUMN FESTIVAL : Officials list legal barbecue sites for festival '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ school , Learn Chinese -- ChineseTime is the leading online Chinese . `` How the world celebrates Mid-Autumn Festival - Chinese News - Page 1 - chinesetimeschool.com '' . Jump up ^ 共同 的 团圆 -- 亚洲 各国 中秋 节 大观 ( Mid Autumn Festival , Reunion in Asia ) Jump up ^ `` Irhal -- Islamic Halal Travel Guide for the Muslim Traveler '' . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Mooncakes '' . Jump up ^ GoAsiaDayTrip ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Asian Mid Autumn Festival -- Blog 's GoAsiaDayTrip '' . Jump up ^ `` That Luang Festival -- Event Carnival '' . Jump up ^ Long , Douglas . `` Thadingyut : Festival of Lights '' . Jump up ^ `` Myanmar Festivals 2016 -- 2017 '' . Jump up ^ 冯 明惠 . `` How the world celebrates Mid-Autumn Festival ( 1 ) - Chinadaily.com.cn '' . Jump up ^ `` Mid-Autumn Festival Traditions -- All China Women 's Federation '' . Jump up ^ `` Poya -- Sri Lanka -- Office Holidays '' . Jump up ^ `` september calendar '' . Jump up ^ `` Today is Vap Full Moon Poya Day '' . Jump up ^ `` Gregorian - Lunar Calendar Conversion Table '' . Hong Kong Observatory . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mid-Autumn Festival . 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Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas - wikipedia Treaty of Tordesillas Jump to : navigation , search Treaty of Tordesillas Front page of the Portuguese - owned treaty Created 7 June 1494 in Tordesillas , Spain Ratified 2 July 1494 in Spain 5 September 1494 in Portugal Location Archivo General de Indias ( Spain ) Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo ( Portugal ) Author ( s ) Pope Alexander VI ( later confirmed and ratified by Pope Julius II in 1506 ) Signatories Ferdinand II of Aragon Isabella I of Castile John , Prince of Asturias John II of Portugal Purpose To divide trading and colonising rights for all newly discovered lands of the world located between Portugal and Castile ( later applied between the Spanish Crown and Portugal ) to the exclusion of other European nations . The Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese : Tratado de Tordesilhas ( tɾɐˈtaðu ðɨ tuɾðɨˈziʎɐʃ ) , Spanish : Tratado de Tordesillas ( tɾaˈtaðo ðe toɾðeˈsiʎas ) ) , signed at Tordesillas on June 7 , 1494 , and authenticated at Setúbal , Portugal , divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile , along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands , off the west coast of Africa . This line of demarcation was about halfway between the Cape Verde islands ( already Portuguese ) and the islands entered by Christopher Columbus on his first voyage ( claimed for Castile and León ) , named in the treaty as Cipangu and Antilia ( Cuba and Hispaniola ) . The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Castile . The treaty was signed by Spain , 2 July 1494 and by Portugal , 5 September 1494 . The other side of the world was divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza , signed on 22 April 1529 , which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas . Originals of both treaties are kept at the Archivo General de Indias in Spain and at the Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo in Portugal . This treaty would be observed fairly well by Spain and Portugal , despite considerable ignorance as to the geography of the New World ; however , it omitted all of the other European powers . Those countries generally ignored the treaty , particularly those that became Protestant after the Protestant Reformation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signing and enforcement 2 Tordesillas meridian 3 Antimeridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza 4 Effect on other European powers 5 The Treaty of Madrid 6 Modern claims 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9.1 Citations 9.2 Bibliography 10 External links Signing and enforcement ( edit ) Lines dividing the non-Christian world between Castile and Portugal : the 1494 Tordesillas meridian ( purple ) and the 1529 Zaragoza antimeridian ( green ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew , who had sailed for the Crown of Castile . On his way back to Spain he first reached Lisbon , in Portugal . There he asked for another meeting with King John II to show him the newly discovered lands . After learning of the Castilian - sponsored voyage , the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic Monarchs stating that by the Treaty of Alcáçovas signed in 1479 and confirmed in 1481 with the papal bull Æterni regis , that granted all lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal , all of the lands discovered by Columbus belonged , in fact , to Portugal . Also , the Portuguese King stated that he was already making arrangements for a fleet ( an armada led by Francisco de Almeida ) to depart shortly and take possession of the new lands . After reading the letter the Catholic Monarchs knew they did not have any military power in the Atlantic to match the Portuguese , so they pursued a diplomatic way out . On 4 May 1493 Pope Alexander VI ( Rodrigo Borgia ) , an Aragonese from Valencia by birth , decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west and south of a pole - to - pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile , although territory under Catholic rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain untouched . The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands , so Portugal could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the line . Another bull , Dudum siquidem , entitled Extension of the Apostolic Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493 , gave all mainlands and islands , `` at one time or even still belonging to India '' to Spain , even if east of the line . The Portuguese King John II was not pleased with that arrangement , feeling that it gave him far too little land -- it prevented him from possessing India , his near term goal . By 1493 Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa , the Cape of Good Hope . The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the islands encountered by Columbus , but the explicit mention of India was a major issue . As the Pope had not made changes , the Portuguese king opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs , King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , to move the line to the west and allow him to claim newly discovered lands east of the line . In the bargain , John accepted Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and Isabella , but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west , protecting the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese rights to lands that now constitute the Eastern quarter of Brazil . As one scholar assessed the results , `` both sides must have known that so vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed , and each thought that the other was deceived , ( concluding that it was a ) diplomatic triumph for Portugal , confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India , but most of the South Atlantic '' . The treaty effectively countered the bulls of Alexander VI but was subsequently sanctioned by Pope Julius II by means of the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis of 24 January 1506 . Even though the treaty was negotiated without consulting the Pope , a few sources call the resulting line the `` Papal Line of Demarcation '' . Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans , as it was only divided via the treaty . Castile gained lands including most of the Americas , which in 1494 had little proven wealth . The easternmost part of current Brazil was granted to Portugal when in 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed there while he was en route to India . Some historians contend that the Portuguese already knew of the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil before this time , so his landing in Brazil was not an accident . One scholar points to Cabral 's landing on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees farther south than the expected Cape São Roque , such that `` the likelihood of making such a landfall as a result of freak weather or navigational error was remote ; and it is highly probable that Cabral had been instructed to investigate a coast whose existence was not merely suspected , but already known '' . The line was not strictly enforced -- the Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian . However , the Catholic Monarchs attempted to stop the Portuguese advance in Asia , by claiming the meridian line ran around the world , dividing the whole world in half rather than just the Atlantic . Portugal pushed back , seeking another papal pronouncement that limited the line of demarcation to the Atlantic . This was given by Pope Leo X , who was friendly toward Portugal and its discoveries , in 1514 in the bull Praecelsae devotionis . For a period between 1580 and 1640 , the treaty was rendered meaningless , as the Spanish King was also King of Portugal . It was superseded by the 1750 Treaty of Madrid which granted Portugal control of the lands it occupied in South America . However , the latter treaty was immediately repudiated by the Catholic Monarch . The First Treaty of San Ildefonso settled the problem , with Spain acquiring territories east of the Uruguay River and Portugal acquiring territories in the Amazon Basin . Emerging Protestant maritime powers , particularly England and The Netherlands , and other third parties such as Roman Catholic France , did not recognize the division of the world between only two Roman Catholic nations brokered by the pope . Tordesillas meridian ( edit ) Early Tordesillas lines in South America ( 1495 -- 1545 ) The Treaty of Tordesillas only specified the line of demarcation in leagues from the Cape Verde Islands . It did not specify the line in degrees , nor did it identify the specific island or the specific length of its league . Instead , the treaty stated that these matters were to be settled by a joint voyage which never occurred . The number of degrees can be determined via a ratio of marine leagues to degrees applied to the Earth regardless of its assumed size , or via a specific marine league applied to the true size of the Earth , called `` our sphere '' by historian Henry Harrisse . The earliest Aragonese opinion was provided by Jaime Ferrer in 1495 at the request of the Aragonese king and Castilian queen to those monarchs . He stated that the demarcation line was 18 ° west of the most central island of the Cape Verde Islands , which is Fogo according to Harrisse , having a longitude of 24 ° 25'W of Greenwich , hence Ferrer placed the line at 42 ° 25'W on his sphere , which was 21.1 % larger than our sphere . Ferrer also stated that his league contained 32 Olympic stades , or 6.15264 km according to Harrisse , thus Ferrer 's line was 2,276.5 km west of Fogo at 47 ° 37'W on our sphere . Cantino planisphere depicting the meridian , 1502 The earliest surviving Portuguese opinion is on the Cantino planisphere of 1502 . Because its demarcation line was midway between Cape Saint Roque ( northeast cape of South America ) and the mouth of the Amazon River ( its estuary is marked Todo este mar he de agua doçe -- `` All of this sea is fresh water '' -- and its river is marked Rio grande , `` great river '' ) , Harrisse concluded that the line was at 42 ° 30'W on our sphere . Harrisse believed the large estuary just west of the line on the Cantino map was that of the Rio Maranhão ( this estuary is now the Baía de São Marcos and the river is now the Mearim ) , whose flow is so weak that its gulf does not contain fresh water . In 1518 another Castilian opinion was provided by Martin Fernandez de Enciso . Harrisse concluded that Enciso placed his line at 47 ° 24'W on his sphere ( 7.7 % smaller than ours ) , but at 45 ° 38'W on our sphere using Enciso 's numerical data . Enciso also described the coastal features near which the line passed in a very confused manner . Harrisse concluded from this description that Enciso 's line could also be near the mouth of the Amazon between 49 ° and 50 ° W . In 1524 the Castilian pilots ( ships ' captains ) Thomas Duran , Sebastian Cabot ( son of John Cabot ) , and Juan Vespuccius ( nephew of Amerigo Vespucci ) gave their opinion to the Badajoz Junta , whose failure to resolve the dispute led to the Treaty of Saragossa . They specified that the line was 22 ° plus nearly 9 miles west of the center of Santo Antão ( the westernmost Cape Verde island ) , which Harrisse concluded was 47 ° 17'W on their sphere ( 3.1 % smaller than ours ) and 46 ° 36'W on our sphere . In 1524 the Portuguese presented a globe to the Badajoz Junta on which the line was marked 21 ° 30 ' west of Santo Antão ( 22 ° 6'36 '' on our sphere ) . Anti-meridian : Moluccas and Treaty of Zaragoza ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Treaty of Zaragoza Dutch map of the Moluccas ( north is at right ) Initially , the line of demarcation did not encircle the Earth . Instead , Spain and Portugal could conquer any new lands they were the first to discover , Spain to the west and Portugal to the east , even if they passed each other on the other side of the globe . But Portugal 's discovery of the highly valued Moluccas in 1512 caused Spain to argue in 1518 that the Treaty of Tordesillas divided the Earth into two equal hemispheres . After the surviving ships of Magellan 's fleet visited the Moluccas in 1521 , Spain claimed that those islands were within its western hemisphere . In 1523 , the Treaty of Vitoria called for the Badajoz Junta to meet in 1524 , at which the two countries tried to reach an agreement on the anti-meridian but failed . They finally agreed in a treaty signed at Zaragoza that Spain would relinquish its claims to the Moluccas upon the payment of 350,000 ducats ( ≈ 100 kg ) of gold by Portugal to Spain . To prevent Spain from encroaching upon Portugal 's Moluccas , the anti-meridian was to be 297.5 leagues or 17 ° to the east of the Moluccas , passing through the islands of Las Velas and Santo Thome . This distance is slightly smaller than the 300 leagues determined by Magellan as the westward distance from los Ladrones to the Philippine island of Samar , which is just west of due north of the Moluccas . The Moluccas are a group of islands west of New Guinea . However , unlike the large modern Indonesian archipelago of the Maluku Islands , to 16th - century Europeans the Moluccas were a small chain of islands , the only place on Earth where cloves grew , just west of the large north Malukan island of Halmahera ( called Gilolo at the time ) . Cloves were so prized by Europeans for their medicinal uses that they were worth their weight in gold . 16th - and 17th - century maps and descriptions indicate that the main islands were Ternate , Tidore , Moti , Makian and Bacan , although the last was often ignored even though it was by far the largest island . The principal island was Ternate at the chain 's northern end ( 0 ° 47'N , only 11 kilometres ( 7 mi ) in diameter ) on whose southwest coast the Portuguese built a stone fort ( Forte de São João Baptista de Ternate ) during 1522 -- 23 , which could only be repaired , not modified , according to the Treaty of Saragossa . This north - south chain occupies two degrees of latitude bisected by the equator at about 127 ° 24'E , with Ternate , Tidore , Moti , and Makian north of the equator and Bacan south of it . Although the treaty 's Santo Thome island has not been identified , its `` Islas de las Velas '' ( Islands of the Sails ) appear in a 1585 Spanish history of China , on the 1594 world map of Petrus Plancius , on an anonymous map of the Moluccas in the 1598 London edition of Linschoten , and on the 1607 world map of Petro Kærio , identified as a north - south chain of islands in the northwest Pacific , which were also called the `` Islas de los Ladrones '' ( Islands of the Thieves ) during that period . Their name was changed by Spain in 1667 to `` Islas de las Marianas '' ( Mariana Islands ) , which include Guam at their southern end . Guam 's longitude of 144 ° 45'E is east of the Moluccas ' longitude of 127 ° 24'E by 17 ° 21 ' , which is remarkably close by 16th - century standards to the treaty 's 17 ° east . This longitude passes through the eastern end of the main north Japanese island of Hokkaidō and through the eastern end of New Guinea , which is where Frédéric Durand placed the demarcation line . Moriarty and Keistman placed the demarcation line at 147 ° E by measuring 16.4 ° east from the western end of New Guinea ( or 17 ° east of 130 ° E ) . Despite the treaty 's clear statement that the demarcation line passes 17 ° east of the Moluccas , some sources place the line just east of the Moluccas . The Treaty of Saragossa did not modify or clarify the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas , nor did it validate Spain 's claim to equal hemispheres ( 180 ° each ) , so the two lines divided the Earth into unequal hemispheres . Portugal 's portion was roughly 191 ° whereas Spain 's portion was roughly 169 ° . Both portions have a large uncertainty of ± 4 ° because of the wide variation in the opinions regarding the location of the Tordesillas line . Portugal gained control of all lands and seas west of the Saragossa line , including all of Asia and its neighboring islands so far `` discovered , '' leaving Spain most of the Pacific Ocean . Although the Philippines were not named in the treaty , Spain implicitly relinquished any claim to them because they were well west of the line . Nevertheless , by 1542 , King Charles V decided to colonize the Philippines , judging that Portugal would not protest because the archipelago had no spices . Although a number of expeditions sent from New Spain arrived in the Philippines , they were unable to establish a settlement because the return route across the Pacific was unknown . King Philip II succeeded in 1565 when he sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and Andres de Urdaneta , establishing the initial Spanish trading post at Cebu and later founding Manila in 1571 . Besides Brazil and the Moluccas , Portugal eventually controlled Angola , Mozambique , Portuguese Guinea , and São Tomé and Príncipe ( among other territories and bases ) in Africa ; several bases or territories as Muscat , Ormus and Bahrein in the Persian Gulf , Goa , Bombay and Daman and Diu ( among other coastal cities ) in India ; Ceylon , and Malacca , bases in present - day Indonesia as Makassar , Solor and Ambon , Portuguese Timor , the entrepôt - base of Macau and the entrepôt - enclave of Dejima ( Nagasaki ) in the Far East . Spain , on the other hand , would control vast western regions in the Americas , in areas ranging from the present - day United States to present - day Argentina , an empire that would extend to the Philippines , and bases in Ternate and Formosa ( 17th century ) . Portuguese and Spanish empires ( anachronous world maps ) Portuguese Empire Spanish Empire alongside Iberian Union Iberian Union ( 1581 -- 1640 ) Effect on other European powers ( edit ) The treaty was historically important in dividing Latin America , as well as establishing Spain in the western Pacific until 1898 . However , it quickly became obsolete in North America , and later in Asia and Africa , where it affected colonization . It was ignored by other European nations , and with the decline of Spanish and Portuguese power , the home countries were unable to hold many of their claims , much less expand them into poorly explored areas . Thus , with sufficient backing , it became possible for any European state to colonize open territories , or those weakly held by Lisbon or Madrid . With the fall of Malacca to the Dutch , the VOC ( Dutch East India Company ) took control of Portuguese possessions in Indonesia , claiming Western New Guinea and Western Australia , as New Holland . Eastern Australia remained in the Spanish half of the world until claimed for Britain by James Cook in 1770 . The attitude towards the treaty that other governments had was expressed in a statement attributed to France 's King Francis I , `` Show me Adam 's will ! '' The Treaty of Madrid ( edit ) Main article : Treaty of Madrid ( 13 January 1750 ) In January 13 , 1750 , King John V of Portugal and Ferdinand VI of Spain signed the Treaty of Madrid , in which both parts sought to establish the borders between Brazil and Spanish America , admitting that the Treaty of Tordesillas , as it had been envisioned in 1494 had been superseded , and was considered void . Spain was acknowledged sovereignty over the Philippines , while Portugal would get the territory of the Amazon River basin . Portugal would relinquish the colony of Sacramento , on the northern bank of the River Plata in modern - day Uruguay , while getting the territory of the Seven Missions . Modern claims ( edit ) The Treaty of Tordesillas was invoked by Chile in the 20th century to defend the principle of an Antarctic sector extending along a meridian to the South Pole , as well as the assertion that the treaty made Spanish ( or Portuguese ) all undiscovered land south to the Pole . Indonesia took possession of Netherlands New Guinea in 1962 , supporting its claim by stating the Empire of Majapahit had included western New Guinea , and that it was part of the Treaty of Tordesillas . The Treaty of Tordesillas was also invoked by Argentina in the 20th century as part of its claim to the Falkland / Malvinas Islands . See also ( edit ) Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery History of Portugal ( 1415 -- 1578 ) List of treaties Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ 370 leagues equals 2,193 km , 1,362 statute miles , or 1,184 nautical miles . These figures use the legua náutica ( nautical league ) of four Roman miles totaling 5.926 km , which was used by Spain during the 15th , 16th , and 17th centuries for navigation . In 1897 Henry Harrise noted that Jaime Ferrer , the expert consulted by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella , stated that a league was four miles of six stades each . Modern scholars agree that the geographic stade was the Roman or Italian stade , not any of several other Greek stades , supporting these figures . Harrise is in the minority when he uses the stade of 192.27 m marked within the stadium at Olympia , Greece , resulting in a league ( 32 stades ) of 6.153 km , 3.8 % larger . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 ) . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institute of Washington , 1917 ) , 100 . Jump up ^ In the European Portuguese pronunciation . Brazilians might variously pronounce it as ( tɾɐˈtadʊ dʑɪ toɾdeˈziʎəs ) in São Paulo , ( tɾəˈtadu dʑi to̞ʀde̞ˈziʎəɕ ) in Rio de Janeiro and ( tɾaˈtadu dʑi tɔʁdɛˈziʎəs ) in Salvador , Bahia and ( tɾɐˈtadu di tɔɦde̞ˈziʎəs ) in Recife . Jump up ^ Chardon , Roland ( 1980 ) . `` The linear league in North America '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 70 : 129 -- 153 ( pp. 142 , 144 , 151 ) . JSTOR 2562946 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1980. tb01304. x . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 85 -- 97 , 176 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Newlyn Walkup , Eratosthenes and the mystery of the stades Jump up ^ Engels , Donald ( 1985 ) . `` The length of Eratosthenes ' stade '' . American Journal of Philology. 106 : 298 -- 311 . JSTOR 295030 . doi : 10.2307 / 295030 . Jump up ^ Davenport , 85 , 171 . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 4 May 1493 ) . Inter Caetera . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Pope Alexander VI ( 25 September 1493 ) ( in Latin ) . Dudum siquidem . Wikisource . Jump up ^ Parry , J.H. ( 1973 ) . The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 . London : Cardinal . p. 194 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 16603 - 4 . Jump up ^ Davenport , ed. , 107 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Leslie Ronald Marchant , The Papal Line of Demarcation and Its Impact in the Eastern Hemisphere on the Political Division of Australia , 1479 -- 1829 ( Greenwood , Western Australia : Woodside Valley Foundation , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 74126 - 423 - 4 . Jump up ^ Crow , John A. ( 1992 ) . The Epic of Latin America ( Fourth ed . ) . University of California Press . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 198 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 202 . Jump up ^ Parry , Age of Reconnaissance p. 205 . Jump up ^ Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . pp. 194 Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 91 -- 97 , 178 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 100 -- 102 , 190 -- 192 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 103 -- 108 , 122 , 192 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 138 -- 139 , 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Harrisse , pp. 207 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Edward Gaylord Bourne , `` Historical Introduction '' , in Blair . Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 2 Jump up ^ Emma Helen Blair , The Philippine Islands , 1493 -- 1803 , part 3 Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt , 1874 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Andaya , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Corn , p. xxiv . `` I split the nut , once more valuable than gold . '' Jump up ^ Gavan Daws and Marty Fujita , Archipelago : The Islands of Indonesia , ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 1999 ) , p. 98 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21576 - 1 ( early 1500s ) . Jump up ^ `` The Portuguese in the Moluccas and in the Lesser Sunda Islands by Marco Ramerini , 1600s '' . Colonialvoyage.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lord Stanley of Alderley , The first voyage round the world , by Magellan , London : Hakluyt Society , 1874 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Andaya , p. 117 . After the Iberian Union ( 1580 -- 1640 ) and the effective Dutch conquest of the Moluccas ( 1605 -- 1611 , pp. 152 -- 3 ) , the fort was destroyed by the Spanish in 1666 during their retreat to the Philippines . ( p. 156 ) Jump up ^ Knowlton , p. 341 . The islands were named both las Velas and los Ladrones in a quote from Father Juan González de Mendoza in Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran Reino de la China ( History of the most remarkable things , rites and customs of the great Kingdom of China , 1585 ) . Jump up ^ Cortesao , p. 224 , with detailed maps naming each island on several maps . Jump up ^ ed . John O.E. Clark , 100 Maps ( New York : Sterling , 2005 ) p. 115 , ISBN 1 - 4027 - 2885 - 9 . Jump up ^ Le Réseau Asie ( 2006 - 09 - 15 ) . `` The cartography of the Orientals and Southern Europeans in the beginning of the western exploration of South - East Asia from the middle of the XVth century to the beginning of the XVIIth century by Frédéric Durand '' . Reseau-asie.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Philip II Orders the Journey of the First Manila Galleon '' . The Journal of San Diego History ( Volume 12 , Number 2 ed . ) . April 1966 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lines in the sea by Giampiero Francalanci and others , p. 3 about 129 ° E or only 1.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Lines of Demarcation 1529 about 134 ° E or 6.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Infoblatt Das Zeitalter der großen Entdeckungsfahrten about 135 ° E or 7.5 ° east of the Moluccas . Jump up ^ Miller , James Rodger ( 2000 - 06 - 01 ) . Skyscrapers hide the heavens : a history of Indian - white relations in Canada . p. 20 . ISBN 9780802081537 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ José Damião Rodrigues , Pedro Aires Oliveira ( 2014 ) História da Expansão e do Império Português ed . Esfera dos Livros , p. 266 - 267 Jump up ^ `` National Interests And Claims In The Antarctic '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Laver , Roberto ( 2001 ) . The Falklands / Malvinas case . Springer . pp. 67 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1534 - 8 . Bibliography ( edit ) Edward G. Bourne , ' The History and Determination of the Line of Demarcation by Pope Alexander VI , between the Spanish and Portuguese Fields of Discovery and Colonization ' , American Historical Association , Annual Report for 1891 , Washington , 1892 ; Senate Miscellaneous Documents , Washington , Vol. 5 , 1891 -- 92 , pp. 103 -- 30 . James R Akerman , The Imperial Map ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2009 ) 138 . Leonard Y . Andaya , The world of Maluku : Eastern Indonesia in the early modern period ( Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1490 - 8 . Emma Helen Blair , ed. , The Philippine Islands , 1493 - 1803 ( vol 1 of 55 ) ( Cleveland , Ohio : 1903 - 1909 ) , containing complete English translations of both treaties and related documents . Stephen R. Bown , 1494 : How a family feud in medieval Spain divided the world in half ( New York : Thomas Dunne Books , 2012 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 61612 - 0 . Charles Corn , The Scents of Eden : A Narrative of the Spice Trade , ( New York : Kodansha , 1998 ) , ISBN 1 - 56836 - 202 - 1 . Cortesao , Armando ( 1939 ) . `` Antonio Pereira and his map of circa 1545 '' . Geographical Review . 29 : 205 -- 225 . doi : 10.2307 / 209943 . Frances Gardiner Davenport , ed. , European Treaties bearing on the History of the United States and its Dependencies to 1648 ( Washington , DC : Carnegie Institution of Washington , 1917 / 1967 ) . Translation of the Treaty of Tordesillas by Davenport . Henry Harrisse , The Diplomatic History of America : Its first chapter 1452 -- 1493 -- 1494 ( London : Stevens , 1897 ) . Knowlton , Edgar C. ( 1963 ) . `` China and the Philippines in El Periquillo Sarniento '' . Hispanic Review . 31 : 336 -- 347 . doi : 10.2307 / 472212 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Tordesillas ( Tratado de Tordesillas ) . Treaty of Tordesillas ( about.com ) Treaty of Tordesillas ( Portuguese ) from Archivo General de Indias Treaty of Tordesillas English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK Compact Between the Catholic Sovereigns and the King of Portugal Regarding the Demarcation and the Division of the Ocean Sea English translation from Blair -- BROKEN LINK VIAF : 232145857902923021282 LCCN : n82219907 GND : 4185720 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Tordesillas&oldid=804636789 '' Categories : 1494 in Portugal 1494 in Spain 1529 in law 1490s treaties History of North America History of South America History of the Americas Latin American history Ferdinand II of Aragon Geopolitical rivalry Isabella I of Castile Lines of longitude Memory of the World Register Portugal -- Spain relations Portuguese colonization of the Americas Portuguese Empire Spanish colonization of the Americas History of the Philippines ( 1521 -- 1898 ) Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal Treaties of the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Spanish Empire 1494 in the Portuguese Empire Spain in the Age of Discovery Portugal in the Age of Discovery Hidden categories : Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 07 : 37 . 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John Carroll Lynch

John Carroll Lynch - wikipedia John Carroll Lynch Jump to : navigation , search John Carroll Lynch Lynch in 2017 ( 1963 - 08 - 01 ) August 1 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Boulder , Colorado , US Alma mater The Catholic University of America Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Brenda Wehle ( m . 1997 ) John Carroll Lynch ( born August 1 , 1963 ) is an American actor and director . He first gained notice for his role as Norm Gunderson in Fargo . He is also known for his television work on the ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey , as well as on American Horror Story : Freak Show and American Horror Story : Cult as Twisty the Clown . His films include Face / Off , Gran Torino , Shutter Island , Ted 2 , The Invitation , and Zodiac . Most recently , he portrayed McDonald 's co-founder Maurice McDonald in The Founder . He made his directorial debut with the 2017 film Lucky . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Lynch was born August 1 , 1963 , in Boulder , Colorado . He attended Regis Jesuit High School in Denver . He studied theater at The Catholic University of America , graduating with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1986 . Career ( edit ) Lynch was a member of the Guthrie Theater company . He starred in several productions , toured with the company and worked there for over eight seasons . Lynch made his feature film debut in Grumpy Old Men ( 1993 ) . He gained notice starring as Norm Gunderson in the Coen brothers ' film Fargo ( 1996 ) . His other notable films are Face / Off ( 1997 ) , Bubble Boy ( 2001 ) , Gothika ( 2003 ) , Things We Lost in the Fire ( 2007 ) , Gran Torino ( 2008 ) , Shutter Island ( 2010 ) , Paul ( 2011 ) and Crazy , Stupid , Love . ( 2011 ) . He portrayed Arthur Leigh Allen in Zodiac ( 2007 ) and the first establisher of McDonald 's , Mac McDonald , in The Founder ( 2016 ) . Lynch has an extensive career in television . He appeared in ABC sitcom The Drew Carey Show as the title character 's cross-dressing brother , Steve Carey . He has also been a regular cast member on series such as Close to Home , Carnivàle , Body of Proof and Seasons 4 , 5 and 7 of American Horror Story . Personal life ( edit ) Lynch has been married to actress Brenda Wehle since 1997 . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Grumpy Old Men Moving Man 1995 The Cure Skipper # 1 Credited as John Lynch Beautiful Girls Frank Womack Fargo Norm Gunderson Feeling Minnesota Cop 1997 Volcano Stan Olber 1997 Face / Off Prison Guard Walton 1998 Mercury Rising Martin Lynch 1998 The Naked Man Sticks ' Driver 1998 Restaurant John English 1999 Anywhere but Here Jack Irwin 1999 Pushing Tin Doctor Freeze 1999 Freak Weather Ed 2000 Gone in 60 Seconds Impound Manager Uncredited 2001 Bubble Boy Mr. Livingston 2002 The Good Girl Jack Field 2002 Bug Wallace Gregory 2002 Three Days of Rain Dinner Guest 2003 Gothika Sheriff Ryan 2003 Confidence Leon Ashby Catch That Kid Mr. Hartmunn 2005 Mozart and the Whale Gregory 2005 Looking for Comedy in the Muslim World Stewart 2007 Full of It Mr. Leonard 2007 Zodiac Arthur Leigh Allen 2007 Things We Lost in the Fire Howard Glassman 2008 Gran Torino Barber Martin 2009 Love Happens Walter Sympathy for Delicious Evangelist Carroll Shutter Island Deputy Warden McPherson Hesher Larry 2011 Paul Moses Buggs 2011 Crazy , Stupid , Love . Bernie Riley 2012 Lay the Favorite Dave Greenberg 2013 The Pretty One Frank 2014 Camp X-Ray Col. James Drummond 2015 Hot Pursuit Captain Emmett 2015 Ted 2 Tom Jessup 2015 The Invitation Pruitt 2016 Miracles from Heaven Pastor Scott 2016 Jackie Lyndon B. Johnson 2016 The Founder Mac McDonald 2017 Lucky N / A Directorial debut 2017 Anything Early Landry 2018 Private Life Post-production 2018 White Orchid Sheriff Mann Post-production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Frasier Actor playing Franklin Episode : `` The Show Where Diane Comes Back '' Murder One Officer Carl Bickley Episode : `` Chapter Thirteen '' The Client Frank Episode : `` Damn Yankees '' Voice from the Grave Prosecutor O'Gane Television film A Friend 's Betrayal Mr. Franks Television film 1996 , 1997 Life 's Work District Attorney Agee / Crazy Larry 2 episodes 1997 -- 2004 The Drew Carey Show Steve Carey 72 episodes 1997 The Practice Dr. Robert Larson Episode : `` Search and Seizure '' 1997 The Visitor Joe York Episode : `` Going Home '' 1998 From the Earth to the Moon Robert R. Gilruth 2 episodes 1999 Star Trek : Voyager Gerald Moss Episode : `` 11 : 59 '' 1999 Late Last Night Sgt. Van Wyck Television film 1999 Tuesdays with Morrie Walter Moran Television film 2000 The Fugitive Raynor Episode : `` Pilot '' 2000 The West Wing Jack Episode : `` Galileo '' 2001 Gideon 's Crossing Sonny Green Episode : `` The Race '' 2002 Live from Baghdad John Holliman Television film 2003 The Brotherhood of Poland , New Hampshire Mayor Garrett Shaw 7 episodes 2005 -- 2006 Close to Home Steve Sharpe 21 episodes 2005 Carnivàle Varlyn Stroud 12 episodes 2005 American Dad ! Mr. Simms ( voice ) Episode : `` Stannie Get Your Gun '' 2007 -- 2008 K - Ville Captain James Embry 11 episodes 2007 Big Love Officer Chuck Tuttle 2 episodes 2009 Lie to Me Mr. Reed Episode : `` Truth or Consequences '' 2009 Monk Kurt Pressman Episode : `` Happy Birthday , Mr. Monk '' 2009 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Buddy Arnold Episode : `` Bloodsport '' 2010 -- 2012 The Glades Mike Ogletree 2 episodes How to Make It in America Larry Episode : `` Keep on Truck'n '' 2011 -- 2013 Body of Proof Bud Morris 26 episodes 2013 Do No Harm Will Hayes 10 episodes 2013 -- 2014 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Ned Dooley 2 episodes 2014 House of Lies Gil Selby 2 episodes 2014 The Americans Fred 6 episodes 2014 Manhattan Daniel Ellis 2 episodes 2014 -- 2015 American Horror Story : Freak Show Twisty the Clown 5 episodes 2014 Us & Them Ed Episode : `` Coeds & Carburetors '' 2015 -- 2016 American Horror Story : Hotel John Wayne Gacy 2 episodes 2015 The Walking Dead Eastman Episode : `` Here 's Not Here '' 2016 -- 2017 Turn : Washington 's Spies James Rivington 6 episodes 2016 Billions Mr. Gilbert Episode : `` The Punch '' 2017 American Horror Story : Cult Twisty the Clown 2 episodes 2017 Channel Zero : The No - End House John Sleator 6 episodes 2018 Crawford Owen Upcoming series Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2016 42nd Saturn Awards Best Guest Starring Role on Television The Walking Dead Nominated 2017 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Supporting Actor The Invitation Nominated Camerimage Directors ' Debuts Competition Lucky Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Haifa International Film Festival Carmel Award for Best Film Nominated Fedeora Award - Directors of Tomorrow Won Locarno Festival Golden Leopard Nominated Price of the Ecumenical Jury Won 22nd Satellite Awards Special Achievement Award for Best First Feature Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Rovi via The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( S ) ome sources cite May 11 , 1961 '' , per `` John Carroll Lynch Biography ( 1963 ? - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alumni Relations : Arts & Entertainment '' . The Catholic University of America . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch lands juicy role in ' Freak Show ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Carroll Lynch '' . Guthrie Theater . Retrieved 28 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Wehle Biography ( ( ? ) - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DIRECTORS ' DEBUTS COMPETITION '' . Camerimage.pl . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carmel Competition - International Film Competition 2017 '' . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Best Israeli Feature Film Award -- `` The Testament '' `` . Haifaff.co.il . Jump up ^ `` Locarno Festival on Twitter '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . External links ( edit ) John Carroll Lynch on IMDb VIAF : 58811189 LCCN : no2005039010 GND : 1140027840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Carroll_Lynch&oldid=819003196 '' Categories : 1963 births American male film actors American male television actors Catholic University of America alumni Living people Male actors from Boulder , Colorado Male actors from Denver 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Dragon Ball Z

Dragon Ball Z - wikipedia Dragon Ball Z Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z ドラゴンボール Z ( Doragon Bōru Zetto ) Genre Martial arts , science fantasy Anime television series Directed by Daisuke Nishio ( # 1 -- 199 ) Produced by Kenji Shimizu Kōji Kaneda ( # 118 -- 291 ) Written by Takao Koyama Music by Shunsuke Kikuchi Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network First - run syndication , Cartoon Network ( Toonami ) Original run April 26 , 1989 -- January 31 , 1996 Episodes 291 ( List of episodes ) Anime television series Dragon Ball Z Kai Directed by Yasuhiro Nowatari Music by Kenji Yamamoto ( 1 -- 95 ) Shunsuke Kikuchi ( 96 -- 98 ; re-aired 1 -- 95 ) Norihito Sumitomo ( 99 -- 159 ~ 167 ) Studio Toei Animation Licensed by Madman Entertainment Funimation Manga Entertainment Original network Fuji TV English network Nicktoons , Adult Swim Original run April 5 , 2009 -- March 27 , 2011 Continued run : April 6 , 2014 -- June 28 , 2015 Episodes 159 ( Japan ) 167 ( International ) ( List of episodes ) Dragon Ball franchise Dragon Ball ( manga ) Dragon Ball ( anime ) Dragon Ball GT Dragon Ball Super Anime and Manga portal Dragon Ball Z ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール Z ( ゼット ) , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation . Dragon Ball Z is the sequel to the Dragon Ball anime and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519 - chapter Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama , that were published from 1988 to 1995 in Weekly Shōnen Jump . Dragon Ball Z first aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 26 , 1989 to January 31 , 1996 , before being dubbed in several territories around the world , including the United States , Australia , Europe , India , and Latin America . Dragon Ball Z follows the adventures of the protagonist Goku who , along with his companions , defends the Earth against an assortment of villains ranging from intergalactic space fighters and conquerors , unnaturally powerful androids and nearly indestructible creatures . While the original Dragon Ball anime followed Goku from his childhood into adulthood , Dragon Ball Z is a continuation of his adult life , but at the same time parallels the maturation of his sons , Gohan and Goten , as well as the evolution of his rivals Piccolo and Vegeta from enemies into allies . Due to the success of the anime in the United States , the manga chapters comprising its story were initially released by Viz Media under the title Dragon Ball Z . Additional works called animanga were released , which adapt the animation to manga form . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity has spawned numerous releases which have come to represent the majority of content in the Dragon Ball universe ; including 17 movies and 148 video games , many of them being only released in Japan , and a host of soundtracks stemming from this material . Dragon Ball Z remains a cultural icon through numerous adaptations , including a more - recent remastered broadcast titled Dragon Ball Kai . There have also been two sequel series ; Dragon Ball GT ( 1996 -- 1997 ) and Dragon Ball Super ( 2015 -- present ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Production and broadcasting 2.1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.2 Dragon Ball Z Kai 2.2. 1 English dub production and broadcasting 2.3 Editing 3 Music 4 Related media 4.1 Home releases 4.1. 1 Kai 4.2 Manga 4.3 Films 4.4 Television specials and original video animations 4.5 Video games 4.6 Soundtracks 5 Reception 5.1 Cultural impact and legacy 5.2 Ratings 6 Merchandising 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z picks up five years after the end of the Dragon Ball anime , with Son Goku as a young adult and father to his son Gohan . A humanoid alien named Raditz arrives on Earth in a spacecraft and tracks down Goku , revealing to him that he is his long - lost big brother and that they are members of a nearly extinct extraterrestrial race called the Saiyans ( サイヤ 人 , Saiya - jin ) . The Saiyans had sent Goku ( originally named `` Kakarrot '' ) to Earth as an infant to conquer the planet for them , but he suffered a traumatic brain injury soon after his arrival and lost all memory of his mission , as well as his blood - thirsty Saiyan nature . Goku refuses to help Raditz continue the mission , which results in Raditz kidnapping Gohan . Goku decides to team up with his former enemy Piccolo in order to defeat Raditz and save his son , while sacrificing his own life in the process . In the afterlife , Goku trains under Kaiō - sama until he is revived by the Dragon Balls a year later in order to save the Earth from Raditz ' comrades ; Nappa and the Saiyan prince Vegeta . During the battle Piccolo is killed , along with Goku 's allies Yamcha , Tenshinhan and Chaozu , and the Dragon Balls cease to exist because of Piccolo 's death . Goku arrives at the battlefield late , but avenges his fallen friends by defeating Nappa with his new level of power . Vegeta himself enters into the battle with Goku and after numerous clashes , Goku manages to defeat him as well , with the help of Gohan , his best friend Krillin and Yajirobe . At Goku 's request , they spare Vegeta 's life and allow him to escape Earth . During the battle , Krillin overhears Vegeta mentioning the original set of Dragon Balls from Piccolo 's home planet Namek ( ナメック 星 , Namekku - sei ) . While Goku recovers from his injuries at the hospital , Gohan , Krillin and Goku 's oldest friend Bulma depart for Namek in order to use these Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends . However , they discover that Vegeta 's superior , the galactic tyrant Lord Frieza , is already there , seeking the Dragon Balls to be granted eternal life . A fully healed Vegeta arrives on Namek as well , seeking the Dragon Balls for himself , which leads to several battles between him and Frieza 's henchmen . Realizing he is overpowered , Vegeta teams up with Gohan and Krillin to fight the Ginyu Force , a team of mercenaries summoned by Frieza . After Goku finally arrives on Namek , the epic battle with Frieza himself comes to a close when Goku transforms into a fabled Super Saiyan ( 超 サイヤ 人 , Sūpā Saiya - jin ) and defeats him . Upon his return to Earth a year later , Goku encounters a time traveler named Trunks , the future son of Bulma and Vegeta , who warns Goku that two Artificial Humans ( 人造 人間 , Jinzōningen , lit . `` Artificial Humans '' ) will appear three years later , seeking revenge against Goku for destroying the Red Ribbon Army when he was a child . During this time , an evil life form called Cell emerges and after absorbing two of the Artificial Humans to achieve his `` perfect form , '' holds his own fighting tournament to decide the fate of the Earth , called the `` Cell Games '' . After Goku sacrifices his own life a second time , to no avail , Gohan avenges his father by defeating Cell after ascending to the second level of Super Saiyan . Seven years later Goku , who has been briefly revived for one day and meets his youngest son Goten , and his allies are drawn into a fight by the Kaioshin against a magical being named Majin Buu . After numerous battles resulting in the destruction and recreation of the Earth , Goku ( whose life is permanently restored by the Elder Kaioshin ) destroys Majin Buu with a Genki Dama attack containing the energy of everyone on Earth . Goku makes a wish for Buu to be reincarnated as a good person and ten years later , at another martial arts tournament , Goku meets Buu 's human reincarnation , Uub . Leaving the match between them unfinished , Goku departs with Uub to train him to become Earth 's new defender . Production and broadcasting ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes and List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes Kazuhiko Torishima , Akira Toriyama 's editor for Dr. Slump and the first half of Dragon Ball , felt that the Dragon Ball anime 's ratings were gradually declining because it had the same producer that worked on Dr. Slump . Torishima said this producer had this `` cute and funny '' image connected to Toriyama 's work and was missing the more serious tone in the newer series , and therefore asked the studio to change the producer . Impressed with their work on Saint Seiya , he asked its director Kōzō Morishita and writer Takao Koyama to help `` reboot '' Dragon Ball , which coincided with Goku growing up . The new producer explained that ending the first anime and creating a new one would result in more promotional money , and the result was the start of Dragon Ball Z . The title was suggested by Toriyama because Z is the last letter of the alphabet and he wanted to finish the series because he was running out of ideas for it . Dragon Ball Z is adapted from the final 325 chapters of the manga series which were published in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1988 to 1995 . It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31 , 1996 . Because Toriyama was writing the manga during the production of the anime , Dragon Ball Z added original material not adapted from the manga , including lengthening scenes or adding new ones , and adding new attacks and characters not present in the manga . For example , Toriyama was asked to create an additional character for Goku 's training with Kaiō - sama , resulting in the cricket Gregory . Throughout the production , the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue , switching between roles as necessary . The voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing . When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku , Gohan and Goten was difficult , Masako Nozawa said that it was not , and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character 's picture . She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series , there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording , which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult . Series Director Daisuke Nishio left the series after personally directing Episode # 202 . Nishio left the series to become series director of Aoki Densetsu Shoot ! . The role of series director was not officially filled for Episodes # 200 - 291 , despite Nishio 's directing of Episode # 202 . English dub production and broadcasting ( edit ) In 1996 , Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English - language release in North America . They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television , and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution . The Vancouver - based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime ( Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short - lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball ) . Saban musicians Ron Wasserman and Jeremy Sweet , known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise , composed a new background score and theme song ( nicknamed `` Rock the Dragon '' ) . Funimation 's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length , which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53 . It premiered in the United States on September 13 , 1996 in first - run syndication , but halted production in 1998 after two seasons . This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations , in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block . Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 ( the end of the dub ) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version , but did not do so . Christopher Sabat ( left ) and Sean Schemmel ( right ) have provided Funimation 's English dub voices for Vegeta and Goku , respectively , since 1999 . On August 31 , 1998 , reruns of this cancelled dub began airing on Cartoon Network as part of the channel 's weekday afternoon programming block Toonami . Due to the success of these re-runs on Toonami , Funimation resumed production on the series ' English dub without Saban 's assistance , but could no longer afford the services of the Ocean voice cast due to financial constraints . This led to Funimation forming its own in - house voice cast at their Texas - based studio . The Saban - produced soundtrack from the first two seasons was replaced with a new background score composed by Bruce Faulconer and his team of musicians , which was used throughout the rest of Funimation 's Dragon Ball Z dub . This renewed dub featured less censorship ( due to fewer restrictions on cable programming ) and aired on Cartoon Network 's Toonami block from September 13 , 1999 , to April 7 , 2003 ; continuing in re-runs through 2008 . Kids ' WB briefly ran Dragon Ball Z in 2001 on its short - lived Toonami block . In 2004 , Pioneer lost its distribution rights to the first 53 / 67 episodes of Dragon Ball Z , allowing Funimation to re-dub them with their in - house voice cast and restore the removed content . This dub 's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson . Funimation 's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network during the summer of 2005 ( in late night , due to the unedited content ) . Funimation 's later remastered DVDs of the series saw minor changes made to their in - house dub for quality and consistency , mostly after the episode 67 gap , and had the option to play the entire series ' dub with both the American and Japanese background music . In January 2011 , Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream Dragon Ball Z within 30 minutes before their simulcast of One Piece . As of 2013 , Dragon Ball Z is being streamed on Hulu , containing the English dub with the Japanese music and uncut footage , as well as subtitled Japanese episodes . The Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada , Ireland , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Belgium , Australia and New Zealand . However , beginning with episode 108 ( 123 uncut ) , AB Groupe and Westwood Media ( in association with Ocean Studios ) produced an alternate English dub . The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK , the Netherlands and Ireland , although it later aired in Canada . Funimation 's in - house dub continued to air in the U.S. , Australia and New Zealand . The Westwood Media production used the same voices from the original short - lived dub syndicated in the USA ( Which later aired on Toonami ) , it featured an alternate soundtrack by Tom Keenlyside and John Mitchell , and it used the same scripts and edits as the TV edit of Funimation 's in - house dub ( although the UK and Europe 's version was slightly edited down from this ) . In Australia , Dragon Ball Z was broadcast by the free - to - air commercial network , Network Ten during morning children 's programming , Cheez TV , originally using the censored Funimation / Saban dub before switching to Funimation 's in - house dub . Dragon Ball Z originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998 . Dragon Ball Z Kai ( edit ) See also : List of Dragon Ball Z Kai episodes In February 2009 , Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a revised version of Dragon Ball Z as part of the series ' 20th - anniversary celebrations . The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5 , 2009 , under the name Dragon Ball Kai . The ending suffix Kai ( 改 「 かい 」 ) in the name means `` updated '' or `` altered '' and reflects the improvements and corrections of the original work . The original footage was remastered for HDTV , featuring updated opening and ending sequences , new music , and a rerecording of the vocal tracks . The original material and any damaged frames were removed to more closely follow the manga , resulting in a faster - moving story . Torishima later explained the origins of Kai ; Bandai was having a hard time increasing their sales and asked if a new Dragon Ball anime could be made . But Toriyama refused to create a new story . Realizing that the anime - exclusive scenes that were added to increase the distance between the original anime and the manga hurt the pacing of the series , Torishima thought of cutting them so that it faithfully followed the manga . He said the reception to Kai was positive and Bandai had a hit with a card game , so it all worked out . The series initially concluded with the finale of the Cell arc , as opposed to including the Majin Buu arc . It was originally planned to run 98 episodes , however , due to the Tōhoku offshore earthquake and tsunami , the final episode of Dragon Ball Kai was not aired and the series ended on its 97th episode in Japan on March 27 , 2011 . The 98th episode was later released direct - to - video in Japan on August 2 , 2011 . In November 2012 , Mayumi Tanaka , the Japanese voice of Krillin , announced that she and the rest of the cast were recording more episodes of Dragon Ball Kai . In February 2014 , the Kai adaptation of the Majin Buu arc was officially confirmed . The new run of the series , which is titled Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters internationally , began airing in Japan on Fuji TV on April 6 , 2014 , and ended its run on June 28 , 2015 . The final arc of Kai was originally produced to last 69 episodes ( as most of the international versions run ) , but the Japanese broadcast cut it down to 61 episodes . English dub production and broadcasting ( edit ) Funimation licensed Dragon Ball Kai for an English - language release in North America , under the title Dragon Ball Z Kai . The series was broadcast on Nicktoons from May 24 , 2010 to April 13 , 2013 . In addition to Nicktoons , the series also began airing on The CW 's Saturday morning programming block Toonzai in August 2010 , then on its successor , Vortexx , beginning in August 2012 . Both the Nicktoons and Toonzai / Vortexx airings were edited for content , though the Toonzai / Vortexx version was censored even more so than Nicktoons ( perhaps most notoriously , Mr. Popo was tinted blue ) , most likely due to The CW being a broadcast network . Kai began airing uncut on Adult Swim 's Toonami block in November 2014 , and re-runs of the previous week 's episodes aired at the beginning of Adult Swim proper from February 2015 to June 2016 . CSC Media Group acquired the broadcast rights to Dragon Ball Z Kai in the United Kingdom and began airing it on Kix ! in early 2013 . Despite Kai 's continuation not being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan , Sean Schemmel and Kyle Hebert , the Funimation dub voice actors of Goku and Gohan , announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes . In November 2013 , Kai 's Australasian distributor Madman Entertainment revealed that the Majin Buu arc of Kai would be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished . However , in February 2014 , Funimation officially stated that they did not record for the final arc of Kai . On December 6 , 2016 , Funimation announced the continuation of Kai to begin airing on Adult Swim 's Toonami block starting January 7 , 2017 . Editing ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z 's original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work . Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing ; but it was the distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work , as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans . These changes included altering every aspect of the show from character names , clothing , scenes and dialogue of the show . The character Mr. Satan was renamed Hercule and this change has been retained in other English media such as Viz 's Dragon Ball Z manga and video games . The dialogue changes would sometimes contradict the scenes itself ; after the apparent fatal explosion of a helicopter , one of the characters said , `` I can see their parachutes ; they 're okay ! '' Funimation 's redub for the 2005 release would address many of the issues raised by Saban , with the uncut releases preserving the integrity of the original Japanese release . During the original Japanese TV airing of Dragon Ball Kai , scenes involving blood and brief nudity were removed . A rumor that Cartoon Network would be airing Kai uncut was met with an official statement to debunk the rumor in June 2010 . Nicktoons would also alter Kai ; it released a preview showcasing these changes which included removing blood and cheek scar from Bardock and altering the color of Roshi 's alcohol . The show was further edited for its broadcast on Toonzai and Vortexx , but the show 's DVD and Blu - ray releases only contained the edits present in the original Japanese version . Steven Simmons , who did the subtitling for Funimation 's home video releases , offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint , addressing several concerns . Simmons said that Gen Fukunaga did not want any swearing on the discs , but because there was no taboo word list Simmons would substitute a variation in the strength of the words by situation with the changes starting in episode 21 . The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes ( -- ) and double - quotes ( `` ) failing to appear , which resulted in confusing dialogue . Music ( edit ) `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' Sample of `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama , the opening theme song for the majority of the show . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Shunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for Dragon Ball Z . The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' performed by Hironobu Kageyama . The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is `` We Gotta Power '' also performed by Kageyama . The ending theme used for the first 194 episodes is `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power ! '' ( で て こい とびきり ZENKAI パワー ! , `` Come Out , Incredible Full Power ! '' ) performed by MANNA . The second ending theme used for the remaining episodes is `` Bokutachi wa Tenshi Datta '' ( 僕達 は 天使 だっ た , `` We Used to be Angels '' ) performed by Kageyama . Kenji Yamamoto composed the score for Dragon Ball Kai . The opening theme , `` Dragon Soul '' , and the first ending theme used for the first 54 episodes , `` Yeah ! Break ! Care ! Break ! '' , are both performed by Takayoshi Tanimoto . The second ending theme , used from episodes 55 -- 98 , is `` Kokoro no Hane '' ( 心 の 羽根 , `` Wings of the Heart '' ) performed by Team Dragon , a unit of the idol girl group AKB48 . On March 9 , 2011 , Toei announced that due to Yamamoto 's score infringing on the rights of an unknown third party or parties , the music for remaining episodes and reruns of previous episodes would be replaced . Later reports from Toei stated that with the exception of the series ' opening and closing songs , as well as eyecatch music , Yamamoto 's score was replaced with Shunsuke Kikuchi 's original from Dragon Ball Z . The music for the Majin Buu Saga of Kai is composed by Norihito Sumitomo . The opening theme is `` Kuu Zen Zetsu Go '' ( 空 前 絶 後 ) by Dragon Soul , while the first ending song is `` Haikei , Tsuratsusutora '' ( 拝啓 、 ツラツストラ , `` Dear Zarathustra '' ) by Japanese rock band Good Morning America , and the second `` Junjō '' ( 純情 , `` Pure Heart '' ) by Leo Ieiri from episode 112 to 123 . The third ending song is `` Oh Yeah ! ! ! ! ! ! ! '' by Czecho No Republic from episode 124 to 136 , the fourth `` Galaxy '' by Kyūso Nekokami from 137 to 146 , and the fifth is `` Do n't Let Me Down '' by Gacharic Spin from 147 to 159 . The international broadcast features two pieces of theme music . The opening theme , titled `` Fight It Out '' , is performed by rock singer Masatoshi Ono , while the ending theme is `` Never Give Up ! ! ! '' , performed by rhythm and blues vocalist Junear . Related Media ( edit ) Home releases ( edit ) In Japan , Dragon Ball Z did not receive a home video release until 2003 , seven years after its broadcast . This was a remastering of the series in two 26 - disc DVD box sets , that were made - to - order only , released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as `` Dragon Boxes . '' The content of these sets began being released on mass - produced individual 6 - episode DVDs on November 2 , 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7 , 2007 . The international home release structure of Dragon Ball Z is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work . Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously . Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make Billboard rankings as separate entries . Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts . Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself ; which was known to release `` DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible '' ; as in the case of their third season . Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation / Saban edited - only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999 , and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999 . Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999 , and on DVD in 2001 . Funimation 's own distribution of their initial in - house dub , which began with episode 54 , in edited or uncut VHS ran between 2000 and 2003 . A DVD version was produced alongside these , although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles . In 2005 , Funimation began releasing their in - house dub of the beginning of Dragon Ball Z on DVD , marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America . However , only nine volumes were released , leaving it incomplete . Instead , Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into 16 : 9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual `` season '' box sets ; the first set released on February 6 , 2007 and the final on May 19 , 2009 . In July 2009 , Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame - by - frame `` Dragon Box '' restoration of Dragon Ball Z in North America . These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show 's original 4 : 3 fullscreen format between November 10 , 2009 and October 11 , 2011 . In July 2011 , Funimation announced plans to release Dragon Ball Z in Blu - ray format , with the first set released on November 8 , 2011 . However , production of these 4 : 3 sets was suspended after the second volume , citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame . Only a year later , the company began producing a cropped 16 : 9 remastered Blu - ray release in 2013 , with nine sets released in total . On August 13 , 2013 , Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first Dragon Ball Z dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector 's DVD box set , titled the Rock the Dragon Edition . Kai ( edit ) In Japan , Dragon Ball Kai was released in wide - screen on 33 DVDs and in fullscreen on a single Blu - ray and eight four - disc Blu - ray sets from September 18 , 2009 , to August 2 , 2011 . Funimation released eight DVD and Blu - ray box sets of Dragon Ball Z Kai from May 18 , 2010 to June 5 , 2012 . These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles , as well as the uncut version of the English dub , which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings . Before the final volume was even published , Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu - ray `` season '' sets between May 22 , 2012 and March 12 , 2013 . Manga ( edit ) Main articles : Dragon Ball ( manga ) and List of Dragon Ball Z chapters While the manga was all titled Dragon Ball in Japan , due to the popularity of the Dragon Ball Z anime in the west , Viz Media initially changed the title of the last 26 volumes of the manga to `` Dragon Ball Z '' to avoid confusion . The volumes were originally published in Japan between 1988 and 1995 . It began serialization in the American Shonen Jump , beginning in the middle of the series with the appearance of Trunks ; the tankōbon volumes of both Dragon Ball Z and Dragon Ball were released simultaneously by Viz Media in the United States . In March 2001 , Viz continued this separation by re-shipping the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z titles starting with the first volumes of each work . Viz 's marketing for the manga made distinct the differences between Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z tone . Viz billed Dragon Ball Z : `` More action - packed than the stories of Goku 's youth , Dragon Ball Z is pure adrenaline , with battles of truly Earth - shaking proportions ! '' Between 2008 and 2010 , Viz re-released the two series in a format called `` Viz Big Edition , '' which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume . However , in 2013 Viz began publishing new 3 - in - 1 volumes collecting the entire manga series , including what they previously released as Dragon Ball Z , under the Dragon Ball name . Films ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball Z films The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015 . The films are typically released in March and July in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools . They were typically double features paired up with other anime films , and were thus , usually an hour or less in length . The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity . All 14 films were licensed in North America by Funimation , and all have received in - house dubs by the company . Prior to Funimation , the third film was a part of the short - lived Saban syndication , being split into three episodes , and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer . Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States , Toonami UK in the United Kingdom ( these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe ) , and Cartoon Network in Australia . Television specials and original video animations ( edit ) Three TV specials based on Dragon Ball Z were produced and broadcast on Fuji TV . The first two were Dragon Ball Z : Bardock -- The Father of Goku in 1990 and Dragon Ball Z : The History of Trunks in 1993 , the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga . Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe . In 2013 , a two - part hour - long crossover with One Piece and Toriko , titled Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Chō Collaboration Special ! ! , was created and aired . Additionally , two original video animations ( OVAs ) bearing the Dragon Ball Z title have been made . The first is Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans , which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as `` Official Visual Guides '' for the video game of the same title . Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was a 2010 remake of this OVA . None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English , and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake , which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature in Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 . Video games ( edit ) Further information : List of Dragon Ball video games There are over 57 video games bearing the Dragon Ball Z name across a range of platforms from the Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom to the current generation consoles . Also included are arcade games like Super Dragon Ball Z , which would eventually be ported to consoles . In North America , licensing rights had been given to both Namco Bandai and Atari . In 1999 , Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games through Funimation , a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005 . A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million . In July 2009 , Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years . This presumably would have taken effect after Atari 's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010 . Soundtracks ( edit ) Main article : List of Dragon Ball soundtracks Dragon Ball Z has been host to numerous soundtrack releases with works like `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' and a series of 21 soundtracks released as part of the Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series . In total , dozens of releases exist for Dragon Ball Z which includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks . Reception ( edit ) Cultural impact and legacy ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN 's `` Top 100 Animated Series '' , and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in Wizard magazine 's `` Top 100 Greatest Cartoons '' list . The series ranked # 6 on Wizard 's Anime Magazine on their `` Top 50 Anime released in North America '' . Dragon Ball Z 's popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media . In 2001 , it was reported that the official website of Dragon Ball Z records 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000 + registered fans . The term `` Dragonball Z '' ranked 4th in 1999 and 2nd in 2000 by Lycos ' web search engine . For 2001 , `` Dragonball '' was the most popular search on Lycos and `` Dragonball Z '' was fifth on Yahoo ! . In 2015 , Ford Motor Company released two commercials featuring characters from the series , the first advertising the Ford Fusion and the second for the Ford Focus . Ratings ( edit ) Dragon Ball Z 's Japanese run was very popular with an average viewer ratings of 20.5 % across the series . Dragon Ball Z also proved to be a rating success in the United States , as the premiere of Season Three of Dragon Ball Z in 1999 , done by Funimation 's in - house dub , was the highest - rated program ever at the time on Cartoon Network . In 2002 , in the week ending September 22 , Dragon Ball Z was the # 1 program of the week on all of television with tweens 9 - 14 , boys 9 - 14 and men 12 - 24 , with the Monday , Tuesday and Wednesday telecasts of Dragon Ball Z ranked as the top three programs in all of television , broadcast or cable , for delivery of boys 9 - 14 . In 2001 , Cartoon Network obtained licensing to run 96 more episodes and air the original Dragon Ball anime and was the top rated show in the Toonami block of Cartoon network . Beginning March 26 , 2001 , Cartoon Network ran a 12 - week special promotion `` Toonami Reactor '' which included a focus on Dragon Ball Z , which would stream episodes online to high - speed internet users . Many home video releases were met with both the edited and unedited versions placing on in the top 10 video charts of Billboard . For example , `` The Dark Prince Returns '' ( containing episodes 226 - 228 ) and `` Rivals '' ( containing episodes 229 - 231 ) edited and unedited , made the Billboard magazine top video list for October 20 , 2001 . The first episode of Dragon Ball Kai earned a viewer ratings percentage of 11.3 , ahead of One Piece and behind Crayon Shin - chan . Although following episodes had lower ratings , Kai was among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run . Towards the end of the original run the ratings hovered around 9 % - 10 % . Dragon Ball Z Kai premiered on Nicktoons in May 2010 and set the record for the highest - rated premiere in total viewers , and in tweens and boys ages 9 -- 14 . Nielsen Mega Manila viewer ratings ranked Dragon Ball Kai with a viewer ratings with a high of 18.4 % for October 30 -- November 4 in 2012 . At the end of April 2013 , Dragon Ball Kai would trail just behind One Piece at 14.2 % . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ranked Dragon Ball Z Kai as the second most viewed show in the week it debuted on Kix . On its debut on Vortexx , Dragon Ball Z Kai was the third highest rated show on the Saturday morning block with 841,000 viewers and a 0.5 household rating . Merchandising ( edit ) Some Dragon Ball staction figures at the Romics 2015 Dragon Ball Z merchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest , with more than $3 billion in sales from 1986 -- 2000 . In 1998 , Animage - ine Entertainment , a division of Simitar , announced the sale of Chroma - Cels , mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity of Dragon Ball Z . The original sale was forecasted for late 1998 , but were pushed back to January 12 , 1999 . An acrylic replica of the Five - Star Dragon Ball . In 2000 , MGA Entertainment released more than twenty toys , consisting of table - top games and walkie - talkies . Irwin Toy released more than 72 figures consisting of 2 - inch and 5 inch action figures , which became top - selling toys in a market dominated by the Pokémon Trading Card Game . Irwin Toys would release other unique Dragon Ball Z toys including a battery powered Flying Nimbus Cloud which hovered without touching the ground and a die - cast line of vehicles with collector capsules . In June 2000 , Burger King had a toy promotion which would see 20 million figurines ; Burger King bore the cost of the promotion which provided free marketing for Funimation . The Halloween Association found Dragon Ball Z costumes to be the fourth most popular costumes in their nationwide survey . In December 2002 , Jakks Pacific signed a three - year deal for licensing Dragon Ball Z toys , which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy . Jakks Pacific 's Dragon Ball Z 5 - inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation . In 2010 , Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra , Richtex , Pil Andina , DTM , Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta . In 2012 , Brazil 's Abr - Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shuki Levy and Kussa Mahehi ( Haim Saban ) were credited as composers for contractual reasons . This was standard practice at Saban Entertainment during the 1990s . Jump up ^ The original interview was conducted by Steve Harmon with Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga in 1999 and was hosted on Harmon 's personal website `` The Vault '' . A record of the website exists on Archive.org , but the original interview itself was lost . The record was kept by Chris Psaros who provided a copy for the website `` The Dragon Ball Z Otaku Alliance '' which republished the original interview for this source . Jump up ^ Steven Simmons , who uses the nickname `` Daimao '' in websites like Toriyama.org , wrote the original scripts for the Funimation subtitles and was involved in the localization process . His comments are included as a primary source , but also definitively illustrate concerns with the subtitles , from its creator . This connection and background is noted at the accompanying Anime News Network reference . Jump up ^ The releases for both The Dark Prince Returns and Babidi : Showdown were released on September 25 , 2001 . The title `` Showdown '' was replaced with `` Rivals '' and contains episodes 229 -- 231 , titled `` Vegeta 's Pride '' , `` The Long Awaited Flight '' , and `` Magic Ball of Buu '' . Prior to the release , Billboard and news outlets including the Anime News Network and Anime Nation were using the title `` Showdown '' ; but the UPC codes match , indicating a re-titling for this release , `` Rivals '' , also has a September 25 , 2001 , release date for the uncut material . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Kai ( ドラゴンボール 改 ( カイ ) , Doragon Bōru Kai , lit . Dragon Ball Revised ) , retitled Dragon Ball Z Kai in most international releases References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball '' . Toei Animation USA . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kazuhiko Torishima On Shaping The Success Of ' Dragon Ball ' And The Origins Of ' Dragon Quest ' '' . Forbes . October 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shonen Jump '' . October 3 , 2003 : 92 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; Helen McCarthy ( September 1 , 2001 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Stone Bridge Press . pp. 101 -- 102 . ISBN 1 - 880656 - 64 - 7 . OCLC 47255331 . Jump up ^ Editors ' roundtable , Jump Comics ( Shueisha ) , July 2 , 2004 , page 88 . ISBN 4088737059 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 大 全集 3 : TV ANIMATION PART 1 ( in Japanese ) . Shueisha. 1995 . pp. 202 -- 207 . ISBN 4 - 08 - 782753 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Supplemental Daizenshuu : TV Animation Part 3 , pages 107 -- 113 Jump up ^ DRAGON BALL 超 全集 4 超 事典 . Shueisha. 2013 . pp. 340 -- 345 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 08 - 782499 - 5 . Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) . Television cartoon shows : an illustrated encyclopedia , 1949 through 2003 . McFarland & Co. pp. 283 -- 285 . ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pioneer announces last Dragonball Z release '' . Anime News Network . November 14 , 1998 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Funimation / Saban dub , episodes 1 - 53 ( 1 - 67 uncut ) Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton . `` Saban trims syndie arm '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to air in Kids WB '' . DBZN . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : De La Cruz , Edwin ( November 23 , 2003 ) . `` ' Dragon Ball Z ' keeps up the momentum '' . Video Store . Questex Media Group , Inc . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Previously Unreleased Dragon Ball Z DVDs ! '' . ICV2 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation 2005 Plans '' . Anime News Network . December 31 , 2004 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ uncut on Cartoon Network '' . Anime News Network . June 9 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation to Stream Dragon Ball Z in North America '' . Anime News Network . January 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z end credits ( Westwood Media dub , c. 2001 ) Jump up ^ Rupert Howe , Made in Japan : Chasing the Dragon ; Pokemon Was Nicknamed ' Kiddie Crack ' but a New Wave of Japanese Monsters Threatens to Be Even More Addictive . The Independent ( London ) , March 5 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japan 's Remastered DBZ to Be Called Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z to Rerun on Japanese TV in HD in April '' . Anime News Network . February 6 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 「 ドラゴンボール Z 」 放送 開始 20 周年 記念 ! HD リ マスター 坂 で テレビ アニメ が 堂々 復活 ! ! 孫悟空 伝説 再び ! ! その 名 も ... DRAGON BALL KAI '' . V Jump ( in Japanese ) . Japan : Shueisha : 10 . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Interview de l'éditeur de Dragon Ball - L'influence de Dragon Ball - Partie 6 ( web video ) . Kazé . January 17 , 2015 . Event occurs at 6 : 27 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ドラゴンボール 改 人造 人間 ・ セル 編 15 ( Dragon Ball Kai Artificial Human / Cell Volume 15 ( DVD ) ) ( in Japanese ) . Happinet Pictures . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Japanese Cast Records New Episodes '' . Anime News Network . November 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime Series to Premiere on April 6 '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters Listed at 69 Episodes . Anime News Network ( April 17 , 2014 ) . Retrieved on May 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Navarre Reveals Funimation 's Dragon Ball Kai License -- Anime News Network ( Received February 2 , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Heldenfelds , Rich ( March 11 , 2010 ) . `` Nickelodeon Announces Fall Plans '' . Ohio.com . Akron Beach Journal . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Air on TheCW4Kids on Saturdays '' . Anime News Network . April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved April 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai to Run on Adult Swim 's Toonami Block '' . Anime News Network . May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Gets an Extra Slot on Adult Swim '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai now broadcast in the UK TOEI Animation Europe '' . Toei-animation.com . November 19 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai Due on U.K. Television This Month '' . Anime News Network . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai TV Screenings on Kix ! Channel in Early 2013 '' . Anime News Network . December 11 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kyle Herbert , Sean Schemmel Returning in Dragon Ball Z Kai Buu Saga Dub '' . Anime News Network . April 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australia 's Madman Ent : DBZ Kai 's Buu Saga Should Come in 2014 '' . Anime News Network . November 23 , 2013 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Has Not Recorded a Dub for Dragon Ball Z Kai 's Buu Saga '' . Anime News Network . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Funimation ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : The Final Chapters heading to Toonami ! '' . www.funimation.com . Funimation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reprinted Interview : 30 - Something Questions with Gen Fukunaga '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2003 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dragon Ball Z : Ultimate , Battle 22 , TOSE Software Co. , 1995 Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Debunks Dragon Ball Z Kai Uncensored Airing Rumor '' . Anime News.biz . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is Dragon Ball Kai ? Part II : How to Watch Kai in America '' . Toon Zone . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DBZ Subtitling article '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Concerning the DVDs ( 07 / 26 / 00 ) ( Archived by Archive.org ) '' . Toriyama.org . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2000 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ オープニング & エンディング テーマ が 決定 ! ( in Japanese ) . Toei Animation . Retrieved April 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` チーム ドラゴン fromAKB48 : チーム ドラゴン from AKB48 、 『 ドラゴンボール 改 』 ED 曲 を 全 11 種類 の パッケージ で 発売 / BARKS ニュース '' . Barks ( in Japanese ) . June 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Toei Replaces Possibly Infringing Dragon Ball Kai Music '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Shino Kakinuma Replaces Yuko Minaguchi as Videl in Dragon Ball Z Kai '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Band Good Morning America Performs New Dragon Ball Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Ieiri Performs 2nd Dragon Ball Z Kai Anime 's Ending Theme '' . Anime News Network . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Dragon Ball Kai '' New ED Song PV by Czecho No Republic `` . Crunchyroll . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Band Gacharic Spin to Perform New Dragon Ball Z Kai Ending '' . Anime News Network . March 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z 第 1 巻 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DRAGON BALL Z ♯ 49 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z news '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 : Arrival ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Super Saiyan ( Vol. 17 ) ( Episodes 50 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 - Arrival ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 17 - Super Saiyan ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Saiyan Conflict ( Boxed Set I - Episodes 1 - 25 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Namek Saga ( Boxed Set II - Episodes 26 - 53 ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Saiyan Conflict ( Boxed Set I - Episodes 1 - 25 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - The Namek Saga ( Boxed Set II - Episodes 26 - 53 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault ( Uncut ) ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Kid Buu - New Beginning ( VHS ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - A New Beginning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 1 - Saiyan Showdown ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DragonBall Z : Vegeta Saga 2 - Saiyan Invasion ( Vol. 1 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season One ( Vegeta Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season Nine ( Majin Buu Saga ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES DRAGON BALL Z SERIES ON BLU - RAY '' . funimation.com . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FUNimation Entertainment ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray '' . prnewswire.com . Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Entertainment Announces Dragon Ball Z Series on Blu - ray - FLOWER MOUND , Texas '' . Texas : Prnewswire.com . July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Funimation Entertainment ( January 26 , 2012 ) . `` FUNimation Suspends Production of Dragon Ball Z Blu - rays '' ( Press release ) . Flower Mound , Texas : Anime News Network . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Season 9 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z : Rock the Dragon Collector 's Edition ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part One Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Part Eight ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Kai : Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces 4 / 99 releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viz announces products for 7 / 99 release '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` March Manga releases '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Releases from Viz posted on November 2 , 2000 '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 1 ( VIZBIG Edition ) '' . Barnes & Noble Booksellers , Inc . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball ( 3 - in - 1 Edition ) , Vol. 1 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atari and FUNimation Extend Dragon Ball License '' . Wireless News . Close - Up Media , Inc . January 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . ^ Jump up to : `` Atari Settles ' Dragonball Z ' ( ALL ) Dispute With FUNimation '' . Worthplaying . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Namco Bandai Locks Down Dragon Ball License For America '' . Kotaku . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 78 . Dragon Ball Z '' . IGN . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard Magazine 's Top 100 cartoons list '' . Listal . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard lists Top 50 Anime '' . Anime News Network . July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Azoulay , Julia F ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Character study : CB offers a licensing show cheat sheet '' . Children 's Business . Conde Nast Publications , Inc . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Evers , Joris ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Britney Spears tops Lycos 2000 search terms list '' . Network World . Network World Inc. / IDG . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Phan , Monty ( January 14 , 2001 ) . `` Ugh , they did it again -- and again '' . Post-Tribune ( IN ) . Sun - Times News Group . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Schorow , Stephanie ( January 8 , 2002 ) . `` Predictably , Nostradamus tops searches on Internet '' . The Boston Herald . Herald Media , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Watch These Bizarre Ford Car Commercials Featuring Dragon Ball Z '' . GameSpot . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gundam Wing leaving Toonami ? ! '' . Anime News Network . December 12 , 2000 . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dragonball Z Tops Ratings '' . Anime News Network . September 22 , 2002 . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Mike ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` Cartoon Upfront With New Show Spending '' . Cable World . Access Intelligence , LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Stump , Matt ( April 23 , 2001 ) . `` Broadband ' Toonami ' Boosts Cable Modems '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ The Associated Press . ( October 12 , 2001 ) . `` Most Popular Videos '' . AP Online . Press Association , Inc . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , March 30 - April 5 '' . Anime News Network . April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 6 -- 12 '' . Anime News Network . April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Anime TV Ranking , April 13 -- 19 '' . Anime News Network . April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 海外 で 話題 の 日本 アニメ を ソーシャル メディア から 探る ! ~ 「 ワンピース 」 が 各国 の つぶやき で 上位 に ~ '' . Videor.co.jp . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` バック ナンバー 2011 年度 VOL. 6 2011 年 1 月 31 日 ( 月 ) ~ 2 月 6 日 ( 日 ) '' . Videor . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Ranks As Basic Cable 's Top Network With Kids , Total Viewers ; Scores Most - Watched May Ever With Total Viewers '' ( PDF ) . Viacom . June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( Oct. 30 - Nov. 4 ) : Be Careful With My Heart rules daytime ; 24 Oras and Ina Kapatid Anak share primetime lead '' . Pep . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Nielsen Mega Manila Household Ratings ( April 26 to 28 ) : Aljur Abrenica 's Magpakailanman episode tops Saturday ratings '' . PEP . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Viewing data Top 10s '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Morning Vortexx Ratings Notes for the CW : ' WWE Saturday Morning Slam ' , ' Dragon Ball Z Kai ' , ' Justice League Unlimited ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burger King Uses Kids ' Meals to Promote Japanese Cartoon Series. ( Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News ) '' . Knight Ridder / Tribune Business News . June 5 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ani - Mag announces Chroma - Cels of Sailor Moon , DBZ '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` News Briefs ( posted on December 12 , 1998 ) '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MGA signs for Dragonball Z. ( Brief Article ) '' . Playthings . January 1 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cuthbert , Joyce ( February 1 , 2000 ) . `` Chicago '' . Playthings . Furniture Today Media Group LLC . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ `` Irwin Toy Launches '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hype All Dressed up with Somewhere to Go '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . October 25 , 2000 . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Brent ( February 19 , 2003 ) . `` Toy Maker Bets on Dead Delinquent Jakks Pacific Shifts Its Focus from Wrestling '' . Los Angeles Daily News . McClatchy - Tribune Information Services . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 -- via HighBeam Research . Jump up ^ Bump on Head Does Good for Warrior , Target Earth , Joseph Szadkowski , The Washington Times ( Washington , DC ) , December 3 , 2005 Questia Jump up ^ `` Toei seals Latin America deals '' . Licensing.biz . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toei lands licensing deal for Dragon Ball Z '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Mínguez - López , Xavier ( March 2014 ) . `` Folktales and Other References in Toriyama 's Dragon Ball Z '' . Animation. 9 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 46 . doi : 10.1177 / 1746847713519386 . 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Horton Hears a Who! (film)

Horton Hears a Who ! ( Film ) - wikipedia Horton Hears a Who ! ( Film ) Horton Hears a Who ! Theatrical release poster Directed by Jimmy Hayward Steve Martino Produced by Bob Gordon Bruce Anderson Screenplay by Cinco Paul Ken Daurio Based on Horton Hears a Who ! by Dr. Seuss Starring Jim Carrey Steve Carell Will Arnett Seth Rogen Isla Fisher Amy Poehler Narrated by Charles Osgood Music by John Powell Edited by Tim Nordquist Production company Blue Sky Studios 20th Century Fox Animation Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 14 ) Running time 86 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $297.1 million Horton Hears a Who ! ( also known as Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ) is a 2008 American computer animated adventure comedy film based on the book of the same name by Dr. Seuss , produced by Blue Sky Studios and distributed by 20th Century Fox . Directed by Jimmy Hayward and Steve Martino in in their directorial debuts , the film 's screenplay was written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio , and features the voices of Jim Carrey and Steve Carell as Horton the Elephant and the Mayor of Whoville , respectively , alongside Will Arnett , Seth Rogen , Isla Fisher , and Amy Poehler . John Powell composed the film 's music . The film was released on March 14 , 2008 , and grossed $297 million on a budget of $85 million . Horton Hears a Who ! was the third Dr. Seuss feature film adaptation , the first adaptation to be fully animated , and the second Dr. Seuss film starring Jim Carrey after How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Box office 5.3 Interpretations 5.4 Awards 6 Home media release 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) A dust speck is dislodged from its obscure place and sent adrift through the Jungle of Nool . At the same time , Horton the elephant , the jungle 's eccentric nature teacher , takes a dip in the pool . The dust speck floats past him in the air , and he hears a tiny yelp coming from it . Believing that an entire society of microscopic creatures are living on that speck , he gives chase to it before placing it on top of a clover . Horton finds out the speck harbors the city of Whoville and its inhabitants , the Whos , led by Mayor Ned McDodd . He has a wife , Sally , 96 daughters ( whose names all begin with the letter H ) , and one teenage son named JoJo . Despite being the oldest and next in line for the mayoral position , JoJo does n't want to be the next mayor , and because he 's so scared of disappointing his father , never talks . Once Horton begins carrying the speck with him , the city starts experiencing strange phenomena ( earthquakes and changes in the weather ) , and the Mayor finds his attempts to caution Whoville challenged by the Town Council , led by the opportunistic yet condescending Chairman . After he makes contact with Horton , the Mayor finds out from Dr. Mary Lou LaRue that Whoville will be destroyed if Horton does not find a `` safer , more stable home '' . Horton resolves ( with the help of his best friend Morton the mouse ) to place the speck atop Mt . Nool , the safest place in the jungle . The head of the jungle , Jane Kangaroo , disbelieving Horton 's beliefs and resenting him for overshadowing her authority , attempts several times to demand that Horton give up the speck , but Horton ignores her demands . Also taking force toward Horton are the Wickersham Brothers , a group of monkeys who love making misery . Eventually , the Kangaroo enlists a vulture named Vlad Vladikoff to get rid of the speck by force . After a few failed attempts , Vlad manages to steal the clover away from Horton and drops it into a massive field of identical pink clovers , causing an apocalyptic tremor in Whoville . After unsuccessfully picking nearly three million clovers , Horton eventually recovers the clover ( exactly the 3,000,000 th clover ) . The Kangaroo eventually finds out , thanks to Mrs. Quilligan , that Horton still has the speck , and decides to rally the jungle community into fighting Horton , saying that Horton 's goal will lead to anarchy . Upon cornering him , the Kangaroo offers Horton an escape from punishment by renouncing Whoville 's existence . Despite Horton 's heartfelt speech when he refuses , the Kangaroo orders the animals to rope and cage him , and to have the speck and the Whos destroyed in a pot of boiling beezlenut oil . The Mayor enlists all of his people to make noise by shouting `` We are here ! '' , as well as playing a variety of instruments , so the animals may hear them , assisted by JoJo 's `` Symphonophone '' , an invention which creates a huge musical contribution ( which reveals that JoJo 's `` true '' passion is music ) , but still fails to penetrate the surface of the speck . As Horton lies beaten and captured , the Kangaroo easily takes the clover , and drops it . Meanwhile , JoJo grabs the horn used to project Horton 's voice , runs up the highest tower and screams `` YOPP ! '' , breaking through the sound barrier just seconds before the speck hits the oil . The Kangaroo 's son , Rudy grabs the clover and returns it to Horton . The animals finally hear the Whos , realizing the truth about the clover , and isolate the Kangaroo for tricking them . While being praised for his integrity by his neighbors , Horton even forgives the devastated Kangaroo , and she befriends him with a makeshift umbrella for Whoville . Here , the people of Whoville and the animals of Nool gather in song and recite the chorus from `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' . The film ends with the narrator revealing that the Jungle of Nool , or rather Earth , is just one speck , like Whoville , among numerous others , floating in outer space . Voice cast ( edit ) Jim Carrey as Horton , an outgoing , eccentric , big - hearted , loving , sweet , and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool . Horton has no tusks , lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities . Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd , the mayor of Whoville . He has 96 daughters , 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally . Carol Burnett as Sour Kangaroo , who mistrusts Horton 's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool . Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff , a scary , savage , eccentric Russian - accented vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton 's clover . Seth Rogen as Morton , a mouse and Horton 's friend in the Jungle of Nool . Dan Fogler as The Councilman , a councilman dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of Mayor McDodd . Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham , leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers . Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue , a professor at Who U . Jonah Hill as Tommy , a bear and one of Horton 's students . Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley , Mayor McDodd 's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters . Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan , a bird and Jessica 's mother . Charles Osgood as The Narrator Jesse McCartney as JoJo McDodd , Mayor McDodd 's quiet son . Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo , Sour Kangaroo 's son . Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp , Mayor McDodd 's assistant . Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan , a bird , Mrs. Quilligan 's daughter and one of Horton 's students . Joey King as Katie , a cute , but eccentric little baby yak . Bill Farmer as Willie , a bear and Tommy 's dad . Heather Goldenhersh as Who Girl Production ( edit ) In March 2005 , as Blue Sky Studios was completing Robots , the studio started courting Dr. Seuss ' widow Audrey Geisel on getting the adaptation rights for Horton Hears a Who ! . The art director for Robots , Steve Martino , along with story consultant and additional scene director Jimmy Hayward , created a model of protagonist Horton and some animation tests to showcase their design ideas to Geisel , who eventually agreed on `` a seven - figure deal '' for both the book and its predecessor Horton Hatches the Egg . Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio were then hired to write the script , to be directed by Hayward and Martino with a set release date of 2008 . Geisel was credited as a supervising producer and watched production up close , and also gave the directors full access to her late husband 's archives , and thus they investigated on his original sketches , 3 - D sculptures , work done for The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T and even memos Dr. Seuss traded with Chuck Jones during the production of the Grinch TV special . For references in doing the character animation , along with footage of the voice actors performing their lines , the Blue Sky animators recorded themselves performing the script in an `` acting room '' to see what of their body language could translate well into the film . To make Horton different from the mammoths Blue Sky worked with in the Ice Age series , the elephant would at times walk on two legs , in a way that it looked like `` a fat man in an elephant suit '' . While the design had a major difference from the original book , with a bigger mouth to allow for wider facial expressions like those of Jim Carrey , as the directors noticed Horton 's design in the book varied according to his emotion , the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects . Soundtrack ( edit ) The original score for the film 's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell . A soundtrack , consisting of the film 's score , was released on March 25 , 2008 , by Varèse Sarabande . Near the end of the picture , the cast comes together and sings the song , `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' by REO Speedwagon . Horton Hears a Who ! ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by John Powell Released March 25 , 2008 Genre Soundtrack Length 59 : 56 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer John Powell Others songs featured in the film are : Title Performer `` Ca n't Fight This Feeling '' Jim Carrey , Steve Carell , Amy Poehler , Carol Burnett , Dan Fogler , Seth Rogen , Will Arnett and Jesse McCartney `` Quickie '' Thomas Foyer `` Swingville Sashay '' Muff & Rezz `` Agua Melao '' Gilberto Candido `` The Blue Danube '' Johann Strauß ( as Johann Strauss II ) Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79 % of critics gave the film positive reviews , based on 132 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Horton Hears A Who ! is both whimsical and heartwarming , and is the rare Dr. Seuss adaptation that stays true to the spirit of the source material . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , calculated a score of 71 out of 100 based on 31 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' According to CinemaScore , the film version rated an `` A − '' on an `` A + '' to `` F '' scale . Box Office ( edit ) Horton Hears a Who ! grossed a total of $297 million on a $85 million budget . $155 million came from the United States and Canada , and $143 million from other territories . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $45 million in 3,954 theaters , averaging $11,384 per theater in the United States and Canada , and ranking # 1 at the box office . The film previously had the fourth - largest opening weekend in March , behind Ice Age , Ice Age : The Meltdown and 300 , and as of September 2012 , it ranks on the 15th place . In the United States and Canada , Horton Hears a Who ! was also the # 1 film its second weekend of release , grossing $25 million over the Easter frame , in 3,961 theaters and averaging $6,208 per venue . It dropped to # 2 in its third weekend grossing $17.8 million in 3,826 theaters and averaging $4,637 per venue . Interpretations ( edit ) Horton Hears a Who ! , like other Dr. Seuss creations , contains layered subtexts and messages . A major theme regards on learning about universal values between vastly different places and people , as shown by the quote `` A person 's a person , no matter how small '' . This is employed on many levels , primarily with Horton hearing a world in a speck , while also appearing with the Mayor 's relationship with his son , and Sour Kangaroo learning the truth about Horton 's beliefs . The movie characters display traditional gender roles . According to NPR host and father of three daughters Peter Sagal , `` In a new subplot added by the filmmakers , the mayor of Whoville has 96 daughters . He has one son . Guess who gets all his attention ? Guess who saves the day ? '' Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Annie Award Best Animated Effects Alen Lai Nominated Best Character Animation in a Feature Production Jeff Gabor Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Sang Jun Lee Best Music in an Animated Feature Production John Powell Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Powell for Bolt , Hancock and Jumper Won Golden Trailer Award Best Animation / Family TV Spot for `` Whomongous '' Horton Hears a Who ! Nominated IFMCA Award Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Film John Powell Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects , Foley , Music , Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film Randy Thom ( supervising sound editor , sound designer ) Dennis Leonard ( supervising sound editor ) Jonathan Null ( supervising dialogue / adr editor ) Sue Fox ( supervising foley editor ) Thomas A. Carlson ( music editor ) Steve Slanec ( dialogue editor ) Colette D. Dahanne ( sound effects editor ) Pete Horner ( sound effects editor ) Kyrsten Mate ( sound effects editor ) Mac Smith ( sound effects editor ) Jeremy Bowker ( foley editor ) Andrea Gard ( foley editor ) Ronni Brown ( foley artist ) Ellen Heuer ( foley artist ) Dennie Thorpe ( foley artist ) Jana Vance ( foley artist ) OFCS Award Best Animated Feature Horton Hears a Who ! Satellite Award Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Horton Hears a Who ! Best Original Score John Powell Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Voice - Over Role - Young Actress Selena Gomez , Shelby Adamowsky and Joey King Home media release ( edit ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! was released on DVD and Blu - ray on December 9 , 2008 . Three versions of the DVD are available : a single - disc edition , a 2 - disc special edition , and a gift set packaged with a Horton plush . A Blu - ray combo pack with a DVD and digital copy was released on October 11 , 2011 . The home media included an Ice Age - related short film , Surviving Sid . In the United States , the film earned $77,630,768 from DVD sales and $180,434 from Blu - ray sales for a total of $77,811,202 in video sales . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baisley , Sarah ( March 10 , 2005 ) . `` Fox Animation , Blue Sky to Make CGI Horton Film '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( WarnerMedia . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowles , Scott ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` ' Horton ' shakes off the dust '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Chris ( March 16 , 2008 ) . `` Now they can laugh '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chocano , Carina ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` ' Horton ' Here Is n't a Hoot '' . Lost Angeles Times . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carnevale , Rob ( 2008 ) . `` Dr Seuss ' Horton Hears A Who - Chris Wedge and Mike Thumeier interview '' . IndieLondon . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( December 7 , 2005 ) . `` Helmers hear a ' Who ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( March 9 , 2005 ) . `` Fox woos Seuss with new ' Who ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Orange , B. Alan ( March 12 , 2008 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Horton Director Jimmy Hayward Hears a Who ! '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bringing the Characters to Life '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ `` The Elephant in the Room : Jim Carrey '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss : Horton Hears a Who ! 8Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears A Who ! '' . Varese Sarabande . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Scott ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Horton Hears a Who ! Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! - Production Notes '' ( PDF ) ( in Italian ) . Mymovies . p. 34 . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) - Weekend Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Top March Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Person is a Person : A Universal Message '' , Horton Hears a Who ! DVD Jump up ^ Sagal , Peter ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Gender Inequity in ' Whoville ' '' . NPR . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kung Fu Panda ' leads Annie noms '' . Variety . December 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Honors Top Film and Television Musiccomposers and Songwriters at 24th Annual Awards Celebration '' ( Press release ) . ASCAP . May 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . The Golden Trailer Awards . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brevet , Brad ( January 16 , 2009 ) . `` International Film Music Critics Announce 2008 Nominees '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Golden Reel Award Nominees : Feature Films '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2009 . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Awards ( 12th Annual ) '' . Online Film Critics Society . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Satellites soar for Meryl Streep '' . Variety . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Nominations & Recipients '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCutcheon , David ( July 28 , 2008 ) . `` Horton Hears A Blu '' . IGN . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who ! Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horton Hears a Who '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horton Hears a Who ! ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Horton Hears a Who ! ( film ) Official website Horton Hears a Who ! at The Big Cartoon DataBase Horton Hears a Who ! on IMDb Horton Hears a Who ! at AllMovie Horton Hears a Who ! at Box Office Mojo Horton Hears a Who ! at Rotten Tomatoes Horton Hears a Who ! at Metacritic Dr. Seuss Characters The Cat in the Hat The Grinch Horton the Elephant Bartholomew Cubbins Bibliography And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins The King 's Stilts The Seven Lady Godivas Horton Hatches the Egg McElligot 's Pool Thidwick the Big - Hearted Moose Bartholomew and the Oobleck If I Ran the Zoo Scrambled Eggs Super ! Horton Hears a Who ! On Beyond Zebra ! If I Ran the Circus How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Cat in the Hat The Cat in the Hat Comes Back Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Happy Birthday to You ! Green Eggs and Ham One Fish , Two Fish , Red Fish , Blue Fish The Sneetches and Other Stories Dr. Seuss 's Sleep Book Dr. Seuss 's ABC Hop on Pop Fox in Socks I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew I Wish That I Had Duck Feet Come over to My House The Foot Book I Can Lick 30 Tigers Today ! and Other Stories My Book about ME Mr. Brown Can Moo ! Can You ? : Dr. Seuss 's Book of Wonderful Noises ! The Lorax Marvin K. Mooney Will You Please Go Now ! Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are ? The Shape of Me and Other Stuff There 's a Wocket in My Pocket Great Day for Up ! Wacky Wednesday Oh , the Thinks You Can Think ! The Cat 's Quizzer I Can Read with My Eyes Shut ! Oh Say Can You Say ? Hunches in Bunches The Butter Battle Book You 're Only Old Once ! I Am Not Going to Get Up Today ! Oh , the Places You 'll Go ! Daisy - Head Mayzie My Many Colored Days Hooray for Diffendoofer Day ! The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories Horton and the Kwuggerbug and More Lost Stories What Pet Should I Get ? Adaptations Television series The Gerald McBoing - Boing Show ( 1956 -- 57 ) The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss ( 1996 -- 98 ) ( episodes ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That ! ( 2010 -- present ) ( episodes ) Green Eggs and Ham ( 2018 ) Television specials Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( 1966 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 1970 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 1971 ) The Lorax ( 1972 ) Dr. Seuss on the Loose ( 1973 ) The Hoober - Bloob Highway ( 1975 ) Halloween Is Grinch Night ( 1977 ) Pontoffel Pock , Where Are You ? ( 1980 ) The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat ( 1982 ) The Butter Battle Book ( 1989 ) In Search of Dr. Seuss ( 1994 ) Daisy - Head Mayzie ( 1995 ) Film Horton Hatches the Egg ( short ; 1942 ) Gerald McBoing - Boing ( short ; 1950 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) The Lorax ( 2012 ) The Grinch ( 2018 ) The Cat in the Hat ( TBA ) Other media Welcome ( Russian short film ) Seussical ( musical ) Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! The Musical The Grinch ( video game ) Dr. Seuss : How the Grinch Stole Christmas ! ( video game ) `` You 're a Mean One , Mr. Grinch '' ( song ) The Lorax ( play ) Other works Private Snafu The Pocket Book of Boners Your Job in Germany Our Job in Japan Design for Death The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T . Hejji Society of Red Tape Cutters Flit Related A Fish out of Water Amazing World of Dr. Seuss Museum Beginner Books Dr. Seuss Goes to War The Secret Art of Dr. Seuss Dr. Seuss National Memorial Geisel Award Geisel Library Geisel School of Medicine Helen Palmer PM Political messages of Dr. Seuss Read Across America Seuss Landing as `` Theo . LeSieg '' . Posthumous . Blue Sky Studios Feature films Released Ice Age ( 2002 ) Robots ( 2005 ) Ice Age : The Meltdown ( 2006 ) Dr. Seuss ' Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) Rio ( 2011 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) Epic ( 2013 ) Rio 2 ( 2014 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Ice Age : Collision Course ( 2016 ) Ferdinand ( 2017 ) Upcoming Spies in Disguise ( 2019 ) Nimona ( 2020 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Short films Bunny ( 1998 ) Gone Nutty ( 2002 ) Aunt Fanny 's Tour of Booty ( 2005 ) No Time for Nuts ( 2006 ) Surviving Sid ( 2008 ) Cosmic Scrat - tastrophe ( 2015 ) Scrat : Spaced Out ( 2016 ) Television specials Ice Age : A Mammoth Christmas ( 2011 ) Ice Age : The Great Egg - Scapade ( 2016 ) Franchises Ice Age ( 2002 -- present ) Rio ( 2011 -- present ) People Chris Wedge Films directed by Jimmy Hayward Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Jonah Hex ( 2010 ) Free Birds ( 2013 ) Films directed by Steve Martino Horton Hears a Who ! ( 2008 ) Ice Age : Continental Drift ( 2012 ) The Peanuts Movie ( 2015 ) Foster ( 2021 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horton_Hears_a_Who!_(film)&oldid=857007463 '' Categories : 2008 films English - language films 2008 animated films 2008 computer - animated films 2000s American animated films 2000s comedy films American films American adventure comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American computer - animated films Animated films based on children 's books Animated adventure films Animated comedy films Directorial debut films Films about animals Films about elephants Films based on poems Films based on works by Dr. Seuss Films featuring anthropomorphic characters 20th Century Fox films 20th Century Fox animated films Blue Sky Studios films Films directed by Jimmy Hayward Films directed by Steve Martino Films scored by John Powell Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use mdy dates from October 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 23 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played the kangaroo in horton hears a who

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Quantum of Solace (soundtrack)

Quantum of Solace ( soundtrack ) - wikipedia Quantum of Solace ( soundtrack ) Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by David Arnold Released 17 October 2008 Recorded 2008 Genre Film score Length 61 : 12 Label Producer David Arnold David Arnold chronology How to Lose Friends & Alienate People ( 2008 ) Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 2008 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader ( 2010 ) James Bond soundtrack chronology Casino Royale ( 2006 ) Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) Singles from Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Another Way to Die '' Released : September 30 , 2008 ( US ) , October 20 , 2008 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Filmtracks IGN Movie Music UK Movie Wave SoundtrackNet Quantum of Solace : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the James Bond film of the same name . Released on 17 October 2008 . The album contains the score composed by David Arnold . It is Arnold 's fifth soundtrack for the James Bond franchise . His frequent collaborator Nicholas Dodd orchestrated and conducted the score . Contents 1 Development 2 Track listing 3 See also 4 References Development ( edit ) David Arnold , who composed the scores for the previous four Bond films , said that Quantum of Solace director Marc Forster likes to work very closely with his composers and that , in comparison to the accelerated schedule he was tied to on Casino Royale , the intention was to spend a long time scoring the film to `` really work it out '' . He also said he would be `` taking a different approach '' with the score . Arnold composed the music based on impressions from reading the script , and Forster edited those into the film . Mark Ronson and Amy Winehouse recorded a demo track for the film , but Ronson explained that she was `` not ready to record any music '' at that time . It was announced Jack White of The White Stripes and Alicia Keys would collaborate on `` Another Way to Die '' , which is the first duet in Bond music history , on 29 July 2008 . They had wanted to work together for two years beforehand . The song was recorded in Nashville , Tennessee ; White played the drums while Keys performed on the piano . The Memphis Horns also contributed to the track . White 's favourite Bond theme is John Barry 's instrumental piece for On Her Majesty 's Secret Service , and he watched various opening credit sequences from the series for inspiration while mixing the track . The soundtrack was released by J Records , Keys ' record label , though Keys appears on only one track . The track listing follows the order of the music 's use within the film , with the exception of the title song being moved to the end of the album ( in the film , it appears immediately after track 1 ) . It is presented in the full - length single - release version , rather than the shorter mix heard over the film 's opening titles . One notable omission is the fully orchestrated James Bond Theme , which features , as it did in Casino Royale , only at the film 's conclusion , but this time over the traditional gunbarrel walk - on - and - shoot as well as the start of the end titles . Another omission is Four Tet 's instrumental closing theme that follows it , playing over the remainder of the credits and entitled Crawl , End Crawl within them . This track was later made available on iTunes . Other tracks listed are heard in the film ( but not on the album ) during scenes such as Dominic Greene 's charity fundraising party Jaime Cuadra - Cholo Soy , Jaime Cuadra - Regresa , Jaime Cuadra - El Provinciano ; and Puccini 's opera Tosca forms the backdrop to a key sequence . Vesper 's Theme from Arnold 's Casino Royale soundtrack reappears at key moments in the film ; it may be heard on the album in tracks 12 , 15 , 18 and 23 . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by David Arnold unless stated otherwise . No . Title Length 1 . `` Time to Get Out '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 3 : 28 2 . `` The Palio '' 4 : 59 3 . `` Inside Man '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 38 4 . `` Bond in Haiti '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 35 5 . `` Somebody Wants to Kill You '' 2 : 17 6 . `` Greene & Camille '' 2 : 13 7 . `` Pursuit at Port au Prince '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 5 : 58 8 . `` No Interest in Dominic Greene '' 2 : 44 9 . `` Night at the Opera '' 3 : 02 10 . `` Restrict Bond 's Movements '' 1 : 31 11 . `` Talamone '' 0 : 35 12 . `` What 's Keeping You Awake '' 1 : 41 13 . `` Bolivian Taxi Ride '' 0 : 49 14 . `` Field Trip '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 41 15 . `` Forgive Yourself '' 2 : 26 16 . `` DC3 '' 1 : 15 17 . `` Target Terminated '' 3 : 54 18 . `` Camille 's Story '' 3 : 59 19 . `` Oil Fields '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 2 : 29 20 . `` Have You Ever Killed Someone ? '' 1 : 33 21 . `` Perla de las Dunas '' 8 : 08 22 . `` The Dead Do n't Care About Vengeance '' 1 : 14 23 . `` I Never Left '' ( Contains the James Bond Theme , originally composed for the Dr. No soundtrack ) 0 : 40 24 . `` Another Way to Die '' ( Performed by Jack White and Alicia Keys ) 4 : 24 See also ( edit ) Outline of James Bond References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tommy Pearson , David Arnold ( November 2007 ) . Interview with David Arnold . Stage and Screen Online ( Audio interview ) . Archived from the original ( mp3 ) on 2008 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Mark Beaumont ( 2008 - 10 - 18 ) . `` The Midas touch of David Arnold and his influence on Bond '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Winehouse working on ' Bond theme ' '' . BBC News Online . 2008 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Winehouse ' Is Not Ready For Music ' '' . Sky News . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Alicia Keys , Jack White Team For Bond Theme '' . Billboard. 2008 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum of Solace - News - Alicia Keys , Jack White Team For `` Quantum of Solace '' Theme Song ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . Columbia Pictures . 2008 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jack White Talks Bond '' . IGN. 2008 - 08 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Hiatt ( 2008 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Jack White and Alicia Keys : Bond 's New Duo '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 16 . Quantum of Solace Music `` Another Way to Die '' soundtrack Tie - ins 007 : Quantum of Solace Related Casino Royale ( 2006 film ) `` Quantum of Solace '' ( short story ) James Bond music Themes `` James Bond Theme '' ( Monty Norman ) `` James Bond Is Back '' ( John Barry ) `` 007 Theme '' ( John Barry ) `` On Her Majesty 's Secret Service '' ( John Barry ) `` Bond 77 '' ( Marvin Hamlisch ) `` James Bond Theme '' ( Moby ) Soundtracks Dr. No From Russia with Love Goldfinger Thunderball Casino Royale You Only Live Twice On Her Majesty 's Secret Service Diamonds Are Forever Live and Let Die The Man with the Golden Gun The Spy Who Loved Me Moonraker For Your Eyes Only Octopussy Never Say Never Again A View to a Kill The Living Daylights Licence to Kill GoldenEye Tomorrow Never Dies The World Is Not Enough Die Another Day Casino Royale Quantum of Solace Skyfall Spectre Composers Monty Norman John Barry Burt Bacharach George Martin Marvin Hamlisch Bill Conti Michel Legrand Michael Kamen Éric Serra David Arnold Thomas Newman Eon themes `` Kingston Calypso '' `` From Russia with Love '' `` Goldfinger '' `` Thunderball '' `` You Only Live Twice '' `` We Have All the Time in the World '' `` Diamonds Are Forever '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` The Man with the Golden Gun '' `` Nobody Does It Better '' `` Moonraker '' `` For Your Eyes Only '' `` All Time High '' `` A View to a Kill '' `` The Living Daylights '' `` Where Has Everybody Gone ? '' `` Licence to Kill '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` GoldenEye '' `` Tomorrow Never Dies '' `` The World Is Not Enough '' `` Die Another Day '' `` You Know My Name '' `` Another Way to Die '' `` Skyfall '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Non-Eon themes `` Casino Royale '' `` The Look of Love '' `` Never Say Never Again '' Compilations Shaken and Stirred The Incredible World of James Bond The Best of Bond ... James Bond Related articles Eon films secondary songs Non-Eon films secondary songs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_of_Solace_(soundtrack)&oldid=865891540 '' Categories : Soundtrack albums from James Bond films Quantum of Solace Film soundtracks 2008 soundtracks Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2018 , at 21 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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who sang the theme song to quantum of solace

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde - wikipedia Cape Verde For other uses , see Cabo Verde ( disambiguation ) and Cape Verde ( disambiguation ) . Republic of Cabo Verde República de Cabo Verde ( Portuguese ) Repúblika di Kabu Verdi ( Cape Verdean Creole ) Flag National emblem Motto : Unidade , Trabalho , Progresso ( Portuguese ) ( English : `` Unity , Work , Progress '' ) Anthem : Cântico da Liberdade ( Portuguese ) Chant of Freedom Location of Cape Verde ( dark blue ) -- in Africa ( light blue & dark grey ) -- in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Praia 14 ° 55 ′ N 23 ° 31 ′ W  /  14.917 ° N 23.517 ° W  / 14.917 ; - 23.517 Official languages Portuguese Recognised national languages Cape Verdean Creole Ethnic groups ( 2017 ) Multiracial : 71 % African : 28 % European : 1 % Demonym Cape Verdean or Cabo Verdean Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Jorge Carlos Fonseca Prime Minister Ulisses Correia e Silva Legislature National Assembly Formation Discovery 1460 Independence from Portugal 5 July 1975 Multi-party system 13 January 1990 Area Total 4,033 km ( 1,557 sq mi ) ( 166th ) Water ( % ) negligible Population 2016 estimate 539,560 ( 167th ) Density 123.7 / km ( 320.4 / sq mi ) ( 89th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $3.649 billion Per capita $6,867 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $1.747 billion Per capita $3,287 Gini ( 2008 ) 47.2 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.648 medium 122nd Currency Cape Verdean escudo ( CVE ) Time zone CVT ( UTC - 1 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC - 1 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 238 ISO 3166 code CV Internet TLD . cv Cape Verde ( / ˌkeɪp ˈvɜːrd / ) or Cabo Verde ( / ˌkɑːboʊ ˈvɜːrdeɪ / , / ˌkæb - / ) ( Portuguese : Cabo Verde , pronounced ( ˈkaβu ˈveɾðɨ ) ) , officially the Republic of Cabo Verde , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 10 volcanic islands in the central Atlantic Ocean . It forms part of the Macaronesia ecoregion , along with the Azores , Canary Islands , Madeira , and the Savage Isles . In ancient times these islands were referred to as `` the Islands of the Blessed '' or the `` Fortunate Isles '' . Located 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) west of the Cape Verde Peninsula in West Africa , the islands cover a combined area of slightly over 4,000 square kilometres ( 1,500 sq mi ) . The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited until the 15th century , when Portuguese explorers discovered and colonized the islands , establishing the first European settlement in the tropics . Ideally located for the Atlantic slave trade , the islands grew prosperous throughout the 16th and 17th centuries , attracting merchants , privateers , and pirates . The end of slavery in the 19th century led to economic decline and emigration . Cape Verde gradually recovered as an important commercial center and stopover for shipping routes . Incorporated as an overseas department of Portugal in 1951 , the islands continued to campaign for independence , which was peacefully achieved in 1975 . Since the early 1990s , Cape Verde has been a stable representative democracy , and remains one of the most developed and democratic countries in Africa . Lacking natural resources , its developing economy is mostly service - oriented , with a growing focus on tourism and foreign investment . Its population of around 512,000 is mostly of mixed European , Moorish , Arab and African heritage , and predominantly Roman Catholic , reflecting the legacy of Portuguese rule . A sizeable diaspora community exists across the world , slightly outnumbering inhabitants on the islands . Historically , the name `` Cape Verde '' has been used in English for the archipelago and , since independence in 1975 , for the country . In 2013 , the Cape Verdean government determined that the Portuguese designation Cabo Verde would henceforth be used for official purposes , such as at the United Nations , even in English contexts . Cape Verde is a member of the African Union . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Independence ( 1975 ) 3 Politics 3.1 Foreign relations 3.2 Military 3.3 International recognition 4 Geography 4.1 Physical geography and geology 4.2 Climate 4.3 Biome 4.4 Administrative divisions 4.5 Largest cities 5 Economy 5.1 Development 5.2 Tourism 6 Society 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Ethnic groups 6.3 Languages 6.4 Religion 6.5 Emigration and immigration 6.6 Health 6.7 Education 6.8 Science and technology 6.9 Crime 7 Culture 7.1 Media 7.2 Music 7.3 Dance 7.4 Literature 7.5 Cinema 7.6 Cuisine 7.7 Sports 8 Transport 8.1 Ports 8.2 Airports 8.2. 1 International airports 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The name of the country stems from the nearby Cap - Vert , on the Senegalese coast . In 1444 Portuguese explorers had named that landmark as Cabo Verde , a few years before they discovered the islands ( Verde is Portuguese for `` green '' ) . On 24 October 2013 , the country 's delegation announced at the United Nations that the official name should no longer be translated into other languages . Instead of `` Cape Verde '' , the designation `` Republic of Cabo Verde '' is to be used . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Cape Verde Insulae Capitis Viridis ( 1598 ) , showing Cape Verde Before the arrival of Europeans , the Cape Verde Islands were uninhabited . The islands of the Cape Verde archipelago were discovered by Genoese and Portuguese navigators around 1456 . According to Portuguese official records , the first discoveries were made by Genoa - born António de Noli , who was afterwards appointed governor of Cape Verde by Portuguese King Afonso V. Other navigators mentioned as contributing to discoveries in the Cape Verde archipelago are Diogo Gomes ( who was with António de Noli and claimed to have been the first to land on and name Santiago island ) , Diogo Dias , Diogo Afonso and the Italian ( Venice - born ) Alvise Cadamosto . In 1462 , Portuguese settlers arrived at Santiago and founded a settlement they called Ribeira Grande ( now called Cidade Velha , to avoid being confused with the town of Ribeira Grande on the Santo Antão island ) . Ribeira Grande was the first permanent European settlement in the tropics . A view of Monte Cara from Mindelo In the 16th century , the archipelago prospered from the Atlantic slave trade . Pirates occasionally attacked the Portuguese settlements . Francis Drake , an English privateer , twice sacked the ( then ) capital Ribeira Grande in 1585 when it was a part of the Iberian Union . After a French attack in 1712 , the town declined in importance relative to nearby Praia , which became the capital in 1770 . Decline in the slave trade in the 19th century resulted in an economic crisis . Cape Verde 's early prosperity slowly vanished . However , the islands ' position astride mid-Atlantic shipping lanes made Cape Verde an ideal location for re-supplying ships . Because of its excellent harbour , the city of Mindelo , located on the island of São Vicente , became an important commercial centre during the 19th century . Diplomat Edmund Roberts visited Cape Verde in 1832 . Grain ship Garthpool , wrecked at Boavista , Cape Verde , in 1928 With few natural resources and inadequate sustainable investment from the Portuguese , the citizens grew increasingly discontented with the colonial masters , who nevertheless refused to provide the local authorities with more autonomy . In 1951 , Portugal changed Cape Verde 's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism . In 1956 , Amílcar Cabral and a group of fellow Cape Verdeans and Guineans organised ( in Portuguese Guinea ) the clandestine African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) . It demanded improvement in economic , social and political conditions in Cape Verde and Portuguese Guinea and formed the basis of the two nations ' independence movement . Moving its headquarters to Conakry , Guinea in 1960 , the PAIGC began an armed rebellion against Portugal in 1961 . Acts of sabotage eventually grew into a war in Portuguese Guinea that pitted 10,000 Soviet Bloc - supported PAIGC soldiers against 35,000 Portuguese and African troops . By 1972 , the PAIGC controlled much of Portuguese Guinea despite the presence of the Portuguese troops , but the organization did not attempt to disrupt Portuguese control in Cape Verde . Portuguese Guinea declared independence in 1973 and was granted de jure independence in 1974 . A budding independence movement -- originally led by Amílcar Cabral , assassinated in 1973 -- passed on to his half - brother Luís Cabral and culminated in independence for the archipelago in 1975 . Independence ( 1975 ) ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral on a stamp of the former East Germany Following the April 1974 revolution in Portugal , the PAIGC became an active political movement in Cape Verde . In December 1974 , the PAIGC and Portugal signed an agreement providing for a transitional government composed of Portuguese and Cape Verdeans . On 30 June 1975 , Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975 . In the late 1970s and 1980s , most African countries prohibited South African Airways from overflights but Cape Verde allowed them and became a centre of activity for the airline 's flights to Europe and the United States . Immediately following the November 1980 coup in Guinea - Bissau , relations between Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau became strained . Cape Verde abandoned its hope for unity with Guinea - Bissau and formed the African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde ( PAICV ) . Problems have since been resolved and relations between the countries are good . The PAICV and its predecessor established a one - party system and ruled Cape Verde from independence until 1990 . Responding to growing pressure for pluralistic democracy , the PAICV called an emergency congress in February 1990 to discuss proposed constitutional changes to end one - party rule . Opposition groups came together to form the Movement for Democracy ( MPD ) in Praia in April 1990 . Together , they campaigned for the right to contest the presidential election scheduled for December 1990 . The one - party state was abolished 28 September 1990 , and the first multi-party elections were held in January 1991 . The MPD won a majority of the seats in the National Assembly , and MPD presidential candidate António Mascarenhas Monteiro defeated the PAICV 's candidate with 73.5 % of the votes . Legislative elections in December 1995 increased the MPD majority in the National Assembly . The party won 50 of the National Assembly 's 72 seats . A February 1996 presidential election returned President Monteiro to office . Legislative elections in January 2001 returned power to the PAICV , with the PAICV holding 40 of the National Assembly seats , MPD 30 , and Party for Democratic Convergence ( PCD ) and Labour and Solidarity Party ( PTS ) 1 each . In February 2001 , the PAICV - supported presidential candidate Pedro Pires defeated former MPD leader Carlos Veiga by only 13 votes . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of Cape Verde Cape Verdean Prime Minister José Maria Neves meets with the US Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel , in 2013 . Cape Verde is a stable semi-presidential representative democratic republic . It is among the most democratic nations in the world , ranking 23rd position in the world , according to the 2016 Democracy Index . The constitution -- adopted in 1980 and revised in 1992 , 1995 and 1999 -- defines the basic principles of its government . The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a 5 - year term . The prime minister is the head of government and proposes other ministers and secretaries of state . The prime minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the president . Members of the National Assembly are elected by popular vote for 5 - year terms . Three parties now hold seats in the National Assembly -- MPD ( 36 ) , PAICV ( 25 ) and the Cape Verdean Independent Democratic Union ( UCID ) ( 3 ) . The judicial system consists of a Supreme Court of Justice -- whose members are appointed by the president , the National Assembly , and the Board of the Judiciary -- and regional courts . Separate courts hear civil , constitutional , and criminal cases . Appeal is to the Supreme Court . The two main political parties are PAICV and MPD . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of Cape Verde Map of countries with Cape Verdean embassies Cape Verde follows a policy of nonalignment and seeks cooperative relations with all friendly states . Angola , Brazil , the People 's Republic of China , Libya , Cuba , France , Germany , Portugal , Spain , Senegal , Russia , Luxembourg , and the United States maintain embassies in Praia . Cape Verde is actively interested in foreign affairs , especially in Africa . Cape Verde has bilateral relations with some Lusophone nations and holds membership in a number of international organisations . It also participates in most international conferences on economic and political issues . Since 2007 , Cape Verde has a special partnership status with the EU , under the Cotonou Agreement , and might apply for special membership , even because the Cape Verdean escudo , the country 's currency , is indexed to the Euro . In 2011 Cape Verde ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court . Military ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean Armed Forces Marines of the Cape Verdean Coast Guard The military of Cape Verde consists of a National Guard and the Coast Guard ; 0.7 % of the country 's GDP was spent on the military in 2005 . Having fought their only war for independence against Portugal between 1974 and 1975 , the efforts of the Caboverdean Armed Forces have now been turned to combating international drug trafficking . In 2007 , together with the Cabo Verdean Police , they carried out Operation Flying Launch ( Operacão Lancha Voadora ) , a successful operation to put an end to a drug trafficking group which smuggled cocaine from Colombia to the Netherlands and Germany using the country as a reorder point . The operation took more than three years , being a secret operation during the first two years , and ended in 2010 . Although located in Africa , Cape Verde has always had close relations with Europe . Because of this , some scholars argue that Cape Verde may be eligible to join the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and NATO . The most recent engagement of the Armed Forces was the Monte Tchota massacre that resulted in 11 deaths . International recognition ( edit ) Cape Verde is often praised as an example among African nations for its stability and developmental growth despite its lack of natural resources . Among other achievements , it has been recognised with the following assessments : Index Score PALOP rank CPLP rank African rank World rank Year Human Development Index 0.648 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ( top 19 % ) 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 ( top 60 % ) 2016 Ibrahim Index of African Governance 73.0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) N / A 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) N / A 2015 Freedom of the Press 27 ( Free ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 ( top 24 % ) 2014 Freedom in the World 1 / 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 2 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 1 % ) 2016 Press Freedom Index 18.02 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 ( top 14 % ) 2017 Democracy Index 7.94 ( Flawed democracy ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 ( top 12 % ) 2016 Corruption Perceptions Index 59 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 25 % ) 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 ( top 4 % ) 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 ( top 19 % ) 2016 Index of Economic Freedom 66.5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 13 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 6 % ) 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 ( top 28 % ) 2016 e-Government Readiness Index 0.3551 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ( top 26 % ) 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 ( top 63 % ) 2014 Failed States Index 74.1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 ( top 15 % ) 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 ( top 46 % ) 2014 Networked Readiness Index 3.8 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 ( top 17 % ) 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 ( top 38 % ) 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ( top 13 % ) 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 ( top 43 % ) 2015 See List of countries by Human Development Index # Africa 1 / 1 is the highest possible rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with Portugal . Cape Verde was the only African country to reach the maximum rating . With the maximum score , Cape Verde shares the first place with 48 other countries . The rank on this list is expressed in reverse order . To be comparable with the other rankings on this table , the actual rank of 88 was inverted , by subtracting it from the number of countries on the list , currently 177 . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of Cape Verde A topographic map of Cape Verde A satellite photo of the Cape Verde islands , 2010 The Cape Verde archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean , approximately 570 kilometres ( 350 mi ) off the western coast of the African continent , near Senegal , The Gambia , and Mauritania , and is part of the Macaronesia ecoregion . It lies between latitudes 14 ° and 18 ° N , and longitudes 22 ° and 26 ° W . The country is a horseshoe - shaped cluster of ten islands ( nine inhabited ) and eight islets , that constitute an area of 4033 km . The islands are spatially divided into two groups : The Barlavento Islands ( windward islands ) : Santo Antão , São Vicente , Santa Luzia , São Nicolau , Sal , Boa Vista ; and The Sotavento Islands ( leeward ) : Maio , Santiago , Fogo , Brava . The largest island , both in size and population , is Santiago , which hosts the nation 's capital , Praia , the principal urban agglomeration in the archipelago . Three of the Cape Verde islands , Sal , Boa Vista and Maio , are fairly flat , sandy , and dry ; the others are generally rockier with more vegetation . Physical geography and geology ( edit ) Geologically , the islands , covering a combined area of slightly over 4,033 square kilometres ( 1,557 square miles ) , are principally composed of igneous rocks , with volcanic structures and pyroclastic debris comprising the majority of the archipelago 's total volume . The volcanic and plutonic rocks are distinctly basic ; the archipelago is a soda - alkaline petrographic province , with a petrologic succession similar to that found in other Macaronesian islands . Magnetic anomalies identified in the vicinity of the archipelago indicate that the structures forming the islands date back 125 -- 150 million years : the islands themselves date from 8 million ( in the west ) to 20 million years ( in the east ) . The oldest exposed rocks occurred on Maio and northern peninsula of Santiago and are 128 -- 131 million year old pillow lavas . The first stage of volcanism in the islands began in the early Miocene , and reached its peak at the end of this period , when the islands reached their maximum sizes . Historical volcanism ( within human settlement ) has been restricted to the island of Fogo . The origin of the islands ' volcanism has been attributed to a hotspot , associated with bathymetric swell that formed the Cape Verde Rise . The Rise is one of the largest protuberances in the world 's oceans , rising 2.2 kilometres ( 1.4 miles ) in a semi-circular region of 1200 km , associated with a rise of the geoid and elevated surface heat flow . Most recently erupting in 2014 , Pico do Fogo is the largest active volcano in the region . It has a 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) diameter caldera , whose rim is 1,600 metres ( 5,249 feet ) altitude and an interior cone that rises to 2,829 metres ( 9,281 feet ) above sea level . The caldera resulted from subsidence , following the partial evacuation ( eruption ) of the magma chamber , along a cylindrical column from within magma chamber ( at a depth of 8 kilometres ( 5 miles ) ) . Extensive salt flats are found on Sal and Maio . On Santiago , Santo Antão , and São Nicolau , arid slopes give way in places to sugarcane fields or banana plantations spread along the base of towering mountains . Ocean cliffs have been formed by catastrophic debris landslides . According to the president of Nauru , Cape Verde has been ranked the eighth most endangered nation due to flooding from climate change . Geography of Cape Verde The Countryside in Estrada Baía das Gatas Rocha Estância , in Boa Vista Santo Antão island landscapes Ribeira Grande Valley in Santiago Climate ( edit ) Further information : Geography of Cape Verde § Climate Cape Verde 's climate is milder than that of the African mainland , because the surrounding sea moderates temperatures on the islands and cold Atlantic currents produce an arid atmosphere around the archipelago . Conversely , the islands do not receive the upwellings ( cold streams ) that affect the West African coast , so the air temperature is cooler than in Senegal , but the sea is warmer , because the orographic relief of some islands , such as Santiago with steep mountains , cover it with rich woods and luxuriant vegetation where the humid air condenses and soak the plants , rocks , soil , logs , moss , etc . On the higher islands and somewhat wetter islands , exclusively in mountainous areas , like Santo Antão island , the climate is suitable for the development of dry monsoon forest , and laurel forest as this vegetation Average daily high temperatures range from 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in February to 31 ° C ( 87.8 ° F ) in September . Cape Verde is part of the Sahelian arid belt , with nothing like the rainfall levels of nearby West Africa . It rains irregularly between August and October , with frequent brief heavy downpours . A desert is usually defined as terrain that receives less than 250 mm ( 9.8 in ) of annual rainfall . Sal 's total of ( 145 mm ( 5.7 in ) ) confirms this classification . Most of the year 's rain falls in September . hide Climate data for Cape Verde : Sal and Praia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 36.7 ( 98.1 ) 35.2 ( 95.4 ) 36.0 ( 96.8 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) 34.9 ( 94.8 ) 35.0 ( 95 ) 37.0 ( 98.6 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 40.0 ( 104 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 26.1 ( 79 ) 26.2 ( 79.2 ) 27.4 ( 81.3 ) 27.7 ( 81.9 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 29.7 ( 85.5 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 30.5 ( 86.9 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 29.4 ( 84.9 ) 27.6 ( 81.7 ) 28.7 ( 83.6 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) 24 ( 75 ) 25 ( 77 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 26 ( 79 ) 25 ( 77 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 19.7 ( 67.5 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 21.1 ( 70 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 23.3 ( 73.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.4 ( 75.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 22.8 ( 73 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 21.8 ( 71.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 10.2 ( 50.4 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) 14.0 ( 57.2 ) 10.7 ( 51.3 ) 14.1 ( 57.4 ) 11.0 ( 51.8 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 16.4 ( 61.5 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 10.0 ( 50 ) Average precipitation mm ( inches ) ( 0.12 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 0 ( 0 ) ( 0.12 ) 5 ( 0.2 ) 15 ( 0.59 ) 14 ( 0.55 ) 16 ( 0.63 ) 7 ( 0.28 ) 10 ( 0.39 ) 90 ( 3.56 ) Average relative humidity ( % ) 61 58 57 56 57 61 67 50 47 67 64 63 59 Mean monthly sunshine hours 310.0 214.5 280.0 330.0 341.0 300.0 279.0 250.0 295.0 279.0 300.0 279.0 3,457.5 Source # 1 : Weatherbase.com ( humidity , sun and mean temperature ) , Met Office for precipitation Source # 2 : Voodoo Skies for the rest Sal , Boa Vista and Maio have a flat landscape and arid climate , the remaining ones are generally rockier and have more vegetation . Because of the infrequent occurrence of rainfall the landscape is arid . The archipelago can be divided into four broad ecological zones -- arid , semiarid , subhumid and humid , according to altitude and average annual rainfall ranging from 200 millimetres ( 7.9 inches ) in the arid areas of the coast to more than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 inches ) in the humid mountain . Most rainfall precipitation is due to condensation of the ocean mist . In some islands , as Santiago , the wetter climate of the interior and the eastern coast contrasts with the dryer one in the south / southwest coast . Praia , on the southeast coast , is the largest city of the island and the largest city and capital of the country . Because of their proximity to the Sahara , most of the Cape Verde islands are dry , but on islands with high mountains and farther away from the coast , by orography , the humidity is much higher , providing a rainforest habitat , although much affected by the human presence . Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain while southwest slopes do not . These umbria areas are identified with cool and moisture . Western Hemisphere - bound hurricanes often have their early beginnings near the Cape Verde Islands . These are referred to as Cape Verde - type hurricanes . These hurricanes can become very intense as they cross warm Atlantic waters away from Cape Verde . The average hurricane season has about two Cape Verde - type hurricanes , which are usually the largest and most intense storms of the season because they often have plenty of warm open ocean over which to develop before encountering land . The five largest Atlantic tropical cyclones on record have been Cape Verde - type hurricanes . Most of the longest - lived tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin are Cape Verde hurricanes . The islands themselves have only been struck by hurricanes twice in recorded history ( since 1851 ) : once in 1892 , and again in 2015 by Hurricane Fred , the easternmost hurricane ever to form in the Atlantic . Biome ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's isolation has resulted in the islands having a number of endemic species , particularly birds and reptiles , many of which are endangered by human development . Endemic birds include Alexander 's swift ( Apus alexandri ) , Bourne 's heron ( Ardea purpurea bournei ) , the Raso lark ( Alauda razae ) , the Cape Verde warbler ( Acrocephalus brevipennis ) , and the Iago sparrow ( Passer iagoensis ) . The islands are also an important breeding area for seabirds including the Cape Verde shearwater . Reptiles include the Cape Verde giant gecko ( Tarentola gigas ) . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Administrative divisions of Cabo Verde Cape Verde is divided into 22 municipalities ( concelhos ) and subdivided into 32 parishes ( freguesias ) , based on the religious parishes that existed during the colonial period : Barlavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2013 Parish Santo Antão Ribeira Grande 18,890 Nossa Senhora do Rosário Nossa Senhora do Livramento Santo Crucifixo São Pedro Apóstolo Paúl 6,997 Santo António das Pombas Porto Novo 18,028 São João Baptista Santo André São Vicente São Vicente 79,374 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santa Luzia São Nicolau Ribeira Brava 7,580 Nossa Senhora da Lapa Nossa Senhora do Rosário Tarrafal de São Nicolau 5,237 São Francisco Sal Sal 30,879 Nossa Senhora das Dores Boa Vista Boa Vista 9,162 Santa Isabel São João Baptista Sotavento Islands Island Municipality Census 2010 Parish Maio Maio 6,952 Nossa Senhora da Luz Santiago Praia 131,719 Nossa Senhora da Graça São Domingos 13,808 Nossa Senhora da Luz São Nicolau Tolentino Santa Catarina 44,388 Santa Catarina São Salvador do Mundo 8,677 São Salvador do Mundo Santa Cruz 26,617 Santiago Maior São Lourenço dos Órgãos 7,388 São Lourenço dos Órgãos Ribeira Grande de Santiago 8,325 Santíssimo Nome de Jesus São João Baptista São Miguel 15,648 São Miguel Arcanjo Tarrafal 18,565 Santo Amaro Abade Fogo São Filipe 22,248 São Lourenço Nossa Senhora da Conceição Santa Catarina do Fogo 5,299 Santa Catarina do Fogo Mosteiros 9,524 Nossa Senhora da Ajuda Brava Brava 6,952 São João Baptista Nossa Senhora do Monte Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Cape Verde Instituto Nacional de Estatística ( Distribuição da população residente - RGPH 2010 : População urbana ) Rank Name Municipality Pop . Praia Mindelo Praia Praia 127 832 Santa Maria Assomada Mindelo São Vicente 70 468 Santa Maria Sal 23 839 Assomada Santa Catarina 12 026 5 Porto Novo Porto Novo 9 430 6 Pedra Badejo Santa Cruz 9 345 7 São Filipe São Filipe 8 125 8 Tarrafal Tarrafal 6 177 9 Sal Rei Boa Vista 5 407 10 Ribeira Grande Ribeira Grande 4 625 Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Cape Verde A proportional representation of Cape Verde 's export products Cape Verdean national flag carrier TACV A resort in Sal Cape Verde 's notable economic growth and improvement in living conditions despite a lack of natural resources has garnered international recognition , with other countries and international organizations often providing development aid . Since 2007 , the UN has classified it as a developing nation rather than a least developed country . Cape Verde has few natural resources . Only five of the ten main islands ( Santiago , Santo Antão , São Nicolau , Fogo , and Brava ) normally support significant agricultural production , and over 90 % of all food consumed in Cape Verde is imported . Mineral resources include salt , pozzolana ( a volcanic rock used in cement production ) , and limestone . Its small number of wineries making Portuguese - style wines have traditionally focused on the domestic market , but have recently met with some international acclaim . A number of wine tours of Cape Verde 's various microclimates began to be offered in spring 2010 and can be arranged through the tourism office . The economy of Cape Verde is service - oriented , with commerce , transport , and public services accounting for more than 70 % of GDP . Although nearly 35 % of the population lives in rural areas , agriculture and fishing contribute only about 9 % of GDP . Light manufacturing accounts for most of the remainder . Fish and shellfish are plentiful , and small quantities are exported . Cape Verde has cold storage and freezing facilities and fish processing plants in Mindelo , Praia , and on Sal . Expatriate Cape Verdeans contribute an amount estimated at about 20 % of GDP to the domestic economy through remittances . In spite of having few natural resources and being semi-desert , the country boasts the highest living standards in the region , and has attracted thousands of immigrants of different nationalities . Since 1991 , the government has pursued market - oriented economic policies , including an open welcome to foreign investors and a far - reaching privatization programme . It established as top development priorities the promotion of a market economy and of the private sector ; the development of tourism , light manufacturing industries , and fisheries ; and the development of transport , communications , and energy facilities . From 1994 to 2000 about $407 million in foreign investments were made or planned , of which 58 % were in tourism , 17 % in industry , 4 % in infrastructure , and 21 % in fisheries and services . In 2011 , on four islands a wind farm was built that supplies about 30 % of the electricity of the country . It is one of the top countries for renewable energy . Between 2000 and 2009 , real GDP increased on average by over 7 percent a year , well above the average for Sub-Saharan countries and faster than most small island economies in the region . Strong economic performance was bolstered by one of the fastest growing tourism industries in the world , as well as by substantial capital inflows that allowed Cape Verde to build up national currency reserves to the current 3.5 months of imports . Unemployment has been falling rapidly , and the country is on track to achieve most of the UN Millennium Development Goals -- including halving its 1990 poverty level . In 2007 , Cape Verde joined the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) and in 2008 the country graduated from Least Developed Country ( LDC ) to Middle Income Country ( MIC ) status . Cape Verde has significant cooperation with Portugal at every level of the economy , which has led it to link its currency first to the Portuguese escudo and , in 1999 , to the euro . On 23 June 2008 Cape Verde became the 153rd member of the WTO . In early January 2018 , the government announced that the minimum wage would be raised to 13,000 CVE ( USD 140 or EUR 130 ) from 11,000 CVE , which was effective in mid-January 2018 . Development ( edit ) The European Commission 's total allocation for the period of 2008 -- 2013 foreseen for Cape Verde to address `` poverty reduction , in particular in rural and periurban areas where women are heading the households , as well as good governance '' amounts to € 54.1 million . Tourism ( edit ) Main article : Tourism in Cape Verde Freedom Avenue in Assomada , near the town square Yachts in Porto Grande , Mindelo on the island of São Vicente . Tourism is a growing source of income on the islands . Cape Verde 's strategic location at the crossroads of mid-Atlantic air and sea lanes has been enhanced by significant improvements at Mindelo 's harbour ( Porto Grande ) and at Sal 's and Praia 's international airports . A new international airport was opened in Boa Vista in December 2007 , and on the island of São Vicente , the newest international airport ( Cesária Évora Airport ) in Cape Verde , was opened in late 2009 . Ship repair facilities at Mindelo were opened in 1983 . The major ports are Mindelo and Praia , but all other islands have smaller port facilities . In addition to the international airport on Sal , airports have been built on all of the inhabited islands . All but the airports on Brava and Santo Antão enjoy scheduled air service . The archipelago has 3,050 km ( 1,895 mi ) of roads , of which 1,010 km ( 628 mi ) are paved , most using cobblestone . The country 's future economic prospects depend heavily on the maintenance of aid flows , the encouragement of tourism , remittances , outsourcing labour to neighbouring African countries , and the momentum of the government 's development programme . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main articles : Cape Verdeans and Demographics of Cape Verde Cape Verde 's population , ( 1961 -- 2003 ) Cape Verde 's population pyramid , 2005 The official Census recorded that Cape Verde had a population of 512,096 in 2013 . A large proportion ( 236,000 ) of Cape Verdeans live on the main island , Santiago . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The Cape Verde archipelago was uninhabited when the Portuguese discovered it in 1456 . African slaves were brought to the islands to work on Portuguese plantations . Most Cape Verdeans are mulattos ( mestiços in Portuguese ) , who have mixed African and European origins ; another term is creole meaning mixed native African and native European descent . Many Cape Verdeans have emigrated , mainly to the United States and Europe . European ancestors include Spanish and Italian seamen who were granted land by the Portuguese Empire , followed by Portuguese settlers and exiles , as well as Portuguese Muslims and Jews ( both of these religious groups were victims of the Inquisition ) . Many foreigners from other parts of the world settled in Cape Verde as their permanent home . These people came from places such as the Netherlands , France , Britain , Arab countries ( especially Lebanon and Morocco ) , China ( especially from Macau ) , India , Indonesia , South America , North America and Brazil ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ) and were absorbed into the mestiço population . Cape Verde 's population in the 21st century is mostly creole ; the capital city Praia accounts for a quarter of the country 's population . Over 65 % of the population in the archipelago live in urban centers , and the literacy rate is around 87 % ( i.e. , 91 % among men aged 15 and above and 83 % among women aged 15 and above ) according to the 2013 Cape Verdean census . A genetic study revealed that the ancestry of the population in Cape Verde is predominantly European in the male line and West African in the female line ; counted together the percentage is 56 % African and 44 % European . The high degree of genetic and ethnic mixture of individuals is a result of centuries of migration . Languages ( edit ) Cape Verde 's official language is Portuguese . It is the language of instruction and government . It is also used in such media as newspapers , television , and radio . Cape Verdean Creole is used colloquially and is the mother tongue of virtually all Cape Verdeans . The national constitution calls for the measures to give it parity with Portuguese . Cape Verdean Creole or Kriolu is a dialect continuum of a Portuguese - based creole . There is a substantial body of literature in Creole , especially in the Santiago Creole and the São Vicente Creole . Creole has been gaining prestige since the nation 's independence from Portugal . The differences between the forms of the language within the islands have been a major obstacle in the way of standardization of the language . Some people have advocated the development of two standards : a North ( Barlavento ) standard , centered on the São Vicente Creole , and a South ( Sotavento ) standard , centered on the Santiago Creole . Manuel Veiga , PhD , a linguist and Minister of Culture of Cape Verde , is the premier proponent of Kriolu 's officialization and standardization . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in Cape Verde Religion in Cape Verde ( 2010 ) Catholic Church ( 78.7 % ) Other Christian ( 10.4 % ) Other or non-religious ( 10.9 % ) Around 95 % of the population are Christian . More than 85 % of the population was nominally Roman Catholic in 2007 . For a minority of the population , Catholicism is syncretized with African influences . The largest Protestant denomination is the Church of the Nazarene ; other groups include the Seventh - day Adventist Church , The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , the Assemblies of God , the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God , and other Pentecostal and evangelical groups . There is a small Muslim community . There were Jewish settlements on several islands . The number of atheists is estimated at less than 1 % of the population . Emigration and immigration ( edit ) Main article : Cape Verdean diaspora Today , more Cape Verdeans live abroad than in Cape Verde itself , with significant emigrant Cape Verdean communities in the United States ( 500,000 of Cape Verdean descent , with a major concentration on the New England coast from Providence , Rhode Island , to New Bedford , Massachusetts ) . There are significant Cape Verde populations in Portugal ( 150,000 ) , Angola ( 45,000 ) , São Tomé and Príncipe ( 25,000 ) , Senegal ( 25,000 ) , the Netherlands ( 20,000 , of which 15,000 are concentrated in Rotterdam ) , Spain ( 65,500 ) , United Kingdom ( 35,500 ) , France ( 25,000 ) , Italy ( 10,000 ) Luxembourg ( 7,000 ) and Scandinavia ( 7,000 ) . There is a Cape Verdean community in Argentina numbering 8,000 . A large number of Cape Verdeans and people of Cape Verdean descent who emigrated before 1975 are not included in these statistics , because Cape Verdeans had Portuguese passports before 1975 . The Chinese make up a sizable and important segment of the immigrant population in Cape Verde . The immigrants from the nearby West African coast make up the majority of foreigners in the country . Over the last several years , a few thousand Europeans and Latin Americans have settled in the country . On the islands , there are over 22,000 foreigners / naturalized Cape Verdeans living and working on a permanent basis . Over the years , Cape Verde has increasingly become a net immigration country due to its relative high per capita income , political and social stability , and freedom . Emigrants from the Cape Verde islands to North America have a long history of involvement with the armed forces . Enlisting in aid of the Revolutionary War , the Civil War , the First and Second World Wars , as well as the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Cape Verdeans moved to places all over the world , from Macau to Haiti , and Argentina to northern Europe . Health ( edit ) Main article : Health in Cape Verde A health clinic in a residential area of Praia The infant mortality rate among Cape Verdean children between 0 and 5 years old is 17.5 per 1,000 live births according to the latest ( 2016 ) data from the National Statistics Bureau ( 1 ) , while the maternal mortality rate is 42 deaths per 100,000 live births . The HIV - AIDS prevalence rate among Cape Verdeans between 15 and 49 years old is 0.8 % . According to the latest data ( 2015 ) from the National Statistics Bureau ( 2 ) , life expectancy at birth in Cape Verde is 71.5 years for males and 79.9 years for females . There are six hospitals in the Cape Verde archipelago : two central hospitals ( one in the capital city of Praia and one in Mindelo , São Vicente ) and four regional hospitals ( one in Santa Catarina ( northern Santiago region ) , one on São Antão , one on Fogo , and one on Sal ) . In addition , there are 28 health centers , 35 sanitation centers and a variety of private clinics located throughout the archipelago . Cape Verde 's population is among the healthiest in Africa . Since its independence , it has greatly improved its health indicators . Besides having been promoted to the group of `` medium development '' countries in 2007 , leaving the least developed countries category ( which is only the second time it has happened to a country ) , is currently the 10th best ranked country in Africa in its Human Development Index . The total expenditure for health was 7.1 % of GDP ( 2015 ) . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Cape Verde A kindergarten graduation in Santiago island Although the Cape Verdean educational system is similar to the Portuguese system , over the years the local universities have been increasingly adopting the American educational system ; for instance , all 10 existing universities in the country offer 4 - year bachelor 's degree programs as opposed to 5 - year bachelor 's degree programs that existed before 2010 . Cape Verde has the second best educational system in Africa , after South Africa . Primary school education in Cape Verde is mandatory and free for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years . In 2011 , the net enrollment ratio for primary school was 85 % . Approximately 90 % of the total population over 15 years of age is literate , and roughly 25 % of the population holds a college degree ; a significant number of these college graduates hold doctorate degrees in different academic fields . Textbooks have been made available to 90 percent of school children , and 98 percent of the teachers have attended in - service teacher training . Although most children have access to education , some problems remain . For example , there is insufficient spending on school materials , lunches , and books . As of October 2016 , there were 69 secondary schools throughout the archipelago ( including 19 private secondary schools ) and at least 10 universities in the country which are based on the two islands of Santiago and São Vicente . In 2015 , 23 % of the Cape Verdean population had either attended or graduated from secondary schools . When it came to higher education , 9 % of Cape Verdean men and 8 % of Cape Verdean women held a bachelor 's degree or had attended universities . The overall college education rate ( i.e. , college graduates and undergraduate students ) in Cape Verde is about 24 % , in relation to the local college age population ( 3 ) . The total expenditure on education was 5.6 % of GDP ( 2010 ) . The mean years of schooling of adults over 25 years is 12 . Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Cape Verde In 2011 , Cape Verde devoted just 0.07 % of its GDP to research and development , among the lowest rates in West Africa . The Ministry of Higher Education , Science and Culture plans to strengthen the research and academic sectors by placing emphasis on greater mobility , through exchange programmes and international co-operation agreements . As part of this strategy , Cape Verde is participating in the Ibero - American academic mobility programme that expects to mobilize 200 000 academics between 2015 and 2020 . Cape Verde counted 25 researchers in 2011 , a researcher density of 51 per million inhabitants . The world average was 1,083 per million in 2013 . All 25 researchers were working in the government sector in 2011 and one in three were women ( 36 % ) . There was no research being conducted in either medical or agricultural sciences . Of the eight engineers involved in research and development , one was a woman . Three of the five researchers working in natural sciences were women , as were three of the six social scientists and two of the five researchers from the humanities . In 2015 , the government was planning to build a ' cyber-island ' which would develop and offer services that include software development , computer maintenance and back office operations . Approved in 2013 , the Praia Technology Park is a step in this direction . Financed by the African Development Bank , it is expected to be operational by 2018 . Crime ( edit ) Further information : Crime in Cape Verde Theft and burglary are common in Cape Verde especially in crowds , such as market places , festivals , and celebrations . Often the perpetrators of these crimes are gangs of street children . Murders are concentrated in the major population centres of Praia and Mindelo . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Cape Verde Cape Verdeans are a very musical people ; The Chã das Caldeiras group is an example . In all its aspects , the culture of Cape Verde is characterized by a mixture of European and African elements . This is not a sum of two cultures , living side by side , but a third product , totally new , resulting from an exchange that began five hundred years ago . Much similar to some parts of Brazil . The Cape Verdean case may be situated in the common context of African nations , in which elites , who questioned European racial and cultural superiority and who in some cases undertook a long armed struggle against European imperialism and national liberation , use the rule of Western codes as the main instrument of internal domination . Cape Verdean social and cultural patterns are similar to those of rural Portugal . Football ( futebol ) games and church activities are typical sources of social interaction and entertainment . The traditional walk around the praça ( town square ) to meet friends is practiced regularly in Cape Verde towns . Media ( edit ) Further information : Media of Cape Verde In towns with electricity , television is available on three channels ; one state owned ( RTC - TCV ) and three foreign owned , RTI Cabo Verde launched by the Portuguese - based RTI in 2005 , on 31 March 2007 , Record Cabo Verde , its own version was launched by the Brazilian - based Rede Record . Cape Verde has now received TV CPLP and some of its programs are broadcast , the network first aired in 2016 . Premium channels includes the Capeverdean versions of Boom TV and Zap Cabo Verde , two channels owned by Brazil 's Record . Other premium channels are aired in Cape Verde especially Satellite Network , they are common in hotels and villas but availability is predominantly limited , one of them is RDP África , the African version of the Portuguese radio station RDP . As of early 2017 , about 19 % of the Cape Verdean population own an active cellular phone , 70 % have access to the Internet , 11 % own a landline telephone , and 2 % of the population subscribe to local cable TV . In 2003 , Cape Verde had 71,700 main line telephones with an additional 53,300 cellular phones in use throughout the country . In 2004 , there were seven radio stations ; six independent and one state owned . The media is operated by the Capeverdean News Agency ( secondarily as Inforpress ) . Nationwide radio stations include RCV , RCV+ , Radio Kriola , the religious station Radio Nova . Local radio stations include Rádio Praia , the first radio station in Cape Verde , Praia FM , the first FM station in the nation , Rádio Barlavento , Rádio Clube do Mindelo and Radio Morabeza in Mindelo . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of Cape Verde Cesária Évora , Cape Verdean singer The Cape Verdean people are known for their musicality , well expressed by popular manifestations such as the Carnival of Mindelo , whose importance makes the city known in the days of the momesque celebrations as `` Brazilim '' ( or `` little Brazil '' ) . Cape Verde music incorporates `` African , Portuguese and Brazilian influences . '' Cape Verde 's quintessential national music is the morna , a melancholy and lyrical song form typically sung in Cape Verdean Creole . The most popular music genre after morna is the coladeira , followed by funaná and batuque music . Cesária Évora was the best - known Cape Verdean singer in the world , known as the `` barefoot diva '' , because she liked to perform barefooted on stage . The international success of Cesária Évora has made other Cape Verdean artists , or descendants of Cape Verdeans born in Portugal , gain more space in the music market . Examples of this are singers Sara Tavares , Lura and Mayra Andrade . Another great exponent of traditional music from Cape Verde was Antonio Vicente Lopes , better known as Travadinha and Ildo Lobo , who died in 2004 . The House of Culture in the center of the city of Praia is called Ildo Lobo House of Culture , in his honor . There are also well known artists born to Cape Verdean parents who excelled themselves in the international music scene . Amongst these artists are jazz pianist Horace Silver , Duke Ellington 's saxophonist Paul Gonsalves , Teófilo Chantre , Paul Pena , the Tavares brothers and singer Lura . Dance ( edit ) Dance forms include the soft dance morna , the extreme sensuality of coladeira , the Cape Verdean version of the zouk from Guadeloupe called Cabo love , the Funaná ( a sensual mixed Portuguese and African dance ) , and the Batuque dance . Literature ( edit ) Cape Verdean literature is one of the richest of Lusophone Africa . Famous poets include Paulino Vieira , Manuel de Novas , Sergio Frusoni , Eugénio Tavares , and B. Léza , and famous authors include Baltasar Lopes da Silva , António Aurélio Gonçalves , Manuel Lopes , Orlanda Amarílis , Henrique Teixeira de Sousa , Arménio Vieira , Kaubverdianu Dambará , Dr. Azágua , and Germano Almeida . Cinema ( edit ) The Carnival and the island of São Vicente is portrayed in the 2015 feature documentary Tchindas , nominated at the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards . Cuisine ( edit ) Cachupa Main article : Cape Verdean cuisine The Cape Verde diet is mostly based on fish and staple foods like corn and rice . Vegetables available during most of the year are potatoes , onions , tomatoes , manioc , cabbage , kale , and dried beans . Fruits such as bananas and papayas are available year - round , while others like mangoes and avocados are seasonal . A popular dish served in Cape Verde is Cachupa , a slow cooked stew of corn ( hominy ) , beans , and fish or meat . A common appetizer is the pastel which is a pastry shell filled with fish or meat that is then fried . Sports ( edit ) The country 's most successful sports team is the Cape Verde national basketball team , which won the bronze medal at the FIBA Africa Championship 2007 , after beating Egypt in its last game . The country 's most well - known player is Walter Tavares , who plays for Real Madrid of Spain . Cape Verde is famous for wave sailing ( a type of windsurfing ) and kiteboarding . Josh Angulo , a Hawaiian and 2009 PWA Wave World Champion , has done much to promote the archipelago as a windsurfing destination . Cape Verde is now his adopted country . Mitu Monteiro , a local kitesurfer , was the 2008 Kite Surfing World Champion in the wave discipline . The Cape Verde national football team , nicknamed either the Tubarões Azuis ( Blue Sharks ) or Crioulos ( Creoles ) , is the national team of Cape Verde and is controlled by the Federação Caboverdiana de Futebol . The team has played at two Africa Cup of Nations , in 2013 and 2015 . The country has competed at every Summer Olympics since 1996 . Transport ( edit ) Main article : Transport in Cape Verde Ports ( edit ) New port in Santo Antão There are four international ports : Mindelo , São Vicente ; Praia , Santiago ; Palmeira , Sal ; and Sal Rei , Boa Vista . Mindelo on São Vicente is the main port for cruise liners and the terminus for the ferry service to Santo Antão . Praia on Santiago is a main hub for local ferry services to other islands . Palmeira on Sal supplies fuel for the main airport on the island , Amílcar Cabral International Airport , and is important for the hotel construction taking place on the island . Porto Novo on Santo Antão is the only source for imports and exports of produce from the island as well as passenger traffic since the closure of the airstrip at Ponta do Sol . There are smaller harbors , essentially single jetties at Tarrafal on São Nicolau , Sal Rei on Boa Vista , Vila do Maio ( Porto Inglês ) on Maio , São Filipe on Fogo and Furna on Brava . These act as terminals for the inter-island ferry services , which carry both freight and passengers . The pier at Santa Maria on Sal used by both fishing and dive boats has been rehabilitated . Airports ( edit ) Aristides Pereira International Airport in Boa Vista island Seven operational in 2014 -- 4 international and 3 domestic . Two non-operational , one on Brava and the other on Santo Antão , closed for safety reasons . International airports ( edit ) Amílcar Cabral International Airport , Sal Island Nelson Mandela International Airport , Santiago Island Aristides Pereira International Airport , Boa Vista Island Cesária Évora Airport , São Vicente Island João dos Santos Airport , CPV See also ( edit ) Cape Verde portal Outline of Cape Verde Index of Cape Verde - related articles List of Cape Verdeans Cape Verdean American Cape Verdeans in the Netherlands List of island countries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Constituição da República de Cabo Verde '' ( PDF ) . ICRC databases on international humanitarian law . Article 9 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People and Society -- Cape Verde '' . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ John Kerry ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` On the Occasion of the Republic of Cabo Verde 's National Day '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 July 2014 . On behalf of President Obama and the people of the United States , I send best wishes to Cabo Verdeans as you celebrate 39 years of independence on July 5 . ^ Jump up to : Neto , Octávio Amorim ; Lobo , Marina Costa ( 2010 ) . `` Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics : Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese - Speaking Countries '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1644026 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Burundi '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tanya Basu ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Cape Verde Gets New Name : 5 Things to Know About How Maps Change '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lobban , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde põe fim à tradução da sua designação oficial '' ( Cabo Verde puts an end to translation of its official designation ) ( in Portuguese ) . Panapress. 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` História '' . governo . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Carta regia ( royal letter ) of 19 September 1462 ^ Jump up to : Cape Verde background note . United States Department of State ( July 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts , Edmund ( 1837 ) . Embassy to the Eastern Courts of Cochin - China , Siam , and Muscat . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . 1992 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy index 2012 '' . The Economist . The Economist Intelligence Unit . 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opposition returns to power in Cape Verde after 15 years '' . www.yahoo.com . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Percival , Debra ( 25 May 2008 ) . `` Cape Verde - EU ' Special Partnership ' takes shape '' . The Courier . European Commission . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde could seek EU membership this year '' . Eubusiness.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde becomes the 119th State to join the Rome Statute system '' . icc-cpi.int . International Criminal Court . 13 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ sprungbrett - nach - westafrika Jump up ^ `` Eleven shot dead in Cape Verde , including two Spanish citizens '' . Reuters. 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Ibrahim Index of African Governance '' ( PDF ) . Mo Ibrahim Foundation . October 2013 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 6 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde 2010 Index of Economic Freedom '' . Heritage.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Forum : The Global Information Technology Report 2010 - 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Weform.org . Retrieved 1 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Peace Corps Welcomes You to Cape Verde '' ( PDF ) . Peace Corps . April 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 April 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : Pim et al. , 2008 , p. 422 Jump up ^ R. Ramalho et al. , 2010 Jump up ^ Le Bas , T.P. ( 2007 ) , `` Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands '' , in Lykousis , Vasilios , Submarine mass movements and their consequences : 3rd international symposium , Springer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6511 - 8 Jump up ^ `` A sinking feeling : why is the president of the tiny Pacific island nation of Nauru so concerned about climate change ? '' . New York Times Upfront. 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voodoo Skies - Praia Monthly Temperature weather history '' . VoodooSkies.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde weather '' . Met Office . Jump up ^ `` Praia , Cape Verde Travel Weather Averages '' . Weatherbase . Jump up ^ `` Endemic Bird Areas : Cape Verde Islands '' . Birdlife.org . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : 2013 Census -- source : Instituto Nacional de Estatistica . Jump up ^ See Carlos Ferreira Couto , Incerteza , adaptabilidade e inovação na sociedade rural da Ilha de Santiago de Cabo Verde , Lisbon : Fundação Galouste Gulbenkian , 2010 Jump up ^ See now Brígida Rocha Brito and others , Turismo em Meio Insular Africano : Potencialidades , constrangimentos e impactos , Lisbon : Gerpress , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Turbines arrive for ground breaking wind farm in Africa -- InfraCo Limited '' . Infracoafrica.com . Archived from the original on 11 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MFW4A '' . MFW4A . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cabo Verde - Data '' . World Bank . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde to join WTO on 23 July 2008 '' . WTO News . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde government raises minimum wage to 13,000 escudos '' . MacauHub. 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Governo vai aumentar salário mínimo nacional de 11 para 13 mil escudos '' ( in Portuguese ) . A Semana. 6 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission '' . Ec.europa.eu. 21 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Instituto Nacional de Estatistica , Praia Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde : Population '' . caperverde.com . Jump up ^ `` População cabo - verdiana : `` 57 % dos genes são de origem africana e 43 % , de origem europeia '' `` . A Semana. 27 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Amado , A.D. ( 2015 ) , The Illegible State in Cape Verde : Language Policy and the Quality of Democracy . Jump up ^ ( CABO VERDE ) . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` State.gov '' . State.gov. 14 September 2007 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Cape Verde '' . State.gov. 15 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in Cape Verde Archived 8 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . '' , by Louise Werlin Jump up ^ Jorgen Carling , 2004 , p. 113 - 132 Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdeans : Cape Verdean Veterans '' . Sites.google.com . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verdean Americans -- History , Modern era , The first cape verdeans in america '' . Everyculture.com . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UN advocate salutes Cape Verde 's graduation from category of poorest States '' , UN News Centre , 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' Archived 28 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor ( 2001 ) . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , United States Department of Labor ( 2002 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators Data '' . Data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( PDF ) . UNESCO . 2015 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 100129 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Verde '' Archived 25 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... United States Bureau of Consular Affairs ( 5 May 2008 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` TV Record Cabo Verde disponível também nos canais a cabo em Cabo Verde '' . ZAP TV and BOOM TV . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Peter Manuel ( 1988 ) . Popular Musics of the Non-Western World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 95 -- 97 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa Cup of Nations : Cape Verde and Ethiopia qualify '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Pim , J. ; Pierce , C. ; Watts , A.B. ; Grevemeyer , I. ; Krabbenhoeft , A. ( 5 May 2008 ) . `` Crustal structure and origin of the Cape Verde Rise '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters . Elesiever. 272 : 422 -- 428 . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2008.05. 012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2011 . Carling , Jorgen ( 2004 ) . `` Emigration , Return and Development in Cape Verde : The Impact of Closing Borders '' . Population , Space and Place . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. 55 ( 10 ) : 113 -- 132 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 4679 ( 199901 ) 55 : 1 < 117 : : AID - JCLP12 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - A. PMID 10100838 . Ramalho , R. ; Helffrich , G. ; Schmidt , D. ; Vance , D. ( 2010 ) . `` Tracers of Uplift and Subsidence in the Cape Verde Archipelago '' . Journal of the Geological Society . London : Geological Society of London . 167 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 538 . doi : 10.1144 / 0016 - 76492009 - 056 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutCape Verdeat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Wikimedia Atlas of Cape Verde Official website of the Government of Cape Verde Cape Verde at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Cape Verde '' . The World Factbook . 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Hey Jude

Hey Jude - wikipedia Hey Jude Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Hey Jude ( disambiguation ) . `` Hey Jude '' A-side label of original UK release Single by the Beatles B - side `` Revolution '' Released 26 August 1968 Format 7 - inch Recorded 31 July -- 1 August 1968 , Trident Studios , London Genre Rock pop rock Length 7 : 11 Label Apple Songwriter ( s ) Lennon -- McCartney Producer ( s ) George Martin The Beatles singles chronology `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) Lady Madonna 1968 `` Hey Jude '' ( 1968 ) Hey Jude1968 `` Get Back '' ( 1969 ) Get Back 1969 Alternative cover 1982 reissue Music video `` Hey Jude '' on YouTube `` Hey Jude '' is a song by the English rock band the Beatles , written by Paul McCartney and credited to Lennon -- McCartney . The ballad evolved from `` Hey Jules '' , a song McCartney wrote to comfort John Lennon 's son , Julian , during his parents ' divorce . `` Hey Jude '' begins with a verse - bridge structure incorporating McCartney 's vocal performance and piano accompaniment ; further instrumentation is added as the song progresses . After the fourth verse , the song shifts to a fade - out coda that lasts for more than four minutes . `` Hey Jude '' was released in August 1968 as the first single from the Beatles ' record label Apple Records . More than seven minutes in length , it was at the time the longest single ever to top the British charts . It also spent nine weeks at number one in the United States , the longest for any Beatles single . `` Hey Jude '' tied the `` all - time '' record , at the time , for the longest run at the top of the US charts . The single has sold approximately eight million copies and is frequently included on professional critics ' lists of the greatest songs of all time . In 2013 , Billboard named it the 10th biggest song of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and writing 2 Production 2.1 Abbey Road rehearsals 2.2 Trident Studios recording 2.3 Mixing 3 Composition and structure 4 Release 5 Promotion 6 Critical reception 7 Awards and accolades 8 Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia 9 Cover versions and performances 10 Personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 11.3 All - time charts 12 Certifications 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 External links Inspiration and writing ( edit ) In May 1968 , John Lennon and his wife Cynthia Lennon separated after John 's affair with Yoko Ono . The following month , Paul McCartney drove out to visit Cynthia and John 's son , Julian , at Kenwood , the family 's home in Weybridge . Cynthia had been part of the Beatles ' social circle since before the band 's rise to fame in 1963 ; McCartney later said he found it `` a bit much for them suddenly to be personae non gratae and out of my life . '' Cynthia Lennon recalled of McCartney 's surprise visit : `` I was touched by his obvious concern for our welfare ... On the journey down he composed ' Hey Jude ' in the car . I will never forget Paul 's gesture of care and concern in coming to see us . '' I started with the idea `` Hey Jules , '' which was Julian , do n't make it bad , take a sad song and make it better . Hey , try and deal with this terrible thing . I knew it was not going to be easy for him . I always feel sorry for kids in divorces ... -- Paul McCartney , 1997 The song 's original title was `` Hey Jules '' , and it was intended to comfort Julian Lennon from the stress of his parents ' separation . McCartney later said , `` I knew it was not going to be easy for him '' , and that he changed the name to `` Jude '' `` because I thought that sounded a bit better '' . According to music journalist Chris Hunt , in the weeks after writing the song , McCartney `` test ( ed ) his latest composition on anyone too polite to refuse . And that meant everyone . '' On 30 June , after recording the Black Dyke Mills Band 's rendition of his instrumental `` Thingumybob '' , in Yorkshire , McCartney stopped at a village in Bedfordshire and performed `` Hey Jude '' at a local pub . He also regaled members of the Bonzo Dog Band with the song while producing their single `` I 'm the Urban Spaceman '' , in London , and interrupted a recording session by the Barron Knights to do the same . Ron Griffith of the group the Iveys -- soon to be known as Badfinger and , like the Black Dyke Mills Band , an early signing to the Beatles ' new record label Apple Records -- later recalled that on their first day in the studio , McCartney `` gave us a full concert rendition of ' Hey Jude ' '' . When introducing the composition to Lennon , McCartney assured him that he would `` fix '' the line `` the movement you need is on your shoulder '' , reasoning that `` it 's a stupid expression ; it sounds like a parrot . '' Lennon replied : `` You wo n't , you know . That 's the best line in the song . '' McCartney retained the phrase ; he later said of his subsequent live performances of the song : `` that 's the line when I think of John , and sometimes I get a little emotional during that moment . '' If you think about it ... Yoko 's just come into the picture . He 's saying . `` Hey , Jude -- Hey , John . '' I know I 'm sounding like one of those fans who reads things into it , but you can hear it as a song to me ... Subconsciously , he was saying , Go ahead , leave me . On a conscious level , he did n't want me to go ahead . -- John Lennon , 1980 Although McCartney originally wrote `` Hey Jude '' for Julian , John Lennon thought it had actually been written for him . In a 1980 interview , Lennon stated that he `` always heard it as a song to me '' and contended that , on one level , McCartney was giving his blessing to Lennon and Ono 's relationship , while , on another , he was disappointed to be usurped as Lennon 's friend and songwriting partner . Other people believed McCartney wrote the song about them , including Judith Simons , a journalist with the Daily Express . Still others , including Lennon , have speculated that in the lyrics to `` Hey Jude '' , McCartney 's failing long - term relationship with Jane Asher provided an unconscious `` message to himself '' . McCartney and Asher had announced their engagement on 25 December 1967 , yet he began an affair with Linda Eastman in June 1968 ; that same month , Francie Schwartz , an American who was in London to discuss a film proposal with Apple , began living with McCartney at his St John 's Wood home . When Lennon mentioned that he thought the song was about him and Ono , McCartney denied it and told Lennon he had written the song about himself . Author Mark Hertsgaard has commented that `` many of the song 's lyrics do seem directed more at a grown man on the verge of a powerful new love , especially the lines ' you have found her now go and get her ' and ' you 're waiting for someone to perform with . ' '' Music critic and author Tim Riley writes : `` If the song is about self - worth and self - consolation in the face of hardship , the vocal performance itself conveys much of the journey . He begins by singing to comfort someone else , finds himself weighing his own feelings in the process , and finally , in the repeated refrains that nurture his own approbation , he comes to believe in himself . '' Production ( edit ) Abbey Road rehearsals ( edit ) Having earmarked the song for release as a single , the Beatles recorded `` Hey Jude '' during the sessions for their self - titled double album , commonly known as `` the White Album '' . The sessions were marked by an element of discord within the group for the first time , partly as a result of Ono 's constant presence at Lennon 's side , and also reflective of the four band members ' divergence following their communal trip to Rishikesh in the spring of 1968 to study Transcendental Meditation . Author Peter Doggett describes the completed version of `` Hey Jude '' as a song that `` glowed with optimism after a summer that had burned with anxiety and rage within the group '' . The Beatles first taped 25 takes of the song at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London over two nights , 29 and 30 July 1968 , with George Martin as their producer . These dates served as rehearsals , however , since they planned to record the master track at Trident Studios to utilise their eight - track recording machine ( Abbey Road was still limited to four - tracks ) . A take from 29 July , which author and critic Kenneth Womack describes as a `` jovial '' session , was issued on the Anthology 3 compilation in 1996 . The 30 July rehearsals were filmed for a short documentary titled Music ! However , the film shows only three of the Beatles performing `` Hey Jude '' , as George Harrison remained in the studio control room , with Martin and EMI recording engineer Ken Scott . Author Simon Leng views this as indicative of how Harrison was increasingly allowed little room to develop ideas on McCartney compositions , whereas he was free to create empathetic guitar parts for Lennon 's songs of the period . During the rehearsals that day , Harrison and McCartney had a heated disagreement over the lead guitar part for the song . Harrison 's idea was to play a guitar phrase as a response to each line of the vocal , which did not fit with McCartney 's conception of the song 's arrangement , and he vetoed it . In a 1994 interview , McCartney said , `` looking back on it , I think , Okay . Well , it was bossy , but it was ballsy of me , because I could have bowed to the pressure . '' Ron Richards , a record producer who worked for Martin at both Parlophone and AIR Studios , said McCartney was `` oblivious to anyone else 's feelings in the studio '' , and that he was driven to making the best possible record , at almost any cost . Trident Studios recording ( edit ) The master track for `` Hey Jude '' was recorded at Trident Studios on 31 July . Trident 's founder , Norman Sheffield , recalled that Mal Evans , the Beatles ' aide and former roadie , insisted that some pot plants he had brought be placed in the studio to make the place `` soft '' , consistent with the band 's wishes . Sheffield served as recording engineer for the session . The line - up on the basic track was McCartney on piano and lead vocal , Lennon on acoustic guitar , Harrison on electric guitar , and Ringo Starr on drums . The Beatles recorded four takes of `` Hey Jude '' , the first of which was selected as the master . With drums absent for the first 50 seconds of the song , McCartney began this take unaware that Starr had just left for a toilet break . Starr soon returned -- `` tiptoeing past my back rather quickly '' , in McCartney 's recollection -- and performed his cue perfectly . McCartney added : `` his timing was absolutely impeccable . '' On 1 August , the group carried out overdubs on the basic track , again at Trident . These additions included McCartney 's lead vocal and bass guitar ; backing vocals from Lennon , McCartney and Harrison ; and tambourine , played by Starr . They then added a 36 - piece orchestra over the long coda , scored by Martin . The orchestra consisted of ten violins , three violas , three cellos , two flutes , one contra bassoon , one bassoon , two clarinets , one contra bass clarinet , four trumpets , four trombones , two horns , percussion and two string basses . With the introduction of what musicologist Walter Everett terms the `` bottom - heavy '' orchestral instruments , particularly the string basses , McCartney 's bass part was cut from the start of the coda onwards . According to Sheffield , there was dissension initially among the orchestral musicians , some of whom `` were looking down their noses at the Beatles , I think '' . Sheffield recalls that McCartney ensured their cooperation by demanding : `` Do you guys want to get fucking paid or not ? '' During the first few takes , McCartney was unhappy about the lack of energy and passion in the orchestra 's performance , so he stood up on the grand piano and started conducting the musicians from there . The Beatles then asked the orchestra members if they would clap their hands and sing along to the refrain in the coda . All but one of the musicians complied ( for a double fee ) , with the abstainer reportedly saying , `` I 'm not going to clap my hands and sing Paul McCartney 's bloody song ! '' Apple Records assistant Chris O'Dell says she joined the cast of backing singers on the song ; one of the label 's first signings , Jackie Lomax , also recalled participating . Trident was paid £ 25 per hour by EMI for the `` Hey Jude '' sessions . Sheffield said that the studio earned about £ 1000 in total at the time , but by having the Beatles record there , and in turn raving about the facility , the value was incalculable . The band carried out further work at Trident during 1968 , and Apple artists such as Lomax , Mary Hopkin , Billy Preston and the Iveys all recorded there over the next year . Mixing ( edit ) Scott , Martin and the Beatles mixed the finished recording at Abbey Road . The transfer of the Trident master tape to acetate proved problematic due to the recording sounding murky when played back on EMI 's equipment . The issue was resolved with the help of Geoff Emerick , whom Scott had recently replaced as the Beatles ' principal recording engineer . Emerick happened to be visiting Abbey Road , having recently refused to work with the Beatles any longer , due to the tension and abuse that had become commonplace at their recording sessions . A stereo mix of `` Hey Jude '' was then completed on 2 August and the mono version on 8 August . Everett writes that the song 's `` most commented - on feature '' is its considerable length , at 7 : 11 . The precedent for issuing such a long track on a single had recently been set by Richard Harris ' hit recording of `` MacArthur Park '' , the composer of which , Jimmy Webb , was a visitor to the studio around this time . According to Webb , Martin admitted to him that `` Hey Jude '' was only allowed to run over seven minutes because of the success of `` MacArthur Park '' . In the song 's final bridge section , at 2 : 58 , the spoken phrase `` Fucking hell ! '' appears . Scott admits that although he was told about it , he could not hear the words originally . Lennon attributed the expletive to McCartney , according to Emerick , who reports Lennon 's comment in his autobiography : `` ' Paul hit a clunker on the piano and said a naughty word , ' Lennon gleefully crowed , ' but I insisted we leave it in ( at Trident ) , buried just low enough so that it can barely be heard . Most people wo n't ever spot it ... but we 'll know it 's there . ' '' Womack considers that the expletive was actually uttered by Lennon . Malcolm Toft , the mix engineer on the Trident recording , also attributes it to Lennon . In Toft 's recollection , Lennon was overdubbing his harmony vocal when , in reaction to the volume being too loud in his headphones , he first called out `` Whoa ! '' then , two seconds later , swore as he pulled the headphones off . Composition and structure ( edit ) 1968 sheet music cover ( Maclen Music , Inc. , New York ) `` Hey Jude '' begins with McCartney singing lead vocals and playing the piano . The patterns he plays are based on three chords : F , C , and B ♭ ( I , V and IV ) . The main chord progression is `` flipped on its head '' , in Hertsgaard 's words , for the coda , since the C chord is replaced by E ♭ . Everett comments that McCartney 's melody over the verses borrows in part from John Ireland 's 1907 liturgical piece Te Deum , as well as ( with the first change to a B ♭ chord ) suggesting the influence of the Drifters ' 1960 hit `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . The second verse of the song adds accompaniment from acoustic guitar and tambourine . Tim Riley writes that , with the `` restrained tom - tom and cymbal fill '' that introduces the drum part , `` the piano shifts downward to add a flat seventh to the tonic chord , making the downbeat of the bridge the point of arrival ( ' And any time you feel the pain ' ) . '' At the end of each bridge , McCartney sings a brief phrase ( `` Na - na - na na ... '' ) , supported by an electric guitar fill , before playing a piano fill that leads to the next verse . According to Riley , this vocal phrase serves to `` reorient the harmony for the verse as the piano figure turns upside down into a vocal aside '' . Additional musical details , such as tambourine on the third verse and subtle harmonies accompanying the lead vocal , are added to sustain interest throughout the four - verse , two - bridge song . The verse - bridge structure persists for approximately three minutes , after which the band leads into a four - minute - long coda , consisting of nineteen rounds of the song 's double plagal cadence . During this coda , the rest of the band , backed by an orchestra that also provides backing vocals , repeats the phrase `` Na - na - na na '' followed by the words `` hey Jude '' until the song gradually fades out . In his analysis of the composition , musicologist Alan Pollack comments on the unusual structure of `` Hey Jude '' , in that it uses a `` binary form that combines a fully developed , hymn - like song together with an extended , mantra - like jam on a simple chord progression '' . Riley considers that the coda 's repeated chord sequence ( I - ♭ VII - IV - I ) `` answers all the musical questions raised at the beginnings and ends of bridges '' , since `` The flat seventh that posed dominant turns into bridges now has an entire chord built on it . '' This three - chord refrain allows McCartney `` a bedding ... to leap about on vocally '' , so he ad - libs his vocal performance for the rest of the song . In Riley 's estimation , the song `` becomes a tour of Paul 's vocal range : from the graceful inviting tones of the opening verse , through the mounting excitement of the song itself , to the surging raves of the coda '' . Release ( edit ) ( The Beatles ) are confident and cheerful and the human condition will be thrilled by the coming results of their willing and enduring Beatle bondage ... they will give all of us new wonders to soothe our pain . -- Derek Taylor , `` Hey Jude '' press release , August 1968 `` Hey Jude '' was released on 26 August 1968 in the United States and 30 August in the United Kingdom , backed with `` Revolution '' on the B - side of a 7 '' single . It was one of four singles issued simultaneously to launch Apple Records -- the others being Mary Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , Jackie Lomax 's `` Sour Milk Sea '' , and the Black Dyke Mills Band 's `` Thingumybob '' . In advance of the release date , Apple declared 11 -- 18 August to be `` National Apple Week '' in the UK , and sent gift - wrapped boxes of the records , marked `` Our First Four '' , to Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the royal family , and to Harold Wilson , the prime minister at the time . The release was promoted by Derek Taylor , who , in Doggett 's description , `` hyped the first Apple records with typical elan '' . `` Hey Jude '' was the first of the four singles , since it was still designated as an EMI / Parlophone release in the UK and a Capitol release in the US , but with the Apple Records logo now added . In the US , `` Hey Jude '' was the first Beatles single to be issued in a company sleeve rather than a picture sleeve . Lennon wanted `` Revolution '' to be the A-side of the single , but the other Beatles did not agree . In his 1970 interview with Rolling Stone , he said `` Hey Jude '' was worthy of an A-side , `` but we could have had both . '' In 1980 , he told Playboy he still disagreed with the decision . The single was a highly successful debut for Apple Records , and contrasted with the public embarrassment the band faced after the recent closure of their short - lived retail venture , Apple Boutique . `` Hey Jude '' began its sixteen - week run on Britain 's official singles chart on 7 September 1968 , claiming the top spot a week later . It lasted two weeks on top before being replaced by Hopkin 's `` Those Were the Days '' , which was produced by McCartney . `` Hey Jude '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 13 September ; that same week , NME reported that two million copies of the single had been sold . The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 14 September , beginning a nineteen - week chart run there . It reached number one on 28 September and held that position for nine weeks , for three of which , `` Those Were the Days '' held the number - two spot . This was the longest time spent by a Beatles single at number one , as well as being the longest - playing single to reach number one . The song was the 16th number - one hit for the band in America , tying Elvis Presley 's record at the time for most number - one songs there . Billboard ranked it as the number - one song for 1968 . In the UK , where `` MacArthur Park '' had failed to top the chart , `` Hey Jude '' remained the longest number - one hit for nearly a quarter of a century . It was surpassed in 1993 by Meat Loaf 's `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' , which ran to 7 : 52 as a single . On 30 November 1968 , NME reported that sales had reached nearly six million copies worldwide . `` Hey Jude '' became the biggest - selling debut release for a record label ever , selling an estimated eight million copies worldwide and topping the charts in eleven countries . In 1999 , it was certified 4x platinum by the RIAA , representing four million units shipped in the US . Promotion ( edit ) A failed early promotional attempt for the single took place after the Beatles ' all - night recording session on 7 -- 8 August 1968 . With Apple Boutique having closed a week before , McCartney and his girlfriend , Francie Schwartz , painted Hey Jude / Revolution across its large , whitewashed shop windows . The words were mistaken for anti-Semitic graffiti ( since Jude means `` Jew '' in German ) , leading to complaints from the local Jewish community , and the windows being smashed by passers - by . Discussing the episode in The Beatles Anthology , McCartney explained that he had been motivated by the location -- `` Great opportunity . Baker Street , millions of buses going around ... '' -- and added : `` I had no idea it meant ' Jew ' , but if you look at footage of Nazi Germany , ' Juden Raus ' was written in whitewashed windows with a Star of David . I swear it never occurred to me . '' According to Barry Miles , McCartney caused further controversy in his comments to Alan Smith of the NME that month when he said : `` Starvation in India does n't worry me one bit , not one iota ... And it does n't worry you , if you 're honest . You just pose . '' The Beatles hired Michael Lindsay - Hogg to shoot a promotional clip for `` Hey Jude '' , after he had previously directed a clip for `` Paperback Writer '' in 1966 . They settled on the idea of shooting with a live , albeit controlled , audience . In the clip , the Beatles are first seen by themselves , performing the initial chorus and verses , and then are joined by the audience who appear as the last chorus concludes and coda begins ; the audience sings and claps along with the Beatles through the song 's conclusion . Hogg shot the clip at Twickenham Film Studios on 4 September 1968 , with McCartney himself designing the set . Tony Bramwell , a friend of the Beatles , later described the set as `` the piano , there ; drums , there ; and orchestra in two tiers at the back . '' The event marked Starr 's return to the group , after McCartney 's criticism of his drumming had led to him walking out during a session for the White Album track `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' During his two - week absence , Starr announced that he had left the band . The final edit was a combination of several different takes and included `` introductions '' to the song by David Frost ( who introduced the Beatles as `` the greatest tea - room orchestra in the world '' ) , and Cliff Richard , for their respective , eponymous TV programmes . As shooting wore on , Lennon repeatedly asked Lindsay - Hogg if he had the material he needed . After 12 takes , McCartney said , `` I think that 's enough '' , and shooting concluded . It was first aired in the UK on Frost on Sunday on 8 September 1968 , and the clip was later broadcast for the United States on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour on 6 October . According to Riley , the showing on Frost on Sunday `` kicked ' Hey Jude ' into the stratosphere '' in terms of popularity . Hertsgaard pairs it with the release of the animated film Yellow Submarine as two events that created `` a state of nirvana '' for Beatles fans , in contrast with the problems besetting the band regarding Ono 's influence and Apple . The 4 September 1968 promo clip is included in the Beatles ' 2015 video compilation 1 , while the three - disc versions of that compilation , titled 1 + , also include an alternate video , with a different introduction and vocal , from the same date . Critical reception ( edit ) Upon the single 's release , Derek Johnson of the NME wrote : `` The intriguing features of ' Hey Jude ' are its extreme length and the 40 - piece orchestral accompaniment -- and personally I would have preferred it without either ! '' While he viewed the track overall as `` a beautiful , compelling song '' , and the first three minutes as `` absolutely sensational '' , Johnson rued the long coda 's `` vocal improvisations on the basically repetitive four - bar chorus '' . Time magazine described the coda as `` a fadeout that engagingly spoofs the fadeout as a gimmick for ending pop records '' . The same reviewer contrasted `` Hey Jude '' with its B - side , `` Revolution '' , saying that `` The other side of the new disk urges activism of a different sort '' , due to McCartney `` liltingly exhort ( ing ) a friend to overcome his fears and commit himself in love '' . Rolling Stone also attributed the song 's meaning as a message from McCartney to Lennon to end his negative relationships with women : `` to break the old pattern ; to really go through with love '' . Other commentators interpreted `` Hey Jude '' as being directed at Bob Dylan , then semi-retired in Woodstock . Writing in 1971 , Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called it `` one of ( McCartney 's ) truest and most forthright love songs '' and was critical of its omission from the album The Beatles . In their 1975 book The Beatles : An Illustrated Record , critics Roy Carr and Tony Tyler wrote that `` Hey Jude '' `` promised great things '' for the ill - conceived Apple enterprise and described the song as `` the last great Beatles single recorded specifically for the 45s market '' . They noted also that `` the epic proportions of the piece '' encouraged many imitators , yet these other artists `` ( failed ) to capture the gentleness and sympathy of the Beatles ' communal feel '' . Among more recent commentators , Alan Pollack admires `` Hey Jude '' as `` such a good illustration of two compositional lessons -- how to fill a large canvas with simple means , and how to use diverse elements such as harmony , bassline , and orchestration to articulate form and contrast . '' Pollack considers that the song 's long coda provides `` an astonishingly transcendental effect '' , while AllMusic 's Richie Unterberger similarly opines : `` What could have very easily been boring is instead hypnotic because McCartney varies the vocal with some of the greatest nonsense scatting ever heard in rock ... '' In his book Revolution in the Head , Ian MacDonald wrote that the `` pseudo-soul shrieking in the fade - out may be a blemish '' but he praised the song as `` a pop / rock hybrid drawing on the best of both idioms '' . MacDonald concluded : `` ' Hey Jude ' strikes a universal note , touching on an archetypal moment in male sexual psychology with a gentle wisdom one might properly call inspired . '' Lennon said the song was `` one of ( McCartney 's ) masterpieces '' . Awards and accolades ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was nominated for the Grammy Awards of 1969 in the categories of Record of the Year , Song of the Year and Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal , but failed to win any of them . In the 1968 NME Readers ' Poll , `` Hey Jude '' was named the best single of the year , and the song also won the 1968 Ivor Novello Award for `` A-Side With the Highest Sales '' . In 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' was inducted into the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , Rolling Stone ranked `` Hey Jude '' at number eight on the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , making it the highest - placed Beatles song on the list . Among its many appearances in other best - song - of - all - time lists , VH1 placed it seventh in 2000 and Mojo ranked it at number 29 in the same year , having placed the song seventh in a 1997 list of `` The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time '' . In 1976 , the NME ranked it 38th on the magazine 's `` Top 100 Singles of All Time '' , and the track appeared at number 77 on the same publication 's `` The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' in 2014 . In January 2001 , `` Hey Jude '' came in third on Channel 4 's list of the `` 100 Greatest Singles '' . The Amusement & Music Operators Association ranks `` Hey Jude '' as the 11th - best jukebox single of all time . In 2008 , the song appeared in eighth place on Billboard 's `` All Time Hot 100 Songs '' . In July 2006 , Mojo placed `` Hey Jude '' at number 12 on its list of `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' ( between `` Eleanor Rigby '' and `` Come Together '' ) . On a similar list compiled four years later , Rolling Stone ranked the song at number seven . In 2015 , the ITV program The Nation 's Favourite Beatles Number One ranked `` Hey Jude '' in first place . Auctioned lyrics and memorabilia ( edit ) Julian Lennon ( pictured at the John Lennon Peace Monument in 2010 ) bid successfully for the Beatles ' recording notes for the song at an auction in 1996 . Julian Lennon discovered that `` Hey Jude '' had been written for him almost 20 years after McCartney composed the song . He recalled of his and McCartney 's relationship : `` Paul and I used to hang about quite a bit -- more than Dad and I did . We had a great friendship going and there seems to be far more pictures of me and Paul playing together at that age than there are pictures of me and my dad . '' In 1996 , Julian paid £ 25,000 for the recording notes to `` Hey Jude '' at an auction . He spent a further £ 35,000 at the auction , buying John Lennon memorabilia . John Cousins , Julian Lennon 's manager , stated at the time : `` He has a few photographs of his father , but not very much else . He is collecting for personal reasons ; these are family heirlooms if you like . '' In 2002 , the original handwritten lyrics for the song were nearly auctioned off at Christie 's in London . The sheet of notepaper with the scrawled lyrics had been expected to fetch up to £ 80,000 at the auction , which was scheduled for 30 April 2002 . McCartney went to court to stop the auction , claiming the paper had disappeared from his West London home . Richard Morgan , representing Christie 's , said McCartney had provided no evidence that he had ever owned the piece of paper on which the lyrics were written . The courts decided in McCartney 's favour and prohibited the sale of the lyrics . They had been sent to Christie 's for auction by Frenchman Florrent Tessier , who said he purchased the piece of paper at a street market stall in London for £ 10 in the early 1970s . In the original catalogue for the auction , Julian Lennon had written , `` It 's very strange to think that someone has written a song about you . It still touches me . '' Cover versions and performances ( edit ) `` Hey Jude '' was one of the few Beatles songs that Elvis Presley covered , when he rehearsed the track at his 1969 Memphis sessions with producer Chips Moman , a recording that appeared on the 1972 album Elvis Now . A medley of the Beatles ' `` Yesterday '' and `` Hey Jude '' was included on the 1999 reissue of Presley 's 1970 live album On Stage . In 1968 , R&B singer Wilson Pickett released a cover recorded at Muscle Shoals , with guitar from a young Duane Allman , who recommended the choice to Pickett . Eric Clapton commented , `` I remember hearing ( it ) and calling either Ahmet Ertegun or Tom Dowd and saying , ' Who 's that guitar player ? ' ... To this day , I 've never heard better rock guitar playing on an R&B record . It 's the best . '' Pickett commented on the outro that `` people were going crazy '' and session musician Jimmy Johnson said that the Allman 's solo `` created Southern rock '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic included `` Hey Jude '' in his first polka medley , `` Polkas on 45 '' , from his 1984 album `` Weird Al '' Yankovic in 3 - D. Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honouring McCartney . Paul McCartney sang the song in the closing moments of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics hosted in London . On 4 August 2012 , McCartney led the crowd in a rendition of `` Hey Jude '' while watching cycling at the velodrome . Personnel ( edit ) Paul McCartney -- lead vocal , piano , bass guitar , handclaps George Harrison -- backing vocal , electric guitar , handclaps John Lennon -- backing vocal , acoustic guitar , handclaps Ringo Starr -- backing vocal , drums , tambourine , handclaps Uncredited 36 - piece orchestra -- 10 violins , three violas , three cellos , two double basses , two flutes , two clarinets , one bass clarinet , one bassoon , one contrabassoon , four trumpets , two horns , four trombones , and one percussion instrument ; 35 of these musicians on additional backing vocals and handclaps Personnel per Ian MacDonald and Mark Lewisohn . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Oricon International Chart ) Japan ( Oricon Singles Chart ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFE ) Sweden Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box US Record World Yugoslavia ( Džuboks ) Year Chart Peak position 1976 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 20 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 52 Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 59 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 40 2011 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 99 2012 Japan Hot 100 Singles 53 France ( SNEP ) 174 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1968 ) Rank Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 23 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 11 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Italy ( FIMI ) 31 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Australia ( Go - Set National Top 40 ) 35 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart Rank US Billboard Hot 100 10 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1968 List of number - one singles in Australia during the 1960s List of Top 25 singles for 1968 in Australia Lists of number - one singles ( Austria ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1968 List of Cash Box Top 100 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Canada ) List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 1968 List of number - one singles of 1968 ( France ) List of number - one hits of 1968 ( Germany ) List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Ireland ) List of number - one singles in 1968 ( New Zealand ) List of number - one songs in Norway List of number - one singles of 1968 ( Spain ) List of number - one singles from 1968 -- 79 ( Switzerland ) List of UK charts and number - one singles ( 1952 -- 1969 ) List of best - selling singles of the 1960s in the United Kingdom `` The Official BBC Children in Need Medley '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Griffith added that he and his fellow Iveys were `` gobsmacked '' by the performance . Jump up ^ In a 1971 interview with Jonathan Cott , Lennon recalled his and McCartney 's conversation : `` Ah , it 's me ! I said , it 's me ! He says , no it 's me . I said , check , we 're going through the same bit . '' Jump up ^ Produced by the National Music Council of Great Britain , the documentary was released in October 1969 . Jump up ^ Described by Ian MacDonald as `` a tense moment '' , this disagreement between Harrison and McCartney was recalled by the pair in a similar argument they had while filming Let It Be in January 1969 , regarding the lead guitar part on `` Two of Us '' . Partly as a result of McCartney 's criticism , Harrison briefly quit the band on 10 January . Jump up ^ In 2013 McCartney agreed to write the foreword to Sheffield 's book `` Life on Two Legs '' , partly because of his positive experience when recording `` Hey Jude '' . Jump up ^ Writing in his 2006 memoir , Emerick says that `` Obviously something at Trident had been misaligned '' , and the solution for `` Hey Jude '' was to add `` massive amounts of treble equalization '' . Jump up ^ Toft adds : `` because it had been bounced down ( mixed ) with the main vocal , it could not be removed . I just managed to bring the fader down for a split second on the mix to try to lessen the effect . '' Jump up ^ The catalogue numbers for `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' -- Apple 5722 in the UK and 2276 in the US -- were consistent with the numerical sequencing of the Beatles ' previous releases on Parlophone and Capitol . Apple 's other three debut singles followed a new sequencing , starting with `` Those Were the Days '' , which was issued as Apple 2 and Apple 1801 . Jump up ^ Having told Smith , `` The truth about me is that I 'm pleasantly insincere '' , McCartney said : `` You ca n't pretend to me that an Oxfam ad can reach down into the depths of your soul and actually make you feel for those ( starving ) people -- more , for instance , than you feel about getting a new car . '' Jump up ^ EMI archives do not record the names of the studio musicians , but it has been established that two of the cellists were Alexander `` Bobby '' Kok and Peter Halling , and two of the flautists were Bill Jackman and Brian Warren . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lowry 2002 , p. 44 . ^ Jump up to : Bronson , Fred ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Hot 100 55th Anniversary : The All - Time Top 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 389 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles , ' Hey Jude ' '' . Rolling Stone . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 208 , 221 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 465 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , p. 366 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Chris ( 2003 ) . `` Here Comes the Son '' . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition . London : Emap . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 302 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 367 . ^ Jump up to : The Beatles 2000 , p. 297 . ^ Jump up to : Sheff 2000 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Harry , Bill ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Revised and Updated . London : Virgin Publishing . p. 517 . ISBN 0 - 7535 - 0481 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Unterberger , Richie . `` Hey Jude -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ Carr & Tyler 1978 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 213 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 47 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , pp. 212 -- 13 , 215 . ^ Jump up to : Hertsgaard 1995 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 108 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2002 , p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 782 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 247 , 251 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , pp. 88 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 389 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Womack 2014 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn , Mark ( 1996 ) . Anthology 3 ( booklet ) . The Beatles . London : Apple Records . p. 14 . 34451 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 304 . ^ Jump up to : Everett 1999 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2011 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Leng 2006 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 146 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 1997 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Martin , George ; Hornsby , Jeremy ( 1994 ) . All You Need Is Ears . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Press . pp. 137 , 183 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11482 - 6 . Jump up ^ Spitz 2005 , p. 783 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 267fn . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , pp. 194 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ O'Dell 2009 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Staunton , Terry ( July 2004 ) . `` Jackie Lomax : Is This What You Want ? '' . Record Collector . Rock 's Backpages . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sheffield 2013 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 308 , 311 . Jump up ^ O'Dell 2009 , pp. 73 , 92 . ^ Jump up to : Riley 2011 , p. 408 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein , Daniel ( 24 April 2009 ) . `` Which Beatles song can you hear Paul McCartney swear in ? '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 ... The Times ( London ) . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` Abbey Road Engineer Ken Scott Discusses Recording The Beatles ' White Album , Says Sessions Were a Blast '' . Guitar World . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , pp. 407 -- 08 . 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Jump up ^ Riley 2002 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , pp. 49 , 359 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1988 , p. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Miles 2001 , p. 306 . Jump up ^ Black , Johnny ( 2003 ) . `` A Slice of History '' . Mojo : The Beatles ' Final Years Special Edition . London : Emap . p. 90 . Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Sounes 2010 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Hey Jude '' . Archived from the original on 4 August 2004 ... Beatles.com. 2004 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , pp. 406 , 408 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 2000 ) . Lennon Remembers ( Full interview from Lennon 's 1970 interview in Rolling Stone magazine ) . London : Verso . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 85984 - 600 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sheff 2000 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Doggett 2011 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 481 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : Castleman & Podrazik 1976 , p. 350 . ^ Jump up to : Cross 2005 , p. 539 . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , pp. 604 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly World News '' . Vol. 15 no . 10 . 7 December 1993 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , pp. 305 -- 06 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes 2010 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Womack 2014 , pp. 391 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Boutique '' . In The Life Of ... The Beatles. 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1988 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 250 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Clayson 2003 , pp. 183 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : Pinchabout , Emma ( 6 March 2009 ) . `` Marc Sinden on John Lennon : We were in the presence of God '' . Archived from the original on 10 March 2009 ... Liverpool Daily Post . Jump up ^ Cross 2005 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Schultheiss 1980 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Riley 2011 , p. 412 . Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996 , pp. 247 , 250 . Jump up ^ Rowe , Matt ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes ... And Videos '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 1 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Derek ( 31 August 1968 ) . `` The Beatles ' Hey Jude ' / ' Revolution ' ( Apple ) '' . NME . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Recordings : Apples for the Beatles '' . Time . 6 September 1968 . Retrieved 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Manfredi , Catherine ( 12 October 1968 ) . `` Singles '' . Rolling Stone . Straight Arrow Publishers . ^ Jump up to : MacDonald 1998 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Carr & Tyler 1978 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( September 1971 ) . `` Living Without the Beatles '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved 10 February 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 1998 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Awards Database '' . Los Angeles Times . 2007 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Miles 2001 , p. 322 . Jump up ^ `` The Ivor Novello Awards 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2007 ... This Day In Music . 2006 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Brett ( 13 February 2001 ) . `` Beatles , Byrds & Supremes Songs Added To Grammy Hall Of Fame '' . Archived from the original on 31 May 2007 ... Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( 1 -- 500 ) '' . Archived from the original on 23 October 2006 ... Rolling Stone . ^ Jump up to : `` The Beatles : Hey Jude '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Channel 4 : The 100 best singles '' . ProcolHarum.com. 2006 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Jump up ^ `` AMOA announces top 40 jukebox singles of all time '' . Archived from the original on 7 February 2005 ... BMI. 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Phil ; et al. ( July 2006 ) . `` The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs '' . Mojo . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . Hey Jude '' . Rolling Stone . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Renshaw , David ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` ' Hey Jude ' voted UK 's favourite Beatles Number One by ITV viewers '' . NME . Retrieved 21 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lennon and son finally work it out '' . The Sunday Times . Heyjules.com. 29 September 1996 . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Wardell , Jane ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` McCartney In ' Hey Jude ' Battle '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2002 ... CBS News / Associated Press . Jump up ^ Simpson 2004 , pp. 132 , 147 , 212 . Jump up ^ Eder , Bruce . `` Elvis Presley -- On Stage : February 1970 ( Expanded ) '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher 2016 , pp. 141 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Poe 2008 , pp. 81 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Fanelli , Damian . `` Eric Clapton 's Favorite R&B Guitar Solo -- Duane Allman Guests on Wilson Pickett 's Cover of `` Hey Jude '' `` . Guitar World . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Jump up ^ ' Weird Al ' Yankovic in 3 - D ( liner ) . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic . Scotti Bros. Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Sings ' Hey Jude , ' Pays Tribute To Sir Paul McCartney , The MusiCares Person Of The Year ( PHOTOS ) '' . The Huffington Post . 11 February 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendick , Robert ; Gordon , Bryony ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` London 2012 Olympics : velodrome rocks as Team GB takes home haul of medals '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , pp. 302 -- 304 . ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` 9 October 1968 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . 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Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . `` Top 50 Singles -- October 1968 '' . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts ( 1st ed . ) . Wellington : Transpress . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 44 . 2 November 1968 . p. 73 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 '' . Billboard. 28 September 1968 . p. 82 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending SEPTEMBER 21 , 1968 '' . Cash Box . Archived from the original on 30 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Pops '' ( PDF ) . Record World . 28 September 1968 . p. 33 . Retrieved 9 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard . Vol. 80 no . 51 . 21 December 1968 . p. 58 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 27 / 11 / 11 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Beatles -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1968 '' . Go - Set . Poparchives.com.au . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Austriancharts.at . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The RPM 100 Top Singles of 1968 '' . RPM . Vol. 10 no . 19 . 6 January 1969 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I singoli più venduti del 1968 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1968 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1968 '' ( in German ) . Hitparade.ch . Hung Medien . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Dan ( 18 November 2012 ) . `` The biggest selling singles of every year revealed ! ( 1952 -- 2011 ) '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 -- 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2006 ... 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1968 '' . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 ... Cash Box magazine . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 for 1969 '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Beatles -- Hey Jude '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology . San Francisco , CA : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 2684 - 6 . Carr , Roy ; Tyler , Tony ( 1978 ) . The Beatles : An Illustrated Record . London : Trewin Copplestone Publishing . ISBN 0 - 450 - 04170 - 0 . Castleman , Harry ; Podrazik , Walter J. ( 1976 ) . All Together Now : The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961 -- 1975 . New York , NY : Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 25680 - 8 . Clayson , Alan ( 2003 ) . Ringo Starr . London : Sanctuary . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 488 - 5 . Cross , Craig ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : Day - by - Day , Song - by - Song , Record - by - Record . Lincoln , NE : iUniverse . ISBN 0 - 595 - 34663 - 4 . Doggett , Peter ( 2011 ) . You Never Give Me Your Money : The Beatles After the Breakup . New York , NY : It Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 177418 - 8 . Emerick , Geoff ; Massey , Howard ( 2006 ) . Here , There and Everywhere : My Life Recording the Music of The Beatles . New York , NY : Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 269 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver Through the Anthology . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509553 - 7 . Fletcher , Tony ( 2016 ) . In the Midnight Hour : The Life & Soul of Wilson Pickett . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 025296 - 0 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1995 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of The Beatles . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 0 - 385 - 31377 - 2 . Hertsgaard , Mark ( 1996 ) . A Day in the Life : The Music and Artistry of the Beatles . London : Pan Books . ISBN 0 - 330 - 33891 - 9 . Leng , Simon ( 2006 ) . While My Guitar Gently Weeps : The Music of George Harrison . Milwaukee , WI : Hal Leonard . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4234 - 0609 - 9 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1988 ) . The Beatles Recording Sessions . New York : Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 57066 - 1 . Lowry , Todd ( 2002 ) . Lennon and McCartney Hits : Keyboard Signature Licks . Hal Leonard . ISBN 0 - 634 - 03250 - X . MacDonald , Ian ( 1998 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 1st rev . ed . ) . London : Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6697 - 4 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( Second Revised ed . ) . London : Pimlico ( Rand ) . ISBN 1 - 84413 - 828 - 3 . Miles , Barry ( 1997 ) . Paul McCartney : Many Years From Now . New York , NY : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5249 - 6 . Miles , Barry ( 2001 ) . The Beatles Diary Volume 1 : The Beatles Years . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 8308 - 9 . O'Dell , Chris ( 2009 ) . Miss O'Dell : My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles , The Stones , Bob Dylan , Eric Clapton , and the Women They Loved . New York , NY : Touchstone . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 9093 - 4 . Poe , Randy ( 2008 ) . Skydog : The Duane Allman Story . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61713 - 487 - 6 . Riley , Tim ( 2002 ) . The Beatles : Album By Album , Song By Song , the Sixties and After . Cambridge , MA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81120 - 0 . Riley , Tim ( 2011 ) . Lennon : The Man , the Myth , the Music -- The Definitive Life . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 4020 - 6 . Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : The Studio Equipment and Techniques Used To Create Their Classic Albums . Houston , TX : Curvebender Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 9 . Schaffner , Nicholas ( 1978 ) . The Beatles Forever . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 055087 - 5 . Schultheiss , Tom ( 1980 ) . A Day in the Life : The Beatles Day - By - Day . Ann Arbor , MC : Pierian Press . ISBN 0 - 87650 - 120 - X . Sheff , David ( 2000 ) . All We Are Saying : The Last Major Interview with John Lennon and Yoko Ono . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25464 - 4 . Sheffield , Norman J ( 2013 ) . Life On Two Legs . London : Trident Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9575133 - 0 - 5 . Simpson , Paul ( 2004 ) . The Rough Guide to Elvis . London : Rough Guides . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 417 - 7 . Sounes , Howard ( 2010 ) . Fab : An Intimate Life of Paul McCartney . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723705 - 0 . Spitz , Bob ( 2005 ) . The Beatles : The Biography . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 0 - 316 - 80352 - 9 . Womack , Kenneth ( 2014 ) . The Beatles Encyclopedia : Everything Fab Four . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39171 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` HEY JUDE ( Legal Title ) , BMI Work # 562357 '' . BMI . The Beatles singles discography UK and US ( all labels ) 1963 `` Please Please Me '' / `` Ask Me Why '' `` From Me to You '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` She Loves You '' / `` I 'll Get You '' 1964 `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' / `` You Ca n't Do That '' `` I Feel Fine '' / `` She 's a Woman '' 1965 `` Ticket to Ride '' / `` Yes It Is '' `` Help ! '' / `` I 'm Down '' `` We Can Work It Out '' / `` Day Tripper '' 1966 `` Paperback Writer '' / `` Rain '' `` Yellow Submarine '' / `` Eleanor Rigby '' 1967 `` Penny Lane '' / `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` All You Need Is Love '' / `` Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' / `` I Am the Walrus '' 1968 `` Lady Madonna '' / `` The Inner Light '' `` Hey Jude '' / `` Revolution '' 1969 `` Get Back '' / `` Do n't Let Me Down '' `` The Ballad of John and Yoko '' / `` Old Brown Shoe '' `` Something '' / `` Come Together '' 1970 `` Let It Be '' / `` You Know My Name ( Look Up the Number ) '' 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` A Day in the Life '' 1982 `` The Beatles Movie Medley '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' 1995 `` Free as a Bird '' / `` Christmas Time ( Is Here Again ) '' `` Real Love '' / `` Baby 's in Black '' UK only ( Parlophone , Apple ) 1962 `` My Bonnie '' / `` The Saints '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` This Boy '' 1964 `` Ai n't She Sweet '' / `` If You Love Me , Baby '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` Things We Said Today '' 1976 `` Yesterday '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Twist and Shout '' US only ( Vee - Jay , Swan , Tollie , Capitol , Apple ) 1963 `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' / `` I Saw Her Standing There '' 1964 `` Twist and Shout '' / `` There 's a Place '' `` Do You Want to Know a Secret '' / `` Thank You Girl '' `` Love Me Do '' / `` P.S. I Love You '' `` Sie liebt dich '' / `` I 'll Get You '' `` I 'll Cry Instead '' / `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` And I Love Her '' / `` If I Fell '' `` A Hard Day 's Night '' / `` I Should Have Known Better '' `` Matchbox '' / `` Slow Down '' 1965 `` Eight Days a Week '' / `` I Do n't Want to Spoil the Party '' `` Yesterday '' / `` Act Naturally '' 1966 `` Nowhere Man '' / `` What Goes On '' 1970 `` The Long and Winding Road '' / `` For You Blue '' 1976 `` Got to Get You into My Life '' / `` Helter Skelter '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` Julia '' Other countries ( Odeon , Parlophone , Apple ) 1963 `` All My Loving '' / `` This Boy '' ( Canada ) 1964 `` Komm , gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich '' ( Germany ) 1966 `` Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) '' / `` Nowhere Man '' ( Australia ) 1968 `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' ( Europe , Japan , Australia ) `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' / `` I Will '' ( Philippines ) `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' / `` Do n't Pass Me By '' ( Sweden ) 1969 `` You 're Going to Lose That Girl '' / `` Tell Me What You See '' ( Japan ) 1970 `` Oh ! Darling '' / `` Here Comes the Sun '' ( Japan ) 1972 `` All Together Now '' / `` Hey Bulldog '' ( Europe ) 1978 `` Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band / With a Little Help from My Friends '' / `` Within You Without You '' ( Germany ) Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 ) 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) The Beatles ( White Album ) Songs Side one `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' `` Dear Prudence '' `` Glass Onion '' `` Ob - La - Di , Ob - La - Da '' `` Wild Honey Pie '' `` The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill '' `` While My Guitar Gently Weeps '' `` Happiness Is a Warm Gun '' Side two `` Martha My Dear '' `` I 'm So Tired '' `` Blackbird '' `` Piggies '' `` Rocky Raccoon '' `` Do n't Pass Me By '' `` Why Do n't We Do It in the Road ? '' `` I Will '' `` Julia '' Side three `` Birthday '' `` Yer Blues '' `` Mother Nature 's Son '' `` Everybody 's Got Something to Hide Except Me and My Monkey '' `` Sexy Sadie '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Long , Long , Long '' Side four `` Revolution 1 '' `` Honey Pie '' `` Savoy Truffle '' `` Cry Baby Cry '' `` Revolution 9 '' `` Good Night '' Non-album single `` Hey Jude Revolution '' Outtakes `` A Beginning '' `` Across the Universe '' `` Hey Bulldog '' `` Child of Nature '' `` Circles '' `` Etcetera '' `` Junk '' `` Not Guilty '' `` Sour Milk Sea '' `` What 's the New Mary Jane '' Related articles The Beatles discography The Beatles in India Mother Nature 's Son The Grey Album Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . 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Inauguration of John F. Kennedy

Inauguration of John F. Kennedy - wikipedia Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Jump to : navigation , search Presidential Inauguration of John F. Kennedy Date January 20 , 1961 ; 57 years ago ( 1961 - 01 - 20 ) Location Washington , D.C. U.S. Capitol Participants President of the United States , John F. Kennedy Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States , Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives , Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 Campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Appointments Cabinet Judges Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday , January 20 , 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. . The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy 's only term as President and of Lyndon B. Johnson 's only term as Vice President . Kennedy was murdered 2 years , 306 days into this term , and Johnson succeeded to the presidency . Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election , in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon , the then -- incumbent Vice President . He was the first Catholic to become President , and became the youngest person elected to the office . His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity , emerging social changes , and diplomatic challenges . This inauguration was the first in which a poet , Robert Frost , participated in the program . Presidential inaugurations are organized by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . For John F. Kennedy 's inauguration , this committee was chaired by Senator John Sparkman , and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges , and Representatives Sam Rayburn , John William McCormack , and Charles A. Halleck . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sinatra inaugural ball 2 The inaugural nor'easter 3 Inauguration proceedings 3.1 Oath of office 4 The inaugural address 4.1 Drafting 4.2 Main ideas of the speech 4.3 Rhetorical elements 5 Invited guests 5.1 Presidents and First ladies 6 Parade to the White House 7 Impact 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Sinatra inaugural ball ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy , wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of Bergdorf Goodman , arrive at Sinatra 's inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day . `` ( Sinatra 's ball ) may have marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable part of modern politics . '' -- Todd S. Purdum , Vanity Fair , Feb. 2011 Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day , January 19 , 1961 , considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington , D.C. Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended , and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala . With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group , Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ( $13.9 million in today 's dollars ) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard - fought campaign . Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts , rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens , and stayed at the Statler - Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern . Performances and speeches included Fredric March , Sidney Poitier , Nat King Cole , Ella Fitzgerald , Gene Kelly , Tony Curtis , Janet Leigh , Bill Dana , Milton Berle , Jimmy Durante , Harry Belafonte , and Sinatra himself . Sammy Davis , Jr. , a long - time friend of Sinatra , supporter of the Democratic Party , and member of the Rat Pack , was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph , fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion , much to Sammy 's and Sinatra 's dismay . Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election , also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra . Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s . Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy , stating `` It was the ambassador , ( but ) we did n't know that until after . Sammy not being there was a loss . '' At the end of the ball , Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign , adding `` The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight . '' Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1 : 30am ( ET ) , and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy , and would finally return to the White House at around 3 : 30am . The inaugural nor'easter ( edit ) Main article : January 1961 nor'easter A strong nor'easter fell the day before the inauguration , with temperatures at 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) and snowfall at 1 -- 2 inches ( 2.5 -- 5.1 cm ) per hour and a total of 8 inches ( 20 cm ) during the night , causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration . On inauguration day , January 20 , 1961 , the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington , almost canceling the inaugural parade . The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration , and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts . This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks , front - end loaders , sanders , plows , rotaries , and flamethrowers to clear the route . Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue . The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile , preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration . Inauguration proceedings ( edit ) View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held . President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address , with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him . Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower , Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown . Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes , with additional prayers recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin , Texas , and a blessing offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck . The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes . Marian Anderson sang `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled `` Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy '' was played . The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson . This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath , which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate , the ex-Vice President , or a United States Senator . Robert Frost , then 86 years old , recited his poem `` The Gift Outright '' . Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration , suggesting `` The Gift Outright '' , considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign . Kennedy would later state that he admired the `` courage , the towering skill and daring '' of Frost , and adding that `` I 've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart . I think politicians and poets share at least one thing , and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life . '' American poet William Meredith would say that the request `` focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture , as a man interested in culture . '' For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration `` The glory of a next Augustan age Of a power leading from its strength and pride , Of young ambition eager to be tried , Firm in our free beliefs without dismay , In any game the nations want to play . A golden age of poetry and power Of which this noonday 's the beginning hour . '' -- -- Closing seven lines from Robert Frost 's poem `` For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration '' , the expanded version of `` Dedication '' . Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested , to the surprise of Kennedy 's friends . On the morning of the inauguration , Frost asked Stewart Udall , Kennedy 's future Secretary of the Interior , to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading , to which Udall obliged . Once at the presidential podium , however , the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers . When Frost started reading , he stumbled on the first three lines , squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras . Vice-President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade , however Frost waved the offer aside , took the hat and jokingly said `` I 'll help you with that '' , sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy . Understanding the immediacy of the situation , Frost stated to the microphones that `` this ( the poem ) was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read '' , and began to recite `` The Gift Outright '' from memory . This marks the first time a poem was read at a Presidential inauguration , a feature repeated by future Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama at their respective ceremonies . Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered `` Dedication '' poem to Udall after the ceremony , who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today . The original manuscript version , personally dedicated by Frost , was provided to the President and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library . Kennedy 's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version , writing on the back of the frame : For Jack . First thing I had framed to be put in your office . First thing to be hung there . Frost officially presented the poem , retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines , to Kennedy in March 1962 . The unread poem ( published in 1962 as part of Frost 's In the Clearing poetry collection ) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy 's inauguration . Oath of office ( edit ) The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to Kennedy using a closed family Bible at 12 : 51 ( ET ) Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address , despite the cold conditions of 22 ° F ( − 6 ° C ) with windchill at 7 ° F ( − 14 ° C ) at noon . The inaugural address ( edit ) Play media Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in as thirty - fifth President of the United States , and delivering his inaugural address . `` Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy '' Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address . ( Duration : 14 minutes ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Immediately after reciting the oath of office , President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol . His inaugural address , the first delivered to a televised audience in color , is considered among the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history . The address was 1364 words and took 13 minutes and 55 seconds to deliver , from the first word to the last word , not including applause at the end , making it the fourth - shortest inaugural address ever delivered . And so , my fellow Americans : ask not what your country can do for you ; ask what you can do for your country . -- John F. Kennedy , inauguration address , January 1961 . Drafting ( edit ) The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at Kennedy 's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery , with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument in the background . The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen . Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln 's Gettysburg Address as well as other inaugural speeches . Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960 . He took suggestions from various friends , aides and counselors , including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations . Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions . Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the former Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II . Kennedy 's line `` Let us never negotiate out of fear . But let us never fear to negotiate . '' is nearly identical to Galbraith 's suggestion `` We shall never negotiate out of fear . But we shall never fear to negotiate . '' Stevenson 's suggestion `` if the free way of life does n't help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich . '' was the basis for Kennedy 's line `` If a free society can not help the many who are poor , it can not save the few who are rich . '' Main ideas of the speech ( edit ) As a president coming into power at the height of the Cold War , President Kennedy 's duty of maintaining peaceful international relations with representing the United States as a force to be reckoned was daunting , at the very least . It is this overarching goal of his presidential term that dominates his inaugural address . Kennedy highlights the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power coupled with the accelerating arms race , and essentially makes the main point that this focus on pure firepower should be replaced with a focus on maintenance of international relations and helping the impoverished in the world . Rhetorical elements ( edit ) The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to one theme -- the relationship between duty and power . This is emphasized by Kennedy 's strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech . For example , he states in the second passage , `` ... Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life , '' a clear calling - out of not only America , but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities . He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says , `` United there is little we can not do in a host of cooperative ventures . Divided there is little we can do , '' again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values . Again , after exhorting `` both sides '' to action , he calls on all of `` us '' to `` to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man : tyranny , poverty , disease , and war itself , '' though the phrase `` long twilight struggle '' came to be associated with the cold war struggle against communism . One of the main components of classical rhetoric , to prepon ( the appropriate ) , is also extremely prevalent in this address . Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War , Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort . He does this by quickly moving the time of the speech into the future , and invokes repetition of the phrase `` Let both sides ... '' to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the end goal of international unity . He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities -- a challenge , appealing to innately American ideals . A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage , where he states , `` In the long history of the world , only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger , '' a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them . It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words , `` ask not what your country can do for you , ask what you can do for your country . '' This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech -- a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good . Invited guests ( edit ) Along with official presidential guests and honorees , including former presidents , vice-presidents , cabinet members , and other Washington officials , the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts , including Carl Sandburg , John Steinbeck , Ernest Hemingway , Brendan Behan , Mark Rothko , and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara : O'Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said , `` Years from now , historians will wonder what was on the young man 's mind as he strode to take his oath of office . I bet he 's asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat . '' That night , O'Neill and his wife danced over to the president 's box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him , and sure enough , Kennedy asked , `` Was that George Kara sitting beside you ? '' O'Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said , and J.F.K replied , `` Tip , you 'll never believe it . I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air , and I was about to take the oath of office , and I said to myself , ' How the hell did Kara get that seat ? ' '' Presidents and first Ladies ( edit ) Five first Ladies , Edith Wilson , Eleanor Roosevelt , Bess Truman , Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event , as did future First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , and Betty Ford . Former President Harry S Truman joined Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform , as did future Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson , Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford , making this , retroactively , the largest conclave of the `` presidential fraternity '' prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s . Parade to the White House ( edit ) A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony , bearing the new President from Capitol Plaza to the White House . Upon his arrival , Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former President Harry Truman and former First Ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt . Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession ; it took three hours to pass by . Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B - 70 bomber . A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts , accompanied by forty floats . Impact ( edit ) Kennedy 's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States . Kennedy was the first , and to this date , the only Catholic inaugurated as commander - in - chief . At the inauguration , Kennedy , then 43 , was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time , Eisenhower . The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower 's presence to Kennedy 's was noticeable at the inauguration . In addition , Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President . The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration , and so single - handedly killed the men 's hat industry , is false . Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening , removing it only to be sworn in and give his address . He in fact restored the tradition , after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations . Johnson , at his inauguration in 1965 , was the first President to go completely hatless . See also ( edit ) Poems at United States presidential inaugurations Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations Presidency of John F. Kennedy United States presidential election , 1960 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragdon , Henry W. ( 1998 ) . History of a Free Nation . New York City , NY : Glencoe / McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ `` List of United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies ( from 1901 ) '' . Senate.gov . United State Senate . Archived from the original on 16 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Purdum , Todd ( February 2011 ) . `` From That Day Forth '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Jack ( 21 August 2011 ) . `` The Jack Pack , Pt. 2 : 1961 - 2008 '' . PopHistoryDig.com . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , George ; Stadiem , William ( 2003 ) . Mr. S. : The Last Word on Frank Sinatra . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051516 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Jason Samenow ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Inauguration Weather : The Case of Kennedy '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Presidential Inaugural Weather : Worst Traffic Jam - 1961 '' . U.S. National Weather Service . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini ( 2004 ) . Northeast Snowstorms . American Meteorological Society . p. 400 . ISBN 1 - 878220 - 64 - 0 . Jump up ^ Andrea Stone ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` Record Falls With Snow in Washington , DC '' . AOL News . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Weather Service Sterling , VA . `` Presidential Inaugural Weather '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Newdow v. Bush , 391 F. Supp . 2d 95 ( D.D.C. 2005 ) , Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court , District of Columbia . 17 December 2004 . p. 2 of Appendix , footnote 26 . No . Civ. A. 04 - 2208 ( JDB ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` President John Fitzgerald Kennedy , 1961 '' . Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States : Some Precedents and Notable Events '' . Library of Congress , citing Roll Call article of 18 January 1961 . Retrieved 15 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wolly , Brian ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` History & Archaeology : Inaugural Firsts - When was the first inaugural parade ? Who had the longest inaugural address ? A look at presidential inaugurations through time '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wirzbicki , Alan ( 11 January 2011 ) . `` The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy 's inauguration '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 9780313294648 ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( 30 January 1963 ) . `` Robert Frost Dies at 88 ; Kennedy Leads in Tribute '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Frost Adds Poet 's Touch '' . The New York Times . 21 January 1961 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Poetry and Power : Robert Frost 's Inaugural Reading '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Camia , Catalina ( 26 September 2010 ) . `` Why poet Frost made a last - minute switch at JFK 's inauguration '' . USA Today . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Birney , Alice . `` Stewart L. Udall Collection : Robert Frost 's Dedication '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Poetry of Robert Frost '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane ( 2008 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Harry ( 20 January 1997 ) . `` Poet Addresses Inaugural Event '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Frost 's Original Poem for JFK 's Inauguration Finds Way to Kennedy Presidential Library '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . JFKPOF - 140 - 045 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy and Ireland -- John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum '' . Jfklibrary.org . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ New York Times , January 21 , 1961 , p. 8 , col. 1 . Jump up ^ `` White House Diaries '' . John F. Kennedy Library and Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath '' . The New York Times . January 21 , 1961 . p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kennedy 's Words , Obama 's Challenge '' . The New York Times . January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John Fitzgerald . `` Inaugural Address '' . American Rhetoric . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyatt , Edward ( 10 May 2005 ) . `` Two Authors Ask About ' Ask Not ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest speeches of the 20th century '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ JFK Library . `` Analyzing the Inaugural Address '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration . `` John F. Kennedy 's inaugural address , 1961 '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK 's Inaugural Address '' ( PDF ) . Department of Education and Public Programs , John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address '' . Bartleby . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Timeless Speech : A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy 's Inaugural '' . Biane . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text Analysis , John F. Kennedy , 1961 . '' Cruz . Retrieved October 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ Thurston Clarke ( 2010 ) . Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . Penguin . p. 39 . ISBN 9781101478059 . Jump up ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz ( 1994 ) . `` Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle : The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s '' . In Diane B. Kunz . The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . Columbia University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 9780231081771 . Jump up ^ `` Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric . '' Poulakos . Philosophy and Rhetoric 16 ( 1983 ) : 35 -- 48 . Jump up ^ `` Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President '' . The Terre Haute Tribune . Terre Haute , IN . UPI . January 20 , 1961 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey . `` The Presidents of the United States of America : John F. Kennedy '' . WhiteHouse.gov . White House Historical Association . Archived from the original on 2 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( May 17 , 1981 ) . `` Reagan Now Oldest President '' . The New York Times . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , W.H. ( January 21 , 1961 ) . `` Kennedy Sworn in , Asks ' Global Alliance ' Against Tyranny , Want , Disease , and War ; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Business Insider . `` Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 12 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , David ( 14 March 2011 ) . `` The Ike Phase '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( 20 January 2011 ) . `` Robert Frost and J.F.K. , Fifty Years Later '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Who Killed Men 's Hats ? Think Of A Three Letter Word Beginning With ' I ' '' . NPR . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam Parker ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` How to wear a hat and look good '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hat Trick '' . Snopes. 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inaugural Traditions : Dude , Where 's My Top Hat ? '' . ABC News . 19 January 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . References ( edit ) Clarke , Thurston Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America . New York : Henry Holt and Co. , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7213 - 6 . Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy 's Inaugural Address . United States Department of Education and Public Programs , John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum Library of Congress , John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address ( with audio ) on YouTube Text of Kennedy 's Inaugural Address Audio of Kennedy 's Inaugural Address John F. 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Big Bang nucleosynthesis

Big Bang nucleosynthesis - Wikipedia Big Bang nucleosynthesis Part of a series on Physical cosmology Big Bang Universe Age of the universe Chronology of the universe Early universe ( hide ) Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch Big Bang nucleosynthesis Inflation Dark Ages Backgrounds Cosmic background radiation ( CBR ) Gravitational wave background ( GWB ) Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) Cosmic neutrino background ( CNB ) Cosmic infrared background ( INB ) Expansion Future ( show ) Hubble 's law Redshift Expansion of the universe Accelerating expansion of the universe FLRW metric Friedmann equations Inhomogeneous cosmology Future of an expanding universe Ultimate fate of the universe Heat death of the universe Big Rip Big Crunch Big Bounce Components Structure ( show ) Components Lambda - CDM model Baryonic matter Energy Radiation Dark energy Quintessence Phantom energy Dark matter Cold dark matter Warm dark matter Hot dark matter Dark radiation Structure Shape of the universe Reionization Structure formation Galaxy formation Large - scale structure Large quasar group Galaxy filament Supercluster Galaxy cluster Galaxy group Local Group Void Experiments ( show ) Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) BOOMERanG Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) Illustris project Planck space observatory Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) Scientists ( show ) Aaronson Alfvén Alpher Bharadwaj Copernicus de Sitter Dicke Ehlers Einstein Ellis Friedman Galileo Gamow Guth Hawking Hubble Lemaître Linde Mather Newton Penrose Penzias Rubin Schmidt Smoot Starobinsky Steinhardt Suntzeff Sunyaev Tolman Wilson Zel'dovich Subject history ( show ) Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation History of the Big Bang theory Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory Timeline of cosmological theories Cosmology portal Astronomy portal hide This article has multiple issues . 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( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In physical cosmology , Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( abbreviated BBN , also known as primordial nucleosynthesis , arch ( a ) eonucleosynthesis , archonucleosynthesis , protonucleosynthesis and pal ( a ) eonucleosynthesis ) refers to the production of nuclei other than those of the lightest isotope of hydrogen ( hydrogen - 1 , H , having a single proton as a nucleus ) during the early phases of the Universe . Primordial nucleosynthesis is believed by most cosmologists to have taken place in the interval from roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang , and is calculated to be responsible for the formation of most of the universe 's helium as the isotope helium - 4 ( He ) , along with small amounts of the hydrogen isotope deuterium ( H or D ) , the helium isotope helium - 3 ( He ) , and a very small amount of the lithium isotope lithium - 7 ( Li ) . In addition to these stable nuclei , two unstable or radioactive isotopes were also produced : the heavy hydrogen isotope tritium ( H or T ) ; and the beryllium isotope beryllium - 7 ( Be ) ; but these unstable isotopes later decayed into He and Li , as above . Essentially all of the elements that are heavier than lithium were created much later , by stellar nucleosynthesis in evolving and exploding stars . Contents 1 Characteristics 2 Important parameters 2.1 Neutron -- proton ratio 2.2 Baryon -- photon ratio 3 Sequence 3.1 History of theory 3.2 Heavy elements 3.3 Helium - 4 3.4 Deuterium 3.5 Lithium 4 Measurements and status of theory 5 Non-standard scenarios 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 For a general audience 8.2 Academic articles Characteristics ( edit ) There are several important characteristics of Big Bang nucleosynthesis ( BBN ) : The initial conditions ( neutron - proton ratio ) were set in the first second after the Big Bang . The universe was very close to homogeneous at this time , and strongly radiation - dominated . The fusion of nuclei occurred between roughly 10 seconds to 20 minutes after the Big Bang ; this corresponds to the temperature range when the universe was cool enough for deuterium to survive , but hot and dense enough for fusion reactions to occur at a significant rate . It was widespread , encompassing the entire observable universe . The key parameter which allows one to calculate the effects of BBN is the baryon / photon number ratio , which is a small number of order 6 × 10 . This parameter corresponds to the baryon density and controls the rate at which nucleons collide and react ; from this it is possible to calculate element abundances after nucleosynthesis ends . Although the baryon per photon ratio is important in determining element abundances , the precise value makes little difference to the overall picture . Without major changes to the Big Bang theory itself , BBN will result in mass abundances of about 75 % of hydrogen - 1 , about 25 % helium - 4 , about 0.01 % of deuterium and helium - 3 , trace amounts ( on the order of 10 ) of lithium , and negligible heavier elements . That the observed abundances in the universe are generally consistent with these abundance numbers is considered strong evidence for the Big Bang theory . In this field , for historical reasons it is customary to quote the helium - 4 fraction by mass , symbol Y , so that 25 % helium - 4 means that helium - 4 atoms account for 25 % of the mass , but less than 8 % of the nuclei would be helium - 4 nuclei . Other ( trace ) nuclei are usually expressed as number ratios to hydrogen . Important parameters ( edit ) The creation of light elements during BBN was dependent on a number of parameters ; among those was the neutron - proton ratio ( calculable from Standard Model physics ) and the baryon - photon ratio . Neutron -- proton ratio ( edit ) The neutron - proton ratio was set by Standard Model physics before the nucleosynthesis era , essentially within the first 1 - second after the Big Bang . Neutrons can react with positrons or electron neutrinos to create protons and other products in one of the following reactions : n + e + ↽ − − ⇀ ν _̄ e + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( n \ + e + < = > ( \ overline ( \ nu ) ) _ ( e ) + p ) ) ) n + ν e ↽ − − ⇀ p + e − ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( n \ + \ nu_ ( e ) < = > p + e - ) ) ) At times much earlier than 1 sec , these reactions were fast and maintained the n / p ratio close to 1 : 1 . As the temperature dropped , the equilibrium shifted in favour of protons due to their slightly lower mass , and the n / p ratio smoothly decreased . These reactions continued until the decreasing temperature and density caused the reactions to become too slow , which occurred at about T = 0.7 MeV ( time around 1 second ) and is called the freeze out temperature . At freeze out , the neutron - proton ratio was about 1 / 6 . However , free neutrons are unstable with a mean life of 880 sec ; some neutrons decayed in the next few minutes before fusing into any nucleus , so the ratio of total neutrons to protons after nucleosynthesis ends is about 1 / 7 . Almost all neutrons that fused instead of decaying ended up combined into helium - 4 , due to the fact that helium - 4 has the highest binding energy per nucleon among light elements . This predicts that about 8 % of all atoms should be helium - 4 , leading to a mass fraction of helium - 4 of about 25 % , which is in line with observations . Small traces of deuterium and helium - 3 remained as there was insufficient time and density for them to react and form helium - 4 . Baryon -- photon ratio ( edit ) The baryon -- photon ratio , η , is the key parameter determining the abundances of light elements after nucleosynthesis ends . Baryons and light elements can fuse in the following main reactions : p + n ⟶ H 2 + γ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( p + n - > ^ 2H + \ gamma ) ) ) p + H 2 ⟶ He 3 + γ ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( p + ^ 2H - > ^ 3He + \ gamma ) ) ) H 2 + H 2 ⟶ He 3 + n ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 2H + ^ 2H - > ^ 3He + n ) ) ) H 2 + H 2 ⟶ H 3 + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 2H + ^ 2H - > ^ 3H + p ) ) ) He 3 + H 2 ⟶ He 4 + p ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 3He + ^ 2H - > ^ 4He + p ) ) ) H 3 + H 2 ⟶ He 4 + n ( \ displaystyle ( \ ce ( ^ 3H + ^ 2H - > ^ 4He + n ) ) ) along with some other low - probability reactions leading to Li or Be . ( An important feature is that there are no stable nuclei with mass 5 or 8 , which implies that reactions adding one baryon to He , or fusing two He , do not occur ) . Most fusion chains during BBN ultimately terminate in He ( helium - 4 ) , while `` incomplete '' reaction chains lead to small amounts of left - over H or He ; the amount of these decreases with increasing baryon - photon ratio . That is , the larger the baryon - photon ratio the more reactions there will be and the more efficiently deuterium will be eventually transformed into helium - 4 . This result makes deuterium a very useful tool in measuring the baryon - to - photon ratio . Sequence ( edit ) The main nuclear reaction chains for Big Bang nucleosynthesis Big Bang nucleosynthesis began roughly 10 seconds after the big bang , when the universe had cooled sufficiently to allow deuterium nuclei to survive disruption by high - energy photons . ( Note that the neutron - proton freeze - out time was earlier ) . This time is essentially independent of dark matter content , since the universe was highly radiation dominated until much later , and this dominant component controls the temperature / time relation . At this time there were about six protons for every neutron , but a small fraction of the neutrons decay before fusing in the next few hundred seconds , so at the end of nucleosynthesis there are about seven protons to every neutron , and almost all the neutrons are in Helium - 4 nuclei . The sequence of these reaction chains is shown on the image . One feature of BBN is that the physical laws and constants that govern the behavior of matter at these energies are very well understood , and hence BBN lacks some of the speculative uncertainties that characterize earlier periods in the life of the universe . Another feature is that the process of nucleosynthesis is determined by conditions at the start of this phase of the life of the universe , and proceeds independently of what happened before . As the universe expands , it cools . Free neutrons are less stable than helium nuclei , and the protons and neutrons have a strong tendency to form helium - 4 . However , forming helium - 4 requires the intermediate step of forming deuterium . Before nucleosynthesis began , the temperature was high enough for many photons to have energy greater than the binding energy of deuterium ; therefore any deuterium that was formed was immediately destroyed ( a situation known as the deuterium bottleneck ) . Hence , the formation of helium - 4 is delayed until the universe became cool enough for deuterium to survive ( at about T = 0.1 MeV ) ; after which there was a sudden burst of element formation . However , very shortly thereafter , around twenty minutes after the Big Bang , the temperature and density became too low for any significant fusion to occur . At this point , the elemental abundances were nearly fixed , and the only changes were the result of the radioactive decay of the two major unstable products of BBN , tritium and beryllium - 7 . History of theory ( edit ) The history of Big Bang nucleosynthesis began with the calculations of Ralph Alpher in the 1940s . Alpher published the Alpher -- Bethe -- Gamow paper that outlined the theory of light - element production in the early universe . During the 1970s , there was a major puzzle in that the density of baryons as calculated by Big Bang nucleosynthesis was much less than the observed mass of the universe based on measurements of galaxy rotation curves and galaxy cluster dynamics . This puzzle was resolved in large part by postulating the existence of dark matter . Heavy elements ( edit ) A version of the periodic table indicating the origins -- including big bang nucleosynthesis -- of the elements . All elements above 103 ( lawrencium ) are also manmade and are not included . Big Bang nucleosynthesis produced very few nuclei of elements heavier than lithium due to a bottleneck : the absence of a stable nucleus with 8 or 5 nucleons . This deficit of larger atoms also limited the amounts of lithium - 7 produced during BBN . In stars , the bottleneck is passed by triple collisions of helium - 4 nuclei , producing carbon ( the triple - alpha process ) . However , this process is very slow and requires much higher densities , taking tens of thousands of years to convert a significant amount of helium to carbon in stars , and therefore it made a negligible contribution in the minutes following the Big Bang . The predicted abundance of CNO isotopes produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is expected to be on the order of 10 that of H , making them essentially undetectable and negligible . Indeed , none of these primordial isotopes of the elements from lithium to oxygen have yet been detected , although those of beryllium and boron may be able to be detected in the future . So far , the only stable nuclides known experimentally to have been made before or during Big Bang nucleosynthesis are protium , deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Helium - 4 ( edit ) Main article : Helium - 4 Big Bang nucleosynthesis predicts a primordial abundance of about 25 % helium - 4 by mass , irrespective of the initial conditions of the universe . As long as the universe was hot enough for protons and neutrons to transform into each other easily , their ratio , determined solely by their relative masses , was about 1 neutron to 7 protons ( allowing for some decay of neutrons into protons ) . Once it was cool enough , the neutrons quickly bound with an equal number of protons to form first deuterium , then helium - 4 . Helium - 4 is very stable and is nearly the end of this chain if it runs for only a short time , since helium neither decays nor combines easily to form heavier nuclei ( since there are no stable nuclei with mass numbers of 5 or 8 , helium does not combine easily with either protons , or with itself ) . Once temperatures are lowered , out of every 16 nucleons ( 2 neutrons and 14 protons ) , 4 of these ( 25 % of the total particles and total mass ) combine quickly into one helium - 4 nucleus . This produces one helium for every 12 hydrogens , resulting in a universe that is a little over 8 % helium by number of atoms , and 25 % helium by mass . One analogy is to think of helium - 4 as ash , and the amount of ash that one forms when one completely burns a piece of wood is insensitive to how one burns it . The resort to the BBN theory of the helium - 4 abundance is necessary as there is far more helium - 4 in the universe than can be explained by stellar nucleosynthesis . In addition , it provides an important test for the Big Bang theory . If the observed helium abundance is significantly different from 25 % , then this would pose a serious challenge to the theory . This would particularly be the case if the early helium - 4 abundance was much smaller than 25 % because it is hard to destroy helium - 4 . For a few years during the mid-1990s , observations suggested that this might be the case , causing astrophysicists to talk about a Big Bang nucleosynthetic crisis , but further observations were consistent with the Big Bang theory . Deuterium ( edit ) Main article : Deuterium This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Deuterium is in some ways the opposite of helium - 4 , in that while helium - 4 is very stable and difficult to destroy , deuterium is only marginally stable and easy to destroy . The temperatures , time , and densities were sufficient to combine a substantial fraction of the deuterium nuclei to form helium - 4 but insufficient to carry the process further using helium - 4 in the next fusion step . BBN did not convert all of the deuterium in the universe to helium - 4 due to the expansion that cooled the universe and reduced the density , and so cut that conversion short before it could proceed any further . One consequence of this is that , unlike helium - 4 , the amount of deuterium is very sensitive to initial conditions . The denser the initial universe was , the more deuterium would be converted to helium - 4 before time ran out , and the less deuterium would remain . There are no known post-Big Bang processes which can produce significant amounts of deuterium . Hence observations about deuterium abundance suggest that the universe is not infinitely old , which is in accordance with the Big Bang theory . During the 1970s , there were major efforts to find processes that could produce deuterium , but those revealed ways of producing isotopes other than deuterium . The problem was that while the concentration of deuterium in the universe is consistent with the Big Bang model as a whole , it is too high to be consistent with a model that presumes that most of the universe is composed of protons and neutrons . If one assumes that all of the universe consists of protons and neutrons , the density of the universe is such that much of the currently observed deuterium would have been burned into helium - 4 . The standard explanation now used for the abundance of deuterium is that the universe does not consist mostly of baryons , but that non-baryonic matter ( also known as dark matter ) makes up most of the mass of the universe . This explanation is also consistent with calculations that show that a universe made mostly of protons and neutrons would be far more clumpy than is observed . It is very hard to come up with another process that would produce deuterium other than by nuclear fusion . Such a process would require that the temperature be hot enough to produce deuterium , but not hot enough to produce helium - 4 , and that this process should immediately cool to non-nuclear temperatures after no more than a few minutes . It would also be necessary for the deuterium to be swept away before it reoccurs . Producing deuterium by fission is also difficult . The problem here again is that deuterium is very unlikely due to nuclear processes , and that collisions between atomic nuclei are likely to result either in the fusion of the nuclei , or in the release of free neutrons or alpha particles . During the 1970s , cosmic ray spallation was proposed as a source of deuterium . That theory failed to account for the abundance of deuterium , but led to explanations of the source of other light elements . Lithium ( edit ) Main article : Lithium Lithium - 7 and lithium - 6 produced in the Big Bang are in the order of : lithium - 7 to be 10 of all primordial nuclides ; and lithium - 6 around 10 . Measurements and status of theory ( edit ) The theory of BBN gives a detailed mathematical description of the production of the light `` elements '' deuterium , helium - 3 , helium - 4 , and lithium - 7 . Specifically , the theory yields precise quantitative predictions for the mixture of these elements , that is , the primordial abundances at the end of the big - bang . In order to test these predictions , it is necessary to reconstruct the primordial abundances as faithfully as possible , for instance by observing astronomical objects in which very little stellar nucleosynthesis has taken place ( such as certain dwarf galaxies ) or by observing objects that are very far away , and thus can be seen in a very early stage of their evolution ( such as distant quasars ) . As noted above , in the standard picture of BBN , all of the light element abundances depend on the amount of ordinary matter ( baryons ) relative to radiation ( photons ) . Since the universe is presumed to be homogeneous , it has one unique value of the baryon - to - photon ratio . For a long time , this meant that to test BBN theory against observations one had to ask : can all of the light element observations be explained with a single value of the baryon - to - photon ratio ? Or more precisely , allowing for the finite precision of both the predictions and the observations , one asks : is there some range of baryon - to - photon values which can account for all of the observations ? More recently , the question has changed : Precision observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) and Planck give an independent value for the baryon - to - photon ratio . Using this value , are the BBN predictions for the abundances of light elements in agreement with the observations ? The present measurement of helium - 4 indicates good agreement , and yet better agreement for helium - 3 . But for lithium - 7 , there is a significant discrepancy between BBN and WMAP / Planck , and the abundance derived from Population II stars . The discrepancy is a factor of 2.4 ― 4.3 below the theoretically predicted value and is considered a problem for the original models , that have resulted in revised calculations of the standard BBN based on new nuclear data , and to various reevaluation proposals for primordial proton - proton nuclear reactions , especially the abundances of Be + n → Li + p , versus Be + H → Be + p . Non-standard scenarios ( edit ) In addition to the standard BBN scenario there are numerous non-standard BBN scenarios . These should not be confused with non-standard cosmology : a non-standard BBN scenario assumes that the Big Bang occurred , but inserts additional physics in order to see how this affects elemental abundances . These pieces of additional physics include relaxing or removing the assumption of homogeneity , or inserting new particles such as massive neutrinos . There have been , and continue to be , various reasons for researching non-standard BBN . The first , which is largely of historical interest , is to resolve inconsistencies between BBN predictions and observations . This has proved to be of limited usefulness in that the inconsistencies were resolved by better observations , and in most cases trying to change BBN resulted in abundances that were more inconsistent with observations rather than less . The second reason for researching non-standard BBN , and largely the focus of non-standard BBN in the early 21st century , is to use BBN to place limits on unknown or speculative physics . For example , standard BBN assumes that no exotic hypothetical particles were involved in BBN . One can insert a hypothetical particle ( such as a massive neutrino ) and see what has to happen before BBN predicts abundances that are very different from observations . This has been done to put limits on the mass of a stable tau neutrino . See also ( edit ) Cosmology portal Astronomy portal Book : Nucleosynthesis Big Bang Chronology of the universe Nucleosynthesis Stellar nucleosynthesis Ultimate fate of the universe Relic abundance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www-pdg.lbl.gov/2017/mobile/reviews/pdf/rpp2016-rev-bbang-nucleosynthesis-m.pdf Jump up ^ Coc , Alain ; Vangioni , Elisabeth ( 2017 ) . `` Primordial nucleosynthesis '' . International Journal of Modern Physics E. 26 ( 8 ) : 1741002 . arXiv : 1707.01004 . Bibcode : 2017IJMPE ... 2641002C . doi : 10.1142 / S0218301317410026 . ISSN 0218 - 3013 . Jump up ^ ( Particle Data Group ) ; C. Patrignani ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Big - Bang nucleosynthesis '' ( PDF ) . Chin . Phys. C. 40 : 100001 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ Gary Steigman ( 2007 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis in the Precision Cosmology Era '' . Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science . 57 ( 1 ) : 463 -- 491 . arXiv : 0712.1100 . Bibcode : 2007ARNPS ... 57 ... 463S . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nucl. 56.080805. 140437 . Jump up ^ Bertulani , Carlos A. ( 2013 ) . Nuclei in the Cosmos . World Scientific . ISBN 978 - 981 - 4417 - 66 - 2 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Equilibrium and change : The physics behind Big Bang Nucleosynthesis '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Coc , A ( 2017 ) . `` Primordial Nucleosynthesis '' . Journal of Physics : Conference Series . 665 : 012001 . arXiv : 1609.06048 . doi : 10.1088 / 1742 - 6596 / 665 / 1 / 012001 . Jump up ^ Coc , Alain ; Vangioni , Elisabeth ( 2014 ) . `` Revised Big Bang Nucleosynthesis with long - lived negatively charged massive particles : Impact of new 6Li limits , primordial 9Be nucleosynthesis , and updated recombination rates '' . arXiv : 1403.4156 v1 ( astro-ph.CO ) . Jump up ^ Bludman , S.A. ( December 1998 ) . `` Baryonic Mass Fraction in Rich Clusters and the Total Mass Density in the Cosmos '' . Astrophysical Journal . 508 ( 2 ) : 535 -- 538 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9706047 . Bibcode : 1998ApJ ... 508 ... 535B . doi : 10.1086 / 306412 . Jump up ^ Schramm , D.N. , The Big Bang and Other Explosions in Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics ( Singapore : World Scientific , 1995 ) , p. 175 . Jump up ^ BD Fields `` The Primordial Lithium Problem '' , Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 2011 Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Cosmic Background Radiation '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ David Toback ( 2009 ) . `` Unit 4 : The Evolution Of The Universe '' Archived 2010 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ R.H. Cyburt , B.D. Fields & K.A. Olive ( 2008 ) . `` A Bitter Pill : The Primordial Lithium Problem Worsens '' . Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 2008 ( 11 ) : 012 . arXiv : 0808.2818 . Bibcode : 2008JCAP ... 11 ... 012C . doi : 10.1088 / 1475 - 7516 / 2008 / 11 / 012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Achim . `` Elements of the past : Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . For a recent calculation of BBN predictions , see A. Coc ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements '' . Astrophysical Journal . 600 ( 2 ) : 544 -- 552 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0309480 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 600 ... 544C . doi : 10.1086 / 380121 . For the observational values , see the following articles : Helium - 4 : K.A. Olive & E.A. Skillman ( 2004 ) . `` A Realistic Determination of the Error on the Primordial Helium Abundance '' . Astrophysical Journal . 617 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 49 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405588 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 617 ... 29O . doi : 10.1086 / 425170 . Helium - 3 : T.M. Bania , R.T. Rood & D.S. Balser ( 2002 ) . `` The cosmological density of baryons from observations of 3He+ in the Milky Way '' . Nature . 415 ( 6867 ) : 54 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 415 ... 54B . doi : 10.1038 / 415054a . PMID 11780112 . Deuterium : J.M. O'Meara ; et al. ( 2001 ) . `` The Deuterium to Hydrogen Abundance Ratio Towards a Fourth QSO : HS0105 + 1619 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 552 ( 2 ) : 718 -- 730 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0011179 . Bibcode : 2001ApJ ... 552 ... 718O . doi : 10.1086 / 320579 . Lithium - 7 : C. Charbonnel & F. Primas ( 2005 ) . `` The Lithium Content of the Galactic Halo Stars '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 442 ( 3 ) : 961 -- 992 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0505247 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 442 ... 961C . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20042491 . A. Korn ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` A probable stellar solution to the cosmological lithium discrepancy '' . Nature . 442 ( 7103 ) : 657 -- 9 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0608201 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 442 ... 657K . doi : 10.1038 / nature05011 . PMID 16900193 . Jump up ^ Soler , F.J.P. , Froggatt , C.D. , & Muheim , F. , eds. , Neutrinos in Particle Physics , Astrophysics and Cosmology ( Baton Rouge : CRC Press , 2009 ) , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Anderson , R.W. , The Cosmic Compendium : The Big Bang & the Early Universe ( Morrisville , NC : Lulu Press , Inc. , 2015 ) , p. 54 . External links ( edit ) For a general audience ( edit ) Weiss , Achim . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Cooking up the first light elements '' . Einstein Online . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 . White , Martin : Overview of BBN Wright , Ned : BBN ( cosmology tutorial ) Big Bang nucleosynthesis on arxiv.org Burles , Scott ; Nollett , Kenneth M. ; Turner , Michael S. ( 1999 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Big - Bang Nucleosynthesis : Linking Inner Space and Outer Space '' . arXiv : astro - ph / 9903300 . Academic articles ( edit ) Cyburt , Richard H. ; Fields , Brian D. ; Olive , Keith A. ; Yeh , Tsung - Han ( February 2016 ) . `` Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : 2015 '' . Rev. Mod . Phys. 88 ( 1 ) : 015004 . arXiv : 1505.01076 . Bibcode : 2016RvMP ... 88a5004C . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 88.015004 . Burles , Scott ; Kenneth M. Nollett ; Michael S. Turner ( 2001 ) . `` What Is The BBN Prediction for the Baryon Density and How Reliable Is It ? '' . Phys. Rev. D. 63 ( 6 ) : 063512 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0008495 . Bibcode : 2001PhRvD ... 63f3512B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 63.063512 . Report - no : FERMILAB - Pub - 00 - 239 - A Jedamzik , Karsten , `` Non-Standard Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Scenarios '' . Max - Planck - Institut für Astrophysik , Garching . Steigman , Gary , Primordial Nucleosynthesis : Successes And Challenges arXiv : astro - ph / 0511534 ; Forensic Cosmology : Probing Baryons and Neutrinos With BBN and the CBR arXiv : hep - ph / 0309347 ; and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis : Probing the First 20 Minutes arXiv : astro - ph / 0307244 R.A. Alpher , H.A. Bethe , G. Gamow , The Origin of Chemical Elements , Physical Review 73 ( 1948 ) , 803 . The so - called αβγ paper , in which Alpher and Gamow suggested that the light elements were created by hydrogen ions capturing neutrons in the hot , dense early universe . Bethe 's name was added for symmetry Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Origin of Elements and the Separation of Galaxies '' . Physical Review . 74 ( 4 ) : 505 -- 506 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74 ... 505G . doi : 10.1103 / physrev. 74.505. 2 . These two 1948 papers of Gamow laid the foundation for our present understanding of big - bang nucleosynthesis Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` The Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 ( 4122 ) : 680 -- 2 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 680G . doi : 10.1038 / 162680a0 . PMID 18893719 . Alpher , R.A. ( 1948 ) . `` A Neutron - Capture Theory of the Formation and Relative Abundance of the Elements '' . Physical Review . 74 ( 12 ) : 1737 -- 1742 . Bibcode : 1948PhRv ... 74.1737 A . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 74.1737 . R.A. Alpher and R. Herman , `` On the Relative Abundance of the Elements , '' Physical Review 74 ( 1948 ) , 1577 . This paper contains the first estimate of the present temperature of the universe Alpher , R.A. ; Herman , R. ; Gamow , G. ( 1948 ) . `` Evolution of the Universe '' . Nature . 162 ( 4124 ) : 774 -- 775 . Bibcode : 1948Natur. 162 ... 774A . doi : 10.1038 / 162774b0 . Java Big Bang element abundance calculator C. Pitrou , A. Coc , J. - P. Uzan , E. Vangioni , Precision big bang nucleosynthesis with improved Helium - 4 predictions arXiv : 1801.08023 ; hide Timeline of the Big Bang Chronology of the universe Big Bang Planck epoch Grand unification epoch Electroweak epoch ( Inflationary epoch , Reheating , Baryogenesis ) Quark epoch Hadron epoch Lepton epoch Photon epoch ( Big Bang nucleosynthesis , Matter domination , Recombination ) Dark ages Habitable epoch Reionization Fate of the universe Big Crunch Big Rip Heat death of the universe Graphical timeline of the Big Bang Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis&oldid=865963633 '' Categories : Nucleosynthesis Physical cosmology Big Bang Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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Ovarian cyst

Ovarian cyst - wikipedia Ovarian cyst Jump to : navigation , search Ovarian cyst A simple ovarian cyst of most likely follicular origin Specialty Gynecology Symptoms None , bloating , lower abdominal pain , lower back pain Complications Rupture , twisting of the ovary Types Follicular cyst , corpus luteum cyst , cysts due to endometriosis , dermoid cyst , cystadenoma , ovarian cancer Diagnostic method Ultrasound Prevention Hormonal birth control Treatment Conservative management , pain medication , surgery Prognosis Usually good Frequency 8 % symptomatic before menopause ( edit on Wikidata ) An ovarian cyst is a fluid - filled sac within the ovary . Often they cause no symptoms . Occasionally they may produce bloating , lower abdominal pain , or lower back pain . The majority of cysts are harmless . If the cyst either breaks open or causes twisting of the ovary , it may cause severe pain . This may result in vomiting or feeling faint . Most ovarian cysts are related to ovulation , being either follicular cysts or corpus luteum cysts . Other types include cysts due to endometriosis , dermoid cysts , and cystadenomas . Many small cysts occur in both ovaries in polycystic ovarian syndrome . Pelvic inflammatory disease may also result in cysts . Rarely , cysts may be a form of ovarian cancer . Diagnosis is undertaken by pelvic examination with an ultrasound or other testing used to gather further details . Often , cysts are simply observed over time . If they cause pain , medications such as paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) or ibuprofen may be used . Hormonal birth control may be used to prevent further cysts in those who are frequently affected . However , evidence does not support birth control as a treatment of current cysts . If they do not go away after several months , get larger , look unusual , or cause pain , they may be removed by surgery . Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month . Large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause . Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Signs and symptoms 1.1 Cyst rupture 1.2 Ovarian torsion 2 Diagnosis 2.1 Ultrasound 2.2 Scoring systems 2.3 Functional 2.4 Non-functional 2.5 Associated medical conditions 2.6 Risk of cancer 3 Treatment 3.1 Pain 3.2 Surgery 4 Frequency 5 References 6 External links Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Some or all of the following symptoms may be present , though it is possible not to experience any symptoms : Abdominal pain . Dull aching pain within the abdomen or pelvis , especially during intercourse . Uterine bleeding . Pain during or shortly after beginning or end of menstrual period ; irregular periods , or abnormal uterine bleeding or spotting . Fullness , heaviness , pressure , swelling , or bloating in the abdomen . When a cyst ruptures from the ovary , there may be sudden and sharp pain in the lower abdomen on one side . Change in frequency or ease of urination ( such as inability to fully empty the bladder ) , or difficulty with bowel movements due to pressure on adjacent pelvic anatomy . Constitutional symptoms such as fatigue , headaches Nausea or vomiting Weight gain Other symptoms may depend on the cause of the cysts : Symptoms that may occur if the cause of the cysts is polycystic ovarian syndrome ( PCOS ) may include increased facial hair or body hair , acne , obesity and infertility . If the cause is endometriosis , then periods may be heavy , and intercourse painful . The effect of cysts not related to PCOS on fertility is unclear . Cyst rupture ( edit ) A ruptured ovarian cyst is usually self - limiting , and only requires keeping an eye on the situation and pain medications . The main symptom is abdominal pain , which may last a few days to a several weeks , but they can also be asymptomatic . Rupture of large ovarian cysts can cause bleeding inside the abdominal cavity and in some cases shock . Ovarian torsion ( edit ) Ovarian cysts increase the risk for ovarian torsion ; cysts larger than 4 cm are associated with approximately 17 % risk . The torsion can cause obstruction of blood flow and lead to infarction . Diagnosis ( edit ) A 2 cm left ovarian cyst as seen on ultrasound Ovarian cysts are usually diagnosed by ultrasound , CT scan , or MRI , and correlated with clinical presentation and endocrinologic tests as appropriate . Ultrasound ( edit ) Follow - up imaging in women of reproductive age for incidentally discovered simple cysts on ultrasound is not needed until 5 cm , as these are usually normal ovarian follicles . Simple cysts 5 to 7 cm in premenopausal females should be followed yearly . Simple cysts larger than 7 cm require further imaging with MRI or surgical assessment . Because they are large , they can not be reliably assessed by ultrasound alone because it may be difficult to see the soft tissue nodularity or thickened septation at their posterior wall due to limited penetrance of the ultrasound beam . For the corpus luteum , a dominant ovulating follicle that typically appears as a cyst with circumferentially thickened walls and crenulated inner margins , follow up is not needed if the cyst is less than 3 cm in diameter . In postmenopausal patients , any simple cyst greater than 1 cm but less than 7 cm needs yearly follow - up , while those greater than 7 cm need MRI or surgical evaluation , similar to reproductive age females . An Axial CT demonstrating a large hemorrhagic ovarian cyst . The cyst is delineated by the yellow bars with blood seen anteriorly . For incidentally discovered dermoids , diagnosed on ultrasound by their pathognomonic echogenic fat , either surgical removal or yearly follow up is indicated , regardless of patient age . For peritoneal inclusion cysts , which have a crumpled tissue - paper appearance and tend to follow the contour of adjacent organs , follow up is based on clinical history . Hydrosalpinx , or fallopian tube dilation , can be mistaken for an ovarian cyst due to its anechoic appearance . Follow - up for this is also based on clinical presentation . For multiloculate cysts with thin septation less than 3 mm , surgical evaluation is recommended . The presence of multiloculation suggests a neoplasm , although the thin septation implies that the neoplasm is benign . For any thickened septation , nodularity , or vascular flow on color doppler assessment , surgical removal should be considered due to concern for malignancy . Scoring systems ( edit ) There are several systems to assess risk of an ovarian cyst of being an ovarian cancer , including the RMI ( risk of malignancy index ) , LR2 and SR ( simple rules ) . Sensitivities and specificities of these systems are given in tables below : Scoring systems Premenopausal Postmenopausal Sensitivity Specificity Sensitivity Specificity RMI I 44 % 95 % 79 % 90 % LR2 85 % 91 % 94 % 70 % SR 93 % 83 % 93 % 76 % Ovarian cysts may be classified according to whether they are a variant of the normal menstrual cycle , referred to as a functional or follicular cyst . Ovarian cysts are considered large when they are over 5 cm and giant when they are over 15 cm . In children , ovarian cysts reaching above the level of the umbilicus are considered giant . Functional ( edit ) Functional cysts form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle . There are several types of cysts : Follicular cyst , the most common type of ovarian cyst . In menstruating women , a follicle containing the ovum , an unfertilized egg , will rupture during ovulation . If this does not occur , a follicular cyst of more than 2.5 cm diameter may result . Corpus luteum cysts appear after ovulation . The corpus luteum is the remnant of the follicle after the ovum has moved to the fallopian tubes . This normally degrades within 5 to 9 days . A corpus luteum that is more than 3 cm is defined as cystic . Theca lutein cysts occur within the thecal layer of cells surrounding developing oocytes . Under the influence of excessive hCG , thecal cells may proliferate and become cystic . This is usually on both ovaries . Non-functional ( edit ) Transvaginal ultrasonography of a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst , probably originating from a corpus luteum cyst . The coagulating blood gives the content a cobweb - like appearance . Transvaginal ultrasonography showing a 67 x 40 mm endometrioma , with a somewhat grainy content . Non-functional cysts may include the following : An ovary with many cysts , which may be found in normal women , or within the setting of polycystic ovary syndrome Cysts caused by endometriosis , known as chocolate cysts Hemorrhagic ovarian cyst Dermoid cyst Ovarian serous cystadenoma Ovarian mucinous cystadenoma Paraovarian cyst Cystic adenofibroma Borderline tumoral cysts Associated medical conditions ( edit ) In juvenile hypothyroidism multicystic ovaries are present in about 75 % of cases , while large ovarian cysts and elevated ovarian tumor marks are one of the symptoms of the Van Wyk and Grumbach syndrome . The CA - 125 marker in children and adolescents can be frequently elevated even in absence of malignancy and conservative management should be considered . Polycystic ovarian syndrome involves the development of multiple small cysts in both ovaries due to an elevated ratio of leutenizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone , typically more than 25 cysts in each ovary , or an ovarian volume of greater than 10 mL . Larger bilateral cysts can develop as a result of fertility treatment due to elevated levels of HCG , as can be seen with the use of clomifene for follicular induction , in extreme cases resulting in a condition known as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome . Certain malignancies can mimic the effects of clomifene on the ovaries , also due to increased HCG , in particular gestational trophoblastic disease . Ovarian hyperstimulation occurs more often with invasive moles and choriocarcinoma than complete molar pregnancies . Risk of cancer ( edit ) A widely recognised method of estimating the risk of malignant ovarian cancer based on initial workup is the risk of malignancy index ( RMI ) . It is recommended that women with an RMI score over 200 should be referred to a centre with experience in ovarian cancer surgery . The RMI is calculated as follows : RMI = ultrasound score x menopausal score x CA - 125 level in U / ml . There are two methods to determine the ultrasound score and menopausal score , with the resultant RMI being called RMI 1 and RMI 2 , respectively , depending on what method is used : Feature RMI 1 RMI 2 Ultrasound abnormalities : Multilocular cyst Solid areas Bilateral lesions Ascites Intra-abdominal metastases 0 = no abnormality 1 = one abnormality 3 = two or more abnormalities 0 = none 1 = one abnormality 4 = two or more abnormalities Menopausal score 1 = premenopausal 3 = postmenopausal 1 = premenopausal 4 = postmenopausal CA - 125 Quantity in U / ml Quantity in U / ml An RMI 2 of over 200 has been estimated to have a sensitivity of 74 to 80 % , a specificity of 89 to 92 % and a positive predictive value of around 80 % of ovarian cancer . RMI 2 is regarded as more sensitive than RMI 1 . Treatment ( edit ) Cysts associated with hypothyroidism or other endocrine problems are managed by treating the underlying condition . About 95 % of ovarian cysts are benign , not cancerous . Functional cysts and hemorrhagic ovarian cysts usually resolve spontaneously . However , the bigger an ovarian cyst is , the less likely it is to disappear on its own . Treatment may be required if cysts persist over several months , grow , or cause increasing pain . Cysts that persist beyond two or three menstrual cycles , or occur in post-menopausal women , may indicate more serious disease and should be investigated through ultrasonography and laparoscopy , especially in cases where family members have had ovarian cancer . Such cysts may require surgical biopsy . Additionally , a blood test may be taken before surgery to check for elevated CA - 125 , a tumour marker , which is often found in increased levels in ovarian cancer , although it can also be elevated by other conditions resulting in a large number of false positives . Pain ( edit ) Pain associated with ovarian cysts may be treated in several ways : Pain relievers such as acetaminophen , nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , or opioids . While hormonal birth control prevents the development of new cysts in those who frequently get them , it is not useful for the treatment of current cysts . Surgery ( edit ) Although most cases of ovarian cysts involve monitoring , some cases require surgery . This may involve removing the cyst , or one or both ovaries . Technique is typically laparoscopic , unless the cyst is particularly large , or if pre-operative imaging suggests malignancy or complex anatomy . In certain situations , the cyst is entirely removed , while with cysts with low recurrence risk , younger patients , or which are in anatomically eloquent areas of the pelvis , they can be drained . Features that may indicate the need for surgery include : Persistent complex ovarian cysts Persistent cysts that are causing symptoms Complex ovarian cysts larger than 5 cm Simple ovarian cysts larger 10 cm or larger than 5 cm in postmenopausal patients Women who are menopausal or perimenopausal Frequency ( edit ) Most women of reproductive age develop small cysts each month , and large cysts that cause problems occur in about 8 % of women before menopause . Ovarian cysts are present in about 16 % of women after menopause and if present are more likely to be cancer . Benign ovarian cysts are common in asymptomatic premenarchal girls and found in approximately 68 % of ovaries of girls 2 -- 12 years old and in 84 % of ovaries of girls 0 -- 2 years old . Most of them are smaller than 9 mm while about 10 - 20 % are larger macrocysts . While the smaller cysts mostly disappear within 6 months the larger ones appear to be more persistent . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ovarian cysts '' . Office on Women 's Health . November 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Grimes , DA ; Jones , LB ; Lopez , LM ; Schulz , KF ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Oral contraceptives for functional ovarian cysts '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 4 : CD006134 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD006134. pub5 . PMID 24782304 . ^ Jump up to : Mimoun , C ; Fritel , X ; Fauconnier , A ; Deffieux , X ; Dumont , A ; Huchon , C ( December 2013 ) . `` ( Epidemiology of presumed benign ovarian tumors ) '' . Journal de gynecologie , obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction . 42 ( 8 ) : 722 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jgyn. 2013.09. 027 . PMID 24210235 . ^ Jump up to : Helm , William . `` Ovarian Cysts '' . Archived from the original on 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Legendre , G ; Catala , L ; Morinière , C ; Lacoeuille , C ; Boussion , F ; Sentilhes , L ; Descamps , P ( March 2014 ) . `` Relationship between ovarian cysts and infertility : what surgery and when ? '' . Fertility and Sterility. 101 ( 3 ) : 608 -- 14 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2014.01. 021 . PMID 24559614 . Jump up ^ Ovarian Cyst Rupture Archived 2013 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . at Medscape . Authors : Nathan Webb and David Chelmow . Updated : Nov 30 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Ovarian Cysts Causes , Symptoms , Diagnosis , and Treatment '' . eMedicineHealth.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Levine , D ; Brown , DL ; Andreotti , RF ; Benacerraf , B ; Benson , CB ; Brewster , WR ; Coleman , B ; Depriest , P ; Doubilet , PM ; Goldstein , SR ; Hamper , UM ; Hecht , JL ; Horrow , M ; Hur , HC ; Marnach , M ; Patel , MD ; Platt , LD ; Puscheck , E ; Smith - Bindman , R ( September 2010 ) . `` Management of asymptomatic ovarian and other adnexal cysts imaged at US : Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement '' . Radiology. 256 ( 3 ) : 943 -- 54 . doi : 10.1148 / radiol. 10100213 . PMID 20505067 . Jump up ^ Kaijser J , Sayasneh A , Van Hoorde K , Ghaem - Maghami S , Bourne T , Timmerman D , Van Calster B ( 2013 ) . `` Presurgical diagnosis of adnexal tumours using mathematical models and scoring systems : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 462 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt059 . ISSN 1355 - 4786 . PMID 24327552 . Jump up ^ Durbin KL , Diaz - Montes T , Loveless MB ( 2011 ) . `` Van wyk and grumbach syndrome : An unusual case and review of the literature '' . Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 24 ( 4 ) : e93 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2010.08. 003 . PMID 21600802 . Jump up ^ Dewailly , D ; Lujan , ME ; Carmina , E ; Cedars , MI ; Laven , J ; Norman , RJ ; Escobar - Morreale , HF ( May 2014 ) . `` Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology : a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society '' . Human Reproduction Update. 20 ( 3 ) : 334 -- 52 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt061 . PMID 24345633 . Jump up ^ Altinkaya , SO ; Talas , BB ; Gungor , T ; Gulerman , C ( October 2009 ) . `` Treatment of clomiphene citrate - related ovarian cysts in a prospective randomized study . A single center experience '' . The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research . 35 ( 5 ) : 940 -- 5 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1447 - 0756.2009. 01041. x . PMID 20149045 . Jump up ^ Suzuki , H ; Matsubara , S ; Uchida , S ; Ohkuchi , A ( October 2014 ) . `` Ovary hyperstimulation syndrome accompanying molar pregnancy : case report and review of the literature '' . Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 290 ( 4 ) : 803 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00404 - 014 - 3319 - 0 . PMID 24966119 . Jump up ^ NICE clinical guidelines Issued : April 2011 . Guideline CG122 . Ovarian cancer : The recognition and initial management of ovarian cancer Archived 2013 - 09 - 22 at the Wayback Machine. , Appendix D: Risk of malignancy index ( RMI I ) . ^ Jump up to : Network , Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines ( 2003 ) . `` EPITHELIAL OVARIAN CANCER SECTION 3 : DIAGNOSIS '' . Epithelial ovarian cancer : a national clinical guideline . Edinburgh : SIGN . ISBN 1899893938 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ V.T. ( 14 May 2014 ) . Understanding Ovarian Cyst . V.T. pp. 25 -- . GGKEY : JTX84XQARW9 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edward I. Bluth ( 2000 ) . Ultrasound : A Practical Approach to Clinical Problems . Thieme . p. 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86577 - 861 - 0 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Susan A. Orshan ( 2008 ) . Maternity , Newborn , and Women 's Health Nursing : Comprehensive Care Across the Lifespan . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 161 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4254 - 2 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia CA - 125 Jump up ^ Tamparo , Carol ; Lewis , Marcia ( 2011 ) . Diseases of the Human Body . Philadelphia , PA : Library of Congress . p. 475 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8036 - 2505 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` HealthHints : Gynecologic Health ( January / February , 2003 ) '' . Texas AgriLife Extension Service : HealthHints . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Surgit , O ; Inegol Gumus , I ( 2014 ) . `` Single - port Laparoscopic Total Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo - oopherectomy Combined with Burch Colposuspension '' . Acta chirurgica Belgica. 114 ( 4 ) : 0 . PMID 26021429 . Jump up ^ Cho , MJ ; Kim , DY ; Kim , SC ( October 2015 ) . `` Ovarian Cyst Aspiration in the Neonate : Minimally Invasive Surgery '' . Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology. 28 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpag. 2014.10. 003 . PMID 26148782 . Jump up ^ Nohuz , E ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` ( How I do ... the aspiration of an adnexal cyst without iterative needle punctures neither irrigation - aspiration device during a laparoscopy ) '' . Gynecologie , obstetrique & fertilite. 44 : 63 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gyobfe. 2015.11. 001 . PMID 26701109 . Jump up ^ Ovarian cysts Archived 2013 - 10 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . from MedlinePlus . Update Date : 2 / 26 / 2012 . Updated by : Linda J. Vorvick and Susan Storck . Also reviewed by David Zieve Jump up ^ Cohen HL , Eisenberg P , Mandel F , Haller JO ( 1992 ) . `` Ovarian cysts are common in premenarchal girls : A sonographic study of 101 children 2 - 12 years old '' . AJR . American journal of roentgenology. 159 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 91 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 159.1. 1609728 . PMID 1609728 . Jump up ^ Qublan HS , Abdel - hadi J ( 2000 ) . `` Simple ovarian cysts : Frequency and outcome in girls aged 2 - 9 years '' . Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology. 27 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 3 . PMID 10758801 . External links ( edit ) Classification V T D ICD - 10 : N83. 0 - N83. 2 ICD - 9 - CM : 620.0 - 620.2 MeSH : D010048 DiseasesDB : 9433 External resources MedlinePlus : 001504 eMedicine : med / 1699 emerg / 352 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ovarian_cyst&oldid=808821559 '' Categories : Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract Cysts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 11 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is meant by cyst in the ovary

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Gaby Hoffmann

Gaby Hoffmann - wikipedia Gaby Hoffmann Gaby Hoffmann Hoffmann in June 2015 Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( 1982 - 01 - 08 ) January 8 , 1982 ( age 36 ) Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Residence Fort Greene , Brooklyn , New York Education Buckley School Calabasas High School Alma mater Bard College ( 2004 ) Occupation Actress Years active 1989 -- present Children Parent ( s ) Viva ( mother ) Anthony Herrera ( father ) Gabrielle Mary Hoffmann ( born January 8 , 1982 ) is an American film and television actress best known for her roles on Sleepless in Seattle , Transparent and Girls , which garnered her nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2015 , respectively . Additionally , she is remembered as a child actress from the films Field of Dreams , Uncle Buck , Now and Then , and Volcano . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 Life at the Chelsea Hotel 1.2 Adolescence on the West Coast 1.3 College and assorted jobs 2 Career 2.1 Childhood acting career 2.2 Teen and college years : 1996 -- 2003 2.3 Theatre work in New York : 2003 -- 2007 2.4 Return to film work : 2007 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Hoffmann was born in Manhattan , New York City , New York . Her mother , Viva ( born Janet Susan Mary Hoffmann ) , is an actress , writer and former Warhol superstar , and her father , Anthony Herrera , was a soap opera actor best known for his role as James Stenbeck from As the World Turns . Viva and Herrera were estranged shortly after Hoffmann 's birth ; she was raised by her mother at the Chelsea Hotel in New York . Her father did not have a significant presence in her life . Hoffmann 's birth is documented in Brigid Berlin 's The Andy Warhol Diaries . An entry dated January 10 , 1982 , two days after Hoffmann was born , says that a friend of Warhol 's telephoned Warhol and told him that they were going to the Chelsea Hotel to see Viva and her new baby . Hoffmann 's mother was raised in a devout Catholic family on Long Island , the daughter of an attorney . She was previously married to director Michel Auder in 1969 . Gaby has a half - sister , Alexandra `` Alex '' Auder , who is 11 years older . Auder teaches yoga in New York City . Hoffmann 's father was raised in Wiggins , Mississippi by his maternal grandparents ; his own father , Gaby 's biological great - grandfather was referenced , viewed , and stated on the PBS series , Finding Your Roots with Henry Louis Gates Jr . Season 4 , Episode 8 , to be Gaston L Malecot . An instructor at Columbia University and a World War 1 veteran . Herrera died in 2011 from cancer . Hoffmann attended elementary school in Manhattan at P.S. 3 on Hudson Street in the West Village , then another school in Hell 's Kitchen . After she moved to Los Angeles in 1994 , she attended the Buckley School , before finally graduating from Calabasas High School in 1999 . Life at the Chelsea Hotel ( edit ) Until July 1993 , Hoffmann lived in Manhattan 's Chelsea Hotel ( now a landmark ) , which Hoffmann later said she enjoyed . According to Hoffmann , she and her best friend Talya Shomron would roller - skate in the hallways , spy on the drug dealer across the hall , and persuade the bellman to go to the neighborhood delicatessen at night to fetch them ice cream . Hoffmann recalled , `` I grew up in downtown New York in the ' 80s . I have a friend who grew up with me , and she puts it well . She says , ' If you grew up where we grew up , if you were n't an artist , a drag queen , queer , or a drug addict , then you were the freak ( unusual one ) . ' I grew up in a world where I guess what is considered unusual or abnormal for the rest of America was very much considered the norm . '' She also reported in an interview that there had been gunfire and a rape at the hotel shortly before they moved out of it . Hoffmann and her mother left the Chelsea Hotel after a long - standing dispute with the management that ended in eviction . Regardless , Gaby 's connection to the hotel resulted in a significant effect on her future . The idea for the 1994 sitcom Someone Like Me originated after Gail Berman ( former president of Viacom 's Paramount Pictures ) read a New York Times article about the hotel which referred to a children 's book that Viva and friend Jane Lancellotti wrote , Gaby at the Chelsea ( a take on Kay Thompson 's 1950s classic Eloise books ) . Berman became the show 's producer . Adolescence on the west coast ( edit ) When Hoffmann was 11 , after leaving the Chelsea , Hoffmann and her mother moved to the west coast to a two - bedroom rented house in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , California , which was badly damaged in the January 17 , 1994 Northridge earthquake . While regrouping their living situation , Gaby and her mother temporarily lived at The Oceana Suites Hotel in Santa Monica , California . College and assorted jobs ( edit ) After she graduated from Calabasas High School in 1999 , Hoffmann followed her half - sister Alex 's example and entered New York 's Bard College to pursue a degree in literature and writing . Around 2001 , she temporarily left her acting career to complete her studies and graduated in 2004 ; her senior thesis was a documentary film . After college , she spent much of her 20s drifting . She interned with a chef in Italy , and then trained to be a doula after helping deliver Alex 's children . For a time , Hoffmann and a boyfriend lived in an old trailer in the Catskill Mountains . Career ( edit ) Childhood acting career ( edit ) Hoffmann began her acting career at the age of four to help pay the family bills by acting in commercials . In 1989 , she starred in her first movie , Field of Dreams , with Kevin Costner. 1989 's Uncle Buck followed , working beside John Candy and up - and - coming child star Macaulay Culkin . However , she grew tired of the rigors of screen performance and temporarily retired . Nevertheless , upon hearing that Culkin ( whom she disliked when they worked together ) was making a lot of money in feature films , her `` competitive spirit got the best of her , '' as she later put it , and she re-entered the profession . She went on to star in This Is My Life ( 1992 ) , Sleepless in Seattle ( 1993 ) with Tom Hanks and The Man Without a Face with Mel Gibson ( who also directed the film ) . According to Hoffmann , it was the praise she received for her performance in This is My Life which encouraged her to pursue a full - time acting career in Hollywood as it gave her the confidence she needed to handle major roles . In 1994 , Hoffmann was given the starring role in her own sitcom Someone Like Me ( on NBC ) about a young girl , Gaby , and her dysfunctional family . Although generally well received , the show only lasted six episodes . Publicity work for the show included personal appearances by Hoffmann on late night talk shows like The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Show with David Letterman . After Someone Like Me , Hoffmann won the lead role opposite Shelley Long in the 1995 TV film Freaky Friday , a remake of the 1976 film of the same name starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris . In the same year as Freaky Friday , Hoffmann starred as Young Samantha ( the childhood counterpart to Demi Moore 's character ) in the coming - of - age feature film , Now and Then . In 1995 , Hoffmann played Andrea Eagerton in the CBS TV film Whose Daughter Is She ? . Teen and College years : 1996 -- 2003 ( edit ) Between 1996 and 2001 , Hoffmann landed roles in several films including Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996 ) , Volcano ( 1997 ) , Snapped ( 1998 ) , The Hairy Bird ( 1998 ) , 200 Cigarettes ( 1999 ) , Coming Soon ( 1999 ) , Black & White ( 1999 ) , You Can Count on Me ( 2000 ) , and Perfume ( 2001 ) . Theatre work in New York : 2003 -- 2007 ( edit ) Between 2003 and 2007 , Hoffmann largely concentrated on a theatre career in New York . Roles included 24 Hour Plays ( as Denise at the American Airlines Theatre ) , The Sugar Syndrome ( Williamstown Theatre Festival -- July / August 2005 ) , and Third ( Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater / Lincoln Center Theater -- September -- December 2005 ) . In late 2005 , she starred in an episode of Law & Order : Criminal Intent . She also appeared in the Broadway play Suburbia , alongside Kieran Culkin and Jessica Capshaw at the Second Stage Theatre on 43rd Street in New York City , which ran from September to October 2006 . Hoffmann then returned to the 24 Hours Plays where she acted alongside Jennifer Aniston . Return to film work : 2007 -- Present ( edit ) Since 2007 , Hoffmann has made a gradual return to film acting . In 2007 , she starred in the film Severed Ways : The Norse Discovery of America . In 2008 , she appeared in Guest of Cindy Sherman , a documentary on art - scene commentator Paul Hasegawa - Overacker 's relationship with enigmatic photographer Cindy Sherman . Later in 2008 , Hoffmann appeared in the documentary Chelsea on the Rocks , which is a tribute to the Chelsea Hotel where she grew up . Directed by Abel Ferrara , the documentary highlights the many personalities and artistic voices that have emerged from the legendary residence . In 2009 , Hoffmann had a supporting role in Todd Solondz 's Life During Wartime , and the thriller 13 with Mickey Rourke ( released in 2010 ) . More recently , Hoffmann has starred alongside Michael Cera in Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus ( 2013 ) . While shooting the film in Chile , she and Cera took mescaline for her performance in a climactic scene . Recent guest appearances have been in the television series Louie and Girls in Season 3 . Hoffmann said that she will be coming back in season 4 of Girls . Hoffmann ( bottom left ) . She is seen here with fellow cast members of Transparent in 2015 In 2013 , she completed work on the lead role of a Web series entitled Lyle , created by Stewart Thorndike and Jill Soloway . It was shot in NYC . She subsequently acquired an apartment in Brooklyn 's Fort Greene section . In October 2013 , she starred in the 1910s installment of Vanity Fair 's The Decades Series , `` The First March '' , directed by Gilly Barnes . Hoffmann has discussed her full frontal nude scenes in a few of her recent projects including Crystal Fairy , Girls and the Amazon series Transparent . On nudity , Hoffmann said : `` People are obsessed with actresses being hairless , fatless Barbie dolls . They ca n't imagine that people would want to be anything other than that . When they are , it 's looked at as almost a political statement . Look at Lena Dunham . She is a gorgeous woman and people ca n't stop talking about how brave she is to show herself naked , which I find totally condescending and ridiculous . If Angelina Jolie was naked onscreen no one would say she was brave . The implication is that Lena 's brave because she does n't look the way she 's supposed to look . I think that 's a shame . '' Jill Soloway wrote the role Hoffmann plays in Transparent for her after seeing her performance on Louis C.K. 's third season of Louie . In 2016 she appeared in video as an onstage `` stand - in '' during the Nostalgic For the Present concert tour of Australian singer Sia Furler for her song , `` Unstoppable . '' Personal Life ( edit ) Hoffmann has a daughter , Rosemary , born in November 2014 , with longtime boyfriend , cinematographer Chris Dapkins ( born on November 19 , 1980 ) . She lives in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Field of Dreams Karin Kinsella 1989 Uncle Buck Maizy Russell This Is My Life Opal Ingels 1993 Sleepless in Seattle Jessica 1993 The Man Without a Face Megan Norstadt 1995 Now and Then Samantha `` Sam '' Albertson Everyone Says I Love You Lane Dandridge 1997 Volcano Kelly Roark 1998 All I Wanna Do Odette Sinclair 1998 Snapped Tara 1999 200 Cigarettes Stephie 1999 Coming Soon Jenny Simon 1999 Black and White Raven 2000 You Can Count on Me Sheila Seidleman Perfume Gabrielle Mancini 2007 Severed Ways Orn 's Wife 2009 Life During Wartime Wanda 13 Clara Ferro 2011 Wolfe with an E Karen 2011 Confidante Sam Short film 2011 The Surrogate Mary Sally 2012 Nate & Margaret Darla 2013 Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus Crystal Fairy 2013 All That I Am Susan 2013 Goodbye World Laura 2014 Obvious Child Nellie 2014 Veronica Mars Ruby Jetson 2014 Wild Aimee 2014 Lyle Leah 2015 Manhattan Romance Emmy Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1994 Someone Like Me Gaby Stepjak 6 episodes 1995 Freaky Friday Annabelle Andrews Television film 1995 Whose Daughter Is She ? Andrea Eagerton Television film 2005 Law & Order : Criminal Intent Rachel Burnett Episode : `` The Good Child '' 2009 The Eastmans Dr. Sally Eastman Pilot Private Practice Emily Episode : `` Just Lose It '' 2011 The Good Wife Rhonda Cerone Episode : `` Killer Song '' 2011 Homeland CNN Producer Episode : `` Clean Skin '' 2012 Louie April Episode : `` Something Is Wrong '' 2014 -- 2017 Girls Caroline Sackler 8 episodes 2014 -- present Transparent Alexandria `` Ali '' Pfefferman Series regular 2016 High Maintenance Gaby Episode : `` Tick '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Supporting Role in a Motion Picture Field of Dreams Won 1993 Young Artist Award Best Young Actress Under Ten in a Motion Picture This Is My Life Nominated 1994 Young Artist Award Best Youth Actress Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama The Man Without a Face Nominated 1995 Young Artist Award Best Youth Comedienne in a TV Show Someone Like Me Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance by a Young Ensemble -- Feature Film or Video Now and Then Nominated 1997 YoungStar Award Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy Film Everyone Says I Love You Nominated 2014 Independent Spirit Award Best Female Lead Crystal Fairy & the Magical Cactus Nominated 2015 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Girls Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Transparent Nominated 2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stated on Finding Your Roots , November 21 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Tina . `` Gaby Hoffmann , 1997 '' . Index Magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann on Girls , Growing Up in ' 80s New York , and Her Amazon Show Transparent '' . Vulture . New York Magazine . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emmy Award Nominations : Full List of 2015 Emmy Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Martin , Lara ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Do you remember ... Gaby Hoffmann ? '' . reveal.co.uk . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viva Auder Auder -- United States Public Records , 1970 -- 2009 '' . FamilySearch . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Barbara L. ( April 29 , 1968 ) . `` La Dolce Viva '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Herrera Obituary '' . San Antonio Express - News . July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Anthony Herrera Obituary '' . Stone County Enterprise . July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Dana ( March 25 , 1994 ) . `` 30 Minutes of Fame '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Caddell , Ian ( March 5 , 1992 ) . `` Child actor Gaby Hoffmann sounds off on directors , costars , and Madonna '' . Straight.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ EW Staff ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann on child stars and coming back to acting on her own terms '' . EW.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brock , Chris ( July 28 , 2014 ) . `` Paintings of Viva Hoffmann on exhibit at Thousand Islands Arts Center '' . Watertown Daily Times . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brodesser - Akner , Taffy ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` The Chelsea Hotel Had Its Own Eloise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Villeneuve , Poppy ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` Alexandra Auder , Yoga Teacher '' ( video interview ) . AnotherMag.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Soboroff , Jacob ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Says Mel Gibson Screamed And Made Her Cry As A Child Actor ( video ) '' ( video interview ) . Huffington Post Live . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Julie Miller ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Michael Cera and Gaby Hoffmann on Crystal Fairy , Acting on Mescaline , and Trips with Strangers '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fine , Marshall ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann : Now playing adults '' . Hollywood & Fine . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Gilly ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Decades Series : The 1910s '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Marisa ( January 29 , 2014 ) . `` Below the Bikini Line , a Growing Trend : Brazilian Bikini Wax ? In a New Trend in Hair Removal , Women Prefer the Natural Look '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Jennifer Ashley ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann : Warhol Would Have Loved Her '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Katz , Jessie ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Pret - a Reporter : Dynamic Duos : Jill Soloway and Gaby Hoffmann are Ready to Inhabit Your Brain '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matasci , Matt . `` Star - Studded Coachella 2016 Sia Set Features Pre-Recorded Cameos By Tig Notaro , Paul Dano and Kristen Wiig '' . music.mxdwn.com . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Leon , Anya ; Jordan , Julie ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Welcomes Daughter Rosemary '' . People . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zaman , Farihah ( 2012 ) . `` Chris Dapkins : 25 New Faces of Independent Film ( 2012 ) '' . Filmmaker Magazine . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chiu , Melody ; Jordan , Julie ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Expecting First Child '' . People . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( June 7 , 2014 ) . `` Gaby Hoffmann Is Pregnant , Girls Guest Star Expecting First Child With Boyfriend Chris Dapkins '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Gaby Hoffmann on IMDb Gaby Hoffmann at the Internet Broadway Database BNF : cb140526586 ( data ) GND : 14377011X ISNI : 0000 0001 1563 1700 LCCN : no96019667 SNAC : w6vm5857 VIAF : 27269490 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaby_Hoffmann&oldid=849742543 '' Categories : 1982 births Living people 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from New York City American child actresses American film actresses American stage actresses American television actresses Bard College alumni People from Manhattan Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 01 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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As Long as You Love Me (Justin Bieber song)

As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) - wikipedia As Long As You Love Me ( Justin Bieber song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` As Long as You Love Me '' Single by Justin Bieber featuring Big Sean from the album Believe Released June 11 , 2012 Format Digital download Genre Electropop dubstep Length 3 : 49 ( album version ) 3 : 20 ( international version ) Label Island RBMG Schoolboy Songwriter ( s ) Andre Lindal Justin Bieber Nasri Atweh Rodney Jerkins Sean Anderson Producer ( s ) Darkchild The Messengers Justin Bieber singles chronology `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' ( 2012 ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Beauty and a Beat '' ( 2012 ) Big Sean singles chronology `` My Homies Still '' ( 2012 ) My Homies Still 2012 `` As Long as You Love Me '' ( 2012 ) As Long as You Love Me2012 `` Clique '' ( 2012 ) Clique 2012 Music video `` As Long as You Love Me '' on YouTube `` As Long as You Love Me '' is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber , from his third studio album , Believe ( 2012 ) . The track features American rapper Big Sean . It was written by both artists with Nasri Atweh , and was produced by Rodney `` Darkchild '' Jerkins and Andre Lindal . It was first released on June 11 , 2012 , as a promotional single from the album , and one month later it was released as the album 's second single . The song has since charted in the United Kingdom , first at number thirty as a promotional single with first - week sales of 11,598 , and then after being released as a single it improved its position on the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 22 . On Billboard 's Rhythmic Airplay Chart , the single reached number one , giving Bieber his first number one single on an American airplay music chart . It peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also reached the number one position on Billboard 's Dance / Mix Show Airplay chart , making Bieber the fifth Canadian artist to reach that position after Martin Solveig featuring Dragonette 's `` Hello '' in 2011 . The song has sold 2,240,000 copies in the US as December 2012 . The music video features actor Michael Madsen . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and release 2 Composition and lyrics 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Track listings 7 Charts and certifications 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Certifications 7.3 Year - end charts 8 Release history 8.1 Promotional releases 8.2 Single releases 9 References Background and release ( edit ) In late 2011 , Bieber confirmed to radio network Capital FM that he was recording material for his third studio album , which was originally going to be released in early 2012 . He later spoke to MTV News and revealed that Believe would surprise people in different ways , since it musically is a departure from his previous works . While Bieber has said that he wants his next release to recall Justin Timberlake 's Future Sex / Love Sounds sonically , in an interview with V magazine , he noted that what he 'll be singing is a bit more PG than the topics Timberlake covered on that album . `` I 'm not going to try to conform to what people want me to be or go out there and start partying , have people see me with alcohol . I want to do it at my own pace . I do n't want to start singing about things like sex , drugs and swearing . I 'm into love , and maybe I 'll get more into making love when I 'm older . I want to be someone who is respected by everybody . '' After releasing `` Boyfriend '' as the lead single , Bieber announced that he will release promotional singles to promote Believe . The first promotional single `` Die in Your Arms '' was released to iTunes on May 29 , 2012 . The second `` All Around The World '' was released on iTunes on June 4 , 2012 . `` As Long as You Love Me '' was released on June 11 , 2012 , as the third and final promotional single . The cover art for `` As Long as You Love Me '' shows Bieber perched on a wooden stool , holding an acoustic guitar . Sia Nicole of `` Idolator expressed dissatisfaction with the cover , saying `` It 's false advertising for the high - fidelity track that has nary a strum within earshot . '' Composition and lyrics ( edit ) `` As Long as You Love Me '' was written by Bieber , Nasri Atweh , and guest vocalist Big Sean , while production was handled by Darkchild , The Messengers and Andre Lindal . The song is officially written in the key of C minor . It is heavily influenced by dubstep , with vocal loops complemented by a booming beat . As the song continues , it builds and builds to a rave - ready drop . Lyrically , it tells listeners that true love can defy all circumstances and the obstacles that it can overcome . `` As long as you love me / We could be starving / We could be homeless / We could be broke , '' Bieber sings over a staccato beat and handclaps , with an undercurrent of a swirling - sounding synth . `` As long as you love me / I 'll be your platinum / I 'll be your silver / I 'll be your gold , '' he adds . Big Sean drops a rap exalting a lady love , too . `` I do n't know if this makes sense , but you 're my hallelujah / Give me a time and a place , and I 'll rendezvous , and I 'll fly you to it , '' Sean raps . Critical reception ( edit ) Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described the song as `` a dubstep love song , with Mr. Bieber reaching into falsetto at points without losing power , and showing restraint at the chorus . '' Natalie Shaw of BBC Music wrote , `` It 's fine that his vocal simpers on the verses of As Long As You Love Me , because the song 's pulsating undercurrent propels it onto the dancefloor . '' Hermione Hoby of The Observer complimented his vocals , calling `` plaintive and still unmistakably teenage . '' Jason Lipshutz of Billboard defined the track : `` A massive yet somehow intimate dance track , with the drums almost reaching hair metal levels in their vibrations . The Biebs handles his business , but Big Sean 's verse probably is n't necessary . '' Becky Bain of Idolator commented , `` The electro - infused track carries your basic we - do n't - need - money - we - have - love sentiment , while Big Sean cameo is mostly useless , but it does come at a pivotal moment in the Darkchild - produced tune . '' In his review for Fact Magazine , Alex Macpherson described the track : `` ' As Long As You Love Me ' is a post-austerity , us - against - the - world electronic storm in which Bieber promises romantic fealty even as he 's buffeted this way and that by a cornucopia of sonic switch - ups courtesy of Darkchild : the 4 × 4 march leading up to the peak of the second chorus , the way the word ' love ' is caught , cut up and tossed into a digital swirl until it becomes helpless surrender . Notably and surprisingly , too , Bieber 's own delivery stands out : his blend of puppy - eyed pleading and genuine tenderness on the line ' We could be homeless , we could be broke ' is the song 's emotional pivot . It 's enough to make you jealous of those terrifyingly devoted Beliebers : imagine how much more intensely they 're feeling this . '' Music video ( edit ) As part of promotion for `` As Long As You Love Me '' , a music video , which was filmed in early July 2012 , was released . Prior to the release of the video , Bieber revealed that a minute - long clip of the video was due to be broadcast following an episode of The Voice ; however , much to the displeasure of Bieber and his fans , the clip was n't shown . NBC later revealed that technical difficulties prevented the clip from being aired . The full video was later premiered on Bieber 's official YouTube page on July 12 , 2012 . Bieber very rarely referred to the video as a `` music video '' , but rather as a `` short film '' . Directed by Anthony Mandler , produced by Andrew Lerios , cinematography by David Devlin , and edited by Jacquelyn London the video was Bieber 's longest music video at five minutes and fifty - two seconds , before being surpassed by `` Confident '' at six minutes and six seconds . It featured guest appearances by Michael Madsen and Big Sean , the latter of which performs the rapping on the track . The video was filmed in Los Angeles , California . The actress in the music video is Chanel Celaya . Live performances ( edit ) Bieber performed the song for the first time in Oslo , Norway at the Oslo Opera House , on May 30 , 2012 at his Believe promo tour . Also Bieber performed the song , with Big Sean , in Today Show on June 15 , 2012 and again with Big Sean at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . Bieber also performed the song , once again with Big Sean , during the season finale of the NBC summer reality talent show `` America 's Got Talent '' . He also performed in late September on `` Dancing With The Stars '' , and on the February 9 , 2013 episode of `` Saturday Night Live '' , which he also hosted . Bieber has also performed the song on the 2012 Victoria 's Secret Fashion show on November 7 , 2012 in a medley with `` Boyfriend '' . On March 28 , 2015 , Bieber performed a duet with Ariana Grande on The Honeymoon Tour in Miami . Bieber performed the song at the 2015 Wango Tango . Track listings ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) 3 : 49 ( show ) Digital download -- Remixes EP No . Title Length 1 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Remix ) 5 : 42 2 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Club Dub ) 4 : 58 3 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Ferry Corsten Radio Mix ) 3 : 31 4 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Remix ) 5 : 04 5 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Instrumental ) 5 : 04 6 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Audiobot Radio Mix ) 3 : 55 7 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Club Mix ) 7 : 41 8 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Dub ) 7 : 26 9 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( Paulo & Jackinsky Radio Mix ) 3 : 55 10 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Radio Mix ) 4 : 03 11 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Dubstep Mix ) 4 : 37 12 . `` As Long As You Love Me '' ( featuring Big Sean ) ( Audien Luvstep Mix ) 4 : 37 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Current Position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 63 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 31 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 52 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 6 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 48 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) 28 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 40 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 37 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 55 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 22 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 27 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 13 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 15,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,500 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 78 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 34 Release history ( edit ) Promotional releases ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United States June 11 , 2012 Digital Download Island Records Canada France Universal Music , Mercury Records Worldwide June 13 , 2012 Single releases ( edit ) Region Date Format United States / Canada July 10 , 2012 Top 40 / Mainstream and Rhythmic radio Worldwide September 7 , 2012 Digital Remixes EP References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anzuoni , Mario ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Bieber spotlights his grown - up side in flashy new video '' . Reuters . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Caramanica , Jon ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Pop 's Good Boy Tries Growing Up '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Charts Analysis : Cheryl 's Call My Name sells 152k in week one '' . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 8 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ from Billboard Top 40 Update ( October 22 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Paul Grein ( January 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Top Songs of 2012 '' . Chart Watch . Yahoo Music . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Teams Up With Kanye West And Drake For New Album ' Believe ' '' . Capital FM . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( March 12 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Boyfriend ' Track Getting Early Buzz '' . MTV . MTV Networks . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Next Album Is ' Ridiculous ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg - Morse , Mredith ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Listen To A Sampler Of Tracks From Justin Bieber 's Upcoming Believe Album '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber to Release New Singles Each Week Leading Up to Believe '' . Mix FM . May 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Justin Bieber f / Big Sean -- ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . Rap - Up . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Sia , Nicole ( June 27 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Clutches Guitar On Cover Art For Guitarless Next Single , `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Believe ( liner notes ) . Justin Bieber . Island Records , Raymond Braun Media Group , School Boy Records . 2012 . ^ Jump up to : A. Schillaci , Sophie ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Goes Dubstep with ' As Long as You Love Me ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bieber , Justin . `` Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me Sheet Music ( Digital Download ) '' . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Vena , Jocelyn ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , Big Sean Get Romantic On ' As Long As You Love Me ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bain , Becky ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Gets Romantic On Club Banger `` As Long As You Love Me '' : Listen `` . Idolator . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Natalie ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Review of Justin Bieber -- Believe '' . BBC Music . BBC Online . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermione , Hoby ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- review '' . The Observer . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lipshut , Jason ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber , ' Believe ' : Track - By - Track Review '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Macpherson , Alex ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber : Believe -- FACT magazine : music and art '' . Fact Magazine ( United Kingdom ) . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` BIEBER ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ London , Jacquelyn . `` VIDEOSTATIC ' AS LONG AS YOU LOVE ME ' '' . VIDEOSTATIC . Jump up ^ Exton , Emily ( 2012 - 05 - 30 ) . `` Justin Bieber Performs New Songs `` All Around the World '' and `` As Long As You Love Me '' `` . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Justin Bieber Brings Out Big Sean For ' Today ' Show Performance '' . MTV News . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ebergamaschi ( 2010 - 07 - 05 ) . `` '' As Long As You Love Me '' on iTunes News `` . Now Justin Bieber . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Téléchargements MP3 7digital France '' . Fr.7digital.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( Remixes EP ) '' . iTunes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201248 into search . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber : As Long As You Love Me ( Feat . Big Sean ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 34 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 ( Week : September 1 , 2012 to September 6 , 2012 '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved August 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201241 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Justin Bieber Feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' Billboard . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2012 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As You Love Me '' . IFPI Denmark . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ THE FIELD id ( chart number ) MUST BE PROVIDED for NEW ZEALAND CERTIFICATION . Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Justin Bieber -- As Long As Long As You Love Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter As Long As Long As You Love Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Justin Bieber feat . Big Sean -- As Long As You Love Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles of 2012 '' . ARIA . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital United Kingdom '' . 7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean Descargas de MP3 7digital España '' . Es.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` As Long As You Love Me ( 2012 ) Justin Bieber / Big Sean MP3 Downloads 7digital Ireland '' . Ie.7digital.com. 2012 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` WebCite query results '' . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Justin Bieber songs Discography My World `` One Time '' `` One Less Lonely Girl '' My World 2.0 `` Baby '' `` Eenie Meenie '' `` Somebody to Love '' `` U Smile '' My Worlds : The Collection `` Pray '' Never Say Never : The Remixes `` Never Say Never '' Under the Mistletoe `` Mistletoe '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' Believe `` Boyfriend '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Beauty and a Beat '' `` Right Here '' `` All Around the World '' Journals `` Heartbreaker '' `` All That Matters '' `` Hold Tight '' `` Recovery '' `` Bad Day '' `` All Bad '' `` PYD '' `` Roller Coaster '' `` Change Me '' `` Confident '' Purpose `` Where Are Ü Now '' `` What Do You Mean ? '' `` Sorry '' `` Love Yourself '' `` Company '' Other singles `` Turn to You ( Mother 's Day Dedication ) '' `` Home to Mama '' `` Friends '' Featured singles `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Next to You '' `` Live My Life '' `` # thatPOWER '' `` Lolly '' `` Wait for a Minute '' `` Gas Pedal '' `` Cold Water '' `` Let Me Love You '' `` Deja Vu '' `` Despacito '' ( remix ) `` I 'm the One '' `` 2U '' Promotional singles `` Love Me '' `` Favorite Girl '' `` Never Let You Go '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ( SuperFestive ! ) '' `` Die in Your Arms '' `` I 'll Show You '' Other songs `` Down to Earth '' `` Bigger '' `` First Dance '' `` That Should Be Me '' `` Why You Mad ? ( Infinity Remix ) '' Big Sean singles Discography Finally Famous `` My Last '' `` Marvin & Chardonnay '' `` Dance ( Ass ) '' Cruel Summer `` Mercy '' `` Clique '' Hall of Fame `` Guap '' `` Switch Up '' `` Beware '' `` Fire '' Dark Sky Paradise `` I Do n't Fuck with You '' `` Paradise '' `` Blessings '' `` One Man Can Change the World '' `` Play No Games '' I Decided . `` Bounce Back '' `` Moves '' Other singles `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' `` Champions '' `` Miracles ( Someone Special ) '' Featured singles `` Lay It on Me '' `` Till I Die '' `` Naked '' `` My Homies Still '' `` As Long as You Love Me '' `` Burn '' `` Show Out '' `` All That ( Lady ) '' `` Wild '' `` Right There '' `` Sorry '' `` All Me '' `` Open Wide '' `` B Boy '' `` How Many Times '' `` Back Up '' `` Workin '' ( remix ) `` Holy Key '' `` I Think of You '' `` Feels '' Promotional singles `` Oh My '' ( remix ) `` What Yo Name Iz ? '' ( remix ) `` Control '' `` Best Mistake '' Other songs `` See Me Now '' `` Do n't Like '' ( remix ) `` Sanctified '' `` Research '' `` No Favors '' `` On Everything '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=As_Long_as_You_Love_Me_(Justin_Bieber_song)&oldid=810353444 '' Categories : 2012 singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Justin Bieber songs Island Records singles Big Sean songs Music videos directed by Anthony Mandler Songs about domestic violence Songs written by Andre Lindal Songs written by Nasri ( musician ) Songs written by Justin Bieber Songs written by Big Sean Songs written by Rodney Jerkins 2012 songs Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Norsk Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 November 2017 , at 19 : 23 . 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Lens speed

Lens speed - wikipedia Lens speed Jump to : navigation , search A fast prime ( fixed focal length ) lens , the Canon 50mm f / 1.4 ( left ) , and a slower zoom lens , the Canon 18 -- 55mm f / 3.5 -- 5.6 ( right ) ; this lens is faster at 18mm than it is at 55mm . Main article : Aperture Lens speed refers to the maximum aperture diameter , or minimum f - number , of a photographic lens . A lens with a larger maximum aperture ( that is , a smaller minimum f - number ) is called a `` fast lens '' because it can achieve the same exposure with a faster shutter speed . Conversely , a smaller maximum aperture ( larger minimum f - number ) is `` slow '' because it delivers less light intensity and requires a slower ( longer ) shutter speed . A fast lens speed is desirable in taking pictures in dim light , or with long telephoto lenses and for controlling depth of field and bokeh , especially in portrait photography , and for sports photography and photojournalism . Lenses may also be referred to as being `` faster '' or `` slower '' than one another ; so an f / 3.5 lens can be described as faster than an f / 5.6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tradeoffs 2 Fast lenses 2.1 Maximum possible speed 2.2 List of ultrafast lenses 3 References 4 External links Tradeoffs ( edit ) Attaining maximum lens speed requires engineering tradeoffs , and as such , `` prime '' ( fixed focal length ) lenses are generally faster than zoom lenses , and modern manual - focus lenses are generally faster than their autofocus counterparts . With 35mm cameras , the fastest lenses are typically in the `` normal lens '' range near 50mm and there are several high - quality fast lenses available that are relatively inexpensive . For example , the Canon EF 50mm f / 1.8 II or Nikon AF Nikkor 50mm f / 1.8 D are very inexpensive , but quite fast and optically well - regarded . Old fast manual focus lenses , just as the Nikkor - S ( C ) or Nikkor AI - S 50mm f / 1.4 , were historically produced abundantly , and are thus sold relatively inexpensively on the used lens market . Especially outside of the `` normal lenses '' , lens speed also tends to correlate with the price and / or quality of the lens . This is because lenses with larger maximum apertures require greater care with regard to design , precision of manufacture , special coatings and quality of glass . At wide apertures , spherical aberration becomes more significant and must be corrected . Faster telephoto and wide - angle retrofocus designs tend to be much more expensive . Fast lenses ( edit ) The fastest lenses in general production now are f / 1.2 or f / 1.4 , with more at f / 1.8 and f / 2.0 , and many at f / 2.8 or slower . What is considered `` fast '' has evolved to lower f - numbers over the years , due to advances in lens design , optical manufacturing , quality of glass , optical coatings , and the move toward smaller imaging formats . For example , the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states that `` ... ( Lenses ) are also sometimes classified according to their rapidity , as expressed by their effective apertures , into extra rapid , with apertures larger than f / 6 ; rapid , with apertures from f / 6 to f / 8 ; slow , with apertures less than f / 11 . '' Canon 85mm f / 1.8 and f / 1.2 showing their large entrance pupils For scale , note that f / 0.5 , f / 0.7 , f / 1.0 , f / 1.4 , and f / 2.0 are each 1 f - stop apart ( 2 × as fast ) , as an f - stop corresponds to a factor of square root of 2 , about 1.4 . Thus around f / 1.0 , a change of 0.1 corresponds to about 1 / 4 of an f - stop ( by linear approximation ) : f / 1.0 is about 50 % faster than f / 1.2 , which is about 50 % faster than f / 1.4 . As of 2017 , Canon , Nikon , Pentax and Sony all make an autofocus 50mm f / 1.4 lens . These are not unusual lenses and are relatively inexpensive . Canon also makes autofocus 50mm and 85mm f / 1.2 lenses , while Nikon makes a manual focus 50mm f / 1.2 lens and an autofocus 85mm f / 1.4 ; see Canon EF 50mm lenses and Canon EF 85mm lenses for details . Pentax makes a 50mm f / 1.4 lens and 55mm f / 1.4 lens for APS - C cameras ; see Pentax lenses . Sony makes a 50mm f / 1.4 lens which is a continuation of the Minolta AF 50mm f / 1.4 lens , and two lenses with Carl Zeiss : a 50mm f / 1.4 and 85mm f / 1.4 . The maximum exposure time in free - hand photography can be enhanced even more also for fast lenses , if the camera is equipped with an image stabilisation system . In 2014 Panasonic introduced the fastest lens with in - built stabilisation , the Leica Nocticron 42.5 mm f / 1.2 , which in the meantime even can be operated with dual image stabilisation ( Dual I.S. ) , provided that the camera body has an additional stabilising system at the image sensor , too . In the mid 60s there was something of a fad for fast lenses among the major manufacturers . In 1966 in response to the trend Carl Zeiss displayed a prop lens christened the Super-Q - Gigantar 40mm f / 0.33 at photokina . Made from various parts found around the factory ( the lenses came from a darkroom condenser enlarger ) , the claimed speed and focal lengths were purely nominal and it was n't usable for photography . Maximum possible speed ( edit ) Ultimately , the speed of a lens is limited by mechanical constraints of the camera system ( shutter or mirror clearance , mount diameter ) . The smallest possible working f - number is N min = 1 2 N A max = 1 2 n sin ⁡ θ ( \ displaystyle N_ ( \ text ( min ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ ; \ mathrm ( NA ) _ ( \ text ( max ) ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 \ , n \ sin \ theta ) ) ) where NA is the largest possible numerical aperture , n is the index of refraction of the medium behind the lens , most often air where n = 1 , θ is the half - angle of the maximum cone of light that can reach the film or sensor . This sets a limit close to f / 1.0 to f / 1.2 for most SLR mounts , whereas lenses for rangefinder and mirrorless cameras can be faster , as they can be brought closer to the image plane . Reproduction lenses incapable of infinity focus can have nominal f - numbers smaller than this limit , as the limit applies to the working f - number ( the f - number corrected by the bellows factor ) , not to the nominal f - number . It should be noted that only the working f - number correctly assesses the light gathering power of the lens . Since sin θ < 1 , it follows that no lens can be faster than f / 0.5 if it operates in air . Lenses can be made faster than this by requiring the film emulsion to be in physical contact with the rear element , thus eliminating the air gap between the lens and the emulsion . Another option is to use oil immersion techniques . List of ultrafast lenses ( edit ) Some of the fastest camera lenses in production as of 2017 were as follows : Handevision Ibelux 40mm f / 0.85 , Made for multiple camera mounts including Micro 4 / 3 , Sony E-Mount and Fujifilm X-Mount Fujinon 43mm f / 0.85 Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 17.5 mm f / 0.95 Aspherical Micro Four Thirds mount Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 25mm f / 0.95 Micro Four Thirds mount Cosina Voigtländer Nokton 42.5 mm f / 0.95 Micro Four Thirds mount Leica Noctilux - M 50mm f / 0.95 ASPH announced on September 15 , 2008 , it is one of the fastest aspherical lens to have ever reached mass production , with a MSRP of £ 6290 ( approximately US $10,000 ) . SLR Magic HyperPrime LM 50mm T0. 95 ( f / 0.92 ) Noktor 50mm f / 0.95 ' HyperPrime ' a fast CCTV lens design adapted for the Micro Four Thirds system SLR Magic 25mm T / 0.95 SLR Magic 35mm T / 0.95 Mitakon 50mm and 35mm f / 0.95 Vantage One T / 1.0 Cine lenses - 17.5 mm to 120mm Super35mm Spherical Primes . Metabones 0.58 x BMPCC Speed Booster ( for Blackmagic Pocket Cinema Camera ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.74 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 0.80 Metabones 0.64 x Speed Booster XL ( for Micro Four Thirds format ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.80 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 0.90 Metabones 0.71 x Speed Booster ULTRA ( for either Micro Four Thirds or APS - C formats ) combined with an f / 1.2 SLR lens to yield f / 0.90 or combined with an f / 1.4 SLR lens to yield f / 1.0 The following camera lenses are no longer in production as of 2010 : American Optical 81mm f / 0.38 Solid Schmidt Mirror lens . Designed for aerial reconnaissance GOI CV 20mm f / 0.5 Mirror lens Signal Corps Engineering 33mm f / 0.6 GOI Iskra - 3 72mm f / 0.65 Mirror lens Fujinon - IDEAX 125mm f / 0.67 Zeiss Planar 50mm f / 0.7 Limited production lens built for the NASA space program , used on 35mm movie cameras by Stanley Kubrick for some candlelit scenes in Barry Lyndon Tokyo Kogaku Similar 50mm f / 0.7 , 8 elements in 4 groups , limited produced in 1944 for Japanese Army . ( In 1951 another three were produced , two of which were used on a South Pole expedition ) Kinoptik Lynxar 60mm f / 0.7 Reproduction lens , not for photography . Wray 64mm f / 0.71 Reproduction lens , not for photography . LOMO 60mm f / 0.75 Reproduction lens , not for photography . Aerojet Delft Rayxar 105mm f / 0.75 Full Frame aerial photography lens Aerojet Delft Rayxar 150mm f / 0.75 Medium Format aerial photography lens Aerojet Delft Rayxar 250mm f / 0.75 Large Format aerial photography lens American Optical 43mm f / 0.8 JML Optical 64mm f / 0.85 Leica Summar 75mm f / 0.85 Leica Leitz - IR 150mm f / 0.85 Farrand Super Farron 76mm f / 0.87 Farrand Super Farron 150mm f / 0.87 Medium Format aerial photography lens Рекорд - 4 52mm f / 0.9 Nikon TV - Nikkor 35mm f / 0.9 Fastest Nikon lens ever made . ( TV lens in M39 lens mount , 12.6 mm diameter image circle ) Noktor HyperPrime CINE 50mm f / 0.92 T0. 95 , Fastest cinema lens made for 35mm interchangeable lens camera Canon 50mm f / 0.95 Available in TV ( c - mount ) and Canon 7 Rangefinder Version Astro Berlin 52mm f / 0.95 Perkin Elmer 114mm f / 0.95 Medium Format aerial photography lens Pacific Optical 25mm f / 1.0 Medium Format Fish - eye lens . Only 3 were ever made for the Canadian Government for aurora borealis research in the late 60s / early 70s . One of these lenses was used in the production of the IMAX movie Solarmax Leica Noctilux 50mm f / 1.0 Leica M mount , discontinued and replaced 2008 with a new Noctilux , see above Canon EF 50mm f / 1.0 for Canon autofocus SLR , now out of production Panavision 50mm f / 1.0 Nikkor - O 50mm f / 1.0 Prototype lens for Nikkor - S Rangefinder camera Leica ELCAN 90mm f / 1.0 Wild Heerbrugg Reconar 98mm f / 1.0 Medium Format aerial photography lens Kollmorgen 153mm f / 1.0 Zeiss UR 250mm f / 1.0 Canon 8.5 -- 25.5 mm f / 1.0 zoom lens , made 1975 -- 1983 for the 310XL Super 8mm silent and sound camera series , fastest lens ever made in Super8 , was originally advertised as facilitating `` shooting at candlelight '' in combination with 160 - ASA films . Many very fast lenses exist in C - mount ( such as used by 16mm film cameras , CCTV , medical & scientific imaging systems ) , including : Fujinon 50mm f / 0.7 Canon ' TV - 16 ' 25mm f / 0.78 Apollo 25mm f / 0.85 Ernitec 25mm f / 0.85 Fujinon 25mm f / 0.85 Tarcus 25mm f / 0.85 Kern Switar 18mm f / 0.9 built for NASA for Apollo Moon landing Ampex ' LE610 Television Lens ' 25mm f / 0.95 Angenieux ' M1 ' and ' M2 ' 25mm f / 0.95 ( M1 was a consumer product , while M2 was aimed at the professional cine market ) Angenieux ' M2 ' 28mm f / 1.1 Angenieux 35mm f / 0.95 Angenieux 50mm f / 0.95 Type M1 ( original more common ) , and Type M2 ( better corrected for aberrations and distortions , designed for NASA , very rare and hard to find ) AstroScope 25mm f / 0.95 Avenir 25mm f / 0.95 Century ' Nighthawk ' 25mm f / 0.95 Carl Meyer 25mm f / 0.95 Cinetar 25mm f / 0.95 Goyo Optical 17mm , 25mm , and 50mm f / 0.95 JML 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Navitar 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Navitron 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Schneider Kreuznach ' Xenon ' 17mm , 25mm , and 50mm f / 0.95 Senko 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Soligor ' Super Elitar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Som Berthiot ' Cinor ' 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Tarcus ' I.T.V. Lens ' 50mm f / 0.95 Precise Optics 50mm f / 0.95 Kowa 50mm f / 0.95 Yakumo 25mm and 50mm f / 0.95 Zeika ' Nominar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Kaligar ' Nominar ' 25mm f / 0.95 Dallmeyer 25mm f / 0.99 ( 1930 ) Astro Berlin 25mm f / 1.0 Bausch & Lomb 29mm f / 1.0 Astro Berlin ' Tachonar ' 35mm and 75mm f / 1.0 Carl Meyer 38mm f / 1.0 RTH ( Rank / Taylor Hobson ) Monital 130mm f / 1.0 made by SOPELEM in France Very fast lenses in D - mount for 8mm movie use on H8 cameras : Kern Switar 13mm f / 0.9 Cinetor ' TELE - PHOTO ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Walz ' TELEPHOTO ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Amitar ' Telephoto ' 38.1 mm f / 1.0 Rexer ' TELE ' 38mm f / 1.0 Manon ' Telephoto ' 37.5 mm f / 1.0 Very fast lenses used in x-ray machines : Zeiss R - Biotar 100mm f / 0.73 LOMO 100mm f / 0.73 Canon 50mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Leitz 50mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Rayxar 50mm / 65mm / 150mm f / 0.75 Rayxar 90mm f / 1.0 Tachon Astro - Berlin 65mm f / 0.75 Rodenstock XR - Heligon 42mm / 50mm f / 0.75 Rodenstock XR - Heligon 68mm f / 0.95 etc . Kowa 42mm / 65mm f / 0.75 Carl Zeiss Jena 50mm f / 0.77 Kowa 55mm f / 0.8 Zeiss R - Biotar 55mm f / 0.85 Lenzar Optics 184.6 mm f / 0.9 ( Photographic lens made by Lenzar Optics Corp. , Riviera Beach FL , f0. 9 -- f8 ) Kowa 33.5 mm f / 0.95 Kowa 55mm f / 1.0 Rodenstock Heligon 68mm f / 1.0 Canon 65mm / 90mm f / 1.0 Fuji 90mm f / 1.0 Kowa 90mm f / 1.0 Leitz 90mm f / 1.0 Mt Prospect 90mm f / 1.0 Zeiss R - Biotar 120mm f / 1.0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Waldren , Margaret ( and others ) Advanced Digital Photography 2004 Media Publishing Jump up ^ Long , Ben Complete Digital Photography 2004 Charles River Media ^ Jump up to : Maiello , Agostino ( January 2000 ) . `` L'OBIETTIVO PIU ' LUMINOSO DEL MONDO '' . Nadir.it ( in Italian ) . Nadir Magazine . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Zhang , Michael ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Carl Zeiss Super-Q - Gigantar 40mm f / 0.33 : The Fastest Lens Ever Made ? '' . Petapixel . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cosina Voigtänder -- Nokton 17.5 mm F0. 95 Aspherical '' . Cosina Voigtländer . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cosina Voigtänder - Nokton 25mm F0. 95 '' . Cosina Voigtländer. 2010 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 17.5 mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 25mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ The Voigtlander 42.5 mm f / 0.95 at B&H Photo Jump up ^ `` Leica offers World 's fastest Aspherical lens '' . Leica Camera. 2008 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` NOKTOR -- Ultra Fast Lenses '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` KenRockwell.com -- Noktor 50mm f / 0.95 '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` F0. 74 - new Metabones Speed Boosters break boundaries - EOSHD '' . EOSHD . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Metabones introduces Speed Booster XL 0.64 x for Panasonic GH4 '' . dpreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Official announcement - Metabones Speed Booster ULTRA - EOSHD '' . EOSHD . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Metabones creates Speed Booster ULTRA with improved optics and Canon lens AF for Panasonic users '' . dpreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` USAF Lens Datasheets - Type 1 Aerial Reconnaissance '' . archive.org . Retrieved 4 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Two Special Lenses for `` Barry Lyndon '' , by Ed DiGiulio ( President , Cinema Products Corp . ) , American Cinematographer Jump up ^ `` TV - Nikkor 35mm F0. 9 Big First Super Light '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Lossau , Jürgen ( 2003 ) . The Complete Catalogue Of Movie Cameras , Hamburg / Germany , atoll medien , p. 59 , ISBN 3 - 9807235 - 3 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Science , Kern - Paillard advertisement '' ( PDF ) . 165 . External links ( edit ) Just how fast is that lens ? f - number does n't directly determine focal - plane illuminance , due to light transmission losses . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lens_speed&oldid=812028942 '' Categories : Optics Science of photography Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Pages using web citations with no URL Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Polski Русский Slovenčina Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 15 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does the speed of a lens mean

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List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes

List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes - wikipedia List of Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes Jump to : navigation , search Star vs. the Forces of Evil is an American animated television series created by Daron Nefcy and produced by Disney Television Animation . The series centers on Star Butterfly , a magical princess from the dimension of Mewni who is sent to Earth by her parents the Queen and King Butterfly , when they decide she should learn to wield magic away from their kingdom . As an exchange student on Earth , she boards the house of Marco Diaz whom she befriends as they both attend high school . The series marks the second woman - led animated series by Disney . Before the series was picked up , Nefcy had worked as an artist for Disney 's Wander Over Yonder and Nickelodeon 's Robot and Monster . The first episode of the series premiered on January 18 , 2015 , on Disney Channel . Succeeding episodes have premiered on Disney XD starting March 30 , 2015 . The series had been renewed for a second season a month before its Disney XD premiere . In March 2016 it was renewed for a third season prior to its second - season premiere scheduled for July that year . The episode `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' marked the mid-season finale for the second season , according to Nefcy . The second half of the season aired entirely in February 2017 on weekdays , with either a half - episode segment or a full episode premiering each day . In the same month , the series was renewed for a fourth season . A two - hour television film called The Battle for Mewni , which comprises the first four episodes of the third season , premiered on July 15 , 2017 , with the succeeding third - season episodes to begin airing on November 6 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 3 Notes 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 22 July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) TBA July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA Episode list ( edit ) The episodes are usually broadcast as two 11 - minute segments . Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a 1a `` Star Comes to Earth '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 On her 14th birthday , Princess Star Butterfly receives a magical wand , but when she sets fire to the castle , she is sent to Earth to train . There , she enrolls in Echo Creek Academy where the principal pairs her with Marco Diaz , a reputed `` safe kid '' . Upon befriending Marco , Star ends up discovering her skills when she is attacked by Ludo and his army of monsters . 1b 1b `` Party with a Pony '' Mike Mullen Ian Wasseluk January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 101 2.33 Star receives a visit from Flying Princess Pony Head , her best friend from Mewni . Pony Head is jealous that Marco is Star 's best friend on Earth . She invites Star and Marco to various dance clubs , but she competes with Marco for Star 's attention and tries to strand him at a video arcade . Meanwhile , guards have been hot on Pony Head 's trail . Eventually , King Pony Head arrives to have the guards take Pony Head to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses . 2a 2a `` Matchmaker '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley , Daron Nefcy , Lane Lueras & Dave Stone March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Star fails her first test , so she tries to play matchmaker for their math teacher Miss Skullnick to get a better grade . However , she winds up turning her into a troll . When Ludo and his minions attack , one of the monsters falls for Skullnick . 2b 2b `` School Spirit '' Aaron Hammersley Zeus Cervas & Aaron Hammersley March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 102 0.90 Echo Creek Academy prepares for a football game against their rival school . Marco tries to protect Ferguson , who has become the team mascot , from being kidnapped . Star takes the concept of going to battle literally , and booby traps the field with bombs , evil kittens , and giant birds . 3a 3a `` Monster Arm '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Bert Youn April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 Marco breaks his arm before a karate tournament . Star uses her wand to fix it , but transforms it into a tentacle arm . As Star tries to find a spell to reverse it , Marco begins to like his new powers associated with the arm . However , the arm harbors an evil sentience that intends to take over the world . 3b 3b `` The Other Exchange Student '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao April 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 06 ) 103 0.83 When the Diaz family receives a visit by their former foreign exchange student Gustav from Scandinavia , Gustav soon becomes the family favorite with his meatballs , that Star feels neglected . She senses something is wrong when she discovers Gustav harbors some books and media about how to act like a Scandinavian in his backpack . 4a 4a `` Cheer up Star '' Aaron Hammersley Carrie Liao , Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 Star and Marco are trapped inside a tool shed by Ludo 's army . As Marco tries to fashion something to fight them off , he recounts how he tried to cheer up Star because she left her phone number for her crush , a keytar - playing student named Oskar , but he has not called her back . Guest star : Jon Heder as Oskar 4b 4b `` Quest Buy '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 104 0.57 When Star 's wand runs low on power , she and Marco visit Quest Buy , a large inter-dimensional retail store to buy a new charger . However , the location of the charger department proves extremely difficult to find and to get to . Meanwhile , Ludo and his minions , who are shopping there for a beak sharpener , pursue Star to try to take her wand . 5a 5a `` Diaz Family Vacation '' Piero Piluso Zeus Cervas , Christopher Graham & Piero Piluso April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 As an anniversary gift for Marco 's parents , Star invites them and Marco to Mewni , but must avoid being seen by her father as Star is not allowed to leave Earth . While they visit a Mewni village , Star sees her father strolling about , and directs the Diaz family into a deadly forest . 5b 5b `` Brittney 's Party '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 105 0.57 Star and Marco crash Brittney Wong 's birthday event which takes place on a party bus . While Star tries to make the party `` fun '' , Marco gets carsick . Ludo and his minions attack and hijack the bus . 6a 6a `` Mewberty '' Aaron Hammersley Aaron Hammersley & Dominic Bisignano June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 Star experiences `` mewberty '' , that is , her skin breaks out in hearts whenever she is near boys . Although Marco thinks it 's much like the Earthling condition , Star 's is more extreme . She sprouts hearts all over her body , and transforms into a butterfly creature that captures boys and steals them away . Marco turns to the Glossaryck , a genie inside Star 's book of magic , for advice on how to stop her . Guest star : Jeffrey Tambor as Glossaryck 6b 6b `` Pixtopia '' Mike Mullen Christofer Graham , Mike Mullen & Carlos Ramos June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 106 0.74 After making prank calls on Star 's magic mirror , Marco , Alfonzo , Ferguson , and Star must go to Pixtopia : Land Of The Pixies and pay the bill . When they ca n't pay it , they are forced to work in a mine shaft . The Pixie Empress flirts with Ferguson . Guest stars : Anna Camp as Pixie Empress , Danny Woodburn as Pixie Taskmaster 7a 7a `` Lobster Claws '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Scott O'Brien & Piero Piluso June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Ludo fires his minion Lobster Claws after he accidentally takes off Deer Beard 's antler when trying to get Star 's wand . Marco tries to help Lobster Claws become good while Star thinks he can not be reformed . 7b 7b `` Sleep Spells '' Mike Mullen Mike Mullen & Ian Wasseluk June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 107 0.52 Star and Marco try to determine who has been redecorating her room , with Mr. Diaz only accounting for a small project . Marco discovers that Star has been `` sleep spelling '' , that is , casting spells when sleepwalking . He tries psychology to try to treat her but learns that she is actually trying to defend herself from an intruder , revealed to be Princess Smooshy , an ugly `` goblin - elephant '' princess who wants to steal Star 's face so she can avoid getting sent back to St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses after escaping it . 8a 8a `` Blood Moon Ball '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Star 's ex-boyfriend Tom invites her to the Blood Moon Ball , an Underworld event that occurs once every 667 years . Tom claims he has turned over a new leaf , having hired an anger management consultant . Marco does not believe Tom has changed but Star decides to go anyway . When Marco disrupts Tom 's plan to take Star for himself under the Blood Moon 's light , Tom reverts to his old self . Guest star : Rider Strong as Tom 8b 8b `` Fortune Cookies '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 108 0.67 Following yet another victory over Ludo and his minions , Marco and Star eat at a Chinese restaurant . Marco tricks Star into thinking the sayings in fortune cookies can really predict the future . Meanwhile , Ludo hires a monster named Toffee to shape up his minions . They come up with a plan to take advantage of Star 's fortune cookie obsession . Guest star : Michael C. Hall as Toffee 9a 9a `` Freeze Day '' Mike Mullen Carrie Liao & Mike Mullen July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star freezes time with her wand so that Marco can appear at Echo Creek Academy on time for his morning greeting nod with his crush Jackie Lynn Thomas . But when she is unable to cancel out the effects , she and Marco visit the Plains of Time in order to get Father Time to restart time again . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time 9b 9b `` Royal Pain '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk July 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 27 ) 109 0.37 Star gets an unexpected visit from her father who had been kicked out of the house for not picking up after himself . After getting excited over Earth activities such as using a flush toilet and playing miniature golf , he ends up overstaying his welcome . He hosts a party with his inter-dimensional friends , but it is soon crashed by a sun character named Helios . Guest star : Jamie Kennedy as Helios 10 10 `` St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 110 0.50 Star and Marco go undercover as new princess students in order to break Flying Princess Pony Head out of St. Olga 's on her birthday . They discover that Pony Head has been brainwashed to be a compliant princess and try to evade the robot guards and the reform school 's headmistress Miss Heinous . Guest stars : Jessica Walter as Miss Heinous , Jodi Benson as Singing Teacher 11a 11a `` Mewnipendance Day '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Star Butterfly recruits her classmates , Miss Skullnick , and the Dojo Sensei to participate in a battle reenactment of Mewni 's Independence Day . Ludo and Toffee use a special floating eye device to spy on Star and her activities . Ludo 's minion Buff Frog infiltrates the reenactment as one of the monsters to try to steal the wand . 11b 11b `` The Banagic Incident '' Mike Mullen Dominic Bisignano , Nate Cash , Mike Mullen , Kyle Neswald & Carder Scholin August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 111 0.51 Impressed by a commercial for a `` magical '' Earth product called a Banagic Wand , Star tries to get Marco to buy it , but Marco refuses as he has karate class . Star ends up going into town by herself where she confuses a pirate - themed restaurant for having real pirates and trashes the place . Meanwhile , Marco 's Dojo Sensei wants his students to channel their emotions to walk across hot coals . 12a 12a `` Interdimensional Field Trip '' Piero Piluso Piero Piluso & Ian Wasseluk September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Miss Skullnick 's class finds the field trip to the Echo Creek Museum of Paper Clips boring , so Star volunteers to lead a trip to the Dimension of Wonders and Amazement . But when she lets the students do whatever they want , she puts the entire class in danger . Meanwhile , Miss Skullnick visits an exhibit on troll history . When a yarn monster captures the class , Star and Miss Skullnick must work together to save them . 12b 12b `` Marco Grows a Beard '' Mike Mullen & Piero Piluso Tyler Chen September 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 14 ) 112 0.55 Star botches a spell that would help Marco grow a beard in order to impress Jackie Lynn Thomas . The hair grows out of control , engulfing the house , and Star loses her wand in the midst of it . Meanwhile , Ludo leads his minions through the overgrown beard to find the wand . 13 13 `` Storm the Castle '' Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Christopher Graham , Aaron Hammersley & Ian Wasseluk September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 113 0.68 Toffee has taken over Ludo 's castle ; he has one of Ludo 's minions abduct Marco . Star allies with Buff Frog ( and the kicked - out Ludo ) to storm the castle and beat up Ludo 's former minions and free Marco . However , Toffee arranges for the box imprisoning Marco to gradually collapse , forcing Star to destroy her wand in exchange for sparing Marco . The resulting explosion destroys Ludo 's castle and Toffee , after which Star banishes Ludo . Star is left with a new wand that is missing a piece . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14a 1a `` My New Wand ! '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman and Aaron Hammersley July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 As Marco gets out of the shower , Star activates her new wand , but it accidentally knocks Marco , her wand , and her book of spells into her closet . Unable to open the closet door , Star consults with Glossaryck who suggests she digs deep into her soul to find a solution . Meanwhile , as Marco is advised by Glossaryck to sort out the secrets and stuff in Star 's closet . When he finds and starts reading Star 's diary , Star panics and unleashes her innate magic , which unlocks the door and frees Marco . 14b 1b `` Ludo in the Wild '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley and Jushtin Lee July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 201 0.61 After the destruction of his castle , Ludo is thrown into the cosmos by Star and lands in a forested location . He competes with a giant spider as they go ice fishing . When a bag of potato chips is found , he and the giant spider fight until he wins . He also tames a bald eagle . When he spots Star in the woods , he chases her until he realizes he is back on Mewni . He also obtains a wand of his own which holds the other half of Star 's wand magic . 15a 2a `` Mr. Candle Cares '' Giancarlo Volpe Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Guidance counselor Mr. Candle tells Star that she is fated to be Queen of Mewni . She has to read her mother 's book on how to act like a queen but she gets frustrated and decides to dress up in a more rebellious punk style . Meanwhile , Marco , who is displeased of Candle 's career suggestion of being the head janitor on Garbage Island , discovers that Mr. Candle is actually in cahoots with Tom , who planned to ensure `` Starco '' does n't happen . He confronts Mr. Candle but is captured by Tom , and must duel Tom to get his freedom . Guest star : Dave Allen as Mr. Candle 15b 2b `` Red Belt '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 202 0.56 Marco trains for a red belt in karate . However , after visiting his sensei 's home , he discovers his sensei lives with his mother and does not even have a red belt . Sensei explains that he never got to watch the instructional video for the red belt as the tape got jammed in his video player . Marco and sensei visit thrift shops and eventually come across a rare video store where they have to defeat the store owner to win the tape . Meanwhile , Star looks all over the house for a hammer in order to put up a new poster that she just obtained . 16a 3a `` Star on Wheels '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Marco teaches Star how to ride a bicycle , but Star does not know how to stop . To make things worse , she refuses to listen to Marco 's request to pedal backwards since Marco had tricked Star into thinking he would not let go of the bike . Marco gets a car ride with Oskar as they pursue Star to get her the wand . Glossaryck appears and joins in the fun . 16b 3b `` Fetch '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley and Aleth Romanillos July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 203 0.54 Star throws her wand by accident and it ends up in the mouth of a growling dog who refuses to let it go . She has to take care of the dog and find its owner . Meanwhile , Marco struggles to get a straw into his juice box and has to take care of the laser puppies . She eventually discovers the dog named Willoughby is actually an extra-dimensional being who did n't like life on her planet , so Star has her adopted by a strange lady named Lydia . Guest stars : Mayim Bialik as Willoughby , Amy Sedaris as Lydia 17a 4a `` Star vs. Echo Creek '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 After getting a sugar high from seasoning her burrito , Star sets off some magic that accidentally causes a sign to fall and crush a police cruiser . While trying to evade the police , Star encounters a woman by the river bank named Brigid who likes making things out of hair and taking care of injured animals . She later encounters an underwater sea creature who tells her that hiding out is a good thing , but it is revealed the creature is actually her own conscience . Missing her family and friends , she returns to a very worried Marco and turns herself in to the police who have her wash the other squad cars as part of her police - supervised community service . Guest star : Yvette Nicole Brown as Brigid 17b 4b `` Wand to Wand '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 204 0.50 Star tries to use her wand to clean up the Diaz home before Marco 's parents return , but ends up summoning a whimsical cloud that makes an even bigger mess . Meanwhile , Ludo tries to activate his so he can fight off some rats at a tavern , learning that it works when he gets beat up and enraged . 18a 5a `` Starstruck '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 While foraging for donuts that are being tossed at the end of the day , Star encounters Mina Loveberry , a magical girl from Mewni who is Star 's idol . Mina has been living as a homeless person on Earth . Star follows Mina and tries to train in her ways , which annoys Marco . At a park , when Mina announces she plans to take over the world , the people decide to hold a vote on whether Mina should rule , and Star is left to break the tie . Guest star : Amy Sedaris as Mina Loveberry 18b 5b `` Camping Trip '' John Infantino and Piero Piluso John Infantino , Brandon Kruse and Piero Piluso August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 205 0.50 Marco wants to show Star the geyser '' Old Youthful '' during a Diaz camping trip . King Butterfly joins them on the trip to learn what Earth camping is like . But King Butterfly 's antics get him in trouble several times with the park ranger . When Marco reveals he wanted to show Star the geyser , and the ranger says it 's likely the last time it will ever erupt , the three try to rush there to see it . 19a 6a `` Starsitting '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 Star and Marco are put in charge of watching Buff Frog 's tadpoles . Marco wants to follow the Buff Baby handbook , while Star just wants to cuddle them and poke at them . Things get complicated when the tadpoles sprout their legs and hop around . 19b 6b `` On the Job '' Piero Piluso John Mathot and Piero Piluso August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 206 0.36 While Star and Marco are babysitting his tadpoles , Buff Frog goes on a mission with Boo Fly and other monsters on finding who has been stealing Mewnian corn , but he keeps thinking about his tadpoles during the job , causing him to be a little distracted and klutzy . 20a 7a `` Goblin Dogs '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , John Infantino and Aleth Romanillos September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star , Marco , Pony Head , and a bush - themed female named Kelly go to an unidentified dimension to purchase a Goblin Dog ( a goblin version of a hot dog ) . They end up having a hard time when they must deal with the various jobs of the goblin vendor Roy and the many lines that lead to the Goblin Dog truck . Guest star : Jerry Trainor as Roy 20b 7b `` By the Book '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz September 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 12 ) 207 0.51 Star has not been following the advices of Glossaryck when it comes to mastering new spells causing the two of them to have a falling out . Marco does various things in order to get Star and Glossaryck to reconcile . Meanwhile , Ludo hears the voices from within the wand that tell him what he needs to master his wand . 21a 8a `` Game of Flags '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot and Piero Piluso September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 During a reunion between Star 's parents ' families -- the Butterflies and the Johansens -- Star is placed at the kids ' table . The two families compete in Flags , a king of the hill game where whoever plants their flag atop a dangerous hill full of obstacles gets to look down on the rival family members for a year . Against the wishes of her mother , Star fashions a decoy at the table and participates in Flags . Marco tries to keep up with Star and later tries to convince her to stop when he realizes how serious the participants are in winning . 21b 8b `` Girls ' Day Out '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Le Tang and Giancarlo Volpe September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) 208 0.29 Star is sent to detention for disrupting Miss Skullnick 's class when she frees the class 's pet hamster Marisol . Although she could easily escape , she is convinced by Janna and the other detention students that she is the Mayor of Detention , and is assigned to help the students out with their needs . She helps all of them except for Toby , a kid who wants replacement batteries for his remote so he can watch a pro wrestling show on TV . Star and Janna try to find replacement batteries by sneaking out to Oskar and getting ones from his keytar . Meanwhile , Marco is tasked to find Marisol and gets his hand stuck in a drain pipe . 22a 9a `` Sleepover '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 Star hosts a sleepover with her girl classmates and Pony Head . They recruit Marco to play a truth or dare game called `` Truth or Punishment '' , where the Truth or Punishment cube administers punishments to everyone when someone lies , and refuses to free everyone until the game is over . The cube 's final question is who is their greatest crush . Marco admits he likes Jackie , but the cube gets angrier , insisting someone else is lying . When Star tells the cube that her preferences can change , the cube gets confused and self - destructs . After everyone goes home , the discarded cube springs to life one last time , answering the question about Star 's crush . 22b 9b `` Gift of the Card '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Annisa Adjani and Natasha Kline September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 209 0.27 After having lost her job at St. Olga 's Reform School for Wayward Princesses , Miss Heinous hires a lizard - man bounty hunter named Rasticore to destroy Princess Star and to capture Princess Marco . Star begs Marco to use his Quest Buy gift card . Marco agrees , but because it 's a `` friends to the end '' card , he has to use it on something he really wants , and if he does n't redeem it by midnight when it expires , they will expire too . 23a 10a `` Friendenemies '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Tom invites Marco to a movie marathon featuring Mackie Hands , Marco 's favorite kung - fu film star . They start to become friends on the way there after learning they both like Mackie Hands and a band called Love Sentence , but when Marco wants to leave to catch the marathon , Tom refuses to let him go , and gets angry , voiding his chance to earn an anger management graduation badge . Tom apologizes and tries to win back Marco with a Love Sentence song , and then raises Mackie Hands from the dead . Although they can not get into the theatre , Tom and Marco watch Mackie lay a beatdown on the movie 's security guards . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 23b 10b `` Is Mystery '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante and Jushtin Lee October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 210 0.51 Buff Frog attempts to solve a mystery of a hole in the wall guarding the cornfield when he gets captured by Meat Fork , a humanoid warthog monster with a fork for a left hand . Upon being put to work to grind corn , Buff Frog frees himself to discover who is enslaving the monsters . He encounters the rats as well as Ludo , who offers him Meat Fork 's job . Buff Frog refuses and escapes with Meat Fork . Buff Frog decides he will warn Star that Ludo is back . 24a 11a `` Hungry Larry '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland , Dominic Bisignano , Riccardo Durante , and Aaron Hammersley October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 After Mr. Diaz fails to scare some kids with his haunted house , Star and Janna summon Hungry Larry , reputed to be a very scary spirit , to haunt the house . Janna goes missing and screams attract the kids back to the house . But the kids get scared and go missing ; Star and Marco are attacked . Mr. Diaz arrives to find Hungry Larry has eaten everyone , and rescues them . Guest star : Billy West as Hungry Larry 24b 11b `` Spider with a Top Hat '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus , Piero Piluso , and Brett Varon October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 214 0.26 Spider With a Top Hat has been entertaining Star 's wand monsters at a party . Afterwards , he tries to learn a fighting move where he tries to blast through a wall . Despite getting training from Narwahl and Rock , he is unable to break through the wall . The other monsters are summoned for a fight but they are beaten up . Encouraged by Rock 's words , Spider is finally called to fight a monster ' . Guest stars : Steve Little as Spider , Eric Christian Olsen as Rock , Ron Lynch as Narwahl Husband and Maria Bamford as Make - up Blast . 25a 12a `` Into the Wand '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , and Jushtin Lee November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star 's wand malfunctions , making a mess of her spell casting . Glossaryck tells Star that the way to fix it is to go inside the wand and to fetch the item that does not belong . Star finds that the inside is connected to her memories , but when she gets distracted she loses touch with Glossaryck , and must find the item before her duplicate selves overwrite her past memories . She eventually finds the item in a room highlighting her mother 's lineage . 25b 12b `` Pizza Thing '' Piero Piluso Evon Freeman , John Mathot , Piero Piluso , and Cassie Zwart November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 211 0.22 Star , Marco , and Pony Head are about to have a Friendship Thursday by curling up under a blanket on the sofa and watching a television show . Pony Head finds the concept boring and tags along with Marco to pick up a pizza from Emilio 's shop . But problems arise when Pony Head gets distracted with buying some skinny jeans , inadvertently confuses a taxi ride with a carjacking , and when Marco makes a casual remark about Emilio 's pizza that Emilio takes to heart . 26a 13a `` Page Turner '' Piero Piluso Zach Marcus and Brett Varon November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Glossaryck lets Star pick any page in the book to learn some new magic . Star chooses a mysterious chapter , but Glossaryck tells her it is very dark magic and that he will only let her get a short peek at the page . However , Glossaryck is summoned to the Bureau of Magic ; he tells Star not to turn to that page , and his consciousness is dragged away into another dimension . While Glossaryck must deal with a not - so - helpful receptionist and has a difficult time getting to the top floor because the magic system is `` on the fritz '' , Star is tempted to turn the page , and enlists Marco to help do it . 26b 13b `` Naysaya '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Evon Freeman , Aaron Hammersley , John Infantino , Le Tang , and Giancarlo Volpe November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 212 0.36 Marco shyly tries to ask Jackie Lynn Thomas out on a date , but finds that he is blurting out embarrassing things about himself . He then discovers he has sprouted a small little head out of the side of his neck that is saying all those things . It is a Naysaya , a curse that Tom had placed on Marco so that Marco would not be able to ask out Star . The Naysaya can only go away when it is appeased , so Marco tries giving it what it wants , which is some cereal , but it does n't go away . Marco meets Jackie again but the Naysaya starts to act up , so Marco decides to spill out all his insecurities in front of Jackie . 27 14 `` Bon Bon the Birthday Clown '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Le Tang November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 213 0.53 Star and Janna plan a séance to bring back the spirit of Bon Bon , a clown who had died 100 years ago , but the event coincides with a school dance that Star had planned to go with Marco . Star lets Marco go to the dance with Jackie , who finds the dance boring but changes it to a date instead at a park . During the seance , when Janna falls asleep , Star checks up on Marco with a spy spell , only to find that he and Jackie are having a good time together , which makes her jealous . Star is surprised by Ludo , who steals Star 's spellbook . Marco and Jackie share a kiss , but when they hear Star in trouble they rush to help her . They pull Star from being sucked through a portal . Glossaryck wakes up to find Ludo as his new master . 28a 15a `` Raid the Cave '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 215 0.12 Star tries to find Ludo and retrieve the Book of Spells . She packs a large amount of stuff and goes to Buff Frog , who gives Star and Marco a map of Ludo 's hideout . There they find some monsters that have taken over the place but see no sign of Ludo . Star uses the seeing eye spell to find Glossaryck and pleads with him to come back , but he refuses , saying that he has to follow Ludo now . 28b 15b `` Trickstar '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Jushtin Lee and Sarah Oleksyk February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 215 N / A Star and Marco attend the birthday party for Marco 's sensei . Star becomes suspicious of magician - for - hire Preston Change - O , who , after every magic trick he does , seems to be taking something spiritual from the person , and that his hat is becoming longer and longer . She discovers that Preston has the ability to steal joy from people , so she warns him not to do so or else , but Preston does it anyway . When Star tells everyone what is happening , the audience think Star is a spoilsport and ignore her . Sensei talks about his feelings and then informs Star and Marco that he put Preston in the trunk , but when they open it , Preston has disappeared . Guest star : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic as Preston Change - O 29a 16a `` Baby '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) 216 0.20 Star 's parents send a fairy godmother named Baby to evaluate Star , who takes the task seriously , as failing the eval would mean she would have to return to Mewni . At first , Star cleans up her room , shoving stuff in closets or dimensional pockets , but when Baby starts asking Star questions , and things start falling out of the pockets , Star 's responses are met with the same neutral phrase `` Interesting . '' followed by jotting down of notes . Meanwhile Marco tries to help Star by bringing Baby food . Baby then asks Star to bring her an apple using magic , but Star fails to do the task despite repeated tries . Baby concludes that Star failed , but Star tries one last time and ends up using the apple seeds to grow an apple tree which drops an apple for Baby . Star 's parents learn from Baby that despite not being organized , losing the book of spells , and failing to do simple spells , Star has magic potential way ahead of when her mother was her age , and might even be comparable to Queen Eclipsa . Guest star : Melissa Rauch as Baby 29b 16b `` Running with Scissors '' Piero Piluso Gina Gress and John Mathot February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 216 0.19 Marco borrows Star 's Dimensional Scissors to find a place to walk the laser puppies , but he soon becomes accustomed to its conveniences , opening a bunch of portals from his bed to access things . Hekapoo , the forger of all of the Dimensional Scissors , pulls Marco into her dimension and confiscates the Scissors as they did not belong to him or Star ( Pony Head had stolen them and gave them to Star ) . Marco must earn the scissors by having to blow out the flame atop Hekapoo 's head . Star goes to Hekapoo 's dimension to recover Marco , who had chased Hekapoo for 16 years before winning the challenge . When they return , Marco reverts to his teenage body as only a few minutes have passed on Earth time . Guest star : Zosia Mamet as Hekapoo 30a 17a `` Mathmagic '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Mark Ackland and Riccardo Durante February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 217 0.16 Star is called to solve a problem in Miss Skullnick 's math class , but she refuses to do it . She tries to cast some magic to get out of it but ends up in a time loop . However with each iteration , the scenario is slightly different . Star goes to Father Time 's dimension , but Father Time is too busy to help her , and she gets advice from Omnitraxus Prime , who is in charge of space - time . Star must solve the problem or her world will fall apart . Guest star : Jim Gaffigan as Father Time , Carl Weathers as Omnitraxus Prime 30b 17b `` The Bounce Lounge '' Piero Piluso and Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 217 0.20 Pony Head tells Star the bad news that the Bounce Lounge , their favorite partying venue , is closing . Star and Pony Head round up their former Bounce Lounge posse . They start partying and raise enough funds to save the place , however the owner Milly tells them that she is still closing the place because she is tired from having partied over 5,000 years . Afterwards , the Bounce Crew members and Marco take a group picture in a photo booth . Guest star : Constance Shulman as Milly , Dana Davis as Kelly 31a 18a `` Crystal Clear '' Giancarlo Volpe Sabrina Cotugno and Amelia Lorenz February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 218 0.23 Rhombulus captures Star and Marco and encases them in crystal , believing that the former is the cause of the glitches that are affecting the dimensions . When he inadvertently encases his boss , and then his own hands for wanting to tell the high council , he unfreezes Star and shares his predicament . Star agrees not to tell the high council about the situation provided that Rhombulus not tell them about Star 's losing the Book of Spells and Glossaryck . 31b 18b `` The Hard Way '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 218 0.21 Glossaryck agrees to teach Ludo stuff from the Book of Spells . He first makes Ludo do some physical exercises as Ludo wanted to learn the hard way . Ludo learns and masters a levitation spell and is quite proud of his accomplishment . But when he learns there is a secret chapter that Glossaryck withheld from him but showed Star , he makes Glossaryck unlock them . Ludo reads the forbidden chapter and gains some dark magic , but when he talks with Glossaryck , he now has the voice of Toffee , who has possessed him . 32a 19a `` Heinous '' Brett Varon Gina Gress and John Mathot February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 219 0.25 The Diaz family receives a visit from Miss Heinous along with her butler and the still - living , still regenerating arm of her pet bounty hunter , Rastacore . Heinous wants `` Princess Marco '' to pay for causing the students at St. Olga 's to rebel and to kick Heinous out , leaving her living out of a car . The Diaz parents are hoping this can get settled so that they can have dinner with the Morrisons . Marco tries to convince a policeman that stopped by that Heinous is evil but fails . After Heinous negotiates with Marco 's parents over the kind of punishment , Marco agrees to make a video statement apologizing for his expressions of individuality and for the princesses to go back to conforming . 32b 19b `` All Belts are Off '' Giancarlo Volpe Evon Freeman and Le Tang February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 219 0.21 Dojo - sensei informs his class that they are going to receive a visit from the Grandmaster of their How - To - Karate video series . When he chooses Jeremy to represent the dojo , Marco gets upset and tries to convince Sensei otherwise , but Sensei sticks with his choice . Marco gathers video evidence of Jeremy 's shenanigans , and is about to share it with Sensei on the day of the demonstration , but realizing it is n't honorable , he apologizes . Sensei tells Marco that he chose Jeremy because his parents fund the dojo and that he thinks of Marco as a friend . Grandmaster falls asleep during the presentation but wakes up and certifies the dojo . 33a 20a `` Collateral Damage '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Tyler Chen and Jushtin Lee February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 220 N / A Star and Janna are cleaning up the school grounds when Star mistakenly picks up the school 's possum statue and drops it in the trash where it breaks . The entire school is devastated . Star tries to make a replacement statue , but it lacks the scratches and dents that gave the original statue its character . After Marco shares the history behind the founding of Echo Creek and the reason for the statue , Star tries to convince everyone to change their perspective on their history so as to make the statue not important anymore . 33b 20b `` Just Friends '' Brett Varon Zach Marcus and Brett Varon February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) 220 N / A Star surprises Marco with tickets to a Love Sentence concert , but also invites Jackie . Star and Jackie start bonding from wearing similar t - shirts and riding skateboards to the concert where they stop and help an animal in the creek . Marco starts to feel jealous and wants them to go on without him , but Jackie convinces him otherwise . At the concert , everyone is having fun until couples start kissing , and when Jackie and Marco engage in a kiss , Star decides to let the two be . As Star leaves the concert , she fires a blast of tainted magic , destroying a billboard . Guest star : Nick Lachey as Justin Towers 34 21 `` Face the Music '' Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Aaron Hammersley , Amelia Lorenz , Sarah Oleksyk and Cassie Zwart February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 221 0.32 The songstrel Ruberiot is tasked to write a song about Star for the Mewnian tradition of Song Day , but Star is reluctant to participate because it portrays princesses as being perfect . When Ruberiot visits , Star at first leaves him with Marco and runs away , but after coming back , Ruberiot is upset . When Ruberiot shares that he wanted to write about the real Star and not do another perfect princess song , Star agrees to share everything about her life . Meanwhile , Queen Butterfly takes a secret trip to visit Ludo 's parents , but discovers something is very wrong about Ludo . On Song Day , Ruberiot starts the song like the old perfect princess style , but then changes to a pop song that makes Mewnians excited . But when he sings lyrics about how Star lost the Book of Spells and Glossaryck , that the queen and king had hidden this fact , and that Star has a crush on Marco , the Mewnian crowd becomes angry at Star 's family . Guest star : Patrick Stump as Ruberiot 35 22 `` Starcrushed '' Dominic Bisignano and Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Evon Freeman , Gina Gress , Aaron Hammersley , John Mathot and Le Tang February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 222 0.40 Star and Marco 's class holds a party for the end of the school year at Marco 's house . Marco struggles to reconnect with Star after the events of the previous episode . Queen Butterfly and the Magic High Commission invade Ludo 's new castle . Star , who also feels uncomfortable about the situation , summons her friends and shares her predicament . The girls convince her to ditch the end - of - year party and instead attend another party where she sees Oskar . Meanwhile , Toffee , who has possessed Ludo 's body , drains the powers from the Magic High Commission and nearly kills Queen Butterfly , who retreats with the fallen commission members . When Star returns from the party , Queen Butterfly tells her they are in danger and she will have to leave Earth immediately due to Toffee 's return . Star admits to Marco that she does have a crush on him but that she has to leave . Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written & storyboarded by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 36a 1a `` The Battle for Mewni : Return to Mewni '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Marco 's parents try to console Marco . Star and Queen Butterfly take the Magical High Commission members to the sanctuary , but their carriage breaks down because of the fritz . Some of Ludo 's rats try to take away the members while they are camping , but they fight them off . They make it to the sanctuary , but the well spring that is supposed to revive the members is corrupted with dark magic . Queen Butterfly and Star rest and think about what to do next : Queen wants them to stay and hide , but Star wants to fight . 36b 1b `` The Battle for Mewni : Moon the Undaunted '' Dominic Bisignano , Aaron Hammersley & Giancarlo Volpe Dominic Bisignano , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish & Aaron Hammersley July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Queen Moon shares her story of when she was a teenager and her mother ( Star 's grandmother ) had died . She had to decide between signing a peace treaty or going to war against the monster army , led by `` The Lizard '' . She partly melts the ice encasing Eclipsa , to learn some dark magic from the forbidden section of the Book of Spells . She confronts The Lizard ( Toffee ) and uses the dark magic to sever his finger , which he is unable to regenerate . Toffee flees . 37a 2a `` The Battle for Mewni : Book Be Gone '' Brett Varon Madeleine Flores , Brett Varon & Nicolette Wood July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo finds that his wand is now embedded into his hand . He finds Glossaryck , who tells them that the Magic High Commission has been defeated . Ludo wants to celebrate by writing his story into the Book of Spells , but the book will not let him , as he is not the owner of the book anymore . Despite multiple attempts , he is unable to write into the book until he throws the book into the fire , at which it burns up ( and Glossaryck along with it ) . 37b 2b `` The Battle for Mewni : Marco and the King '' Dominic Bisignano & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Jushtin Lee & Amelia Lorenz July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 King River tries to take care of the kingdom by partying it up every day , but he and his subjects wear down quickly . Marco arrives , but River has to deal with angry villagers as well as a large monster who approaches the castle after he yelled at it to leave . River tries to hide , but Marco encourages him to stand up to the monster . River rallies the villagers to fight the monster , and it is revealed that the monster thought River was beckoning it to come to the castle , not to go away . It leaves peacefully , but as River is about to have a party to celebrate , Ludo and his minions appear and take over the kingdom . 38a 3a `` The Battle for Mewni : Puddle Defender '' Tyler Chen & Giancarlo Volpe Tyler Chen , Gina Gress & Sarah Oleksyk July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 With the sanctuary all sludged up , Star and Queen Moon flee and find a new hiding place at Buff Frog 's . Star wants to sneak out to fight , so she gets Buff Frog to distract Moon with some Mewnian board games such as Puddle Defender , which Buff and Moon find have a biased perspective towards the monsters instead of the Mewnians . After a heated argument , Buff Frog sides with Moon and forbids Star from leaving . However , Buff 's youngest tadpole Katerina later sneaks Star out . 38b 3b `` The Battle for Mewni : King Ludo '' Brett Varon Casey Crowe , Evon Freeman & Brett Varon July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Ludo has taken over the kingdom , and has imprisoned Marco and River , but he finds that he is not popular at all among the kingdom 's villagers . He tells River to make him popular or else he will levitate him into the sky . Marco uses a stick of butter that Ludo left to free himself , but River has eaten his part of the butter so Marco has to steal Ludo 's key . He meets with some of the court entertainers , and they steal the key , but River refuses to escape . Ludo levitates River into the skies while Marco and the entertainers conspire what to do next . 39 `` The Battle for Mewni : Toffee '' Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen & Aaron Hammersley Dominic Bisignano , Tyler Chen , Sabrina Cotugno , Kristen Gish , Aaron Hammersley , Zach Marcus & Cassie Zwart July 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) TBA 0.51 Star attacks Ludo at the castle but Ludo suddenly stops when he gets a signal from his hand . Star tells Ludo that Toffee is controlling him , but Spider is able to capture her in the meantime . Marco breaks her out and calls the entertainers ( called Le Resistance ) but Ludo arrives and imprisons them except for Star . Ludo asks Star about his wand hand . While Queen Moon and Buff Frog break Marco out , Star agrees to use the whispering spell to free the magic in the wand and there is a big blast . Star finds herself in a sea of dark magic inside Ludo 's body , and Ludo is taken over by Toffee again . Queen Moon agrees to return Toffee 's finger in exchange for Star 's freedom . Toffee resurrects , but tells them that Star is gone . But as he leaves , Star is able to find her magic and returns to Mewni in a new golden Mewberty form , defeating Toffee with a magical blast from her restored wand . As the gravely injured Toffee rants about still being in control , Ludo crushes Toffee , apparently killing him . Ludo asks Star to send him back to the void so he can find himself some more . While King River returns on some eagles , Queen Moon checks on Eclipsa who is still encased in crystal , however as Moon leaves , the crystal starts to crack . 40a 5a `` Scent of a Hoodie '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBA TBD 40b 5b `` Rest in Pudding '' TBA TBA November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) TBA TBD 41a 6a `` Club Snubbed '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 41b 6b `` Stranger Danger '' TBA TBA November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) TBA TBD 42a 7a `` Demoncism '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 42b 7b `` Sophomore Slump '' TBA TBA November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) TBA TBD 43a 8a `` Lint Catcher '' TBA TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) TBA TBD 43b 8b `` Trial by Square '' TBA TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) TBA TBD 44a 9a `` Princess Turdina '' TBA TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD 44b 9b `` Starfari '' TBA TBA November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) TBA TBD 45a 10a `` Lava Lake Beach '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 45b 10b `` Sweet Dreams '' TBA TBA November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) TBA TBD 46a 11a `` Death Peck '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 46b 11b `` Ponymonium '' TBA TBA November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) TBA TBD 47a 12a `` Night Life '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD 47b 12b `` Deep Dive '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD 48 13 `` Monster Bash '' TBA TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) TBA TBD Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The first being Pepper Ann , which was created by Sue Rose ^ Jump up to : This episode premiered on Disney Channel prior to Disney XD . The episode premiered on Disney XD on March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the episode `` Friendenemies '' , Nick Lachey is credited on Disney XD press release as Jason Towers . He sings the Love Sentence song `` Awesome Feeling . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( August 6 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Tries Something New with ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' : A Woman Creator '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Koontz , Robert ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Women in Animation Host ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Panel '' . Disney Post . The Walt Disney Company . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' Renewed for Second Season by Disney XD Ahead of Series Premiere '' ( Press release ) . The Walt Disney Company . February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 -- via TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bryn , Elise Sandberg ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney XD Orders Pair of Original Animated Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ( ' Bon Bon the Birthday Clown ' announcement ) '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . The 22 - minute mid-season finale you 've all been waiting for ! Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Disney XD Renews Al Yankovic 's ' Milo Murphy 's Law , ' Eden Sher 's ' Star vs. the Forces of Evil ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Joseph ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Star vs. the Forces of Evil TV Movie Coming This Summer '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nefcy , Daron ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ( Daron Nefcy regarding The Battle for Mewni ) '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ This Season in Mewni ... Disney - ABC Television Group . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Smith , Jacquelyn ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Disney animator shares best and worst parts of her job '' . Business Insider . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Marcy ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` You Should Give Star vs. The Forces of Evil a Try '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . June 2 , 2016 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A -- Z -- Star vs. the Forces of Evil on Disney '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Public Catalog '' . United States Copyright Office . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : January 18 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 7 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Monday Cable Originals : April 6 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Gotham ' on Fox Returns at Season - Low Numbers '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Pucci , Douglas ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Nationals : ' Scorpion ' on CBS Concludes Its Inaugural Season on a Positive Note '' . TV Media Insights . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 15 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : June 22 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Jump up ^ `` Creator Daron Nefcy Guides Us Through Tonight 's Star - Studded Episode of Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney Insider Blog . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 20 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : July 27 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Ratings ( & Network Update ) : August 10 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : August 17 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 14 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : September 21 , 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Zap2it . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star vs. the Forces of Evil '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 11 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 18 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : July 25 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 1 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 8 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : August 15 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 12 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 19 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : September 26 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Brian H. ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Awesome Feeling ( extended cut ) '' . Tumblr . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tweets regarding Nick Lachey in `` Friendenemies '' : Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 1 / 4 ) For today 's # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil ep `` Friendenemies '' I got to fulfill not one , not two , but THREE lifelong dreams ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 2 / 4 ) 1 . Write a boyband song . ( And we wrote two ! ) '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 3 / 4 ) 2 . Record that song with an actual boyband member from the 90s . Many thanks @ NickLachey for being absurdly terrific . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Brian H. Kim ( @ BrianWithAnH ) ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` ( 4 / 4 ) 3. Make @ _AdamM sing on national television . MISSION ACCOMPLISHED . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 3 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hungry Larry / Spider with a Top Hat '' . Disney ABC Press . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : October 10 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 7 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 14 , 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : November 21 , 2016 '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 6 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.02 / 123K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 8 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 202K Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 9 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.05 / 190K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 13 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.03 / 166K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 14 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 207K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 15 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 230K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 16 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 216K Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 20 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 21 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ( Mitch Salem in the comment section ) : 0.04 / 219K ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : February 27 , 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Salem , Mitch ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2017 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Disney XD ( @ DisneyXD ) ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` Just like that , November got a little closer ! # StarVsTheForcesOfEvil # SVTFOE '' . ( hide ) Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Pickle and Peanut ( since 2015 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( since 2016 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spiderman ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big Hero 6 ( 2017 ) Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! 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List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders

List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association annual scoring Leaders Jump to : navigation , search Michael Jordan won a record ten scoring titles in his career . In basketball , points are the sum of the score accumulated through free throws or field goals . The National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) scoring title is awarded to the player with the highest points per game average in a given season . The scoring title was originally determined by total points scored through the 1968 -- 69 season , after which points per game was used to determine the leader instead . Players who earned scoring titles before the 1979 -- 80 season did not record any three - point field goals because the three - point line was first implemented in the NBA during that season . To qualify for the scoring title , the player must appear in at least 70 games ( out of 82 ) or have at least 1,400 points . These have been the entry criteria since the 1974 -- 75 season . Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time records for total points scored ( 4,029 ) and points per game ( 50.4 ) in a season ; both records were achieved in the 1961 -- 62 season . He also holds the rookie records for points per game when he averaged 37.6 points in the 1959 -- 60 season . Among active players , Kevin Durant has the highest point total ( 2,593 ) and the highest scoring average ( 32.0 ) in a season ; both were achieved in the 2013 -- 14 season . Michael Jordan has won the most scoring titles , with ten . Jordan and Chamberlain are the only players to have won seven consecutive scoring titles ( this was also Chamberlain 's career total ) . George Gervin , Allen Iverson and Durant have won four scoring titles in their career , and George Mikan , Neil Johnston and Bob McAdoo have achieved it three times . Paul Arizin , Bob Pettit , Kareem Abdul - Jabbar , Shaquille O'Neal , Tracy McGrady , Kobe Bryant , and Russell Westbrook have each won the scoring title twice . Since the 1946 -- 47 season , five players have won both the scoring title and the NBA championship in the same season : Fulks in 1947 with the Philadelphia Warriors , Mikan from 1949 to 1950 with the Minneapolis Lakers , Abdul - Jabbar ( then Alcindor ) in 1971 with the Milwaukee Bucks , Jordan from 1991 to 1993 and from 1996 to 1998 with the Chicago Bulls , and O'Neal in 2000 with the Los Angeles Lakers . Since the introduction of the three - point field goal , O'Neal is the only scoring leader to have made no three - point field goals in his winning season . At 21 years and 197 days , Durant is the youngest scoring leader in NBA history , averaging 30.1 points in the 2009 -- 10 season . The most recent champion is Russell Westbrook , who averaged a career - high 31.6 points in the 2016 -- 17 season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Key 2 Scoring leaders 2.1 Multiple - time leaders 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Key ( edit ) Denotes player who is still active in the NBA * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Denotes player who won the MVP award that year Player ( X ) Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season Guard Forward Center Scoring Leaders ( edit ) Joe Fulks won the first scoring title in 1947 . Wilt Chamberlain won seven consecutive scoring titles from 1960 to 1966 . Jerry West won the scoring title in 1970 , averaging 31.2 points per game . Kareem Abdul - Jabbar won scoring titles in 1971 and 1972 . Allen Iverson won scoring titles in 1999 , 2001 , 2002 and 2005 . Kobe Bryant won scoring titles in 2006 and 2007 . LeBron James won the scoring title in 2008 Kevin Durant became the youngest scoring champion in 2010 . He won another three in 2011 , 2012 and 2014 Russell Westbrook won in 2015 , following teammate Durant 's win a year earlier , and again in 2017 . Stephen Curry won the scoring title in 2016 . Season Player Age Pos Team Games played Field goals made 3 - point field goals made Free throws made Total points Points per game Ref 1946 -- 47 Fulks , Joe Joe Fulks * 25 F / C Philadelphia Warriors 60 475 -- 439 1,389 23.2 1947 -- 48 Zaslofsky , Max Max Zaslofsky 22 G / F Chicago Stags 48 373 -- 261 1,007 21.0 1948 -- 49 Mikan , George George Mikan * 24 Minneapolis Lakers 60 583 -- 532 1,698 28.3 1949 -- 50 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 2 ) 25 Minneapolis Lakers 68 649 -- 567 1,865 27.4 1950 -- 51 Mikan , George George Mikan * ( 3 ) 26 Minneapolis Lakers 68 678 -- 576 1,932 28.4 1951 -- 52 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * 23 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 66 548 -- 578 1,674 25.4 1952 -- 53 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 70 504 -- 556 1,564 22.3 1953 -- 54 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 72 591 -- 577 1,759 24.5 1954 -- 55 Johnston , Neil Neil Johnston * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 72 521 -- 589 1,631 22.7 1955 -- 56 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * 23 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 646 -- 557 1,849 25.7 1956 -- 57 Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * ( 2 ) 28 F / G Philadelphia Warriors 71 613 -- 591 1,817 25.6 1957 -- 58 Yardley , George George Yardley * 29 F / G Detroit Pistons 72 673 -- 655 2,001 27.8 1958 -- 59 Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * ( 2 ) 26 F / C St. Louis Hawks 72 719 -- 667 2,105 29.2 1959 -- 60 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * 23 Philadelphia Warriors 72 1,065 -- 577 2,707 37.6 1960 -- 61 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 2 ) 24 Philadelphia Warriors 79 1,251 -- 531 3,033 38.4 1961 -- 62 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 3 ) 25 Philadelphia Warriors 80 1,597 -- 835 4,029 50.4 1962 -- 63 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 4 ) 26 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,463 -- 660 3,586 44.8 1963 -- 64 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 5 ) 27 San Francisco Warriors 80 1,204 -- 540 2,948 36.9 1964 -- 65 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 6 ) 28 San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 73 1,063 -- 408 2,534 34.7 1965 -- 66 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * ( 7 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 79 1,074 -- 501 2,649 33.5 1966 -- 67 Barry , Rick Rick Barry * 22 San Francisco Warriors 78 1,011 -- 753 2,775 35.6 1967 -- 68 Bing , Dave Dave Bing * 24 Detroit Pistons 79 835 -- 472 2,142 27.1 1968 -- 69 Hayes , Elvin Elvin Hayes * 23 F / C San Diego Rockets 82 930 -- 467 2,327 28.4 1969 -- 70 West , Jerry Jerry West * 31 Los Angeles Lakers 74 831 -- 647 2,309 31.2 1970 -- 71 Alcindor , Lew Lew Alcindor * 23 Milwaukee Bucks 82 1,063 -- 470 2,596 31.7 1971 -- 72 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * ( 2 ) 24 Milwaukee Bucks 81 1,159 -- 504 2,822 34.8 1972 -- 73 Archibald , Nate `` Tiny '' Nate `` Tiny '' Archibald * 24 Kansas City - Omaha Kings 80 1,028 -- 663 2,719 34.0 1973 -- 74 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * 22 C / F Buffalo Braves 74 901 -- 459 2,261 30.6 1974 -- 75 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 2 ) 23 C / F Buffalo Braves 82 1,095 -- 641 2,831 34.5 1975 -- 76 McAdoo , Bob Bob McAdoo * ( 3 ) 24 C / F Buffalo Braves 78 934 -- 559 2,427 31.1 1976 -- 77 Maravich , Pete Pete Maravich * 29 New Orleans Jazz 73 886 -- 501 2,273 31.1 1977 -- 78 Gervin , George George Gervin * 25 G / F San Antonio Spurs 82 864 -- 504 2,232 27.2 1978 -- 79 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 2 ) 26 G / F San Antonio Spurs 80 947 -- 471 2,365 29.6 1979 -- 80 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 3 ) 27 G / F San Antonio Spurs 78 1,024 32 505 2,585 33.1 1980 -- 81 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * 24 F / G Utah Jazz 80 909 632 2,452 30.7 1981 -- 82 Gervin , George George Gervin * ( 4 ) 29 G / F San Antonio Spurs 79 993 10 555 2,551 32.3 1982 -- 83 English , Alex Alex English * 29 Denver Nuggets 82 959 406 2,326 28.4 1983 -- 84 Dantley , Adrian Adrian Dantley * ( 2 ) 27 F / G Utah Jazz 79 802 813 2,418 30.6 1984 -- 85 King , Bernard Bernard King * 28 New York Knicks 55 691 426 1,809 32.9 1985 -- 86 Wilkins , Dominique Dominique Wilkins * 26 Atlanta Hawks 78 888 13 577 2,366 30.3 1986 -- 87 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * 23 Chicago Bulls 82 1,098 12 833 3,041 37.1 1987 -- 88 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 2 ) 24 Chicago Bulls 82 1,069 7 723 2,868 35.0 1988 -- 89 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 3 ) 25 Chicago Bulls 81 966 27 674 2,633 32.5 1989 -- 90 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 4 ) 26 Chicago Bulls 82 1,034 92 593 2,753 33.6 1990 -- 91 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 5 ) 27 Chicago Bulls 82 990 29 571 2,580 31.5 1991 -- 92 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 6 ) 28 Chicago Bulls 80 943 27 491 2,404 30.1 1992 -- 93 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 7 ) 29 Chicago Bulls 78 992 81 476 2,541 32.6 1993 -- 94 Robinson , David David Robinson * 28 San Antonio Spurs 80 840 10 693 2,383 29.8 1994 -- 95 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * 22 Orlando Magic 79 930 0 455 2,315 29.3 1995 -- 96 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 8 ) 32 Chicago Bulls 82 916 111 548 2,491 30.4 1996 -- 97 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 9 ) 33 Chicago Bulls 82 920 111 480 2,431 29.6 1997 -- 98 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * ( 10 ) 34 Chicago Bulls 82 881 30 565 2,357 28.7 1998 -- 99 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * 23 Philadelphia 76ers 48 435 58 356 1,284 26.8 1999 -- 00 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * ( 2 ) 27 Los Angeles Lakers 79 956 0 432 2,344 29.7 2000 -- 01 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 2 ) 25 Philadelphia 76ers 71 762 98 585 2,207 31.1 2001 -- 02 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 3 ) 26 Philadelphia 76ers 60 665 78 475 1,883 31.4 2002 -- 03 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * 23 G / F Orlando Magic 75 829 173 576 2,407 32.1 2003 -- 04 McGrady , Tracy Tracy McGrady * ( 2 ) 24 G / F Orlando Magic 67 653 174 398 1,878 28.0 2004 -- 05 Iverson , Allen Allen Iverson * ( 4 ) 29 Philadelphia 76ers 75 771 104 656 2,302 30.7 2005 -- 06 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant 27 Los Angeles Lakers 80 978 180 696 2,832 35.4 2006 -- 07 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant ( 2 ) 28 Los Angeles Lakers 77 813 137 667 2,430 31.6 2007 -- 08 James , LeBron LeBron James ^ 23 Cleveland Cavaliers 75 794 113 549 2,250 30.0 2008 -- 09 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ 27 Miami Heat 79 854 88 590 2,386 30.2 2009 -- 10 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ 21 Oklahoma City Thunder 82 794 128 756 2,472 30.1 2010 -- 11 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 2 ) 22 Oklahoma City Thunder 78 711 145 594 2,161 27.7 2011 -- 12 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 3 ) 23 Oklahoma City Thunder 66 643 133 431 1,850 28.0 2012 -- 13 Anthony , Carmelo Carmelo Anthony ^ 28 New York Knicks 67 669 157 425 1,920 28.7 2013 -- 14 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ ( 4 ) 25 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 849 192 703 2,593 32.0 2014 -- 15 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ 26 Oklahoma City Thunder 67 627 86 546 1,886 28.1 2015 -- 16 Curry , Stephen Stephen Curry ^ 28 Golden State Warriors 79 805 402 363 2,375 30.1 2016 -- 17 Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ ( 2 ) 28 Oklahoma City Thunder 81 824 200 710 2,558 31.6 Multiple - time leaders ( edit ) Ranking Player Team Times leader Years Michael Jordan Chicago Bulls 10 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 Wilt Chamberlain Philadelphia Warriors / San Francisco Warriors ( 5 ) / Philadelphia 76ers ( 2 ) 7 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 Kevin Durant George Gervin Allen Iverson Oklahoma City Thunder San Antonio Spurs Philadelphia 76ers 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 Neil Johnston Bob McAdoo George Mikan Philadelphia Warriors Buffalo Braves Minneapolis Lakers 1953 , 1954 , 1955 1974 , 1975 , 1976 1949 , 1950 , 1951 5 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Paul Arizin Kobe Bryant Adrian Dantley Tracy McGrady Shaquille O'Neal Bob Pettit Russell Westbrook Milwaukee Bucks Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz Orlando Magic Orlando Magic ( 1 ) / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) St. Louis Hawks Oklahoma City Thunder 1971 , 1972 1952 , 1957 2006 , 2007 1981 , 1984 2003 , 2004 1995 , 2000 1956 , 1959 2015 , 2017 See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ At the start of February 1st of that season . Jump up ^ The player 's primary position is listed first . Jump up ^ In the 1947 -- 48 season , Joe Fulks averaged the most points ( 22.1 ) but had only played in 43 games and totaled 949 points , the second highest total . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time rookie record for points per game . Jump up ^ Wilt Chamberlain holds the all - time record for total points scored and points per game in a single season . Jump up ^ In the 1967 -- 68 season , Oscar Robertson averaged the most points ( 29.2 ) but had only played in 65 games and totaled 1,896 points , the sixth highest total . Jump up ^ Elvin Hayes is the last rookie to lead the league in scoring average . Jump up ^ In the 1969 -- 70 season , rookie Lew Alcindor had the highest point total ( 2,361 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.8 ) . Jump up ^ Before the 1971 -- 72 season , Lew Alcindor changed his name to Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . Jump up ^ In the 1977 -- 78 season , George Gervin defeated David Thompson for the scoring title in the closest scoring duel ever ( 27.21 to 27.15 ) where Thompson scored 73 on the last day of the season and Gervin answered with 63 ( Gervin also broke Thompson 's record of 32 points set earlier on the same day in the first quarter by scoring a record 33 points in the second quarter ) . Both Thompson 's and Gervin 's games were losses . Jump up ^ In the 1984 -- 85 season , rookie Michael Jordan had the highest point total ( 2,313 ) but was third in scoring average ( 28.2 ) . Bernard King tied for the twelfth highest point total ( 1,809 ) but had the highest scoring average ( 32.9 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1985 -- 86 season Alex English had the highest point total ( 2,414 ) but was third in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 1993 -- 94 season , David Robinson scored 71 points in the final game of the season to edge Shaquille O'Neal ( 29.3 ) for the scoring title . Jump up ^ In the 1997 -- 98 season , Michael Jordan defeated Shaquille O'Neal for the scoring title in the third closest scoring race ever ( 28.7 to 28.3 ) . Jordan , at 35 years and 60 days old , is the oldest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 1998 -- 99 season was shortened to 50 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 43 games ( out of 50 ) or to have at least 854 points . Jump up ^ In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , Shaquille O'Neal had the highest point total ( 1,289 ) but was second in scoring average ( 26.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2000 -- 01 season , Jerry Stackhouse had the highest point total ( 2,380 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.8 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2001 -- 02 season , Paul Pierce had the highest point total ( 2,144 ) but was third in scoring average ( 26.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2002 -- 03 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,461 ) but was second in scoring average ( 30.0 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2003 -- 04 season , Kevin Garnett had the highest point total ( 1,987 ) but was third in scoring average ( 24.2 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2007 -- 08 season , Kobe Bryant had the highest point total ( 2,323 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.3 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2009 -- 10 season , Kevin Durant defeated LeBron James for the scoring title ( 30.1 to 29.7 ) . Durant , at 21 years and 197 days old , is also the youngest scoring leader in NBA history . Jump up ^ The 2011 -- 12 season was shortened to 66 games due to the league 's lockout . The qualification of this season 's scoring title is to appear in at least 56 games ( out of 66 ) or to have at least 1127 points . Jump up ^ In the 2011 -- 12 season , Kevin Durant defeated Kobe Bryant for the scoring title in the second closest scoring race ever ( 28.03 to 27.86 ) . Bryant , who needed to score 38 points in the final game to win , decided to sit out . Jump up ^ In the 2012 -- 13 season , Kevin Durant had the highest point total ( 2,280 ) but was second in scoring average ( 28.1 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2014 -- 15 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,217 ) but was second in scoring average ( 27.4 ) . Jump up ^ In the 2015 -- 16 season , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . References ( edit ) General `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points Per Game '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . `` Yearly Leaders and Records for Points '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Specific Jump up ^ `` Basketball glossary '' . FIBA.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Robbins , Liz ( January 15 , 2006 ) . `` Around the N.B.A. ; In the N.B.A. , Scoring Titles Rarely Equal Championships '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Clifton ( February 5 , 1990 ) . `` 3 - Pointer Adds Dimension To N.B.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Haubner , Mark ( January 2 , 2003 ) . `` The trey is the thing in today 's NBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rate Statistic Requirements '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Jordan '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Brian ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Iverson Wins Fourth Scoring Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carr , Janis ( April 2 , 2000 ) . `` Jackson aware of the score with O'Neal '' . The Orange County Register . p . D11 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Latzke , Jeff ( April 15 , 2010 ) . `` Durant Becomes NBA 's Youngest Scoring Champ '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved April 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1946 - 47 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Fulks NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1947 - 48 BAA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1947 - 48 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Max Zaslofsky NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1948 - 49 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . 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Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wilt Chamberlain NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1960 - 61 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1961 - 62 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1962 - 63 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1963 - 64 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1964 - 65 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1965 - 66 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1966 - 67 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Barry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1967 - 68 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Robertson '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1967 - 68 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Bing NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1968 - 69 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Elvin Hayes NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1969 - 70 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1969 - 70 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry West NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1970 - 71 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kareem Abdul - Jabbar NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1971 - 72 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1972 - 73 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nate Archibald NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1973 - 74 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bob McAdoo NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1974 - 75 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1975 - 76 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1976 - 77 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pete Maravich NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` April 9 , 1978 : Gervin beats Thompson in NBA scoring title duel '' . History Channel . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Thompson '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . 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Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrian Dantley NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1981 - 82 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1982 - 83 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alex English NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1983 - 84 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 - 85 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1984 - 85 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bernard King NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . 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Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1995 - 96 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1996 - 97 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , Bryant take scoring race to wire '' . ESPN.com. April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jordan 1997 - 98 game log '' . basketball - reference . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1997 - 98 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 14 , 2009 ) . `` N.B.A. and Union Are Discussing New Labor Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 - 99 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1998 - 99 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Allen Iverson NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 1999 - 2000 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 - 01 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2000 - 01 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 - 02 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2001 - 02 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 - 03 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` League Leaders : Points - 2002 - 03 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tracy McGrady NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 - 04 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kobe Bryant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 - 08 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LeBron James NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dwyane Wade NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Tight N.B.A. Scoring Race Comes Down to James and Durant '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin Durant NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` durant '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McMenamin , Dave ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` Kobe Bryant sits ; Kevin Durant wins '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 - 13 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carmelo Anthony NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 - 15 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russell Westbrook NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 16 NBA Season Summary LLC '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . line feed character in title = at position 27 ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry NBA & ABA Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 : Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_annual_scoring_leaders&oldid=802117178 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages with duplicate reference names CS1 errors : invisible characters Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 03 : 05 . 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RMS Titanic

RMS Titanic - wikipedia RMS Titanic Jump to : navigation , search `` Titanic '' redirects here . For the film by James Cameron , see Titanic ( 1997 film ) . For other uses , see Titanic ( disambiguation ) . RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name : RMS Titanic Owner : White Star Line Port of registry : Liverpool , UK Route : Southampton to New York City Ordered : 17 September 1908 Builder : Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost : $7.5 million ( $300 million in 2017 ) Yard number : 401 Laid down : 31 March 1909 Launched : 31 May 1911 Completed : 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage : 10 April 1912 In service : 10 -- 15 April 1912 Identification : Radio call sign `` MGY '' Fate : Hit an iceberg 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later Status : Wreck General characteristics Class and type : Olympic - class ocean liner Tonnage : 46,328 GRT Displacement : 52,310 tons Length : 882 ft 9 in ( 269.1 m ) Beam : 92 ft 6 in ( 28.2 m ) Height : 175 ft ( 53.3 m ) ( keel to top of funnels ) Draught : 34 ft 7 in ( 10.5 m ) Depth : 64 ft 6 in ( 19.7 m ) Decks : 9 ( A -- G ) Installed power : 24 double - ended and five single - ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers , and a low - pressure turbine for the centre propeller ; output : 46,000 HP Propulsion : Two three - blade wing propellers and one four - blade centre propeller Speed : Cruising : 21 kn ( 39 km / h ; 24 mph ) . Max : 24 kn ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) Capacity : Passengers : 2,435 , crew : 892 . Total : 3,327 ( or 3,547 according to other sources ) Notes : Lifeboats : 20 ( sufficient for 1,178 people ) RMS Titanic ( / taɪˈtænɪk / ) was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early morning hours of 15 April 1912 , after it collided with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard the ship , and more than 1,500 died , making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history . The RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic - class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . The Titanic was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect , died in the disaster . Titanic was under the command of Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship . The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world , as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States . The first - class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury , with an on - board gymnasium , swimming pool , libraries , high - class restaurants and opulent cabins . A high - powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams '' and for the ship 's operational use . Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors , there were not enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard , due to outdated maritime safety regulations . Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people -- slightly more than half of the number on board , and one third of her total capacity . After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912 , Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown ( now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York . On 14 April , four days into the crossing and about 375 miles ( 600 km ) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11 : 40 p.m. ship 's time . The collision caused the ship 's hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard ( right ) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea ; she could only survive four flooding . Meanwhile , passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats , many of which were launched only partially loaded . A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats . At 2 : 20 a.m. , she broke apart and foundered -- with well over one thousand people still aboard . Just under two hours after the Titanic sank , the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived at the scene , where she brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors . The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that had led to it . Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety . One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) , which still governs maritime safety today . Additionally , several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications -- which could have saved many more passengers . The wreck of Titanic was first discovered in 1985 ( more than 70 years after the disaster ) , and the vessel remains on the seabed . The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet ( 3,784 m ) . Since her discovery in 1985 , thousands of artefacts have been recovered and put on display at museums around the world . Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history ; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture , including books , folk songs , films , exhibits , and memorials . Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world , only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Dimensions and layout 3 Features 3.1 Power 3.2 Technology 3.2. 1 Watertight compartments and funnels 3.2. 2 Rudder and steering engines 3.2. 3 Water , ventilation and heating 3.2. 4 Radio communications 3.3 Passenger facilities 3.4 Mail and cargo 3.5 Lifeboats 4 Building and preparing the ship 4.1 Construction , launch and fitting - out 4.2 Sea trials 5 Maiden voyage 5.1 Crew 5.2 Passengers 5.3 Collecting passengers 5.4 Atlantic crossing 5.5 Sinking 6 Aftermath of sinking 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors 6.3 Investigations into the disaster 6.3. 1 Role of the SS Californian 6.4 Survivors and victims 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead 7 Wreck 8 Legacy 8.1 Safety 8.2 Cultural 9 Appendix 10 Titanic replicas 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic . Built in Belfast , Ireland , in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( as it was then known ) , the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic - class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet , which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912 . The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line 's chairman , J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line 's parent corporation , the International Mercantile Marine Co . ( IMM ) . The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service -- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury . The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service , being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890 . Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star 's New York service after Titanic 's loss . The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long - established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867 . Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line ; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design . Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships , plus a five percent profit margin . In the case of the Olympic - class ships , a cost of £ 3 million ( £ 250 million in 2015 money ) for the first two ships was agreed plus `` extras to contract '' and the usual five percent fee . Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic - class vessels . The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line ; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff 's design department ; Edward Wilding , Andrews ' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship 's design , stability and trim ; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard 's chief draughtsman and general manager . Carlisle 's responsibilities included the decorations , equipment and all general arrangements , including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design . On 29 July 1908 , Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives . Ismay approved the design and signed three `` letters of agreement '' two days later , authorising the start of construction . At this point the first ship -- which was later to become Olympic -- had no name , but was referred to simply as `` Number 400 '' , as it was Harland and Wolff 's four hundredth hull . Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401 . Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches ( 269.06 m ) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches ( 28.19 m ) . Her total height , measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge , was 104 feet ( 32 m ) . She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches ( 10.54 m ) , she displaced 52,310 tons . All three of the Olympic - class ships had ten decks ( excluding the top of the officers ' quarters ) , eight of which were for passenger use . From top to bottom , the decks were : The Boat Deck , on which the lifeboats were housed . It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic 's lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic . The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end , in front of the captain 's and officers ' quarters . The bridge stood 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) above the deck , extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking . The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge . The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge , while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance . The wood - covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades : for officers , First Class passengers , engineers , and Second Class passengers respectively . Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area , where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled . A Deck , also called the Promenade Deck , extended along the entire 546 feet ( 166 m ) length of the superstructure . It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins , the First Class lounge , smoke room , reading and writing rooms and Palm Court . B Deck , the Bridge Deck , was the top weight - bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull . More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms ( cabins ) featuring their own private promenades . On Titanic , the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers . Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff ; all were lost in the disaster . The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck . The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck , accommodating Number 1 hatch ( the main hatch through to the cargo holds ) , numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings . Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck , 106 feet ( 32 m ) long , used as a promenade by Third Class passengers . It was where many of Titanic 's passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank . The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks . C Deck , the Shelter Deck , was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern . It included both well decks ; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade . Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck . In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library . D Deck , the Saloon Deck , was dominated by three large public rooms -- the First Class Reception Room , the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon . An open space was provided for Third Class passengers . First , Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck , with berths for firemen located in the bow . It was the highest level reached by the ship 's watertight bulkheads ( though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads ) . E Deck , the Upper Deck , was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks , seamen , stewards and trimmers . Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road , in reference to a famous street in Liverpool . Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members . F Deck , the Middle Deck , was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew . The Third Class dining saloon was located here , as were the swimming pool and Turkish bath . G Deck , the Lower Deck , was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers , and had the lowest portholes , just above the waterline . The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked . Food was also stored here . The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop ( partial ) decks over the boiler , engine and turbine rooms . The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship , below the waterline . The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces , while the Tank Top -- the inner bottom of the ship 's hull -- provided the platform on which the ship 's boilers , engines , turbines and electrical generators were housed . This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms , areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing . They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs ; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck . Features Power Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo Titanic was equipped with three main engines -- two reciprocating four - cylinder , triple - expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low - pressure Parsons turbine -- each driving a propeller . The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp and a further 16,000 hp was contributed by the turbine . The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner , the SS Laurentic , where it had been a great success . It provided a good combination of performance and speed ; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic - class liner at the desired speeds , while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations , a problem that affected the all - turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania . By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine , fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased , while using the same amount of steam . The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet ( 19 m ) long and weighed 720 tons , with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons . They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers , 24 of which were double - ended and five single - ended , which contained a total of 159 furnaces . The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches ( 4.80 m ) in diameter and 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) long , each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water . They were heated by burning coal , 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic 's bunkers , with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3 . The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand , requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock . 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea . The work was relentless , dirty and dangerous , and although firemen were paid relatively generously there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity . Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine , which was situated aft . From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused . The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers . There were three , one for each engine ; the outer ( or wing ) propellers were the largest , each carrying three blades of manganese - bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet ( 7.2 m ) . The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) in diameter , and could be stopped but not reversed . Titanic 's electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time . Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam - driven electric generators , used to provide electrical power to the ship , plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use . Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank . Technology Watertight compartments and funnels The interiors of the Olympic - class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline . Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency . The ship 's exposed decking was made of pine and teak , while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation . Standing above the decks were four funnels , each painted buff with black tops , ( though only three were functional -- the last one was a dummy , installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation ) -- and two masts , each 155 feet ( 47 m ) high , which supported derricks for working cargo . Rudder and steering engines Titanic 's rudder was so large -- at 78 feet 8 inches ( 23.98 m ) high and 15 feet 3 inches ( 4.65 m ) long , weighing over 100 tons -- that it required steering engines to move it . Two steam - powered steering engines were installed though only one was used at any one time , with the other one kept in reserve . They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs , to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction . As a last resort , the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans . The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship 's five anchors ( one port , one starboard , one in the centreline and two kedging anchors ) . Water , ventilation and heating The ship was equipped with her own waterworks , capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves . The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port , but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater , though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits . A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air , driven by electric fans , around the ship , and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters . Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station . Titanic 's radiotelegraph equipment ( then known as wireless telegraphy ) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees , Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators . The service maintained a 24 - hour schedule , primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams , but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings . The radio room was located on the Boat Deck , in the officers ' quarters . A soundproofed `` Silent Room '' , next to the operating room , housed loud equipment , including the transmitter and a motor - generator used for producing alternating currents . The operators ' living quarters were adjacent to the working office . The ship was equipped with a ' state of the art ' 5 kilowatt rotary spark - gap transmitter , operating under the radio callsign MGY , and communication was conducted in Morse code . This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark gap , which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals . The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world , and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles ( 563 km ) . An elevated T - antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving . The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz ( 600 m wavelength ) , however the equipment could also operate on the `` short '' wavelength of 1000 kHz ( 300 m wavelength ) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas . Passenger facilities This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third - Class Facilities on the RMS Titanic The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury . According to Titanic 's general arrangement plans , the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers , 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class , for a total passenger capacity of 2,453 . In addition , her capacity for crew members exceeded 900 , as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547 . Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners , which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house . Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high - class hotels -- the Ritz Hotel was a reference point -- with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style . A variety of other decorative styles , ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV , were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship . The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship ; as one passenger recalled , on entering the ship 's interior a passenger would `` at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship , and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore '' . Among the more novel features available to first - class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool , a gymnasium , a squash court , and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath , steam room , cool room , massage room , and hot room . First - class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated . They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles , an enormous Reception Room , a men 's Smoking Room , and a Reading and Writing Room . There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti . A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café , complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture , was run as an annex to the restaurant . For an extra cost , first - class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings . There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served , that offered grand views of the ocean . At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide , the Dining Saloon on D - Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time . Third Class ( commonly referred to as Steerage ) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class , but even so were better than on many other ships of the time . They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans - Atlantic immigrant and lower - class travel . On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time , Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels , in which hundreds of people were confined , often without adequate food or toilet facilities . The White Star Line had long since broken that mould . As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections , always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another . The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas , while single women , married couples and families were quartered aft . In addition , while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements , White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private , small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two , four , six , eight and 10 passengers . Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms , as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space , which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern , the forward and aft well decks , and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall . This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing . Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations , they were still far above average for the period . Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time . As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library , smoking rooms , and gymnasium , it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck , promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches . A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board , and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage . One of Titanic 's most distinctive features was her First Class staircase , known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway . Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve , the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship , between the Boat Deck to E deck , before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck . It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell . Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures . At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock , with figures of `` Honour and Glory Crowning Time '' flanking the clock face . The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks . During the filming of James Cameron 's Titanic in 1997 , his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set . It has been suggested that during the real event , the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome . The gymnasium on the Boat Deck , which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase , which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on the Titanic Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain ; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic . Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner , she also carried a substantial amount of cargo . Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship ( RMS ) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail ( and also for the United States Post Office Department ) . For the storage of letters , parcels and specie ( bullion , coins and other valuables ) , 26,800 cubic feet ( 760 m ) of space in her holds was allocated . The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks ; three Americans and two Britons , who worked 13 hours a day , seven days a week sorting up to 60,000 items daily . The ship 's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage ; another 19,455 cubic feet ( 550.9 m ) was taken up by first - and second - class baggage . In addition , there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo , ranging from furniture to foodstuffs and even motor cars . Despite later myths , the cargo on Titanic 's maiden voyage was fairly mundane ; there was no gold , exotic minerals or diamonds , and one of the more famous items lost in the shipwreck , a jewelled copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , was valued at only £ 405 ( £ 36,200 today ) . According to the claims for compensation filed with Commissioner Gilchrist , following the conclusion of the Senate Inquiry , the single most highly valued item of luggage or cargo was a large neoclassical oil painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain by French artist Merry - Joseph Blondel . The painting 's owner , first class passenger Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson , filed a claim for $100,000 ( $2.4 million equivalent in 2014 ) in compensation for the loss of the artwork . Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes , four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the hold . It is estimated that the ship used some 415 tons of coal whilst in Southampton , simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light . Lifeboats Main article : Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic A collapsible lifeboat with canvas sides Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats : 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Englehardt `` collapsible '' ( wooden bottom , collapsible canvas sides ) lifeboats ( identified as A to D ) with a capacity of 47 people each . In addition , she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each . Olympic herself did not even carry the four collapsibles A -- D during the 1911 -- 12 season . All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and , except for collapsible lifeboats A and B , connected to davits by ropes . Those on the starboard side were odd - numbered 1 -- 15 from bow to stern , while those on the port side were even - numbered 2 -- 16 from bow to stern . Both cutters were kept swung out , hanging from the davits , ready for immediate use , while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck ( connected to davits ) immediately inboard of boats 1 and 2 respectively . A and B were stored on the roof of the officers ' quarters , on either side of number 1 funnel . There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand . Each boat carried ( among other things ) food , water , blankets , and a spare life belt . Lifeline ropes on the boats ' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary . Titanic had 16 sets of davits , each able to handle four lifeboats . This gave Titanic the ability to carry up to 64 wooden lifeboats which would have been enough for 4,000 people -- considerably more than her actual capacity . However , the White Star Line decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsibles would be carried , which could accommodate 1,178 people , only one - third of Titanic 's total capacity . At the time , the Board of Trade 's regulations required British vessels over 10,000 tons to only carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 990 occupants . Therefore , the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required . At the time , lifeboats were intended to ferry survivors from a sinking ship to a rescuing ship -- not keep afloat the whole population or power them to shore . Had the SS Californian responded to Titanic 's distress calls , the lifeboats may have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned . Building and preparing the ship Construction , launch and fitting - out Play media Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage ( 1911 -- 1912 ) The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff ; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size . The ships were constructed on Queen 's Island , now known as the Titanic Quarter , in Belfast Harbour . Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones , the largest ever constructed up to that time , to accommodate both ships . Their construction was facilitated by an enormous gantry built by Sir William Arrol & Co. , a Scottish firm responsible for the building of the Forth Bridge and London 's Tower Bridge . The Arrol Gantry stood 228 feet ( 69 m ) high , was 270 feet ( 82 m ) wide and 840 feet ( 260 m ) long , and weighed more than 6,000 tons . It accommodated a number of mobile cranes . A separate floating crane , capable of lifting 200 tons , was brought in from Germany . The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel , with Olympic 's keel laid down first on 16 December 1908 and Titanic 's on 31 March 1909 . Both ships took about 26 months to build and followed much the same construction process . They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs . At the base of the ships , a double bottom 5 feet 3 inches ( 1.60 m ) deep supported 300 frames , each between 24 inches ( 61 cm ) and 36 inches ( 91 cm ) apart and measuring up to about 66 feet ( 20 m ) long . They terminated at the bridge deck ( B Deck ) and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships . The 2,000 hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) wide and 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) long and weighing between 2.5 and 3 tons . Their thickness varied from 1 inch ( 2.5 cm ) to 1.5 inches ( 3.8 cm ) . The plates were laid in a clinkered ( overlapping ) fashion from the keel to the bilge . Above that point they were laid in the `` in and out '' fashion , where strake plating was applied in bands ( the `` in strakes '' ) with the gaps covered by the `` out strakes '' , overlapping on the edges . Commercial oxy - fuel and electric arc welding methods , ubiquitous in fabrication today , were still in their infancy ; like most other iron and steel structures of the era , the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1,200 tons . They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand . In the 1990s some material scientists concluded that the steel plate used for the ship was subject to being especially brittle when cold , and that this brittleness exacerbated the impact damage and hastened the sinking . It is believed that , by the standards of the time , the steel plate 's quality was good , not faulty , but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades , owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking . As for the rivets , considerable emphasis has also been placed on their quality and strength . One of the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship 's launch was her two side anchors and one centre anchor . The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons . Twenty Clydesdale draught horses were needed to haul the centre anchor by wagon from the Noah Hingley & Sons Ltd forge shop in Netherton , near Dudley , United Kingdom to the Dudley railway station two miles away . From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast . The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous . For the 15,000 men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time , safety precautions were rudimentary at best ; a lot of the work was dangerous and was carried out without any safety equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery . As a result , deaths and injuries were to be expected . During Titanic 's construction , 246 injuries were recorded , 28 of them `` severe '' , such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel . Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out , and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds . Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him . Titanic was launched at 12 : 15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie , J. Pierpoint Morgan , J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship 's passage into the River Lagan . In keeping with the White Star Line 's traditional policy , the ship was not formally named or christened with champagne . The ship was towed to a fitting - out berth where , over the course of the next year , her engines , funnels and superstructure were installed and her interior was fitted out . Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class 's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships . The most noticeable of these was that Titanic ( and the third vessel in class , Britannic ) had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade . This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay , and was intended to provide additional shelter to first class passengers . These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister , and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat . The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September 1911 . Had Titanic been finished earlier , she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg . Construction in gantry , 1909 -- 11 Launch , 1911 ( unfinished superstructure ) Fitting - out , 1911 -- 12 Sea trials RMS Titanic leaving Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic 's sea trials began at 6 a.m. on Tuesday , 2 April 1912 , just two days after her fitting out was finished and eight days before she was due to leave Southampton on her maiden voyage . The trials were delayed for a day due to bad weather , but by Monday morning it was clear and fair . Aboard were 78 stokers , greasers and firemen , and 41 members of crew . No domestic staff appear to have been aboard . Representatives of various companies travelled on Titanic 's sea trials , Thomas Andrews and Edward Wilding of Harland and Wolff and Harold A. Sanderson of IMM . Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend . Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators , and performed fine - tuning of the Marconi equipment . Francis Carruthers , a surveyor from the Board of Trade , was also present to see that everything worked , and that the ship was fit to carry passengers . The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics , carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea . Over the course of about 12 hours , Titanic was driven at different speeds , the turning ability was tested and a `` crash stop '' was performed in which the engines were reversed full ahead to full astern , bringing her to a stop in 850 yd ( 777 m ) or 3 minutes and 15 seconds . The ship covered a distance of about 80 nautical miles ( 92 mi ; 150 km ) , averaging 18 knots ( 21 mph ; 33 km / h ) and reaching a maximum speed of just under 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . On returning to Belfast at about 7 p.m. , the surveyor signed an `` Agreement and Account of Voyages and Crew '' , valid for 12 months , which declared the ship seaworthy . An hour later , Titanic departed Belfast to head to Southampton , a voyage of about 570 nautical miles ( 660 mi ; 1,060 km ) . After a journey lasting about 28 hours and arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port 's Berth 44 , ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew . Maiden voyage Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port . The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool , and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star , such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown , Ireland . Since the company 's founding in 1871 , a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool . However , in 1907 White Star established another service out of the port of Southampton on England 's south coast , which became known as White Star 's `` Express Service '' . Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool , the first being its proximity to London . In addition , Southampton , being on the south coast , allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France , usually at Cherbourg . This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown . The Southampton - Cherbourg - New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool , ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s . Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969 . Titanic 's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans - Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs , returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound . Indeed , her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists . When the route was established , four ships were assigned to the service . In addition to Teutonic and Majestic , the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route . When the Olympic entered service in June 1911 , she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line 's Canadian service . The following August , Adriatic was transferred to White Star 's main Liverpool - New York service , and in November , Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months , and was mothballed as a reserve ship . White Star 's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them . Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York , usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York , thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction . Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively . The deep - water dock at Southampton , then known as the `` White Star Dock '' , had been specially constructed to accommodate the new Olympic - class liners , and had opened in 1911 . Edward Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 Titanic at Southampton docks , prior to departure Display ad for Titanic 's first but never made sailing from New York on 20 April 1912 Crew Main article : Crew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had around 885 crew members on board for her maiden voyage . Like other vessels of her time , she did not have a permanent crew , and the vast majority of crew members were casual workers who only came aboard the ship a few hours before she sailed from Southampton . The process of signing up recruits had begun on 23 March and some had been sent to Belfast , where they served as a skeleton crew during Titanic 's sea trials and passage to England at the start of April . Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line 's captains , was transferred from Olympic to take command of Titanic . Henry Tingle Wilde also came across from Olympic to take the post of Chief Mate . Titanic 's previously designated Chief Mate and First Officer , William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller , were bumped down to the ranks of First and Second Officer respectively . The original Second Officer , David Blair , was dropped altogether . The Third Officer was Herbert Pitman MBE , the only deck officer who was not a member of the Royal Naval Reserve . Pitman was the second to last surviving officer . Titanic 's crew were divided into three principal departments : Deck , with 66 crew ; Engine , with 325 ; and Victualling ( pronounced vi - tal - ling ) , with 494 . The vast majority of the crew were thus not seamen , but were either engineers , firemen , or stokers , responsible for looking after the engines , or stewards and galley staff , responsible for the passengers . Of these , over 97 % were male ; just 23 of the crew were female , mainly stewardesses . The rest represented a great variety of professions -- bakers , chefs , butchers , fishmongers , dishwashers , stewards , gymnasium instructors , laundrymen , waiters , bed - makers , cleaners , and even a printer , who produced a daily newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Daily Bulletin with the latest news received by the ship 's wireless operators . Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on 6 April ; in all , 699 of the crew came from there , and 40 % were natives of the town . A few specialist staff were self - employed or were subcontractors . These included the five postal clerks , who worked for the Royal Mail and the United States Post Office Department , the staff of the First Class A La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien , the radio operators ( who were employed by Marconi ) and the eight musicians , who were employed by an agency and travelled as second - class passengers . Crew pay varied greatly , from Captain Smith 's £ 105 a month ( equivalent to £ 9,400 today ) to the £ 3 10 s ( £ 310 today ) that stewardesses earned . The lower - paid victualling staff could , however , supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers . Passengers Main article : Passengers of the RMS Titanic John Jacob Astor IV in 1909 . He was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic . Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class . Usually , a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage . However , a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of 1912 , causing many crossings to be cancelled . Many would - be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over . The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed ; however , that was too late to have much of an effect . Titanic was able to sail on the scheduled date only because coal was transferred from other vessels which were tied up at Southampton , such as SS City of New York and RMS Oceanic , as well as coal Olympic had brought back from a previous voyage to New York , which had been stored at the White Star Dock . Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class . Among them were the American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV and his wife Madeleine Force Astor , industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim , painter and sculptor Francis Davis Millet , Macy 's owner Isidor Straus and his wife Ida , Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly '' Brown , Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife , couturière Lucy ( Lady Duff - Gordon ) , Lieut . Col. Arthur Peuchen , writer and historian Archibald Gracie , cricketer and businessman John B. Thayer with his wife Marian and son Jack , George Dunton Widener with his wife Eleanor and son Harry , Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes , Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Hays , Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper , Mr. and Mrs. Walter D. Douglas , Mr. and Mrs. George D. Wick , Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Harris , Mr. and Mrs. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr. and Mrs. Hudson J.C. Allison , Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson Bishop , noted architect Edward Austin Kent , brewery heir Harry Molson , tennis players Karl Behr and Dick Williams , author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee , future lawyer and suffragette Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith , journalist and social reformer William Thomas Stead , journalist and fashion buyer Edith Rosenbaum , Philadelphia and New York socialtie Edith Corse Evans , wealthy divorcée Charlotte Drake Cardeza , French sculptor Paul Chevré , author Jacques Futrelle with his wife May , silent film actress Dorothy Gibson with her mother Pauline , Alfons Simonius - Blumer , Swiss Army Colonel and Banker , President of the Swiss Bankverein , James A. Hughes 's daughter Eloise , banker Robert Williams Daniel , the chairman of the Holland America Line , Johan Reuchlin , Arthur Wellington Ross 's son John H. Ross , Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Roebling II , Andrew Saks 's daughter Leila Saks Meyer with her husband , senator William A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Clark with his wife Virginia , great - great - grandson of soap manufacturer Andrew Pears , Thomas C. Pears , with wife , John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P. Snyder and wife , Nelle , Dorothy Parker 's New York manufacturer uncle Martin Rothschild with his wife , Elizabeth , among others . Titanic 's owner J.P. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute . Also aboard the ship were the White Star Line 's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and Titanic 's designer Thomas Andrews , who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship . The exact number of people aboard is not known , as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship ; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons , and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey . Fares varied depending on class and season . Third Class fares from London , Southampton , or Queenstown cost £ 7 5s ( equivalent to £ 600 today ) while the cheapest First Class fares cost £ 23 ( £ 2,100 today ) . The most expensive First Class suites were to have cost up to £ 870 in high season ( £ 78,000 today ) . Collecting passengers On Wednesday 10 April 1912 Titanic 's maiden voyage began . Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving from 9 : 30 a.m. , when the London and South Western Railway 's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside , alongside Titanic 's berth . In all , 923 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton , 179 First Class , 247 Second Class and 494 Third Class . The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board , with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure . Stewards showed them to their cabins , and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith on boarding . Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States -- a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid , as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic . 922 passengers were recorded as having embarked Titanic at Southampton . Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown . The maiden voyage began on time , at noon . An accident was narrowly averted only a few minutes later as Titanic passed the moored liners SS City of New York of the American Line and what would have been her running mate on the service from Southampton , White Star 's Oceanic . Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough . New York 's mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped , swinging her around stern - first towards Titanic . A nearby tugboat , Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow , and Captain Smith ordered Titanic 's engines to be put `` full astern '' . The two ships avoided a collision by a matter of about 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) . The incident delayed Titanic 's departure for about an hour , while the drifting New York was brought under control . After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic headed out into the English Channel . She headed for the French port of Cherbourg , a journey of 77 nautical miles ( 89 mi ; 143 km ) . The weather was windy , very fine but cold and overcast . Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic , tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship . The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg , the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic - class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic . ( Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat . ) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton , she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. 274 additional passengers were taken aboard , 142 First Class , 30 Second Class , and 102 Third Class . Twenty - four passengers who had booked passage only cross-channel from Southampton left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore . The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy . At 11 : 30 a.m. on Thursday 11 April , Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland . It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day , with a brisk wind . Again , the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of Titanic 's size , and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard . In all , 123 passengers boarded Titanic at Queenstown , 3 First Class , 7 Second Class and 113 Third Class . In addition to the 24 cross-channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg , another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown . Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee , who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last - ever known photograph of the ship . A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member , stoker John Coffey , a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore . Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1 : 30 p.m. and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic . Titanic ( right ) after the near - collision with City of New York ( left , together with Oceanic at the far left ) Titanic in Cork harbour , 11 April 1912 The route of Titanic 's maiden voyage , with the coordinates of its sinking Atlantic crossing Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 54 on the morning of 17 April . After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles ( 63 mi ; 102 km ) . From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles ( 1,860 mi ; 3,000 km ) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner '' south - east of Newfoundland , where westbound steamers carried out a change of course . Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles ( 1,177 mi ; 1,895 km ) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg . The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles ( 222 mi ; 357 km ) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor . From 11 April to local apparent noon the next day , Titanic covered 484 nautical miles ( 557 mi ; 896 km ) ; the following day , 519 nautical miles ( 597 mi ; 961 km ) ; and by noon on the final day of her voyage , 546 nautical miles ( 628 mi ; 1,011 km ) . From then until the time of her sinking she travelled another 258 nautical miles ( 297 mi ; 478 km ) , averaging about 21 knots ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) . The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind . Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April , but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) . These died down as the day progressed until , by the evening of Sunday 14 April , it became clear , calm and very cold . The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident . A fire had begun in one of Titanic 's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship 's departure , and continued to burn for several days into its voyage , but passengers were unaware of this situation . Fires occurred frequently on board steamships of that day due to spontaneous combustion of the coal . The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses , by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace . Fortunately , the fire was over on 14 April . Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line 's Mesaba . Nevertheless , the ship continued to steam at full speed , which was standard practice at the time . Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record , timekeeping was a priority , and under prevailing maritime practices , ships were often operated at close to full speed , with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge . It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels . Close calls with ice were not uncommon , and even head - on collisions had not been disastrous . In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner , had rammed an iceberg but still had been able to complete her voyage , and Captain Smith himself had declared in 1907 that he `` could not imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder . Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that . '' Sinking Main article : Sinking of the RMS Titanic At 11 : 40 p.m. ( ship 's time ) on 14 April , lookout Frederick Fleet spotted an iceberg immediately ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge . First Officer William Murdoch ordered the ship to be steered around the obstacle and the engines to be stopped , but it was too late ; the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg , creating a series of holes below the waterline . The hull was not punctured by the iceberg , but rather dented such that the hull 's seams buckled and separated , allowing water to seep in . Five of the ship 's watertight compartments were breached . It soon became clear that the ship was doomed , as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded . Titanic began sinking bow - first , with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper . Those aboard Titanic were ill - prepared for such an emergency . In accordance with accepted practices of the time , where ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels , Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board ; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3,339 passengers and crew , only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats . The crew had not been trained adequately in carrying out an evacuation . The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half - full . Third - class passengers were largely left to fend for themselves , causing many of them to become trapped below decks as the ship filled with water . The `` women and children first '' protocol was generally followed when loading the lifeboats , and most of the male passengers and crew were left aboard . At 2 : 20 a.m. , two hours and 40 minutes after Titanic struck the iceberg , her rate of sinking suddenly increased as her forward deck dipped underwater , and the sea poured in through open hatches and grates . As her unsupported stern rose out of the water , exposing the propellers , the ship began to break in two between the third and fourth funnels , due to the immense forces on the keel . With the bow underwater , and air trapped in the stern , the stern remained afloat and buoyant for a few minutes longer , rising to a nearly vertical angle with hundreds of people still clinging to it , before sinking . For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece ; however , when the wreck was located many years later , it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two . All remaining passengers and crew were immersed into lethally cold water with a temperature of 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) . Almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water , within 15 -- 30 minutes . Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats , though these had room for almost 500 more people . Distress signals were sent by wireless , rockets , and lamp , but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank . A radio operator on board the Birma , for instance , estimated that it would be 6 a.m. before the liner could arrive at the scene . Meanwhile , the SS Californian , which was the last to have been in contact before the collision , saw Titanic 's flares but failed to assist . Around 4 a.m. , RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene in response to Titanic 's earlier distress calls . About 710 people survived the disaster and were conveyed by Carpathia to New York , Titanic 's original destination , while at least 1,500 people lost their lives . Carpathia 's captain described the place as an ice field that had included 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet ( 61 m ) high and numerous smaller bergs , as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic ; passengers described being in the middle of a vast white plain of ice , studded with icebergs . This area is now known as Iceberg Alley . The sinking , according to J. Thayer , sketched onboard Carpathia , based on his description The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed on the morning of 15 April 1912 . `` Untergang der Titanic '' , as conceived by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Aftermath of sinking Arrival of Carpathia in New York London newsboy Ned Parfett with news of the disaster . RMS Carpathia took three days to reach New York after leaving the scene of the disaster . Her journey was slowed by pack ice , fog , thunderstorms and rough seas . She was , however , able to pass news to the outside world by wireless about what had happened . The initial reports were confused , leading the American press to report erroneously on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port by the SS Virginian . Later that day , confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died . The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line 's offices in London , New York , Montreal , Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast . It hit hardest in Southampton , whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking . Four out of every five crew members came from this town . Carpathia docked at 9 : 30 p.m. on 18 April at New York 's Pier 54 and was greeted by some 40,000 people waiting at the quayside in heavy rain . Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women 's Relief Committee , the Travelers Aid Society of New York , and the Council of Jewish Women , among other organisations . Many of Titanic 's surviving passengers did not linger in New York but headed onwards immediately to relatives ' homes . Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home , and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia . Titanic 's 214 surviving crew members were taken to the Red Star Line 's steamer SS Lapland , where they were accommodated in passenger cabins . Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria - Hungary . Her crew were given a bonus of a month 's wages by Cunard as a reward for their actions , and some of Titanic 's passengers joined together to give them an additional bonus of nearly £ 900 ( £ 80,000 today ) , divided among the crew members . The ship 's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest , with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors ' stories . Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour , and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked . Crowds gathered outside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards . It took another four days for a complete list of casualties to be compiled and released , adding to the agony of relatives waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic . Arrival of Titanic 's survivors at New York ( artist concept ) Cartoon demanding better safety from shipping companies , 1912 Carpathia 's captain Arthur Rostron awarded by Margaret Brown , 1912 Insurance and Aid for survivors In January 1912 , the hulls and equipment of Titanic and Olympic had been insured through Lloyd 's of London . The total coverage was £ 1,000,000 ( £ 89,000,000 today ) per ship . The policy was to be `` free from all average '' under £ 150,000 , meaning that the insurers would only pay for damage in excess of that sum . The premium , negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company ( now Willis Group ) , was 15 s ( 75 p ) per £ 100 , or £ 7,500 ( £ 670,000 today ) for the term of one year . Lloyd 's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days . Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families , many of whom lost their sole breadwinner , or , in the case of many Third Class survivors , everything they owned . On 29 April opera stars Enrico Caruso and Mary Garden and members of the Metropolitan Opera raised $12,000 ( $300,000 in 2014 ) in benefits for victims of the disaster by giving special concerts in which versions of `` Autumn '' and `` Nearer My God To Thee '' were part of the programme . In Britain , relief funds were organised for the families of Titanic 's lost crew members , raising nearly £ 450,000 ( £ 40,000,000 today ) . One such fund was still in operation as late as the 1960s . Investigations into the disaster Main articles : United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British Wreck Commissioner 's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic Even before the survivors arrived in New York , investigations were being planned to discover what had happened , and what could be done to prevent a recurrence . Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom , the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices , and scathing of the failures involved , and the latter broadly more technical and expert - oriented . The U.S. Senate 's inquiry into the disaster was initiated on 19 April , a day after Carpathia arrived in New York . The chairman , Senator William Alden Smith , wanted to gather accounts from passengers and crew while the events were still fresh in their minds . Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil , which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May . The British press condemned Smith as an opportunist , insensitively forcing an inquiry as a means of gaining political prestige and seizing `` his moment to stand on the world stage '' . Smith , however , already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on U.S. railroads , and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.P. Morgan , Titanic 's ultimate owner . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster was headed by Lord Mersey , and took place between 2 May and 3 July . Being run by the Board of Trade , who had previously approved the ship , it was seen by some as having little interest in its own or White Star 's conduct being found negligent . Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line 's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts . The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony , making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time . The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions : the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate , Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings , the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed , and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed . Neither inquiry 's findings listed negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor . The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice the disaster was an act of God . The British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long - standing practice that had not previously been shown to be unsafe , noting that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives , and concluded that Smith had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position '' . Lord Mersey did however find fault with the `` extremely high speed ( twenty - two knots ) which was maintained '' following numerous ice warnings , noting that without hindsight , `` what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future '' . The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures , such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided , that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock . An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic , and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ; both measures are still in force today . On 18 June 1912 , Guglielmo Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry regarding the telegraphy . Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service . Role of the SS Californian The SS Californian , which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger from pack - ice One of the most controversial issues examined by the inquiries was the role played by SS Californian , which had been only a few miles from Titanic but had not picked up her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets . Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night , but was rebuked by Titanic 's senior wireless operator , Jack Phillips . Testimony before the British inquiry revealed that at 10 : 10 p.m. , Californian observed the lights of a ship to the south ; it was later agreed between Captain Stanley Lord and Third Officer C.V. Groves ( who had relieved Lord of duty at 11 : 10 p.m. ) that this was a passenger liner . At 11 : 50 p.m. , the officer had watched that ship 's lights flash out , as if she had shut down or turned sharply , and that the port light was now visible . Morse light signals to the ship , upon Lord 's order , were made between 11 : 30 p.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , but were not acknowledged . If Titanic were as far from the Californian as Lord claimed , then he knew , or should have known , that Morse signals would not be visible . A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method . Had Lord done so , it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives . Captain Lord had gone to the chartroom at 11 : 00 p.m. to spend the night ; however , Second Officer Herbert Stone , now on duty , notified Lord at 1 : 10 a.m. that the ship had fired five rockets . Lord wanted to know if they were company signals , that is , coloured flares used for identification . Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white . Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp , and went back to sleep . Three more rockets were observed at 1 : 50 a.m. and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water , as if she were listing . At 2 : 15 a.m. , Lord was notified that the ship could no longer be seen . Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them , and he was informed that they were all white . Californian eventually responded . At around 5 : 30 a.m. , Chief Officer George Stewart awakened wireless operator Cyril Furmstone Evans , informed him that rockets had been seen during the night , and asked that he try to communicate with any ship . He got news of Titanic 's loss , Captain Lord was notified , and the ship set out to render assistance . She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors . The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue ; therefore , Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so . Survivors and victims Main article : List of Titanic passengers The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear , due to a number of factors . These include confusion over the passenger list , which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute , and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double - counted on the casualty lists . The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people . The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster . Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster . Some survivors died shortly afterwards ; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic . Although only 3 % of first - class women were lost , 54 % of those in third class died . Similarly , five of six first - class and all second - class children survived , but 52 of the 79 in third class perished . The differences by gender were even bigger : nearly all female crew members , first and second class passengers were saved . Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class . In total , 50 % of the children survived , 20 % of the men and 75 % of the women . The last living survivor , Millvina Dean from England , who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board , died aged 97 on 31 May 2009 . A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911 . Age / gender Class / crew Number aboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Children First Class 6 5 83 % 17 % Second Class 24 24 0 100 % 0 % Third Class 79 27 52 34 % 66 % Women First Class 144 140 97 % 3 % Second Class 93 80 13 86 % 14 % Third Class 165 76 89 46 % 54 % Crew 23 20 87 % 13 % Men First Class 175 57 118 33 % 67 % Second Class 168 14 154 8 % 92 % Third Class 462 75 387 16 % 84 % Crew 885 192 693 22 % 78 % Total 2224 710 1514 32 % 68 % Retrieval and burial of the dead Markers of Titanic victims , Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Once the massive loss of life became known , White Star Line chartered the cable ship CS Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , to retrieve bodies . Three other Canadian ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Of the 333 victims that were eventually recovered , 328 were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships . The first ship to reach the site of the sinking , the CS Mackay - Bennett , found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port . Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and undertakers aboard decided to preserve only the bodies of first class passengers , justifying their decision by the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates . As a result , many third class passengers and crew were buried at sea . Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing , and stated that as a mariner , he himself would be contented to be buried at sea . Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . The Halifax coroner , John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies . A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered . The majority of recovered victims , 150 bodies , were buried in three Halifax cemeteries , the largest being Fairview Lawn Cemetery followed by the nearby Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch cemeteries . In mid-May 1912 , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A , but left the dead bodies of three of its occupants . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea . The last Titanic body recovered was steward James McGrady , Body No. 330 , found by the chartered Newfoundland sealing vessel Algerine on 22 May and buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax on 12 June . Only 333 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered , one in five of the over 1500 victims . Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover . By June one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink . Wreck Main article : Wreck of the RMS Titanic The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic , photographed in June 2004 Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and , over the years , many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck . None came to fruition . The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over 12,000 feet ( 3,700 m ) below the surface , in a location where the water pressure is over 6,500 pounds per square inch ( 450 bar ) . A number of expeditions were mounted to find Titanic but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco - American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded . The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart , probably near or at the surface , before sinking to the seabed . The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile ( 0.6 km ) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland . They are located 13.2 miles ( 21.2 km ) from the inaccurate coordinates given by Titanic 's radio operators on the night of her sinking , and approximately 715 miles ( 1,151 km ) from Halifax and 1,250 miles ( 2,012 km ) from New York . Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed , causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely . The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors . In contrast , the stern is completely wrecked ; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor . The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking . Thus weakened , the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed . The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles ( 8.0 km × 4.8 km ) . It contains hundreds of thousands of items , such as pieces of the ship , furniture , dinnerware and personal items , which fell from the ship as she sank or were ejected when the bow and stern impacted on the sea floor . The debris field was also the last resting place of a number of Titanic 's victims . Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria , leaving pairs of shoes and boots -- which have proved to be inedible -- as the only sign that bodies once lay there . Since its initial discovery , the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers , scientists , filmmakers , tourists and salvagers , who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display . The ship 's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years , particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron - eating bacteria on the hull . It has been estimated that within the next 50 years the hull and structure of Titanic will eventually collapse entirely , leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor . Bell from the Titanic Many artefacts from Titanic have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc. , which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster . On 16 April 2012 , the day after the 100th anniversary of the sinking , photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor . The photos , taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004 , show a boot and a coat close to Titanic 's stern which experts called `` compelling evidence '' that it is the spot where somebody came to rest , and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them . The wreck of the Titanic falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging , commercial exploitation , sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts . Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area , the convention provides a state co-operation system , by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites , like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions . Legacy Safety Main article : Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster , recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard , mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented , lifeboat inspections would be conducted , etc . Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in 1914 . The convention has been updated by periodic amendments , with a completely new version adopted in 1974 . Signatories to the convention followed up with national legislation to implement the new standards . For example in Britain , new `` Rules for Life Saving Appliances '' were passed by the Board of Trade on 8 May 1914 and then applied at a meeting of British steamship companies in Liverpool in June 1914 . Further , the United States government passed the Radio Act of 1912 . This act , along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day , along with a secondary power supply , so as not to miss distress calls . Also , the Radio Act of 1912 required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations . In addition , it was agreed in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be interpreted as a sign of need for help . Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only , thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships . Finally , the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic . Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance . In addition , information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area . Except for the years of the two World Wars , the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since 1913 . During the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area . In 1912 , the Board of Trade chartered the barque Scotia to act as a weather ship in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , keeping a look - out for icebergs . A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland . Cultural Main article : Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic Titanic Belfast , 2012 Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable . For more than 100 years , she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction . She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck . Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates , whiskey jiggers , and even black mourning teddy bears . Several survivors wrote books about their experiences but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published . The first film about the disaster , Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star -- the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson . The British film A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking . The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , which became the highest - grossing film in history up to that time , as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron . The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims , erected in several English - speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses . These included Southampton , Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom ; New York and Washington , D.C. in the United States ; and Cobh ( formerly Queenstown ) in Ireland . A number of museums around the world have displays on Titanic . In Northern Ireland , the ship is commemorated by the Titanic Belfast visitor attraction , opened on 31 March 2012 , that stands on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built . RMS Titanic Inc. , which is authorised to salvage the wreck site , has a permanent Titanic exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Nevada which features a 22 - ton slab of the ship 's hull . It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world . In Nova Scotia , Halifax 's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic displays items that were recovered from the sea a few days after the disaster . They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship 's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair , as well as objects removed from the victims . In 2012 the centenary was marked by plays , radio programmes , parades , exhibitions and special trips to the site of the sinking together with commemorative stamps and coins . In a frequently commented - on literary coincidence , Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in 1898 about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster . In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four - stacked liner , the largest in the world and considered unsinkable . But like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats . Appendix Diagrams of RMS Titanic ( show ) Diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads in red . Compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue . Names of decks are listed to the right ( starting at top on Boat deck , going from A through F and ending on Lower deck at the waterline ) . Areas of damage made by the iceberg are shown in green . The scale 's smallest unit is 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) and its total length is 400 feet ( 120 m ) . A cutaway diagram of Titanic 's midship section . S : Sun deck . A : Upper promenade deck . B : Promenade deck , glass - enclosed . C : Saloon deck . E : Main deck . F : Middle deck . G : Lower deck : cargo , coal bunkers , boilers , engines . ( a ) Welin davits with lifeboats , ( b ) Bilge , ( c ) Double bottom Comparison of Titanic in size to modern means of transport and a person Timeline of RMS Titanic ( show ) 17 September 1908 : Ship ordered . 31 May 1911 : Ship launched . 1 April 1912 : Trials completed . 10 April , noon : Maiden voyage starts . Leaves Southampton dock , narrowly escaping collision with American liner New York . 10 April , 19 : 00 : Stops at Cherbourg for passengers . 10 April , 21 : 00 : Leaves Cherbourg for Queenstown . 11 April , 12 : 30 : Stops at Queenstown for passengers and mail . 11 April , 14 : 00 : Leaves Queenstown for New York . 14 April , 23 : 40 : Collision with iceberg ( Latitude 41 ° 46 ′ N , Longitude 50 ° 14 ′ W ) . 15 April , 00 : 45 : First boat , No. 7 , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 05 : Last boat , Collapsible D , lowered . 15 April , 02 : 20 : Foundering . 15 April , 03 : 30 -- 08 : 50 : Rescue of survivors . 19 April -- 25 May : U.S. inquiry . 2 May -- 3 July : British inquiry . 1 September 1985 : Discovery of wreck . Titanic replicas See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II , and Romandisea Titanic First Class Lounge of the Olympic which was almost identical to that of the Titanic , seen today as a dining room in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic . A project by South African businessman Sarel Gaus was abandoned in 2006 , and a project by Australian businessman Clive Palmer was announced in 2012 , known as the Titanic II . A Chinese shipbuilding company known as Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group Co. , Ltd commenced construction in January 2014 to build a replica ship of the Titanic for use in a resort . The vessel will house many features of the original , such as a ballroom , dining hall , theatre , first - class cabins , economy cabins and swimming pool . Tourists will be able to reside inside the Titanic during their time at the resort . It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking , which has caused some criticism . The RMS Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic . The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen . Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel , Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked . See also Disaster portal Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Maritime Organization Lists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternative theories , alternative explanations for the fate of the Titanic ( rather than it hitting an iceberg ) The Wreck of the Titan : Or , Futility Notes Jump up ^ Carlisle would leave the project in 1910 , before the ships were launched , when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd , the firm making the ship 's davits . Wilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster , having apparently been blamed by Pirrie , unfairly , for the ship 's loss . Jump up ^ It was kept off - limits to passengers ; the famous `` flying '' scene at the ship 's bow from the 1997 film Titanic would not have been permitted in real life . Jump up ^ This photo is probably of Titanic 's sister ship , Olympic . Jump up ^ Copy after Merry - Joseph Blondel of the neoclassical oil painting Jump up ^ Measurement of lifeboats : 1 -- 2 : 25'2 '' long by 7'2 '' wide by 3'2 '' deep ; 326.6 cubic feet ( 9.25 m ) ; 3 -- 16 : 30 ' long by 9'1 '' wide by 4 ' deep ; 655.2 cubic feet ( 18.55 m ) and A -- D : 27'5 '' long by 8 ' wide by 3 ' deep ; 376.6 cubic feet ( 10.66 m ) Jump up ^ Since 1894 , when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line 's 13,000 - ton Lucania , the Board of Trade had made no provision to increase the existing scale regarding the number of required lifeboats for larger ships , such as the 46,000 - ton Titanic . Sir Alfred Chalmers , nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911 , had considered the matter of adjusting the scale `` from time to time '' , but because he not only assumed that experienced sailors would need to be carried `` uselessly '' aboard ship only to lower and man the extra lifeboats , but also anticipated the difficulty in getting away a greater number than 16 boats in any emergency , he `` did not consider it necessary to increase ( the scale ) '' . Jump up ^ He expressed deep disappointment about the decision before the voyage , but was presumably greatly relieved afterwards . Jump up ^ Titanic also had a ship 's cat , Jenny , who gave birth to a litter of kittens shortly before the ship 's maiden voyage ; all perished in the sinking . Jump up ^ Known afterward as the `` Unsinkable Molly Brown '' due to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank Jump up ^ Captain Edward Smith had been in command of Titanic 's sister Olympic when she in 1911 collided with a warship . Even though that ship was designed to sink others by ramming them , it suffered greater damage than Olympic , thereby strengthening the image of the class being unsinkable . Jump up ^ The official enquiry found that damage extended about 300 feet , but both Edward Wilding 's testimony and modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck suggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no more than 12 to 13 square feet ( 1.1 to 1.2 m ) . Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction : the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank . Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers , they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist . Jump up ^ Life expectancy in such temperatures is often under 15 minutes even for people who are young and fit . The victims would have died from bodily reactions to freezing water rather than hypothermia ( loss of core temperature ) . Immersed into freezing seas , around 20 % of victims die within two minutes from cold shock ( uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation , massive increase in blood pressure , cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest , and panic ) , another 50 % die within 15 -- 30 minutes from cold incapacitation ( inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping , as the body ' protectively ' shuts down peripheral muscles to protect its core ) , and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning , claiming the rest within a similar time . Jump up ^ The Salvation Army newspaper , The War Cry , reported that `` none but a heart of stone would be unmoved in the presence of such anguish . Night and day that crowd of pale , anxious faces had been waiting patiently for the news that did not come . Nearly every one in the crowd had lost a relative . '' It was not until 17 April that the first incomplete lists of survivors came through , delayed by poor communications . Jump up ^ On 23 April , the Daily Mail reported : `` Late in the afternoon hope died out . The waiting crowds thinned , and silent men and women sought their homes . In the humbler homes of Southampton there is scarcely a family who has not lost a relative or friend . Children returning from school appreciated something of tragedy , and woeful little faces were turned to the darkened , fatherless homes . '' Jump up ^ According to an eyewitness report , there `` were many pathetic scenes '' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York Jump up ^ Lord protested his innocence to the end of his life , and many researchers have asserted that the known positions of Titanic and Californian make it impossible that the former was the infamous `` mystery ship '' , a topic which has `` generated ... millions of words and ... hours of heated debates '' and continues to do so . Jump up ^ Most of the bodies were numbered , however , the five passengers buried at sea by Carpathia went unnumbered . Jump up ^ Thomas Beattie , a first class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman . Jump up ^ An example is Daniel Butler 's book about RMS Titanic , titled Unsinkable ^ Jump up to : Ship 's time ; at the time of the collision , Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . References Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2004 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Official investigation report - the sinking of RMS Titanic ( PDF ) ( 1 ed . ) . London : The final board of inquiry . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Ship Listing '' . Chris ' Cunard Page . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Officer Lightoller insisted on excluding men , while First Officer Murdoch , on the other side of the ship , permitted men and women to board the lifeboats . Jump up ^ `` Patrick S. Ryan , The ITU and the Internet 's Titanic Moment '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 319 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Outgoing Steamships -- Sail Saturday October 26 , 1912 : Majestic ( Southampton ) '' . The Sun . 24 October 1912 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Alexander Carlisle '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . Jump up ^ McCluskie 1998 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 55 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : McCluskie 1998 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. efn319 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 229 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Beveridge 2008 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 120 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 80 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 148 . 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National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh & Coulter , Laurie. 882 1 / 2 Answers to Your Questions About The Titanic , Scholastic Press , 1998 ; 32 . Jump up ^ ( Bruce Beveridge 2008 , p. 15 ) Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Lynch 1992 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Merideth 2003 , p. 236 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Thursday 16 January 1913 , Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000 , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : Gill 2010 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1987 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ The Titanic : The Memorabilia Collection , by Michael Swift , Igloo Publishing 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85780 - 251 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 1997 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Trade 's Administration '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Berg , Chris ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The Real Reason for the Tragedy of the Titanic '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Conspiracies '' . Titanic Conspiracies Stuff They Do n't Want You to Know . 2017 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Felkins , Leighly & Jankovic 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Broad 1997 . Jump up ^ Materials Today , 2008 . Jump up ^ McCarty & Foecke 2012 , p. . Jump up ^ Broad 2008 . Jump up ^ Verhoeven 2007 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jonathan . `` Titanic : The Hingley Anchors '' . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Gill 2010 , p. 109 . ^ Jump up to : Bartlett 2011 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marriott , Leo ( 1997 ) . TITANIC . 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Portanova . `` Memory and Monuments : Some Sites Connected with the Titanic in Manhattan '' ( PDF ) . New York University . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Jump up ^ John Lang ( 2012 ) . Titanic : A Fresh Look at the Evidence by a Former Chief Inspector of Marine Accidents . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 124 . ISBN 1442218924 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Fire Down Below -- by Samuel Halpern . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Titanic Research & Modeling Association : Coal Bunker Fire Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2011 , pp. 122 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Titanic : Fire & Ice ( Or What You Will ) Various Authors . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan 1985 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Winifreda '' . The Yard . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray 1912 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic and co , RMS Olympic The Old Reliable '' . Titanicandco.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ James Donahue ( 20 September 1911 ) . `` The Titanic 's Sister Ship Olympic '' . Perdurabo10.tripod.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Report 1912 , p. question 20422 , Day 19 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Hutchings & de Kerbrech 2011 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Barczewski 2006 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About The Cold Water '' . Mario Vittone . Retrieved 1 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hypothermia safety '' . United States Power Squadrons. 23 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Aldridge 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 45 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 238 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 , 245 . Jump up ^ `` A trip down Canada 's Iceberg Alley - EarthSky.org '' . earthsky.org . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ The Whatley Design Group , 2000 ( 15 April 1912 ) . `` A Walking Tour of Montreal -- Sites Related to the Titanic Disaster '' . Vehiculepress.com . Retrieved 13 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerins , Dan ( 2012 ) . `` White Star Offices , Canute Chambers , Canute Road , Southampton '' . Titanic trail . Southern Daily Echo . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . Jump up ^ In His Court . Mike Yorkey ( 2002 ) p. 127 ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic anniversary : the day Southampton went silent '' . The Telegraph . 5 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Butler 2002 , pp. 170 , 172 . Jump up ^ Landau 2001 , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Lloyd 's . `` Titanic Information Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Jump up ^ from Bing.com -- Dave Manuel 's Inflation Calculator Retrieved 21 May 2015 Jump up ^ The New York Times ; Tuesday 30 April 1912 `` GEORGE VANDERBILT 'S ESCAPE. ; Mrs. Dresser Persuaded Him Not to Sail on Titanic -- Footman Lost '' . ( in PDF format ) Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Barczewski 2006 , pp. 70 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Brewster & Coulter 1998 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : `` Titanic -- The Senatorial Investigation '' . United States Senate Inquiry . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . 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Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Butler 1998 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Lord 1976 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1994 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Howells 1999 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Last Titanic survivor , a baby put in a lifeboat , dies at 97 The Guardian . Retrieved 31 March 2012 Jump up ^ `` Titanic and other White Star ships Titanic Crew Member Profile : Violet Constance Jessop , Ship Stewardess '' . Titanic-whitestarships.com. 19 July 1958 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 3 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . `` Chapter xxi . the funeral ship and its dead '' . The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ) . Retrieved 24 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 244 -- 245 . Jump up ^ Bartlett 2011 , pp. 242 -- 243 . Jump up ^ Alan Ruffman , Titanic Remembered : The Unsinkable Ship and Halifax Formac Publishing ( 1999 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` Why So Few ? '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 221 . ^ Jump up to : Ward 2012 , pp. 171 -- 172 . Jump up ^ `` Paper says Titanic discovered '' . The San Bernardino County Sun . 1 September 1985 . p. 3 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Halpern & Weeks 2011 , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Canfield & 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 203 . Jump up ^ Ballard 1987 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Crosbie & Mortimer 2006 , p. last page ( no page number specified ) . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 259 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , pp. 248 , 251 . Jump up ^ `` Human remains pictured at Titanic shipwreck site '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ `` Titanic United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization '' . Unesco.org . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's remains to come under Unesco 's protection '' . 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 6 April 2012 ) . `` Titanic wreck to be protected by UN maritime convention '' . The Guardian . p. 6 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Captainsvoyage - forum , lifeboat requirements '' . Captainsvoyage-forum.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ( SOLAS ) . International Maritime Organization , 1974 . Jump up ^ Conlin , Dan ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` A Titanic Report that Changed History '' . Marinecurator.blogspot.ca . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Minichiello , P.E. , Ray . `` TITANIC Tragedy Spawns Wireless Advancements '' . The Guglielmo Marconi Foundation , U.S.A. , Inc . Archived from the original on 3 December 1998 . Retrieved 30 September 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Navigation Center , Ice Patrol '' . Navcen.uscg.gov . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The ice danger in the North Atlantic '' . The Times ( 40136 ) . London . 15 February 1913 . col C , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` 45p SY Scotia '' . Mike Skidmore . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Eaton & Haas 1995 , pp. 329 -- 330 . Jump up ^ Maniera 2003 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Rasor 2001 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. xii . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 267 . Jump up ^ Heyer 2012 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Parisi 1998 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` The Oscars 2015 News , Blogs & Articles - Academy Awards â € '' Oscars 2015 `` . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , pp. 262 -- 263 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Ward 2012 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Spignesi 2012 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ ITV : Titanic . Retrieved 13 January 2012 Jump up ^ Iceberg Right Ahead ! -- review The Guardian . Retrieved 1 April 2012 Jump up ^ `` Cruise to mark Titanic centenary '' . BBC News . 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gibraltar Titanic stamps '' . Gibraltar-stamps.com . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic -- Futility '' . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Beveridge , Bruce ; Andrews , Scott ; Hall , Steve ; Klistorner , Daniel ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 1 : Inception & Construction Plans '' . In Braunschweiger , Art . Titanic : The Ship Magnificent . I. Gloucestershire , United Kingdom : History Press . ISBN 9780752446066 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of Titanic '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 149 . ^ Jump up to : Lord 2005 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry Report . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ltd , Australian News Channel Pty . `` China to build full - size Titanic replica '' . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Xuequan , Mu . `` Chinese manufacturer builds Titanic replica '' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full size Titanic replica will stage ' simulation ' of iceberg collision in China '' . The Independent . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Bibliography Books : Aldridge , Rebecca ( 2008 ) . The Sinking of the Titanic . New York : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9643 - 7 . Ballard , Robert D. ( 1987 ) . The Discovery of the Titanic . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 51385 - 2 . Barczewski , Stephanie ( 2006 ) . Titanic : A Night Remembered . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85285 - 500 - 0 . Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 . Bartlett , W.B. ( 2011 ) . Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell , the Survivors ' Story . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0482 - 4 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2004 ) . Olympic & Titanic : The Truth Behind the Conspiracy . Haverford , Pennsylvania : Infinity Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7414 - 1949 - 1 . Beveridge , Bruce ( 2008 ) . Titanic -- The Ship Magnificent Volume One : Design & Construction . Stroud : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4606 - 6 . Beveridge , Bruce ; Hall , Steve ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 8821⁄2 Amazing Answers to your Questions about the Titanic . Madison Press Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 590 - 18730 - 5 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 . Butler , Daniel Allen ( 2002 ) ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable : the full story of the RMS Titanic . USA : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81110 - 4 . Chernow , Ron ( 2010 ) . The House of Morgan : An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance . New York : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4465 - 2 . Chirnside , Mark ( 2004 ) . The Olympic - Class Ships . Stroud , England : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 2868 - 0 . Crosbie , Duncan ; Mortimer , Sheila ( 2006 ) . Titanic : The Ship of Dreams . New York , NY : Orchard Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 89995 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1987 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster : The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 732164 - 3 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1994 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough , UK : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 493 - 6 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1995 ) . Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 03697 - 8 . Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles A. ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford , Somerset : Patrick Stephens . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 575 - 9 . Gill , Anton ( 2010 ) . Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world 's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 905026 - 71 - 5 . Halpern , Samuel ( 2011 ) . `` Account of the Ship 's Journey Across the Atlantic '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Halpern , Samuel ; Weeks , Charles ( 2011 ) . `` Description of the Damage to the Ship '' . In Halpern , Samuel . Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud , UK : The History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 6210 - 3 . Heyer , Paul ( 2012 ) . Titanic Century : Media , Myth , and the Making of a Cultural Icon . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 39815 - 5 . Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 . Hutchings , David F. ; de Kerbrech , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . RMS Titanic 1909 -- 12 ( Olympic Class ) : Owners ' Workshop Manual . Sparkford , Yeovil : Haynes . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84425 - 662 - 4 . Landau , Elaine ( 2001 ) . Heroine of the Titanic : The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown . New York . pp. 22 -- 23 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 93912 - 3 . Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 . Lord , Walter ( 1997 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 27827 - 9 . Lord , Walter ( 2005 ) ( 1955 ) . A Night to Remember . New York : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 7764 - 3 . Lynch , Don ( 1992 ) . Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56282 - 918 - 6 . Maniera , Leyla ( 2003 ) . Christie 's Century of Teddy Bears . London : Pavilion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86205 - 595 - 7 . McCarty , Jennifer Hooper ; Foecke , Tim ( 2012 ) ( 2008 ) . What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York : Citadel . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 2895 - 3 . McCluskie , Tom ( 1998 ) . Anatomy of the Titanic . London : PRC Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85648 - 482 - 4 . Merideth , Lee W. ( 2003 ) . 1912 Facts About Titanic . Sunnyvale , CA : Rocklin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9626237 - 9 - 0 . Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg , PA : The Minter Company . OCLC 9176732 . Parisi , Paula ( 1998 ) . Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York : Newmarket Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55704 - 364 - 1 . Rasor , Eugene L. ( 2001 ) . The Titanic : historiography and annotated bibliography . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31215 - 1 . Reade , Leslie ( 1993 ) . The Ship That Stood Still : The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster . Edited by Edward de Groot . New York and London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393035377 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 1998 ) . The Complete Titanic : From the Ship 's Earliest Blueprints to the Epic Film . Secaucus , New Jersey : Birch Lane Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55972 - 483 - 8 . Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2012 ) . The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken , NJ : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 20651 - 5 . Verhoeven , John D. ( 2007 ) . Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park , OH : ASM International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 858 - 8 . Ward , Greg ( 2012 ) . The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London : Rough Guides Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 8699 - 9 . Wels , Susan ( 1997 ) . Titanic : Legacy of the World 's Greatest Ocean Liner . Del Mar , California : Tehabi Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7835 - 5261 - 3 . Journals and news articles : Broad , William J. ( 8 April 1997 ) . `` Toppling Theories , Scientists Find 6 Slits , Not Big Gash , Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad , William J. ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` In Weak Rivets , a Possible Key to Titanic 's Doom '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Canfield , Clarke ( 8 March 2012 ) . `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Felkins , Katherine ; Leighly , HP ; Jankovic , A ( 1998 ) , `` The Royal Mail Ship Titanic : Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember ? '' , JOM , Minerals , Metals & Materials Society , 50 ( 1 ) : 12 -- 18 , doi : 10.1007 / s11837 - 998 - 0062 - 7 Ryan , Paul R. ( Winter 1985 -- 1986 ) . `` The Titanic Tale '' . Oceanus . Woods Hole , MA : Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . 4 ( 28 ) . `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens '' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Investigations : `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic . '' ( s.s. ) `` . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry , Final Report ( Watertight Compartments ) . 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Mersey , Lord ( 1999 ) ( 1912 ) . The Loss of the Titanic , 1912 . The Stationery Office . ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 702403 - 8 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` RMS Titanic '' dated 2005 - 12 - 10 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to : RMS Titanic Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic ( ship , 1912 ) . Wikisource has original text related to this article : RMS Titanic Wikivoyage has a travel guide for RMS Titanic . RMS Titanic , Inc , exclusive steward of RMS Titanic Titanic Historical Society RMS Titanic at DMOZ RMS Titanic on Facebook Collection of Marconigram radio messages related to the Titanic `` Titanic collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . New York Times coverage of the Titanic RMS Titanic : 100 Years Later -- An Online Newspaper Exhibition at Library of Virginia Titanic Footage and Survivors Interviews -- YouTube Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage 1911 -- 1912 -- British Pathe References to the Titanic in European Historic Newspapers Rare Postcard from the Titanic RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Animals aboard Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith ( Captain ) Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer ) William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer ) Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer ) Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer ) Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer ) Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer ) James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer ) Crew members Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr . Frank M. Warren , Sr . George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors Rhoda Abbott Madeleine Astor Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström - Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly '' Brown Daniel Buckley Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Henry S. Harper Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Margaret Mannion Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie , Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer R. Norris Williams Last living survivors Lillian Asplund Ruth Becker Alden Caldwell Millvina Dean Edith Haisman Eva Hart Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Michel Marcel Navratil Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Beatrice Sandström Barbara West Other Allison family Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand ( Ballarat ) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool ) Engineers ( Southampton ) Musicians ( Southampton ) Titanic ( Belfast ) Orchestra ( Liverpool ) United States Straus Park ( New York City ) Titanic ( New York City ) Titanic ( Washington , D.C. ) Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. ) Popular culture Books Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 ) A Night to Remember ( book ) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 ) In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 ) Atlantic ( 1929 ) Titanic ( 1943 ) Titanic ( 1953 ) A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 ) Raise the Titanic ( 1980 ) Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 ) Titanica ( 1992 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 ) Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Titanic II ( 2010 ) Television S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 ) Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1996 ) No Greater Love ( 1996 ) `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 ) Titanic ( 2012 ) Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 ) Saving the Titanic ( 2012 ) Music `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song ) The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition ) Titanic ( musical ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( song ) `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song ) Video games Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 ) Titanic : Honor and Glory ( 2017 ) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum ( Southampton ) Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri ) Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee ) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax ) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic ( Canada ) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter , Belfast Cape Race , Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax ) Related Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS RMS Carpathia RMS Olympic HMHS Britannic Robert Ballard Replica Titanic Titanic II Olympic - class ocean liners RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) See also : Replica Titanic , Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000 -- 2009 Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 ) Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 ) Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 ) Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 ) Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 ) 1995 -- 1999 Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 ) Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 ) Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 ) Beatrice Sandström ( 1910 -- 1995 ) 1990 -- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 ) Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 ) Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 ) Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 ) Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 ) Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 ) Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 ) Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 ) George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 ) Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 ) Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 ) Ocean liners with four funnels SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse ( 1897 ) SS Deutschland ( 1900 ) SS Kronprinz Wilhelm ( 1901 ) SS Kaiser Wilhelm II ( 1902 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1906 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1906 ) SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie ( 1906 ) SS France ( 1910 ) RMS Olympic ( 1910 ) RMS Titanic ( 1911 ) RMS Aquitania ( 1913 ) HMHS Britannic ( 1914 ) RMS Arundel Castle ( 1921 ) RMS Windsor Castle ( 1922 ) Timeline of the world 's largest passenger ships Syracusia ( 240 BC ) Thalamegos ( 200 BC ) Caravel ships ( 1400s ) SS Royal William ( 1831 ) SS Great Western ( 1837 ) SS British Queen ( 1839 ) SS President ( 1840 ) SS Great Britain ( 1845 ) HMS Himalaya ( 1854 ) RMS Atrato ( 1854 ) SS Great Eastern ( 1858 ) RMS Celtic ( 1901 ) RMS Baltic ( 1903 ) RMS Empress of Scotland ( 1906 ) RMS Lusitania ( 1907 ) RMS Mauretania ( 1907 ) RMS Olympic ( 1911 ) RMS Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Imperator ( 1913 ) SS Leviathan ( 1913 ) RMS Majestic ( 1914 ) SS Normandie ( 1935 ) RMS Queen Mary ( 1936 ) RMS Queen Elizabeth ( 1940 ) MS Sovereign of the Seas ( 1987 ) MS Sun Princess ( 1995 ) MS Carnival Sunshine ( 1996 ) MS Grand Princess ( 1997 ) MS Voyager of the Seas ( 1999 ) MS Explorer of the Seas ( 2000 ) MS Navigator of the Seas ( 2002 ) RMS Queen Mary 2 ( 2004 ) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas ( 2006 ) MS Oasis of the Seas ( 2009 ) MS Allure of the Seas ( 2010 ) MS Harmony of the Seas ( 2016 ) White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic ( 1911 ) Planned Olympic ( order cancelled ) Oceanic ( never completed ) Former ships Red Jacket ( 1853 ) Blue Jacket ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Oceanic ( 1870 ) Atlantic ( 1871 ) Baltic ( 1871 ) Tropic ( 1871 ) Asiatic ( 1871 ) Republic ( 1872 ) Adriatic ( 1872 ) Celtic ( 1872 ) Traffic ( 1872 ) Gaelic ( 1872 ) Belgic ( 1873 ) Britannic ( 1874 ) Germanic ( 1875 ) Arabic ( 1881 ) Coptic ( 1881 ) Ionic ( 1883 ) Doric ( 1883 ) Belgic ( 1885 ) Gaelic ( 1885 ) Cufic ( 1888 ) Runic ( 1889 ) Teutonic ( 1889 ) Majestic ( 1890 ) Tauric ( 1891 ) Magnetic ( 1891 ) Nomadic ( 1891 ) Naronic ( 1892 ) Bovic ( 1892 ) Gothic ( 1893 ) Cevic ( 1894 ) Pontic ( 1894 ) Georgic ( 1895 ) Delphic ( 1897 ) Cymric ( 1898 ) Afric ( 1899 ) Medic ( 1899 ) Persic ( 1899 ) Oceanic Runic ( 1900 ) Suevic ( 1901 ) Celtic ( 1901 ) Athenic ( 1902 ) Corinthic ( 1902 ) Ionic ( 1903 ) Cedric ( 1903 ) Victorian ( 1903 ) Armenian ( 1903 ) Arabic ( 1903 ) Romanic ( 1903 ) Cretic ( 1903 ) Republic ( 1903 ) Canopic ( 1904 ) Cufic ( 1904 ) Baltic ( 1904 ) Tropic ( 1904 ) Gallic ( 1907 ) Adriatic ( 1907 ) Laurentic ( 1909 ) Megantic ( 1909 ) Zeeland ( 1910 ) Traffic ( 1911 ) Olympic ( 1911 ) Belgic ( 1911 ) Zealandic ( 1911 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) SS Ceramic ( 1913 ) Lapland ( 1914 ) Britannic ( 1914 ) Belgic ( 1917 ) Justicia ( 1918 ) Vedic ( 1918 ) Bardic ( 1919 ) Gallic ( 1920 ) Mobile ( 1920 ) Arabic ( 1920 ) Homeric ( 1920 ) Haverford ( 1921 ) Poland ( 1922 ) Majestic ( 1922 ) Pittsburgh ( 1922 ) Doric ( 1923 ) Delphic ( 1925 ) Regina ( 1925 ) Albertic ( 1927 ) Calgaric ( 1927 ) Laurentic ( 1927 ) Britannic ( 1929 ) Georgic ( 1931 ) Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage Naval ships Vasa ( 1628 ) Galera Victoria ( 1729 ) Georgiana ( 1863 ) Flach ( 1866 ) Grosser Kurfürst ( 1878 ) Posidonia ( 1940 ) Bismarck ( 1941 ) Dinsdale ( 1942 ) Shinano ( 1944 ) Passenger ships and cargo liners Amazon ( 1851 ) City of Philadelphia ( 1854 ) New Era ( 1854 ) Tayleur ( 1854 ) Castilian ( 1899 ) Titanic ( 1912 ) Georges Philippar ( 1932 ) Magdalena ( 1949 ) Hans Hedtoft ( 1959 ) Zenobia ( 1980 ) Cargo ships Batavia ( 1629 ) Vansittart ( 1719 ) Fortuyn ( 1723 ) Zeewijk ( 1727 ) Amsterdam ( 1749 ) Royal Captain ( 1773 ) Hartwell ( 1787 ) Carrier Pigeon ( 1852 ) Crescent City ( 1871 ) Catherine Griffiths ( 1875 ) Queensmore ( 1889 ) Irex ( 1890 ) Brecknockshire ( 1916 ) Dumaru ( 1918 ) Mecanicien Donzel ( 1918 ) Hastier ( 1919 ) Treveal ( 1920 ) Adolf Vinnen ( 1923 ) Île de Los ( 1935 ) Joseph Medill ( 1935 ) Mim ( 1939 ) Empire Thunder ( 1941 ) Michael E ( 1941 ) Alexander Macomb ( 1942 ) Derryheen ( 1942 ) Empire Clough ( 1942 ) Empire Drum ( 1942 ) Empire Dryden ( 1942 ) Empire Spenser ( 1942 ) Fort Good Hope ( 1942 ) Fort la Reine ( 1942 ) George Calvert ( 1942 ) George Thatcher ( 1942 ) Sam Houston ( 1942 ) San Victorio ( 1942 ) Stangarth ( 1942 ) Stephen Hopkins ( 1942 ) Bloody Marsh ( 1943 ) Empire Florizel ( 1943 ) Fort Cedar Lake ( 1943 ) Haakon Jarl ( 1943 ) John Morgan ( 1943 ) J. Pinckney Henderson ( 1943 ) Kherzon ( 1943 ) Matt W. Ransom ( 1943 ) Molly Pitcher ( 1943 ) Fort Crevier ( 1944 ) John A. Treutlen ( 1944 ) Union Star ( 1981 ) Ranga ( 1982 ) Reijin ( 1988 ) Racing yachts Mohawk ( 1876 ) 1 = Due to enemy action . 2 = Maiden revenue - earning voyage . 3 = Constructive total loss Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb : HMS A3 29 Feb : H.K. Bedford 12 Mar : Oceana 20 Mar : Koombana 2 Apr : USS Santee 15 Apr : Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May : HMS A3 May ( unknown date ) : USS Pensacola 8 Jun : Vendémiaire 26 Jun : Naniwa 8 Aug : HMS Holland 5 17 Aug : Leafield 1 Sep : HMS Waterwitch 28 Sep : Kiche Maru 4 Oct : HMS B2 16 Oct : Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct : SS Keystorm 31 Oct : Feth - i Bülend 23 Nov : Rouse Simmons 28 Nov : Friendship Unknown date : City of Adelaide , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan : Sarah Dixon 2 Feb : HMS Hazard 12 Mar : Pisagua 14 - 15 Apr : Californian 2 Jun : Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun : Saint Louis 16 Aug : Camano , Sioux 4 Oct : Amerika 12 Oct : Arabia December ( unknown date ) : Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Coordinates : 41 ° 43 ′ 57 '' N 49 ° 56 ′ 49 '' W  /  41.73250 ° N 49.94694 ° W  / 41.73250 ; - 49.94694 VIAF : 264840228 LCCN : n50082026 GND : 4121777 - 9 NLA : 52369553 IATH : w6zk9cf5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=805999140 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic 1910s in Newfoundland 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States Deaths by drowning Deaths due to shipwreck Four funnel liners History of Halifax , Nova Scotia Olympic - class ocean liners Passenger ships of the United Kingdom Ship collisions with icebergs Ships built by Harland and Wolff Ships built in Belfast Ships of Ireland Ships of the White Star Line Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Steamships of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Davvisámegiella Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 00 : 34 . 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where was the titanic going when it sunk

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It All Started with a Beer

It All Started with a Beer - Wikipedia It All Started with a Beer Jump to : navigation , search `` It All Started with a Beer '' Single by Frankie Ballard from the album El Rio Released November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) Format Digital download Genre Country Length 4 : 19 Label Warner Bros. Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Jaren Johnston Neil Mason Jeremy Stover Producer ( s ) Marshall Altman Frankie Ballard singles chronology `` Young & Crazy '' ( 2015 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' ( 2015 ) `` Cigarette '' ( 2016 ) `` Young & Crazy '' ( 2015 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' ( 2015 ) `` Cigarette '' ( 2016 ) `` It All Started with a Beer '' is a song recorded by American country music artist Frankie Ballard . It was released in November 2015 as the first single from Ballard 's third studio album , El Rio . The song was written by Jaren Johnston , Neil Mason and Jeremy Stover . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personnel 2 Music video 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year end charts 4 References Personnel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Marshall Altman - background vocals Frankie Ballard - acoustic guitar , percussion , lead vocals Sean Hurley - bass guitar Ken Johnson - background vocals Tim Lauer - keyboards Rob McNelley - electric guitar Aaron Sterling - drums , percussion Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Marcel and premiered in March 2016 . Charts ( edit ) The song has sold 212,500 copies in the United States as of July 2016 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada Country ( Billboard ) 50 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 22 Year end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 57 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 56 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shelburne , Craig ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Frankie Ballard Announces ' El Rio ' Album Release On June 10 '' . MusicRow . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It All Started With a Beer -- Frankie Ballard '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CMT : Videos : Frankie Ballard : It All Started With a Beer '' . Country Music Television . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Soundscan Chart '' . Nielsen . July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Canada Country for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Country Airplay for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Ballard -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Frankie Ballard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs : Year End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . ( hide ) Frankie Ballard Studio albums Frankie Ballard ( 2011 ) Sunshine & Whiskey ( 2014 ) El Rio ( 2016 ) Notable singles `` Tell Me You Get Lonely '' `` A Buncha Girls '' `` Helluva Life '' `` Sunshine & Whiskey '' `` Young & Crazy '' `` It All Started with a Beer '' `` You 'll Accomp'ny Me '' This 2010s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_All_Started_with_a_Beer&oldid=799761501 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2015 singles Frankie Ballard songs Warner Bros. Nashville singles Songs written by Jaren Johnston Songs written by Jeremy Stover Songs about alcohol Song recordings produced by Marshall Altman Music videos directed by Marcel ( singer ) 2010s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 18 : 01 . About Wikipedia

who sings it all started with a beer

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List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka

List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka - wikipedia List of Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Sri Lanka Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1931 1947 Law of Sri Lanka Human rights Law enforcement Government ( show ) Executive President ( List ) : Maithripala Sirisena Prime Minister ( List ) : Ranil Wickremesinghe Cabinet : 15th cabinet Ministries Legislature Parliament Speaker Deputy Speaker Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Judiciary Constitutional Council Supreme Court Chief Justice : Priyasath Dep Court of Appeal High Courts District Courts Magistrate 's Courts Primary Courts Labour Tribunal Elections ( show ) Elections Political parties Last election Next election Administrative geography ( show ) Provinces Districts Municipalities Wards Grama Niladhari divisions Foreign policy ( show ) Foreign relations Related issues ( show ) Civil War Sri Lanka Portal Other countries Atlas There have been fourteen Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka since the creation of the position in 1947 , prior to the formation of the Dominion of Ceylon . The Prime Minister of Ceylon was the head of the government until 1978 . In 1972 , the country was named as the Free , Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka and the position was known as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka from then onwards . The Prime Minister also held the unified Ministry of External Affairs and Defence until 1977 , when J.R. Jayewardene 's government adapted two separate ministries , forming the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs . In 1978 , Prime Minister J.R. Jayewardene introduced new constitutional changes . The position of the Executive President was introduced , resulting in the powers of the Prime Minister being reduced . The President became the head of state and head of government , and the Prime Minister became a nominal position . Under the current constitution of Sri Lanka , the Prime Minister is the leader of the Cabinet business and also functions as a deputy to the President . In the event a president dies in office , the Prime Minister becomes the acting president until the Parliament convens to elect a successor or new elections can be held to elect a new president . This was the case in 1993 , when President Ranasinghe Premadasa was assassinated and Prime Minister Dingiri Banda Wijetunge took office as President . On 28 April 2015 , the Parliament approved the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka which gives the power of the Government to the Prime Minister , while the President remains the head of state , head of the cabinet , and Commander - in - chief . Of the fourteen prime ministers who have held office since the introduction of the position in 1947 , three have held office thrice , and one has held office twice . Five prime ministers have gone on to become president of the country . The current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka is Ranil Wickremesinghe , since 9 January 2015 . Ranil Wickramasinghe has been sworn in as prime minister the most times in the country 's history , on four separate occasions ( May 1993 , December 2001 , January 2015 and August 2015 ) , whilst Dudley Shelton Senanayaka and Sirimavo Bandaranayake were appointed three times . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of Prime Ministers 2 Living former Prime Ministers 3 Timeline 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References List of Prime Ministers ( edit ) Parties United National Party Sri Lanka Freedom Party No Portrait Name ( Birth -- Death ) Constituency / Title Term of office -- Electoral mandates Other ministerial offices held while Prime Minister Political party of PM ( Alliance ) Government Refs Governor - General / President ( 1 . Term of Office ) ( 2 . Political Party ) DS Senanayake දොන් ස්ටීවන් සේනානායක டான் ஸ்டீபன் சேனாநாயக்க ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Mirigama 24 September 1947 22 March 1952 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party D.S. Senanayake 3rd Henry Monck - Mason Moore 4 February 1948 -- 29 June 1949 , as Governor - General representing George VI Independent 1947 Herwald Ramsbotham , 1st Viscount Soulbury 6 July 1949 -- 17 July 1954 , as Governor - General representing George VI & Elizabeth II Conservative Party ( UK ) The first Prime Minister of Ceylon . The country gained independence from United Kingdom during his term of office . Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 26 March 1952 12 October 1953 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Minister of Agriculture & Lands & Minister of Health & Local Government United National Party Dudley Senanayake I 3rd 4th 1952 Appointed as Prime Minister following the death of his father , D.S. Senanayake . His party won at the general elections held in June 1952 , and he continued in the office without a re-appointment . Dudley Senanayake resigned in 1953 . Sir John Kotelawala ජෝන් කොතලාවල ஜோன் கொத்தலாவல CH , KBE , KStJ , CLI ( 1897 -- 1980 ) Dodangaslanda 12 October 1953 12 April 1956 Minister of External Affairs and Defence & Minister of Minister of Transport & Works United National Party Kotelawala 4th -- Oliver Ernest Goonetilleke 17 July 1954 -- 2 March 1962 , as Governor - General representing Elizabeth II Independent Sri Lanka joined the United Nations under the leadership of Kotelawala . S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike සොලමන් බන්ඩාරනායක சாலமன் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1899 -- 1959 ) Attanagalla 12 April 1956 26 September 1959 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike 5th 1956 Bandaranaike changed the official language of the country from English to Sinhalese . He was assassinated before his term of office ended . 5 Wijeyananda Dahanayake විජයානන්ද දහනායක விஜயானந்த தகநாயக்கா ( 1902 -- 1997 ) Galle 26 September 1959 20 March 1960 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party Dahanayake 5th -- Dahanayake was appointed following the assassination of Bandaranaike . However , following disagreements with the members of his government and party , he was forced to dissolve the parliament . ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 21 March 1960 21 July 1960 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party Dudley Senanayake II 6th March 1960 Senanayake 's government was defeated after one month . Senanayake continued to serve as Prime Minister until 21 July 1960 . 6 Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) 21 July 1960 25 March 1965 Minister of External Affairs and Defence Sri Lanka Freedom Party Sirimavo Bandaranaike I 7th July 1960 William Gopallawa 2 March 1962 -- 4 February 1978 , as Governor - General representing Elizabeth II until 22 May 1972 Independent Sirimavo Bandaranaike was the world 's first female prime minister . She was not a member of Parliament at the time of appointment , and was appointed to the Senate on 2 August 1960 . ( 2 ) Dudley Senanayake ඩඩ්ලි සේනානායක டட்லி சேனநாயக்கா ( 1911 -- 1973 ) Dedigama 25 March 1965 29 May 1970 Minister of External Affairs and Defence United National Party Dudley Senanayake III 8th 1965 Senanayake was elected Prime Minister for the third time , when his party formed a government with the help of six other parties , after an election which did not give a clear majority to any party . The agriculture sector was given high priority during his term of office . ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) Attanagalla 29 May 1970 22 May 1972 Minister of External Affairs and Defence & Minister of Planning & Employment Sri Lanka Freedom Party Sirimavo Bandaranaike II 9th 22 May 1972 23 July 1977 10th 1970 Sirimavo Bandaranaike declared the country a republic , and its name was changed from Ceylon to Sri Lanka . Nationalized many companies in the plantation sector and imposed restrictions on several imports . This led to the downfall of the country 's economy , and she was defeated in the general elections of 1977 , with allegations of corruption which later led to her expulsion from Parliament . 7 Junius Richard Jayewardene ජුනියස් රිචඩ් ජයවර්ධන ஜூனியஸ் ரிச்சட் ஜயவர்தனா ( 1906 -- 1996 ) Colombo West 23 July 1977 4 February 1978 Minister of Defence Minister of Planning & Economic Affairs & Minister of Plan Implementation United National Party Jayewardene 11th 1977 Introduced the Executive Presidency in 1978 , and assumed the position of President of Sri Lanka . 8 Ranasinghe Premadasa රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස ரணசிங்க பிரேமதாசா ( 1924 -- 1993 ) Colombo Central 6 February 1978 2 January 1989 Minister of Local Government , Housing & Construction United National Party Jayewardene 11th 12th J.R. Jayewardene 4 February 1978 -- 2 January 1989 United National Party -- Was the first Prime Minister to be appointed after the constitutional changes of 1978 , with powers of the position reduced significantly . 9 Dingiri Banda Wijetunga ඩිංගිරි බණ්ඩා විජේතුංග டிங்கிரி பண்ட விஜேதுங்க ( 1916 -- 2008 ) Kandy 6 March 1989 7 May 1993 Minister of Finance & Minister of Labour & Vocational Training United National Party Premadasa 13th Ranasinghe Premadasa ) 2 January 1989 -- 1 May 1993 United National Party 1989 Was appointed in a surprise move by the then President , Ranasinghe Premadasa . Wijetunge himself reacted in surprise at the appointment . He resigned from the post on 28 March 1990 , but was reappointed two days later , on 30 March 1990 . 10 Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Gampaha 7 May 1993 19 August 1994 United National Party Wijetunga 13th Dingiri Banda Wijetunga 1 May 1993 -- 12 November 1994 United National Party -- Appointed as the Prime Minister when Wijetunge was appointed as the President of Sri Lanka , following the assassination of the former President , Ranasinghe Premadasa . 11 Chandrika Kumaratunga චන්ද්‍රිකා බණ්ඩාරනායක කුමාරතුංග சந்திரிகா பண்டாரநாயக்கே குமாரதுங்கா ( 1945 -- ) Gampaha 19 August 1994 12 November 1994 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Wijetunga 14th 1994 Served as the Prime Minister of Sri Lanka for a short period , before contesting in the presidential elections in 1994 and being elected as president . ( 6 ) Sirimavo Bandaranayake සිරිමාවො රත්වත්තේ ඩයස් බණ්ඩාරනායක சிறிமா ரத்வத்தே டயஸ் பண்டாரநாயக்கே ( 1916 -- 2000 ) National List 14 November 1994 9 August 2000 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Kumaratunga 14th Chandrika Kumaratunga 12 November 1994 -- 19 November 2005 Sri Lanka Freedom Party -- Sirimavo Bandaranaike was appointed as the Prime Minister when Chandrika Kumaratunga was appointed as the President of Sri Lanka . She resigned in 2000 . 12 Ratnasiri Wickremanayake රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක ரத்னசிறி விக்கிரமநாயக்க ( 1933 -- 2016 ) Kalutara 10 August 2000 7 December 2001 Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( People 's Alliance ) Kumaratunga 14th 15th 2000 Wickremanayake assumed the office of the Prime Minister following the resignation of Sirimavo Bandaranaike . ( 10 ) Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Colombo 9 December 2001 6 April United National Party Kumaratunga 16th 2001 Wickremesinghe 's term of office ended early when the then president Chandrika Kumaratunga dismissed his government and called for a general election in 2004 . 13 Mahinda Rajapaksa මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂ மகிந்த ராசபக்ச ( 1945 -- ) Hambantota 6 April 19 November 2005 Ministry of Highways Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Kumaratunga 17th Appointed as Prime Minister of the Cabinet that was formed after the elections following the dismissal of Wickremesinghe 's government by President Chandrika Kumaratunga . He won the presidential elections in 2005 and assumed the office of the President of Sri Lanka . ( 12 ) Ratnasiri Wickremanayake රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක ரத்னசிறி விக்கிரமநாயக்க ( 1933 -- 2016 ) National List 19 November 2005 21 April Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Rajapaksa 17th Mahinda Rajapaksa 19 November 2005 -- 9 January 2015 Sri Lanka Freedom Party -- Appointed as Prime Minister when Rajapaksa assumed the office of the President of Sri Lanka . 14 D.M. Jayaratne දිසානායක මුදියන්සේලාගේ ජයරත්න திசாநாயக்க முதியன்சேலாகே ஜயரத்ன ( 1931 - ) National List 21 April 9 January 2015 Minister of Buddhasasana & Religious Affairs Sri Lanka Freedom Party ( United People 's Freedom Alliance ) Rajapaksa 18th Appointed as Prime Minister after the parliamentary election held in April 2010 was won by the incumbent Freedom Party . ( 10 ) Ranil Wickremesinghe රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ ரணில் விக்ரமசிங்க ( 1949 -- ) Colombo 9 January 2015 Incumbent Minister of National Policies and Economic Affairs United National Party Sirisena 18th Maithripala Sirisena 9 January 2015 -- Sri Lanka Freedom Party 2015 19th Appointed as Prime Minister by President Maithripala Sirisena after winning 2015 presidential election and was re-elected in the 2015 parliamentary election . Living former Prime Ministers ( edit ) Prime Minister Term of office Date of birth Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga 1994 -- 1994 ( 1945 - 06 - 29 ) 29 June 1945 ( age 72 ) Mahinda Rajapaksa 2004 -- 2005 ( 1945 - 11 - 18 ) 18 November 1945 ( age 72 ) Disanayaka Mudiyanselage Jayaratne 2010 -- 2015 ( 1931 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1931 ( age 87 ) The most recent death of a former Prime Minister was that of Ratnasiri Wickremanayake ( 2000 -- 2001 / 2005 - 2010 ) on 27 December 2016 , aged 83 . Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) Sri Lanka portal Prime Minister 's Office Notes ( edit ) The Parliament was known as the `` House of Representatives '' during the period of 1947 -- 1972 In 1972 , the country was named `` Free , Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka '' , and the Parliament was named as the National State Assembly . Under the constitutional changes of 1978 , the country was renamed as the `` Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' , and the Parliament was referred to as `` Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka '' . References ( edit ) General `` Former Prime Ministers '' (. html ) . Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . `` Handbook of Parliament - Prime Ministers '' (. jsp ) . The Parliament of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . `` PMs of Sri Lanka '' (. htm ) . Prime Minister 's Office . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Specific Jump up ^ V. Jayanth ( 2003 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Sri Lanka 's executive presidency '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : V.S. Sambandan ( 2005 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Ratnasiri Wickremanayake appointed Sri Lankan Premier '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : M.B. Dassanayake ( 2008 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Dingiri Banda Wijetunga - the journey to greatness '' . Daily News . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka : 19A to the Constitution passed in parliament '' . Jump up ^ Wanniarachchi , Lakruwan . `` Sri Lanka 's new president gets down to mending ties '' . 10 January 2015 . Business Insider AFP . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/ ^ Jump up to : `` Prime Ministers '' . Parliament.lk . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Senanayake , Don Stephen ( 1884 -- 1952 ) '' Archived 27 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The History Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buddhika Kurukularatne ( 2007 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Dudley -- the reluctant Prince '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ K.T. Rajasingham ( 2001 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Sri Lanka : The Untold Story '' . Asia Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Bandaranaike , Solomon West Ridgeway Dias '' . history.com . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Short Term '' . Time . 1959 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sirimavo Bandaranaike : First woman premier '' . BBC News . 2000 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Neville de Silva . `` A Prime Minister who knew his onions '' Archived 29 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... UK Lanka Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Former Sri Lanka president dies , leaves mixed legacy '' . CNN . 1996 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barbara Crossette ( 1988 - 12 - 21 ) . `` MAN IN THE NEWS : Ranasinghe Premadasa ; Sri Lankan At the Top '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Ranil Wickramasinghe '' . BBC News . 2005 - 11 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Hon Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga ( 1994 -- 2005 ) '' Archived 3 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine ... The official website of the Government of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka '' Archived 22 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... The History Channel . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` President 's Profile '' Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine ... The President 's Fund of Sri Lanka . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Don Stephen Senanayake Dudley Senanayake John Kotelawala S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike Wijeyananda Dahanayake Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Dudley Senanayake Sirimavo Bandaranaike Junius Richard Jayewardene Ranasinghe Premadasa Dingiri Banda Wijetunga Ranil Wickremesinghe Chandrika Kumaratunga Sirimavo Bandaranaike Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Ranil Wickremesinghe Mahinda Rajapaksa Ratnasiri Wickremanayake Disanayaka Jayaratne Ranil Wickremesinghe hide Parliament of Sri Lanka 15th Parliament Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members Current members By length of service Youngest members Longest - serving members ever Women and minority members Sri Lankan Tamil members Sri Lankan Moor members Other minority members Lady members Appointed members Leaders Prime Minister ( list ) Speaker of the Parliament ( list ) Deputy Speaker and Chairman of Committees Deputy Chairman of Committees Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition Chief Government Whip Chief Opposition Whip Parliament Secretariat Secretariat leaders Secretaries - General ( list ) Deputy Secretary General ( list ) Assistant Secretary General ( list ) Departments Serjeant - at - Arms Administration Legislative Services Finance and Supplies Hansard Co-ordinating Engineer Catering and Housekeeping Information Systems and Management Powers , procedure and customs Powers Legislative Power of the Sri Lankan Parliament Committees Selection House Standing Orders Parliamentary Business Public Accounts Public Enterprises Privileges Public Petitions Items Mace Chair Bar History History of Parliament of Sri Lanka Building of Parliament Sri Lankan Parliament Building Miscellaneous Historic Sri Lankan legislature Parliaments Districts Website : Parliament of Sri Lanka Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=841021796 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Lists of political office - holders in Sri Lanka Prime Ministers of Sri Lanka Lists of government ministers of Sri Lanka Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Use dmy dates from December 2014 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch فارسی Français Galego Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Occitan Polski Português Русский සිංහල Svenska தமிழ் Українська 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 15 : 48 . 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who was the first sri lankan politician who held the office of the prime minister for four times

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List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia List of Dallas Cowboys seasons For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys . This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls . The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII . The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason . Outside of these 2 periods of success , The Cowboys have experienced long periods failure in their history . The three most notable periods of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 . From 1996 to 2017 , a period of 21 years , The Cowboys have only 3 post season wins , all taking place in the wild card round . In comparison since 2011 the Texans have an equal number ( 3 ) of postseason wins . The teams combined winning percentage since 1996 is under 500 percent NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships Football note 📝 ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games . Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games . Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record . Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents . Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina . Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record . References ( edit ) `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sportsline . Retrieved January 2007 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) `` NFL.com -- History -- Yearly Standings '' . National Football League Official website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Pro Football Hall of Fame -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame Website . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- ) '' . databasefootball.com . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2008 . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys ( 1960 -- Present ) '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . JT-SW.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` History -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Hickoksports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2008 . `` Franchise page -- Dallas Cowboys '' . Pro football reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . `` Dallas Cowboys Live -- Dallas Cowboys '' . cowboysgames.net . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Dallas Cowboys Founded in 1960 Based in Arlington , Texas Headquartered in Frisco , Texas Franchise Franchise History Coaches Players Seasons Expansion draft Draft history Starting quarterbacks First - round draft picks Ford Center at The Star Stadiums Cotton Bowl Texas Stadium AT&T Stadium Culture NFL on Thanksgiving Day America 's Team Cheerleaders Doomsday Defense Crazy Ray Rowdy Jerry Jones Black Sunday ( film ) King of the Hill `` Get Up ( A Cowboys Anthem ) '' Lore Tom Landry Tex Schramm Captain Comeback Ice Bowl Hail Mary The Catch Herschel Walker trade Dirty Dozen Ring of Honor Bounty Bowl series Rivalries New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Green Bay Packers San Francisco 49ers Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Oilers / Texans Division championships ( 23 ) 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1981 1985 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998 2007 2009 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1966 1967 1970 1971 1977 1978 1992 1993 1995 League Championships ( 5 ) 1971 ( VI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1995 ( XXX ) Media Broadcasters Radio network KRLD - FM Brad Sham Babe Laufenberg Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : East Division Seasons ( 59 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Dallas Cowboys seasons 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance NFL team season lists American Football Conference AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders National Football Conference NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=866161953 '' Categories : National Football League teams seasons Dallas Cowboys seasons Dallas Cowboys lists Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Talk About Wikipedia Italiano Magyar Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Aqueous humour

Aqueous humour - wikipedia Aqueous humour Jump to : navigation , search Aqueous humor Schematic diagram of the human eye . Details Identifiers Latin humor aquosus TA A15. 2.06. 002 FMA 58819 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The aqueous humour is a transparent , watery fluid similar to plasma , but containing low protein concentrations . It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium , a structure supporting the lens . It fills both the anterior and the posterior chambers of the eye , and is not to be confused with the vitreous humour , which is located in the space between the lens and the retina , also known as the posterior cavity or vitreous chamber . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Composition 2 Function 2.1 Production 2.2 Drainage 3 Clinical significance 4 Additional Images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Amino acids : transported by ciliary muscles 98 % water Electrolytes Sodium = 142.09 Potassium = 2.2 - 4.0 Calcium = 1.8 Magnesium = 1.1 Chloride = 131.6 HCO3 - = 20.15 Phosphate = 0.62 pH = 7.4 Osm = 304 Ascorbic acid Glutathione Immunoglobulins Function ( edit ) Maintains the intraocular pressure and inflates the globe of the eye . It is this hydrostatic pressure which keeps the eyeball in a roughly spherical shape and keeps the walls of the eyeball taut . Provides nutrition ( e.g. amino acids and glucose ) for the avascular ocular tissues ; posterior cornea , trabecular meshwork , lens , and anterior vitreous . May serve to transport ascorbate in the anterior segment to act as an antioxidant agent . Presence of immunoglobulins indicate a role in immune response to defend against pathogens . Provides inflation for expansion of the cornea and thus increased protection against dust , wind , pollen grains and some pathogens . for refractive index . Production ( edit ) Aqueous humour is secreted into the posterior chamber by the ciliary body , specifically the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body ( pars plicata ) . 5 alpha - dihydrocortisol , an enzyme inhibited by 5 - alpha reductase inhibitors , may be involved in production of aqueous humour . Drainage ( edit ) Aqueous humour is continually produced by the ciliary processes and this rate of production must be balanced by an equal rate of aqueous humour drainage . Small variations in the production or outflow of aqueous humour will have a large influence on the intraocular pressure . The drainage route for aqueous humour flow is first through the posterior chamber , then the narrow space between the posterior iris and the anterior lens ( contributes to small resistance ) , through the pupil to enter the anterior chamber . From there , the aqueous humour exits the eye through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm 's canal ( a channel at the limbus , i.e. , the joining point of the cornea and sclera , which encircles the cornea ) It flows through 25 -- 30 collector canals into the episcleral veins . The greatest resistance to aqueous flow is provided by the trabecular meshwork ( esp . the juxtacanalicular part ) , and this is where most of the aqueous outflow occurs . The internal wall of the canal is very delicate and allows the fluid to filter due to high pressure of the fluid within the eye . The secondary route is the uveoscleral drainage , and is independent of the intraocular pressure , the aqueous flows through here , but to a lesser extent than through the trabecular meshwork ( approx. 10 % of the total drainage whereas by trabecular meshwork 90 % of the total drainage ) . The fluid is normally 15 mmHg ( 0.6 inHg ) above atmospheric pressure , so when a syringe is injected the fluid flows easily . If the fluid is leaking , due to collapse and wilting of cornea , the hardness of the normal eye is therefore corroborated . Clinical significance ( edit ) Main article : Glaucoma Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy where retinal ganglion cells and their axons die causing a corresponding visual field defect . An important risk factor is increased intraocular pressure ( pressure within the eye ) either through increased production or decreased outflow of aqueous humour . Increased resistance to outflow of aqueous humour may occur due to an abnormal trabecular mesh work or to obliteration of the meshwork due to injury or disease of the iris . However , increased interocular pressure is neither sufficient nor necessary for development of primary open angle glaucoma , although it is a major risk factor . Uncontrolled glaucoma typically leads to visual field loss and ultimately blindness . Additional Images ( edit ) Structures of the eye labeled This image shows another labeled view of the structures of the eye See also ( edit ) Vitreous Humour References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Vitreous and Aqueous Humor '' . Jump up ^ Human Physiology . An Integrate approach . 5th edition . Dee Unglaub Silverthorn Jump up ^ `` Eye Anatomy '' . WebMD . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Weinstein , B.I. ; Kandalaft , N. ; Ritch , R. ; Camras , C.B. ; Morris , D.J. ; Latif , S.A. ; Vecsei , P. ; Vittek , J. ; Gordon , G.G. ; Southren , A.L. ( 1991 ) . `` 5 alpha - dihydrocortisol in human aqueous humour and metabolism of cortisol by human lenses in vitro '' . Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science . 32 ( 7 ) : 2130 -- 35 . PMID 2055703 . ^ Jump up to : `` eye , human . '' Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009 Jump up ^ `` Glaucoma Medications : Click for Facts About Side Effects '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aqueous humour . `` Anatomy diagram : 02566.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . ( hide ) Anatomy of the globe of the eye Fibrous tunic ( outer ) Sclera Episcleral layer Schlemm 's canal Trabecular meshwork Cornea Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman 's Stroma Dua 's layer Descemet 's Endothelium Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) Choroid Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch 's membrane Sattler 's layer Ciliary body Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle Pars plicata Pars plana Iris Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle Retina ( inner ) Layers Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium Cells Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) → ( Horizontal cell ) → Bipolar cell → ( Amacrine cell ) → Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) → Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia Other Macula Perifoveal area Parafoveal area Fovea Foveal avascular zone Foveola Optic disc Optic cup Ora serrata Anatomical regions of the eye Anterior segment Adnexa Fibrous tunic Anterior chamber Aqueous humour Iris Posterior chamber Ciliary body Lens Capsule of lens Zonule of Zinn Posterior segment Vitreous chamber Vitreous body Retina Choroid Other Keratocytes Ocular immune system Tapetum lucidum Eye care professional Eye disease Refractive error Accommodation Physiological Optics Visual perception Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqueous_humour&oldid=821632773 '' Categories : Body fluids Human eye anatomy Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 18 : 05 . 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where is the aqueous humor located in a cow eye

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United States Department of Defense

United States Department of Defense - Wikipedia United States Department of Defense Jump to : navigation , search United States Department of Defense Department overview Formed September 18 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 09 - 18 ) ( as National Military Establishment ) Preceding Department U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Type Executive Department Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County , Virginia , US 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W  / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 16 '' N 77 ° 3 ′ 21 '' W  /  38.87111 ° N 77.05583 ° W  / 38.87111 ; - 77.05583 Employees 742,000 ( civilian ) 1,300,000 ( active duty military ) 826,000 ( National Guard and reserve ) : 2.87 million total ( 2016 ) Annual budget US $530.1 billion ( 2010 ) US $549.1 billion ( 2011 ) US $553.0 billion ( est. 2012 ) US $496.1 billion ( 2015 ) US $534.3 billion ( base FY2016 ) Department executives Jim Mattis , Secretary Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary Child agencies U.S. Department of the Army U.S. Department of the Navy U.S. Department of the Air Force Website www.defense.gov The Pentagon , headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense The Department of Defense ( DoD , USDOD , or DOD ) is an executive branch department of the federal government of the United States charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government concerned directly with national security and the United States Armed Forces . The Department is the largest employer in the world , with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016 . Adding to its employees are over 826,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services , and over 742,000 civilians bringing the total to over 2.8 million employees . It is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington , Virginia , just outside Washington , D.C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense , a cabinet - level head who reports directly to the President of the United States . Beneath the Department of Defense are three subordinate military departments : the United States Department of the Army , the United States Department of the Navy , and the United States Department of the Air Force . In addition , four national intelligence services are subordinate to the Department of Defense : the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) , the National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) , and the National Reconnaissance Office ( NRO ) . Other Defense Agencies include the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) , the Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) , the Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) , the Defense Health Agency ( DHA ) , Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) , the Defense Security Service ( DSS ) , and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency ( PFPA ) , all of which are under the command of the Secretary of Defense . Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified combatant commands . The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools , including the National Defense University ( NDU ) and the National War College ( NWC ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The War Department 1.2 National Military Establishment 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Office of the Secretary of Defense 2.1. 1 Defense Agencies 2.1. 2 National Intelligence Agencies 2.2 Joint Chiefs of Staff 2.3 Military Departments 2.4 Unified Combatant Commands 3 Budget 4 Criticism 4.1 2016 Internal Study Cover Up 4.2 Manipulation of Finances 5 Energy use 6 Freedom of Information Act processing performance 7 Related legislation 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : National Security Act of 1947 and History of the United States military The history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775 . The creation of the United States Army was enacted on June 14 , 1775 . This coincides with the American holiday Flag Day . The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy , on October 13 , 1775 , and create the United States Marine Corps on November 10 , 1775 . Today , both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy . The War Department ( edit ) Main article : United States Department of War The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to the federal government to defend its citizens : We the People of the United States , in Order to form a more perfect Union , establish Justice , insure domestic Tranquility , provide for the common defence , promote the general Welfare , and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity , do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America . -- Constitution of the United States Upon the seating of the first Congress on March 4 , 1789 , legislation to create a military defense force stagnated as they focused on other concerns relevant to setting up the new government . President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military twice during this time . Finally , on the last day of the session , September 29 , 1789 , Congress created the War Department , historic forerunner of the Department of Defense. 1 Stat. 95 The War Department handled naval affairs until Congress created the Navy Department in 1798 . The secretaries of each of these departments reported directly to the President as cabinet - level advisors until 1949 , when all military departments became subordinate to the Secretary of Defense . National military Establishment ( edit ) President Harry Truman signs the National Security Act Amendment of 1949 After the end of World War II , President Harry Truman proposed creation of a unified department of national defense . In a special message to Congress on December 19 , 1945 , the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts . Deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive . On July 26 , 1947 , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , which set up a unified military command known as the `` National Military Establishment '' , as well as creating the Central Intelligence Agency , the National Security Council , National Security Resources Board , United States Air Force ( formerly the Army Air Forces ) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment formally began operations on September 18 , the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense . The National Military Establishment was renamed the `` Department of Defense '' on August 10 , 1949 and absorbed the three cabinet level military departments , in an amendment to the original 1947 law . Under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ( Pub. L. 85 -- 599 ) , channels of authority within the department were streamlined , while still maintaining the ordinary authority of the Military Departments to organize , train and equip their associated forces . The Act clarified the overall decision - making authority of the Secretary of Defense with respect to these subordinate Military Departments and more clearly defined the operational chain of command over U.S. military forces ( created by the military departments ) as running from the President to the Secretary of Defense and then to the unified combatant commanders . Also provided in this legislation was a centralized research authority , the Advanced Research Projects Agency , eventually known as DARPA . The act was written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration , and was signed into law August 6 , 1958 . Organizational structure ( edit ) Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense See also : List of Department of Defense agencies Department of Defense organizational chart ( December 2013 ) The Secretary of Defense , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense , `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense '' , and has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' . Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President , the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities . Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary 's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority . The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) and the Joint Staff ( JS ) , Office of the Inspector General ( DODIG ) , the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army ( DA ) , Department of the Navy ( DON ) & Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) ) , the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau ( NGB ) , and such other offices , agencies , activities , organizations , and commands established or designated by law , or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense . Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department , and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department . The latest version , signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010 , is the first major re-write since 1987 . Office of the Secretary of Defense ( edit ) Main article : Office of the Secretary of Defense 2008 OSD organizational chart The Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) is the Secretary and Deputy Secretary 's ( mainly ) civilian staff . OSD is the principal staff element of the Secretary of Defense in the exercise of policy development , planning , resource management , fiscal and program evaluation and oversight , and interface and exchange with other U.S. Government departments and agencies , foreign governments , and international organizations , through formal and informal processes . OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities . Defense agencies ( edit ) OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies : Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute ( AFRRI ) Department of Defense Education Activity ( DoDEA ) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) Defense Commissary Agency ( DeCA ) Defense Contract Audit Agency ( DCAA ) Defense Contract Management Agency ( DCMA ) Defense Finance and Accounting Service ( DFAS ) Defense Information Systems Agency ( DISA ) Defense Legal Services Agency Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA ) Defense Security Cooperation Agency ( DSCA ) ( formerly Defense Security Assistance Agency ) Defense Security Service ( DSS ) ( formerly Defense Investigative Service ) Defense Technical Information Center ( DTIC ) Defense Threat Reduction Agency ( DTRA ) Missile Defense Agency ( MDA ) National intelligence agencies ( edit ) Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community . These are national - level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence . They fulfill the requirements of national policy makers and war planners , serve as Combat Support Agencies , and also assist non-Department of Defense intelligence or law enforcement services such as the Central Intelligence Agency and the Federal Bureau of Investigation . The military services each have their own intelligence elements which are distinct from but subject to coordination , by national intelligence agencies under Department of Defense . Department of Defense manages the nation 's coordinating authorities and assets in disciplines of signals intelligence , geospatial intelligence , and measurement and signature intelligence , and also builds , launches and operates the Intelligence Community 's satellite assets . Department of Defense also has its own human intelligence service , which contributes to the CIA 's human intelligence efforts while also focusing on military human intelligence priorities . These agencies are directly overseen by the Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence . National Intelligence Agencies under the Department of Defense Defense Intelligence Agency National Security Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office Joint Chiefs of Staff ( edit ) Main article : Joint Chiefs of Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff / Joint Staff organizational chart . The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the Department of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and the President on military matters . The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS ) , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( VCJCS ) , Senior Enlisted Advisor to the chairman ( SEAC ) , the Military Service Chiefs from the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force , in addition to the Chief of National Guard Bureau , all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation . Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs , outside their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations , works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned , i.e. Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and the Secretary of the Air Force . Following the Goldwater - Nichols Act in 1986 the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational command authority , neither individually nor collectively , as the chain of command goes from the President to the Secretary of Defense , and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders of the Combatant Commands . Goldwater - Nichols also created the office of vice-chairman , and the chairman is now designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense , the Homeland Security Council , the National Security Council and to the President . The Joint Staff ( JS ) is a headquarters staff at the Pentagon composed of personnel from all four services that assist the chairman and vice-chairman in discharging their duties , and managed by the Director of the Joint Staff ( DJS ) who is a Lieutenant General or Vice Admiral . Military Departments ( edit ) Military Departments of the Department of Defense Department of the Army Department of the Navy Department of the Air Force There are three Military Departments within the Department of Defense : the Department of the Army , which the United States Army is organized within . the Department of the Navy , which the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps are organized within . the Department of the Air Force , which the United States Air Force is organized within . The Military Departments are each headed by their own Secretary ( i.e. , Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of the Air Force ) , appointed by the President , with the advice and consent of the Senate . They have legal authority under Title 10 of the United States Code to conduct all the affairs of their respective departments within which the military services are organized . The Secretaries of the Military Departments are ( by law ) subordinate to the Secretary of Defense and ( by SecDef delegation ) to the Deputy Secretary of Defense . The Secretaries of the Military Departments , in turn , normally exercises authority over their forces by delegation through their respective Service Chiefs ( i.e. , Chief of Staff of the Army , Commandant of the Marine Corps , Chief of Naval Operations , and Chief of Staff of the Air Force ) over forces not assigned to a Combatant Command . The Secretaries of the Military Departments and the Service Chiefs do not possess operational command authority over U.S. troops ( this power was stripped from them in the Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 ) , and instead the Military Departments are tasked solely with `` the training , provision of equipment , and administration of troops . '' Unified Combatant Commands ( edit ) Map of the Department of Defense 's geographic commands A Unified Combatant Command is a military command composed of personnel and equipment from at least two Military Departments , which has a broad and continuing mission . The Military Departments are responsible for equipping and training the troops to fight , while the Unified Combatant Commands are responsible for actual operational command of military forces . Almost all operational U.S. forces are under the authority of a Unified Command . The Unified Commands are governed by a Unified Command Plan , a frequently updated document ( produced by the Department of Defense ) which lays out the Command 's mission , geographical / functional responsibilities , and force structure . During military operations , the chain of command runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense to the combatant commanders of the Combatant Commands . The United States currently has nine Combatant Commands , organized either on a geographical basis ( known as `` area of responsibility '' , AOR ) or on a global , functional basis : U.S. Northern Command ( USNORTHCOM ) U.S. Southern Command ( USSOUTHCOM ) U.S. Central Command ( USCENTCOM ) U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) U.S. Pacific Command ( USPACOM ) U.S. Africa Command ( USAFRICOM ) U.S. Strategic Command ( USSTRATCOM ) U.S. Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) U.S. Transportation Command ( USTRANSCOM ) Budget ( edit ) Chart showing growth in U.S. Department of Defense spending 2000 -- 2011 Main article : Military budget of the United States Department of Defense spending in 2010 was 4.8 % of GDP and accounted for about 45 % of budgeted global military spending -- more than the next 17 largest militaries combined . The Department of Defense accounts for the majority of federal discretionary spending . In FY 2010 the Department of Defense budgeted spending accounted for 21 % of the U.S. Federal Budget , and 53 % of federal discretionary spending , which represents funds not accounted for by pre-existing obligations . However , this does not include many military - related items that are outside the Defense Department budget , such as nuclear weapons research , maintenance , cleanup , and production , which is in the Department of Energy budget , Veterans Affairs , the Treasury Department 's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families , interest on debt incurred in past wars , or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily - related development assistance . Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature , such as the Department of Homeland Security , counter-terrorism spending by the FBI , and intelligence - gathering spending by the NSA . In the 2010 United States federal budget , the Department of Defense was allocated a base budget of $533.7 billion , with a further $75.5 billion adjustment in respect of 2009 , and $130 billion for overseas contingencies . The subsequent 2010 Department of Defense Financial Report shows the total budgetary resources for fiscal year 2010 were $1.2 trillion . Of these resources , $1.1 trillion were obligated and $994 billion were disbursed , with the remaining resources relating to multi-year modernization projects requiring additional time to procure . After over a decade of non-compliance , Congress has established a deadline of Fiscal year 2017 for the Department of Defense to achieve audit readiness . In 2015 the allocation for the Department of Defense was $585 billion , the highest level of budgetary resources among all Federal agencies , and this amounts to more than one - half of the annual Federal Expenditures in the United States federal budget discretionary budget . Criticism ( edit ) 2016 internal study cover up ( edit ) In 2015 , a Pentagon consulting firm performed an audit on the department of defense 's budget . It found that there was $125 billion in wasteful spend that could be saved over the next 5 years without layoffs or reduction in military personnel . In 2016 , The Washington Post uncovered that rather than taking the advise of the auditing firm , senior defense officials suppressed and hid the report from the public to avoid political scrutiny . Manipulation of finances ( edit ) In June of 2016 , The Defense Department 's Inspector General released a report that stated the United States Army made $6.5 trillion in wrongful adjustments to its accounting entries in 2015 . Energy use ( edit ) Main article : Energy usage of the United States military The Department of Defense was the largest single consumer of energy in the United States in 2006 . In FY 2006 , the Department used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The Department 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the Department would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense is responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Department of the Air Force : 52 % ; Department of the Navy : 33 % ; Department of the Army : 7 % ; other Department components : 1 % ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the Department of Defense would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . Freedom of Information Act processing performance ( edit ) In the latest Center for Effective Government analysis of 15 federal agencies which receive the most Freedom of Information Act ( United States ) ( FOIA ) requests , published in 2015 ( using 2012 and 2013 data , the most recent years available ) , the DoD earned a D − by scoring 61 out of a possible 100 points , i.e. did not earn a satisfactory overall grade . While it had improved from a failing grade in 2013 , it still had low scores in processing requests ( 55 % ) and their disclosure rules ( 42 % ) . Related legislation ( edit ) The organization and functions of the Department of Defense are in Title 10 of the United States Code . Other significant legislation related to the Department of Defense includes : 1947 : National Security Act of 1947 1958 : Department of Defense Reorganization Act , Pub. L. 85 -- 899 ( see note in history section above ) 1963 : Department of Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 149 1963 : Military Construction Authorization Act , Pub. L. 88 -- 174 1967 : Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act , Pub. L. 90 -- 8 1984 : Department of Defense Authorization Act , Pub. L. 98 -- 525 1986 : Goldwater - Nichols Act of 1986 ( Department of Defense Reorganization Act ) , Pub. L. 99 -- 433 1996 : Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act , Pub. L. 104 -- 132 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Military history portal Arms industry List of United States military bases Military -- industrial complex Nuclear weapons Private military company Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations United States Department of Homeland Security United States Department of Justice United States Department of Veterans Affairs Warrior Games Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ soldiers , marines , sailors , airmen Jump up ^ Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About Department of Defense '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Budget of the US Government , FY 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Defense.gov '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 February 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Defense Fiscal Year 2016 Budget Request / Overview '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Chief Financial Officer . February 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manual for Written Material '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 29 , 2004 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Biggest Employers '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense ( DoD ) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President 's Budget Proposal '' . U.S. Department of Defense . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maass , John R. ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` June 14th : The Birthday of the U.S. Army '' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naval History and Heritage Command . `` Navy Birthday Information -- 13 October 1775 '' . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Corps : Timeline '' . United States Marine Corps . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Congress Officially Created the U.S. Military : September 29 , 1789 '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael J. ( 2000 ) . A cross of iron : Harry S. Truman and the origins of the national security state , 1945 -- 1954 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 37 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79537 - 1 . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` James V. Forrestal , Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense . Office of the Secretary of Defense . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolton , M. Kent ( 2008 ) . U.S. national security and foreign policymaking after 9 / 11 : present at the re-creation . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5900 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rearden , Steven L. ( 2001 ) . `` Department of Defense '' . In DeConde , Alexander et al. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Volume 1 . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80657 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Organizational and Management Planning '' . Odam.defense.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) 10 USC 151 . Joint Chiefs of Staff : composition ; functions Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 8033 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 162 ( b ) Archived May 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 151 ( b ) Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C § 155 Archived March 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3013 , 10 U.S.C. § 5013 and 10 U.S.C. § 8013 ^ Jump up to : Polmar , Norman ( 2005 ) . `` Defense Organization '' . The Naval Institute guide to the ships and aircraft of the U.S. fleet . Naval Institute Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 685 - 8 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2010 ) . Combatant Commands : Origins , Structure , and Engagements . ABC - CLIO . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35432 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Whitley , Joe D. ; et al. , eds. ( 2009 ) . `` Unified Combatant Commands and USNORTHCOM '' . Homeland security : legal and policy issues . American Bar Association . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60442 - 462 - 1 . Jump up ^ Reveron , Derek S. ( 2007 ) . America 's Viceroys : The Military and U.S. Foreign Policy . Macmillan . p. 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 60219 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Military Spending : Defence Costs '' . The Economist . June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Retrieved 13 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States Federal Budget for Fiscal Year 2010 ( vid . p. 53 ) '' ( PDF ) . Government Printing Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 February 2011 . Retrieved 9 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` FY 2010 DoD Agencywide Agency Financial Report ( vid . p. 25 ) '' ( PDF ) . US Department of Defense . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness ( FIAR ) Plan Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Comptroller , Department of Defense . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Current & Future Defense Capabilities of the U.S '' . UTEP . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Spending : Where Does the Money Go '' . National Priorities Project . Retrieved August 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitlock , Craig ; Woodward , Bob ( 2016 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Pentagon buries evidence of $125 billion in bureaucratic waste '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Army fudged its accounts by trillions of dollars , auditor finds '' . Reuters . Fri Aug 19 21 : 34 : 34 UTC 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 18 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andrews Anthony ( 2011 ) . Department of Defense Facilities : Energy Conservation Policies and Spending . DIANE Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4379 - 3835 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 . Jump up ^ Colonel Gregory J. Lengyel , USAF , The Brookings Institution , Department of Defense Energy Strategy , August 2007 , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 Jump up ^ Making the Grade : Access to Information Scorecard 2015 March 2015 , 80 pages , Center for Effective Government , retrieved March 21 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Defense and The Pentagon . Official website Department of Defense in the Federal Register Office of the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Budget and Financial Management Policy Death and Taxes : 2009 -- A visual guide and infographic of the 2009 United States federal budget including the Department of Defense with data provided by the Comptrollers office . Department of Defense IA Policy Chart Works by United States Department of Defense at Project Gutenberg Works by or about United States Department of Defense at Internet Archive Department of Defense Collection on the Internet Archive United States Department of Defense Headquarters : The Pentagon James Mattis , Secretary of Defense Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense ( including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities ) Deputy Secretary of Defense Deputy 's Advisory Working Group Office of Net Assessment Special Access Program Oversight Committee Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics Director , Defense Research and Engineering Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Missile Defense Agency Defense Contract Management Agency Defense Logistics Agency Defense Technical Information Center Defense Threat Reduction Agency Office of Economic Adjustment Defense Acquisition University Defense Acquisition Board Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Defense Security Cooperation Agency Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) Defense Contract Audit Agency Defense Finance and Accounting Service Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness Defense Commissary Agency Department of Defense Education Activity DoD Human Resources Activity Military Health System Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Defense Intelligence Agency Defense Security Service Defense Information Systems Agency National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Director ) Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs Defense Media Activity ( American Forces Press Service , American Forces Radio and Television Service , Stars and Stripes , The Pentagon Channel ) General Counsel of the Department of Defense Defense Legal Services Agency Director of Administration and Management Pentagon Force Protection Agency Washington Headquarters Services Military Departments Department of the Army Secretary of the Army The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Army Assistant Secretary for Acquisition , Logistics , and Technology Assistant Secretary for Civil Works Assistant Secretary ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations , Energy and Environment Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs General Counsel of the Army The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff : Chief of Staff of the Army Vice Chief of Staff of the Army Sergeant Major of the Army Deputy Chief of Staff G - 8 Chief of Chaplains Judge Advocate General Provost Marshal General Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations : see Structure of the United States Army Department of the Navy Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Navy Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Installations and Environment ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Research , Development and Acquisitions ) General Counsel of the Navy Judge Advocate General Naval Criminal Investigative Service Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps : Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations : see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations : Chief of Naval Operations Vice Chief of Naval Operations Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Director of Naval Reactors Chief of Chaplains Chief of Naval Personnel Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations : see Structure of the United States Navy Department of the Air Force Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Air Force Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Acquisition ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Financial Management & Comptroller ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Installations , Environment & Logistics ) Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Manpower & Reserve Affairs ) General Counsel of the Air Force Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff : Chief of Staff of the Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Chief of Chaplains Chief of Safety Chief Scientist Judge Advocate General Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations : Major Commands Direct Reporting Units Field Operating Agencies Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Joint Requirements Oversight Council Director of the Joint Staff Joint Staff National Military Command Center Alternate National Military Command Center National Defense University Combatant Commands Africa Command Central Command European Command Northern Command Pacific Command Southern Command Special Operations Command Strategic Command ( Cyber Command ) Transportation Command National Guard Bureau Chief of the National Guard Bureau Air National Guard Army National Guard Office of the Inspector General Defense Criminal Investigative Service United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : Army Marine Corps Reserve N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Northern Central European Pacific Southern Africa Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Aircraft : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard United States Intelligence Community Intelligence Community Defense Defense Intelligence Agency ( Defense Clandestine Service Defense Attaché System National Intelligence University Missile and Space Intelligence Center National Center for Medical Intelligence Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence , Surveillance and Reconnaissance ) National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency ( Central Security Service , Special Collection Service ) Armed Forces Army Intelligence and Security Command Marine Corps Intelligence Office of Naval Intelligence Twenty - 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Lincoln (film)

Lincoln ( film ) - wikipedia Lincoln ( film ) Lincoln Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Kathleen Kennedy Screenplay by Tony Kushner Based on Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln by Doris Kearns Goodwin Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Sally Field David Strathairn Joseph Gordon - Levitt James Spader Hal Holbrook Tommy Lee Jones Music by John Williams Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Production company DreamWorks Pictures 20th Century Fox Reliance Entertainment Participant Media Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures ( North America ) 20th Century Fox ( International ) Release date October 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 08 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 150 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $65 million Box office $275.3 million Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg , starring Daniel Day - Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln . The film also features Sally Field , David Strathairn , Joseph Gordon - Levitt , James Spader , Hal Holbrook and Tommy Lee Jones in supporting performances . The screenplay by Tony Kushner was loosely based on Doris Kearns Goodwin 's biography Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln , and covers the final four months of Lincoln 's life , focusing on his efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives . The film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy , through their respective production companies , Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy / Marshall Company . Filming began October 17 , 2011 , and ended on December 19 , 2011 . Lincoln premiered on October 8 , 2012 at the New York Film Festival . The film was co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures , 20th Century Fox , and Participant Media , and released theatrically by Touchstone Pictures in North America on November 9 , 2012 . The film was distributed by Fox in international territories . Lincoln received significant praise for the acting , especially Day - Lewis 's performance , as well as Spielberg 's direction , and production values . In December 2012 , the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture -- Drama , Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor ( Motion Picture -- Drama ) for Day - Lewis . At the 85th Academy Awards , the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director ; it won for Best Production Design and Best Actor for Day - Lewis . The film was also a commercial success , grossing over $275 million at the box office . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Historian response 5.4 Accolades 5.4. 1 Top ten lists 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In January 1865 , President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon , with the defeat of the Confederate States . He is concerned that his 1863 Emancipation Proclamation may be discarded by the courts after the war , and the proposed Thirteenth Amendment will be defeated by the returning slave states . He feels it imperative to pass the amendment beforehand , to remove any possibility that freed slaves might be re-enslaved . The Radical Republicans fear the amendment will be defeated by some who wish to delay its passage ; support from Republicans in the border states is not yet assured . The amendment also requires the support of several Democratic congressmen to pass . With dozens of Democrats being lame ducks after losing their re-election campaigns in the fall of 1864 , some of Lincoln 's advisors believe he should wait for a new Republican - heavy Congress . Lincoln remains adamant about having the amendment in place before the war is concluded and the southern states readmitted . Lincoln 's hopes rely upon the support of Francis Preston Blair , a founder of the Republican Party whose influence could win over members of the western and border state conservative faction . With Union victory in the Civil War highly likely , but not yet secured , and with two sons serving in the Union Army , Blair is keen to end hostilities . Therefore , in return for his support , Blair insists that Lincoln allow him immediately to engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations . Yet Lincoln knows that significant support for the amendment comes from Radical Republicans , for whom negotiated peace is unacceptable . Unable to proceed without Blair 's support , Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blair 's mission . In the meantime , Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work to secure Democratic votes for the amendment . Lincoln suggests they concentrate on the lame duck Democrats , as they will feel freer to vote as they choose , and will also soon need employment ; Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term . Though Lincoln and Seward are unwilling to offer monetary bribes to the Democrats , they authorize agents to contact Democratic congressmen with offers of federal jobs in exchange for their support . At a key moment in the debate , racial - equality advocate Thaddeus Stevens agrees to moderate his position and argue that the amendment represents only legal equality , not a declaration of actual equality . Meanwhile , Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace , but he instructs they be kept out of Washington , as the amendment approaches a vote on the House floor . Rumor of their mission circulates , prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote . But in a carefully worded statement , Lincoln denies there are envoys in Washington , and the vote proceeds , passing by a margin of just two votes . Black visitors to the gallery celebrate , and Stevens returns home to his `` housekeeper '' and lover , a black woman . When Lincoln meets with the Confederates , he tells them slavery can not be restored , as the North is united for ratification of the amendment , and several of the southern states ' reconstructed legislatures would also vote to ratify . On April 3 , Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg , Virginia , where he exchanges a few words with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant . Six days later , Grant receives General Robert E. Lee 's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse . On April 14 , Lincoln is meeting members of his cabinet to discuss future measures to enfranchise blacks , when he is reminded that First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln is waiting to take them to their evening at Ford 's Theatre . That night , while Lincoln 's son Tad is watching Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp at Grover 's Theatre , the manager suddenly stops the play to announce that the President has been shot . The next morning Lincoln dies ; Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares , `` Now he belongs to the ages '' . Cast ( edit ) Lincoln household Daniel Day - Lewis as President Abraham Lincoln Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln Gloria Reuben as Elizabeth Keckley , a former slave who was dressmaker and confidante to Mary Todd Lincoln . Joseph Gordon - Levitt as Robert Todd Lincoln Gulliver McGrath as Tad Lincoln Stephen Henderson as Lincoln 's valet William Slade Elizabeth Marvel as Mrs. Jolly Union Army Adam Driver as Lincoln 's telegraph operator , historically Grant 's operator , Samuel Beckwith Jared Harris as Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant Asa - Luke Twocrow as Lieutenant Colonel Ely S. Parker , a Native American Military Secretary to Grant and drafter of the terms of the Confederate Army 's surrender at Appomattox Court House Colman Domingo as Private Harold Green David Oyelowo as Corporal Ira Clark Lukas Haas as First White Soldier Dane DeHaan as Second White Soldier White House David Strathairn as Secretary of State William H. Seward Bruce McGill as Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton Joseph Cross as Major John Hay , Lincoln 's military secretary Jeremy Strong as John George Nicolay , Lincoln 's private secretary Grainger Hines as Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles Richard Topol as Attorney General James Speed Dakin Matthews as Secretary of the Interior John Palmer Usher Walt Smith as Secretary of the Treasury William P. Fessenden James Ike Eichling as Postmaster General William Dennison House of Representatives Tommy Lee Jones as Republican Congressman Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania . A leader of the Radical Republicans and a fervent abolitionist , Stevens feared that Lincoln would `` turn his back on emancipation . '' Lee Pace as Democratic Congressman Fernando Wood of New York Peter McRobbie as Democratic Congressman George H. Pendleton of Ohio , leader of the Democratic opposition Bill Raymond as Speaker of the House Schuyler Colfax of Indiana , a Republican David Costabile as Republican Congressman James Ashley of Ohio Stephen Spinella as radical Republican Congressman Asa Vintner Litton Michael Stuhlbarg as Democratic Congressman George Yeaman of Kentucky Boris McGiver as Democratic Congressman Alexander Coffroth of Pennsylvania Walton Goggins as Democratic Congressman Clay Hawkins of Ohio . David Warshofsky as Congressman William Hutton , whose brother died in the war Michael Stanton Kennedy as Republican Congressman Hiram Price of Iowa Raynor Scheine as Republican Congressman Josiah S. ' Beanpole ' Burton of Missouri . Christopher Evan Welch as Clerk of the House Edward McPherson Republican Party Hal Holbrook as Francis Preston Blair Blair was an influential Republican politician who tried to arrange a peace agreement between the Union and the Confederacy . Holbrook had previously portrayed Lincoln in the 1976 mini-series Carl Sandburg 's Lincoln and in the 1980s North and South mini-series . James Spader as Republican Party operative William N. Bilbo . Bilbo had been imprisoned but was freed by Lincoln , and then lobbied for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment . Tim Blake Nelson as lobbyist Richard Schell . ( Schell was a Democratic lobbyist who worked with Republicans to obtain votes in the House for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . ) John Hawkes as Republican operative Colonel Robert Latham Byron Jennings as Conservative Republican Montgomery Blair , son of Francis Preston Blair Julie White as Elizabeth Blair Lee : Lee was the daughter of Francis Preston Blair , and wrote hundreds of letters documenting events during the Civil War S. Epatha Merkerson as Lydia Smith : Smith was Thaddeus Stevens ' biracial housekeeper . Wayne Duvall as Radical Republican Senator Benjamin `` Bluff Ben '' Wade John Hutton as Senator Charles Sumner Confederate States Jackie Earle Haley as Confederate States Vice President Alexander H. Stephens Stephens had served with Lincoln in Congress as Whig party representatives from 1847 to 1849 . He met with Abraham Lincoln on the steamboat River Queen at the unsuccessful Hampton Roads Conference on February 3 , 1865 Gregory Itzin as John Archibald Campbell Campbell was a former Supreme Court Justice who had resigned at the start of war and then served as Assistant Secretary of War in the Confederate government . He was also a member of the Confederate delegation that met with Lincoln at the Hampton Roads Conference . Michael Shiflett as the third Confederate delegate to Hampton Roads , Senate President Robert M.T. Hunter Christopher Boyer ( non-speaking role ) as Robert E. Lee Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) While consulting on a Steven Spielberg project in 1999 , Goodwin told Spielberg she was planning to write Team of Rivals , and Spielberg immediately told her he wanted the film rights . DreamWorks finalized the deal in 2001 , and by the end of the year , John Logan signed on to write the script . His draft focused on Lincoln 's friendship with Frederick Douglass . Playwright Paul Webb was hired to rewrite and filming was set to begin in January 2006 , but Spielberg delayed it out of dissatisfaction with the script . Liam Neeson said Webb 's draft covered the entirety of Lincoln 's term as President . Tony Kushner replaced Webb . Kushner considered Lincoln `` the greatest democratic leader in the world '' and found the writing assignment daunting because `` I have no idea ( what made him great ) ; I do n't understand what he did any more than I understand how William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet or Mozart wrote Così fan tutte . '' Kushner said Lincoln 's abolitionist ideals made him appealing to a Jewish writer , and although he felt Lincoln was Christian , he noted the president rarely quoted the New Testament and that his `` thinking and his ethical deliberation seem very talmudic '' . By late 2008 , Kushner joked he was on his `` 967,000 th book about Abraham Lincoln '' . Kushner 's initial 500 - page draft focused on four months in the life of Lincoln , and by February 2009 he had rewritten it to focus on two months in Lincoln 's life when he was preoccupied with adopting the Thirteenth Amendment . Casting ( edit ) Spielberg first approached Daniel Day - Lewis about the project in 2003 , but Day - Lewis turned down the part at the time , believing the idea of himself playing Lincoln to be `` preposterous '' . Liam Neeson was then cast as Lincoln in January 2005 , having previously worked with Spielberg in Schindler 's List . In preparation for the role , Neeson studied Lincoln extensively . However , in July 2010 , Neeson left the project , saying that he had grown too old for the part . Neeson was 58 at the time , and Lincoln , during the time period depicted , was 55 and 56 . In an interview with GQ Neeson stated that he realized during a table read that the part was not right for him in `` a thunderbolt moment '' and after the read requested that Spielberg recast his role . Co-star Sally Field , in a 2012 PBS interview , intimated that Neeson 's decision was influenced by the death of his wife Natasha Richardson less than a year earlier . In November 2010 , it was announced that Day - Lewis would replace Neeson in the role . While promoting Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in May 2008 , Spielberg announced his intention to start filming in early 2009 , for release in November , ten months after the 200th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth . In January 2009 , Taunton and Dighton , Massachusetts were being scouted as potential locations . Spielberg arranged a $50 million budget for the film , to please Paramount Pictures CEO Brad Grey , who had previously delayed the project over concerns it was too similar to Spielberg 's commercially unsuccessful Amistad ( 1997 ) . Spielberg had wanted Touchstone Pictures -- which agreed to distribute all his films from 2010 -- to distribute the film , but he was unable to afford paying off Paramount , which had collaborated with DreamWorks on the film 's development . Filming ( edit ) Filming took place in Richmond , Fredericksburg , and Petersburg , Virginia . In reference to Petersburg , according to location manager Colleen Gibbons , `` one thing that attracted the filmmakers to the city was the 180 - degree vista of historic structures '' which is `` very rare '' . The Virginia State Capitol served as the exteriors and interiors of the U.S Capitol , and the exteriors of the White House . The House of Delegates inside the building was remodeled to fit for The House of Representatives Chamber set . Scenes representing Grovers Theatre were filmed in Fredericksburg , Virginia , at Virginia Repertory Theatre 's November Theatre . Music ( edit ) John Williams composed and conducted the score . The score was recorded by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Chorus . The soundtrack album was released by Sony Classical on November 6 , 2012 . Lincoln : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Film score by John Williams Released November 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Recorded 2012 Studio Symphony Center , Chicago Genre Soundtrack Length 58 : 46 Label Sony Classical Producer John Williams All music was composed by Williams , except `` Battle Cry of Freedom , '' which was written in 1862 by American composer George Frederick Root ( 1820 -- 1895 ) during the American Civil War . No . Title Length 1 . `` The People 's House '' 3 : 43 2 . `` The Purpose of the Amendment '' 3 : 07 3 . `` Getting Out the Vote '' 2 : 49 4 . `` The American Process '' 3 : 57 5 . `` The Blue and Grey '' 3 : 00 6 . `` '' With Malice Toward None `` '' 1 : 51 7 . `` Call to Muster , and Battle Cry of Freedom '' 2 : 17 8 . `` The Southern Delegation , and the Dream '' 4 : 43 9 . `` Father and Son '' 1 : 42 10 . `` The Race to the House '' 2 : 42 11 . `` Equality under the Law '' 3 : 12 12 . `` Freedom 's Call '' 6 : 08 13 . `` Elegy '' 2 : 35 14 . `` Remembering Willie '' 1 : 51 15 . `` Appomattox , April 9 , 1865 '' 2 : 38 16 . `` The Peterson House , and Finale '' 11 : 00 17 . `` '' With Malice Toward None '' ( Piano Solo ) '' 1 : 31 Total length : 58 : 46 Release ( edit ) Lincoln held its world premiere at the New York Film Festival on October 8 , 2012 . The film was also screened at the 2012 AFI Film Festival on November 8 , 2012 . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributed the film in North America through the Touchstone Pictures banner , while 20th Century Fox distributed the film in the remaining international territories . Disney Publishing Worldwide released several companion books and ancillary literature in anticipation of the film , including Lincoln : A Cinematic and Historical Companion and Lincoln : A Spielberg Film -- Discover the Story . DreamWorks and Google Play released the film 's trailer during a Google+ hangout with Spielberg and Joseph Gordon - Levitt on September 13 , 2012 . Then , on September 10 , 2012 , a teaser for the trailer was released . Lincoln was released by Touchstone Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD , and digital download in North America on March 26 , 2013 . The film debuted at No. 1 in Blu - ray and DVD sales in its first week of release . Disney Educational Productions donated DVD copies of the film and a teaching guide titled Stand Tall : Live Like Lincoln to more than 37,100 secondary schools in the United States , after Spielberg received letters from educators requesting to incorporate the film into their curriculum . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Lincoln earned $182,207,973 in North America from 2,293 theaters and $93,085,477 overseas for a total of $275,293,450 , well exceeding its $65 million budget . The film had a limited opening in 11 theaters with $944,308 and an average of $85,846 per theater . It opened at the # 15 rank , becoming the highest opening of a film with such a limited release . The film opened in 1,175 theaters with $21,049,406 and an average of $11,859 per theater . Due to the widespread success of Lincoln , Disney produced additional prints of the film to accommodate theater demand . Critical response ( edit ) Lincoln received worldwide critical acclaim . The cast was notably lauded , especially Day - Lewis , Field , and Jones . The film currently holds a 90 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 263 reviews with an average rating of 8 / 10 , with the critical consensus `` Daniel Day - Lewis characteristically delivers in this witty , dignified portrait that immerses the audience in its world and entertains even as it informs . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 86 ( out of 100 ) based on 44 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , thus making it Spielberg 's highest rated film on the site since Saving Private Ryan . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 4 out of 4 stars and said , `` The hallmark of the man , performed so powerfully by Daniel Day - Lewis in Lincoln , is calm self - confidence , patience and a willingness to play politics in a realistic way . '' Glenn Kenny of MSN Movies gave it 5 out of 5 stars stating , `` It 's the most remarkable movie Steven Spielberg has made in quite a spell , and one of the things that makes it remarkable is how it fulfills those expectations by simultaneously ignoring and transcending them . '' Colin Covert of the Star Tribune wrote , `` Lincoln is one of those rare projects where a great director , a great actor and a great writer amplify one another 's gifts . The team of Steven Spielberg , Daniel Day - Lewis and Tony Kushner has brought forth a triumphant piece of historical journalism , a profound work of popular art and a rich examination of one of our darkest epochs . '' It was praised by Charlie McCollum of the San Jose Mercury News as `` one of the finest historical dramas ever committed to film . '' Despite mostly positive reviews , Rex Reed of The New York Observer stated , `` In all , there 's too much material , too little revelation and almost nothing of Spielberg 's reliable cinematic flair . '' However , the reviews have been unanimous in their praise of Day - Lewis 's performance as Abraham Lincoln . A.O. Scott from The New York Times stated the film `` is finally a movie about how difficult and costly it has been for the United States to recognize the full and equal humanity of black people '' and concluded that the movie was `` a rough and noble democratic masterpiece '' . Scott also stated that Lincoln 's concern about his wife 's emotional instability and `` the strains of a wartime presidency ... produce a portrait that is intimate but also decorous , drawn with extraordinary sensitivity and insight and focused , above all , on Lincoln 's character as a politician . This is , in other words , less a biopic than a political thriller , a civics lesson that is energetically staged and alive with moral energy . '' Lebanese film critic Anis Tabet gave the film a positive review , giving it a 3.5 / 4 rating . As reported in the Maariv newspaper , on February 3 , 2013 , Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and his ministers discussed Spielberg 's film , which several of them saw in Israeli cinemas . They debated whether the end of abolishing slavery justified the means used by Lincoln , and also compared Lincoln 's predicament with their own complicated situation in the confused aftermath of the 2013 Israeli elections . The review by The Daily Mail suggested : `` The sad truth is that Spielberg and his writer Tony Kushner are offering a phoney , sanitised version of Lincoln . '' Historian response ( edit ) Eric Foner ( Columbia University ) , a Pulitzer Prize -- winning historian of the period , claimed in a letter to The New York Times that `` The film grossly exaggerates the possibility that by January 1865 the war might have ended with slavery still intact . '' He also noted , `` The 13th Amendment originated not with Lincoln but with a petition campaign early in 1864 organized by the Women 's National Loyal League , an organization of abolitionist women headed by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . '' Kate Masur ( Northwestern University ) accuses the film of oversimplifying the role of blacks in abolition and dismissed the effort as `` an opportunity squandered '' in an op - ed for The New York Times . Harold Holzer , co-chair of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation and author of more than 40 books , served as a consultant to the film and praised it , but also observed that there is `` no shortage of small historical bloopers in the movie '' in a piece for The Daily Beast . Holzer states , `` As for the Spielberg movie 's opening scene , ... it is almost inconceivable that any uniformed soldier of the day ( or civilians , for that matter ) would have memorized a speech that , however ingrained in modern memory , did not achieve any semblance of a national reputation until the 20th century . '' Barry Bradford , a member of the Organization of American Historians , offers an analysis of some of the finer historical points of the film 's representation of clothing , relationships and appearance . Allen Guelzo ( Gettysburg College ) , also writing for The Daily Beast , had some plot criticism , but disagreed with Holzer , arguing that , `` The pains that have been taken in the name of historical authenticity in this movie are worth hailing just on their own terms '' . In a later interview with the World Socialist Web Site Guelzo claimed that `` the film was 90 percent on the mark , which given the way Hollywood usually does history is saying something '' . David Stewart , independent historical author , writing for History News Network , described Spielberg 's work as `` reasonably solid history '' , and told readers of HNN to `` go see it with a clear conscience '' . Lincoln biographer Ronald White also admired the film , though he noted a few mistakes and pointed out in an interview with NPR , `` Is every word true ? No . '' Historian Joshua M. Zeitz , writing in The Atlantic , noted some minor mistakes , but concluded `` Lincoln is not a perfect film , but it is an important film '' . Following a screening during the film 's opening weekend , the Minnesota Civil War Commemoration Task Force held a panel discussion in which Dr. David Woodard of Concordia University remarked , `` I always look at these films to see if a regular person who was n't a ' Lincoln nut ' would want to read a book about it after they watched the movie . I get the impression that most people who are not history buffs will now want to read something about Lincoln . '' Allen C. Guelzo said that Lincoln was `` 90 percent on the mark ... it got with reasonable accuracy a lot of Lincoln 's character , the characters of the main protagonists , and the overall debate over the 13th Amendment . The acting and screenwriting were especially well done ... I had never thought that Daniel Day - Lewis was acting , because what he portrayed seemed so close to my own mental image of what Lincoln must have been like . '' Accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Lincoln ( film ) Top ten lists ( edit ) Lincoln was listed on many critics ' top ten lists . 1st -- David Denby , The New Yorker ( tied with Zero Dark Thirty ) 1st -- Owen Gleiberman , Entertainment Weekly 1st -- Stephen Holden , The New York Times 1st -- Mick LaSalle , San Francisco Chronicle 2nd -- Lisa Schwarzbaum , Entertainment Weekly 2nd -- David Edelstein , New York 2nd -- Betsy Sharkey , Los Angeles Times ( tied with Django Unchained ) 2nd -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 2nd -- Michael Phillips , Chicago Tribune 2nd -- Ann Hornaday , The Washington Post 2nd -- Huffington Post 2nd -- A.O. Scott , The New York Times 3rd -- Roger Ebert , Chicago Sun - Times 3rd -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune 3rd -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews 3rd -- Mary Pols , Time 3rd -- Dana Stevens , Slate 4th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 4th -- Rene Rodriguez , Miami Herald 4th -- Bill Goodykoontz , Arizona Republic 4th -- Joshua Rothkopf , Time Out New York 4th -- Alison Willmore , The A.V. Club 4th -- Steven Rea , Philadelphia Inquirer 5th -- Anne Thompson , Indiewire 5th -- Joe Neumaier , New York Daily News 6th -- Ty Burr , Boston Globe 6th -- David Fear , Time Out New York 6th -- Kristopher Tapley , HitFix 6th -- Jake Coyle , Associated Press 6th -- Andrew O'Hehir , Salon.com 7th -- Glenn Kenny , MSN Movies 8th -- David Germain , Associated Press 8th -- Lisa Kennedy , Denver Post 10th -- Melissa Anderson , Village Voice 10th -- Richard Roeper , Chicago Sun - Times Best of 2014 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Bob Mondello , NPR Top 10 ( ranked alphabetically ) -- Claudia Puig , USA Today Top 10 ( listed alphabetically ) -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal See also ( edit ) Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln White savior narrative in film List of films featuring slavery American Civil War portal Film portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Dates Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Into Awards - Season Fray '' . Jump up ^ `` LINCOLN ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks ' Stacey Snider Reveals How Studio Slimmed Down to Stay Alive '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' gets its Mary Todd : Sally Field '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Participant Media Boarding Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Filmmakers really liked Petersburg '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . December 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( January 23 , 2012 ) . `` Fox Partnering with DreamWorks on Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis to Star in Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . / Film . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Sally Field Set to Play Mary Todd Lincoln in Steven Spielberg 's LINCOLN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Casts Every Other Good Actor Under The Sun '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Goetz , Barrett ( May 5 , 2011 ) . `` Tommy Lee Jones & Joseph Gordon - Levitt Join Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . TheMovieMash.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' : Meet the Cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Brian Scott ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Announces Additional Casting '' . TheaterMania.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) : Full Cast & Crew '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` David Oyelowo Joins Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Joshua L. Weinstein ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` David Strathairn Joins DreamWorks ' ' Lincoln ' '' . TheWrap.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeanne Jakle ( July 30 , 2011 ) . `` Jeanne Jakle : McGill 's profile going higher and higher '' . mysanantonio.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) - Full cast and crew '' . Imdb.com , Inc . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Doris Kearns ( 2006 ) . Team of Rivals . Simon & Schuster . pp. 686 -- 754 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7075 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Walton Goggins Joins Cast Of Lincoln '' . Deadline Hollywood . July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Blake Nelson tapped for Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' film in 2012 '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Mal ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' takes Richmond '' . The Virginian - Pilot . Norfolk , Virginia . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ruben V. Nepales ( May 18 , 2008 ) . `` Spielberg may co-direct next with Peter Jackson '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2008 . Retrieved May 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Michael Fleming ( January 11 , 2005 ) . `` Lincoln logs in at DreamWorks : Spielberg , Neeson eye Abe pic '' . Variety . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Logan Scripting Spielberg 's Lincoln '' . IGN . December 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Update '' . IGN . January 23 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ron Grover ( April 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Director 's Cut '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey Wells ( February 2 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln in December ? '' . Hollywood Elsewhere . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Naomi Pffefferman ( October 25 , 2007 ) . `` Kushner 's ( old ) testament to Lincoln '' . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . Retrieved November 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Karen Bovard ( November 20 , 2008 ) . `` Lincoln Logs '' . Hartford Advocate . Retrieved November 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln As You 've Never Heard Him Before '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Max Evry ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Liam Neeson Talks Lincoln '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Simon Reynolds ( July 30 , 2010 ) . `` Neeson quits Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Hainey , Michael . `` The GQ Cover Story : Liam Neeson '' . GQ . p. 3 . Retrieved 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actress Sally Field , Part 1 '' . Tavis Smiley . Season 9 . November 15 , 2012 . 08 : 00 minutes in . PBS . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tom Chiarella ( February 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Hard Luck and Beautiful Life of Liam Neeson '' . Esquire . Hearst Communications . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( November 19 , 2010 ) . `` Daniel Day - Lewis set for Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln film '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sheigh Crabtree ( May 10 , 2008 ) . `` Steven Spielberg : He wants to shoot ' Abraham Lincoln ' in 2009 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Winokoor ( February 7 , 2009 ) . `` Film crews may be back in Silver City '' . Taunton Daily Gazette . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kim Masters ( February 17 , 2009 ) . `` Spielberg 's Lincoln Troubles '' . Slate . Retrieved February 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wiggins , F.M. ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lincoln film to come to Petersburg next month '' . The Progress - Index . Petersburg , Virginia . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDb > Lincoln ( 2012 ) > Filming locations '' . imdb.com . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Tracklist For Score To Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Is Suitably Important & Historical '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Williams ' Lincoln Score Gently Spoils A Few Key Scenes '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Surprise : Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' To Premiere Monday At New York Film Festival '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chan , Stephanie ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Receives Standing Ovation at ' Lincoln ' L.A. Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jane ( 16 November 2012 ) . `` A few books tied to Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Google Hangout and Trailer Premiere Announced for September 13th '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Take a Sneak Peek at Steven Spielberg 's Lincoln Trailer '' . ComingSoon.net . Los Angeles , CA . September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( 10 January 2013 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's Oscar nominated Lincoln comes to Blu - ray in March '' . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Lincoln ' top DVD and Blu - ray seller ; ' Argo ' top rental '' . The Los Angeles Times . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( 11 February 2013 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' DVDs to Go to All U.S. Middle and High Schools '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney will give `` Lincoln '' DVD to every middle , high school in U.S. '' The Denver Post . 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Solis , Liana ( 18 February 2013 ) . `` Disney announces it will donate Lincoln movie to schools '' . The Daily Toreador . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Lang , Derrick ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' Box Office So Strong , Disney Having Hard Time Keeping Up With Demand '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Lincoln '' . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Review by Glenn Kenny ( MSN Movies ) '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Making history with ' Lincoln ' '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McCollum , Charlie ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Review : An epic ' Lincoln ' '' . San Jose Mercury News . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( 8 November 2012 ) . `` A President Engaged in a Great Civil War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ anistabet ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Lincoln ( 2012 ) Let 's tlk abt movies '' . Tlkabtmovies.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Shalom Yerushalmi , `` Throne Games '' ( Hebrew : משחקי הכס ) , a commentary on the week 's political events , Maariv , Feb. 8 , 2013 Jump up ^ Tookey , Chris ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Abe needs a few amendments : Spielberg 's Lincoln biopic is heavy on heroic speeches but light on the historical truth '' . MailOnline Jump up ^ `` Lincoln 's Use of Politics for Noble Ends '' . NYTimes.com. 2012 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kate Masur ( 2012 - 11 - 12 ) . `` In Spielberg 's Lincoln , Passive Black Characters '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Harold Holzer ( 2012 - 11 - 22 ) . `` What 's True and False in Lincoln Movie '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Barry Bradford . `` Is the Lincoln Movie Historically Accurate ? '' . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2012 - 11 - 27 ) . `` A Civil War Professor Reviews ' Lincoln ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Understanding Lincoln : An interview with historian Allen Guelzo '' . World Socialist Web Site . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ David O. Stewart ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` How True is `` Lincoln '' ? History News Network `` . Hnn.us . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Updated : Nov 23 , 2012 04 : 49 PM EST ( 2012 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Fact - Checking Steven Spielberg 's ' Lincoln ' Movie with Biographer Ronald C. White : Books : Books & Review '' . Booksnreview.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fact - Checking ' Lincoln ' : Lincoln 's Mostly Realistic ; His Advisers Are n't -- Joshua Zeitz '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Panel Discussion for the film LINCOLN '' . This Week in the Civil War . 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130406110353/http://www.wsws.org:80/en/articles/2013/04/03/guel-a03.html Jump up ^ `` Film Critic Top 10 Lists - Best of 2012 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 27 . Further reading ( edit ) Mitchell , Mary Niall . `` Seeing Lincoln : Spielberg 's Film and the Visual Culture of the Nineteenth Century , '' Rethinking History 19 ( Sept. 2015 ) , 493 - 505 . Dimock , Wai Chee ( Winter 2013 ) . `` Crowdsourcing History : Ishmael Reed , Tony Kushner , and Steven Spielberg Update the Civil War '' . American Literary History . 25 ( 4 ) : 896 -- 914 . doi : 10.1093 / alh / ajt044 . 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Rock Island Bridge Co . Baltimore Plot Lincoln 's beard Medical and mental health Poetry Religious views Sexuality Slavery Fanny McCullough letter Homes and places Lincoln Birthplace Knob Creek Farm Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln State Park Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial Lincoln 's New Salem Lincoln Home Lincoln Pioneer Village Little Pigeon Creek Community Cottage at the Soldier 's Home Lincoln Bedroom Lincoln Sitting Room Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Lincoln Tomb Elections Republican National Convention , 1856 1860 1864 National Union Party United States presidential election , 1860 1864 1860 campaign song Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Papers Lincoln / Net Bibliography Artifacts and relics Lincoln Memorial sculpture reflecting pool Mount Rushmore Lincoln 's Birthday Lincoln , Nebraska statue Abraham Lincoln ( Healy painting ) Abraham Lincoln sculpture , Washington D.C. 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Descendants of the Sun

Descendants of the Sun - wikipedia Descendants of the Sun For Disney movie , see Descendants ( 2015 film ) and Descendants 2 . The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Descendants of the Sun Promotional poster Original title 태양 의 후예 Genre Romance Melodrama Action Created by KBS Drama Production ( KBS 드라마 제작국 ) Written by Kim Eun - sook Kim Won - seok Directed by Lee Eung - bok Baek Sang - hoon Creative director ( s ) Yoo Young - eun Kim Hyung - joon Starring Song Joong - ki Song Hye - kyo Jin Goo Kim Ji - won Composer ( s ) Gaemi Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 + 3 special episodes Production Executive producer ( s ) Bae Kyung - soo Producer ( s ) Ham Young - hoon Yoo Jong - seon Park Woo - ram Production location ( s ) South Korea Greece Cinematography Kim Si - hyeong Uhm Jun - seong Editor ( s ) Choi Jung - won Kim Young - joo Camera setup Single - camera Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) KBS Next Entertainment World Barunson Inc . Descendants of the Sun SPC Distributor KBS Budget ₩ 13 billion Release Original network KBS2 Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format Dolby Digital Original release February 24 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) -- April 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 22 ) External links Website Descendants of the Sun ( Hangul : 태양 의 후예 ; RR : Taeyang - ui Huye ) is a 2016 South Korean television series starring Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo , Jin Goo , and Kim Ji - won . It aired on KBS2 from February 24 to April 14 , 2016 for 16 episodes . KBS then aired three additional special episodes from April 20 to April 22 , 2016 containing highlights and the best scenes from the series , the drama 's production process , behind - the - scenes footage , commentaries from cast members and the final epilogue . The series was a major hit in South Korea where it drew a peak audience share of 38.8 % , and gained popularity across Asia . It received several awards , such as winning the Grand Prize in television at the 52nd Baeksang Arts Awards ; and was named the Most Popular Show of the year by Korea Broadcasting Advertising Corporation . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Alpha Team Members 2.2. 2 Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team 2.2. 3 People at Haesung Hospital 2.2. 4 Tae Baek Army 2.2. 5 Uruk area 2.3 Special appearances 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Legal 4 Original soundtrack 5 Reception 5.1 Economic effect 5.2 Cultural impact 5.3 Criticism 6 Ratings 7 Awards and nominations 8 International broadcast 8.1 Asia 8.2 Others 9 Adaptation and sequel 9.1 Adaptation 9.2 Sequel 10 References 11 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Yoo Si - jin ( Song Joong - ki ) is the captain of a South Korean Special Forces unit . He and his friend Sergeant Major Seo Dae - young ( Jin Goo ) are off - duty when they witness a young man , Kim Gi - bum ( Kim Min - seok ) , stealing a motorcycle and apprehend him . The thief is injured during his capture and therefore sent to the hospital . Dae - young realizes his cell phone was stolen by the thief and goes to the hospital along with Si - jin to retrieve his cellphone . In the emergency room , Si - jin meets Dr. Kang Mo - yeon ( Song Hye - kyo ) for the first time , and is instantly attracted to her . Mo - yeon mistakenly assumes Si - jin is part of the thief 's criminal gang , due to his nickname `` Big Boss '' , which is actually his call sign . He proves his identity with the help of army surgeon Yoon Myung - ju ( Kim Ji - won ) . Si - jin and Mo - yeon begin to date , but due to Si - jin 's special forces secret jobs , their dates are often interrupted halfway . Si - jin receives his orders to be deployed on a peacekeeping mission in the country of Uruk ( present day : Iraq ) . Meanwhile , Mo - yeon is upset because she had been passed over for professorship in favor of a colleague who had familial connections to the hospital management . When Si - jin returns and meets Mo - yeon again , they talk about their views on life and realize how different they are . Si - jin , as a soldier , kills to protect lives while Mo - yeon , as a doctor , honors the Hippocratic Oath and tries to save lives . Due to this difference in viewpoints on life , they agree to part ways . Dae - young , on the other hand , faces a dilemma on whether to continue his relationship with Myung - ju or risk being forced out of the army by Myung - ju 's father for breaking fraternization rules , who is the commander of special force . Eight months later , Mo - yeon rebuffs the advances of the hospital director and , as a result , is assigned to lead a voluntary medical team to Uruk . There , Si - jin and Mo - yeon reunite . Through their encounters in Uruk , an earthquake and an epidemic , their love for each other grows stronger . Mo - yeon gains an insight into Si - jin 's job and is forced to confront the stark reality that she may never have full disclosure of his whereabouts due to the highly classified nature of his work and the possibility of him being killed in action . While in Uruk , Mo - yeon accidentally confesses her feelings ( much to the amusement of their respective teams ) and the two officially start dating . Si - jin and Mo - yeon continue their relationship after returning to Korea , until Si - jin and Dae - young are sent on a classified operation in which they disappear and are assumed to be dead . Months passes , and Mo - yeon mourns Si - Jin 's death , deciding to commemorate his passing with a volunteer trip to Albania . This is where Si - jin eventually finds her on the day of their one - year death anniversary , after he and Dae - young are rescued from captivity by `` a friend from afar '' , a soldier from North Korea whom Si - jin had helped earlier . Si - jin and Mo - yeon along with Myung - ju and Dae - young are all happily reunited with each other . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Song Joong - ki as Captain Yoo Si - jin ( a.k.a. Big Boss ) The Captain and team leader of Alpha Team , a fictional elite special forces team of the 707th Special Mission Battalion in South Korea . He followed in the footsteps of his father , a retired Sergeant Major , into the military and graduated from the Korea Military Academy at the top of his class . Si - jin cares little for the politics of war and believes in protecting and defending those who need help , his country and his men 's honor , even if it means having to question his superiors ' orders . His light - hearted approach to life and witty sense of humor made him popular with his team but Mo - yeon quickly realizes that it was his way of deflecting her questions about his job and coping with the pain of losing comrades . At the end of the series , he was promoted to Major . Song Hye Kyo as Doctor Kang Mo - yeon ( a.k.a. Beauty ) A cardiothoracic surgeon who works at Haesung Hospital . She is an assertive woman who believes that competence overrules connections but is hit by the harsh reality that she still can not go anywhere without any connections . She stands firmly by her principles and does n't fall prey easily to her emotions , though she is not afraid to admit her mistakes . Jin Goo as Sergeant Major Seo Dae - young ( a.k.a. Wolf ) As the senior non-commissioned officer in Alpha Team , Dae - young is a career military man who sticks to his principles and is extremely loyal to his commanding officer Si - jin and comrades . He is notorious amongst recruits and Academy cadets as a strict instructor . His level head and vast experience often come in handy in times of crisis during deployments . He is often the straight man to the happy - go - lucky Si - jin and possesses a sharp deadpan sense of humor . For much of the series he struggles with expressing his true feelings for Myung - ju . Kim Ji - won as First Lieutenant Yoon Myung - ju An army doctor who is also the daughter of Lieutenant General Yoon , commander of the South Korean Special Forces Brigade . She follows her father 's footsteps and graduates from the Korea Military Academy , where she was a junior of Si - jin , before doing an internship at Haesung Hospital . At her first assignment she meets Dae - young , a non-commissioned soldier . Their relationship was considered a taboo as she was an officer and he was a non-commissioned officer but it did not hinder her from pursuing Dae - young , much to the Lt. Gen 's chagrin . Recurring ( edit ) Alpha Team Members ( edit ) Park Hoon as Staff Sergeant Choi Woo - geun - Bomb Expert ( a.k.a. Snoopy ) Choi Woong as Staff Sergeant Gong Cheol - ho ( a.k.a. Harry Potter ) Ahn Bo - hyun as Sergeant First Class Im Gwang - nam ( a.k.a. Piccolo ) Haesung Hospital Medical Services Team ( edit ) Onew as Lee Chi - hoon ( 1st year resident of Thoracic Surgery a.k.a. Handsome Spaceman ) Lee Seung - joon as Song Sang - hyun ( General Surgeon ) Seo Jeong - yeon as Ha Ja - ae ( ER Senior Nurse ) Park Hwan - hee as Choi Min - ji ( ER Nurse ) People at Haesung Hospital ( edit ) Hyun Jyu - ni as Pyo Ji - soo ( Pathology Specialist ) Tae In - ho as Han Suk - won ( Chairman of Haesung Hospital ) Park Ah - in as Kim Eun - ji ( Thoracic Surgery Specialist ) Jo Woo - ri as Jang Hee - eun ( 1st Year Resident of Anesthesiology ) ( wife of Dr. Lee Chi - hoon ) Tae baek army ( edit ) Kang Shin - il as Lieutenant General Yoon Gil - joon ( a.k.a. Yellow Tiger ) ( Myung - ju 's father ) Kim Byeong - cheol as Lieutenant Colonel ( later promoted to Colonel ) Park Byung - soo Kim Min - seok as Private First Class Kim Gi - bum ( later promoted to Staff Sergeant as seen in ep 16 ) . A pickpocket later enlisted to the army . Uruk area ( edit ) Cho Tae - gwan as Daniel Spencer ( Peacemaker Emergency Doctor Team ) Jeon Soo - jin as Ri Ye - hwa ( Peacemaker Emergency Nurse Team ) David Lee McInnis as David Argus ( Gang Boss , former Delta Force Captain ) , the main antagonist . Dean Dawson as the Chief of Police ( Tae Baek Police Chief ) Jo Jae - yoon as Jin Young - soo ( Chief Manager of Uruk Electric Power Corporation ) Lee Yi - kyung as Kang Min - jae Zyon Barreto as Fatima Elena Zhernovaia as Valentine David Pipes as Martin ( World Times Reporter ) Ji Seung - hyun as Senior Lieutenant Ahn Jung - joon , Korean People 's Army . Kwak In - joon as Lee Han - soo ( Minister of Foreign Affairs ) Joey Albright as US Army Delta Force member Special appearances ( edit ) Lee Kwang - soo as shooting arcade operator ( episode 1 ) Lee Jong - hyuk as Captain Kim Jin - seok ( episode 2 , 5 , 10 , 15 ) Matthew Douma as Jordan , US Army Delta Force Captain ( episode 2 , 10 , 12 ) Jung Ji - won as TV announcer ( episode 2 ) Park Tae - won as TV announcer ( episode 2 ) Ryu Hwa - young as Seo Dae - young 's ex-girlfriend ( episode 4 ) Jun In - taek as Yoo Young - geun ( Yoo Shi Jin 's father ) ( episode 6 , 7 , 15 , 16 ) Park Joon - geum as Lee Chi - hoon 's mother ( episode 7 , 11 ) Yoo Ah - in as bank reception Eom Hong - shik ( episode 13 ) Nam Ki - ae as Kang Mo - yeon 's mother ( episode 13 ) Lee Jae - yong as Lieutenant General Choi Ji - ho , Korean People 's Army Red Velvet as themselves ( episode 16 ) Production ( edit ) Descendants of the Sun was fully pre-produced before airing which is a departure from the live - shoot production format that characterizes most Korean dramas . The drama is Song Joong - ki 's comeback project after serving his two years of mandatory military service . The production cost 13 billion won ( approximately $10.8 million ) to produce . Initially , there were doubts about the profitability of the drama , as a story involving a soldier may not be enough to garner a very high successive rate . This is revealed when SBS were reluctant to continue with the project . It was then passed to KBS . According to local reports by Newsis , lead actor Song Joong - ki was not the first choice of writers and directors for the hit South Korean series , as he was deemed too slender for the role of a heroic special forces officer . Song was later cast as the producers decided to change the character of the role . The 6 June episode of tvN 's The List 2016 revealed the names of four actors who rejected the role before Joong - ki was chosen . As per the show , the A-listers who passed the role includes Won Bin , Jo In - sung , Gong Yoo , Hyun Bin and Kim Woo - bin . Reportedly , the actors were skeptical on sporting the army style short hair . It is also said that the artists expressed slight discomfort on portraying a role of a soldier and could not commit with the pre-production format of the show . On June 12 , 2015 , lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo filmed their first scene in Seoul . On September 28 , 2015 , the entire cast and crew ( including the four leads , Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo , Jin Goo , Kim Ji - won , as well as supporting actors Kang Shin - il and Onew ) departed for Greece . The team resided in the country for approximately a month to shoot episodes crucial to the drama 's plot . According to Greek and South Korean news portals and blogs , filming mainly took place in Zakynthos , Arachova , Lemnos , and Navagio . The series ' location was modelled after Iraq , a remote area located at the margin of Balkan Peninsula ; but changed its name to Uruk to avoid diplomatic conflict . On November 25 , 2015 , it was announced that actor Song Joong - ki injured his arm while filming an action scene for the drama on November 23 . On December 7 , 2015 , Song Joong - ki returned to work only 2 weeks after he was injured and spotted filming at a station in Seoul . The MERS - CoV outbreak in South Korea in 2015 also seriously hampered filming schedules . The outbreak claimed the lives of 33 people , according to WHO . The location which served as the Mowuru Company 's base camp was set at the exhausted Taebaek Hanbo Coal Mine while earthquake scenes were mostly filmed at the Samtan Art Mine . Filming also took place at Camp Greaves DMZ Experience Centre , once a US Army base camp during the Korean War . Filming at Haesung Hospital was actually done at the Seoul St Mary 's Hospital . The crew wrapped up the last shoot in the early morning of December 30 , 2015 . The director 's cut , which feature a re-edited version of the last and 16th episode , as well as deleted scenes , a music video and behind - the - scenes footage , was released in the second half of the year . Due to the success of the drama , an OST concert was held at the Grand Peace Palace at Kyung Hee University in Seoul on May 14 , 2016 ; and featured performers of the drama 's soundtrack . On July 5 , 2017 , lead actors Song Joong - ki and Song Hye - kyo announced through their respective agencies that the two are engaged and will get married on the last day of October . Pre-production ( edit ) After the success of Descendants , the industry saw a shift toward pre-production of Korean dramas . This is because pre-production allowed producers to secure investment and distribution in a carefully planned fashion ; and allowed the show to air simultaneously in China , thus bringing greater profits . Kim Won - seok , co-writer of Descendants , said the system helps raise quality of the drama . However , apart from Descendants , none of the other pre-produced dramas thus far such as Moon Lovers : Scarlet Heart Ryeo , Uncontrollably Fond and Hwarang : The Poet Warrior Youth have been successful . Legal ( edit ) Production company NEW said that there have been hundreds of violations of their publicity rights by businesses , in an attempt to take advantage of the drama 's success . The announcement came about when lead actress Song Hye - kyo sued jewelry firm J. Estina for using her pictures for promotion though the contract ended in January . J. Estina said in a press release that it abided by the contract with production staff of Descendants , which allowed it to use stills from the episodes as one of the main sponsors of the series . However , NEW refuted the claims , saying that the jewelry firm 's arguments lacked legal grounds . Song eventually won the legal battle , and donated the damages received to charity . Original soundtrack ( edit ) The soundtrack of the series topped local music charts . Preorders for the soundtrack album surpassed the 10,000 mark , and eventually sold over 60,000 copies . Descendants of the Sun Original Sound Track Vol. 1 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 25 , 2016 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Label Music&NEW , OU Entertainment Descendants of the Sun Original Sound Track Vol. 2 Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released April 21 , 2016 Genre K - pop , soundtrack Label Music&NEW , OU Entertainment Volume 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Always '' Yoon Mi - rae 3 : 25 2 . `` Everytime '' Chen and Punch 3 : 08 3 . `` This Love '' ( 이 사랑 ) Davichi 3 : 46 4 . `` You Are My Everything '' Gummy 4 : 00 5 . `` Once Again '' ( 다시 너를 ) Kim Na - young feat . Mad Clown 3 : 55 6 . `` Save The Day '' Various Artists 3 : 20 7 . `` Mission Part 1 '' Various Artists 4 : 25 8 . `` Time Is Running Out '' Various Artists 3 : 29 9 . `` Hidden Genius '' Various Artists 4 : 53 10 . `` Endless War '' Various Artists 2 : 48 11 . `` My Everything '' Various Artists 2 : 54 12 . `` Heart Break '' Various Artists 4 : 16 13 . `` Military Dignity '' Various Artists 2 : 08 14 . `` Mission Part 2 '' Various Artists 6 : 14 15 . `` I Love You '' Various Artists 2 : 53 16 . `` Aroma '' Various Artists 1 : 56 17 . `` War Of Tomorrow '' Various Artists 3 : 58 18 . `` The Lover '' Various Artists 3 : 25 19 . `` You 're My Everything ( English ver . ) '' Gummy 4 : 00 Volume 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Talk Love '' ( 말해 ! 뭐해 ? ) K. Will 3 : 37 2 . `` With You '' Lyn 4 : 15 3 . `` By My Side '' ( 사랑 하자 ) SG Wannabe 3 : 46 4 . `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' ( 그대 , 바람 이 되어 ) M.C the MAX 3 : 55 5 . `` How Can I Love You '' XIA ( Junsu ) 4 : 20 6 . `` No More War '' Various Artists 3 : 52 7 . `` Always I Love You '' Various Artists 2 : 42 8 . `` Fighter '' Various Artists 2 : 32 9 . `` Mission2 -- Epic Tension '' Various Artists 4 : 45 10 . `` Lonely Road '' Various Artists 4 : 18 11 . `` Vital Fantasy '' Various Artists 3 : 01 12 . `` Love You 2 '' Various Artists 2 : 58 13 . `` Do n't Forget Me '' Various Artists 3 : 30 14 . `` Time Is Running Out ( Ver. 2 ) '' Various Artists 3 : 41 15 . `` Attention ( Mission ver . ) '' Various Artists 3 : 25 16 . `` Move Forward '' Various Artists 3 : 41 17 . `` Freedom '' Various Artists 3 : 40 18 . `` Attention O.R.I '' Various Artists 1 : 51 Chart Performance Title Year Peak chart positions Sales Remarks Gaon `` Always '' ( Yoon Mi - rae ) 2016 KOR ( DL ) : 1,454,125 + Part 1 `` Everytime '' ( Chen and Punch ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,241,255 + Part 2 `` This Love '' ( Davichi ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,671,196 + Part 3 `` You Are My Everything '' ( Gummy ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,600,720 + Part 4 `` Once Again '' ( Kim Na - young ft . Mad Clown ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,056,319 + Part 5 `` Talk Love '' ( K. Will ) KOR ( DL ) : 1,347,821 + Part 6 `` With You '' ( Lyn ) 15 KOR ( DL ) : 532,924 + Part 7 `` By My Side '' ( SG Wannabe ) 8 KOR ( DL ) : 864,429 + Part 8 `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' ( M.C the MAX ) 7 KOR ( DL ) : 588,832 + Part 9 `` How Can I Love You '' ( XIA ( Junsu ) ) KOR ( DL ) : 674,908 + Part 10 `` -- '' denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that region . Reception ( edit ) Descendants received immense popularity both locally , with a peaking rating of 40 % , making it the first weeknight series to do so in the country since Moon Embracing the Sun in 2012 ; as well as internationally , where it has been sold to 32 countries and translated into 32 different languages . The success of the drama helped revive the Hallyu wave that was in decline over recent years , boosting tourism and spreading Korean culture . The series was also watched in North Korea , one of the most secluded countries in the world . The drama 's success factors were attributed to its elaborate screenplay , beautiful love story and the co-production between South Korea and China . The Korea Times said , `` At a time when Korean melodramas are said to have been losing steam , ' Descendants of the Sun ' brought fantasy together with a number of different genres to create a high quality production . '' and `` the drama appeals to viewers ' desires for justice in a society that appears to lack it . '' The drama also earned plaudits from ( former ) president Park Geun - hye , who praised the drama for instilling `` patriotism '' among young Koreans . She also called Descendants an exemplary case of the positive effects of cultural content on the manufacturing industry . Economic effect ( edit ) The drama 's success helped boost Korea 's economy ; contributing in a rise of tourists , overseas sales of products ( exports ) and creating new jobs . It has also resulted in more investment in Korean entertainment companies by Chinese companies seeking partnerships . Descendants has been reported to have earned 3 billion won from product placement advertisements ( PPL ) and 10 billion won from sales of related sound tracks and video - on - demand service . According to reports , the direct and indirect economic effects of Descendants are estimated to hover above 1 trillion won ( $880 million ) . The `` Two Tone Lip Bar '' lipstick that Song Hye - kyo wore in a scene on the show has broken sales records for Aritaum in South Korea with Laneige subsequently hosting its own Descendants of the Sun makeup event on its homepage . The product became so popular that it sold out four days after its release on the popular Chinese shopping website , 11th Street , owned by its Korean parent - company , SK Planet . The same product also experienced `` double digit growth '' in Singapore . Laneige , Dal. Komm Coffee , KGC Cheong Kwan Jang Korean Red Ginseng , Subway and Hyundai all reported a surge in sales after exposure of their products in the drama . The popularity of the show has also led to KBS launching several merchandise of the drama , such as cookies , memory sticks , emoticons and commemorative medals , which were specially created and sold to fans . Cultural impact ( edit ) Filming locations and sets of the show underwent restoration by the government , due to the demands by both local and foreign tourists . Camp Greaves , the former U.S. military camp near the Demilitarized Zone ( DMZ ) in Paju , north of Seoul , was turned into a park composed of separate zones focusing on natural scenery , culture and arts , and military experience . The Taebak film site was also re-modeled as a tourist site , where visitors can browse the medical camp and military base wearing costumes with the same design as those worn by the cast . The set in Taebaek was featured on popular variety shows 2 Days & 1 Night and Battle Trip . Navagio , one of the iconic locations where the `` relationship between the lead characters blossom '' , experienced a surge in popularity among Chinese and Korean tourists . The success of the drama has given rise to the popularity of `` soldier talk '' , a style of Korean speaking only used in the military . There is also a spike in the number of young men wanting to join South Korean special forces units for their mandatory military service . After Samgyetang was featured in the drama , it gained wider appeal among the Chinese . Criticism ( edit ) However , there has been controversy surrounding the use of product placement in this drama . Some critics argued that there was excessive product placement in the drama and that the use of product placement undermined the drama 's content and artistry . Kim Si - hyoung , cinematographer of Descendants admitted that product placement was excessive , but argued that they were `` essential , '' as he and other production staff found it hard to secure revenues from TV advertising . The series also drawn criticism for its unconvincing plot and unrealistic storyline . Critics say that the drama ironically reflects what today 's Korean society lacks , such as the cohesive military culture ; and also pointed out deeply embedded sexual discrimination featured in the drama . The drama was also accused of missing a noticeable plot , and kept with the terrestrial tradition of being overly predictable . Ratings ( edit ) In the tables below , the blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings . Ep . Broadcast date Average audience share TNmS AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul Nationwide Seoul February 24 , 2016 12.6 % ( 7th ) 12.7 % ( 4th ) 14.3 % ( 4th ) 14.4 % ( 4th ) February 25 , 2016 13.5 % ( 6th ) 14.5 % ( 4th ) 15.5 % ( 3rd ) 16.0 % ( 4th ) March 2 , 2016 21.8 % ( 2nd ) 22.7 % ( 1st ) 23.4 % ( 2nd ) 24.6 % ( 2nd ) March 3 , 2016 22.9 % ( 2nd ) 23.5 % ( 2nd ) 24.1 % ( 2nd ) 25.1 % ( 2nd ) 5 March 9 , 2016 24.6 % ( 2nd ) 26.3 % ( 1st ) 27.4 % ( 1st ) 29.2 % ( 1st ) 6 March 10 , 2016 25.4 % ( 2nd ) 27.6 % ( 1st ) 28.5 % ( 1st ) 29.8 % ( 1st ) 7 March 16 , 2016 27.0 % ( 2nd ) 28.9 % ( 1st ) 28.3 % ( 1st ) 30.1 % ( 1st ) 8 March 17 , 2016 25.9 % ( 2nd ) 28.7 % ( 1st ) 28.8 % ( 1st ) 30.5 % ( 1st ) 9 March 23 , 2016 29.7 % ( 1st ) 32.3 % ( 1st ) 30.4 % ( 1st ) 31.0 % ( 1st ) 10 March 24 , 2016 28.8 % ( 1st ) 31.0 % ( 1st ) 31.6 % ( 1st ) 33.3 % ( 1st ) 11 March 30 , 2016 29.1 % ( 2nd ) 31.3 % ( 1st ) 31.9 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 12 March 31 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 33.9 % ( 1st ) 33.0 % ( 1st ) 34.3 % ( 1st ) 13 April 6 , 2016 30.4 % ( 1st ) 33.7 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 35.0 % ( 1st ) 14 April 7 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 33.5 % ( 1st ) 33.0 % ( 1st ) 35.6 % ( 1st ) 15 April 13 , 2016 31.1 % ( 1st ) 35.6 % ( 1st ) 34.8 % ( 1st ) 37.5 % ( 1st ) 16 April 14 , 2016 35.3 % ( 1st ) 40.5 % ( 1st ) 38.8 % ( 1st ) 41.6 % ( 1st ) Average 26.3 % 28.5 % 28.6 % 30.1 % Special April 20 , 2016 15.3 % ( 5th ) 16.6 % ( 4th ) 17.7 % ( 4th ) 19.5 % ( 3rd ) April 21 , 2016 12.3 % ( 6th ) 13.9 % ( 5th ) 13.6 % ( 5th ) 14.7 % ( 5th ) April 22 , 2016 10.9 % ( 7th ) 11.8 % ( 6th ) 12.2 % ( 5th ) 13.2 % ( 6th ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) List of awards and nominations received by Descendants of the Sun International broadcast ( edit ) Asia ( edit ) In China , iQiyi bought the exclusive rights to stream the show for US $250,000 per episode which , in total , is equivalent to about 40 % of the show 's production costs . The show was released simultaneously in South Korea and China , the first Korean drama to do so , and was viewed 2.4 billion times by April 2016 . The success of the drama was credited for driving up the paid membership of iQiyi . Government mouthpiece People 's Daily praised it as `` an excellent advertisement for conscription '' showcasing South Korea 's `` national spirit '' and `` communitarian culture '' . However , its popularity in China caused concern with the country 's Ministry of Public Security , posting a warning on its official Weibo account against the drama warning viewers `` watching Korean dramas could be dangerous , and even lead to legal troubles '' . It was part of a growing concern among Chinese officials at the time who were wary of the growing influence of Korean pop culture on the Chinese populace since the similar success of My Love from the Star which aired in 2014 . In Singapore , the drama was streamed on Viu with English and Chinese subtitles . Each episode was available to stream eight hours after the original South Korean broadcast . During its run it was the most - watched show on Viu in the country and enjoyed ratings as high as 31.8 % . Statistics from March 2016 showed about 60 % of users on Viu had tuned in to watch the drama . In the week following its finale , eight songs from the drama 's soundtrack occupied the top 10 , including the top six positions , of Singapore 's Top 30 Singles chart . In May 2017 , it was aired on Channel U and premiered on May 3 , 2017 . It was dubbed into Mandarin and featured English and Mandarin subtitles . In Malaysia , the drama was streamed on Viu with English , Malay and Chinese subtitles within 24 hours of the original South Korean broadcast . It aired one week later on KBS World through ASTRO channel subscription . It premiered on 8TV on June 9 , 2016 , with Malay subtitles . In Vietnam , the drama premiered on April 21 , 2016 , on HTV2 . The popularity of the show drew 8000 tourists from Vietnam , who signed up for tour packages to visit major sightseeing areas and filming locations of Descendants . Prior to the airing of the show , there was a debate on whether it 's appropriate for Vietnamese to watch it given the alleged atrocities committed by Korean soldiers against civilians during the Vietnam War . In Thailand , the drama premiered on May 7 , 2016 , on Channel 7 . Prior to the screening of the drama in Thailand , Prayut Chan - o - cha , the prime minister of Thailand , called for citizens of Thailand to watch the drama claiming it conveys messages of `` patriotism , sacrifice , obeying orders and being a dutiful citizen '' . The drama 's lead star , Song Joong - ki , was invited to Thailand by Yuthasak Supasorn , governor of the Tourism Authority of Thailand . He visited the country to promote the drama as part of his Asia tour . In Japan , the drama premiered on June 21 , 2016 , on the cable channel BS Sky PerfecTV ! . Reports have claimed that the drama was sold for US $100,000 per episode . In Hong Kong , it was streamed on Viu with Traditional Chinese subtitles four hours after the original broadcast and also aired on ViuTV . Song - Song couple attended a promotional event for the premiere . It recorded over 1.2 million views . In the Philippines , the drama premiered on July 25 , 2016 , on GMA Network as part of The Heart of Asia programming block replacing Once Again , dubbed in Filipino . In Indonesia , the drama is available to stream on Viu with Indonesian subtitles . It premiered on RCTI on July 25 , 2016 and re-aired on Global TV on July 24 , 2017 . In Cambodia , the drama premiered on August 5 , 2016 , on Hang Meas HDTV under the title , រឿង ភាគ កូរ៉េ `` ម្ចាស់ ព្រះ អាទិត្យ dubbed in Khmer . In Sri Lanka , the drama is available to stream on Iflix with English subtitles . Google Trends revealed there were more searches for `` Descendants of the Sun '' than `` Donald Trump '' in Sri Lanka which stood in stark contrast to most of the world in the year 2016 . In India , it premiered on February 8 , 2017 dubbed in Hindi and was on Zindagi and was well received by Indian audiences . The Hindi dubbed version of the Series is also available to stream on a VOD platform owned by ZEEL , called ZEE5 . In Pakistan it aired on Filmazia dubbed in Urdu ( coming soon ) Others ( edit ) In Greece , the drama premiered on December 7 , 2016 , on TV100 The Municipal Television of Thessaloniki with Greek subtitles . TV100 is the only TV network in Greece that airs K - Dramas . The drama also contributed to the rise of tourism in Greece , where scenes of the drama were shot . In some countries , the drama is available to stream on Viki with subtitles in many languages created by the volunteer community . Each episode was available to stream a couple hours after the original South Korean broadcast . The drama was also broadcast around the world on KBS World with English subtitles . In particular , it enjoyed popularity in the United States , where the drama was the most - searched on Viki . The drama was put up for streaming worldwide on Netflix . Adaptation and sequel ( edit ) Adaptation ( edit ) A Chinese film adaptation produced by Huace Film & TV and directed by Zhang Yibai is planned . A book based on the script is also planned for release . A Philippine television adaption produced by GMA Entertainment Content Group is planned . Sequel ( edit ) As per KBS 's Head of Drama , Jung Sung - ho , said the sequel is in planning , and filming would likely to take place in Greece . The sequel , this time , will be co-produced by Jidam Inc. , the production company behind the hit and award - winning TV dramas My Daughter , Geum Sa - wol and Jang Bo - ri is Here ! . 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Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' ends with record rating '' . The Korea Herald . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' most engrossing show of 2016 '' . Kpop Herald . December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Song Joong - ki toes line between pretty , masculine in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Herald . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Sarah ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Song Hye - kyo talks her next role as military doctor with Elle '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Jin Goo gets boost with ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Herald . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kim Ji - won Gains Leverage from Hit TV Soap '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SHINee Onew dons doctor gown for his new role '' . Kpop Herald . February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jo Woo - ri joins the cast of ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ( Yonhap Interview ) Supporting actor for ' Descendants of the Sun ' says he ' could have been better ' '' . Yonhap. April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Template : Instagram : www.instagram.com/vse krugom / Jump up ^ Choi , He - suk ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` Song Joong - ki recruits Lee Kwang - soo for new drama '' . K - pop Herald . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Produce 101 '' Trainee Jun Somi 's Father Cameos in `` Descendants of the Sun '' `` . Soompi . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yoo Ah - in gets ' Descendants of the Sun ' role '' . The Korea Times . April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun outpaces My Love from the Star '' . Yonhap . March 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki to Return to Acting After Military Discharge '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ orionight . `` The Staggering Production Cost of `` Descendants of the Sun '' Revealed `` . Soompi . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Reason SBS Missed Out on `` Descendants of the Sun '' and `` Signal '' `` . Soompi . March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki initially not cast as Yoo Shi - jin '' . Kpop Herald . April 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Director says Song not first choice in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Yonhap . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( SBS Star ) Five Actors Who Turned Down the Role of Captain Yoo Si Jin '' . SBS News . March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun : See who were the 4 actors who rejected Song Joong Ki 's role '' . International Business Times . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo revealed to have started filming Descendants of the Sun '' . Allkpop . June 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sung , So - young ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Song Joong - ki is filming in Greece '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun Starts Filming in Greece With Month - Long Schedule '' . Soompi . September 29 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo in Greece for drama shoot '' . K - pop Herald . September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun filming in Greece '' . Hancinema . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uruk , backdrop of ' Descendants of the Sun , ' inspired by Iraq '' . Kpop Herald . March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki hurt while filming drama '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . November 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki 's Agency Updates Fans on His Injury '' . Soompi . November 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki returns to Descendants of the Sun despite injury '' . DramaFever . December 10 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ( MERS - CoV ) -- Republic of Korea '' . World Health Organization . July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Discover Filming Sites from `` Descendants of the Sun ! '' `` . Visit Korea . October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo Wrap Up Filming for `` Descendants of the Sun '' `` . Soompi . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' director 's cut to be released '' . Kpop Herald . May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' concert lineup revealed '' . Kpop Herald . April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DOTS ' OST concert partly revealed '' . Kpop Herald . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star couple Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo to wed on Oct. 31 '' . Kpop Herald . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki , Song Hye - kyo to Wed in October '' . The Chosun Ilbo . July 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun ' transforms TV production in S. Korea '' . Yonhap. April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dramas get lift from pre-production '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will ' Descendants ' spur film - style TV drama production ? '' . The Korea Herald . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-production of ' Descendants of the Sun ' raised drama 's quality : writer '' . Yonhap. April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Dramas Adopt Pre-Produced Format to Mixed Results '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of businesses violate ' Descendants of the Sun ' publicity rights : producers '' . Yonhap. April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - kyo sues J. Estina for misappropriation '' . Yonhap. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` J. Estina ups ante against Song Hye - kyo , NEW jumps into fray '' . Kpop Herald . April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye Kyo Donates Money Won From Legal Case To Charity '' . Korea Portal . December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack rule music charts '' . The Korea Times . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Preorders surge for ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . The Korea Herald . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Original soundtrack of ' Descendants of the Sun ' sells 60,000 copies '' . Yonhap. April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXO 's Chen , Punch sing in ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . Kpop Herald . February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendant of the Sun ' OST defeats ' Call You Bae ' by Jimin , Xiumin '' . Kpop Herald . March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gummy 's ' Descendants of the Sun ' OST sweeps local chart '' . Kpop Herald . March 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lyn to sing ' Descendants of the Sun ' soundtrack '' . Kpop Herald . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Junsu tops charts with song in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Download Chart '' . Gaon . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart '' . Gaon . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Always '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 9 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Everytime '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 22 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` This Love '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 4 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` You Are My Everything '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 6 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Once Again '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 31 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Talk Love '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 14 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` With You '' : `` 2016 Half Year Download Chart ( see # 68 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . `` 2016 July Download Chart ( see # 286 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . `` 2016 August Download Chart ( see # 393 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Be My Side '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 53 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` Wind Beneath Your Wings '' : `` 2016 Half Year Download Chart ( see # 65 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . `` 2016 July Download Chart ( see # 161 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . `` 2016 August Download Chart ( see # 246 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` How Can I Love You '' : `` 2016 Year Download Chart ( see # 95 ) '' . Gaon Chart . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' sets viewership record of 40.4 % '' . The Korea Times . April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Descendants of the Sun : the Korean military romance sweeping Asia '' . BBC News . March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Park , Hyun - Taek ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` ( 이슈 is ) ' 태후 ' , 세계 가 본다 ... 판권 또 수출 ' 국민 국제 드라마 ' '' ( Descendants of the Sun has been exported 32 countries . ) . Joins ( in Korean ) . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' available in 32 languages '' . The Korea Times . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' sets new standards for K - dramas in 2016 '' . The Korea Times . December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Even N. Korea watches ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( Yonhap Interview ) Story , co-production behind success of ' Descendants of the Sun ' in China '' . Yonhap . March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New hallyu dawns on ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park says ' Descendants of the Sun ' will help attract foreign tourists '' . Yonhap . March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park : ' Descendants of the Sun ' exemplary case of cultural enhancement '' . The Korea Herald . April 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega-hit Korean drama creates huge economic effect '' . The Korea Herald . May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drama Series Gives Boost to Korean Economy '' . Epoch Times . April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' secures 12.2 bln won worth of ad deals '' . The Korea Herald . April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Hye - Kyo Makeup Beauty : Descendants of the Sun Kang Mo Yeon Laneige Two Tone Lipstick '' . SweetNara. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 영남 일보 . `` ' 태양 의 후예 ' 중국 대륙 삼키다 , 송중기 황 치열 특집 기사 봇물 ' 송혜교 상품'은 동 났다 '' . 영남 일보 ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Singapore fans think of Descendants Of The Sun 's finale '' . The Straits Times . April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun shines bright for brands '' . Marketing Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' buoys Korean economy '' . The Korea Herald . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` KBS makes ' Descendants of the Sun ' cookies '' . The Korea Herald . April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' stars get role on memory sticks '' . The Korea Times . April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emoticons of ' Descendants of the Sun ' characters released '' . The Korea Times . April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song - Song couple medals to go on sale '' . Kpop Herald . December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gov 't to turn ' Descendants of the Sun ' filming sites into tourist destinations '' . Yonhap . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' filming set to be rebuilt '' . The Korea Herald . April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Filming site of ' Descendants of the Sun ' to be turned into park '' . Yonhap. April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit drama gets its own park , too '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production site of ' Descendants of the Sun ' opens as tourist attraction '' . The Korea Times . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' 2 Days & 1 Night '' Airs `` Descendants Of The Sun '' Themed Episode `` . Soompi . September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trip 215 : Drama Road '' . 2 Days & 1 Night . Season 3 . September 18 , 2016 . KBS2 . Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 '' . Battle Trip . Season 1 . April 16 , 2016 . KBS2 . Jump up ^ `` Tourists flock to this country to stand where Song Joong Ki and Song Hye Kyo stood in ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Allkpop. 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` You 'd be surprised by how many real locations made up Descendants of the Sun 's fictional country of Uruk '' . DramaFever. 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Latest Drama Hit Creates New Travel Boom '' . The Korea Bizwire. 26 March 2016 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` How to speak like the Korean soldiers in Descendants of the Sun '' . DramaFever. April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popularity of hallyu drama spurs rush to become special forces NCO '' . The Korea Herald . May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean chicken soup set to make inroads into China '' . The Korea Herald . July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Drama to Boost Exports of Korean Chicken - Ginseng Soup to China '' . The Chosun Ilbo. April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 유통 업계 ' 태양 의 후예 ' PPL 광고 효과 ↑ , ' 사고 싶지 말입니다 ' '' . Asia Today ( in Korean ) . April 10 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of PPL ' '' . The Korea Times . April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 한국 경제 TV . `` 태양 의 후예 PPL `` 시청자 우롱 하나 '' ... 높은 시청률 로 돈벌기 ? -- 한국 경제 TV `` . www.wowtv.co.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' cinematographer admits product placement excessive '' . Kpop Herald . April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants ' marred by unrealistic storyline , PPL '' . The Korea Times . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' : more fantasy than reality '' . The Korea Herald . April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` While triumphant , ' Descendants of the Sun ' leaves mixed legacy '' . Yonhap. April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' special tops ratings '' . Kpop Herald . April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Korean Drama ' Descendants Of The Sun ' Breaks Records Thanks To Chinese Investments '' . Forbes . April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese love for Descendants of the Sun hits 2.4 billion views in latest episode '' . AsiaOne . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' spurs jump in iQiyi subscribers '' . The Korea Heral . July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fever over S. Korea 's hit TV drama gets attention of China 's military '' . Yonhap . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' a real threat to Chinese couples '' . The Korea Times . March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chinese government warns of dangers of Korean dramas as Descendants Of The Sun hits 440m views in China '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ GWENDOLYN NG . `` Descendants Of The Sun : Hot , hot , hot '' . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Viu Singapore -- # DescendantsOfTheSun hits a new tv rating '' . VIU Singapore Facebook . Jump up ^ Gwendolyn Ng ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Descendants Of The Sun star Song Joong Ki : `` It feels natural for me to be in a soldier 's uniform '' `` . The Straits Times . Jump up ^ `` Music Weekly AsiaTop 30 Singles Chart Singapore -- Music Weekly Asia '' . Music Weekly Asia . April 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Korean Drama Series Online TV Viu Launches In Singapore '' . Vulcan Post . Jump up ^ Mediacorp Channel U Jump up ^ `` Viu Malaysia -- If you have n't yet , today 's the perfect day ... '' VIU Malaysia Facebook . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun '' . Tonton . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HTV2 -- Trailer Hậu Duệ Mặt Trời '' . YouTube ( in Vietnamese ) . April 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Korean drama draws travelers from Vietnam '' . Kpop Herald . November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' stirs debate over Korean atrocities in Vietnam '' . The Asia Times . April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnamese journalist blasts ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . Kpop Herald . March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` คอนเฟิร์ม ! ไทย ได้ ลิขสิทธิ์ Descendants of the Sun เตรียม ออกอากาศ ช่อง 7 เร็ว ๆ นี้ ! '' . Sanook ( in Thai ) . Jump up ^ `` Thai PM calls on people to watch ' Descendants of the Sun ' '' . The Korea Times . March 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Song Joong - ki gets invitation to visit Thailand '' . The Korea Times . March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Actor Song Joong - ki enjoys unrivaled popularity in Thailand '' . Yonhap . May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BS スカパー ! スカパー ! の '' おまけ `` チャンネル BS スカパー ! ( BS241 ) '' . SPTV.com ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to premiere in Japan '' . Yonhap . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' holds promotion in Hong Kong '' . Yonhap. April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viu app nets 1.2 m downloads in Hong Kong '' . Marketing Interactive . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to air in Hong Kong '' . Kpop Herald . April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The highest - rating Korean Drama of 2016 , # DescendantsOfTheSun , malapit nang mapanuod sa GMA ! '' . GMA Network 's Twitter ( in Filipino ) . Jump up ^ `` Viu Indonesia -- Tonton tayangan Korea favorit kamu dengan ... '' Viu Indonesian Facebook ( in Indonesian ) . May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RCTI Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia '' . Rcti.tv ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hang Meas HDTV . `` រឿង ភាគ កូរ៉េ `` ម្ចាស់ ព្រះ អាទិត្យ '' Trailer `` . YouTube ( in Cambodia ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/iflix.SriLanka/videos/vb.558646250965150/878467638983008/?type=2&theater Jump up ^ https://www.techinasia.com/google-asia-search-trends-2016 Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun -- Coming Soon '' . Zindagi ( in Hindi ) . Zee Entertainment Enterprises . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Δημοτική Εταιρεία Πληροφόρησης , Θεάματος και Επικοινωνίας '' . Fm100.gr ( in Greek ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Descendants of the Sun '' . Fm100.gr ( in Greek ) . Jump up ^ `` Latest drama hit creates new travel boom '' . The Korea Times . March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : `` Descendants of the Sun '' Press Conference `` . Soompi . Jump up ^ `` KBSWORLD - Weekly Schedule '' . KBS World . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' going viral in North America '' . Kpop Herald . March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans to expand presence in Korea '' . Kpop Herald . June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Fergus ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Hit Korean TV Drama ' Descendants ' to be Remade as Chinese Film '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Descendants of the Sun ' to meet fans as movie , book '' . Yonhap. April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MUST - READ : Ang mga bigating teleseryeng dapat abangan sa 2018 '' . GMANetwork.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KBS plans ' Descendants of the Sun ' sequel '' . Yonhap. April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ' 왔다 장 보리 ' 제작사 손 잡았다 ... '' 제 2 의 ' 태후 ' 제작 '' ( NEW , `` Jang Bo - ri '' producer Jidam start collaboration , plan to produce `` Descendants 2 '' ) `` . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Descendants of the Sun . Official website ( in Korean ) Descendants of the Sun at KBS World Descendants of the Sun at HanCinema Descendants of the Sun at IMDb KBS 's Wednesday -- Thursday dramas 1990s Papa 2000 -- 2004 Empress Myeongseong April Kiss Full House Emperor of the Sea 2005 -- 2009 Resurrection My Rosy Life Golden Apple Goodbye Solo Great Inheritance Hwang Jini Dal - ja 's Spring The Devil Capital Scandal Hong Gil - dong One Mom and Three Dads Women of the Sun The Kingdom of the Winds The Accidental Couple My Fair Lady Iris 2010 -- 2014 The Slave Hunters Cinderella 's Stepsister Bread , Love and Dreams The Fugitive : Plan B The President The Thorn Birds Romance Town The Princess ' Man Glory Jane Wild Romance Man from the Equator Bridal Mask The Innocent Man Jeon Woo - chi Iris II : New Generation The Fugitive of Joseon The Blade and Petal Secret Love Bel Ami Inspiring Generation Golden Cross Gunman in Joseon Blade Man The King 's Face 2015 -- 2018 Unkind Ladies The Man in the Mask Assembly The Merchant : Gaekju 2015 Descendants of the Sun The Master of Revenge Uncontrollably Fond On the Way to the Airport My Fair Lady Naked Fireman Good Manager Queen of Mystery Queen for Seven Days Manhole Mad Dog Black Knight : The Man Who Guards Me Queen of Mystery 2 Suits Your House Helper The Ghost Detective Happy If You Died Screenplays by Kim Eun - sook South of the Sun ( 2003 ) Lovers in Paris ( 2004 ) Lovers in Prague ( 2005 ) Fly High ( 2006 ) Lovers ( 2006 ) On Air ( 2008 ) The City Hall ( 2009 ) Secret Garden ( 2010 ) A Gentleman 's Dignity ( 2012 ) The Heirs ( 2013 ) Descendants of the Sun ( 2016 ) Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ( 2016 ) Mr. Sunshine ( 2018 ) Baeksang Arts Award Grand Prize -- Television 1970s - ( 1974 ) - ( 1975 ) - ( 1976 ) - ( 1977 ) - ( 1978 ) Kim Hye - ja , Jung Hye - sun and Kim Young - ok ( I Sell Happiness ) ( 1979 ) 1980s Kim Min - ja ( A Lonely Affair ) ( 1980 ) Ulhwa ( 1981 ) A Life - sized Buddha ( 1982 ) Winds of Change ( 1983 ) The Five Indian Kingdoms ( 1984 ) Korea 's Butterflies ( 1985 ) Shin Bong - seung ( 500 Years of Joseon Dynasty ) ( 1986 ) The Boil ( 1987 ) Love and Ambition ( 1988 ) Kim Hye - ja ( Winter Mist and Sand Castle ) ( 1989 ) 1990s Peace , the Arduous Way to Go and Tree Blooming with Love ( 1990 ) The Second Republic ( 1991 ) Eyes of Dawn ( 1992 ) Go Doo - shim ( My Husband 's Woman ) and Kim Hee - ae ( Sons and Daughters ) ( 1993 ) Park Chul ( My Mother 's Sea ) ( 1994 ) Sandglass ( 1995 ) Korea 's Reptiles ( 1996 ) The Most Beautiful Goodbye ( 1997 ) Lee Jang - soo ( Offspring ) ( 1998 ) Jang Soo - bong ( When Time Flows ) ( 1999 ) 2000s Kuk - hee ( 2000 ) Kim Soo - hyun ( The Aspen Tree ) ( 2001 ) Taejo Wang Geon ( 2002 ) All In ( 2003 ) Kim Hee - ae ( Perfect Love ) ( 2004 ) Lovers in Paris ( 2005 ) My Lovely Sam Soon ( 2006 ) Jumong ( 2007 ) Kang Ho - dong ( 2 Days & 1 Night ) ( 2008 ) Kim Hye - ja ( Mom 's Dead Upset ) ( 2009 ) 2010s Go Hyun - jung ( Queen Seondeok ) ( 2010 ) Hyun Bin ( Secret Garden ) ( 2011 ) Deep Rooted Tree ( 2012 ) Yoo Jae - suk ( Infinite Challenge , Running Man and Happy Together ) ( 2013 ) Jun Ji - hyun ( My Love from the Star ) ( 2014 ) Na Young - seok ( Grandpas Over Flowers and Three Meals a Day ) ( 2015 ) Descendants of the Sun ( 2016 ) Kim Eun - sook ( Guardian : The Lonely and Great God ) ( 2017 ) Stranger ( 2018 ) awarded to theatrical play or film Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Descendants_of_the_Sun&oldid=866102130 '' Categories : Grand Prize Paeksang Arts Award ( television ) winners Korean Broadcasting System television dramas 2016 South Korean television series debuts 2016 South Korean television series endings 2010s South Korean television series Military television series Screenplays by Kim Eun - sook South Korean romance television series South Korean pre-produced television series Hidden categories : CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Thai - language sources ( th ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 foreign language sources ( ISO 639 - 2 ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Hindi - language sources ( hi ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from April 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Korean - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles with Korean - language external links HanCinema drama ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 07 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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Wentworth Miller

Wentworth Miller - wikipedia Wentworth Miller This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Wentworth Miller Miller in September 2011 Wentworth Earl Miller III ( 1972 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1972 ( age 45 ) Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , England Alma mater Princeton University Occupation Actor writer model Years active 1998 -- present Wentworth Earl Miller III ( born June 2 , 1972 ) is a British - American actor , model , and screenwriter . He rose to prominence following his role as Michael Scofield in the five seasons of the Fox series Prison Break , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role . He made his screenwriting debut with the 2013 thriller film Stoker . In 2014 , he began playing Leonard Snart / Captain Cold in a recurring role on The CW series The Flash before becoming a series regular on the spin - off Legends of Tomorrow . Miller reprised his role as Michael Scofield for the fifth season of the limited - run Prison Break revival , which aired on April 4 , 2017 and concluded on May 30 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Filmography 4.2 Television 4.3 Music videos 4.4 Video games 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Miller was born in Chipping Norton , Oxfordshire , the son of American parents , Roxann ( née Palm ) , a special education teacher , and Wentworth E. Miller II , a lawyer and teacher . His father , a Rhodes Scholar , was studying at Oxford at the time of Miller 's birth . Miller said in 2003 that his father is black and his mother is white . His father is of African - American , Jamaican , German , and English ancestry ; his mother is of Russian , Swedish , French , Dutch , Syrian , and Lebanese ancestry . Miller 's family moved to Park Slope , Brooklyn when he was a year old . He graduated from Princeton University in 1995 with a bachelor 's degree in English literature . While at Princeton , he performed with the a cappella group the Princeton Tigertones , and was a member of the Quadrangle Club and the Colonial Club . Career ( edit ) Miller at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International . In 1995 , Miller relocated to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career . He has stated that his rocky road to stardom `` was a long time in the coming and there were a lot of upsets and a lot of failures and roadblocks , but I could n't walk away from it . I needed it like I needed air , it was just something I had to do . '' Miller 's first TV appearance was as student - turned - sea monster Gage Petronzi on Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( `` Go Fish '' , 1998 ) . Miller 's first starring role was in 2002 as the sensitive , introverted David Scott in ABC 's mini-series Dinotopia . After appearing in a few minor television roles , he moved on to co-star in the 2003 film The Human Stain , playing the younger version of the Anthony Hopkins character , Coleman Silk . He identified strongly with the core dilemma of the movie , about a black man who chooses to `` pass '' as white . Miller worked extensively on the role , not only in researching Anthony Hopkins , but by embarking on a four - month regimen to accurately portray Silk as a boxer . Also in 2003 , he had a minor role in the film Underworld , playing a doctor and friend of the character Michael Corvin . In 2005 , Miller was cast as Michael Scofield in Fox Network 's television drama Prison Break . He played the role of a caring brother who created an elaborate scheme to help his brother , Lincoln Burrows ( Dominic Purcell ) escape death row after being found guilty of a crime he did not commit . His character had a full upper body ( front and back ) tattoo . Covering both the front of Miller 's torso and his back , along with both arms from shoulders to wrists , the special effects for the tattoo took over four hours to apply . His performance in the show earned him a 2005 Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series . The show was finished in 2009 after four seasons , but a new nine - episode fifth season was released April 4 , 2017 with Miller reprising his role . Miller appeared in two Mariah Carey music videos , `` It 's Like That '' as a party guest and `` We Belong Together '' as her love interest . Director Brett Ratner , who directed the pilot episode of Prison Break , was also signed on to direct the two Carey videos . Ratner decided to use Miller in the videos as well . In addition , Miller guest - starred in the Season 11 premiere of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Detective Nate Kendall , a detective from Precinct 24 of the New York City Police Department . He also featured in Resident Evil : Afterlife , the fourth film in the commercially successful Resident Evil film series based on the video game series of the same name ; Miller plays Chris Redfield , one of the protagonists of the video game series . Miller wrote the screenplay for the film Stoker , as well as a prequel to Stoker , Uncle Charlie . He used the pseudonym Ted Foulke , later explaining , `` I just wanted the scripts to sink or swim on their own . '' Miller 's script was voted to the 2010 `` Black List '' of the 10 best unproduced screenplays then making the rounds in Hollywood . The film is about a teenage girl who must deal with a mysterious uncle following the death of her father . Miller described it as a `` horror film , a family drama and a psychological thriller '' . Although influenced by Bram Stoker 's Dracula , Miller has clarified that Stoker is not a vampire story . Hitchcock 's Shadow of a Doubt also influenced the film but only as a jumping - off point , from which the story takes a different direction . Park Chan - wook directed , with stars Mia Wasikowska as the teenager , Nicole Kidman as the mother , and Matthew Goode as the uncle . The film was released in 2013 , and received generally positive reviews from critics . In July 2014 , it was announced that Miller had joined the cast of The CW superhero series The Flash in a recurring role as Leonard Snart / Captain Cold . He made his first appearance in the fourth episode of the first season , and reprised his role on Legends of Tomorrow . These shows reunited him with his Prison Break co-star Dominic Purcell , who portrayed Mick Rory / Heat Wave . Miller exited Legends of Tomorrow as a series regular at the end of season one , but signed a contract with Warner Bros. TV to continue portraying Snart simultaneously on multiple shows in the Arrowverse . Miller wrote the screenplay for the 2016 horror film The Disappointments Room , produced by Voltage Pictures and Killer Films . The film received negative reviews from critics . He is reportedly in negotiations to write the screenplay adaptation of the novel The Story of Edgar Sawtelle by David Wroblewski which is set to be produced by Oprah Winfrey and Tom Hanks among others . Personal life ( edit ) Miller in 2015 Miller lives in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada . He has two sisters , Leigh and Gillian . He holds dual British and US citizenship by virtue of his birth in the United Kingdom to American parents . In 2007 , Miller denied to InStyle magazine that he was gay . However , he came out as gay in August 2013 , when he posted a letter on GLAAD 's website declining an invitation to attend the Saint Petersburg International Film Festival because he felt `` deeply troubled '' by the Russian government 's treatment of its gay citizens ( referring to Russian LGBT propaganda law enacted the previous June which banned `` propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations '' ) . Miller wrote that he `` can not in good conscience participate in a celebratory occasion hosted by a country where people like myself are being systematically denied their basic right to live and love openly '' . At the 2013 Human Rights Campaign Dinner in Seattle , Washington , Miller said he had attempted suicide multiple times as a teenager before coming out as gay . He said : `` When someone asked me if that was a cry for help , I said no , because I told no one . You only cry for help if you believe there 's help to cry for . '' He discussed struggling in Hollywood as a closeted actor , and talked about how his involvement in the ManKind Project helped him learn about brotherhood , sisterhood , and being part of a community . In a 2016 Facebook post , he revealed that he `` ( had ) struggled with depression since childhood . It 's a battle that 's cost ( him ) time , opportunities , relationships , and a thousand sleepless nights . '' He made this emotional post in reaction to a meme of himself which poked fun at his weight gain in 2010 . Miller said that his weight gain was due to him finding comfort in food as he was suicidal . On October 17 , 2016 , Active Minds , a mental health charity , announced that Miller will be Ambassador for the organization . Filmography ( edit ) Filmography ( edit ) Film performances Year Title Role Notes 2000 Romeo and Juliet Paris Direct - to - video Room 302 Server # 1 Short film 2003 Human Stain , The The Human Stain Young Coleman Silk Underworld Dr. Adam Lockwood 2005 Confession , The The Confession The Prisoner / Tom Short film Stealth EDI Voice 2009 Blood Creek German soldier Uncredited Resident Evil : Afterlife Chris Redfield 2014 Loft , The The Loft Luke Seacord 2015 2 Hours 2 Vegas Guy in rally car Short film As screenwriter and producer Year Title Notes 2013 Stoker Writer and co-producer 2016 Disappointments Room , The The Disappointments Room Writer Television ( edit ) Television performances Year Title Role Notes 1998 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Gage Petronzi Episode : `` Go Fish '' 1999 -- 2000 Time of Your Life Nelson 3 episodes 2000 Popular Adam Rothschild - Ryan 2 episodes ER Mike Palmieri Episode : `` Homecoming '' 2002 Dinotopia David Scott Lead role , 3 episodes 2005 Joan of Arcadia Ryan Hunter 2 episodes 2005 -- 2009 , 2017 Prison Break Michael Scofield Lead role 2005 Ghost Whisperer Sgt . Paul Adams Episode : `` Pilot '' 2009 Family Guy Jock # 4 / Popular Kid # 2 Voice , Episode : `` Stew - Roids '' Prison Break : The Final Break Michael Scofield Television film Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Detective Nate Kendall Episode : `` Unstable '' 2011 House Benjamin Byrd Episode : `` Charity Case '' 2013 Young Justice Slade Wilson / Deathstroke Voice , Episode : `` The Fix '' 2014 -- 2017 Flash , The The Flash Leonard Snart / Captain Cold / Citizen Cold Recurring role , 12 episodes ( seasons 1 - 4 ) 2015 Superhero Fight Club Short promo video 2016 -- 2018 Legends of Tomorrow Main ( season 1 , 16 episodes ) Recurring ( seasons 2 - 3 , 7 episodes ) Music videos ( edit ) Music video appearances Year Song title Artist 2005 `` It 's Like That '' Mariah Carey `` We Belong Together '' Video games ( edit ) Video games Year Title Role Notes Prison Break : The Conspiracy Michael Scofield Voice Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Result Work Black Reel Award Best Actor Nominated The Human Stain Black Reel Award Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated The Human Stain 2005 Golden Globe Award Best Performance by an Actor in a TV Series -- Drama Nominated Prison Break 2005 Saturn Award Best Actor on Television Nominated Prison Break 2006 Gold Derby Award Breakthrough Performer of the Year Nominated Prison Break 2006 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor Nominated Prison Break 2006 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Breakout Star Nominated Prison Break 2007 Bravo Otto Best Male TV Star 2nd place Prison Break 2007 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Drama Nominated Prison Break 2008 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure Nominated Prison Break 2013 Fright Meter Award Best Screenplay Nominated Stoker 2013 International Online Cinema Awards Best Original Screenplay Nominated Stoker 2014 Fangoria Chainsaw Award Best Screenplay 2nd place Stoker 2015 Saturn Award Best Guest Starring Role on Television Won The Flash 2017 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actor : Action Adventure Nominated Prison Break References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Miller Biography ( 1972 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , the Newly Out Wentworth Miller is British - BBC America '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Index entry '' . FreeBMD . ONS . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Being Wentworth Miller : The star of Fox 's upcoming `` Prison Break '' navigates Hollywood 's biracial politics `` . EURWeb.com . June 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 5 , 2008 . Though he was raised in Brooklyn , Miller was actually born in Chipping Norton , England where his black father , a Rhodes Scholar , had been studying . Miller retains dual citizenship , but affirms he is ' American -- first , last and always . ' Jump up ^ Baskin , Ellen ( November 6 , 2003 ) . `` A clear sense of self '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Paumgarten , Nick. Central Casting : The Race Card , The New Yorker , November 10 , 2003 . Retrieved June 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Reider , Maxim ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' star on furlough here '' . The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` On The Move : Wentworth Miller '' . The Times . London . May 11 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` From Princeton to Primetime '' . The Daily Princetonian . Princeton University . November 10 , 2005 . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dutch television program Jensen ! , September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rob Owen ( September 16 , 2007 ) . `` ' Prison Break ' role reversals energize Wentworth Miller '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved January 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Golden Globe Nominations & Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . January 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller says he 's not gay , just shy and concentrating on career @ Flylip.com -- Latest Breaking Celebrity News , Celebrity Photos And Celebrity Gossip From Around The Web . The latest celebrity news from the webs best celebrity blogs '' . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller Photo '' . tv.com . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News Wentworth Miller Joins SVU '' . TV Guide Magazine . June 29 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2010 . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Prison Break ' Star Secretly Writing Horror Scripts ? '' . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( July 24 , 2010 ) . `` Wentworth Miller on How He Became Hollywood 's Hottest Secret Screenwriter '' . Movieline . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black List : 2010 Best Unproduced Screenplays '' . moviefone.com . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` SDCC 2010 : Wentworth Miller Interview RESIDENT EVIL : AFTERLIFE ; Plus Updates on STOKER and UNCLE CHARLIE '' . collider.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wentworth Miller On Love , His Celebrity Crush '' . Who . January 26 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Matthew Goode in talks for ' Stoker ' lead '' . Variety . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stoker '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Flash : Prison Break Star To Play Captain Cold '' . IGN . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Beedle , Tim ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) . `` Breaking News : DC 's Legends of Tomorrow , a New Arrow and Flash Spinoff Series , is Coming to The CW '' . DC Comics . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) . `` ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' : Wentworth Miller Exits As Regular , Becomes Regular In The Berlanti Universe '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wentworth Miller Script ' The Disappointments Room ' Grabbed by Voltage Pictures and Killer Films , Jay A. Fernandez , April 13 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` The Disappointments Room '' . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wentworth Miller in Talks to Adapt the Bestselling Novel , THE STORY OF EDGAR SAWTELLE , Dave Trumbore , August 13 , 2012 , Jump up ^ `` Prison Break 's Wentworth Miller comes out in letter protesting Russian government '' . The A.V. Club . August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Adam , Seth ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wentworth Miller rejects Russian film festival invitation ; ' As a gay man , I must decline ' '' . GLAAD . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shira , Dahvi ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Comes Out as Gay '' . People . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Idato , Michael ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wentworth Miller reveals struggles with suicide '' . smh.com.au . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jase . `` Wentworth Miller Attempted Suicide Before Coming Out '' . advocate.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Opens Up About Depression And Suicidal Thoughts In Candid Facebook Post '' . MTV.com . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wentworth Miller Named Active Minds ' Ambassador for Mental Health '' ( Press release ) . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutWentworth Millerat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Wentworth Miller at AllMovie Wentworth Miller on IMDb Wentworth Miller at Rotten Tomatoes Wentworth Miller at the TCM Movie Database Wentworth Miller Interviews on theTVaddict.com Saturn Award for Best Guest Starring Role on Television Jimmy Smits ( 2008 ) Leonard Nimoy ( 2009 ) Richard Dreyfuss / Joe Manganiello ( 2010 ) Tom Skerritt ( 2011 ) Yvonne Strahovski ( 2012 ) Robert Forster ( 2013 ) Wentworth Miller ( 2014 ) William Shatner ( 2015 ) Jeffrey Dean Morgan ( 2016 ) VIAF : 37224600 LCCN : no2005104703 ISNI : 0000 0001 1622 0399 GND : 137961383 SUDOC : 174424760 BNF : cb155212587 ( data ) BIBSYS : 7039286 BNE : XX4616458 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wentworth_Miller&oldid=834457171 '' Categories : 1972 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from New York City Gay actors LGBT entertainers from the United States LGBT models LGBT people from New York ( state ) LGBT entertainers from the United Kingdom People from Chipping Norton Princeton University alumni People from Brooklyn American expatriates in Canada American male film actors Male models from New York ( state ) American male television actors British emigrants to the United States American people of African descent American people of German descent American people of Jamaican descent American people of Lebanese descent LGBT African Americans Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who plays leonard snart in legends of tomorrow

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Estates General (France)

Estates General ( France ) - wikipedia Estates General ( France ) This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2009 ) Opening of the Estates General on May 5 , 1789 in the Grands Salles des Menus - Plaisirs in Versailles . In France under the Old Regime , the Estates General ( French : États généraux ) or States - General was a legislative and consultative assembly ( see The Estates ) of the different classes ( or estates ) of French subjects . It had a separate assembly for each of the three estates ( clergy , nobility and commoners ) , which were called and dismissed by the king . It had no true power in its own right -- unlike the English parliament it was not required to approve royal taxation or legislation -- instead it functioned as an advisory body to the king , primarily by presenting petitions from the various estates and consulting on fiscal policy . The Estates General met intermittently until 1614 and only once afterwards , but was not definitively dissolved until after the French Revolution . It is comparable to similar institutions across Europe , such as the States General of the Netherlands , the Parliament of England , the Estates of Parliament of Scotland , the Cortes of Portugal or Spain , the Imperial Diet ( `` Reichstag '' ) of the Holy Roman Empire or Germanic Empire , the Diets ( German : Landtage ) of the `` Lands '' , and the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates . Contents 1 Origin 2 Rise and fall of power 3 Revival in 1560 -- 1614 4 1789 5 See also 6 References Origin ( edit ) A painting depicting the three classes In 1302 , expanding French royal power led to a general assembly consisting of the chief lords , both lay and ecclesiastical , and the representatives of the principal privileged towns , which were like distinct lordships . Certain precedents paved the way for this institution : representatives of principal towns had several times been convoked by the king , and under Philip III there had been assemblies of nobles and ecclesiastics in which the two orders deliberated separately . It was the dispute between Philip the Fair and Pope Boniface VIII which led to the States - General of 1302 ; the king of France desired that , in addition to the Great Officers of the Crown of France , he receive the counsel from the three estates in this serious crisis . The letters summoning the assembly of 1302 are published by M. Georges Picot in his collection of Documents inédits pour servir à l'histoire de France . During the same reign they were subsequently assembled several times to give him aid by granting subsidies . Over time subsidies came to be the most frequent motive for their convocation . In one sense , the composition and powers of the Estates General always remained the same . They always included representatives of the First Estate ( clergy ) , Second Estate ( the nobility ) , and Third Estate ( commoners : all others ) , and monarchs always summoned them either to grant subsidies or to advise the Crown , to give aid and counsel . Their composition , however , as well as their effective powers , varied greatly at different times . In their primitive form in the 14th and the first half of the 15th centuries , the Estates General had only a limited elective element . The lay lords and the ecclesiastical lords ( bishops and other high clergy ) who made up the Estates General were not elected by their peers , but directly chosen and summoned by the king . In the order of the clergy , however , since certain ecclesiastical bodies , e.g. abbeys and chapters of cathedrals , were also summoned to the assembly , and as these bodies , being persons in the moral but not in the physical sense , could not appear in person , their representative had to be chosen by the monks of the convent or the canons of the chapter . It was only the representation of the Third Estate which was furnished by election . Originally , the latter was not called upon as a whole to seek representation in the estates . It was only the bonnes villes , the privileged towns , which were called upon . They were represented by elected procureurs , who were frequently the municipal officials of the town , but deputies were often elected for the purpose . The country districts , the plat pays , were not represented . Even within the bonnes villes , the franchise was quite narrow . It was during the last thirty years of the 15th century that the Estates General became an entirely elective body and really representative of the whole nation as divided into three parts . This came about through various causes . On the one hand , the nobles and prelates who were summoned were not always inclined to attend the estates , so had themselves represented by an envoy , a procureur , as they had the right to do , and frequently the lords or prelates of the same district chose the same procureur to represent them . On the other hand , the Crown seems at that time to have felt the need of having the consent of representatives really expressing the will and feelings of all the orders , and especially of the Third Estate as a whole . The letters of summons to the Estates General of 1484 invited the ecclesiastics , nobles , and Third Estate to meet at the chief town of their bailliage or sénéchaussé and elect deputies . An intermediate form had been employed in 1468 when the prelates and lords had still been summoned personally , but the towns had each elected three deputies , an ecclesiastic , a noble and a burgess . At the estates of 1484 there seems to have been universal and direct suffrage for all the three orders . But the roturiers of the country districts could not in practice avail themselves of this power ; so the country communities and small towns spontaneously elected delegates to represent them at the electoral assembly . Thus a system of indirect election arose for the Third Estate which became confirmed and subsequently continued to be used . To a certain extent there were sometimes more than two degrees in the suffrage ; the delegates nominated by the country communities would gather together with the electors chosen by the neighbouring little town , and appoint with them new delegates to represent them at the electoral assembly of the bailliage . This ultimately became the system . For the clergy and nobles , the suffrage remained direct ; but as a rule only such ecclesiastics were admitted to the assembly of the bailliage as possessed a benefice , and only such lords as had a fief . Rise and fall of power ( edit ) The effective powers of the Estates General likewise varied over time . In the 14th century they were considerable . The king could not , in theory , levy general taxation . Even in the provinces attached to the domain of the Crown , he could only levy it where he had retained the haute justice over the inhabitants , but not on the subjects of lords having the haute justice . The privileged towns had generally the right of taxing themselves . To collect general taxes , the king required consent of the lay and ecclesiastical lords , and of the towns . This amounted to needing authorization from the Estates General , which only granted these subsidies temporarily for fairly short periods . As a result , they were summoned frequently and their power over the Crown became considerable . In the second half of the 14th century , however , certain royal taxes , levied throughout the Crown 's domain , tended to become permanent and independent of the vote of the estates . This sprang from many causes , but from one in particular ; the Crown endeavoured by transforming and changing the nature of the `` feudal aid '' to levy a general tax by right , on its own authority , in such cases as those in which a lord could demand feudal aid from his vassals . For instance , it was in this way that the necessary taxes were raised for twenty years to pay the ransom of King John II of France without a vote of the Estates General , although they met several times during this period . Custom confined this tendency . Thus during the second half of the 15th century the chief taxes , the taille , aids and gabelle became definitely permanent for the benefit of the Crown , sometimes by the formal consent of the Estates General , as in 1437 in the case of the aids . The critical periods of the Hundred Years ' War favoured the Estates General , though at the price of great sacrifices . Under the reign of King John II they had controlled , from 1355 to 1358 , not only the voting , but through their commissaries , the administration of and jurisdiction over the taxes . In the first half of the reign of Charles VII they had been summoned almost every year and had dutifully voted subsidies . But when the struggle was over they renounced , through weariness and a longing for peace , their most precious right , the power of the purse . At the estates of 1484 , however , after the death of Louis XI , the Duke of Orleans sought to obtain the regency during the minority of Charles VIII , but the Estates sided with Charles 's sister Anne de Beaujeu and refused . Deputies of the three orders united their efforts in the hope of regaining the right of periodically sanctioning taxation . They voted the taille for two years only , at the same time reducing it to the amount it had reached at the end of the reign of Charles VII . They even demanded , and obtained , the promise of the Crown that they should be summoned again before the expiration of the two years . But the promise was not kept , and the Estates General were not summoned again until 1560 . There was thus a 76 - year interim , during which successive kings expanded the role of the centralised state through various means . Revival in 1560 -- 1614 ( edit ) The Estates General was revived in the second half of the 16th century because of scarcity of money and the quarrels and Wars of Religion . The estates of Orléans in 1560 , followed by those of Pontoise in 1561 , and those of Blois in 1576 and 1588 were most remarkable for the wisdom , courage and efforts of the deputies , but on the whole were lacking in effect . Those of 1588 ended with a regular coup d'etat effected by Henry III , and the States summoned by the League , which sat in Paris in 1593 and whose chief object was to elect a Catholic king , were not a success . The Estates General again met in Paris in 1614 , on the occasion of the disturbances that followed the death of Henry IV ; however , though their minutes bear witness to their sentiments of exalted patriotism , dissensions between the three orders rendered them weak . They dissolved before completing their work and were not summoned again until 1789 . As to the question whether the Estates General formed one or three chambers for the purposes of their working , from the constitutional point of view the point was never decided . What the king required was to have the consent , the resolution of the three estates of the realm ; it was in reality of little importance to him whether their resolutions expressed themselves in common or separately . At the Estates General of 1484 the elections were made in common for the three orders , and the deputies also arrived at their resolutions in common . But after 1560 the rule was that each order deliberate separately ; the royal declaration of 23 June 1789 ( at the outbreak of the French Revolution ) even stated that they formed three distinct chambers . But Necker 's report to the conseil du roi according to which the convocation of 1789 was decided , said ( as did the declaration of 23 June ) , that on matters of common interest the deputies of the three orders could deliberate together , if each of the others decided by a separate vote in favour of this , and if the king consented . The working of the Estates General led to an almost exclusive system of deliberation by committees . There were , it is true , solemn general sessions , called séances royales , because the king presided ; but at these there was no discussion . At the first , the king or his chancellor announced the object of the convocation , and set forth the demands or questions put to them by the Crown ; at the other royal sessions each order made known its answers or observations by the mouth of an orateur elected for the purpose . But almost all useful work was done in the sections , among which the deputies of each order were divided . At the estates of 1484 they were divided into six nations or sections , corresponding to the six généralités then existing . Subsequently , the deputies belonging to the same gouvernement formed a group or bureau for deliberating and voting purposes . Certain questions , however , were discussed and decided in full assembly ; sometimes , too , the estates nominated commissaries in equal numbers for each order . But in the ancient Estates General there was never any personal vote . The unit represented for each of the three orders was the bailliage or sénéchaussé and each bailliage had one vote , the majority of the deputies of the bailliage deciding in what way this vote should be given . At the estates of the 16th century voting was by gouvernements , each gouvernement having one vote , but the majority of the bailliages composing the gouvernement decided how it should be given . The Estates General , when they gave counsel , had in theory only a consultative faculty . They had the power of granting subsidies , which was the chief and ordinary cause of their convocation . But it had come to be a consent with which the king could dispense , as permanent taxation became established . In the 16th century , however , the estates again claimed that their consent was necessary for the establishment of new taxation , and , on the whole , the facts seemed to be in favour of this view at the time . However , in the course of the 17th century the principle gained recognition that the king could tax on his own sole authority . Thus were established in the second half of the 17th century , and in the 18th , the direct taxes of the capitation and of the dixième or vingtième , and many indirect taxes . It was sufficient for the law creating them to be registered by the cours des aides and the parlements . It was only in 1787 that the parlement of Paris declared that it could not register the new taxes , the land - tax and stamp duty ( subvention territoriale and impôt du timbre ) , as they did not know whether they would be submitted to by the country , and that the consent of the representatives of the tax - payers must be asked . The Estates General had legally no share in the legislative power , which belonged to the king alone . The Estates of Blois demanded in 1576 that the king be bound to turn into law any proposition voted in identical terms by each of the three orders ; but Henry III would not grant this demand , which would not even have left him a right of veto . In practice , however , the Estates General contributed largely to legislation . Those who sat in them had at all times the right of presenting complaints ( doléances ) , requests and petitions to the king ; in this , indeed , consisted their sole initiative . They were usually answered by an ordonnance , and it is chiefly through these that we are acquainted with the activity of the estates of the 14th and 15th centuries . In the latest form , and from the estates of 1484 onwards , this was done by a new and special procedure . The Estates had become an entirely elective assembly , and at the elections ( at each step of the election if there were several ) the electors drew up a cahier de doléances ( statement of grievances ) , which they requested the deputies to present . This even appeared to be the most important feature of an election . The deputies of each order in every bailliage also brought with them a cahier des doléances , arrived at , for the third estate , by a combination of statements drawn up by the primary or secondary electors . On the assembly of the estates the cahiers of the bailliages were incorporated into a cahier for each gouvernement , and these again into a cahier general or general statement , which was presented to the king , and which he answered in his council . When the three orders deliberated in common , as in 1484 , there was only one cahier général ; when they deliberated separately , there were three , one for each order . The drawing up of the cahier general was looked upon as the main business ( le grand cause ) of the session . By this means the Estates General furnished the material for numerous ordonnances , though the king did not always adopt the propositions contained in the cahiers , and often modified them in forming them into an ordonnance . These latter were the ordonnances de reforme ( reforming ordinances ) , treating of the most varied subjects , according to the demands of the cahiers . They were not , however , for the most part very well observed . The last of the type was the grande ordonnance of 1629 ( Code Michau ) , drawn up in accordance with the cahiers of 1614 and with the observations of various assemblies of notables that followed them . The peculiar power of the Estates General was recognized , but was of a kind that could not often be exercised . It was , essentially , a constituent power . The ancient public law of France contained a number of rules called `` the fundamental laws of the realm '' ( lois fondamentales du royaume ) , though most of them were purely customary . Chief among these were rules that determined the succession to the Crown and rules forbidding alienation of the domain of the Crown . The king , supreme though his power might be , could not abrogate , modify or infringe them . But it was admitted that he might do so by the consent of the Estates General . The Estates could give the king a dispensation from a fundamental law in a given instance ; they could even , in agreement with the king , make new fundamental laws . The Estates of Blois of 1576 and 1588 offer entirely convincing precedents in this respect . It was universally recognized that in the event of the line of Hugh Capet becoming extinct , it would be the function of the States - General to elect a new king . The Estates General of 1614 proved the last for over a century and a half . A new convocation had indeed been announced to take place on the majority of Louis XIII , and letters were even issued in view of the elections , but this ended in nothing . Absolute monarchy progressively became definitely established , and appeared incompatible with the institution of the Estates General . Liberal minds , however , in the entourage of Louis , duc de Bourgogne , who were preparing a new plan of government in view of his expected accession to the French throne in succession to Louis XIV , thought of reviving the institution . It figures in the projects of Saint - Simon and Fénelon though the latter would have preferred to begin with an assembly of non-elected notables . But though St Simon stood high in the favor of the regent Orléans , the death of Louis XIV did not see a summoning of the Estates . 1789 ( edit ) Main article : Estates - General of 1789 Caricature on the Third Estate carrying the first and second estate on its back At the time of the revolution , the First Estate comprised 10,000 Catholic clergy and owned 5 -- 10 % of the lands in France -- the highest per capita of any estate . All property of the First Estate was tax exempt . The Second Estate comprised the nobility , which consisted of 400,000 people at the time , including women and children . Since the death of Louis XIV in 1715 , the nobles had enjoyed a resurgence in power . They had almost a monopoly over distinguished government service , higher church offices , army parliaments , and most other public and semipublic honors by the time of the revolution . Like the First Estate , they were not taxed by the principle of feudal precedent . The Third Estate comprised about 25 million people : the bourgeoisie , the peasants , and everyone else in France . Unlike the First and Second Estates , the Third Estate were compelled to pay taxes , but the bourgeoisie found one way or another to be exempt from them . The heavy burden of the French government therefore fell upon the poorest in French society -- the peasantry , the working poor , and the farmers . There was much resentment from the Third Estate towards its superiors . In 1789 , the Estates General was summoned for the first time since 1614 . As Fénelon had wished in former days , an Assembly of Notables in 1787 ( which already displayed great independence ) preceded the Estates General session . According to the model of 1614 , the Estates General would consist of equal numbers of representatives of each Estate , but the Third Estate demanded , and ultimately received , double representation , which they already had in the provincial assemblies . When the Estates General convened in Versailles on 5 May 1789 , however , it became clear that the double representation was something of a sham : voting was to occur `` by orders '' , which meant that the collective vote of the 578 representatives of the Third Estate would be weighed the same as that of each of the other Estates . Royal efforts to focus solely on taxes failed totally . The Estates General reached an immediate impasse , debating ( with each of the three estates meeting separately ) its own structure rather than the nation 's finances . On 28 May 1789 , Abbé Sieyès moved that the Third Estate , now meeting as the Communes ( English : Commons ) , proceed with verification of its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part , but not to wait for them . They proceeded to do so , completing the process on June 17 . Then they voted a measure far more radical , declaring themselves the National Assembly , an assembly not of the Estates but of `` the People '' . They invited the other orders to join them , but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation 's affairs with or without them . King Louis XVI of France tried to resist . When he shut down the Salle des États where the Assembly met , the Assembly moved their deliberations to a nearby tennis court , where they proceeded to swear the Tennis Court Oath ( 20 June 1789 ) , under which they agreed not to separate until they had given France a constitution . A majority of the representatives of the clergy soon joined them , as did forty - seven members of the nobility . By 27 June the royal party had overtly given in , although the military began to arrive in large numbers around Paris and Versailles . Messages of support for the Assembly poured in from Paris and other French cities . On 9 July the Assembly reconstituted itself as the National Constituent Assembly . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French States - General . States General of the Netherlands Estates General of French Canada The Estates References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Estates - General in Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Kiser , Edgar ; April Linton ( Dec 2002 ) . `` The hinges of history : state - making and revolt in early modern France '' . American Sociological Review . 67 ( 6 ) : 889 -- 910 . doi : 10.2307 / 3088975 . JSTOR 3088975 . Jump up ^ Robin , Larsen and Levin . Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England . p. 42 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` States - General '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Diana Maury Robin , Anne R. Larsen and Carole Levin ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of women in the Renaissance : Italy , France , and England . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO , Inc . ISBN 1 - 8510 - 9772 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Click to see Category Tree for : ► Government of France BNF : cb119435223 ( data ) GND : 4071392 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0001 2110 2231 LCCN : n50000770 SUDOC : 027381072 VIAF : 243440778 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_General_(France)&oldid=847758464 '' Categories : Historical legislatures Kingdom of France 1302 establishments in France 1789 disestablishments in France Political history of the Ancien Régime Tricameral legislatures Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles containing German - language text Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica without Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 June 2018 , at 15 : 38 ( UTC ) . 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RuPaul's Drag Race (season 1)

RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) - wikipedia RuPaul 's Drag Race ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search RuPaul 's Drag Race Season 1 Broadcast from February 2 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) -- March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) Judges RuPaul Santino Rice Merle Ginsberg Host ( s ) RuPaul Broadcaster Logo Competitors 9 Winner BeBe Zahara Benet Origin Minneapolis , Minnesota . Runner - up Nina Flowers Chronology Season 1 ▶ The first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race , later referred to as The Lost Season , premiered in the United States on February 2 , 2009 , on VH - 1 . Nine contestants were selected to compete in the running of becoming `` America 's Next Drag Superstar . '' The first season was filmed during the summer of 2008 . The winner of the first season won a lifetime supply of MAC Cosmetics , was featured in an LA Eyeworks campaign , joined the Logo Drag Race tour , and won a cash prize of $20,000 . One of the nine contestants to compete on RuPaul 's Drag Race was determined by an audience vote via the show 's official website . The results were announced in early September 2008 . The theme song playing during the runway every episode was `` Cover Girl '' from RuPaul 's album Champion . This season and season one of All - Stars are the only seasons to not feature the `` Snatch Game . '' The winner of the first season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was BeBe Zahara Benet , with Nina Flowers being the runner - up . In late 2013 , Logo re-aired the first season , which was titled RuPaul 's Drag Race : The Lost Season Ru - Vealed , and featured commentary from RuPaul . Nina Flowers , Shannel and Tammie Brown competed on the first season of All Stars . Nina and Tammie placed 9 / 10th overall together and Shannel finished in 3rd / 4th with fellow season 2 contestant Jujubee . Contents ( hide ) 1 Contestants 2 Contestant progress 3 Lip - syncs 4 Episodes 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Contestants ( edit ) ( Ages and names stated are at time of contest ) Contestant Name Age Hometown Outcome BeBe Zahara Benet Nea Marshall Kudi 28 Minneapolis , Minnesota Winner Nina Flowers Jorge Luis Flores Sanchez 34 Bayamón , Puerto Rico Runner - up Rebecca Glasscock Javier Rivera 26 Fort Lauderdale , Florida 3rd Place Shannel Bryan Watkins 29 Las Vegas , Nevada 4th Place Ongina Ryan Ong Palao 26 Los Angeles , California 5th Place Jade David Sotomayor 25 Chicago , Illinois 6th Place Akashia Eric Flint 24 Cleveland , Ohio 7th Place Tammie Brown Keith Glen Schubert 29 Long Beach , California 8th Place Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Victor Bowling 39 Raleigh , North Carolina 9th Place Jump up ^ Jade Sotomayor is simply known as Jade on the show . Contestant progress ( edit ) Contestant 5 6 8 9 BeBe Zahara Benet SAFE SAFE WIN SAFE BTM2 WIN Winner Guest Nina Flowers WIN SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE SAFE Runner - up Miss C Rebecca Glasscock SAFE SAFE SAFE BTM2 WIN BTM2 Eliminated Guest Shannel SAFE SAFE BTM2 SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Ongina SAFE WIN SAFE WIN ELIM Z ! Guest Jade SAFE SAFE SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Akashia BTM2 BTM2 ELIM Z ! Guest Tammie Brown SAFE ELIM Z ! Guest Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker ELIM Z ! Guest The contestant won RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was the runner - up of RuPaul 's Drag Race . The contestant was eliminated without qualifying to lip - sync in the finale . The contestant was voted Miss Congeniality by viewers . The contestant won a challenge . The contestant received judges critiques but was ultimately chosen to be safe . The contestant was in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated . The contestant returned as a guest for the finale episode . Lip - syncs ( edit ) Episode Contestants Song Eliminated Akashia vs . Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' ( RuPaul ) Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Akashia vs . Tammie Brown `` We Break the Dawn '' ( Michelle Williams ) Tammie Brown Akashia vs . Shannel `` The Greatest Love of All '' ( Whitney Houston ) Akashia Jade vs . Rebecca Glasscock `` Would I Lie To You ? '' ( Eurythmics ) Jade 5 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . Ongina `` Stronger '' ( Britney Spears ) Ongina 6 Rebecca Glasscock vs . Shannel `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' ( Mary Mary ) Shannel 8 BeBe Zahara Benet vs . Nina Flowers `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' '' ( RuPaul ) Nina Flowers The contestant was eliminated after their first time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their second time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after their third time in the bottom two . The contestant was eliminated after the final lip - sync . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of RuPaul 's Drag Race episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` Drag On A Dime '' February 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 02 ) The nine contestants arrive in full drag and size up the competition . They are then immediately thrusted into a car wash photo shoot , portraying sex appeal while posing with two men , with Mike Ruiz as their photographer . The first challenge involved them making an outfit out of thrift store clothes and accessories from a 99 cent store . At the judging session , which included Bob Mackie , Santino Rice , Mike Ruiz , Merle Ginsberg , and Ru herself as judges , the contestants are judged on their outfits and photos . Guest Judges : Bob Mackie and Mike Ruiz Mini-Challenge : Sexy car wash photo shoot Main Challenge : Making an outfit out of thrift store clothes Challenge Winner : Nina Flowers Bottom Two : Akashia & Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker Lip - sync Song : `` Supermodel ( You Better Work ) '' by RuPaul Eliminated : Victoria `` Porkchop '' Parker `` Girl Groups '' February 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 09 ) The eight remaining contestants were given a mini-challenge in which they acted out certain emotions and took pictures of themselves with a digital camera . RuPaul then deemed Akashia and Ongina the winners and made them the group leaders in the next challenge , a girl group battle . The groups were each responsible for their own hair , makeup , costumes , and choreography and they each had to perform to a Destiny 's Child song . Guest Judges : Frank Gatson and Michelle Williams Mini-Challenge : Act out certain emotions Mini-Challenge Winners : Akashia & Ongina Main Challenge : Destiny 's Child girl group battle Challenge Winner : Ongina Bottom Two : Akashia & Tammie Brown Lip - sync Song : `` We Break the Dawn '' by Michelle Williams Eliminated : Tammie Brown `` Queens of All Media '' February 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 16 ) This week 's challenge was to channel Oprah Winfrey . Each contestant was allowed to pick a costume from a bin supplied for them , choose a costume they brought , or make their own on the spot . The challenge was in three parts , representing three stages of Oprah 's career . The first task was a newscaster challenge where they had to read mock news stories from a teleprompter . The next task was to try to sell products , reminiscent of Oprah on her `` My Favorite Things '' specials . The third task was to interview Tori Spelling and Dean McDermott . Guest judges : Howard Bragman and Debra Wilson Main Challenge : Channeling Oprah in three stages of her career : A mock interview , selling products , and interview 2 people Challenge Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Bottom Two : Akashia & Shannel Lip - sync Song : `` The Greatest Love of All '' by Whitney Houston Eliminated : Akashia `` Mac Viva - Glam Challenge '' February 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) For the mini-challenge , RuPaul paired everyone up and gave each person 30 minutes to do their partner 's makeup , with Jade being declared the winner . The main challenge involved the girls putting together a commercial for Mac 's Viva Glam makeup , a cosmetics line which Ru has once modeled for . The winner of the challenge would become the new face of Viva Glam . The girls are told they must use the commercial to explain who they are as queens , to explain why they are beautiful , and to inform people of Viva Glam 's help for those living with HIV . Guest judges : Gordon Espinet and Jenny Shimizu Mini-Challenge : Give your partner a 30 minute makeover Mini-Challenge Winner : Jade Main Challenge : Mac - Viva Glam commercial Challenge Winner : Ongina Bottom Two : Jade & Rebecca Glasscock Lip - sync Song : `` Would I Lie To You ? '' by The Eurythmics Eliminated : Jade 5 5 `` Drag School of Charm '' March 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 02 ) For the episode 's mini-challenge , Ru brought in five female fighters to put them through an exercise and endurance challenge . The last person standing would win the challenge , which was Rebecca . Ru then told the contestants that their main challenge would be for each of them to make over one of the fighters in their own image and teach them the secrets of drag . Rebecca , who won the mini-challenge , got to select her partner and whom the others had to work with . They must also coach the fighters on how to give a lip sync performance , which they would have to do to Beyoncé 's , `` Freakum Dress '' . Guest judges : Lucy Lawless and Robin Antin Mini-Challenge : Outlast your opponents in an endurance challenge Mini-Challenge Winner : Rebecca Glasscock Main Challenge : Transforming a female fighter in their own image Challenge Winner : Rebecca Glasscock Bottom Two : BeBe Zahara Benet & Ongina Lip - sync Song : `` Stronger '' by Britney Spears Eliminated : Ongina 6 6 `` Absolut Drag Ball '' March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) ( March 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 09 ) ) The contestants met Ru on the runway for a vogue battle mini-challenge , which Nina won . For their main challenge , each contestant has to come up with three looks : Swimsuit , Executive Realness , and Evening Wear . Ru also informed the girls that Absolut was sponsoring the event and thus , they had to each portray one of four pre-selected flavors : citron , mandarin , mango , and raspberry . As the winner of the mini-challenge , Nina selected her flavor and paired everyone else up . Ru later revealed that they must use their assigned fruits as part of their runway presentation . Guest judges : Jeffrey Moran and María Conchita Alonso Mini-Challenge : Vogue battle Mini-Challenge Winner : Nina Flowers Main Challenge : Drag Ball featuring three different looks - swimsuit , executive realness , and evening wear Challenge Winner : BeBe Zahara Benet Bottom Two : Rebecca Glasscock & Shannel Lip - sync Song : `` Shackles ( Praise You ) '' by Mary Mary Eliminated : Shannel 7 7 `` Extra Special Edition '' March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) ( March 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 16 ) ) In this episode , RuPaul took a look back through the first season . Clips included unaired audition videos from the contestants who made it and some who did n't , backstage antics , and an inside look at the final three . Among those who did n't make it , Raven , Pandora Boxx , Sahara Davenport , Nicole Paige Brooks , Detox , Naysha Lopez , and Alaska were featured . Merle Ginsberg and Santino Rice were also on hand to deliver their Top 10 picks for the most memorable fashions of the season . 8 8 `` Grand Finale '' March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ( March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ) Merle and Santino came in to inform the final three that their last challenge would be to appear in RuPaul 's latest video for her song , `` Cover Girl ( Put The Bass In Your Walk ) . '' They would do a group dance , record a verse with rapper Cazwell , and film a solo for Ru 's video . To get them prepared , choreographer Ryan Heffington took the final three through the planned dance routine . None of them adapted easily , but Rebecca in particular , struggled with the dancing required . Afterward , each queen got an impromptu sit - down with Ru . Main Challenge : Recording a verse and filming a spot for RuPaul 's latest video `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' Eliminated : Rebecca Glasscock Top Two : BeBe Zahara Benet & Nina Flowers Lip Sync Song : `` Cover Girl ( Put the Bass in Your Walk ) '' by RuPaul Runner - up : Nina Flowers Winner of RuPaul 's Drag Race Season One : BeBe Zahara Benet 9 9 `` Re-United ! '' March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ( March 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 23 ) ) The nine contestants gathered once again to chat about the season behind them and their current lives with RuPaul , Merle , and Santino with questions from the viewers . Miss Congeniality : Nina Flowers Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shumaker , Jason ; Jake Slane ( August 18 , 2013 ) . `` Gentlemen , Re-Start Your Engines ... and May the Best Woman Win ... Again ! '' . Logo Press Room . Logo . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Callie , dear ... '' . RuPaul 's Drag Race Facebook page . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Callie , dear ... Jump up ^ `` Abut '' . Ongina Facebook page . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Virtel , Louis ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Hottest `` RuPaul 's Drag Race '' Contestants Out of Drag `` . NewNowNext.com ( Logo TV / Viacom International . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website ( U.S. ) RuPaul 's Drag Race on IMDb ( hide ) RuPaul 's Drag Race Seasons Original 5 6 7 8 9 All Stars Contestants Winners Original BeBe Zahara Benet Tyra Sanchez Raja Sharon Needles Jinkx Monsoon Bianca Del Rio Violet Chachki Bob the Drag Queen Sasha Velour All Stars Chad Michaels Alaska Miss Congeniality Nina Flowers Pandora Boxx Yara Sofia Latrice Royale Ivy Winters BenDeLaCreme Katya Cynthia Lee Fontaine Valentina Related articles RuPaul 's Drag U Snatch Game Gay for Play Game Show Starring RuPaul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RuPaul%27s_Drag_Race_(season_1)&oldid=801053840 '' Categories : RuPaul 's Drag Race seasons 2009 American television seasons Logo original programs Cross-dressing in television LGBT - related reality television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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The Proud Family Movie

The Proud family Movie - wikipedia The Proud family Movie The Proud Family Movie DVD cover Genre Comedy Animated Based on The Proud Family by Bruce W. Smith Written by Calvin Brown , Jr . Ralph Farquhar John Patrick White Stiles White Directed by Bruce W. Smith Starring Kyla Pratt Tommy Davidson Paula Jai Parker Jo Marie Payton Tara Strong Orlando Brown Soleil Moon Frye Jeff Bennett Alisa Reyes Omarion LisaRaye McCoy Arsenio Hall Theme music composer Elik Alvarez Frank Fitzpatrick Freddy Sheinfeld Original language ( s ) English Spanish Production Producer ( s ) Bruce W. Smith Willard Carroll Ralph Farquhar Editor ( s ) Brandy Hammes Running time 91 minutes Production company ( s ) Walt Disney Television Animation Hyperion Pictures Jambalaya Studio Distributor Buena Vista Television Release Original network Disney Channel Original release August 19 , 2005 ( 2005 - 08 - 19 ) Chronology Preceded by The Proud Family ( 2001 - 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie is a Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on August 19 , 2005 . The film served as the series finale for the Disney Channel animated series , The Proud Family . Contents 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Release 5 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a man named Dr. Carver , the great - great - grandson of George Washington Carver , trying to generate a super ' Gnome Warrior ' , a prototype for an army of humanoid peanut warriors , but it disintegrates . The scene then turns to Penny Proud , who is celebrating her 16th birthday in her hometown of Wizardville , California , and fails her driver 's ed . She and her friends are excited to be a part of 15 Cent 's ( Sticky 's cousin and parody of 50 Cent ) dance group , Spare Change . When 15 Cent drives her home , Oscar Proud , her over-protective father , gets mad when he finds them kissing . After Oscar gives her the worst grounding of her life , and essentially forbids her from ever becoming an adult , Penny wishes he was n't her father , to which he states he wished he never had her as a daughter . This marks the culmination of their relationship as seen over the entire series . Oscar has invented an everlasting multiplying formula that was supposed to make his Proud Snacks tastier , but it instead causes the snack to expand and explode . As he is hauled away from his presentation , he proclaims that his formula has no expiration date . Dr. Carver , overhears Oscar 's ranting , plots to get Oscar 's formula since he has never gotten his experiment to stabilized . Disguising himself , Carver invites the Proud family to Legume Island . Trudy forces Oscar , Sugar Mama , and Penny to go in hopes they will re-bond . The family meets the inhabitants of the island , short peanut creatures called the Genomes . Carver tries to negotiate obtaining the formula from Oscar by offering him $10 million . However , a G - nome named Wally convince Oscar not to . When Oscar refuses ( who does n't have the formula with him ) , Carver constructs evil peanut clones of his family from DNA snatched from them while they were partying . Oscar runs away and tries explaining to his family , but they do n't believe him . The clones get a mix - up when the real Penny comes with them back to the mainland to search for the formula ; Penny 's clone remains with the original family . Penny soon enjoy the free life which the clones allowed her , in spite of their bizarre personalities and Oscar 's clone becoming a celebrity , but quickly tires of it . She discovers that Cashew , a G - nome she befriended earlier on the island , had stowed away ; he wanted to see what it was like to have a ' real family ' . He also reveals to her the true nature of the clones . At that moment , Wally leads the Prouds and the Penny clone on a perilous journey to the other side of the island , where he claims there is someone who can answer their questions . Along the way , the Penny clone proves to be the kind of daughter Oscar desires -- obedient . When they meet the person Wally wanted them to meet , he turns out to be the real Dr. Carver . Dr. Carver explains that he moved to the island and began his goal on cloning technology and created the friendly island creatures , but wanted someone to inherit all that he learned and cloned himself , it was a success but the clone went sizzling crisp in the sun one day and turned evil . Donning a disguise of his original form , the clone took over the island and forced the G - nomes to work for him ( excluding Wally ) and began using Carver 's peanut research for world domination . Oscar realizes his formula is the key and tells the family he had left it in a necklace for Penny 's birthday , which she opened back home . Her clone informs the other clones , who took the formula . Penny and Cashew gather her friends to go back to Legume Island and rescue the family . They steal 15 Cent 's yacht to get there , but Penny accidentally sinks it . The Carver clone has already prepared to leave to take over the world with his Super G - nomes . The clones attack Penny and her friends and family , but she convinces the Oscar clone to help - by bribing him with hot dogs which he had become obsessed with earlier - and he defeats the rest of the clones . Dr. Carver unleashes a sea creature on them but the original Dr. Carver recognizes the monster as Bobo , a former experiment that went bad and convinces it to being good . Seeing the Carver clone making his getaway , the original Dr. Carver reveals a possible solution - a container of gas that could instantly turn solid peanuts into peanut butter . Penny takes the gas , boards the clone 's airship , and battles him with help from Oscar , who para-sails up using one of Sugar Mama 's giant underwear . Just as Penny is on the verge of releasing the gas , Dr. Carver offers her to join him and live a free life , without rules or responsibilities . However , Penny retorts that , even though they are n't the perfect one , her family is who she cares about and unleashes the gas , foiling the clone 's plot and destroying the army . The clone , having only been hit slightly by the gas , turns back into a peanut and falls into the ocean . Oscar then gives Penny her birthday necklace , stating that he now knows she 's mature enough that she is ready to make her own decisions , and finally accepts her for who she is , and they then make up on national TV . 15 Cent has Penny and her friends sing instead of acting as his back - up dancers and the crowd loves them . On Legume Island , the real Carver and his peanut people along with the Proud clones listen as a radio announcer says that Penny and her friends ' song has been popular for five weeks ( 35 days ) in a row . In an extended ending , the scene fast - forwards three days later where Cashew is now part of the Proud Family , Penny is receiving her driver 's license and helps Oscar by driving through town advertising his new drink Pork - Nut - o - Rade , but Puff drank it back home earlier , turning him into a large and rampaging monster . He chases them around the world up to China , until Suga Mama , who also drank the concoction , takes him home . Voice cast ( edit ) Kyla Pratt -- Penny Proud Tommy Davidson -- Oscar Proud Paula Jai Parker -- Trudy Proud Jo Marie Payton -- Suga Mama Tara Strong -- Bebe Proud / Cece Proud / Cashew Orlando Brown -- Sticky Webb Jeff Bennett -- Mr. Bufferman Soleil Moon Frye -- Zoey Howser Alisa Reyes -- LaCienega Boulevardez Karen Malina White -- Dijonay Jones Omarion -- 15 Cent LisaRaye McCoy -- Choreographer Arsenio Hall -- Dr. Carver / Bobby Proud Jeremy Suarez -- Wally Carlos Alazraqui -- Puff / Board Member Billy West - Board Member / Cab Driver Carlos Mencia - Felix Boulevardez Maria Canals - Sunset Boulevardez Alvaro Guttierez -- Papi Phil LaMarr -- Dr. Carver in Disguise / Board Member Aries Spears -- Wizard Kelly / Board Member Keith David -- Bebe Proud Clone Kevin Michael Richardson -- Mangler Mania / Bobo the Sea Beast Masi Oka - Japanese Kid / Announcer Soundtrack ( edit ) The score to the film was composed by Elika Alvarez , Frank Fitzpatrick and Freddy Sheinfel . The film features new songs written by Frank Fitzpatrick , Jorge Corante , Robyn Johnson , Stephen Anderson and Jayne Houston , along with covers of calypso songs . The songs featured in the film are : `` Blowin ' Up the Spot '' - Performed by Omarion Grandberry ( Instrumental only ) `` Right Here '' - Performed by ' Jhené Ako ' `` Boom Boom Boom '' - Performed by Arsenio Hall ( Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud ) `` If I Ruled the World '' - Performed by Arsenio Hall ( Dr. Carver and Bobby Proud ) `` Looking for the Perfect Beat '' - Performed by Afrika Bambaatta & the Soulsonic Force `` Together Makes it Better '' - Performed by Kyla Pratt ( Penny Proud ) , Alisa Reyes ( LaCienga Boulevardez ) , Karen Malina White ( Dijonay Jones ) and Soleil Moon Frye ( Zoey ) Release ( edit ) The Proud Family Movie was shown on Disney Channel on August 19 , 2005 and was released on DVD December 6 , 2005 with an extended ending . The film re-aired again on Disney Channel on May 28 , 2016 , as part of Disney Channel 's 100 DCOM Marathon to celebrate the 100th film , Adventures in Babysitting . External links ( edit ) Official website The Proud Family Movie on IMDb The Proud Family Movie at AllMovie The Proud Family Movie at Rotten Tomatoes Bruce W. Smith Films directed Bébé 's Kids ( 1992 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Television The Proud Family ( 2001 - 2005 ) Da Boom Crew ( 2004 ) Disney Channel Original Movies 1990s Under Wraps ( 1997 ) You Lucky Dog ( 1998 ) Brink ! ( 1998 ) Halloweentown ( 1998 ) Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 ) Can of Worms ( 1999 ) The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 ) Smart House ( 1999 ) Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 ) Genius ( 1999 ) Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 ) Horse Sense ( 1999 ) 2000s Up , Up and Away ( 2000 ) The Color of Friendship ( 2000 ) Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 ) Rip Girls ( 2000 ) Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 ) Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 ) Ready to Run ( 2000 ) Quints ( 2000 ) The Other Me ( 2000 ) Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 ) Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 ) The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 ) Motocrossed ( 2001 ) The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 ) Hounded ( 2001 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) The Jennie Project ( 2001 ) Jumping Ship ( 2001 ) The Poof Point ( 2001 ) Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 ) ' Twas the Night ( 2001 ) Double Teamed ( 2002 ) Cadet Kelly ( 2002 ) Tru Confessions ( 2002 ) Get a Clue ( 2002 ) Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 ) A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 ) The Scream Team ( 2002 ) You Wish ! ( 2003 ) Right on Track ( 2003 ) The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 ) Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 ) The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 ) Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 ) Pixel Perfect ( 2004 ) Going to the Mat ( 2004 ) Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 ) Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) Tiger Cruise ( 2004 ) Halloweentown High ( 2004 ) Now You See It ... ( 2005 ) Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 ) Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 ) Go Figure ( 2005 ) Life Is Ruff ( 2005 ) The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 ) Twitches ( 2005 ) High School Musical ( 2006 ) Cow Belles ( 2006 ) Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 ) Read It and Weep ( 2006 ) The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 ) Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 ) Jump In ! ( 2007 ) Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 ( 2007 ) Twitches Too ( 2007 ) Minutemen ( 2008 ) Camp Rock ( 2008 ) The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 ) Dadnapped ( 2009 ) Hatching Pete ( 2009 ) Princess Protection Program ( 2009 ) Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 ) 2010s Starstruck ( 2010 ) Den Brother ( 2010 ) Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 ) Avalon High ( 2010 ) The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 ) Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 ) Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 ) Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 ) Geek Charming ( 2011 ) Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 ) Frenemies ( 2012 ) Radio Rebel ( 2012 ) Let It Shine ( 2012 ) Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 ) Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 ) Cloud 9 ( 2014 ) Zapped ( 2014 ) How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 ) Bad Hair Day ( 2015 ) Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 ) Descendants ( 2015 ) Invisible Sister ( 2015 ) Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 ) The Swap ( 2016 ) Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 ) Descendants 2 ( 2017 ) Zombies ( 2018 ) Freaky Friday ( 2018 ) Upcoming Descendants 3 ( 2019 ) Kim Possible ( 2019 ) Disney home entertainment animated features Sequels and other follow - ups The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) Aladdin and the King of Thieves ( 1996 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World ( 1998 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) An Extremely Goofy Movie ( 2000 ) The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea ( 2000 ) Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure ( 2001 ) Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame II ( 2002 ) Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( 2003 ) 101 Dalmatians II : Patch 's London Adventure ( 2003 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Tarzan II ( 2005 ) Lilo & Stitch 2 : Stitch Has a Glitch ( 2005 ) Kronk 's New Groove ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Brother Bear 2 ( 2006 ) The Fox and the Hound 2 ( 2006 ) Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning ( 2008 ) Films based on TV series Recess Christmas : Miracle on Third Street ( 2001 ) Recess : Taking the Fifth Grade ( 2003 ) Recess : All Growed Down ( 2003 ) Leroy & Stitch ( 2006 ) TV series pilots and compilations Gargoyles the Movie : The Heroes Awaken ( 1995 ) Mighty Ducks the Movie : The First Face - Off ( 1997 ) Hercules : Zero to Hero ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) A Very Merry Pooh Year ( 2002 ) Stitch ! The Movie ( 2003 ) Once Upon a Halloween ( 2005 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Halloween Movie ( 2005 ) Original stories Pooh 's Grand Adventure : The Search for Christopher Robin ( 1997 ) Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas ( 1999 ) Springtime with Roo ( 2004 ) Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers ( 2004 ) Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas ( 2004 ) Spin - offs Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( 2007 ) Tinker Bell ( 2008 ) Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure ( 2009 ) Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue ( 2010 ) Secret of the Wings ( 2012 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast ( 2015 ) Adaptations Winnie the Pooh : Seasons of Giving ( 1999 ) Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse ( 2001 ) Tarzan & Jane ( 2002 ) Mickey 's House of Villains ( 2002 ) Disney Sing - Along Songs series ( 1986 -- 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Proud_Family_Movie&oldid=856193837 '' Categories : 2005 television films 2005 animated films Films directed by Bruce W. Smith American television films American animated films Fantasy - comedy films Films based on television series Disney Channel Original Movie films 2000s American animated films American films Films about vacationing Films about cloning Films set on islands African - American animated films American television series finales Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 14 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who plays 15 cent in the proud family movie

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Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics

Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics - wikipedia Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Venues Bolshoy Ice Dome Shayba Arena Dates 8 -- 23 February 2014 Competitors 468 from 14 nations ← 2010 2018 → Men 's ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Medalists 01 ! Canada 02 ! Sweden 03 ! Finland Women 's ice hockey at the XXII Olympic Winter Games Medalists 01 ! Canada 02 ! United States 03 ! Switzerland Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics Qualification men women Tournament men women Rosters men women The ice hockey competitions of the 2014 Winter Olympics were played at two venues , located 300 meters from each other , within the Olympic Park in Sochi , Russia . The Bolshoy Ice Dome , which seats 12,000 , resembles a Fabergé egg . The Shayba Arena , seating 7,000 , is a moveable structure that will be used after the games in another Russian city . Both venues are international sized ( 60 meters by 30 meters ) . Twelve teams competed in the men 's tournament and eight teams in the women 's . The tournaments began 8 February 2014 . The women 's concluded on 20 February and the men 's on 23 February . Canada went undefeated throughout both the men and women 's tournaments and repeated as gold medalists , after winning both tournaments on home soil in Vancouver . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal summary 1.1 Medal table 1.2 Medalists 2 Men 's tournament 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Participating nations 3 Women 's tournament 3.1 Qualification 3.2 Participating nations 4 References 5 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Medal table ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Canada 0 0 Sweden 0 0 United States 0 0 Finland 0 0 Switzerland 0 0 Total 6 Medalists ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's details Canada ( CAN ) Jamie Benn Patrice Bergeron Jay Bouwmeester Jeff Carter Sidney Crosby Drew Doughty Matt Duchene Ryan Getzlaf Dan Hamhuis Duncan Keith Chris Kunitz Roberto Luongo Patrick Marleau Rick Nash Corey Perry Alex Pietrangelo Carey Price Patrick Sharp Mike Smith Martin St. Louis P.K. Subban John Tavares Jonathan Toews Marc - Édouard Vlasic Shea Weber Sweden ( SWE ) Daniel Alfredsson Nicklas Bäckström Patrik Berglund Alexander Edler Oliver Ekman - Larsson Jhonas Enroth Jimmie Ericsson Jonathan Ericsson Loui Eriksson Jonas Gustavsson Carl Hagelin Niklas Hjalmarsson Marcus Johansson Erik Karlsson Niklas Kronwall Marcus Krüger Gabriel Landeskog Henrik Lundqvist Gustav Nyquist Johnny Oduya Daniel Sedin Jakob Silfverberg Alexander Steen Henrik Tallinder Henrik Zetterberg Finland ( FIN ) Juhamatti Aaltonen Aleksander Barkov Mikael Granlund Juuso Hietanen Jarkko Immonen Jussi Jokinen Olli Jokinen Leo Komarov Sami Lepistö Petri Kontiola Lauri Korpikoski Lasse Kukkonen Jori Lehterä Kari Lehtonen Olli Määttä Antti Niemi Antti Pihlström Tuukka Rask Tuomo Ruutu Sakari Salminen Sami Salo Teemu Selänne Kimmo Timonen Ossi Väänänen Sami Vatanen Women 's details Canada ( CAN ) Meghan Agosta - Marciano Gillian Apps Mélodie Daoust Laura Fortino Jayna Hefford Haley Irwin Brianne Jenner Rebecca Johnston Charline Labonté Geneviève Lacasse Jocelyne Larocque Meaghan Mikkelson Caroline Ouellette Marie - Philip Poulin Lauriane Rougeau Natalie Spooner Shannon Szabados Jenn Wakefield Catherine Ward Tara Watchorn Hayley Wickenheiser United States ( USA ) Kacey Bellamy Megan Bozek Alexandra Carpenter Julie Chu Kendall Coyne Brianna Decker Meghan Duggan Lyndsey Fry Amanda Kessel Hilary Knight Jocelyne Lamoureux Monique Lamoureux Gisele Marvin Brianne McLaughlin Michelle Picard Josephine Pucci Molly Schaus Anne Schleper Kelli Stack Lee Stecklein Jessie Vetter Switzerland ( SUI ) Janine Alder Livia Altmann Sophie Anthamatten Laura Benz Sara Benz Nicole Bullo Romy Eggimann Sarah Forster Angela Frautschi Jessica Lutz Julia Marty Stefanie Marty Alina Müller Katrin Nabholz Evelina Raselli Florence Schelling Lara Stalder Phoebe Stanz Anja Stiefel Nina Waidacher Teemu Selanne , at age 43 years and 234 days , became the oldest ice hockey player to win an Olympic medal , by being part of Team Finland 's bronze . He also holds the Olympic record for total ice hockey points , upping it to 43 . He also shares the record for most appearances in ice hockey at the Olympics , with 2014 being his 6th Olympics . In a drug test at the Olympics , Nicklas Bäckström 's A-sample indicated doping pseudoephedrine and he was prevented from playing in the final . The B - sample , analyzed after the final , also showed values above the allowed limit . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Men 's tournament The tournament featured 12 countries , 9 qualifying through the IIHF World Ranking , and 3 through subsequent qualifying tournaments . The format was the same as 2010 ; there were three groups of 4 to determine seeding , with four rounds of elimination games . Each group winner received a bye into the second round , along with the best second place team while the remaining eight teams played a qualification game . Each quarter - final winner advanced to the semis with the winners playing for the gold medal , and the losers the bronze . The NHL has agreed to allow its players to participate in the tournament . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Men 's qualification Qualification for the men 's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships . The top nine teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics , while all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining three spots in the Olympics . Participating nations ( edit ) The twelve nations played in three pools . Group A Group B Group C Russia Slovakia United States Slovenia Finland Canada Norway Austria Czech Republic Sweden Switzerland Latvia Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Women 's tournament The women 's tournament ran from 8 to 20 February . Eight nations contested the gold . A new format was introduced , with the top 4 ranked teams in group A , with the next four in group B . The bottom two group A teams played the top 2 teams in group B in the quarter finals , where the winners played either the first or second place team in group A . Qualification ( edit ) Main article : Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics -- Women 's qualification Qualification for the women 's tournament at the 2014 Winter Olympics was determined by the IIHF World Ranking following the 2012 IIHF Women 's World Championships . The top five teams in the World Ranking received automatic berths into the Olympics , Russia gained direct entry by being host and all other teams had an opportunity to qualify for the remaining two spots in the Olympics . Participating nations ( edit ) The eight nations played in two pools . On December 6 , 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations resulting in the team being disqualified . Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later . Group A Group B Canada Finland Switzerland United States Russia Sweden Germany Japan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bolshoy Ice Dome -- Venues -- Sochi 2014 Olympics '' . Sochi2014.com. 21 December 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shayba Arena -- Venues -- Sochi 2014 Olympics '' . Sochi2014.com . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big ice in Sochi 2014 '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Kevin Oklobzija ( 2014 - 02 - 22 ) . `` Teemu Selanne ends Olympic career a medalist '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Dave Lozo ( 22 February 2014 ) . `` Olympic Hockey 2014 : Finnish Flash Teemu Selanne Cements His Legacy '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 7 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 27 events in IIHF program '' . Iihf.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions six Russian athletes and closes one case as part of the Oswald Commission findingsdate = December 12 , 2017 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IOC sanctions 11 Russian athletes as part of Oswald Commission findings '' . International Olympic Committee . 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Sochi in the final stretch , a review of the venues at IIHF.com . Events at the 2014 Winter Olympics ( Sochi ) Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling men women Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey men women Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Chronological summary Medal table List of medalists Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Summary by year 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Men 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Women 's events 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Triple Gold Club Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_hockey_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics&oldid=828550555 '' Categories : 2014 Winter Olympics events Ice hockey at the Olympic Games 2014 in ice hockey Ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics International ice hockey competitions hosted by Russia 2013 -- 14 in Russian ice hockey Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Infobox Olympic event using medalist parameter without NOC parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Frysk Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Interlingue Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 07 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won the gold metal for men's ice hockey in 2014

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Charlotte's Web

Charlotte 's Web - wikipedia Charlotte 's Web Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For other uses , see Charlotte 's Web ( disambiguation ) . Charlotte 's Web First edition Author E.B. White Illustrator Garth Williams Cover artist Garth Williams Country United States Language English Genre Children 's Publisher Harper & Brothers Publication date 1952 Pages 192 Charlotte 's Web is a children 's novel by American author E.B. White and illustrated by Garth Williams ; it was published in October 15 , 1952 , by Harper & Brothers . The novel tells the story of a pig named Wilbur and his friendship with a barn spider named Charlotte . When Wilbur is in danger of being slaughtered by the farmer , Charlotte writes messages praising Wilbur ( such as `` Some Pig '' ) in her web in order to persuade the farmer to let him live . Written in White 's dry , low - key manner , Charlotte 's Web is considered a classic of children 's literature , enjoyable to adults as well as children . The description of the experience of swinging on a rope swing at the farm is an often cited example of rhythm in writing , as the pace of the sentences reflects the motion of the swing . In 2000 , Publishers Weekly listed the book as the best - selling children 's paperback of all time . Charlotte 's Web was adapted into an animated feature by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions in 1973 . Paramount released a direct - to - video sequel , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , in the U.S. in 2003 ( Universal released the film internationally ) . A live - action film version of E.B. White 's original story was released in 2006 . A video game based on this adaption was also released in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 3 History 4 Reception 5 Adaptations 5.1 Film 5.2 Stage 5.3 Video game 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot summary After her father spares the life of a piglet from slaughtering it as runt of the litter , a little girl named Fern Arable nurtures the piglet lovingly , naming him Wilbur . On greater maturity , Wilbur is sold to Fern 's uncle , Homer Zuckerman , in whose barnyard he is left yearning for companionship but is snubbed by other barn animals , until befriended by a barn spider named Charlotte , living on a web overlooking Wilbur 's enclosure . Upon Wilbur 's discovery that he is intended for slaughter , she promises to hatch a plan guaranteed to spare his life . Accordingly , she secretly weaves praise of him into her web , attracting publicity among Zuckerman 's neighbors who attribute the praise to divine intervention . As time passes , more inscriptions appear on Charlotte 's webs , increasing his renown . Therefore , Wilbur is entered in the county fair , accompanied by Charlotte and the rat Templeton , whom she employs in gathering inspiration for her messages . There , Charlotte spins an egg sac containing her unborn offspring , and Wilbur , despite winning no prizes , is later celebrated by the fair 's staff and visitors ( thus made too prestigious alive to justify killing him ) . Exhausted apparently by laying eggs , Charlotte remains at the fair and dies shortly after Wilbur 's departure . Having returned to Zuckerman 's farm , Wilbur guards Charlotte 's egg sac and is saddened further when the new spiders depart shortly after hatching . The three smallest remain , however . Pleased at finding new friends , Wilbur names the spiderlings Joy , Nellie , and Aranea , and the book concludes by mentioning that more generations of spiders kept him company in subsequent years . Characters Wilbur is a rambunctious pig , the runt of his litter . He is often strongly emotional . Charlotte A. Cavatica , or simply Charlotte , is a spider who befriends Wilbur . In some passages , she is the heroine of the story . John Arable : Wilbur 's first owner . Fern Arable , John 's daughter , who adopts Wilbur in his infancy , and later visits him . She is the only human in the story capable of understanding nonhuman conversation . Templeton is a rat who helps Charlotte and Wilbur only when offered food . He serves as a somewhat caustic , self - serving comic relief to the plot . Avery Arable is the elder brother of Fern . Like Templeton , he is a source of comic relief . Homer Zuckerman is Fern 's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn . He has a wife , Edith , and an assistant named Lurvy . Other animals in Zuckerman 's barn , with whom Wilbur converses , are a disdainful lamb , a talkative goose , and an intelligent `` old sheep '' . Henry Fussy is a boy of Fern 's age , of whom Fern becomes fond . Dr. Dorian is the family physician / psychologist consulted by Fern 's mother and something of a wise old man character . Uncle is a large pig whom Charlotte disdains for coarse manners and Wilbur 's rival at the fair . History White 's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that one day , in 1952 , E. B. White handed her a new manuscript , the only version of Charlotte 's Web then in existence , which she read soon after and enjoyed . Charlotte 's Web was published three years after White began writing it . Since White published Death of a Pig in 1948 , an account of his own failure to save a sick pig ( bought for butchering ) , Charlotte 's Web can be seen as White 's attempt `` to save his pig in retrospect '' . White 's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed and he has written : `` I have n't told why I wrote the book , but I have n't told you why I sneeze , either . A book is a sneeze '' . When White met the spider who originally inspired Charlotte , he called her Charlotte Epeira ( after Epeira sclopetaria , the Grey Cross spider , now known as Larinioides sclopetarius ) , before discovering that the more modern name for that genus was Aranea . In the novel , Charlotte gives her full name as `` Charlotte A. Cavatica '' , revealing her as a barn spider , an orb - weaver with the scientific name Araneus cavaticus . The arachnid anatomical terms ( mentioned in the beginning of chapter nine ) and other information that White used , came mostly from American Spiders by Willis J. Gertsch and The Spider Book by John Henry Comstock , both of which combine a sense of poetry with scientific fact . White incorporated details from Comstock 's accounts of baby spiders , most notably the `` flight '' of the young spiders on silken parachutes . White sent Gertsch 's book to illustrator Garth Williams . Williams ' initial drawings depicted a spider with a woman 's face , and White suggested that he simply draw a realistic spider instead . White originally opened the novel with an introduction of Wilbur and the barnyard ( which later became the third chapter ) but decided to begin the novel by introducing Fern and her family on the first page . White 's publishers were at one point concerned with the book 's ending and tried to get White to change it . Charlotte 's Web has become White 's most famous book ; but White treasured his privacy and that of the farmyard and barn that helped inspire the novel , which have been kept off limits to the public according to his wishes . Reception Charlotte 's Web was generally well - reviewed when it was released . In The New York Times , Eudora Welty wrote , `` As a piece of work it is just about perfect , and just about magical in the way it is done . '' Aside from its paperback sales , Charlotte 's Web is 78th on the all - time bestselling hardback book list . According to publicity for the 2006 film adaptation ( see below ) , the book has sold more than 45 million copies and been translated into 23 languages . It was a Newbery Honor book for 1953 , losing to Secret of the Andes by Ann Nolan Clark for the medal . In 1970 , White won the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal , a major prize in the field of children 's literature , for Charlotte 's Web , along with his first children 's book , Stuart Little , published in 1945 . Seth Lerer , in his book Children 's Literature , finds that Charlotte represents female authorship and creativity , and compares her to other female characters in children 's literature such as Jo March in Little Women and Mary Lennox in The Secret Garden . Nancy Larrick brings to attention the `` startling note of realism '' in the opening line , `` Where 's Papa going with that Ax ? '' Illustrator Henry Cole expressed his deep childhood appreciation of the characters and story , and calls Garth Williams ' illustrations full of `` sensitivity , warmth , humor , and intelligence . '' Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams ' illustrations inspired and influenced her . There is an unabridged audio book read by White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded . Newsweek writes that White reads the story `` without artifice and with a mellow charm , '' and that `` White also has a plangency that will make you weep , so do n't listen ( at least , not to the sad parts ) while driving . '' Joe Berk , president of Pathway Sound , had recorded Charlotte 's Web with White in White 's neighbor 's house in Maine ( which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience ) and released the book in LP . Bantam released Charlotte 's Web alongside Stuart Little on CD in 1991 , digitally remastered , having acquired the two of them for rather a large amount . In 2005 , a school teacher in California conceived of a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds of drawings of spiders ( each representing Charlotte 's child Aranea going out into the world so that she can return and tell Wilbur of what she has seen ) with accompanying letters ; they ended up visiting a large number of parks , monuments , and museums , and were hosted by and / or prompted responses from celebrities and politicians such as John Travolta and then - First Lady Laura Bush . In 2003 Charlotte 's Web was listed at number 170 on the BBC 's The Big Read poll of the UK 's 200 `` best - loved novels . '' A 2004 study found that Charlotte 's Web was a common read - aloud book for third - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children . '' It was one of the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal . Its awards and nominations include : Newbery Honor Book ( 1953 ) Horn Book Fanfare ( 1953 ) Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal ( 1970 ) ( awarded to White for his children 's books : Charlotte 's Web and Stuart Little ) Massachusetts Children 's Book Award ( 1984 ) Adaptations Film The book was adapted into an animated feature of the same name in 1973 by Hanna - Barbera Productions and Sagittarius Productions with a score by the Sherman Brothers . In 2003 , a direct - to - video sequel of that film , Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure , was released by Paramount Pictures . In 2006 , Paramount Pictures , with Walden Media , Kerner Entertainment Company , and Nickelodeon Movies , produced a live - action / animated adaptation starring Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte , released on December 15 , 2006 . Stage Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) A musical production was created with music and lyrics by Charles Strouse . Video game Main article : Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) A video game of the 2006 film was developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by THQ and Sega , and released on December 12 , 2006 , for the Game Boy Advance , Nintendo DS , PlayStation 2 and PC . See also United States portal Children 's literature portal List of best - selling books The Tale of Little Pig Robinson `` Low THC cannabis ( '' Charlotte 's web `` ) Death in children 's literature References Jump up ^ `` Private Tutor '' . Factmonster.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte A. Cavatica : Bloodthirsty , Wise And True '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Nordstrom , Ursula ( 1974 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Stuart , Wilbur , Charlotte : A Tale of Tales '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( 2006 ) . `` Authors & illustrators : E.B. White : AUTHOR NOTE : A Letter from E.B. White '' . harpercollinschildrens.com . HarperCollins Publishers . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ( January 1948 ) . `` Death of a Pig '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weales , Gerald ( 1970 - 05 - 24 ) . `` The Designs of E.B. White '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Usher , Shaun . `` A book is a sneeze '' . Letters of Note . Retrieved 6 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Scott ( 1984 ) . E.B. White : A Biography . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01771 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Neumeyer , Peter F. ( 1991 ) . `` Charlotte , Arachnida : The Scientific Sources '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 19 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 231 . ISSN 0147 - 2593 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 1995.0034 . ^ Jump up to : Elledge ( 1984 ) , p. 295 . Jump up ^ White , E.B. ; Dorothy Lobrano Guth ( ed . ) ( 1976 ) . Letters of E.B. White . Harper and Row . pp. 353 -- 354 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 014601 - X . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ White ( 1976 ) , p. 351 . Jump up ^ Garfield , Henry ( May 2007 ) . `` E.B. White 's Web '' . Bangor - Metro . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ The New York Times , October 19 , 1952 Jump up ^ Lerer , Seth ( 2008 ) . Children 's Literature . University of Chicago Press . pp. 249 -- 251 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 47300 - 7 . Jump up ^ Larrick , Nancy ( 1982 ) . A Parent 's Guide to Children 's Reading ( Fifth ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : The Westminster Press . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 32705 - 2 . Jump up ^ Cole , Henry ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 33 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bluthenthal , Diana Cain ( 2005 ) . The Art of Reading : Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF 's 40th Anniversary . Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental . Dutton Books . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47484 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ames , Katrine ; Marc Peyser ( 1991 - 12 - 09 ) . `` For Little Pitchers With Big Ears '' . Newsweek . New York ( 24 ) : 79 . ISSN 0028 - 9604 . ^ Jump up to : Schnol , Janet ; Joanne Tangorra ( 1991 - 10 - 18 ) . `` Bantam Releases CD / Cassette of E.B. White Titles '' . Publishers Weekly . 238 ( 46 ) : 32 . ISSN 0000 - 0019 . Jump up ^ Worldly Web : A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading , meeting new people , and experiencing new adventures . Readers Digest 2007 - 06 - 13 , page found 2012 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- The Big Read '' . BBC . April 2003 , Retrieved August 28 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 ¬ -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / rt. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . School Library Journal `` A Fuse # 8 Production '' blog . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbery Medal Home Page , American Library Association Jump up ^ Book awards : A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book Jump up ^ Massachusetts Children 's awards Archived February 8 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Further Reading Griffith , John W. ( 1993 ) . Charlotte 's web : a pig 's salvation . New York : Twayne . ISBN 0805788123 . Neumeyer , Peter F. ; Williams , Garth ; White , E.B. ( 1994 ) . The annotated Charlotte 's web . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060243872 . White , E.B. ( 2007 ) . Some pig ! : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0060781610 . White , E.B. ( 2008 ) . Wilbur 's adventure : a Charlotte 's web picture book . Illustrated by Maggie Kneen . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060781644 . Sims , Michael ( 2011 ) . The story of Charlotte 's web : E.B. White 's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic . New York : Walker & Co . ISBN 9780802777546 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Charlotte 's Web Charlotte 's Web home page at publisher 's site E.B. White 's Charlotte 's Web ( 1952 ) Films Charlotte 's Web ( 1973 ) Charlotte 's Web 2 : Wilbur 's Great Adventure Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Other Charlotte 's Web ( video game ) Charlotte 's Web ( musical ) Pigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd As food Bacon Ham Lard Pork Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig 's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and Feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting In the Philippines Razorback Pigs in culture Iron Age pig Flitch of bacon custom Miss Piggy Porky Pig Piglet `` The Three Little Pigs '' Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe : Pig in the City Bad Piggies My Brother the Pig Charlotte 's Web The Sheep - Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Fair , then Partly Piggy Jakers ! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Olivia ( character TV series ) Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Spider - Ham The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland `` This Little Piggy '' Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Other List of pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus ( politics ) `` When pigs fly '' Pigs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte%27s_Web&oldid=802160836 '' Categories : 1952 American novels American children 's novels Fictional spiders Fictional pigs Books about friendship Newbery Honor - winning works Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Works by E.B. White Harper & Brothers books American novels adapted into films Children 's novels about animals Pigs in literature 1952 children 's books Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 10 : 49 . 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what is the name of the pig in charlotte's web

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I'd Love to Change the World

I 'd Love to Change the World - wikipedia I 'd Love to Change the World `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' Single by Ten Years After from the album A Space in Time B - side `` Let the Sky Fall '' Released 1971 Format 7 '' single Genre Blues rock folk rock psychedelic rock Length 3 : 44 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Alvin Lee Producer ( s ) Chris Wright Ten Years After singles chronology `` Love Like a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Wo n't You Let Me Rock ' n ' Roll You '' ( 1972 ) `` Love Like a Man '' ( 1970 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' ( 1971 ) `` Baby Wo n't You Let Me Rock ' n ' Roll You '' ( 1972 ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' is a song by the British blues rock band Ten Years After . Written by Alvin Lee , it is the lead single from the band 's 1971 album A Space in Time . It is the band 's only Top 40 hit , peaking at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 and their most popular single . Contents 1 Background and composition 2 Release and reception 3 Personnel 4 Chart performance 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background and composition ( edit ) The song was written and sung by Alvin Lee . It discusses the confused state of the world , covering a wide variety of societal complaints , until it finally addresses the Vietnam War . The song features a folk - inspired chord pattern to support the melody . Release and reception ( edit ) `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' was the band 's highest charting single . It peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971 . When it was released , `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' was a staple of both FM and AM radio , a rarity for the time . Billy Walker of Sounds wrote that the `` acoustic guitar , echoing vocals , and electric guitar build up the tempo with very good cool electric passages by Alvin ( Lee ) , and while there 's nothing new developing it 's a very nice track '' . Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic highlighted Lee 's guitar work as the `` most expressive -- and most tasteful -- electric guitar performance of his career '' , and added `` if there is a single song that can describe the overall vibe of the counterculture in 1969 / 1970 , this may very well be it . The band and Lee never quite matched the song 's supple power in their later efforts , but this song is representation enough of their awesome artistry . '' Robert Christgau was less enthusiastic about Lee 's philosophical stance , finding it `` cautious '' and `` dumb '' : `` Fellow seems to believe that if you ' tax the rich to feed the poor ' you soon run out of rich , with dire consequences . '' Christgau later said the lyrics took a cowardly position that `` epitomized the political reaction of English blues rock '' during the 1970s . Personnel ( edit ) Alvin Lee -- guitar and vocals Leo Lyons -- bass Ric Lee -- drums Chick Churchill -- keyboards Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 40 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 Singles 28 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwald , Matthew . `` I 'd Love to Change the World review '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years After Awards '' . Allmusic . Macrovision Corporation . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walker , Billy ( 28 August 1971 ) . `` Ten Years After Today '' . Sounds . Spotlight Publications . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( 1981 ) . `` Ten Years After '' . Christgau 's Record Guide : Rock Albums of the ' 70s . Ticknor and Fields . ISBN 0 - 89919 - 026 - X . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Christgau , Robert ( October 14 , 1971 ) . `` Consumer Guide ( 19 ) '' . The Village Voice . New York . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Christgau , Robert ( 27 December 1976 ) . `` Christgau 's Consumer Guide '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 11 / 27 / 71 '' . Cashbox Magazine , Inc . Retrieved June 25 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Fisher , Joseph P. ; Flota , Brian ( 2011 ) . The Politics of Post-9 / 11 Music : Sound , Trauma , and the Music Industry in the Time of Terror . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . ISBN 1409427846 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Ten Years After Chick Churchill Ric Lee Marcus Bonfanti Colin Hodgkinson Alvin Lee Leo Lyons Joe Gooch Studio albums Ten Years After Stonedhenge Ssssh Cricklewood Green Watt A Space in Time Rock & Roll Music to the World Positive Vibrations About Time Now Evolution Live albums Undead Recorded Live Live at the Fillmore East 1970 Roadworks Live at Fiesta City Compilation albums Double Deluxe Ten Years After Classic Performances Goin ' Home Alvin Lee and Company Greatest Hits Profile Ten Years After Timewarps The Collection At Their Peak Universal Music Co . Portfolio - A History The Collection Essential Pure Blues I 'm Going Home Premium Gold Collection The Best of Very Best Ten Years After Album Ever Ten Years After Anthology Singles `` Love Like a Man '' `` I 'd Love to Change the World '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27d_Love_to_Change_the_World&oldid=833623749 '' Categories : 1971 singles Ten Years After songs Protest songs Songs of the Vietnam War Columbia Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 17 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who sang i want to change the world

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James Dewar

James Dewar - wikipedia James Dewar Jump to : navigation , search For other people named James Dewar , see James Dewar ( disambiguation ) . Sir James Dewar Sir James Dewar FRS ( 1842 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1842 Kincardine - on - Forth , Scotland 27 March 1923 ( 1923 - 03 - 27 ) ( aged 80 ) London , England Nationality Scottish / British Alma mater University of Edinburgh Known for Liquid oxygen Liquid hydrogen Awards Hodgkins gold medal ( Smithsonian Institution ) Lavoisier Medal ( French Academy of Sciences ) Albert Medal ( Royal Society of Arts ) Rumford Medal ( 1894 ) Franklin Medal ( 1919 ) Scientific career Fields Physics Chemistry Institutions Royal Institution Peterhouse , Cambridge Doctoral advisor Lord Playfair Sir James Dewar FRS FRSE ( 20 September 1842 -- 27 March 1923 ) was a Scottish chemist and physicist . He is probably best known today for his invention of the vacuum flask , which he used in conjunction with extensive research into the liquefaction of gases . He was also particularly interested in atomic and molecular spectroscopy , working in these fields for more than 25 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Family 4 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures 5 Honours and awards 6 Character 7 Selected publications 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Early life ( edit ) James Dewar was born in Kincardine , Perthshire ( now in Fife ) in 1842 , the youngest of six boys of Thomas Dewar , a vintner , and his wife , Ann Dewar . James was educated at Kincardine Parish School and then Dollar Academy . He lost his parents when he was 15 , soon after leaving the Academy , but was still able to attend University of Edinburgh . There he studied chemistry under Lyon Playfair ( later Baron Playfair ) and became Playfair 's personal assistant . Dewar also studied under August Kekulé at Ghent . Career ( edit ) In 1875 , Dewar was elected Jacksonian professor of natural experimental philosophy at the University of Cambridge , becoming a fellow of Peterhouse . He became a member of the Royal Institution and later , in 1877 , replaced Dr. John Hall Gladstone in the role of Fullerian Professor of Chemistry . Dewar was also the President of the Chemical Society in 1897 and the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1902 , as well as serving on the Royal Commission established to examine London 's water supply from 1893 to 1894 and the Committee on Explosives . Whilst he was serving on the Committee on Explosives , Frederick Augustus Abel and he developed cordite , a smokeless gunpowder alternative . In 1867 Dewar described several chemical formulas for benzene . One of the formulae , which does not represent benzene correctly and was not advocated by Dewar , is sometimes still called Dewar benzene . In 1869 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , his proposer being his former mentor , Lyon Playfair . His scientific work covers a wide field -- his earlier papers cover a wide range of topics : organic chemistry , hydrogen and its physical constants , high - temperature research , the temperature of the Sun and of the electric spark , spectrophotometry , and the chemistry of the electric arc . With professor J.G. McKendrick , of Glasgow , he investigated the physiological action of light and examined the changes that take place in the electrical condition of the retina under its influence . With professor G.D. Liveing , one of his colleagues at Cambridge , he began in 1878 a long series of spectroscopic observations , the later of which were devoted to the spectroscopic examination of various gaseous elements separated from atmospheric air by the aid of low temperatures ; he was joined by professor J.A. Fleming , of University College London , in the investigation of the electrical behaviour of substances cooled to very low temperatures . Sir James Dewar at work His name is most widely known in connection with his work on the liquefaction of the so - called permanent gases and his researches at temperatures approaching absolute zero . His interest in this branch of physics and chemistry dates back at least as far as 1874 , when he discussed the `` Latent Heat of Liquid Gases '' before the British Association . In 1878 , he devoted a Friday evening lecture at the Royal Institution to the then - recent work of Louis Paul Cailletet and Raoul Pictet , and exhibited for the first time in Great Britain the working of the Cailletet apparatus . Six years later , again at the Royal Institution , he described the researches of Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski , and illustrated for the first time in public the liquefaction of oxygen and air . Soon afterward , he built a machine from which the liquefied gas could be drawn off through a valve for use as a cooling agent , before using the liquid oxygen in research work related to meteorites ; about the same time , he also obtained oxygen in the solid state . James Dewar 's vacuum flask in the museum of the Royal Institution By 1891 , he had designed and built , at the Royal Institution , machinery which yielded liquid oxygen in industrial quantities , and towards the end of that year , he showed that both liquid oxygen and liquid ozone are strongly attracted by a magnet . About 1892 , the idea occurred to him of using vacuum - jacketed vessels for the storage of liquid gases -- the Dewar flask ( otherwise known as a Thermos or vacuum flask ) -- the invention for which he became most famous . The vacuum flask was so efficient at keeping heat out , it was found possible to preserve the liquids for comparatively long periods , making an examination of their optical properties possible . Dewar did not profit from the widespread adoption of his vacuum flask -- he lost a court case against Thermos concerning the patent for his invention . While Dewar was recognised as the inventor because he did not patent his invention , no way to stop Thermos from using the design was possible . He next experimented with a high - pressure hydrogen jet by which low temperatures were realised through the Joule -- Thomson effect , and the successful results he obtained led him to build at the Royal Institution a large regenerative cooling refrigerating machine . Using this machine in 1898 , liquid hydrogen was collected for the first time , solid hydrogen following in 1899 . He tried to liquefy the last remaining gas , helium , which condenses into a liquid at − 268.9 ° C , but owing to a number of factors , including a short supply of helium , Dewar was preceded by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes as the first person to produce liquid helium , in 1908 . Onnes would later be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research into the properties of matter at low temperatures -- Dewar was nominated several times , but never succeeded in winning the Nobel Prize . In 1905 , he began to investigate the gas - absorbing powers of charcoal when cooled to low temperatures and applied his research to the creation of high vacuum , which was used for further experiments in atomic physics . Dewar continued his research work into the properties of elements at low temperatures , specifically low - temperature calorimetry , until the outbreak of World War I . The Royal Institution laboratories lost a number of staff to the war effort , both in fighting and scientific roles , and after the war , Dewar had little interest in restarting the serious research work that went on before the war . Shortages of scholars necessarily compounded the problems . His research during and after the war mainly involved investigating surface tension in soap bubbles , rather than further work into the properties of matter at low temperatures . Family ( edit ) He married Helen Rose Banks in 1871 . They had no children . Helen was sister - in - law to both Charles Dickson , Lord Dickson and James Douglas Hamilton Dickson . His nephew , Dr Thomas William Dewar FRSE ( 1861 -- 1931 ) was an amateur artist , who painted a portrait of Sir James Dewar . He is presumably also the same Thomas William Dewar as mentioned as executor in James Dewar 's will , ultimately replaced `` unopposed '' by Dewar 's wife . Royal Institution Christmas Lectures ( edit ) Dewar was invited to deliver several Royal Institution Christmas Lectures : A Soap Bubble ( 1878 ) Atoms ( 1880 ) Alchemy in Relation to Modern Science ( 1883 ) The Story of a Meteorite ( 1885 ) The Chemistry of Light and Photography ( 1886 ) Clouds and Cloudland ( 1888 ) Frost and Fire ( 1890 ) Air : Gaseous and Liquid ( 1893 ) Christmas Lecture Epilogues ( 1912 ) Honours and awards ( edit ) A street sign in the Kings Buildings complex in Edinburgh in memory of James Dewar Whilst Dewar was never recognised by the Swedish Academy , he was recognised by many other institutions both before and after his death , in Britain and overseas . The Royal Society elected him a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1877 and bestowed their Rumford ( 1894 ) , Davy ( 1909 ) , and Copley Medal ( 1916 ) medals upon him for his work , as well as inviting him to deliver their Bakerian Lecture in 1901 . In 1899 , he became the first recipient of the Hodgkins gold medal of the Smithsonian Institution , Washington , DC , for his contributions to knowledge of the nature and properties of atmospheric air . In 1904 , he was the first British subject to receive the Lavoisier Medal of the French Academy of Sciences , and in 1906 , he was the first to be awarded the Matteucci Medal of the Italian Society of Sciences . He was knighted in 1904 and awarded the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1900 -- 1904 by the Royal Society of Edinburgh , and in 1908 , he was awarded the Albert Medal of The Society of Arts . A lunar crater was named in his honour . A street within the Kings Buildings complex ( a group of science buildings linked to Edinburgh University ) was named in memory of Dewar in the early 21st century . Character ( edit ) Portrait by René le Brun , Comte de L'Hôpital , in the collection of the Royal Society of Chemistry Dewar 's irascibility was legendary . Rowlinson ( 2012 ) called him `` ruthless '' , particularly with his colleague Siegfried Ruhemann . Selected publications ( edit ) George Downing Liveing ; James Dewar ( 1915 ) . Collected Papers on Spectroscopy . University press . , G.D. Living and J. Dewar , Cambridge University Press , 1915 Pippard , Brian . 1993 . `` Siegfried Ruhemann ( 1859 - 1943 ) , F.R.S. 1914 - 1923 . '' Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 47 ( 2 ) : 271 -- 76 . Rowlinson , Sir J.S. 2012 . Sir James Dewar , 1842 -- 1923 : A Ruthless Chemist . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd . See also ( edit ) Timeline of low - temperature technology Timeline of hydrogen technologies References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf Jump up ^ `` Dewar , James ( DWR875J ) '' . A Cambridge Alumni Database . University of Cambridge . Jump up ^ Dewar , James ( 1867 ) `` On the oxidation of phenyl alcohol , and a mechanical arrangement adapted to illustrate structure in the non-saturated hydrocarbons , '' Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 6 : 82 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Baker and Rouvray , Journal of Chemical Education , 1978 , vol. 55 , p. 645 . Jump up ^ `` ABSOLUTE ZERO - PBS NOVA DOCUMENTARY ( full length ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : James , Frank . `` Dewar , James '' . Chemistry Explained . Advameg Inc . Retrieved 22 May 2008 . Jump up ^ http://kincardinehistory.com/?page_id=191 Jump up ^ `` Dr Thomas William Dewar ( 1861 - 1931 ) - Find A Grave Memorial '' . secure.findagrave.com . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Sir James Dewar 1842 - 1923 : A Ruthless Chemist , by Sir JS Rawlinson Jump up ^ `` Library and Archive Catalogue '' . Royal Society . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Retrieved 27 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Pippard 1993 ; Salzman 2000 Further reading ( edit ) Armstrong , H.E. ; Perkin , A.G. ; Armstrong , Henry E. ( 1928 ) . `` Obituary of James Dewar '' . Journal of the Chemical Society : 1056 -- 1076 . doi : 10.1039 / JR9280001056 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Bellis , Mary , `` Inventors Sir James Dewar '' from about.com Meiklejohn , William , `` Tulliallan : Four lads o ' pairts : Sir James Dewar ( 1842 -- 1923 ) '' from the Kincardine Local History Group Sella , Andrea ( August 2008 ) . `` Dewar 's Flask '' . Chemistry World : 75 . Retrieved 30 August 2008 . Sloane , Thomas O'Conor ( 1900 ) . Liquid Air , and the Liquefaction of Gases . Henley . , Liquid Air and the Liquefaction of Gases , Norman W. Henley and Co. , New York , 1900 , second edition ( extensive description of Dewar 's work on the liqufaction of gases ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Dewar . Wikisource has original works written by or about : James Dewar Fullerian Professorships Brief biography from the Royal Institution of Great Britain Brief biography and picture Another brief biography `` Archival material relating to James Dewar '' . UK National Archives . Correspondence with H.A. Kamerlingh Onnes , Dewar 's competitor in the race to liquid helium . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Dewar , Sir James '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 8 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 137 . ( hide ) Copley Medallists ( 1901 -- 1950 ) Josiah Willard Gibbs ( 1901 ) Joseph Lister ( 1902 ) Eduard Suess ( 1903 ) William Crookes ( 1904 ) Dmitri Mendeleev ( 1905 ) Élie Metchnikoff ( 1906 ) Albert A. Michelson ( 1907 ) Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1908 ) George William Hill ( 1909 ) Francis Galton ( 1910 ) George Darwin ( 1911 ) Felix Klein ( 1912 ) Ray Lankester ( 1913 ) J.J. Thomson ( 1914 ) Ivan Pavlov ( 1915 ) James Dewar ( 1916 ) Pierre Paul Émile Roux ( 1917 ) Hendrik Lorentz ( 1918 ) William Bayliss ( 1919 ) Horace Tabberer Brown ( 1920 ) Joseph Larmor ( 1921 ) Ernest Rutherford ( 1922 ) Horace Lamb ( 1923 ) Edward Albert Sharpey - Schafer ( 1924 ) Albert Einstein ( 1925 ) Frederick Gowland Hopkins ( 1926 ) Charles Scott Sherrington ( 1927 ) Charles Algernon Parsons ( 1928 ) Max Planck ( 1929 ) William Henry Bragg ( 1930 ) Arthur Schuster ( 1931 ) George Ellery Hale ( 1932 ) Theobald Smith ( 1933 ) John Scott Haldane ( 1934 ) Charles Thomson Rees Wilson ( 1935 ) Arthur Evans ( 1936 ) Henry Hallett Dale ( 1937 ) Niels Bohr ( 1938 ) Thomas Hunt Morgan ( 1939 ) Paul Langevin ( 1940 ) Thomas Lewis ( 1941 ) Robert Robinson ( 1942 ) Joseph Barcroft ( 1943 ) Geoffrey Ingram Taylor ( 1944 ) Oswald Avery ( 1945 ) Edgar Douglas Adrian ( 1946 ) G.H. Hardy ( 1947 ) Archibald Hill ( 1948 ) George de Hevesy ( 1949 ) James Chadwick ( 1950 ) BNF : cb16637701m ( data ) GND : 11609530X ISNI : 0000 0001 0717 8678 LCCN : n97803643 SNAC : w6x34z61 SUDOC : 085101087 VIAF : 10588893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Dewar&oldid=840734269 '' Categories : 1842 births 1923 deaths People from Kincardine People educated at Dollar Academy Fellows of Peterhouse , Cambridge Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Cordite Scottish chemists Scottish inventors Scottish physicists Fellows of the Royal Society Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers Recipients of the Copley Medal Knights Bachelor Golders Green Crematorium Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 38 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 20 : 20 . 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Puppy Dog Pals

Puppy Dog Pals - wikipedia Puppy Dog Pals Jump to : navigation , search Puppy Dog Pals Genre Adventure Musical Slice of life Created by Harland Williams Directed by Scott Bern Trevor Wall Stephanie Arnett Voices of Issac Ryan Brown Harland Williams Jessica DiCicco Sam Lavagnino Tom Kenny Theme music composer Andy Bean Opening theme `` Main Title Theme '' by Andy Bean Ending theme `` Main Title Theme '' ( Instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Andy Bean Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Sean Coyle Richard Marlis Carmen Italia Producer ( s ) Harland Williams Running time 15 minutes Production company ( s ) DQ Entertainment Snowball Studios Wild Canary Animation Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Disney Channel Disney Junior Picture format HDTV 1080i Audio format Stereo Original release April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) -- present External links Website Puppy Dog Pals ( previously titled Puppy Dog Tails ) is an American computer - animated children 's television series created by Harland Williams . The series debuted on Disney Junior and Disney Channel in the United States on April 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Home media 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Puppy Dog Pals is about brothers Bingo and Rolly , two pug puppies who have fun traveling around their neighborhood and the world when their owner Bob leaves home . They also have a cat sister named Hissy , and a robot dog named Automatic Doggy Robotic Friend or ARF . Characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bingo ( voiced by Issac Ryan Brown ) is a black pug with a blue collar . He is the leader of the two and is Rolly 's older brother . Rolly ( voiced by Sam Lavagnino ) is a fawn pug with a red collar . He is n't as smart as Bingo , and is very silly . He is Bingo 's younger brother . In `` Bob Loves Mona '' , he starts a bad habit of chewing everything he can find . Bob ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the owner of Bingo , Rolly , Hissy , and A.R.F. He works as an inventor . Hissy ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is a sarcastic purple cat . In some episodes , she ends up going along with Bingo and Rolly on their missions . These episodes are : `` A Pyramid Scheme '' , `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , `` Bob Loves Mona '' , `` Puzzling Pugs '' , `` A Seat at the Theatre '' , and `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' , She is the first and currently only female character to sing . A.R.F. ( fully known as Auto - Doggy Robotic Friend ; voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a robotic dog that Bob invented . He first appears in the episode `` A.R.F. '' . Later in the series , he is updated by Bob in `` Go , Dog , Go ! '' Recurring ( edit ) Cupcake ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is a pink puppy who does not like Bingo and Rolly . She is the main antagonist of the series . Rufus ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is the bulldog with a black collar who is always with Cupcake . He can not speak much except growl and mutter . He has been known to chase Bingo and Rolly multiple times , but in `` Haunted Howl - O - Ween '' , he helped them instead . Captain Dog ( voiced by Patrick Warburton ) is the star of the pups ' favorite television show . Frank Exposition ( voiced by Leslie David Baker ) is a man who is usually seen vacationing with his wife during Bingo and Rolly 's missions . In `` A Pyramid Scheme '' he gets tangled in ribbons , which leads to Bingo and Rolly mistaking him for a mummy . Esther Exposition ( voiced by Cheri Oteri ) is Frank 's wife . In `` Hissy 's Big Day '' , she is shown to have a pet iguana named Iggy who did n't appear again until `` The Great Pug - scape '' . Daisy ( voiced by Yvette Nicole Brown ) is a kind German Shepherd . She first appeared in `` History Mystery '' . She appeared again in `` A Very Pug Christmas '' . Bulworth ( voiced by Huey Lewis ) is the junkyard dog . Hedgie the Hedgehog ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) is a hedgehog who first appeared in `` Winter Wonder Pug '' . The Go - Long Retriever ( voiced by Harland Williams ) is the toy stick and one of Bob 's inventions that Bingo and Rolly tried to get rid of . It does n't say anything other than `` Play fetch with me ! '' Johnathan ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's wisecracking seagull friend . Cagey ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is Bingo and Rolly 's guinea pig friend who used to live at the Pet Store , but is now Chloe 's pet . Crumpet ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is the royal Corgi dog . Whaley ( voiced by Jessica DiCicco ) is the whale that Bingo and Rolly helped jump over the other side of the wall . Dallie ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a dalmatian . Jackie ( voiced by Jill Talley ) is an orange collie with a magenta bandanna . Nelly ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a bluebird who appears in `` Polly Wants A Pug '' . She appears again in `` Winter Wonder - Pug '' . Miss Mudge ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is Snowflake 's owner . Guard Dog ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a Doberman who is friends with Bulworth . Chloe ( voiced by Emma Shannon ) is a little girl who is Bob 's neighbor . Chloe 's Mom ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Chloe 's mom . Bob 's Mom ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is an old lady who appears in three episodes : `` Special Delivery '' , `` Your Royal Pug - Ness '' , and `` A Pug - Tastic Day with Grandma '' . Bizzy the Beaver ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a beaver who lives in the forest . Strider the Sheepdog ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a fast - talking sheep herder who appears in the episodes , `` Counting Sheep '' and `` Rhapsody in Pug '' . Shockero ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a lavender Scotty dog . Bark Knight ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Captain Dog 's sidekick . Titus ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a leopard who now owns Hissy 's squeaky toy . Harriet ( voiced by Mo Collins ) is a smart African elephant . Barry ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is a giraffe who let Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy ride on his head . Quinty Mcsquinty ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) is an old basset hound who told Bingo and Rolly the legend of Ol ' Snapper . Ol ' Snapper ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a turtle mistaken as a monster . Baby ( barks provided by Jessica DiCicco ) is a huge Great Dane puppy . Queen Kazoo ( voiced by Alanna Ubach ) is the star of Bob 's favorite play . Baboo ( voiced by Gary Anthony Williams ) is Queen Kazoo 's dog . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboards by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 1a `` Hawaii Pug - Oh '' Scott Bern Harland Williams Paul Cohen April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 When Bob says he 'd love to feel the sand on his toes , pug puppy brothers Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to Hawaii . 1b `` A.R.F. '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley James Gibson April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) 101 1.39 Bob introduces the pups to A.R.F. , a robotic dog that is programmed to clean up their messes . 2a `` The French Toast Connection '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Kris Wimberly April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 Bingo and Rolly travel to France to get Bob some french toast . 2b `` Take Me Out to the Pug Game '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Doris Umschaden April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) TBA 1.36 The pugs chase Bob 's prized baseball across the city . 3a `` The Go - Long Retriever '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 Bingo and Rolly try to get away from a self - fetching stick that begins chasing them . 3b `` Pot O ' Pugs '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 0.99 After Bob says he needs a pot of gold , the pups search for one at the end of a rainbow . 4a `` A Pyramid Scheme '' Trevor Wall Jeff Rothpan Julia Briemle April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 Bingo and Rolly travel to Egypt to find the missing Great Pyramids . 4b `` Special Delivery '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) TBA 1.05 The pugs try to deliver a Mother 's Day card for Bob . 5a `` Design - A-Dog '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Paul Cohen April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 Bingo and Rolly accidentally chew Bob 's childhood toy . 5b `` Ice , Ice Puggy '' Trevor Wall Darrin Rose James Gibson April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) TBA 0.91 When Bob runs out of ice , the pugs go to Antarctica to get him some . 6a `` Free Whaley '' Trevor Wall Sean Tweedley Julia Briemle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 Bingo and Rolly help a baby whale that has been separated from her family . 6b `` Putting It Together '' Stephanie Arnett Brendan Duffy Otis Brayboy May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) 106 1.05 The pugs retrace their steps to remember where they buried Bob 's unicycle . 7a `` Hissy 's Big Day '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller Julia Briemle May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 After Hissy has had a bad morning , Bingo and Rolly try to make her feel better by taking her to their favorite places . 7b `` Go , Dog . Go ! '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy May 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) 107 1.05 The reprogrammed A.R.F. takes the pugs where they want to go but the pugs learn that the robotic dog is n't programmed to bring them back . 8a `` Pigs and Pugs '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen & Alfred Gimeno May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 Bob mistakes a mud - covered pig for Rolly and accidentally leaves him behind on the farm . 8b `` Bob Loves Mona '' Scott Bern Joe Ansolabehere ( story ) Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss May 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) 108 1.04 The pugs travel to the Great Wall of China to search for the missing Mona Lisa . 9a `` Do n't Rain on my Pug - rade '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Arthur Valencia June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 When Bob ca n't leave his house to watch a parade , the pups enlist a family of ducks to march past the house . 9b `` Their Royal Pug - ness '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Otis Brayboy June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 109 1.59 Bingo and Rolly head to England to learn how to treat a queen . 10a `` Scuba - Doggies '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton ( story ) Bob Smiley Rudi Bloss June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups go to The Great Barrier Reef to find Bob 's package that was lost at sea . 10b `` Walking the Bob '' Trevor Wall Bob Smiley Bill Breneisen June 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 23 ) 110 1.25 The pups lead a blurry - visioned Bob home . 11a `` Hissy 's Kitty '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Kris Wimberly July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 When Bob brings home a lost kitty , Bingo and Rolly try find her a home . 11b `` Polly Wants a Pug '' Scott Bern Michael Olson & Bob Smiley Julia Briemle & Doris Umschaden July 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 07 ) 111 1.21 While in Florida , Bingo and Rolly search for an old friend of Bob 's . 12a `` Leave it to Beavers '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Julia Briemle July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 Bingo and Rolly try to build a dam to protect their doghouse from a rainstorm . 12b `` Counting Sheep '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy July 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 14 ) 112 1.35 When Bob says he 'll count sheep to sleep , the pugs herd a flock of sheep into the backyard to help . 13a `` Captain Rolly '' Scott Bern Brian Hall Rudi Bloss July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 The pugs attend the Captain Dog fan party . 13b `` The Coolest Dogs in Town '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen July 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 28 ) 113 1.20 A.R.F takes Bingo and Rolly places to get cool . 14a `` Puzzling Pugs '' Stephanie Arnett Harland Williams ( story ) Michael Olson and Harland Williams Ashley Lenz August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo , Rolly , and Hissy find a leopard for Bob 's puzzle after A.R.F tears it up . 14b `` Rhapsody in Pug '' Scott Bern Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden August 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 11 ) TBA 1.25 Bingo and Rolly go to a concert . 15a `` The Legend of Ol ' Snapper '' Trevor Wall Sean Coyle Julia Briemle August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 Bob 's fishing pole is stolen by a legendary creature . 15b `` Adventures in Puppy - Sitting '' Stephanie Arnett Jessica Carleton Otis Brayboy August 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 25 ) TBA 0.84 The pugs are tasked to babysit a big dog that causes trouble around the town . 16a `` Bye Bye , Butterfly '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton & Harland Williams Ed Baker September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly help a butterfly find a way back to her family . 16b `` A Seat at the Theatre '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) TBA 0.63 Bingo and Rolly try to take a seat to Bob 's favorite play and try not to wake up Hissy at the same time . 17a `` Return to the Pumpkin Patch '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley ( story ) Amy Van Curen Doris Umschaden October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo , Rolly and Hissy go to a pumpkin patch to find Bingo 's collar after he loses it in the maze . 17b `` Haunted Howl - oween '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen ( story ) Jessica Carleton Ashley Lenz October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) TBA 0.97 Bingo and Rolly go on a mission to find Chloe 's Halloween Costume . 18a `` Close Encounters of a Pug Kind '' Trevor Wall Brian Hall Bill Breneisen October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 The pups go to a gathering of UFO enthusiasts to find someone from space and mistake a lost Chameleon for an alien . 18b `` History Mystery '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Otis Brayboy October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) TBA 0.84 When the pups find a doggie toy that is n't theirs , they go on a mission to find its original owner . 19a `` Art for Pug 's Sake '' Stephanie Arnett Bob Smiley Kris Wimberly November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 The pugs try to hang something of Bob 's at a famous Italian art museum . 19b `` Winter Wonderpug '' Scott Bern Bob Smiley Doris Umschaden November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) TBA 0.94 Bingo and Rolly look for the first snowflake of the season while helping other animals prepare for winter . 20a `` A Very Pug Christmas '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton & Brian Hall ( story ) Roger Dondis December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 On Christmas Eve , Bingo and Rolly help Santa search for Bob 's Christmas present when it goes missing in the sleigh . 20b `` The Latke Kerfuffle '' Trevor Wall Jessica Carleton Bill Breneisen December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 125 1.03 Bingo and Rolly help Bob make latkes for their neighbor Chloe 's Hanukkah party . 21a `` Puggy - ology '' Scott Bern Jessica Carleton Rudi Bloss February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly help Bob 's younger sister look for historical items . 21b `` Squirrels Just Wanna Have Fun '' Trevor Wall Jean Ansolabehere Bill Breneisen February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) TBA 0.72 Bingo and Rolly try to catch a squirrel who 's been making noises in their house . 22a `` The Great Pug - scape '' Stephanie Arnett Amy Van Curen Kris Wimberly March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) TBA 0.71 After Hissy gets a time out , Bingo and Rolly try to break her out of her punishment . 22b `` Luck of the Pug - ish '' Scott Bern Sean Coyle Kelly James March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) TBA 0.76 The Pugs travel to Ireland in search of a four - leaf clover to bring Bob good luck . 23a `` The Great Shirt Rescue '' Scott Bern Jean Ansolabehere Rudi Bloss March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) TBA 0.84 When Bob loses his lucky shirt , the pugs stage a heist to get it back . 23b `` A Pugtastic Day with Grandma '' Trevor Wall Bill Fuller ( story ) Michael Olson Carole Holliday March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) TBA 0.89 The pugs stay at Bob 's Mom 's house while he goes out of town . Home media ( edit ) Region Title Episode ( s ) Season Running time Released Ref . Going on a Mission ! 6 183 minutes April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual in Animation Steve C. Meyers Won Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Allyson Bosch Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Puppy Dog Pals -- Fact Sheet '' . Disney Junior Press . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Disney Junior Announces ' Vampirina , ' ' Puppy Dog Tails ' '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Puppy Dog Pals ' To Premiere April 14 on Disney Channel '' . Animation World Network . March 30 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Screener / Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Puppy Dog Pals '' . Disney Junior Press . Retrieved December 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals &Network Finals : 5.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 16 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 6 - 23 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 7 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 14 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 7 - 28 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( Aug 11 , 2017 ) . `` showbuzzdailys - top - 150 - friday - cable - originals - network - finals - 8 - 11 - 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` Showbuzzdaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.22. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.13. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 - Showbuzz Daily '' . www.showbuzzdaily.com . Retrieved 11 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals : 3.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals and Network Finals : 3.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) USA portal Television portal Puppy Dog Pals on IMDb Puppy Dog Pals on Disney Junior Puppy Dog Pals on WATCH Disney Junior ( hide ) Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Muppet Babies Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. 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Vint Cerf

Vint Cerf - wikipedia Vint Cerf Vint Cerf Vint Cerf at the Royal Society admissions day in 2016 Vinton Gray Cerf ( 1943 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1943 ( age 75 ) New Haven , Connecticut , U.S. Citizenship American Alma mater Stanford University UCLA Known for TCP / IP Internet Society Awards ACM Fellow ( 1994 ) IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal ( 1997 ) National Medal of Technology ( 1997 ) Marconi Prize ( 1998 ) Prince of Asturias Award ( 2002 ) Turing Award ( 2004 ) Presidential Medal of Freedom ( 2005 ) Japan Prize ( 2008 ) Harold Pender Award ( 2010 ) Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering ( 2013 ) ForMemRS ( 2016 ) Scientific career Fields Telecommunications Institutions IBM , International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad , UCLA , Stanford University , DARPA , MCI , CNRI , Google , Thesis Multiprocessors , Semaphores , and a Graph Model of Computation ( 1972 ) Doctoral advisor Gerald Estrin Website research.google.com/pubs/author32412.html Signature Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS , ( / sɜːrf / ; born June 23 , 1943 ) is an American Internet pioneer , who is recognized as one of `` the fathers of the Internet '' , sharing this title with TCP / IP co-inventor Bob Kahn . His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded , repeatedly , with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology , the Turing Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom , the Marconi Prize and membership in the National Academy of Engineering . In the early days , Cerf was a manager for the United States ' Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) funding various groups to develop TCP / IP technology . When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s , Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system ( MCI Mail ) connected to the Internet . Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start . He waited a year before stepping forward to join the ICANN Board , and eventually became chairman . He was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012 , and in August 2013 he joined the Council on CyberSecurity 's Board of Advisors . Cerf is active in many organizations that are working to help the Internet deliver humanitarian value to the world . He is supportive of innovative projects that are experimenting with new approaches to global problems , including the digital divide , the gender gap , and the changing nature of jobs . Cerf is also known for his sartorial style , typically appearing in a three - piece suit -- a rarity in an industry known for its casual dress norms . Contents 1 Life and career 2 Awards and honors 3 See also 4 Partial bibliography 4.1 Author 4.2 Co-author 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Life and career ( edit ) Vinton Cerf in Vilnius , September 2010 Cerf was born in New Haven , Connecticut , the son of Muriel ( née Gray ) , a housewife , and Vinton Thurston Cerf , an aerospace executive . Cerf went to Van Nuys High School in California along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker ; he wrote the former 's obituary . Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet . While in high school , Cerf worked at Rocketdyne on the Apollo program , including helping to write statistical analysis software for the non-destructive tests of the F - 1 engines . Cerf 's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM , where he worked for two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN . He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972 . During his graduate student years , he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin , worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock 's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet , the predecessor to the Internet , and `` contributed to a host - to - host protocol '' for the ARPANet . While at UCLA , he also met Bob Kahn , who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture . After receiving his doctorate , Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972 -- 1976 , where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP / IP protocol suite with Kahn . Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976 , where he stayed until 1982 . Cerf playing Spacewar ! on the Computer History Museum 's PDP - 1 , ICANN meeting , 2007 As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982 to 1986 , Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail , the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet . In 1986 , he joined Bob Kahn at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives as its vice president , working with Kahn on Digital Libraries , Knowledge Robots , and gigabit speed networks . It was during this time , in 1992 , that he and Kahn , among others , founded the Internet Society ( ISOC ) to provide leadership in education , policy and standards related to the Internet . Cerf served as the first president of ISOC . Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy . In this role , he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective . Previously , he served as MCI 's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology , leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks , including Internet - based solutions for delivering a combination of data , information , voice and video services for business and consumer use . During 1997 , Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University , a university for the education of the deaf and hard - of - hearing . Cerf himself is hard of hearing . He has also served on the university 's Board of Associates . Cerf , as leader of MCI 's internet business , was criticized due to MCI 's role in providing the IP addresses used by Send-Safe.com , a vendor of spamware that uses a botnet in order to send spam . MCI refused to terminate the spamware vendor . At the time , Spamhaus also listed MCI as the ISP with the most Spamhaus Block List listings . Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since October 2005 . In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society , encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence , environmentalism , the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model . Since 2010 , Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development , a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available . Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ( ICANN ) in 1999 , and served until November 2007 . He was chairman from November 2000 to his departure from the Board . Cerf was a member of Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov 's IT Advisory Council ( from March 2002 -- January 2012 ) . He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group , the political risk consultancy . Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet , together with NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other NASA laboratories . It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet , using radio / laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradations including variable delay and disruption caused , for example , by celestial motion . On February 7 , 2006 , Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce , Science , and Transportation 's hearing on network neutrality . Speaking as Google 's Chief Internet Evangelist , Cerf noted that nearly half of all consumers lacked meaningful choice in broadband providers and expressed concerns that without network neutrality government regulation , broadband providers would be able to use their dominance to limit options for consumers and charge companies like Google for their use of bandwidth . Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America , an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government . He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global ( Civilian Research and Development Foundation ) and was on the International Multilateral Partnership Against Cyber Threats ( IMPACT ) International Advisory Board . Cerf is chairman of the board of trustees of ARIN , the Regional Internet Registry ( RIR ) of IP addresses for United States , Canada , and part of the Caribbean . Until Fall 2015 , Cerf chaired the board of directors of StopBadware , a non-profit anti-malware organization that started as a project at Harvard University 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society . Cerf is on the board of advisors to The Liquid Information Company Ltd of the UK , which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the Mac OS X utility called ' Liquid ' . Vint Cerf is a member of the CuriosityStream Advisory Board . During 2008 Cerf chaired the Internationalized domain name ( IDNAbis ) working group of the IETF . In 2008 Cerf was a major contender to be designated the US 's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama . Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley , the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world , along with Al Gore and Tim Berners - Lee . From 2009 -- 2011 , Cerf was an elected member of the Governing Board of the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel ( SGIP ) . SGIP is a public - private consortium established by NIST in 2009 and provides a forum for businesses and other stakeholder groups to participate in coordinating and accelerating development of standards for the evolving Smart Grid . Cerf was elected to a two - year term as President of the Association for Computing Machinery ( ACM ) beginning July 1 , 2012 . In 2015 Cerf co-founded ( with Mei Lin Fung ) , and is currently chairman of , People - Centered Internet ( PCI ) . On January 16 , 2013 , US President Barack Obama announced his intent to appoint Cerf to the National Science Board . Cerf is also among the 15 members of governing council of International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad . In June 2016 his work with NASA led to Delay - tolerant networking being installed on the International Space Station with an aim towards an Interplanetary Internet . Awards and honors ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush Cerf and Bulgarian President Parvanov being awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees , including doctorates , from the University of the Balearic Islands , ETHZ in Zurich , Switzerland , Capitol College , Gettysburg College , Yale University , George Mason University , Marymount University , Bethany College ( Kansas ) , University of Pisa , University of Rovira and Virgili ( Tarragona , Spain ) , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Luleå University of Technology ( Sweden ) , University of Twente ( Netherlands ) , Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications , Tsinghua University ( Beijing ) , Brooklyn Polytechnic , UPCT ( University of Cartagena , Spain ) , Zaragoza University ( Spain ) , University of Reading ( United Kingdom ) , Royal Roads University ( Canada ) , MGIMO ( Moscow State University of International Relations ) , Buenos Aires Institute of Technology ( Argentina ) , Polytechnic University of Madrid , Keio University ( Japan ) , University of South Australia ( Australia ) , University of St Andrews ( Scotland ) , University of Pittsburgh and Gallaudet University ( United States ) . Other awards include : ACM Fellow ( 1994 ) Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA Prince of Asturias award for science and technology Fellow of the IEEE , 1988 , `` for contributions and leadership in the design , development , and application of internet protocols '' Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery , 1994 , for `` vision and leadership in the design , implementation , evolution , and dissemination of the TCP / IP computer communication protocol suite '' Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award , 1996 SIGCOMM Award for `` contributions to the Internet ( spanning ) more than 25 years , from development of the fundamental TCP / IP protocols '' . Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute , in 1996 . In December 1997 he , along with his partner Robert E. Kahn , was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton , `` for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking . '' He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000 In 2000 , he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum `` for his contributions to computer architecture , operating systems , and software engineering . '' Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science ( AWIS ) in 2000 . Cerf was awarded the Award of Technology from the Telluride Tech Festival in 2002 , also known as the Tesla Festival since the world 's first AC hydro - power power plant was built in Telluride in 1891 by L.L. Nunn who purchased the generator and plans from George Westinghouse and Tesla . Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004 , for their `` pioneering work on internetworking , including ... the Internet 's basic communications protocols ... and for inspired leadership in networking . '' In November 2005 , Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet . He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006 Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006 Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication ( STC ) in May 2006 He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008 . Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008 . Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject `` Resolved : Online Communities are Real Communities . '' The motion passed . In celebration of the five year - anniversary of YouTube he was selected as a guest curator by the site , and chose the six videos on YouTube he found most memorable . In May 2011 , he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as `` ( ... ) a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one . '' In September 2011 he was made a distinguished fellow of British Computer Society , in recognition of his outstanding contribution and service to the advancement of computing . In 2012 he was inducted as a Pioneer into the Internet Hall of Fame In 2013 , Cerf was one of five Internet and Web pioneers awarded the inaugural Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering . In 2013 , Cerf presented the Bernard Price Memorial Lecture In 2014 , Cerf was awarded the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana , 1st class for his role in invention of TCP / IP by president of Estonia Toomas Hendrik Ilves In 2014 , Cerf was awarded Officer of the French Légion d'honneur Cerf was elected a Foreign Member of The UK Royal Society in 2016 In 2018 , Cerf was named the recipient of Benjamin Franklin Medal See also ( edit ) List of pioneers in computer science Partial bibliography ( edit ) Cerf at 2007 Los Angeles ICANN meeting Vint Cerf , before his talk in memory of Dr. John Niparko at the 2017 MidWinter Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology in Baltimore Author ( edit ) Zero Text Length EOF Message ( RFC 13 , August 1969 ) IMP - IMP and HOST - HOST Control Links ( RFC 18 , September 1969 ) ASCII format for network interchange ( RFC 20 , October 1969 ) Host - host control message formats ( RFC 22 , October 1969 ) Data transfer protocols ( RFC 163 , May 1971 ) PARRY encounters the DOCTOR ( RFC 439 , January 1973 ) ' Twas the night before start - up ( RFC 968 , December 1985 ) Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group , RFC 1109 , August 1989 Internet Activities Board , RFC 1120 , September 1989 Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network , RFC 1167 , July 1990 Networks , Scientific American Special Issue on Communications , Computers , and Networks , September 1991 Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities , October 1991 A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY , RFC 1607 , April 1 , 1994 An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems , Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols , RFC 1790 , April 1995 I REMEMBER IANA , RFC 2468 , October 17 , 1998 Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research ( CSCR , RFC 1217 , April 1 , 1999 The Internet is for Everyone , RFC 3271 , April 2002 Co-author ( edit ) Vinton Cerf , Robert Kahn , A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication ( IEEE Transactions on Communications , May 1974 ) Vinton Cerf , Y . Dalal , C. Sunshine , Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program ( RFC 675 , December 1974 ) Vinton Cerf , Jon Postel , Mail transition plan ( RFC 771 , September 1980 ) Vinton Cerf , K.L. Mills Explaining the role of GOSIP , RFC 1169 , August 1990 Clark , Chapin , Cerf , Braden , Hobby , Towards the Future Internet Architecture , RFC 1287 , December 1991 Vinton Cerf et al. , A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X. 500 Directory Service , RFC 1430 , February 1993 Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn , Al Gore and the Internet , 2000 - 09 - 28 Vinton Cerf et al. , Internet Radio Communication System July 9 , 2002 , U.S. Patent 6,418,138 Vinton Cerf et al. , System for Distributed Task Execution June 3 , 2003 , U.S. Patent 6,574,628 Vinton Cerf et al. , Delay - Tolerant Networking Architecture ( Informational Status ) , RFC 4838 , April 2007 Cerf writes under the column name `` CERF 'S UP '' , and Cerf 's car has a vanity plate ( registration ) `` CERFSUP '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Anon ( 2016 ) . `` Dr Vint Cerf ForMemRS '' . London : Royal Society . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 29 . One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where : `` All text published under the heading ' Biography ' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License . '' -- `` Royal Society Terms , conditions and policies '' . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Cerf 's curriculum vitae as of February 2001 , attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet , from ICANN 's website Jump up ^ `` Governing Council - IIIT Hyderabad '' . www.iiit.ac.in . Jump up ^ Gore Deserves Internet Credit , Some Say , a March 1999 Washington Post article ^ Jump up to : Cerf 's up at Google , from the Google Press Center ^ Jump up to : Cerf , Vinton ( 1972 ) . Multiprocessors , Semaphores , and a Graph Model of Computation ( PhD thesis ) . University of California , Los Angeles . OCLC 4433713032 . Jump up ^ ( see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived June 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News ) , Cerf is willing to call himself one of the internet fathers , citing Bob Kahn and Leonard Kleinrock in particular as being others with whom he should share that title . Jump up ^ Cerf , V.G. ( 2009 ) . `` The day the Internet age began '' . Nature . 461 ( 7268 ) : 1202 -- 1203 . doi : 10.1038 / 4611202a . PMID 19865146 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Turing Award , list of recipients '' . Awards.acm.org . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal '' . Ieee.org . July 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cerf wins Turing Award February 16 , 2005 ^ Jump up to : 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients from the White House website Jump up ^ ACM Elects Vint Cerf as President Archived May 26 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . from the ACM website Jump up ^ `` Advisory Board '' Archived September 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Council on CyberSecurity website . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Internet pioneer Vint Cerf looks to the future '' , Todd Bishop , Seattle P-I , July 23 , 2007 . Retrieved September 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Pallab . `` Google 's Vint Cerf warns of ' digital Dark Age ' '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Jerome , Richard ( September 18 , 2000 ) . `` Lending An Ear -- Health , Real People Stories '' . People . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Gray Cerf Biography '' . BookRags.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wientjes , Greg ( 2011 ) . Creative Genius in Technology : Mentor Principles from Life Stories of Geniuses and Visionaries of the Singularity . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1463727505 . Jump up ^ `` UCLA School of Engineering Alumnus Chosen for Prestigious Turing Award '' . UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science . Spring 2005 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Internet predecessor turns 30 '' . CNN . 1999 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` INTERNET PIONEERS CERF AND KAHN TO RECEIVE ACM TURING AWARD '' . ACM. 2005 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Dr. Vinton G. Cerf Appointed to Gallaudet University 's Board of Trustees Archived August 23 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , from that university 's website Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf -- Father of the Internet , Vinton Cerf '' . Deafness.about.com . August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Associates '' . Gallaudet University . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Socks the Whitehouse Cat ( February 19 , 2005 ) . `` Re : ACM ethics complaint against Cerf -- first draft '' . Newsgroup : comp. org. acm . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McWilliams , Brian ( February 16 , 2005 ) . `` Protest brewing against Internet pioneer '' . Spam Kings Blog . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Socks the Whitehouse Cat ( February 25 , 2005 ) . `` ACM ethics complaint against Cerf -- first draft '' . Newsgroup : comp. org. acm . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph , August 2007 Jump up ^ `` ICANN Board of Directors -- Vinton G. Cerf '' . Icann.org . February 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eurasia Group '' . Eurasia Group . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The InterPlaNetary Internet Project IPN Special Interest Group '' . Ipnsig.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ SEA 's Board of Advisors . sefora.org Jump up ^ `` Govt red tape adds to security threats '' , Vivian Yeo , ZDNet , October 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` ARIN Announces Newly Elected Board of Trustees '' . Arin.net . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Board of Directors '' . StopBadware . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harvard 's Berkman Center and the Oxford Internet Institute Unveil StopBadware.org Backed by Google , Lenovo , Sun ; Consumer Reports WebWatch Takes Unpaid Special Advisor Role '' . StopBadware . January 23 , 2006 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Liquid Information Company '' . Liquid.info . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CuriosityStream Advisory Board '' . Retrieved 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IDNAbis WG '' . Tools.ietf.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 best jobs Obama has yet to fill -- Craig Gordon and Ben Smith '' . Politico.Com . December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Daniel Ben - Horin ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` The Kids Are Alright : Campus Party , Silicon Valley Tech Festival Rocks NASA '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Smart Grid Interoperability Panel Launched ; Governing Board Elected '' . Retrieved November 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ACM Elects Vint Cerf as President '' . ACM . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Economies grow far better with inclusivity and compromise '' . DailyNation . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama Announces More Key Administration Posts '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Governing Council '' . International Institute of Information Technology , Hyderabad . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Erin ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Space Internet Technology Debuts on the International Space Station '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , website news archive , last accessed June 24 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf M.S. ' 70 , PhD ' 72 UCLA Alumni '' . Alumni.ucla.edu . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIGCOMM Awards '' . Sigcomm.org . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Office of Science and Technology Policy The White House '' . Ostp.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Medals of Science and Technology Foundation '' . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf '' . Computer History Museum . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ACM : Fellows Award / Vinton G. Cerf '' . amturing.acm.org . June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ISOC - Bulgaria : IT - delegation in Sofia '' . Isoc.bg . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2008 ( 24th ) Japan Prize Laureate Jump up ^ MINUTES OF THE FLOOR MEETING OF THE YALE POLITICAL UNION . Yale.edu , April 15 , 2009 Jump up ^ FiveYear . `` Vint Cerf 's Top YouTube Videos '' . Youtube . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton G. Cerf , who developed together with Robert E. Kahn the TCP / IP protocol was awarded as a HPI Fellow on May 25th 2011 . The HPI award is a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one . '' `` HPI Fellows & Guests '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ British Computer Society . `` Vint Cerf named BCS Distinguished Fellow '' . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ 2012 Inductees , Internet Hall of Fame website . Last accessed April 24 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` 2013 Winners Announced '' Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Jump up ^ `` 62nd Bernard Price Memorial Lecture '' . South African Institute of Electrical Engineers ( SAIEE ) . September 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bearers of decorations -- Vinton Gray Cerf '' . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Cerf Appointed an Officer of the Legion of Honor '' . Jump up ^ `` Vinton Gray Cerf '' . November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas C Greene ( 2000 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Net builders Kahn , Cerf recognise Al Gore : Grateful for the inventor 's genius '' . The Register ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Traceability , Vint Cerf , Association for Computing Machinery ' Communications ' ( August 2018 , V61 , No. 8 , p7 , DOI : 10.1145 / 3235764 ) Further reading ( edit ) Cerf , Vinton G. ( April 24 , 1990 ) , Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf , Minnesota , Minneapolis : Charles Babbage Institute Cerf , Vinton ( May 17 , 1999 ) , Dr. Vinton Cerf : An Interview Conducted by David Hochfelder , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Vint Cerf Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vint Cerf . Bio at Google Vint Cerf on the ICANN wiki Dr. Vint Cerf on `` Reinventing the Internet '' ( YouTube ) . Internet Society . ( May 13 , 2013 ) Vint Cerf at TED Appearances on C - SPAN Awards and achievements Preceded by Tadahiro Sekimoto IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal with Bob Kahn Succeeded by Richard Blahut Internet Hall of Fame Pioneers 2012 Paul Baran Vint Cerf Danny Cohen Steve Crocker Donald Davies Elizabeth J. Feinler Charles Herzfeld Robert Kahn Peter T. Kirstein Leonard Kleinrock John Klensin Jon Postel Louis Pouzin Lawrence Roberts 2013 David Clark David Farber Howard Frank Kanchana Kanchanasut J.C.R. Licklider Bob Metcalfe Jun Murai Kees Neggers Nii Quaynor Glenn Ricart Robert Taylor Stephen Wolff Werner Zorn 2014 Douglas Engelbart Susan Estrada Frank Heart Dennis Jennings Rolf Nordhagen Radia Perlman Global connectors 2012 Randy Bush Kilnam Chon Al Gore Nancy Hafkin Geoff Huston Brewster Kahle Daniel Karrenberg Toru Takahashi Tan Tin Wee 2013 Karen Banks Gihan Dias Anriette Esterhuysen Steve Goldstein Teus Hagen Ida Holz Qiheng Hu Haruhisa Ishida Barry Leiner George Sadowsky 2014 Dai Davies Demi Getschko Masaki Hirabaru Erik Huizer Steve Huter Abhaya Induruwa Dorcas Muthoni Mahabir Pun Srinivasan Ramani Michael Roberts Ben Segal Douglas Van Houweling 2017 Nabil Bukhalid Ira Fuchs Shigeki Goto Mike Jensen Ermanno Pietrosemoli Tadao Takahashi Florencio Utreras Jianping Wu Innovators 2012 Mitchell Baker Tim Berners - Lee Robert Cailliau Van Jacobson Lawrence Landweber Paul Mockapetris Craig Newmark Ray Tomlinson Linus Torvalds Phil Zimmermann 2013 Marc Andreessen John Perry Barlow Francois Fluckiger Stephen Kent Anne - Marie Eklund Löwinder Henning Schulzrinne Richard Stallman Aaron Swartz Jimmy Wales 2014 Eric Allman Eric Bina Karlheinz Brandenburg John Cioffi Hualin Qian Paul Vixie 2017 Jaap Akkerhuis Yvonne Marie Andres Alan Emtage Ed Krol Tracy LaQuey Parker Craig Partridge A.M. 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Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom

Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom - wikipedia Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search SPECS average speed cameras above a motorway Temporary roadside speed limit enforcement Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to attempt to persuade road vehicle users to comply with the speed limits in force on the UK 's roads . Methods used include those for detection and prosecution of contraventions such as roadside fixed speed cameras , average speed cameras , and police - operated LIDAR speed guns or older radar speed guns . Vehicle activated signs and Community Speed Watch schemes are used to encourage compliance . Some classes of vehicles are fitted with speed limiters and intelligent speed adaptation is being trialled in some places on a voluntary basis . During 2006 / 7 a total of 1.75 million drivers had their licenses endorsed with 3 penalty points and £ 114 million was raised from fines ; an ' e-petition ' to ban speed cameras during 2007 received 28,000 signatures . The Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22 % reduction in personal injury collisions and 42 % fewer people being killed or seriously injured at camera sites . The British Medical Journal recently reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment . In May 2010 the new Coalition government pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras and cut the Road Safety Grant from £ 95 million to £ 57 million . Opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk . A survey conducted by The Automobile Association said that use of speed cameras was supported by 75 % of their members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rationale 2 Methods 2.1 Fixed instantaneous speed cameras 2.2 Police operated equipment 2.3 Average speed cameras 2.4 Vehicle activated signs 2.5 Community Speed Watch 2.6 Speed limiters 2.7 Speed triggered traffic lights 2.8 Intelligent speed adaptation 3 Effectiveness 3.1 Speed cameras 3.2 Vehicle activated signs 4 History 4.1 Historical methods 4.1. 1 Time and distance 4.1. 2 Pacing 4.2 Early years 4.3 Electronic aids 4.4 1991 -- March 2007 Speed cameras 4.5 April 2007 -- present 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading Rationale ( edit ) Enforcement is used to increase compliance with speed limits . One of the main motivations for enforcement is to reduce road casualties , particularly at accident blackspots . For 2008 , `` exceeding the speed limit '' was reported as one of the contributory factors in 5 % of all casualty collisions ( 14 % of fatal collisions resulting in 15 % of all deaths ) . The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents estimates that a pedestrian has a 90 % chance of surviving being hit by a car at 20 mph , falling to 50 % chance at 30 mph and to 10 % at 40 mph . The government noted that the change from `` mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries '' takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph . One third of drivers thought that the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph was 50 % or less . Parliament noted that most deaths of pedestrian occurred in urban areas ( where the speed limit ranges from 20 -- 40 mph ) . A 2003 survey of drivers for the Department for Transport found that 58 % break speed limits on 30 mph roads and 25 % break them by more than 5 mph . 57 % break speed limits on motorways and 20 % break them by more than 10 mph . In 2002 the Select Committee on Transport stated that `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding them '' . Groups most likely to speed excessively are those driving in a work related capacity , members of high income households and young males . Motorcyclists also frequently speed as do HGV drivers commonly on single carriageway main roads where their speed limit is 50 mph . Methods ( edit ) Gatso speed camera There are many methods used by authorities , in places where the speed limits are not generally observed , to attempt to achieve greater compliance . These methods generally fall into one of two categories : to attempt to identify drivers or vehicles that are breaking the speed limit for the purposes of prosecution , to remind vehicle users what the speed limit is , and that it should be obeyed . There are several types of speed camera in use . Speed cameras must be calibrated and certified before the images from it are acceptable to the court , including the cameras used in police vehicles . Owners of vehicles photographed may be contacted with a ' Notice of Intended Prosecution ' ( NIP ) requiring them to provide the name and address of the driver . If they do not provide this information they may receive a Court summons for ' Failing to Furnish Driver Details ' . `` Higher speeds '' result in prosecution by way of a ' Conditional Offer Fixed Penalty ' which can be settled by accepting a £ 100 fine and three penalty points . `` Excessive speed offences '' are automatically sent to the court . Fixed instantaneous speed cameras ( edit ) These cameras are installed beside a road and record the instantaneous speed of vehicles and a photograph of vehicles that have been identified as breaking the speed limit . There are two types commonly in use : Gatso cameras , which take a photograph of the rear of the vehicle after the vehicle has passed , Truvelo / D - cam digital cameras which use infrared to take a picture of a vehicle as it approaches , which includes an image of the driver . These cameras then transmit the image and speed to the authorities virtually instantly . Police operated equipment ( edit ) Police officers can use LIDAR speed guns or sometimes the older and less accurate radar speed guns to gather evidence for prosecution . These may be operated from temporary static sites or from within police vehicles . Average speed cameras ( edit ) Known as the SPECS system , these cameras measure average speeds over a known or measured distance . The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004 . Vehicle activated signs ( edit ) Vehicle activated sign Vehicle activated signs that illuminate to indicate to a driver that they are exceeding the speed limit -- these do not result in the issuance of a penalty , merely serve as a warning . Community speed Watch ( edit ) Community Speed Watch is a partnership between local people , the Police , the Fire Service and local councils . Volunteers spend a short time each week monitoring speeds and noting number plates . Those identified as speeding are sent a warning letter and the police will take further action if the same vehicle is identified as speeding three times . Community Speed Watch is only permitted for speed limits of 40 mph or below . Junior Speed Watch works in a similar way but involves schoolchildren . Speed limiters ( edit ) Some classes of vehicles are required to have speed limiters which enforce a maximum speed by physical means . New vehicles should be fitted with limiters as follows . Buses and coaches : 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) HGVs : 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) Mopeds : 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) Older vehicles still in use do not have limiters fitted or have them set at a higher speeds . These devices do not enforce speed limits as they do not adapt to speed limit changes . Speed triggered traffic lights ( edit ) Swindon council is planning to install equipment on some of their traffic light systems so that they will turn to red early if a car is detected travelling above a preset speed on the approach . A Swindon councillor is reported to have said that `` the whole key is to monitor driver behaviour without beating them over the head '' and that `` it may annoy them , but I think eventually people will work out that if they maintain a constant speed at or around the speed limit then actually their journey times will be much shorter because they wo n't be getting delayed by traffic lights '' . The RAC Foundation gave a cautious welcome to the trial . Similar systems are already in use in Spain and Portugal . Intelligent speed adaptation ( edit ) A trial of intelligent speed adaptation is available in London . Drivers can install free software in their TomTom GPS sat - nav units to provide a warning if they are exceeding the speed limit . In addition a ' voluntary ISA ' system which uses technology installed in the vehicle which makes it difficult to accidentally accelerate beyond the speed limit is being developed . This technology is expected to be available on a voluntary basis with no current plans for vehicles to be required to be fitted with it . Effectiveness ( edit ) Speed cameras ( edit ) In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved `` virtually complete compliance '' on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras , across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI ( Killed / Seriously Injured ) figures have fallen by an average of 65 % . In 2003 the British Medical Journal reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment . In February 2005 the British Medical Journal again reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties , noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups . In 2003 Northumbria Police 's Acting Chief Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras did n't reduce casualties but did raise revenue -- an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties . In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four - year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22 % reduction in personal injury collisions and 42 % fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras . The Times reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still ' impressive ' . A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK 's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped . A survey conducted by The Automobile Association in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75 % of their members . In 2010 Journalist Quentin Willson writing in The Mirror said `` Do n't listen to the shameless tosh coming out of safety camera partnerships '' and suggested that speed cameras were `` useless '' . There is also evidence against the efficacy of speed cameras . Within four years of Swindon abandoning the use of fixed speed cameras , arguing that the cost did not represent an effective way to reduce road accidents , the town was the safest town to drive in the UK , based on accident rates per 1,000 registered vehicles : a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation , Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety , alongside close working with the police . Vehicle activated signs ( edit ) The MP Angela Watkinson stated in parliament that vehicle activated signs were more effective than speed cameras -- Department for Transport figures show that each vehicle - activated sign is estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents per year compared to 2.2 for speed cameras . Jim Fitzpatrick the Under - Secretary of State for Transport questioned her source . Following the decision by Portsmouth City Council to remove all their speed cameras , a councillor stated that the evidence is that vehicle activated signs are at least as effective at reducing traffic speeds as speed cameras and at one - tenth of the cost . In 2006 Transport Minister Stephen Ladyman issued a retraction accepting that VAS were indeed ten times more cost effective than cameras . ( 1 ) . The data behind this came from the Transport Research Laboratory report TRL548 from 2003 , which was commissioned by the Department for Transport but was not included in their earlier figures . ( 2 ) History ( edit ) Historical methods ( edit ) Time and distance ( edit ) Before the availability of such technology the police would time drivers over a known distance to calculate their speed . Pacing ( edit ) The police would sometimes follow the target vehicle at a constant distance , and use the speed reading from their own calibrated speedometer as evidence of the speed of the vehicle being followed . Early years ( edit ) The Highway Act 1835 allowed cart owners to be traced when it introduced the offence of ' Negligence causing damage to person or goods being conveyed on the highway ' , not having the owners name painted on the side of a cart , and refusing to give the owner 's name . The early Locomotive Acts between 1866 and 1896 effectively calmed self - propelled traffic by requiring that a man walked in front of each vehicle with a red flag , and so the imposed speed limits of 2 miles per hour ( 3.2 km / h ) and 4 miles per hour ( 6.4 km / h ) did not require enforcing . The first person to be convicted of speeding in the UK was Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent , who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) , thus exceeding the contemporary speed limit of 2 mph ( 3.2 km / h ) . He was fined one shilling plus costs . The Automobile Association was formed in 1905 to help motorists avoid police speed traps . In 1906 Earl Russell , an early motoring enthusiast , compared ' speed traps ' to ' highway robbery ' in Parliament : `` Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger , but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country ... they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages '' . In 1910 in legal test case ( ' Betts - v - Stevens ' ) involving an Automobile Association patrolman and a potentially speeding motorist the Chief Justice , Lord Alverston , ruled that where a patrolman signals to a speeding driver to slow down and thereby avoid a speed trap then that person would have committed the offence of ' obstructing an officer in the course of his duty ' under the Prevention of Crimes Amendment Act 1885 . Subsequently , the organisation developed a coded warning system which was used until the 1960s whereby a patrolman would always salute the driver of a passing car which showed a visible AA Badge unless there was a speed trap nearby , on the understanding that their officers could not be prosecuted for failing to salute . All speed limits for cars and motorcycles were abolished under the Road Traffic Act 1930 because ' the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt ' . Speedometers were made compulsory for new cars in 1937 . Electronic aids ( edit ) By the late 1980s traffic police were being issued with Laser speed guns which enabled them to measure the speed of a vehicle more precisely . 1991 -- March 2007 speed cameras ( edit ) Traffic sign used to inform of an area in which speed cameras are used The first speed camera was installed in 1991 . A camera that was installed on the M40 motorway and recorded 400 instances of speeding within 40 minutes . The Association of British Drivers was formed the same year and campaigned vigorously against speed cameras . A Statutory instrument , ' The Road Traffic Offenders ( Prescribed Devices ) Order 1992 ' was approved in May 1992 coming into force 1 July 1992 allowing for unattended traffic cameras to be used for prosecution of speeding offences . The Gatsometer BV Type 24 was approved in June 1992 . The LTI 20.20 , a police operated LIDAR speed gun received type approval in 1993 . The charity Brake was formed in 1995 to support traffic victims and campaign for effective enforcement of speed limits . The charity RoadPeace was founded in 1990 and has since actively campaigned to increase the number of speed cameras . In 1991 the government launched a major TV campaign ' Kill your speed , not a child ' with the budget rising from an initial £ 1m to £ 3.5 m in 1997 . Research published in February 1999 showed that cameras reduce drivers ' speeds markedly and were perceived to be reasonably effective . Safety Camera Partnerships were introduced by the Department for Transport in December 1999 with eight initial trial areas . In 1999 income from penalties for offences recorded by cameras was approaching £ 100 million . In 1999 there was an increase in road fatalities for only the second time in 10 years ( the previous time being in 1997 ) . In March 2000 the government launched a new road - safety strategy that would focus specifically on speed aiming to reduce road fatalities and serious injuries by 40 % , and by 60 % for children by 2010 ( compared to the average of 1994 -- 8 ) . A similar level of 10 - year casualty reduction had been consistently achieved over each of the previous eight years . Safe Speed was founded to challenge this strategy and campaign against the crack - down on speed . In April 2000 two motorists caught speeding and challenged the Road Traffic Act 1988 which required the registered keeper of a vehicle to identify the driver at a particular time as being in contradiction to the Human Rights Act 1998 on the grounds that it amounted to a ' compulsory confession ' , also that since the camera partnerships included the police , local authorities , Magistrates Courts Service ( MCS ) and Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial . Their plea was initially granted by a judge then overturned but was then heard by the European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR ) , and the European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) . In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights found there was no breach of article 6 in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver . During 2001 The Road Vehicles ( Display of Registration Marks ) Regulations 2001 made it illegal to alter , rearrange or misrepresent the letters or numbers on a registration plate ( number plate ) , with a maximum fine of up to £ 1000 . The Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 introduced registration for number plate suppliers , regulate the specifications for registration plates and provided new ' Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc . ' The Transport Research Laboratory published a report on traffic management at major motorway road works in January 2004 . Safe Speed received a copy of the then unpublished report and claimed that it showed that fixed cameras increased the risk of injury accidents 55 per cent at road works and by 31 per cent on open motorways , also that fatal and serious crashes were 32 per cent more likely where cameras were being operated ' . The first average speed camera in Scotland was installed on the A77 road in 2004 . Vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed , the average being reduced by 5 -- 6 mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit by 80 % or more in some areas . Gatso speed camera on a dual carriageway showing characteristic road markings In March 2005 a BBC program Inside Out demonstrated how the LTI 20.20 LIDAR speed gun , of which 3,500 were in use in the UK , could create exaggerated reading . Errors came from two sources . ' Sweep errors ' were as a result of the camera not measuring the distance to a fixed point on the vehicle but instead being ' swept ' along the side of the vehicle . This was demonstrated by sweeping the target along a wall which was recorded as moving at 58 mph . Another way of achieving a bogus reading was where the laser reflected off a wing mirror , hit a stationary reflective object and then returned reflecting off the mirror a second time . In July 2005 the Department for Transport blocked the installation of nearly 500 new speed cameras over concerns that partnerships have failed to consider alternatives . A 2006 report from the Department for Transport estimated that ' exceeding the speed limit ' was a fact in 12 % of fatal road crashes and 5 % of all casualty crashes . In the year 2006 / 2007 1.75 million drivers had 3 points put on their licenses and a total of £ 114 million of fines were issued . The 2006 AA road map controversially included the location for thousands of speed cameras -- the first time such information was available in that form . A trial of number - plate displaying Vehicle activated signs in 2006 at roadworks on the M42 motorway resulted in half of the speeding traffic slowed down , compared to a third who responded to normal speed cameras . As of April 2006 there were thirty eight Safety Camera Partnerships in England and Wales covering forty - one police force areas out of a total of forty - three . The Road Safety Act 2006 introduced new legislation relating to Road safety grants , the application of surplus income from safety camera enforcement and regualation relating to fixed fines . From April 2007 authorities received a ' Road Safety Grant ' which was no longer related to the number of fines issued locally and was instead given directly to those Local Authorities responsible for road safety regardless or not of whether they operate traffic enforcement cameras . During 2007 a e-petition to ban speed cameras organised by Safe Speed received 28,000 signatures . April 2007 -- present ( edit ) Funding for Safety Camera Partnership changed in April 2007 and has subsequently come from Department for Transport as ' Road Safety Grants ' rather than being directly linked to money raised locally from fines as it had been previously . Swindon in Wiltshire switched off their 5 fixed cameras in July 2009 , with the intention of replacing them with vehicle activated speed warning signs . They thus became the first local council with no fixed cameras , although the police will continue to use their mobile speed cameras to enforce speed limits . In the nine months following the switch - off there was a small reduction in casualty rates between similar periods before and after the switch off ( Before : 1 fatal , 1 serious and 13 slight accidents . Afterwards : no fatalities , 2 serious and 12 slight accidents ) . The journalist George Monbiot claimed that the results were not statistically significant , highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33 % reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68 % reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years . A report by ICM Research ( an Opinion poll research organisation ) sponsored by motor insurance company LV in 2010 indicated that 1 % of accidents are caused by drivers braking and then accelerating near speed cameras and that this would equates to a total of some 28,000 accidents across the country . A spokesman said that speed cameras ' impair driving ability or at the least concentration on the road ' . In May 2010 the new Coalition government said that the ' Labour 's 13 - year war on the motorist is over ' and that the new government ' pledged to scrap public funding for speed cameras ' . In July Mike Penning , the Road safety minister reduced the Road Safety Grant for the current year to Local Authorities from £ 95 million to £ 57 million saying that local authorities had relied too heavily on safety cameras for far too long and that he was pleased that some councils were now focusing on other road safety measures . It is estimated that as a result the Treasury is now distributing £ 40 million less in Road Safety Grant than is raised from fines in the year . The cuts include a 27 % to the revenue grant used for camera maintenance and education programs and 100 % to the capital grant used for road safety measures such as the installation of fixed cameras , speed humps and pedestrian crossings . Brake warned that by removing ring - fencing the cuts could in reality be larger . Penning later said `` road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities , not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending . '' In June 2010 it was announced that 9 of Somerset 's 26 fixed speed cameras were to be switched off . In July 2010 , the BBC announced that the Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership was to be wound up , and that no speed camera would be operated in the South West from the following year unless funding was provided by the government . Also in July 2010 one - fifth of the speed cameras in Northamptonshire were switched off -- the council would not reveal which of its 42 cameras remained active , and others announced plans to review camera provision . and a total of four other counties ; Buckinghamshire , Lancashire , Dorset and Essex announced plans to turn off some or all of their cameras ; All the Oxfordshire speed cameras were switched off on 1 August 2010 . Later in August an Oxford Mail report challenged a claim by Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership that speed offences had increased since the switch - off , stating that they have received data showing that speed offences actually fell by 4 per - cent when compared the figures since the switch - off to those of 2008 -- 9 . In September , Oxfordshire 's Thames Valley Safer Roads Partnership reported that the number of drivers speeding past the county 's deactivated speed cameras had increased by up to 88 % . Following lobbying by road safety groups and by local residents it was announced in November that they would be reinstated . The Oxfordshire cameras were switched back on in April 2011 after a new source of funding was found for them . Following rule changes on the threshold for offering `` Speed Awareness Courses '' as an alternative to a fine and licence points for drivers , and given that the compulsory fees charged for such courses go directly to the partnerships rather than directly to central government as for the fine revenues , the partnership will be able to fund their operations from course fees . Compared with the same period in the previous year with the cameras still switched on , the number of serious injuries that occurred during the same period with the cameras switched off was exactly the same -- at 13 -- and the number of slight injuries was 15 more at 70 , resulting from 62 crashes -- 2 more than when the cameras were still operating . There were no fatalities during either period . Also in August Gloucestershire cancelled plans to update cameras and has reduced or cancelled maintenance contracts In July 2010 , some opposition politicians and some road safety campaigners claimed that lives were being put at risk by the removal of speed cameras . The AA agreed saying adding that cameras were supported by the majority of motorists . In October 2010 Wiltshire switched off its remaining speed cameras , both fixed and mobile . Speed limit enforcement will continue to be provided in the county by Wiltshire 's traffic police and Community Speed Watch . In December 2010 , Portsmouth City Council decided to end its membership of the Hampshire and Isle of Wight Road Safety Partnership , and to remove all its speed cameras . In 2017 fines issued by courts for the most serious speeding offences have increased to better reflect the seriousness of the offence . On April 24 , 2017 new rules came into force which see the maximum fine for being caught speeding increase by 150 per cent to £ 2,500 from £ 1,000 for the most serious offenders . The minimum penalty for speeding remains a £ 100 fine and 3 penalty points added to your licence . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2009 ) , p. 45 `` Exceeding the speed limit was reported as a contributory factor in 5 per cent of all accidents . However , the factor became more significant with the severity of the accident . It was reported in 14 per cent of fatal accidents and these accidents accounted for 362 fatalities , 15 per cent of all deaths '' ^ Jump up to : Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 181 `` Speed limiter settings lowered to 70 mph for new buses and coaches and to 60 mph for HGVs . '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 179 `` Mopeds redefined to 30 mph maximum design speed '' Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2008 ) , p. 106 table 2 References ( edit ) Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section Department for Transport ( 2008 ) . `` Reported Road Casualties Great Britain : 2008 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 09 . Other references for article Jump up ^ `` Accident blackspot gets mobile speed camera '' . A MOBILE speed camera is being set up at an accident black spot in Worcestershire this week . A speed camera van will enforce the 60mph speed limit on the A46 Sedgeberrow bypass , near Evesham , due to the high number of collisions and speeding problems on the road ^ Jump up to : `` The consequences of speed '' . Parliament . Hit by a car at 40 mph , nine out of ten pedestrians will be killed . Hit by a car at 30 mph , about half of pedestrians will be killed . Hit by a car at 20 mph , nine out of ten pedestrians will survive ... in other words , as the DTLR notes : `` The change from mainly survivable injuries to mainly fatal injuries takes place at speeds between 30 and 40 mph '' . A considerable number of drivers are unaware of this . A survey undertaken for Brake found than one third of drivers thought that `` the chances of a pedestrian dying if hit at 40 mph ( was ) 50 % or less Jump up ^ `` The Green Flag Report on Safe Driving 2004 PART TWO -- Speed '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Select Committee on Transport , Local Government and the Regions Ninth Report -- Introduction '' . Parliament . The problem is that : `` Most drivers and pedestrians think speeds are generally too high but 95 per cent of all drivers admit to exceeding speed limits Jump up ^ `` LIST OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 ( Section 20 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` I have received the Notice of Intended Prosecution -- what happens now ? '' . South Yorkshire Safety Camera Partnership . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` One of the most high profile initiatives of the A77 Safety Group has been the introduction of the SPECS average speed camera system '' . Transport Scotland assisted the Partnership in installing a SPECS average speed system , which was a first ever for Scottish roads . Jump up ^ `` Speed Watch '' . Community Speed Watch gives local people the ability to actively get involved in road safety . A Community Speed Watch can be set up in any village , small town , or urban area , governed by either a 30 or 40 miles per hour speed limit , to discourage drivers and motorcyclists from driving faster than the set speed limit . Community Speed Watch is a partnership between the Community , the Police , Fire Service , Parish Council , and County Council , with an aim to tackle the problem of speeding motorists , therefore improving the quality of life of the local residents . A Speed Watch consists of local residents , who are willing to volunteer a small amount of time each week to monitor speeds with speed detection equipment . Persistent offenders will receive a second warning letter , and on a third occasion , offenders can expect further action by police Jump up ^ `` CHILDREN HAVE `` SELFISH '' DRIVERS IN THEIR SIGHTS `` . West Midlands Police . CHILDREN and police in Birmingham have joined forces to launch the region 's first junior Speed Watch scheme . Jump up ^ `` A GUIDE TO SPEED LIMITER REQUIREMENTS '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport . Jump up ^ `` Swindon traffic lights to slow speeding drivers '' . BBC . 18 May 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Intelligent speed adaptation '' . Transport for London . Jump up ^ `` Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT '' . A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city Jump up ^ `` Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme '' ( PDF ) . Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations , KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65 % Jump up ^ SM Christie ; RA Lyons ; FD Dunstan & SJ Jones in Injury Prevention . `` Are mobile speed cameras effective ? A controlled before and after study '' . British Medical Journals . p. vol 9 pages 302 -- 306 ( 2003 ) . Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes . Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites . A 500 - metre route method was used to investigate the effect within strata of time after intervention , time of day , speed limit , and type of road user injured . The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced Jump up ^ Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties : systematic review '' ( PDF ) . British Medical Journal . 330 ( 12 February ) : 331 -- 334 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj.38324.646574.AE . PMC 548724 . PMID 15653699 . Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties . The level of evidence is relatively poor , however , as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential confounders . Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future . Jump up ^ `` Cameras are for cash '' . The Journal . 25 October 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Department for Transport ( 2005 ) . `` The National Safety Camera Programme : Four Year Evaluation Report '' . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 16 December 2005 ) . `` Speed camera benefits overrated '' . The Times . London . The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 per cent and mobile cameras by 35 per cent . It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across Britain . But once the regression to the mean was taken into account , fixed cameras were found to reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873 , or 24 per cent for fixed and 17 per cent for mobile cameras . While still impressive , these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures . Jump up ^ `` RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit '' . BBC News . 24 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Speed camera support ' at all - time high ' '' . Admiral . Support for speed cameras is running at an all - time high , a poll by the AA has suggested . According to the motoring organisation 's survey of members in October , 75 % now believe that the use of speed cameras is ' acceptable ' -- including 30 % who believe their use is ' very acceptable ' . This compares with a 69 % approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year , and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices , the AA says . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` risk '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Do n't believe the hype on usless speed cams '' . Daily Mirror. 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Town ditches fixed speed cameras '' . BBC News . 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.thisiswiltshire.co.uk/news/9604736.Town_tops_league_for_safest_driving/ Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras / Vehicle - activated Signs '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . Angela Watkinson : The cost of a speed camera , including installation , is about £ 50,000 , whereas the cost of a vehicle - activated sign is only £ 1,000 . The Department for Transport 's own figures say that 2.2 accidents are estimated to be prevented by a speed camera in one year , whereas vehicle - activated signs are estimated to prevent 3.1 accidents . Does the Minister therefore agree that the Department 's own figures show that not only are vehicle - activated signs more effective in improving road safety , but they are very much better value for money ? Will he consider introducing a policy that vehicle - activated signs should be given preference over speed cameras wherever the location is appropriate ? Jim Fitzpatrick : The decision about which type of camera to deploy and where is very much a matter for local road safety partnerships , which receive £ 110 million extra a year to do that . I am not sure where the hon . Lady found her figures . The four - year independent evaluation report on the 4,100 speed camera sites , published in 2005 , recorded a 42 per cent . reduction in serious crashes a year , meaning 100 fewer deaths and 1,600 fewer seriously injured -- as opposed to the two or three that she mentions . Our figures are at variance and I would be happy to discuss them with her , because I know that the objective for the whole House is to reduce the numbers needlessly killed or seriously injured on our roads . ^ Jump up to : `` City to scrap its speed cameras '' . The News . Johnston Press Digital Publishing . 30 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` SPEED LIMIT ( POLICE METHODS ) '' . 9 November 1936 . The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis informs me that the method of enforcing the speed limit in built - up areas which is usually employed and was employed in this case is for the traffic patrols to follow for a reasonable distance the vehicle which they suspect of exceeding the limit , and to time it by means of the speedometer in the police car . In the instructions issued to police , special stress is laid on the necessity for keeping as far as possible at an even distance behind the vehicle which is being followed . Jump up ^ `` Motoring firsts '' . National Motoring Museum . Jump up ^ Adam Hart Davis . `` The Eureka Years '' . BBC Radio 4 . Jump up ^ `` US History , Criminal Justice , The first speeding ticket '' . Jump up ^ `` About us '' . The AA . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR CAR LEGISLATION '' . Hansard. 16 July 1907 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . The noble Earl said : My Lords , in 1905 , a very important and influential Royal Commission was appointed to consider the subject of motor cars , and what legislation was desirable when the Act at that time existing , and which was limited to three years , expired . That Commission held a great many sittings and examined a great many witnesses ; it was extremely painstaking in its work , and presented a very carefully considered and somewhat voluminous Report ... I regard the abolition of the speed limit as the most important recommendation of the Royal Commission ... Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger , but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country ... I am entirely in sympathy with what the noble Earl said with regard to police traps . In my opinion they are manifestly absurd as a protection to the public , and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ JA Coutts , ' Obstructing the Police ' ( 1956 ) 19 MLR 411 Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic -- 1900 -- 1929 '' . swarb.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 4 February 2010 ) . `` Drivers face breakdown nightmare after AA staff ballot for first strike in 105 years '' . The Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` New Motoring Law '' . The Times . 1 December 1930 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` MOTOR VEHICLES AND SPEEDOMETERS '' . Hansard . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . It is sufficient to say that the reason why the speed limit was abolished was not that anybody thought the abolition would tend to the greater security of foot passengers , but that the existing speed limit was so universally disobeyed that its maintenance brought the law into contempt Jump up ^ `` Road Safety History 1922 -- 1937 '' . RoadSafetyUK . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Fay ( 29 March 2009 ) . `` Pensioner booked for speeding ... in a 1923 Model T Ford that does n't even have a speedo '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Booker , Christopher ( 24 July 2010 ) . `` Speed cameras : the twisted truth '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . In 1992 the police were given a new weapon when the first speed cameras were installed in west London . Trials on the M40 had shown just how frequently drivers broke the limit , when cameras capable of taking 400 snapshots on each roll of film had used up their quota in 40 minutes . Jump up ^ `` SPEED AND RED - LIGHT ( SAFETY ) CAMERA FUNDING -- NETTING - OFF ARRANGEMENTS '' . Parliament . Jump up ^ `` Fighting for your rights -- the ABD -- The bigger picture '' . Top Gear. 12 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Road Traffic Offenders ( Prescribed Devices ) Order 1992 '' . Jump up ^ `` Radar speed measuring device approval '' . Jump up ^ `` Light beam speed measuring device approval 1993 '' . Jump up ^ `` Speed enforcement '' . Brake . Jump up ^ `` RoadPeace Founder and Chair '' . RoadPeace . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Roadpeace steps up campaigning '' . PR Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . Traffic victims ' charity Roadpeace is spearheading a campaign to increase the number of speed cameras on Britain 's roads . Jump up ^ `` The effects of speed cameras : how drivers respond '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport ( UK ) . February 1999 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release : Speed Camera Funding -- eight pilot schemes announced '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 10 August 2007 . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The national safety camera programme '' ( PDF ) . In 2000 , the Government published the ten - year road safety strategy . This set out casualty reduction targets for 2010 . These were : By 2010 we want to achieve ( compared with the average for 1994 -- 98 ) : 40 % reduction in the number of people killed or seriously injured in road collisions 50 % reduction in the number of children killed or seriously injured 10 % reduction in the slight casualty rate , expressed as the number of people slightly injured per 100million vehicle kilometres Jump up ^ Transport Statistics Great Britain : 2007 Edition ( Report ) . Department for Transport . ^ Jump up to : `` O'Halloran and Francis v . The United Kingdom '' . Jump up ^ `` What is the Legal Spacing and Letter Style on Number Plates '' . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicle crime '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . The Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 -- The Act introduced the registration of motor salvage dealers and number plate suppliers , together with the Vehicle Identity Check scheme . These measures will make it harder for thieves to sell on stolen vehicles . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles ( Crime ) Act 2001 S38 : Unified power for Secretary of State to fund speed cameras etc '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` One of the most high profile initiatives of the A77 Safety Group has been the introduction of the SPECS average speed camera system '' . Transport Scotland assisted the Partnership in installing a SPECS average speed system , which was a first ever for Scottish roads . Jump up ^ `` SPECS -- The Facts '' . A77safetygroup . Figures have shown that , across the route , vehicle speeds significantly reduced immediately after the system was installed . Average speeds typically reduced by 5 - 6mph and the number of drivers exceeding the speed limit reduced by 80 % or more in some areas . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Speed Cameras '' . Jump up ^ Webster , Ben ( 15 July 2005 ) . `` Speed camera U-turn as 500 sites rejected '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ David Robinson ; Richard Campbell . `` Contributory factors to road accidents '' . Road Casualties Great Britain : 2005 . UK Department for Transport . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Philip 's Complete Road Atlas Britain 2010 . Philip 's . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera fines reach £ 114.6 m '' . BBC News . 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 09 . Speed camera fines rose to £ 114.6 m last year even though fewer fixed penalty notices were issued to motorists , a survey has indicated . Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Steve ( 26 June 2005 ) . `` AA causes fury by publishing its first - ever map of speed cameras '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . A controversial decision by the AA to publish its first map of speed traps has provoked a storm of protest from safety experts , who accuse the organisation of encouraging motorists to break the law . Jump up ^ Ben Webster ( 4 August 2006 ) . `` Speed camera that tells you off but does n't take away your cash '' . London : The Times . Jump up ^ `` Areas covered by the Safety Camera Funding Scheme '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Archived from the original on 13 February 2006 . Retrieved 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Road Safety Act 2006 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Safety cameras '' . Department for Transport ( UK ) . Retrieved 26 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Kirkup , James ; Millward , David ( 4 December 2007 ) . `` Anger as fines from speed cameras soar '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . More than 28,000 people have signed a Downing Street petition calling for speed cameras to be scrapped and Mr Smith said that public anger had forced the Department for Transport `` into retreat '' on the issue Jump up ^ `` Town ditches fixed speed cameras '' . BBC News . 31 July 2009 . Fixed speed cameras in Swindon have been switched off , making the borough council the first English local authority to abandon their use ... the council will continue as normal in their mobile speed camera enforcement across Swindon where necessary ... Any assumption that speed cameras will no longer be used in Swindon is plainly incorrect . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , David ( 7 August 2010 ) . `` Speed camera switch - off sees fewer accidents '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tory Boy Racers '' . George Monbiot . Jump up ^ `` unknown '' . Jump up ^ Massey , Ray ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` Labour 's 13 - year war on the motorist is over : Tories pledge to halt rise of speed cameras , road pricing and cowboy clampers '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Treasury set to cash in on speeding fines '' . The Telegraph . London . The decision to reduce the Road Safety Grant £ 95 million to £ 57 million this year means that the Government could raise as much as £ 40 million more from speeding fines than it hands back to local authorities to reduce death and injury on the country 's roads . Jump up ^ `` Brake warns Government on road safety funding bombshell '' . Brake . Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions , Tuesday 7 September 2010 -- Roads : Safety '' . We have also lifted restrictions on how local government spends its money by removing ring - fences ... The fact that certain grants have been chosen for reduction over others does not mean that the Government expect there to be a direct correlation between grant reductions and local authority budget changes . For example , road safety grant was reduced as this grant was spread evenly across all local authorities , not because this was considered an area of lower priority spending . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras in Somerset are to be removed '' . BBC News . 18 June 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras '' . BBC News . 22 July 2010 . No speed cameras will operate in the South West next year , unless the government comes forward with more funding , police have warned . Devon and Cornwall Safety Camera Partnership is being wound up with the loss of about 40 jobs . Jump up ^ `` One in five speed cameras turned off as council looks to cut costs '' . Northampton Chronicle . Johnston Publishing . 26 July 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera turn - off starts '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . Oxfordshire pulled the plug on its network of 72 devices after the ConDems axed funding by 40 % . Buckinghamshire is to follow suit . Northamptonshire turned off eight of its 42 speed cameras and Somerset nine of its 26 , sparking worries crashes could increase . Jump up ^ `` Plan to return Oxfordshire 's speed cameras '' . BBC . 2 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera data ' misleading ' '' . Oxford Mail . Newsquest Media Group . 19 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Oxfordshire speeding increase after cameras turned off '' . BBC News . 10 August 2010 . The number of drivers speeding past Oxfordshire 's deactivated speed cameras has increased by up to 88 % , a road safety partnership claim . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING NEWS : Speed cameras to go back on '' . Oxford Mail . 2 November 2010 . OXFORDSHIRE 'S speed cameras are set to be switched on , it has emerged today , three months after they were turned off ^ Jump up to : `` Oxfordshire 's speed cameras to be switched back on '' . News Oxford . BBC . 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras will stay in Gloucestershire -- but no more maintenance '' . This is Gloucestershire . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 08 . SPEED cameras in Gloucestershire will not be switched off -- but highway bosses say maintenance will become less frequent . As Oxfordshire 's speed cameras were turned off to save cash , Gloucestershire County Council confirmed the county 's 28 cameras would remain in action . The cameras were due to be updated to a new digital format , but after cuts of £ 7million were imposed by the coalition Government , the council was forced to abandon the plan . Jump up ^ `` Speed camera cuts ' mean disaster ' '' . BBC News . 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Speed cameras no longer operating in Wiltshire '' . ThisIsWiltshire.co.uk . Newsquest Media Group . 15 October 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` The UK 's new speeding fines explained '' . www.saga.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Smith , Luke John ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) . `` Drivers WARNED that speeding fines set to skyrocket NEXT WEEK '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Speeding penalties - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 04 . ( hide ) Driving in the United Kingdom Main topics Approved Driving Instructor British land speed record Driving examiner ( United Kingdom ) The Highway Code Driving licence in the United Kingdom List of UK driving licence endorsements Road signs in the United Kingdom Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom Road speed limits in the United Kingdom United Kingdom traffic laws Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions Acts Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 Motor Car Act 1903 Road Traffic Act 1934 Organisations British School of Motoring Disabled Motoring UK Driver and Vehicle Agency Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency Driving Standards Agency Institute of Advanced Motorists Motor Insurers ' Bureau Safe Speed Safety Camera Partnership Driving test Hazard Perception Test United Kingdom driving test Schemes National Driver Offender Retraining Scheme Pass Plus Young Driver Schemes TV & Entertainment Britain 's Worst Driver Clarkson 's Car Years Driven ( TV series ) Driving School Fifth Gear For The Love Of Cars Jeremy Clarkson 's Motorworld Sniff Petrol Top Gear ( 1977 TV series ) Top Gear ( 2002 TV series ) Offences Causing bodily harm by wanton or furious driving Causing death by dangerous driving Dangerous driving DR10 Further reading ( edit ) Home Office approved speed detection devices -- March 2007 Handbook of Rules and Guidance for the National Safety Camera Programme for England and Wales for 2006 / 07 Department for Transport Transport , Local Government and the Regions -- Ninth Report , Road Traffic Speed . Parliament 2002 Note that the layout of the table of contents is odd , the actually contents are off to the far right hand side of the page . TRL511 : The relationship between speed and accidents of rural single - carriageway roads 2002 -- registration required TRL421 : The effects of drivers ' speed on the frequency of road accidents 2000 -- registration required TRL215 : Review of traffic calming schemes in 20 mph zones 1996 -- registration required Debate in the Commons about use of plain clothes police to enforce speed limits 1935 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Road_speed_limit_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=811302206 '' Categories : Transport policy in the United Kingdom Roads in the United Kingdom Driving in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 EngvarB from April 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2013 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 19 : 40 . 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when was the first speed camera introduced in the uk

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Indian national calendar

Indian national calendar - wikipedia Indian national calendar Mohar of Gorkha king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated Saka era 1685 ( AD 1763 ) The Indian national calendar , sometimes called the Shalivahana Shaka calendar . It is used , alongside the Gregorian calendar , by The Gazette of India , in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India . The Saka calendar is also used in Java and Bali among Indonesian Hindus . Nyepi , the `` Day of Silence '' , is a celebration of the Saka new year in Bali . Nepal 's Nepal Sambat evolved from the Saka calendar . Prior to colonization , the Philippines used to apply the Saka calendar as well as suggested by the Laguna Copperplate Inscription . The term may also ambiguously refer to the Hindu calendar ; the Shalivahana era is also commonly used by other calendars . The historic Shalivahana era calendar is still widely used . It has years that are solar Contents 1 Calendar structure 2 Adoption 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Calendar structure ( edit ) The calendar months follow the signs of the tropical zodiac rather than the sidereal zodiac normally used with the Hindu calendar . # Month ( Sanskrit ) Length Start date ( Gregorian ) Tropical zodiac Tropical zodiac ( Sanskrit ) Chaitra 30 / 31 March 22 / 21 Aries Meṣa Vaishākha 31 April 21 Taurus Vṛṣabha Jyēshtha 31 May 22 Gemini Mithuna Āshādha 31 June 22 Cancer Karkata 5 Shrāvana 31 July 23 Leo simha 6 Bhaadra 31 August 23 Virgo Kanyā 7 Āshwin 30 September 23 Libra Tulā 8 Kārtika 30 October 23 Scorpio Vṛścik‌‌‌a 9 Agrahayana 30 November 22 Sagitarius Dhanur 10 Pausha 30 December 22 Capricorn Makara 11 Māgha 30 January 21 Aquarius Kumbha 12 Phalguna 30 February 20 Pisces Mīna Chaitra has 30 days and starts on March 22 , except in leap years , when it has 31 days and starts on March 21 . The months in the first half of the year all have 31 days , to take into account the slower movement of the sun across the ecliptic at this time . The names of the months are derived from older , Hindu lunisolar calendars , so variations in spelling exist , and there is a possible source of confusion as to what calendar a date belongs to . Years are counted in the Saka era , which starts its year 0 in the year 78 of the Common Era . To determine leap years , add 78 to the Saka year -- if the result is a leap year in the Gregorian calendar , then the Saka year is a leap year as well . Its structure is just like the Persian calendar . Adoption ( edit ) Senior Indian Astrophysicist Meghnad Saha was the head of the Calendar Reform Committee under the aegis of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research . Other members of the Committee were : A.C. Banerjee , K.K. Daftari , J.S. Karandikar , Gorakh Prasad , R.V. Vaidya and N.C. Lahiri . It was Saha 's effort , which led to the formation of the Committee . The task before the Committee was to prepare an accurate calendar based on scientific study , which could be adopted uniformly throughout India . It was a mammoth task . The Committee had to undertake a detailed study of different calendars prevalent in different parts of the country . There were thirty different calendars . The task was further complicated by the fact that religion and local sentiments were integral to those calendars . India 's first prime minister , Jawaharlal Nehru , in his preface to the Report of the Committee , published in 1955 , wrote : `` They ( different calendars ) represent past political divisions in the country ... Now that we have attained Independence , it is obviously desirable that there should be a certain uniformity in the calendar for our civic , social , and other purposes , and this should be done on a scientific approach to this problem . '' Usage started officially at 1 Chaitra 1879 , Saka Era , or 22 March 1957 . However , government officials seem to largely ignore the New Year 's Day of this calendar in favour of the religious calendar . See also ( edit ) Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat History of calendars Saka era Bengali calendar , a related Indic calendar Persian calendar Indian New Year 's days Bisuddhasiddhanta Panjika Ritu ( Indian season ) Kollam era the Malayalam calendar Tamil calendar List of calendars References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Government Holiday Calendar '' . Govt. of India Official website . Jump up ^ Meghnad Saha Archived 2015 - 02 - 23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Hindu '' New Year 's Day and related issues Report of the Calendar Reform Committee ( New Delhi : Council of Scientific and Industrial Research , 1955 ) -- online link . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History by E.G. Richards ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 286205 - 1 ) , 1998 , pp. 184 -- 185 . External links ( edit ) Calendars and their History ( by L.E. Doggett ) Indian Calendars ( by Leow Choon Lian , pdf , 1.22 mb ) Positional astronomy in India Indian National Calendar abstract National symbols of India Flag Emblem Anthem Song Calendar Currency Animal Aquatic animal Bird Flower Fruit River Tree Calendars Systems Lunar Lunisolar Solar Nearly universal Gregorian In wide use Astronomical Bengali Chinese Ethiopian Hebrew Hindu Iranian Islamic ISO Unix time In more limited use Akan Armenian Assyrian Bahá'í Badí ' Balinese pawukon Balinese saka Berber Buddhist Burmese Chinese Earthly Branches Heavenly Stems Gaelic Germanic heathen Georgian Hindu or Indian Vikram Samvat Saka Igbo Iranian Jalali medieval Hijri modern Zoroastrian Islamic Fasli Tabular Jain Japanese Javanese Korean Juche Kurdish Lithuanian Malayalam Mongolian Melanau Nanakshahi Nepal Sambat Nisg̱a'a Oromo Romanian Somali Sesotho Slavic Slavic Native Faith Tamil Thai lunar solar Tibetan Vietnamese Xhosa Yoruba Types Runic Mesoamerican Long Count Calendar round Christian variants Coptic Julian Revised Liturgical year Eastern Orthodox Saints Historical Attic Aztec Tōnalpōhualli Xiuhpōhualli Babylonian Bulgar Byzantine Celtic Cham Culāsakaraj Egyptian Florentine French Republican Germanic Greek Hindu Inca Macedonian Maya Haab ' Tzolk'in Muisca Pentecontad Pisan Rapa Nui Roman calendar Rumi Soviet Swedish Turkmen By specialty Holocene anthropological Proleptic Gregorian / Proleptic Julian historiographical Darian Martian Dreamspell New Age Discordian ' Pataphysical Proposals Calendar reform Hanke -- Henry Permanent International Fixed Pax Positivist Symmetry454 Tranquility World New Earth Time Fictional Discworld Greyhawk Middle - earth Stardate Star Wars ( Galactic Standard Calendar ) Displays and applications Electronic Perpetual Wall Year naming and numbering Terminology Era Epoch Regnal name Regnal year Year zero Systems Ab urbe condita Anno Domini / Common Era Anno Mundi Assyrian Before Present Chinese Imperial Chinese Minguo Human Era Japanese Korean Seleucid Spanish Yugas Satya Treta Dvapara Kali Vietnamese List of calendars Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_national_calendar&oldid=865326072 '' Categories : Hindu calendar Indian culture National symbols of India Months of the Hindu calendar Time in India 1957 introductions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kiswahili Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 06 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory - wikipedia Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory For the 2005 film adaptation , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( film ) . For the book , see Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Theatrical release poster Directed by Mel Stuart Produced by Stan Margulies David L. Wolper Screenplay by Roald Dahl David Seltzer Based on Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl Starring Gene Wilder Jack Albertson Peter Ostrum Roy Kinnear Julie Dawn Cole Leonard Stone Denise Nickerson Dodo Denney Paris Themmen Music by Leslie Bricusse Anthony Newley Walter Scharf Cinematography Arthur Ibbetson Edited by David Saxon Production company Wolper Pictures The Quaker Oats Company Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date June 30 , 1971 ( 1971 - 06 - 30 ) ( United States ) Running time 99 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $4 million Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy family film directed by Mel Stuart , and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka . It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl . Dahl was credited with writing the film 's screenplay ; however , David Seltzer , who went uncredited in the film , was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl 's wishes , making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers . These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film . The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket ( Peter Ostrum ) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world . Filming took place in Munich in 1970 , and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30 , 1971 . With a budget of just $3 million , the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run . The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales . In 1972 , the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score , and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy , but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof . The film also introduced the song `` The Candy Man '' , which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr . In 2014 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Oompa Loompas 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Promotion 4 Reception 4.1 Dahl 's reaction 5 Animated adaptation 6 Home media 7 Music 8 Soundtrack 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) In a small town , Charlie Bucket , a poor paperboy , watches a group of children visit a candy shop . Walking home , he passes Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory . A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham 's poem `` The Fairies '' , and tells Charlie , `` Nobody ever goes in , and nobody ever comes out . '' Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents . After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker , Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers , including rival Arthur Slugworth , sent in spies to steal his recipes . Wonka disappeared , but after three years resumed selling candy ; the origin of Wonka 's labor force is unknown . The next day , Wonka announces that he hid five `` Golden Tickets '' in chocolate Wonka Bars . Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate . The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop , the spoiled Veruca Salt , the gum - chewing Violet Beauregarde , and the television - obsessed Mike Teevee . As each winner is announced on TV , a man whispers to them . Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket . The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope . The next day , Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar . With the change , he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe . Walking home , as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers ; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire 's ticket is a fake , he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket . While rushing home , he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners , who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka 's latest creation , the Everlasting Gobstopper . Returning home with the Golden Ticket , Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone . The next day , Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour . The factory includes a candy land with a river of chocolate , edible mushrooms , gummy bears , candy canes , and other sweets and inventions . As the visitors sample these , they see Wonka 's workers , small men known as Oompa - Loompas . Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room . In the Inventing Room , everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper . Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three - course meal , over Wonka 's warnings . The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room , where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka 's warning and sample the drinks . They float and have a near - fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground . In the Golden Eggs Room , Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace , with her father falling in trying to rescue her . The group tests out Wonka 's Wonkavision , only for chocolate bars and Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall . With Charlie and Joe remaining , Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks . Infuriated by this , Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge , but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka . With this selfless act , Wonka declares Charlie as the winner . He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson , an employee of Wonka , and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed . The trio enter the `` Wonkavator '' , a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory . Soaring over the city , Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory ; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough , and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in . Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted . Charlie asks , `` What happened ? '' to which Wonka replies , `` He lived happily ever after . '' Cast ( edit ) The main cast . Back row ( left to right ) : Michael Bollner ( Augustus Gloop ) , Ursula Reit ( Mrs. Gloop ) , Gene Wilder ( Willy Wonka ) Front row ( left to right ) : Leonard Stone ( Sam Beauregard ) , Denise Nickerson ( Violet Beauregard ) , Roy Kinnear ( Henry Salt ) , Julie Dawn Cole ( Veruca Salt ) , Dodo Denny ( Mrs. Teevee ) , Paris Themmen ( Mike Teevee ) , Peter Ostrum ( Charlie Bucket ) , Jack Albertson ( Grandpa Joe ) Main article : List of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory characters Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket Aubrey Woods as Bill , the Candy Shop owner David Battley as Mr. Turkentine Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson Walker Edmiston as Arthur Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson ( voice , uncredited ) Peter Capell as The Tinker Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck Peter Stuart as Winkelmann Oompa Loompas ( edit ) Rusty Goffe Rudy Borgstaller George Claydon Malcolm Dixon Ismed Hassan Norman McGlen Angelo Muscat Pepe Poupee Marcus Powell Albert Wilkinson Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart 's ten - year - old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it , with `` Uncle Dave '' ( producer David L. Wolper ) producing it . Stuart showed the book to Wolper , who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago - based Breaker Confections subsidiary ( since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé ) . Wolper persuaded the company , which had no previous experience in the film industry , to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar . It was agreed that the film would be a children 's musical , and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay . However , the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources , such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy 's Ode , Oscar Wilde 's The Importance of Being Earnest , Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice . Seltzer also worked Slugworth ( only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book ) into the plot as an actual character ( only to be revealed to be Wilkinson , one of Wonka 's agents , at the end of the film ) . Casting ( edit ) All six members of Monty Python : Graham Chapman , John Cleese , Eric Idle , Terry Gilliam , Terry Jones and Michael Palin , expressed interest in playing Wonka , but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience . Three of the members , Cleese , Idle and Palin , were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton 's version . Before Wilder was officially cast for the role , producers considered Fred Astaire , Joel Grey , Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee . Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl 's original choice to play Willy Wonka . Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role . When Wilder was cast for the role , he accepted it on one condition : When I make my first entrance , I 'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp . After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple , they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet . As I walk toward them , my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I 'm walking on and stands straight up , by itself ; but I keep on walking , until I realize that I no longer have my cane . I start to fall forward , and just before I hit the ground , I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up , to great applause . -- Gene Wilder The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that `` from that time on , no one will know if I 'm lying or telling the truth . '' Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee . Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde . Sammy Davis Jr. wanted to play Bill , the candy store owner , but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality . Nevertheless , Davis ' recording of the film 's opening musical number , `` The Candy Man , '' would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972 , despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song . Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill , but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography commenced on August 31 , 1970 , and ended on November 19 , 1970 . The primary shooting location was Munich , Bavaria , West Germany , because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka 's factory ; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location . External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München ( Emmy - Noether - Straße 10 ) ; the entrance and side buildings still exist . The exterior of Charlie Bucket 's house , which was only a set constructed for the film , was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich . Charlie 's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester , Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich . Bill 's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße , Munich . The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria . Munich Gasworks as it appears today ( building on the left ) Munich Gasworks as it appears today Nördlingen , the town seen from above at the end of the film Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room . According to Paris Themmen , who played Mike Teevee , `` The river was made of water with food coloring . At one point , they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it did n't really work . When asked this question , Michael Böllner , who played Augustus Gloop , answers , ' It vas dirty , stinking vater . ' '' When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition , Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors , but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen , claiming that he was `` a handful '' . Promotion ( edit ) Before its release , the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a `` Willy Wonka candy factory kit '' for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman , Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands . Reception ( edit ) Willy Wonka was released on June 30 , 1971 . The film was not a big success , being the 53rd highest - grossing film of the year in the U.S. , earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend . It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars , while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz . Ebert said , `` All of this is preface to a simple statement : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz . It is everything that family movies usually claim to be , but are n't : Delightful , funny , scary , exciting , and , most of all , a genuine work of imagination . `` Willy Wonka '' is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds , and it is fascinating because , like all classic fantasy , it is fascinated with itself . '' By the mid-1980s , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales . Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996 , it was released on DVD the next year , allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers . The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film 's 30th anniversary . In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the `` Top 50 Cult Movies '' of all time . Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments for the `` scary tunnel '' scene . As of 2017 , the film holds a 91 % `` Fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.8 / 10 based on 44 reviews . The site 's critical consensus states : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting , full of narrative detours that do n't always work but express the film 's uniqueness '' . Dahl 's reaction ( edit ) Dahl disowned the film , the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines . Dahl said he was `` disappointed '' because `` he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie '' , as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan . Dahl was also `` infuriated '' by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay , including the conversion of Slugworth , a minor character in the book , into a spy ( so that the film could have a villain ) and the `` fizzy lifting drinks '' scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions ( including `` Pure Imagination '' and `` The Candy Man '' ) , and the ending dialogue for the movie . In 1996 , Dahl 's second wife Felicity commented on her husband 's objections towards the film saying `` they always want to change a book 's storyline . What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film , when they accept it in a book ? '' Animated adaptation ( edit ) Main article : Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory In 2017 , an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released . Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder , who died less than a year before the release . Home media ( edit ) The film was first released on DVD in 1997 / 1999 in a `` 25th anniversary edition '' as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and `` standard '' version . The `` standard '' version is an open matte print , where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed , revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers . VHS and Betamax copies were also available , but only containing the `` standard '' version . A special edition DVD was released , celebrating the film 's 30th anniversary , on August 28 , 2001 , but in fullscreen only . Due to the lack of a letterboxed release , fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13 , 2001 . It was also released on VHS , with only one of the special features ( a making - of feature ) . Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release . The two editions featured restored sound , and better picture quality . In addition to the documentary , the DVD included a trailer , a gallery , and audio commentary by the cast . In 2007 , Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD . The film was released on Blu - ray on October 20 , 2009 . It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD - DVD as well as a 38 - page book . In 2011 , a new deluxe - 40th - anniversary edition Blu - ray / DVD set was released on November 1 , consisting of the film on Blu - ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc . The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar - designed tin , four scented pencils , a scented eraser , a book detailing the making of the film , original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles . The set is now out of print . Music ( edit ) The Academy Award - nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley , and musical direction was by Walter Scharf . The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971 . On October 8 , 1996 , Hip - O Records ( in conjunction with MCA Records , which by then owned the Paramount catalog ) , released the soundtrack on CD as a `` 25th Anniversary Edition '' . In 2016 , UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP . The music and songs , in order of appearance , are as follows : `` Main Title '' -- Instrumental medley of `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' and `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' -- Aubrey Woods `` Cheer Up , Charlie '' -- Diana Lee ( dubbing over Diana Sowle ) `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' -- Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum `` Pure Imagination '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Augustus ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' / `` The Rowing Song '' -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Violet ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` I Want it Now ! '' -- Julie Dawn Cole `` Oompa Loompa ( Veruca ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` Ach , so fromm '' ( alternately titled `` M'appari '' , from Martha ) -- Gene Wilder `` Oompa Loompa ( Mike ) '' -- The Oompa Loompas `` End Credits '' -- `` Pure Imagination '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Main Title '' ( `` Golden Ticket '' / `` Pure Imagination '' ) `` The Candy Man '' `` Charlie 's Paper Run '' `` Cheer up , Charlie '' `` Lucky Charlie '' `` ( I 've Got A ) Golden Ticket '' `` Pure Imagination '' `` Oompa Loompa '' `` The Wondrous Boat Ride '' `` Everlasting Gobstoppers / Oompa Loompa '' `` The Bubble Machine '' `` I Want it Now / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkamobile , Wonkavision / Oompa Loompa '' `` Wonkavator / End Title '' ( `` Pure Imagination '' ) See also ( edit ) Film portal 1970s portal List of American films of 1971 List of films featuring miniature people Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights , the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977 , when Wolper Pictures Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 20 , 1971 . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) - Financial Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Roald Dahl Hated The Willy Wonka And The Chocolate Factory Film '' . yahoo . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liz Buckingham , trustee for the Roald Dahl Museum , quoted in Tom Bishop : `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' , BBC News , July 2005 Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : J.M. Kenny ( Writer , Director , Producer ) ( 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Story of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( DVD ) . USA : Warner Home Video . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Paur , Joey . `` 25 Fun Facts About Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Honeybone , Nigel ( April 25 , 2012 ) . `` Film Review : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Segal , David ( March 28 , 2005 ) . `` Gene Wilder : It Hurts to Laugh '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Evans , Bradford ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Lost Roles of Peter Sellers '' . Splitsider . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Will . `` Gene Wilder 's Willy Wonka Demands Revealed '' . Yahoo.com . Yahoo . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Stapleton Dies : Top 10 Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . June 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Ed ( June 3 , 2013 ) . `` Five Things You Should Know About Jean Stapleton '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) : Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ParisThemmenAMA comments on I am Paris Themmen . I played Mike Teevee in the original Willy Wonka . AMA ! '' . Reddit.com . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stuart , Mel ; Young , Josh ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Pure Imagination : The Making of Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0312287771 . Jump up ^ robatsea2009 ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka Candy Factory 1971 TV commercial '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( January 1 , 1971 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' The 100 Scariest Movie Moments ' '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Tom ( July 11 , 2005 ) . `` Willy Wonka 's Everlasting Film Plot '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie , '' said Liz Attenborough , trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire . `` For him the book was about Charlie . Jump up ^ Pure Imagination : The Story of `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory '' . Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory : 30th Anniversary Edition ( 1971 ) '' . Dvdmg.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( HD DVD ) - IGN '' . Dvd.ign.com . June 6 , 2007 . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News : Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory ( US - BD ) '' . DVDActive.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cook , Tommy ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory 40th Anniversary Box Set Blu - ray Review '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Wikimedia Commons has media related to Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory on IMDb Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at the TCM Movie Database Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory at Rotten Tomatoes The AFI Catalog of Feature Films ... Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Films directed by Mel Stuart Four Days in November ( 1964 ) If It 's Tuesday , This Must Be Belgium ( 1969 ) I Love My Wife ( 1970 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) One Is a Lonely Number ( 1972 ) Wattstax ( 1973 ) Mean Dog Blues ( 1978 ) The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal ( 1979 ) The White Lions ( 1981 ) Roald Dahl Children 's fiction The Gremlins ( 1943 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1961 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 1964 ) The Magic Finger ( 1966 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 1970 ) Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator ( 1972 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1975 ) The Enormous Crocodile ( 1978 ) The Twits ( 1980 ) George 's Marvellous Medicine ( 1981 ) The BFG ( 1982 ) The Witches ( 1983 ) The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me ( 1985 ) Matilda ( 1988 ) Esio Trot ( 1990 ) The Vicar of Nibbleswicke ( 1991 ) The Minpins ( 1991 ) Children 's poetry Revolting Rhymes ( 1982 ) Dirty Beasts ( 1983 ) Rhyme Stew ( 1989 ) Adult novels Sometime Never : A Fable for Supermen ( 1948 ) My Uncle Oswald ( 1979 ) Adult short story collections Over to You : Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying ( 1946 ) Someone Like You ( 1953 ) Kiss Kiss ( 1960 ) Lamb to the Slaughter ( 1953 ) Switch Bitch ( 1974 ) The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More ( 1977 ) The Best of Roald Dahl ( 1978 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 ) More Tales of the Unexpected ( 1980 ) The Roald Dahl Omnibus ( 1986 ) Two Fables ( 1986 ) Ah , Sweet Mystery of Life : The Country Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1989 ) The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) The Roald Dahl Treasury ( 1997 ) The Great Automatic Grammatizator ( 1998 ) Skin and Other Stories ( 2000 ) Roald Dahl : Collected Stories ( 2006 ) Non-fiction The Mildenhall Treasure ( 1946 ) Boy : Tales of Childhood ( 1984 ) Going Solo ( 1986 ) Memories with Food at Gipsy House ( 1991 ) Roald Dahl 's Guide to Railway Safety ( 1991 ) My Year ( 1993 ) Film adaptations 36 Hours ( 1965 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Danny , the Champion of the World ( 1989 ) The BFG ( 1989 ) The Witches ( 1990 ) Four Rooms ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Matilda ( 1996 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Roald Dahl 's Esio Trot ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) Revolting Rhymes ( 2016 ) Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ( 2017 ) Film scripts The Bells of Hell Go Ting - a-ling - a-ling ( 1966 , unfinished ) You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) The Night Digger ( 1971 ) Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory ( 1971 ) Television series ' Way Out ( 1961 ) Tales of the Unexpected ( 1979 -- 88 ) Musicals and plays The Honeys ( 1955 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 2010 ) Matilda ( 2010 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 ) Fantastic Mr Fox ( 2016 ) See also Quentin Blake Roald Dahl bibliography Roald Dahl short stories bibliography Roald Dahl 's Book of Ghost Stories ( 1983 ) List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes Related Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre Roald Dahl Children 's Gallery Patricia Neal ( wife ) Tessa Dahl ( daughter ) Ophelia Dahl ( daughter ) Lucy Dahl ( daughter ) Sophie Dahl ( granddaughter ) Phoebe Dahl ( granddaughter ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wonka_%26_the_Chocolate_Factory&oldid=856695786 '' Categories : 1971 films English - language films Willy Wonka American films 1970s musical films 1970s fantasy films American children 's fantasy films American musical fantasy films Compositions by Leslie Bricusse Films about children Films about food and drink Films based on British novels Films based on children 's books Films based on fantasy novels Films based on works by Roald Dahl Films directed by Mel Stuart Films set in Europe Films shot in Bavaria Quaker Oats Company Screenplays by Roald Dahl Size change in fiction United States National Film Registry films The Wolper Organization films Paramount Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 00 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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willy wonka and the chocolate factory 1971 cast charlie

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It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year

It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year - wikipedia It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Most Wonderful Time of the Year ( disambiguation ) . `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' Song by Andy Williams from the album The Andy Williams Christmas Album Released October 14 , 1963 Genre Christmas music Songwriter ( s ) Edward Pola and George Wyle `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' is a popular Christmas song written in triple time in 1963 by Edward Pola and George Wyle . It was recorded and released that year by pop singer Andy Williams for his first Christmas album , The Andy Williams Christmas Album . However , the song was not released as a promotional single by Williams ' record label ( Columbia Records ) that year , as they instead opted to promote his cover of `` White Christmas '' as the official promo single from the album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song Content 2 Other notable versions 3 Use in advertising and parodies 4 References 5 External links Song content ( edit ) The song is a celebration and description of activities associated with the Christmas season , focusing primarily on get - togethers between friends and families . Among the activities included in the song is the telling of `` scary ghost stories , '' a Victorian Christmas tradition that has mostly fallen into disuse , but survives in the seasonal popularity of numerous adaptations of Charles Dickens ' A Christmas Carol . Other activities mentioned include hosting parties , spontaneous visits from friends , universal social gaiety , spending time with loved ones , sledding for children , roasting marshmallows , sharing stories about previous Christmases , and singing Christmas carols in winter weather . In a 2005 interview , Williams discusses how The Andy Williams Show figured into his recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' : `` George Wyle , who is a vocal director , who wrote all of the choir stuff and all of the duets and trios and things that I did with all the guests , he wrote a song just for the show -- I think the second Christmas show we did -- called `` Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' . So I did that , you know , every Christmas , and then other people started doing it . And then suddenly it 's become -- not suddenly but over 30 years -- it 's become a big standard . I think it 's one of the top 10 Christmas songs of all time now . '' In the issue of Billboard magazine dated November 28 , 2009 , the list of the `` Top 10 Holiday Songs ( Since 2001 ) '' places the Williams recording of `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' at No. 5 . 2001 also marked the first year in which the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) started compiling data regarding the radio airplay of holiday songs , and although the Williams classic started out at No. 25 of twenty - five songs that were ranked that year , it gained steam over the next ten years , reaching No. 18 in 2002 , No. 13 in 2003 , and eventually getting to No. 4 in 2010 . The song was selected as the theme song for Christmas Seals in both 2009 and 2012 . Other notable versions ( edit ) Johnny Mathis recorded a version . Amy Grant recorded a version in 1992 . 1999 : Garth Brooks released a version of the song on his second holiday album , Garth Brooks and the Magic of Christmas . Brooks also became the first artist to chart a version of the song in North America , as his country remake peaked at No. 56 on Billboard 's Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart . 2003 / 2004 : Williams re-records song in a shorter , more upbeat version for the movie Surviving Christmas 2006 : Gonzo and Rizzo the Rat recorded a version for the album The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas . 2007 Patti LaBelle released her version of the song on her second Christmas Album , Miss Patti 's Christmas . 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. released a version of the song on his third holiday album , What a Night ! A Christmas Album . This recording peaked at No. 9 on Billboard 's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . BarlowGirl also recorded a version of this song on their Christmas album , Home for Christmas . This recording peaked at No. 21 on Billboard 's Christian Songs chart . Use in advertising and parodies ( edit ) For years , the song was used humorously in the Staples office supply retail chain 's annual back to school advertising campaign . In the commercials , the parents joyously shop for school supplies to this song in anticipation of the upcoming school year while their children sullenly follow . The Johnny Mathis rendition of the song is used to comic effect in the 1996 film , `` Jingle All the Way '' . Williams returned to the UK singles charts with his 1963 recording in December 2007 , thanks to an advertisement for Marks & Spencer , reaching No. 21 in its first appearance in the British charts , also reaching No. 108 on the EU Top 200 . It was also used for a Marks & Spencer Christmas advert in 2002 . BarlowGirl 's cover of the song was used to promote Christmas at the White House : An Oprah Winfrey Special . In the Autumn and early winter of 2011 , Nissan Motors advertising for their annual sale included a production number featuring an Andy Williams - like voice actor , with lyrics modified to promote the sale event . A 2013 YouTube video promoting the Disneyland Resort 's Halloween celebrations humorously used the song over shots of various Disney villains spreading mischief throughout resort 's theme parks . The song also played by Ellen DeGeneres during the segment of ' 12 Days of Giveaways `` . The song was spoofed again by The Coca - Cola Company in a Sprite Cranberry commercial in 2017 . The spoof 's title was called It 's the Thirstiest Time of the Year . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Christmas in the Charts ( 1920 - 2004 ) . Wisconsin : Record Research Inc. p. 65 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 161 - 6 . Jump up ^ Telling ghost stories is a lost tradition on Christmas Eve , By Jeffrey Peterson , Deseret News Thursday , Dec. 23 2010 Jump up ^ Told After Supper , Jerome K. Jerome Jump up ^ Williams , Andy . Interviewed by Karen Herman . Archive of American Television , A Program of the Television Academy Foundation . emmytvlegends.org , 19 September 2005 . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holiday Cheer '' . Billboard. 2009 - 11 - 28 . p. 38 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs -- Irving Berlin 's `` White Christmas '' Tops List `` . findarticles.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Updates Top 25 Holiday Song List -- `` The Christmas Song ( Chestnuts Roasting ) '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces the Top 25 Holiday Songs -- `` Santa Claus Is Coming To Town '' Tops List `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Sleigh Ride '' Tops ASCAP 's List of Most - Played Holiday Songs in 2010 `` . ASCAP.com . Retrieved 12 October 2011 . Jump up ^ http://mp3lemon.ws/song/504289/01_-_Andy_Williams_-_The_Most_Wonderful_Time_Of_The_Year Jump up ^ `` Harry Connick , Jr . Awards '' . Jump up ^ `` Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116705/soundtrack Jump up ^ `` Banderas set for Christmas ad '' . Metro. 2 Nov 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antonio Banderas leading man in new M&S Christmas campaign '' . Daily Mail . London . 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Laing , Dave ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Andy Williams obituary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas at the White House An Oprah Primetime Special '' . YouTube . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Andy Williams Studio albums Andy Williams Sings Steve Allen Andy Williams Sings Rodgers and Hammerstein Two Time Winners To You Sweetheart , Aloha Lonely Street The Village of St. Bernadette Under Paris Skies Danny Boy and Other Songs I Love to Sing Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes Warm and Willing Days of Wine and Roses and Other TV Requests The Andy Williams Christmas Album The Wonderful World of Andy Williams The Academy Award - Winning `` Call Me Irresponsible '' and Other Hit Songs from the Movies The Great Songs from `` My Fair Lady '' and Other Broadway Hits Andy Williams ' Dear Heart Merry Christmas The Shadow of Your Smile In the Arms of Love Born Free Love , Andy Honey Happy Heart Get Together with Andy Williams Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head The Andy Williams Show Love Story You 've Got a Friend Love Theme from `` The Godfather '' Alone Again ( Naturally ) Solitaire The Way We Were Christmas Present You Lay So Easy on My Mind The Other Side of Me Andy Let 's Love While We Can Greatest Love Classics Close Enough for Love I Still Believe in Santa Claus Nashville We Need a Little Christmas I Do n't Remember Ever Growing Up Compilations Andy Williams Andy Williams ' Best Million Seller Songs Canadian Sunset Andy Williams ' Newest Hits May Each Day The Andy Williams Sound of Music Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits The Impossible Dream Love Story Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 ( CBS ) Andy Williams ' Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Reflections The Best of Andy Williams ( 1992 ) Personal Christmas Collection 16 Most Requested Songs : Encore ! The Best of Andy Williams ( 1996 ) The Love Songs In the Lounge with ... The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2000 ) Andy The Essential Andy Williams B Sides and Rarities Music to Watch Girls By : The Very Best of Andy Williams Moon River : The Very Best of Andy Williams The Very Best of Andy Williams ( 2009 ) The Classic Christmas Album Live albums Greatest Hits The New Andy Williams Christmas Album Singles `` Walk Hand in Hand '' `` Canadian Sunset '' `` Butterfly '' `` I Like Your Kind of Love '' `` Lips of Wine '' `` Are You Sincere ? '' `` Promise Me , Love '' `` The Hawaiian Wedding Song '' `` Lonely Street '' `` The Village of St. Bernadette '' `` Danny Boy '' `` Fly by Night '' `` Stranger on the Shore '' `` Do n't You Believe It '' `` Twilight Time '' `` Ca n't Get Used to Losing You '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Hopeless '' `` A Fool Never Learns '' `` Charade '' `` Wrong for Each Other '' `` On the Street Where You Live '' `` Almost There '' `` Dear Heart '' `` ... and Roses and Roses '' `` Quiet Nights of Quiet Stars ( Corcovado ) '' `` May Each Day '' `` You 're Gonna Hear from Me '' `` Bye Bye Blues '' `` How Can I Tell Her It 's Over '' `` In the Arms of Love '' `` Music to Watch Girls By '' `` Holly '' `` Ca n't Take My Eyes Off You '' `` Sweet Memories '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Happy Heart '' `` Live and Learn '' `` A Woman 's Way '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` One Day of Your Life '' `` It 's So Easy '' `` Home Lovin ' Man '' `` ( Where Do I Begin ? ) Love Story '' `` A Song for You '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Speak Softly Love ( Love Theme from The Godfather ) '' `` MacArthur Park '' `` Solitaire '' `` Love 's Theme '' `` Another Lonely Song '' `` Cry Softly '' `` Sad Eyes '' `` The Other Side of Me '' `` Tell It Like It Is '' `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year '' B - Sides `` I 'm So Lonesome I Could Cry '' `` I Want to Be Wanted '' `` Summertime '' `` So Rare '' `` Emily '' `` Red Roses for a Blue Lady '' `` I 'll Remember You '' `` Something '' `` My Love '' `` They Long to Be Close to You '' `` I Love My Friend '' Related articles Discography The Williams Brothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_the_Most_Wonderful_Time_of_the_Year&oldid=815792987 '' Categories : 1963 songs American Christmas songs Andy Williams songs Songs with lyrics by Edward Pola Songs with music by George Wyle Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 05 : 03 . 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Kansas City jazz

Kansas City jazz - wikipedia Kansas City jazz Jump to : navigation , search Kansas City jazz Stylistic origins Blues , New Orleans jazz , ragtime , big band , swing , Harlem stride , Bounty Music Cultural origins 1920s Typical instruments Piano , saxophone , clarinet , trumpet , double bass , drums Derivative forms Bebop Towns which are popular with Kansas City jazz Kansas City jazz is a style of jazz that developed in Kansas City during the 1930s and marked the transition from the structured big band style to the musical improvisation style of Bebop . The hard - swinging , bluesy transition style is bracketed by Count Basie who in 1929 signed with the Bennie Moten 's Kansas City Orchestra and Kansas City native Charlie Parker who was to usher in the Bebop style in the 1940s . According to a Kansas City website , `` While New Orleans was the birthplace of jazz , America 's music grew up in Kansas City '' . Kansas City is known as one of the most popular `` cradles of jazz '' . Other cities include New Orleans , Chicago , St. Louis , Pittsburgh , Philadelphia , and New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Style 3 Aftermath 4 Musicians 5 Selected discography 6 Literature 7 References Background ( edit ) The first band from Kansas City to acquire a national reputation was the Coon - Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra , a white group which broadcast nationally in the 1920s . However , the Kansas City jazz school is identified with the black bands of the 1920s and 1930s . Kansas City in the 1930s was very much the crossroads of the United States resulting in a mix of cultures . Transcontinental trips at the time whether by plane or train often required a stop in the city . The era marked the zenith of power of political boss Tom Pendergast . Kansas City was a wide open town with liquor laws and hours totally ignored and was called the new Storyville . Most of the jazz musicians associated with the style were born in other places but got caught up in the friendly musical competitions among performers that could keep a single song being performed in variations for an entire night . Often members of the big bands would perform at regular venues earlier in the evening and go to the jazz clubs later to jam for the rest of the night . Claude Williams described the scene : Kansas City was different from all other places because we 'd be jamming all night . And ( if ) you come up here ... playing the wrong thing , we 'd straighten you out . Clubs were scattered throughout city but the most fertile area was the inner city neighborhood of 18th Street and Vine . Among the clubs were the Amos ' n ' Andy , Boulevard Lounge , Cherry Blossom , Chesterfield Club , Chocolate Bar , Dante 's Inferno , Elk 's Rest , Hawaiian Gardens , Hell 's Kitchen , the Hi Hat , the Hey Hey , Lone Star , Old Kentucky Bar - B - Que , Paseo Ballroom , Pla - Mor Ballroom , Reno Club , Spinning Wheel , Street 's Blue Room , Subway , and Sunsetx . Style ( edit ) Kansas City jazz is distinguished by the following musical elements : A preference for a 4 feel ( walking ) over the 2 beat feel found in other jazz styles of the time . As a result , Kansas city jazz had a more relaxed , fluid sound than other jazz styles . Extended soloing . Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast , Kansas City jam sessions went on well past sunrise , fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to `` say something '' with one 's instrument , rather than simply show off one 's technique . It was not uncommon for one `` song '' to be performed for several hours , with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at a time . So - called `` head arrangements '' . The KC big bands often played by memory , composing and arranging the music collectively , rather than sight - reading as other big bands of the time did . This further contributed to the loose , spontaneous Kansas City sound . A heavy blues influence , with KC songs often based around a 12 - bar blues structure , rather than the 32 bar AABA standard , although Moten Swing is in this AABA format . One of the most recognizable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent , elaborate riffing by the different sections . Riffs were often created - or even improvised - collectively , and took many forms : a ) one section riffing alone , serving as the main focus of the music ; b ) one section riffing behind a soloist , adding excitement to the song ; or c ) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint , creating an exciting hard - swinging sound . The Count Basie signature tunes `` One O'Clock Jump '' and `` Jumpin ' at the Woodside '' , for example , are simply collections of complex riffs , memorized in a head arrangement , and punctuated with solos . Glenn Miller 's famous swing anthem `` In the Mood '' closely follows the Kansas City pattern of riffing sections , and is a good example of the Kansas City style after it had been exported to the rest of the world . Aftermath ( edit ) Kansas City influence overtly transferred to the national scene in 1936 when record producer John H. Hammond cemented his career by discovering Kansas City talent , in the shape of Count Basie . Pendergast was to be convicted of income tax evasion in 1940 and the city cracked down on the clubs effectively ending the era . Beginning in the 1970s Kansas City has attempted to celebrate the heritage by taking off the rough edges for family friendly environments . In the 1970s , the city tried to create a jazz enclave in the River Quay area on the Missouri River in the City Market neighborhood . Three of the clubs were bombed during a mob war that ultimately also led to the demise of mob influence of Las Vegas casinos that was depicted in the 1995 movie Casino . In 1979 , Bruce Ricker filmed The Last of the Blue Devils , a documentary starring Basie and singer Big Joe Turner , and featuring many performers from the original era . In 1981 114 people died in the Hyatt Regency walkway collapse in an attempted recreation of the jazz scene during a tea dance . In 1996 Kansas City native Robert Altman released the film Kansas City depicting the Kansas City jazz era . In 1997 the American Jazz Museum opened in the 18th and Vine neighborhood with a mission of celebrating Kansas City 's jazz heritage . Each year Kansas City celebrates `` Jazzoo '' - a charity fundraiser dedicated to Kansas City jazz and raising funds for the Kansas City Zoo . In 2011 , Jazzoo was one of the Nation 's largest charity fundraisers , raising over $800,000 . Musicians ( edit ) Count Basie Earl Carruthers Buck Clayton Maxwell Davis Herschel Evans Coleman Hawkins Pete Johnson Jo Jones Andy Kirk Julia Lee George E. Lee Harlan Leonard Jimmie Lunceford Jay McShann Pat Metheny Bennie Moten Hot Lips Page Walter Page Charlie Parker Sammy Price Jimmy Rushing Big Joe Turner Bobby Watson Ben Webster Claude Williams Mary Lou Williams Lester Young Selected discography ( edit ) Early jazz and swing era music : Various artists , The Real Kansas City - Columbia ( 1996 ) Various artists , Jazz Kansas City Style - Pearl ( 1996 ) Various artists , Cradle of Jazz - The International Music Co. ( 2000 ) Various artists , Kansas City Jazz 1924 - 1942 - Fremeaux & Assoc . Fr ( 2005 ) Literature ( edit ) Frank Driggs and Chuck Haddix , Kansas City Jazz : From Ragtime to Bebop -- A History New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530712 - 2 Haddix , Chuck . Rags to Be-bop : the Sounds of Kansas City Music , 1890 - 1945 . ( Text by ) Chuck Haddix . Kansas City , Mo. : University of Missouri at Kansas City , University Libraries , Marr Sound Archives , 1991 . Without ISBN Nathan W. Pearson , Jr. , Goin ' to Kansas City . Urbana , Il. : University of Illinois Press , 1988 , ISBN 0 - 252 - 06438 - 0 Nathan W. Pearson , Jr. , Political and Musical Forces That Influenced the Development of Kansas City Jazz . In : Black Music Research Journal Vol. 9 ( 2 ) , ( 1989 ) , pp. 181 -- 192 Ross Russell , Jazz Style in Kansas City and the Southwest , University of California Press , Berkeley , 1971 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 01853 - 2 Gunther Schuller , The Swing Era : The Development of Jazz , 1930 - 1945 ( The History of Jazz , Vol. 2 ) , New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Blues and Jazz '' . Experiencekc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Jazz '' . Savvytraveler.publicradio.org. 1999 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` JAZZ A Film By Ken Burns : Places Spaces & Changing Faces - Kansas City '' . PBS . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` KCMB Kansas City News : Jazzoo 2012 Charity Event Kansas City News '' . Kansas-city-news.pro. 2012 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Regardless of the history of Jazz , there are no dedicated Jazz radio stations broadcasting in the Kansas City metropolitan area today . Jump up ^ `` Half.com : Cradle of Jazz Sampler by Various Artists ( CD , Feb - 2000 , The International Music Co . ( German ) : Various Artists : Music '' . Product.half.ebay.com. 2013 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` sidney bechet '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 21 . The Kansas City Area Kansas City , Missouri The Metro Area History Timeline Economy Neighborhoods Architecture Fountains Barbecue Jazz Broadcast Film Education Sports Jazz General topics Outline of jazz `` Jazz '' Jazz band Big band Improvisation Jam session Scat singing Swing performance Jazz bass Jazz drumming Jazz guitar Jazz piano Jazz violin Vocal jazz Women in jazz Genres Acid jazz Avant - garde jazz Azerbaijani jazz Jazz mugham Bebop Bossa nova Cape jazz Chamber jazz Cool jazz Crossover jazz Dixieland Folk jazz Free jazz European free jazz Free funk Free improvisation Gypsy jazz Hard bop Indo jazz Jazz blues Jazz - funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Kansas City jazz Latin jazz Afro - Cuban jazz M - Base Mainstream jazz Modal jazz Neo-bop jazz Nu jazz Orchestral jazz Organ trio Post-bop Progressive jazz Punk jazz Ska jazz Smooth jazz Soul jazz Stride Swing Neo-swing Third stream Trad jazz West Coast jazz Yass Musicians Bassists Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Percussionists Pianists Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Vibraphonists Violinists Vocalists Musicians by genre Bebop Chamber jazz Cool jazz & West Coast jazz Hard bop Jazz blues Jazz fusion Scat Smooth jazz Soul jazz Swing Standards Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s post-1950 Discographies Bethlehem Blue Note BYG Actuel Cobblestone Contemporary CTI ECM ESP - Disk Flying Dutchman Freedom Groove Merchant Impulse ! India Navigation JMT Landmark Mainstream Milestone MPS Muse Prestige Riverside Strata - East Verve Winter & Winter Festivals Beaches ( Toronto ) Cape Town Copenhagen Jakarta Monterey Montreal Montreux New Orleans Newport North Sea Saint Lucia Culture Contrafacts Institutions and organizations Jazz funeral Jazz poetry Jazz royalty Jazz theory See Template : Jazz theory Rare groove Second line Venues Regional scenes Australian jazz Armenian jazz Azerbaijani jazz Balkan jazz Bulgarian jazz Baltimore jazz Belgian jazz Brazilian jazz British jazz British dance band Canadian jazz Chicago jazz Continental European jazz Cuban jazz Czech and Slovak jazz Danish jazz Dutch jazz European free jazz French jazz German jazz Haitian jazz Indian jazz Indo jazz Iranian jazz Italian jazz Japanese jazz Kansas City jazz Latin American jazz Malawian jazz New Orleans jazz New York City jazz Polish jazz Yass South African jazz Cape jazz Spanish jazz Swedish jazz West Coast jazz History Bibliography of jazz Blues music British dance band Ragtime Jazz Age Continental jazz Straight - ahead jazz Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s Related Contradanza Bluegrass music Blues music Boogie - woogie Brass band Jug band Jump blues Ragtime Novelty ragtime Rhythm & Blues Rock and roll Soul music Swamp pop West African music Western swing Zydeco Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_jazz&oldid=804303104 '' Categories : Kansas City metropolitan area Culture of Kansas City , Missouri Jazz genres History of Kansas City American jazz Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2014 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Nederlands Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 02 : 34 . 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in the kansas city style of jazz arrangements were based on

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Vehicle identification number

Vehicle identification number - wikipedia Vehicle identification number Jump to : navigation , search `` VIN '' redirects here . For other uses , see Vin ( disambiguation ) . `` VINs '' redirects here . For the non-profit organization , see Vermont Institute of Natural Science . For the Russian Baptist pastor , see Vins . This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Do we need examples of a checksum validator in four different languages ? Please help improve this article if you can . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) VIN on a Chinese moped VIN on a 1996 Porsche 993 GT2 VIN visible in the windshield VIN is recorded in Vehicle License of China . A vehicle identification number ( VIN ) , also called a chassis number , is a unique code , including a serial number , used by the automotive industry to identify individual motor vehicles , towed vehicles , motorcycles , scooters and mopeds , as defined in ISO 3833 . VINs were first used in 1954 . From 1954 to 1981 , there was no accepted standard for these numbers , so different manufacturers used different formats . In 1981 , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration of the United States standardized the format . It required all on - road vehicles sold to contain a 17 - character VIN , which does not include the letters I ( i ) , O ( o ) , and Q ( q ) ( to avoid confusion with numerals 1 and 0 ) . There are vehicle history services in several countries that help potential car owners use VINs to find vehicles that are defective or have been written off . See the Used car article for a list of countries where this service is available . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 Components 2.1 World manufacturer identifier 2.1. 1 Country codes 2.2 Vehicle descriptor section 2.2. 1 North American check digits 2.3 Vehicle identifier section 2.3. 1 Model year encoding 2.3. 2 Plant code 2.3. 3 Production number 3 Check - digit calculation 3.1 Transliterating the numbers 3.2 Weights used in calculation 3.3 Worked example 3.4 Example code 4 VIN scanning 5 List of common WMI 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Classification ( edit ) There are at least four competing standards used to calculate the VIN . FMVSS 115 , Part 565 : Used in United States and Canada ISO Standard 3779 : Used in Europe and many other parts of the world SAE J853 : Very similar to the ISO standard ADR 61 / 2 used in Australia , referring to ISO 3779 and 3780 Components ( edit ) Modern VINs are based on two related standards , originally issued by the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) in 1979 and 1980 : ISO 3779 and ISO 3780 , respectively . Compatible but different implementations of these ISO standards have been adopted by the European Union and the United States , respectively . The VIN comprises the following sections : Standard 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ISO 3779 World manufacturer identifier VDS VIS European Union more than 500 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' European Union 500 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Indication of `` the general characteristics of the vehicle '' Indication that provides `` clear identification of a particular vehicle '' North America more than 2000 vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Sequential number North America 2000 or fewer vehicles / year World manufacturer identifier 9 Vehicle attributes Check digit Model year Plant code Manufacturer identifier Sequential number VIN in a GM - T - Platform body next to a passenger seat World manufacturer identifier ( edit ) The first three characters uniquely identify the manufacturer of the vehicle using the world manufacturer identifier or WMI code . A manufacturer who builds fewer than 1000 vehicles per year uses a 9 as the third digit , and the 12th , 13th and 14th position of the VIN for a second part of the identification . Some manufacturers use the third character as a code for a vehicle category ( e.g. , bus or truck ) , a division within a manufacturer , or both . For example , within 1G ( assigned to General Motors in the United States ) , 1G1 represents Chevrolet passenger cars ; 1G2 , Pontiac passenger cars ; and 1GC , Chevrolet trucks . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) in the U.S. assigns WMIs to countries and manufacturers . The first character of the WMI is the region in which the manufacturer is located . In practice , each is assigned to a country of manufacture , although in Europe the country where the continental headquarters is located can assign the WMI to all vehicles produced in that region ( Example : Opel / Vauxhall cars whether produced in Germany , Spain , the United Kingdom or Poland carry a WMI of W0L because Adam Opel AG is based in Rüsselsheim , Germany ) . In the notation below , assume that letters precede numbers and that zero is the last number . For example , 8X -- 82 denotes the range 8X , 8Y , 8Z , 81 , 82 , excluding 80 . Country codes ( edit ) A -- H = Africa J -- R = Asia S -- Z = Europe 1 -- 5 = North America 6 -- 7 = Oceania 8 -- 9 = South America AA - AH South Africa AJ - AN Ivory Coast AP - A0 not assigned BA - BE Angola BF - BK Kenya BL - BR Tanzania BS - B0 not assigned CA - CE Benin CF - CK Madagascar CL - CR Tunisia CS - C0 not assigned DA - DE Egypt DF - DK Morocco DL - DR Zambia DS - D0 not assigned EA - EE Ethiopia EF - EK Mozambique EL - E0 not assigned FA - FE Ghana FF - FK Nigeria FL - F0 not assigned GA - G0 not assigned HA - H0 not assigned JA - J0 Japan KA - KE Sri Lanka KF - KK Israel KL - KR Korea ( South ) KS - K0 Kazakhstan LA - L0 China MA - ME India MF - MK Indonesia ML - MR Thailand MS - M0 not assigned NA - NE Iran NF - NK Pakistan NL - NR Turkey NS - N0 not assigned PA - PE Philippines PF - PK Singapore PL - PR Malaysia PS - P0 not assigned RA - RE United Arab Emirates RF - RK Taiwan RL - RR Vietnam RS - R0 Saudi Arabia SA - SM United Kingdom SN - ST East Germany SU - SZ Poland S1 - S4 Latvia S5 - S0 not assigned TA - TH Switzerland TJ - TP Czech Republic TR - TV Hungary TW - T1 Portugal T2 - T0 not assigned UA - UG not assigned UH - UM Denmark UN-UT Ireland UU - UZ Romania U1 - U4 not assigned U5 - U7 Slovakia U8 - U0 not assigned VA - VE Austria VF - VR France VS - VW Spain VX - V2 Serbia V3 - V5 Croatia V6 - V0 Estonia WA - W0 West Germany XA - XE Bulgaria XF - XK Greece XL - XR Netherlands XS - XW USSR XX - X2 Luxembourg X3 - X0 Russia YA - YE Belgium YF - YK Finland YL - YR Malta YS - YW Sweden YX - Y2 Norway Y3 - Y5 Belarus Y6 - Y0 Ukraine ZA - ZR Italy ZS - ZW not assigned ZX - Z2 Slovenia Z3 - Z5 Lithuania Z6 - Z0 not assigned 1A - 10 United States 2A - 20 Canada 3A - 37 Mexico 38 - 39 Cayman Islands 4A - 40 United States 5A - 50 United States 6A - 6W Australia 6X - 60 not assigned 7A - 7E New Zealand 7F - 70 not assigned 8A - 8E Argentina 8F - 8K Chile 8L - 8R Ecuador 8S - 8W Peru 8X - 82 Venezuela 83 - 80 not assigned 9A - 9E Brazil 9F - 9K Colombia 9L - 9R Paraguay 9S - 9W Uruguay 9X - 92 Trinidad & Tobago 93 -- 99 Brazil 90 not assigned Vehicle descriptor section ( edit ) The fourth to eighth positions in the VIN are the vehicle descriptor section or VDS . This is used , according to local regulations , to identify the vehicle type , and may include information on the automobile platform used , the model , and the body style . Each manufacturer has a unique system for using this field . Most manufacturers since the 1980s have used the eighth digit to identify the engine type whenever there is more than one engine choice for the vehicle . Example : for the 2007 Chevrolet Corvette , U is for a 6.0 - liter V8 engine , and E is for a 7.0 L V8 . North American check digits ( edit ) One element that is fairly consistent is the use of position nine as a check digit , compulsory for vehicles in North America , and used fairly consistently elsewhere . Vehicle identifier section ( edit ) The 10th to 17th positions are used as the ' vehicle identifier section ' ( VIS ) . This is used by the manufacturer to identify the individual vehicle in question . This may include information on options installed or engine and transmission choices , but often is a simple sequential number . In North America , the last five digits must be numeric . Model year encoding ( edit ) One consistent element of the VIS is the 10th digit , which is required worldwide to encode the model year of the vehicle . Besides the three letters that are not allowed in the VIN itself ( I , O and Q ) , the letters U and Z and the digit 0 are not used for the model year code . The year code is the model year for the vehicle . The year 1980 was encoded by some manufacturers , especially General Motors and Chrysler , as `` A '' ( since the 17 - digit VIN was not mandatory until 1981 , and the `` A '' or zero was in the manufacturer 's pre-1981 placement in the VIN ) , yet Ford and AMC still used a zero for 1980 . Subsequent years increment through the allowed letters , so that `` Y '' represents the year 2000 . 2001 to 2009 are encoded as the digits 1 to 9 , and subsequent years are encoded as `` A '' , `` B '' , `` C '' , etc . Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year Code Year A = 1980 L = Y = 2000 A = L = 2020 Y = 2030 B = 1981 M = 1991 1 = B = 2011 M = 2021 1 = 2031 C = 1982 N = 2 = 2002 C = 2012 N = 2022 2 = 2032 D = P = 3 = 2003 D = 2013 P = 2023 3 = 2033 E = 1984 R = 4 = E = 2014 R = 2024 4 = 2034 F = 1985 S = 1995 5 = 2005 F = 2015 S = 2025 5 = 2035 G = 1986 T = 6 = 2006 G = 2016 T = 2026 6 = 2036 H = V = 7 = 2007 H = 2017 V = 2027 7 = 2037 J = W = 1998 8 = 2008 J = 2018 W = 2028 8 = 2038 K = X = 1999 9 = 2009 K = 2019 X = 2029 9 = 2039 On April 30 , 2008 , the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration adopted a final rule amending 49 CFR Part 565 , `` so that the current 17 character vehicle identification number ( VIN ) system , which has been in place for almost 30 years , can continue in use for at least another 30 years '' , in the process making several changes to the VIN requirements applicable to all motor vehicles manufactured for sale in the United States . There are three notable changes to the VIN structure that affect VIN deciphering systems : The make may only be identified after looking at positions one through three and another position , as determined by the manufacturer in the second section or fourth to eighth segment of the VIN . In order to identify the exact year in passenger cars and multipurpose passenger vehicles with a GVWR of 10,000 or less , one must read position 7 as well as position 10 . For passenger cars , and for multipurpose passenger vehicles and trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) or less , if position seven is numeric , the model year in position 10 of the VIN refers to a year in the range 1980 -- 2009 . If position seven is alphabetic , the model year in position 10 of VIN refers to a year in the range 2010 -- 2039 . The model year for vehicles with a GVWR greater than 10,000 lb ( 4,500 kg ) , as well as buses , motorcycles , trailers and low - speed vehicles , may no longer be identified within a 30 - year range . VIN characters 1 -- 8 and 10 that were assigned from 1980 -- 2009 can be repeated beginning with the 2010 model year . Plant code ( edit ) Compulsory in North America is the use of the 11th character to identify the factory at which the vehicle was built . Each manufacturer has its own set of plant codes . Production number ( edit ) In the United States , the 12th to 17th digits are the vehicle 's serial or production number . This is unique to each vehicle , and every manufacturer uses its own sequence . Check - digit calculation ( edit ) Check - digit validation is compulsory for all road vehicles sold in North America . When trying to validate a VIN with a check digit , first either ( a ) remove the check digit for the purpose of calculation or ( b ) use a weight of zero ( see below ) to cancel it out . The original value of the check digit is then compared with the calculated value . If the calculated value is 0 -- 9 , the check digit must match the calculated value . If the calculated value is 10 , the check digit must be X . If the two values do not match ( and there was no error in the calculation ) , then there is a mistake in the VIN . However , a match does not prove the VIN is correct , because there is still a 1 / 11 chance that any two distinct VINs have a matching check digit : for example , the valid VINs 5GZCZ43D13S812715 ( correct with leading five ) and SGZCZ43D13S812715 ( incorrect with leading character `` S '' ) . The VINs in the Porsche image , WP0ZZZ99ZTS392124 , and the GM - T body image , KLATF08Y1VB363636 , do not pass the North American check - digit verification . Transliterating the numbers ( edit ) Transliteration consists of removing all of the letters , and substituting them with their appropriate numerical counterparts . These numerical alternatives ( based on IBM 's EBCDIC ) are in the following chart . I , O , and Q are not allowed in a valid VIN ; for this chart , they have been filled in with N / A ( not applicable ) . Numerical digits use their own values . Transliteration key : values for VIN decoding A : 1 B : 2 C : 3 D: 4 E : 5 F : 6 G : 7 H : 8 N / A J : 1 K : 2 L : 3 M : 4 N : 5 N / A P : 7 N / A R : 9 S : 2 T : 3 U : 4 V : 5 W : 6 X : 7 Y : 8 Z : 9 S is 2 , and not 1 . There is no left - alignment linearity . Weights used in calculation ( edit ) The following is the weight factor for each position in the VIN . The 9th position is that of the check digit . It has been substituted with a 0 , which will cancel it out in the multiplication step . Weight factor table Position 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Worked example ( edit ) Consider the hypothetical VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 , where the underscore will be the check digit . VIN 8 9 0 7 8 8 Value 8 7 9 0 7 0 7 8 8 Weight 8 7 6 5 10 0 9 8 7 6 5 Products 8 28 48 35 16 12 18 10 0 18 56 0 24 10 28 24 16 The VIN 's value is calculated from the above transliteration table . This number is used in the rest of the calculation . Copy the weights from the above weight factor table . The products row is the result of the multiplication of the vertical columns : Value and Weight . The products ( 8 , 28 , 48 , 35 ... 24 , 16 ) are all added together to yield a sum , 351 . Find the remainder after dividing by 11 351 MOD 11 = 10 351 ÷ 11 = 31 / The remainder is the check digit . If the remainder is 10 , the check digit is X . In this example , the remainder is 10 , so the check digit is transliterated as X . With a check digit of X , the VIN 1M8GDM9A_KP042788 is written 1M8GDM9AXKP042788 . A VIN with straight - ones ( seventeen consecutive 1s ) has the nice feature that its check digit 1 matches the calculated value 1 . This is because a value of one multiplied by 89 ( sum of weights ) is 89 , and 89 divided by 11 is 8 with remainder ⁄ ; thus 1 is the check digit . This is a way to test a VIN - check algorithm . Example code ( edit ) Java private static int transliterate ( char c ) ( return `` 0123456789. ABCDEFGH ... JKLMN. P.R.. STUVWXYZ ''. indexOf ( c ) % 10 ; ) private static char getCheckDigit ( String vin ) ( String map = `` 0123456789X '' ; String weights = `` 8765432X098765432 '' ; int sum = 0 ; for ( int i = 0 ; i < 17 ; + + i ) ( sum + = transliterate ( vin. charAt ( i ) ) * map. indexOf ( weights. charAt ( i ) ) ; ) return map. charAt ( sum % 11 ) ; ) private static boolean validate ( String vin ) ( if ( vin. length ( ) ! = 17 ) return false ; return getCheckDigit ( vin ) = = vin. charAt ( 8 ) ; ) VIN scanning ( edit ) VINs may be optically read with barcode scanners or digital cameras , or digitally read via OBD - II in newer vehicles . There are smartphone applications that can pass the VIN to websites to decode the VIN . List of common WMI ( edit ) The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) assigns the WMI ( world manufacturer identifier ) to countries and manufacturers . The following list shows a small selection of world manufacturer codes . WMI Manufacturer AAV ( South Africa ) Volkswagen AHT ( South Africa ) Toyota AFA ( South Africa ) Ford CL9 ( Tunisia ) Wallyscar JA ( Japan ) Isuzu JC1 ( Japan ) Fiat Automobiles / Mazda JF ( Japan ) Fuji Heavy Industries JHL ( Japan ) Honda JHM ( Japan ) Honda JMB ( Japan ) Mitsubishi JM6 ( Japan ) Mazda JN ( Japan ) Nissan JS ( Japan ) Suzuki JT ( Japan ) Toyota JY ( Japan ) Yamaha KL ( South Korea ) Daewoo / GM Korea KMH ( South Korea ) Hyundai KN ( South Korea ) Kia KPT ( South Korea ) SsangYong L6T ( China ) Geely LBE ( China ) Beijing Hyundai LBV ( China ) BMW Brilliance LDC ( China ) Dongfeng Peugeot - Citroën LE4 ( China ) Beijing Benz LFM ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Sichuan ) LFP ( China ) FAW Car LFV ( China ) FAW - Volkswagen LGB ( China ) Dongfeng Nissan LGJ ( China ) Dongfeng Fengshen LGW ( China ) Great Wall ( Havel ) LGX ( China ) BYD Auto LH1 ( China ) FAW Haima LHG ( China ) Guangzhou Honda LJ1 ( China ) JAC LJD ( China ) Dongfeng Yueda Kia LLV ( China ) Lifan LMG ( China ) GAC Trumpchi LPA ( China ) Changan PSA ( DS Automobiles ) LS5 ( China ) Changan Suzuki LSG ( China ) SAIC General Motors LSJ ( China ) SAIC MG LSV ( China ) SAIC Volkswagen LTV ( China ) FAW Toyota ( Tianjin ) LVG ( China ) GAC Toyota LVH ( China ) Dongfeng Honda LVR ( China ) Changan Mazda LVS ( China ) Changan Ford LVV ( China ) Chery LWV ( China ) GAC Fiat LZW ( China ) SAIC GM Wuling NMT ( Turkey ) Toyota NM0 ( Turkey ) Ford Otosan PL1 ( Malaysia ) Proton SAJ ( United Kingdom ) Jaguar SAL ( United Kingdom ) Land Rover SAR ( United Kingdom ) Rover SAT ( United Kingdom ) Triumph SB1 ( United Kingdom ) Toyota SCC ( United Kingdom ) Lotus Cars SCE ( United Kingdom ) DeLorean SFD ( United Kingdom ) Alexander Dennis SHH ( United Kingdom ) Honda SHS ( United Kingdom ) Honda SJN ( United Kingdom ) Nissan TCC ( Switzerland ) Micro Compact Car AG ( SMART 1998 - 1999 ) TMA ( Czech Republic ) Hyundai TMB ( Czech Republic ) Škoda TRU ( Hungary ) Audi TSM ( Hungary ) Suzuki U5Y ( Slovakia ) Kia UU ( Romania ) Dacia VA0 ( Austria ) ÖAF VF1 ( France ) Renault VF2 ( France ) Renault VF3 ( France ) Peugeot VF4 ( France ) Talbot VF5 ( France ) Iveco Unic SA VF6 ( France ) Renault Trucks / Volvo VF7 ( France ) Citroën VF8 ( France ) Matra / Talbot / Simca VF9 ( France ) Bugatti VFE ( France ) IvecoBus VNK ( France ) Toyota VSS ( Spain ) SEAT VV9 ( Spain ) Tauro Sport Auto WAG ( Germany ) Neoplan WAU ( Germany ) Audi WAP ( Germany ) Alpina WBA ( Germany ) BMW WBS ( Germany ) BMW M WBX ( Germany ) BMW WDB ( Germany ) Mercedes - Benz WDC , WDD , WMX ( Germany ) DaimlerChrysler AG / Daimler AG WEB ( Germany ) EvoBus WF0 ( Germany ) Ford of Europe WJM ( Germany ) Iveco WJR ( Germany ) Irmscher WKK ( Germany ) Karl Kässbohrer Fahrzeugwerke WMA ( Germany ) MAN WME ( Germany ) Smart WMW ( Germany ) Mini WP0 ( Germany ) Porsche car WP1 ( Germany ) Porsche SUV WUA ( Germany ) Quattro WVG ( Germany ) Volkswagen WVW ( Germany ) Volkswagen WV1 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles WV2 ( Germany ) Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles W0L ( Germany ) Opel / Vauxhall W0SV ( Germany ) Opel Special Vehicles XLR ( Netherlands ) DAF Trucks YK1 ( Finland ) Saab YS2 ( Sweden ) Scania , Södertälje YS3 ( Sweden ) Saab YS4 ( Sweden ) Scania , Katrineholm YTN ( Sweden ) Saab NEVS YV1 ( Sweden ) Volvo Cars YV2 ( Sweden ) Volvo Trucks YV3 ( Sweden ) Volvo Buses ZA9 ( Italy ) Bugatti ZAM ( Italy ) Maserati ZAR ( Italy ) Alfa Romeo ZCF ( Italy ) Iveco ZFA ( Italy ) Fiat Automobiles ZFF ( Italy ) Ferrari ZGA ( Italy ) IvecoBus ZHW ( Italy ) Lamborghini ZLA ( Italy ) Lancia 1B ( United States ) Dodge 1C ( United States ) Chrysler 1F ( United States ) Ford 1G ( United States ) General Motors 1G1 ( United States ) Chevrolet 1G3 ( United States ) Oldsmobile 1G9 ( United States ) Google 1GC ( United States ) Chevrolet 1GM ( United States ) Pontiac 1HG ( United States ) Honda 1J ( United States ) Jeep 1L ( United States ) Lincoln 1M ( United States ) Mercury 1N ( United States ) Nissan 1VW ( United States ) Volkswagen 1YV ( United States ) Mazda 2DG ( Canada ) Ontario Drive & Gear 2F ( Canada ) Ford 2G ( Canada ) General Motors 2G1 ( Canada ) Chevrolet 2G2 ( Canada ) Pontiac 2HG ( Canada ) Honda 2HH ( Canada ) Acura 2HJ ( Canada ) Honda 2HK ( Canada ) Honda 2HM ( Canada ) Hyundai 2M ( Canada ) Mercury 2T ( Canada ) Toyota 3F ( Mexico ) Ford 3G ( Mexico ) General Motors 3HG ( Mexico ) Honda 3HM ( Mexico ) Honda 3KP ( Mexico ) Kia 3N ( Mexico ) Nissan 3VW ( Mexico ) Volkswagen 4F ( United States ) Mazda 4J ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 4M ( United States ) Mercury 4S3 ( United States ) Subaru 4S4 ( United States ) Subaru 4S6 ( United States ) Honda 4T ( United States ) Toyota 4US ( United States ) BMW 5FN ( United States ) Honda 5J6 ( United States ) Honda 5L ( United States ) Lincoln 5N ( United States ) Hyundai 5T ( United States ) Toyota 5X ( United States ) Hyundai / Kia 5YJ ( United States ) Tesla 55 ( United States ) Mercedes - Benz 6F ( Australia ) Ford 6G ( Australia ) General Motors 6G1 ( Australia ) Chevrolet 6G2 ( Australia ) Pontiac 6H ( Australia ) Holden 6MM ( Australia ) Mitsubishi 6T1 ( Australia ) Toyota 7A3 ( New Zealand ) Honda 8AP ( Argentina ) Fiat 8AF ( Argentina ) Ford 8AG ( Argentina ) General Motors 8AW ( Argentina ) Volkswagen 8AJ ( Argentina ) Toyota 8A1 ( Argentina ) Renault 8AC ( Argentina ) Mercedes Benz 8BC ( Argentina ) Citroën 8AD ( Argentina ) Peugeot 8C3 ( Argentina ) Honda 8AT ( Argentina ) Iveco 9BD ( Brazil ) Fiat Automóveis 9BG ( Brazil ) General Motors 9BW ( Brazil ) Volkswagen 9BF ( Brazil ) Ford 93H ( Brazil ) Honda 9BR ( Brazil ) Toyota 936 ( Brazil ) Peugeot 935 ( Brazil ) Citroën 93Y ( Brazil ) Renault 93X ( Brazil ) Souza Ramos - Mitsubishi / Suzuki 9BH ( Brazil ) Hyundai Motor Company / Hyundai 95P ( Brazil ) CAOA / Hyundai 94D ( Brazil ) Nissan 98R ( Brazil ) Chery 988 ( Brazil ) Jeep 98M ( Brazil ) BMW 9BM ( Brazil ) Mercedes Benz 99A ( Brazil ) Audi 99J ( Brazil ) JLR Jaguar Land Rover 9C2 ( Brazil ) Honda Motorcycles 9C6 ( Brazil ) Yamaha 9CD ( Brazil ) Suzuki Motorcycles 93W ( Brazil ) Fiat Professional 93Z ( Brazil ) Iveco 953 ( Brazil ) VW Trucks / MAN 9BS ( Brazil ) Scania 9BV ( Brazil ) Volvo Trucks 9UJ ( Uruguay ) Chery 9UK ( Uruguay ) Lifan 9UW ( Uruguay ) Kia See also ( edit ) Builder 's plate CarProof -- a Canadian vehicle history report that uses the VIN to provide details about a used vehicle 's documented history and lien information CARFAX - Created the first vehicle history report in 1986 using the newly standardized VIN Danish bicycle VIN - system Engine number Name plate Serial number VIN etching RPO Code References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VINs ) '' . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` eCFR -- Code of Federal Regulations -- Title 49 : Transportation -- PART 565 -- VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ( VIN ) REQUIREMENTS '' . www.ecfr.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ComLaw Legislative Instruments -- Vehicle Standard ( Australian Design Rule 61 / 02 -- Vehicle Marking ) 2005 ( ADR 61 / 02 ) '' . Comlaw.gov.au . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ ISO 3779 : 2009 Road vehicles -- Vehicle identification number ( VIN ) -- Content and structure Jump up ^ ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code Jump up ^ `` United States Federal VIN Requirements ( Title 49 , Chapter V , Part 565 ) '' . Access.gpo.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Directive 76 / 114 / EEC - Automotive - Enterprise and Industry '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ISO 3780 : 2009 Road vehicles -- World manufacturer identifier ( WMI ) code '' . ISO. 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Vehicle Identification Numbers ( VIN codes ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vehicle Identification Number . ISO 3779 : 2009 FMVSS 115 , Part 565 VIN entry in the National Transportation Library FAQ ( hide ) Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Car platform Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly doors Gull - wing door Scissor doors Sliding door Suicide door Vehicle canopy Glass Greenhouse Power window Quarter glass Opera window Sunroof Windshield / windscreen Windshield / windscreen wiper Other elements Bumper sticker Curb feeler Front - end bra Hood ornament Japan black Nerf bar Omniview technology Run - flat tire Spare tire Tire / tyre Tow hitch Truck accessory Window deflector Geometry Approach and departure angles Breakover angle Overhang Ride height Roll center Turning radius Weight distribution Exterior equipment Lighting Daytime running lamp Headlamp sealed beam high - intensity discharge lamp Hidden headlamps Turn signals trafficators Rear position lamps Stop lamps Reversing lamps Safety reflector retroreflector Other elements Vehicle horn Vehicle registration plate vanity plate Windshield / windscreen washer fluid Wing mirror power side - view mirror Legal Motor vehicle theft Vehicle identification number Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vehicle_identification_number&oldid=800406659 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Classification systems 1981 introductions Vehicle security systems Country codes Hidden categories : Articles needing cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from August 2017 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 10 : 14 . 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Informed consent

Informed consent - wikipedia Informed consent This article is about consent to medical procedures . For consent in non-medical legal contexts , see Consent . For the House episode , see Informed Consent ( House ) . Example of informed consent document from the PARAMOUNT trial Informed consent is a process for getting permission before conducting a healthcare intervention on a person , or for disclosing personal information . A health care provider may ask a patient to consent to receive therapy before providing it , or a clinical researcher may ask a research participant before enrolling that person into a clinical trial . Informed consent is collected according to guidelines from the fields of medical ethics and research ethics . An informed consent can be said to have been given based upon a clear appreciation and understanding of the facts , implications , and consequences of an action . Adequate informed consent is rooted in respecting a person 's dignity . To give informed consent , the individual concerned must have adequate reasoning faculties and be in possession of all relevant facts . Impairments to reasoning and judgment that may prevent informed consent include basic intellectual or emotional immaturity , high levels of stress such as posttraumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) or a severe intellectual disability , severe mental disorder , intoxication , severe sleep deprivation , Alzheimer 's disease , or being in a coma . Obtaining informed consent is not always required . If an individual is considered unable to give informed consent , another person is generally authorized to give consent on his behalf , e.g. , parents or legal guardians of a child ( though in this circumstance the child may be required to provide informed assent ) and conservators for the mentally disordered , or consent can be assumed through the doctrine of implied consent , e.g. , when an unconscious person will die without immediate medical treatment . In cases where an individual is provided insufficient information to form a reasoned decision , serious ethical issues arise . Such cases in a clinical trial in medical research are anticipated and prevented by an ethics committee or Institutional Review Board . Informed Consent Form Templates can be found on the World Health Organization Website for practical use . Contents 1 Assessment 2 Valid elements 3 Waiver of requirement 4 History 4.1 Medical history 4.2 Research history 5 Medical procedures 5.1 Requirements of the professional 5.2 Obtaining informed consents 5.3 Competency of the patient 5.4 Deception 5.5 Abortion 6 Children 7 Research 8 Conflicts of interest 9 See also 10 References Assessment ( edit ) Informed consent can be complex to evaluate , because neither expressions of consent , nor expressions of understanding of implications , necessarily mean that full adult consent was in fact given , nor that full comprehension of relevant issues is internally digested . Consent may be implied within the usual subtleties of human communication , rather than explicitly negotiated verbally or in writing . In some cases consent can not legally be possible , even if the person protests he does indeed understand and wish . There are also structured instruments for evaluating capacity to give informed consent , although no ideal instrument presently exists . Thus , there is always a degree to which informed consent must be assumed or inferred based upon observation , or knowledge , or legal reliance . This especially is the case in sexual or relational issues . In medical or formal circumstances , explicit agreement by means of signature -- normally relied on legally -- regardless of actual consent , is the norm . This is the case with certain procedures , such as a `` do not resuscitate '' directive that a patient signed before onset of their illness . Brief examples of each of the above : A person may verbally agree to something from fear , perceived social pressure , or psychological difficulty in asserting true feelings . The person requesting the action may honestly be unaware of this and believe the consent is genuine , and rely on it . Consent is expressed , but not internally given . A person may claim to understand the implications of some action , as part of consent , but in fact has failed to appreciate the possible consequences fully and may later deny the validity of the consent for this reason . Understanding needed for informed consent is present but is , in fact ( through ignorance ) , not present . A person signs a legal release form for a medical procedure , and later feels he did not really consent . Unless he can show actual misinformation , the release is usually persuasive or conclusive in law , in that the clinician may rely legally upon it for consent . In formal circumstances , a written consent usually legally overrides later denial of informed consent ( unless obtained by misrepresentation ) . Informed consent in the U.S. can be overridden in emergency medical situations pursuant to 21CFR50. 24 , which was first brought to the general public 's attention via the controversy surrounding the study of Polyheme . Valid elements ( edit ) For an individual to give valid informed consent , three components must be present : disclosure , capacity and voluntariness . Disclosure requires the researcher to supply each prospective subject with the information necessary to make an autonomous decision and also to ensure that the subject adequate understands the information provided . This latter requirement implies that a written consent form be written in lay language suited for the comprehension skills of subject population , as well as assessing the level of understanding through conversation . Capacity pertains to the ability of the subject to both understand the information provided and form a reasonable judgment based on the potential consequences of his / her decision . Voluntariness refers to the subject 's right to freely exercise his / her decision making without being subjected to external pressure such as coercion , manipulation , or undue influence . Waiver of requirement ( edit ) Waiver of the consent requirement may be applied in certain circumstances where no foreseeable harm is expected to result from the study or when permitted by law , federal regulations , or if an ethical review committee has approved the non-disclosure of certain information . Besides studies with minimal risk , waivers of consent may be obtained in a military setting . According to 10 USC 980 , the United States Code for the Armed Forces , Limitations on the Use of Humans as Experimental Subjects , a waiver of advanced informed consent may be granted by the Secretary of Defense if a research project would : Directly benefit subjects . Advance the development of a medical product necessary to the military . Be carried out under all laws and regulations ( i.e. , Emergency Research Consent Waiver ) including those pertinent to the FDA . While informed consent is a basic right and should be carried out effectively , if a patient is incapacitated due to injury or illness , it is still important that patients benefit from emergency experimentation . The Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) and the Department of Health and Human Services ( DHHS ) joined together to create federal guidelines to permit emergency research , without informed consent . However , they can only proceed with the research if they obtain a waiver of informed consent ( WIC ) or an emergency exception from informed consent ( EFIC ) . History ( edit ) Spanish English Walter Reed authored these informed consent documents in 1900 for his research on yellow fever Informed consent is a technical term first used by attorney , Paul G. Gebhard , in a medical malpractice United States court case in 1957 . In tracing its history , some scholars have suggested tracing the history of checking for any of these practices : A patient agrees to a health intervention based on an understanding of it . The patient has multiple choices and is not compelled to choose a particular one . The consent includes giving permission . These practices are part of what constitutes informed consent , and their history is the history of informed consent . They combine to form the modern concept of informed consent -- which rose in response to particular incidents in modern research . Whereas various cultures in various places practiced informed consent , the modern concept of informed consent was developed by people who drew influence from Western tradition . Medical history ( edit ) Historians cite a series of medical guidelines to trace the history of informed consent in medical practice . The Hippocratic Oath , a 500 BC Greek text , was the first set of Western writings giving guidelines for the conduct of medical professionals . It advises that physicians conceal most information from patients to give the patients the best care . The rationale is a beneficence model for care -- the doctor knows better than the patient , and therefore should direct the patient 's care , because the patient is not likely to have better ideas than the doctor . Henri de Mondeville , a French surgeon who in the 14th century , wrote about medical practice . He traced his ideas to the Hippocratic Oath . Among his recommendations were that doctors `` promise a cure to every patient '' in hopes that the good prognosis would inspire a good outcome to treatment . Mondeville never mentioned getting consent , but did emphasize the need for the patient to have confidence in the doctor . He also advised that when deciding therapeutically unimportant details the doctor should meet the patients ' requests `` so far as they do not interfere with treatment '' . Benjamin Rush was an 18th - century United States physician who was influenced by the Age of Enlightenment cultural movement . Because of this , he advised that doctors ought to share as much information as possible with patients . He recommended that doctors educate the public and respect a patient 's informed decision to accept therapy . There is no evidence that he supported seeking a consent from patients . In a lecture titled `` On the duties of patients to their physicians '' , he stated that patients should be strictly obedient to the physician 's orders ; this was representative of much of his writings . John Gregory , Rush 's teacher , wrote similar views that a doctor could best practice beneficence by making decisions for the patients without their consent . Thomas Percival was a British physician who published a book called Medical Ethics in 1803 . Percival was a student of the works of Gregory and various earlier Hippocratic physicians . Like all previous works , Percival 's Medical Ethics makes no mention of soliciting for the consent of patients or respecting their decisions . Percival said that patients have a right to truth , but when the physician could provide better treatment by lying or withholding information , he advised that the physician do as he thought best . When the American Medical Association was founded they in 1847 produced a work called the first edition of the American Medical Association Code of Medical Ethics . Many sections of this book are verbatim copies of passages from Percival 's Medical Ethics . A new concept in this book was the idea that physicians should fully disclose all patient details truthfully when talking to other physicians , but the text does not also apply this idea to disclosing information to patients . Through this text , Percival 's ideas became pervasive guidelines throughout the United States as other texts were derived from them . Worthington Hooker was an American physician who in 1849 published Physician and Patient . This medical ethics book was radical demonstrating understanding of the AMA 's guidelines and Percival 's philosophy and soundly rejecting all directives that a doctor should lie to patients . In Hooker 's view , benevolent deception is not fair to the patient , and he lectured widely on this topic . Hooker 's ideas were not broadly influential . Research history ( edit ) Historians cite a series of human subject research experiments to trace the history of informed consent in research . The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission `` is considered the first research group in history to use consent forms . '' In 1900 , Major Walter Reed was appointed head of the four man U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba that determined mosquitoes were the vector for yellow fever transmission . His earliest experiments were probably done without formal documentation of informed consent . In later experiments he obtained support from appropriate military and administrative authorities . He then drafted what is now `` one of the oldest series of extant informed consent documents . '' The three surviving examples are in Spanish with English translations ; two have an individual 's signature and one is marked with an X . Tearoom Trade is the name of a book by American psychologist Laud Humphreys . In it he describes his research into male homosexual acts . In conducting this research he never sought consent from his research subjects and other researchers raised concerns that he violated the right to privacy for research participants . The Milgram experiment is the name of a 1961 experiment conducted by American psychologist Stanley Milgram . In the experiment Milgram had an authority figure order research participants to commit a disturbing act of harming another person . After the experiment he would reveal that he had deceived the participants and that they had not hurt anyone , but the research participants were upset at the experience of having participated in the research . The experiment raised broad discussion on the ethics of recruiting participants for research without giving them full information about the nature of the research . Chester M. Southam used HeLa cells to inject into cancer patients and Ohio State Penitentiary inmates without informed consent to determine if people could become immune to cancer and if cancer could be transmitted . Medical procedures ( edit ) The doctrine of informed consent relates to professional negligence and establishes a breach of the duty of care owed to the patient ( see duty of care , breach of the duty , and respect for persons ) . The doctrine of informed consent also has significant implications for medical trials of medications , devices , or procedures . Requirements of the professional ( edit ) Until 2015 in the United Kingdom and in countries such as Malaysia and Singapore , informed consent in medical procedures requires proof as to the standard of care to expect as a recognised standard of acceptable professional practice ( the Bolam Test ) , that is , what risks would a medical professional usually disclose in the circumstances ( see Loss of right in English law ) . Arguably , this is `` sufficient consent '' rather than `` informed consent . '' The UK has since departed from the Bolam test for judging standards of informed consent , due to the landmark ruling in Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health Board . This moves away from the concept of a reasonable physician and instead uses the standard of a reasonable patient , and what risks an individual would attach significance to . Medicine in the United States , Australia , and Canada also takes this patient - centric approach to `` informed consent . '' Informed consent in these jurisdictions requires healthcare providers to disclose significant risks , as well as risks of particular importance to that patient . This approach combines an objective ( a hypothetical reasonable patient ) and subjective ( this particular patient ) approach . The doctrine of informed consent should be contrasted with the general doctrine of medical consent , which applies to assault or battery . The consent standard here is only that the person understands , in general terms , the nature of and purpose of the intended intervention . As the higher standard of informed consent applies to negligence , not battery , the other elements of negligence must be made out . Significantly , causation must be shown : That had the individual been made aware of the risk he would not have proceeded with the operation ( or perhaps with that surgeon ) . Optimal establishment of an informed consent requires adaptation to cultural or other individual factors of the patient . For example , people from Mediterranean and Arab appear to rely more on the context of the delivery of the information , with the information being carried more by who is saying it and where , when , and how it 's being said , rather than what is said , which is of relatively more importance in typical `` Western '' countries . The informed consent doctrine is generally implemented through good healthcare practice : pre-operation discussions with patients and the use of medical consent forms in hospitals . However , reliance on a signed form should not undermine the basis of the doctrine in giving the patient an opportunity to weigh and respond to the risk . In one British case , a doctor performing routine surgery on a woman noticed that she had cancerous tissue in her womb . He took the initiative to remove the woman 's womb ; however , as she had not given informed consent for this operation , the doctor was judged by the General Medical Council to have acted negligently . The council stated that the woman should have been informed of her condition , and allowed to make her own decision . Obtaining informed consents ( edit ) To capture and manage informed consents , hospital management systems typically use paper - based consent forms which are scanned and stored in a document handling system after obtaining the necessary signatures . Hospital systems and research organizations are adopting an electronic way of capturing informed consents to enable indexing , to improve comprehension , search and retrieval of consent data , thus enhancing the ability to honor to patient intent and identify willing research participants . More recently , Health Sciences South Carolina , a statewide research collaborative focused on transforming healthcare quality , health information systems and patient outcomes , developed an open - source system called Research Permissions Management System ( RPMS ) . Competency of the patient ( edit ) The ability to give informed consent is governed by a general requirement of competency . In common law jurisdictions , adults are presumed competent to consent . This presumption can be rebutted , for instance , in circumstances of mental illness or other incompetence . This may be prescribed in legislation or based on a common - law standard of inability to understand the nature of the procedure . In cases of incompetent adults , a health care proxy makes medical decisions . In the absence of a proxy , the medical practitioner is expected to act in the patient 's best interests until a proxy can be found . By contrast , ' minors ' ( which may be defined differently in different jurisdictions ) are generally presumed incompetent to consent , but depending on their age and other factors may be required to provide Informed assent . In some jurisdictions ( e.g. much of the U.S. ) , this is a strict standard . In other jurisdictions ( e.g. England , Australia , Canada ) , this presumption may be rebutted through proof that the minor is ' mature ' ( the ' Gillick standard ' ) . In cases of incompetent minors , informed consent is usually required from the parent ( rather than the ' best interests standard ' ) although a parens patriae order may apply , allowing the court to dispense with parental consent in cases of refusal . Deception ( edit ) Research involving deception is controversial given the requirement for informed consent . Deception typically arises in social psychology , when researching a particular psychological process requires that investigators deceive subjects . For example , in the Milgram experiment , researchers wanted to determine the willingness of participants to obey authority figures despite their personal conscientious objections . They had authority figures demand that participants deliver what they thought was an electric shock to another research participant . For the study to succeed , it was necessary to deceive the participants so they believed that the subject was a peer and that their electric shocks caused the peer actual pain . Nonetheless , research involving deception prevents the subject / patient from exercising his / her basic right of autonomous informed decision - making and conflicts with the ethical principle of respect for persons . The Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct set by the American Psychological Association says that psychologists may not conduct research that includes a deceptive compartment unless they can justify the act by the value and importance of the study 's results , and show they could n't obtain the results by some other way . Moreover , the research should bear no potential harm to the subject as an outcome of deception , be it physical pain or emotional distress . Finally , the code requires a debriefing session , in which the experimenter tells the subject about the deception , and gives subjects the option of withdrawing their data . Abortion ( edit ) In some U.S. states , informed consent laws ( sometimes called `` right to know '' laws ) require that a woman seeking an elective abortion receive information from the abortion provider about her legal rights , alternatives to abortion ( such as adoption ) , available public and private assistance , and other information specified in the law , before the abortion is performed . Other countries with such laws ( e.g. Germany ) require that the information giver be properly certified to make sure that no abortion is carried out for the financial gain of the abortion provider and to ensure that the decision to have an abortion is not swayed by any form of incentive . Some informed consent laws have been criticized for allegedly using `` loaded language in an apparently deliberate attempt to ' personify ' the fetus , '' but those critics acknowledge that `` most of the information in the ( legally mandated ) materials about abortion comports with recent scientific findings and the principles of informed consent '' , although `` some content is either misleading or altogether incorrect . '' Children ( edit ) As children often lack the decision making ability or legal power ( competence ) to provide true informed consent for medical decisions , it often falls on parents or legal guardians to provide informed permission for medical decisions . This `` consent by proxy '' usually works reasonably well , but can lead to ethical dilemmas when the judgment of the parents or guardians and the medical professional differ with regard to what constitutes appropriate decisions `` in the best interest of the child '' . Children who are legally emancipated , and certain situations such as decisions regarding sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy , or for unemancipated minors who are deemed to have medical decision making capacity , may be able to provide consent without the need for parental permission depending on the laws of the jurisdiction the child lives in . The American Academy of Pediatrics encourages medical professionals also to seek the assent of older children and adolescents by providing age appropriate information to these children to help empower them in the decision making process . Research on children has benefited society in many ways . The only effective way to establish normal patterns of growth and metabolism is to do research on infants and young children . When addressing the issue of informed consent with children , the primary response is parental consent . This is valid , although only legal guardians are able to consent for a child , not adult siblings . Additionally , parents may not order the termination of a treatment that is required to keep a child alive , even if they feel it is in the best interest . Guardians are typically involved in the consent of children , however a number of doctrines have developed that allow children to receive health treatments without parental consent . For example , emancipated minors may consent to medical treatment , and minors can also consent in an emergency . Research ( edit ) Informed consent is part of the ethical clinical research as well , in which a human subject voluntarily confirms his or her willingness to participate in a particular clinical trial , after having been informed of all aspects of the trial that are relevant to the subject 's decision to participate . Informed consent is documented by means of a written , signed , and dated informed consent form . In medical research , the Nuremberg Code set a base international standard in 1947 , which continued to develop , for example in response to the ethical violation in the Holocaust . Nowadays , medical research is overseen by an ethics committee that also oversees the informed consent process . As the medical guidelines established in the Nuremberg Code were imported into the ethical guidelines for the social sciences , informed consent became a common part of the research procedure . However , while informed consent is the default in medical settings , it is not always required in the social science . Here , research often involves low or no risk for participants , unlike in many medical experiments . Second , the mere knowledge that they participate in a study can cause people to alter their behavior , as in the Hawthorne Effect : `` In the typical lab experiment , subjects enter an environment in which they are keenly aware that their behavior is being monitored , recorded , and subsequently scrutinized . '' In such cases , seeking informed consent directly interferes with the ability to conduct the research , because the very act of revealing that a study is being conducted is likely to alter the behavior studied . List exemplifies the potential dilemma that can result : `` if one were interested in exploring whether , and to what extent , race or gender influences the prices that buyers pay for used cars , it would be difficult to measure accurately the degree of discrimination among used car dealers who know that they are taking part in an experiment . '' In cases where such interference is likely , and after careful consideration , a researcher may forgo the informed consent process . This is commonly done after weighting the risk to study participants versus the benefit to society and whether participants are present in the study out of their own wish and treated fairly . Researchers often consult with an ethics committee or institutional review board to render a decision . The birth of new online media , such as social media , has complicated the idea of informed consent . In an online environment people pay little attention to Terms of Use agreements and can subject themselves to research without thorough knowledge . This issue came to the public light following a study conducted by Facebook Inc. in 2014 , and published by that company and Cornell University . Facebook conducted a study where they altered the Facebook News Feeds of roughly 700,000 users to reduce either the amount of positive or negative posts they saw for a week . The study then analyzed if the users status updates changed during the different conditions . The study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . The lack of informed consent led to outrage among many researchers and users . Many believed that by potentially altering the mood of users by altering what posts they see , Facebook put at - risk individuals at higher dangers for depression and suicide . However , supports of Facebook claim that Facebook details that they have the right to use information for research in their terms of use . Others say the experiment is just a part of Facebook 's current work , which alters News Feeds algorithms continually to keep people interested and coming back to the site . Others pointed out that this specific study is not along but that news organizations constantly try out different headlines using algorithms to elicit emotions and garner clicks or Facebook shares . They say this Facebook study is no different than things people already accept . Still , others say that Facebook broke the law when conducting the experiment on user that did n't give informed consent . The Facebook study controversy raises numerous questions about informed consent and the differences in the ethical review process between publicly and privately funded research . Some say Facebook was within its limits and others see the need for more informed consent and / or the establishment of in - house private review boards . Conflicts of interest ( edit ) Other , long - standing controversies underscore the role for conflicts of interest among medical school faculty and researchers . For example , coverage of University of California ( UC ) medical school faculty members has included news of ongoing corporate payments to researchers and practitioners from companies that market and produce the very devices and treatments they recommend to patients . Robert Pedowitz , the former chairman of UCLA 's orthopedic surgery department , reported concern that his colleague 's financial conflicts of interest could negatively affect patient care or research into new treatments . In a subsequent lawsuit about whistleblower retaliation , the University provided a $10 million settlement to Pedowitz while acknowledging no wrongdoing . Consumer Watchdog , an oversight group , observed that University of CA policies were `` either inadequate or unenforced ... Patients in UC hospitals deserve the most reliable surgical devices and medication ... and they should n't be treated as subjects in expensive experiments . '' Other UC incidents include taking the eggs of women for implantation into other women without consent and injecting live bacteria into human brains , resulting in potentially premature deaths . See also ( edit ) Anti-Psychiatry Belmont Report Consent ( BDSM ) Consent ( criminal law ) Consensual crime Declaration of Geneva Declaration of Helsinki Doe ex . rel . Tarlow v. District of Columbia Free , prior and informed consent Human experimentation Human experimentation in the United States Informed assent Informed consent in sociocratic decision - making Informed refusal International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use Mature minor doctrine Minors and abortion Parental consent Patient safety Safe , sane and consensual Schloendorff v. Society of New York Hospital World Medical Association Therapeutic misconception Executive Order 13139 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Elsayyad , Ahmed . `` Informed Consent for Comparative Effectiveness Trials '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 370 : 1958 -- 1960 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMc1403310 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Informed Consent Form Templates '' . who.int . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Faden , R.R. ; Beauchamp , T.L. ( 1986 ) . A History and Theory of Informed Consent . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503686 - 7 . Jump up ^ Beauchamp , Tom L. ; Childress , James F. ( 1994 ) . Principles of Biomedical Ethics ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508536 - 1 . Jump up ^ Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences ( CIOMS ) and World Health Organization ( WHO ) Geneva , Switzerland , 2002 . `` International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 08 - 23 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McManus , J. , J ; S.G. Mehta ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Informed consent and ethical issues in military medical research '' . Academic Emergency Medicine . 12 ( 11 ) : 1120 -- 1126 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1553 - 2712.2005. tb00839. x . PMID 16264083 . ^ Jump up to : Baren , Jill . `` Informed Consent to Human Experimentation '' . Springer Publishing Company . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Pace , Eric ( 26 August 1997 ) . `` P.G. Gebhard , 69 , Developer Of the Term ' Informed Consent ' - New York Times '' . The New York Times . New York : NYTC . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 5 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Faden , Ruth R. ; Beauchamp , Tom L. ; King , Nancy M.P. ( 1986 ) . A history and theory of informed consent ( Online ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 5036867 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chester R. ( 1977 ) . Legacies in ethics and medicine . New York : Science History Publications . ISBN 9780882021669 . In this book see Mary Catherine Welborn 's excerpts from her 1966 The long tradition : A study in fourteenth - century medical deontology Jump up ^ Katz , Jay ; Alexander Morgan Capron ( 2002 ) . The silent world of doctor and patient ( Johns Hopkins Paperbacks ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0801857805 . Jump up ^ Burns , Chester R. ( 1977 ) . Legacies in ethics and medicine . New York : Science History Publications . ISBN 9780882021669 . In this book see De Mondeville 's `` On the morals and ethics of medicine '' from Ethics in Medicine Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( 1772 ) . Lectures on the Duties and Qualifications of a Physician . Jump up ^ Cutter , Laura . `` Walter Reed , Yellow Fever , and Informed Consent '' . Military Medicine . 181 ( 1 ) : 90 -- 91 . doi : 10.7205 / milmed - d - 15 - 00430 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` The U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission in Cuba - U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission '' . U.S. Army Yellow Fever Commission . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Babbie , Earl ( 2010 ) . The practice of social research ( 12th ed . ) . Belmont , Calif : Wadsworth Cengage . ISBN 0495598410 . ^ Jump up to : Baumrind , D. ( 1964 ) . `` Some thoughts on ethics of research : After reading Milgram 's `` Behavioral Study of Obedience . '' `` . American Psychologist. 19 ( 6 ) : 421 -- 423 . doi : 10.1037 / h0040128 . Jump up ^ Skloot , Rebecca ( 2010 ) . The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks . New York : Braodway Paperbacks . p. 130 . Jump up ^ Too Much Information : Informed Consent in Cultural Context . By Joseph J. Fins and Pablo Rodriguez del Pozo . Medscape 07 / 18 / 2011 Jump up ^ `` Health Sciences South Carolina '' . healthsciencessc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Chalil Madathil , K. ; Koikkara , R. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ; Greenstein , J.S. ( 2011 ) . `` An Empirical Study of the Usability of Consenting Systems : IPad , Touchscreen and Paper - based Systems '' . Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting . 55 : 813 -- 817 . doi : 10.1177 / 1071181311551168 . Jump up ^ Chalil Madathil , K. ; Koikkara , R. ; Obeid , J. ; Greenstein , J.S. ; Sanderson , I.C. ; Fryar , K. ; Moskowitz , J. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ( 2013 ) . `` An investigation of the efficacy of electronic consenting interfaces of research permissions management system in a hospital setting '' . International Journal of Medical Informatics. 82 ( 9 ) : 854 -- 863 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijmedinf. 2013.04. 008 . PMC 3779682 . PMID 23757370 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , I.C. ; Obeid , J.S. ; Madathil , K.C. ; Gerken , K. ; Fryar , K. ; Rugg , D. ; Alstad , C.E. ; Alexander , R. ; Brady , K.T. ; Gramopadhye , A.K. ; Moskowitz , J. ( 2013 ) . `` Managing clinical research permissions electronically : A novel approach to enhancing recruitment and managing consents '' . Clinical Trials. 10 ( 4 ) : 604 -- 611 . doi : 10.1177 / 1740774513491338 . PMC 4213063 . PMID 23785065 . Jump up ^ `` HSSC / RPMS GitHub '' . github.com . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health Sciences South Carolina '' . healthsciencessc.org . Archived from the original on 11 October 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ 2 . American Psychological Association . ( 2002 ) . `` 2010 Amendments to the American Psychological Association ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct '' . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Taupitz , Jochen ; Weschka , Marion ( 2009 ) . CHIMBRIDS - Chimeras and Hybrids in Comparative European and International Research : Scientific , Ethical , Philosophical and Legal Aspects . Volume 34 of Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Deutsches , Europäisches und Internationales Medizinrecht , Gesundheitsrecht und Bioethik der Universitäten Heidelberg und Mannheim . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 298 . ISBN 9783540938699 . Jump up ^ Dieper , Susanne ( 23 February 2012 ) . `` The Legal Framework of Abortions in Germany '' . American Institute for Contemporary German Studies . Johns Hopkins University . Retrieved 3 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Gold , Rachel and Nash , Elizabeth. State Abortion Counseling Policies and the Fundamental Principles of Informed Consent , Guttmacher Policy Review , Fall 2007 , Volume 10 , Number 4 . Jump up ^ Richardson , Chinue and Nash , Elizabeth . `` Misinformed Consent : The Medical Accuracy of State - Developed Abortion Counseling Materials '' , Guttmacher Policy Review Fall 2006 , Volume 9 , Number 4 . Jump up ^ Committee on Bioethics ( 1995 ) . `` Informed consent , parental permission , and assent in pediatric practice '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 95 ( 2 ) : 314 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Annas , Glantz , Katz , George , Leonard , Barbara ( 1977 ) . Informed Consent to Human Experimentation . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Ballinger Publishing Company . pp. 63 -- 93 . ISBN 0 - 88410 - 147 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ https://www.ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E6/E6_R1_Guideline.pdf Jump up ^ Homan , R. ( 1991 ) . The Ethics of Social Research . London ; New York : Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 05879 - 1 . Jump up ^ Levitt , S.D. ; List , J.A. ( 2007 ) . `` What Do Laboratory Experiments Measuring Social Preferences Reveal about the Real World ? '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 21 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 174 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 21.2. 153 . JSTOR 30033722 . Jump up ^ List , J.A. ; List , J.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Informed Consent in Social Science '' . Science . 322 ( 5902 ) : 672 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 322.5902. 672a . Jump up ^ Levitt , S.D. ; List , J.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Field experiments in economics : The past , the present , and the future '' . European Economic Review . 53 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.1016 / j. euroecorev. 2008.12. 001 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Adam ; Guillory , Jaime ; Jeffrey , Hancock ( 2014 ) . `` Experimental evidence of massive - scale emotional contagion through social networks '' . PNAS. 111 : 8788 -- 90 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1320040111 . PMC 4066473 . PMID 24889601 . Jump up ^ LANIER , Jaron . `` Should Facebook Manipulate Users ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Danah . `` What does the Facebook experiment teach us ? '' . Social Media Collective Research Blog . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Watts , Duncan . `` Stop complaining about the Facebook study . It 's a golden age for research '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grimmelmann , James . `` Illegal , Immoral , and Mood - Altering How Facebook and OkCupid Broke the Law When They Experimented on Users '' . Medium . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Salganik , Matt . `` After the Facebook emotional contagion experiment : A proposal for a positive path forward '' . Freedom to Tinker . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petersen , Melody. ( 2014 , May 25 ) . UC system struggles with professors ' outside earnings . Orange County Register . Retrieved from http://www.ocregister.com/articles/university-615629-ucla-corporate.html ^ Jump up to : Terhune , Chad ( 2014 , April 25 ) . More scrutiny for UCLA 's School of Medicine . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-ucla-outside-money-20140426-story.html#ixzz30BvcCJIV Jump up ^ Yoshino , Kimi. ( 2006 , January 20 ) . UC Irvine Fertility Scandal Is n't Over : While seeking to limit its liability , college admits it failed to inform many patients of wrongdoing . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2006/jan/20/local/me-uci20 Jump up ^ The Sacramento Bee. ( 2013 , August 25 ) . UC Davis surgeons resign after bacteria - in - brain dispute . Retrieved from `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 26 . Research participant rights Rights Beneficence Justice Respect for persons Privacy for research participants Right to withdraw Return of results Informed consent Human subject research Clinical research Biobank Social research Ethical systems Research ethics Medical ethics Bioethics Clinical research ethics Biobank ethics Guidelines for human subject research List of medical ethics cases Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki Belmont Report Common Rule Monitoring in clinical trials Ethics committee Institutional review board Data monitoring committee Community advisory board Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Informed_consent&oldid=856893508 '' Categories : Medical ethics Human subject research Clinical research ethics Concepts in ethics Clinical trials University of California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 06 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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List of Tracy Beaker series characters

List of Tracy Beaker series characters - wikipedia List of Tracy Beaker series characters Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of the characters who have appeared in the BAFTA - award - winning trilogy of CBBC children 's drama series The Story of Tracy Beaker , Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground , which have spanned thirteen years between them . Connor Byrne , who plays Mike Milligan , is currently appearing in his tenth series and has been in all three programme . Dani Harmer has played the lead character Tracy Beaker in The Story Of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns for eight series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Current characters 2.1 Mike Milligan 2.2 Tyler Lewis 2.3 Jody Jackson 2.4 Floss Guppy 2.5 May - Li Wang 2.6 Ryan Reeves 2.7 Toni Trent 2.8 Billie Trent 2.9 Finn McLaine 2.10 Sasha Bellman 2.11 Dexter Bellman 2.12 Chloe Reeves 2.13 Joseph Stubbs 2.14 Archie Able 2.15 Candi - Rose 2.16 Alex Walker 3 Past characters 3.1 Tracy Beaker 3.2 Cam Lawson 3.3 Justine Littlewood 3.4 Elaine Boyak 3.5 Duke Ellington 3.6 Jenny Edwards 3.7 Louise Goven 3.8 Adele Azupadi 3.9 Ben Batambuze 3.10 Peter Ingham 3.11 Ryan 3.12 Zac 3.13 Maxy King 3.14 Nathan Jones 3.15 Bouncer Plakova 3.16 Lol Plakova 3.17 Dolly 3.18 Amber Hurst 3.19 Shelley Appleton 3.20 Crash 3.21 Michael Grys 3.22 Jackie Hopper 3.23 Marco Maloney 3.24 Hayley 3.25 Layla Jones 3.26 Sid Rooney 3.27 Chantal Wellard 3.28 Rio Wellard 3.29 Roxy Wellard 3.30 Wolfie 3.31 Rebecca Chalmers 3.32 Milly 3.33 Alice 3.34 Gina Conway 3.35 Sapphire Fox 3.36 Frank Matthews 3.37 Liam O'Donovan 3.38 Lily Kettle 3.39 Toby Coleman 3.40 Gus Carmichael 3.41 Rosie Kettle 3.42 Poppy Kettle 3.43 Johnny Taylor 3.44 Seth Foreman 3.45 Elektra Perkins 3.46 Rick Barber 3.47 Faith Davis 3.48 Harry Jones 3.49 Tee Taylor 3.50 Carmen Howle 3.51 Mo Michaels 3.52 Bailey Wharton 3.53 Mischief 3.54 Kazima Tako 4 Guest characters 4.1 Steve Littlewood 4.2 Carrie 4.3 Christie Perry 4.4 Matt Perry 4.5 Rob 4.6 Steve Kettle 4.7 Jack O'Donovan 4.8 Kingsley Jackson 4.9 Denise Jackson 4.10 Sally Lewis 4.11 Lucy Taylor 4.12 Kelly Bellman 5 Others 5.1 The Story of Tracy Beaker 5.2 Tracy Beaker Returns 5.3 The Dumping Ground 6 See also 7 References Cast ( edit ) Character Actor The Story of Tracy Beaker Tracy Beaker Returns The Dumping Ground Series 1 ( 2002 ) Series 2 ( 2003 ) Series 3 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Series 4 ( 2004 -- 05 ) Series 5 ( 2005 ) Series 1 ( 2010 ) Series 2 ( 2011 ) Series 3 ( 2012 ) Series 1 ( 2013 ) Series 2 ( 2014 ) Series 3 ( 2015 ) Series 4 ( 2016 ) Series 5 ( 2017 ) Tracy Beaker Dani Harmer Main Mike Milligan Connor Byrne Main Main Duke Clive Rowe Main Jenny Edwards Sharlene Whyte Main Justine Littlewood Montanna Thompson Main Guest Main Guest Louise Goven Chelsie Padley Main Recurring Ben Batamabuze Luke Youngblood Main Adele Azupadi Rochelle Gadd Main Maxy King Jerome Holder Main Peter Ingham Joe Starrs Main Ryan Sonny Muslim Main Zac Jay Haher Main Elaine Boyak Nisha Nayar Main Cam Lawson Lisa Coleman Main Recurring Main Recurring Bouncer Plakova Ben Hanson Main Recurring Lol Plakova Ciaran Joyce Main Dolly Chloe Hibbert Waters Main Nathan Jones James Cartwright Main Amber Hurst Alicia Hooper Main Shelley Appleton Nicola Reynolds Main Recurring Crash Darragh Mortell Main Hayley Kristal Lau Main Layla Cara Readle Main Chloe Tori Jarre Main Marco Maloney Jack Edwards Main Michael Grys William Tomlin Main Jackie Hopper Abby Rakic - Platt Main Sid Rooney Vincenzo Pellegrino Main Chantal Wellard Deepal Palmar Main Recurring Rio Wellard Craig Roberts Main Roxy Wellard Sophie Borja Main Wolfie Joe Cullen Main Rebecca Chalmers Georgina Hagen Main Milly Holly Gibbs Main Alice Olivia Grant Main Gina Conway Kay Purcell Main Carmen Howle Amy - Leigh Hickman Main Frank Matthews Chris Slater Main Guest Gus Carmichael Noah Marullo Main Harry Jones Philip Graham Scott Main Johnny Taylor Joe Maw Main Liam O'Donovan Richard Wisker Main Guest Lily Kettle Jessie Williams Main Poppy Kettle Katie Anderson Recurring Rosie Kettle Claudia Colling Recurring Millie Redfearn Sapphire Fox Saffron Coomber Main Tee Taylor Mia McKenna - Bruce Main Toby Coleman John Bell Main Elektra Perkins Jessica Revell Main Rick Barber Daniel Pearson Main Tyler Lewis Miles Butler - Hughton Main Jody Jackson Kia Pegg Main Faith Davis Leanne Dunstan Main Guest Floss Guppy Sarah Rayson Main Mo Michaels Reece Buttery Main May - Li Wang Stacy Liu Main Bailey Wharton Kasey McKellar Main Kazima Tako Akuc Bol Recurring Main Ryan Reeves Lewis Hamilton Main Billie Trent Gwen Currant Main Toni Trent Nelly Currant Main Finn McLaine Ruben Reuter Main Sasha Bellman Annabelle Davis Main Dexter Bellman Alexander Aze Guest Main Mischief Sage Recurring Chloe Reeves Hannah Moncur Recurring Main Joseph Stubbs Yousef Naseer Recurring Main Archie Able Jethro Baliba Recurring Main Candi - Rose Carma Hylton Main Alex Connor Lawson Main Current characters ( edit ) Mike Milligan ( edit ) Mike Milligan Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Connor Byrne Duration 2002 , 2005 , 2010 -- First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Created by Jaqueline Wilson Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 , 2010 ) Foz Allan ( 2013 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Care worker House chef Head care worker Michael `` Mike '' Milligan MBE , made his first appearance on 8 January 2002 in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Tracy Returns to The Dumping Ground and departed in The End ! . Mike returned in series 5 during the episode Caring and Sharing as a temporary care worker . He became head care worker in Operation Careworker . Mike appeared in all 3 series of Tracy Beaker Returns and so far , all series of The Dumping Ground . Mike is the longest serving character in the Tracy Beaker Franchise being in the very first episode back in 2002 as well as appearing in the books . Mike is tall and slim , with grey hair and blue eyes . He is portrayed as a lovable , kind but firm guardian to the children in his care , able to deliver anger and humour to the children in equal doses . He has shared many emotional moments with the children . He is seen like a father figure to many of them , in particular to Tracy , Justine , Peter , Carmen , Tee and Harry , something they have mentioned . Mike makes his first appearance in the first episode of `` The Story of Tracy Beaker '' ; he is a care worker at Stowey House , and has been for some time -- he is already on good terms with Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) , thinking she 's a ' good kid on the whole ' . He leaves at the end of series 1 after an emergency call in another care home . Mike returns in series 5 as Elm Tree House 's new chef . When Head Care Worker , Shelley Appelton ( Nicola Reynolds ) , decides to leave Elm Tree House she holds interviews for possible head care workers , who none of the young people like , so they beg Mike to take up the role , which he does . The character of Mike returns in `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , appearing in every episode of the show ; it is implied that he never left Elm Tree House and continued to act as Head Care Worker . Mike is first seen with Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) when he is saying that they need more staff . He is then seen collecting Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) from the local police station and meets Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) after she is arrested for fraud . Mike offers her a job at the Dumping Ground because it is short staffed , with only himself and Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) working there . As a result of this , Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) and Mike to get to know each other again and become closer . In the third series of the show , Mike is offered an MBE and accepts it , and later in the series he only just survives when a roof falls on him . Mike continues to appear as Head Care Worker throughout `` The Dumping Ground '' ; in the first episode he leaves to go on holiday , only for chaos to occur at Elm Tree House until he returns at the end of the second episode , although he knows nothing about it as Gina Conway ( Kay Purcell ) worries he may not take another holiday again In the fourth series on the eighth episode Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) reports Mike to the police , as Mike 's car has been broken into , with Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) file inside the car , and it had been stolen . However it is revealed that Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) took the file as revenge for Mike telling the kids about his history , though he was only protecting Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) . Mike forgives Ryan Reeves ( Lewis Hamilton ) and agrees not to tell everyone . They end their feud . Tyler Lewis ( edit ) Tyler Lewis Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Miles Butler - Hughton Duration 2012 -- First appearance Slow Burn 6 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Sally Lewis Tyler Lewis , portrayed by Miles Butler - Hughton , made his first appearance on 6 January 2012 in series 3 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Slow Burn : Part 1 . In Slow Burn , Carmen recognises him as the young joker whom she blames for nicking her stuff while she was at Burnywood , after he and three other children from Burnywood arrive at Elm Tree House following a fire . They reignite their turbulent relationship , Tyler proves himself to be a prankster , however he reveals his softer side when he breaks down in tears as he sees the burnt remains of the only birthday card his mother ever gave to him . In series two of `` The Dumping Ground '' , Tyler 's mum decides to visit but Tyler then discovers she is not taking her medication for her bipolar disorder , so he gets angry , but eventually they reconcile . Tyler was put in care because his mother was ill so she could n't look after him properly . Tyler does n't know his dad but in one episode - `` BABY '' - Tyler scams Johnny into thinking his dad is a billionaire . Jody Jackson ( edit ) Jody Jackson Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kia Pegg Duration 2012 -- First appearance `` Jody Jackson '' 9 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Denise Jackson Brothers Kingsley Jackson Luke Jackson Jody Jackson , portrayed by Kia Pegg , made her first appearance on 9 March 2012 in series 3 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Jody Jackson . During her first appearance , she is portrayed as being like a tramp , having lived in squalor ; she is dressed in simple clothes and smells terrible -- this means Carmen develops a low opinion of her , before she discovers she is sharing with her . Carmen immediately resents and is unsympathetic to Jody and feels that her presence is intrusive . When she reveals she is afraid to take a bath , Tracy entices her with bath jelly , which Jody seems to like . Jody tells Tracy that her mother used to scrub her with a scrubbing brush , only when the Social Worker attended . She also reveals that when she was naughty , people used to hold her under the water . Jody borrows a cardigan from Carmen . Elektra responds by locking Jody in the toy cupboard . Jody manages to escape by knocking out one of the wood panels from the door . Jody then disappears and Tracy thinks that Jody might have gone to her old home , where Jody used to live with her mother and Jody 's brothers . Mike and Tracy arrive to find the place vacant , with the exception of Jody . Carmen shows compassion towards Jody later on in the episode . Later in the night , Carmen , Gus and Gina discover Jody sleeping under the kitchen table . Jody says that she was scared to sleep in a room with another person . A very sympathetic Gina offers to make up a bed for Jody in the quiet room . The episode concludes with Elektra and Sapphire sharing a room so that Jody is able to have a room of her own . In Goodbye Tracy Beaker , new careworker Melanie saves Jody 's life when Jody goes into anaphylactic shock . In `` Jody in Wonderland '' , Jody 's dilemma over having to give a witness statement against her brother Kingsley propels her into a Wonderland-esque world full of bubbly characters -- her experiences in Wonderland eventually make her realise that she needs to testify against her brother . Jody was put into care because she was found alone in her house . It is later revealed that her big brother , Kingsley , used to abuse her and her mother did n't care . It does n't say anything about her dad so we do n't really know anything about him . Floss Guppy ( edit ) Floss Guppy The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sarah Rayson Duration 2013 -- First appearance `` The Real Faith Davis '' 1 February 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge Floss Guppy , portrayed by Sarah Rayson , made her first appearance on 1 February 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode The Real Faith Davis . Floss is in care because she was abandoned by her mother in a nail salon , when she was 18 months old . Floss Guppy is good friends with Finn McLaine and Toni and Billie Trent although initially she was wary of Harry , even stealing his toy giraffe Jeff , after he scared her with stories of the bad things that happened at Elm Tree House . Floss is seven years old in the third series of The Dumping Ground . In Be My Girl , Floss meets some prospective parents . She starts to think about her mother and when a little boy in the park questions her ' Where is your mum , have n't you got one ? ' in an evil way , Floss goes over the tipping point and pushes him and his ice cream to the ground . Floss ' potential foster parents shout at Floss causing her to get upset . May - Li reveals that Floss is in care because she was abandoned by her mother in a nail salon , when she was 18 months old ; this is why she is so attached to nail varnish . At the foster parents ' house they ask her to remove her nail varnish causing Floss to throw food around . Floss tells all the people at the Dumping Ground that whilst there is a chance her mum might come back she will wait . Floss is an incredibly bubbly young girl , with short curly Ginger hair and brown eyes . May - Li Wang ( edit ) May - Li Wang The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Stacy Liu Duration 2013 -- First appearance `` Jody in Wonderland '' 16 December 2013 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Care Worker ( show ) Family Grandmothers PoPo May - Li Wang , portrayed by Stacy Liu , made her first appearance on 16 December 2013 in the Christmas special episode Jody in Wonderland , between series 1 and series 2 of The Dumping Ground . She appears as mother figure to the children , similar to Gina , in particular to Kazima and Archie . Jody 's mum and brother , Denise ( Victoria Alcock ) and Luke ( David Avery ) visit Jody to talk her out of giving a statement against her other brother , Kingsley ( James Bartlett ) . Jody decides to testify against Kingsley with May - Li and Mike 's support . New boy Bailey ( Kasey MacKellar ) arrives at The Dumping Ground . After Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) tries to catch up with Bailey , she is knocked over by a car and Bailey visits her with a letter about the running team . Meanwhile , Serjay ( Danny Ashok ) tries to pass the responsibility of telling Bailey he will be at The Dumping Ground for longer to May - Li and Mike . May - Li firmly insists that he is to tell Bailey and sends him to the hospital to collect Bailey . Bailey 's father , Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) turns up at The Dumping Ground and May - Li and Mike prevent him taking Bailey as they are legally in charge of Bailey . After putting themselves in danger finding Frank ( Christopher Slater ) , May - Li lectures Faith , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Frank and Frank 's friend , Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) . Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) has a day out with his mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) with May - Li shadowing him , however , Sally runs off with Tyler . Sally gets an ice cream , but she runs off and runs into a Community Police Officer ( Shareesa Valentine ) . May - Li finds Tyler and Sally and pays for the ice creams and after discovering his mum has n't been taking her bipolar medication , he asks May - Li to go home . Frank ruins Faith and Rick 's clothes by adding a red top , turning the other clothes pink . May - Li suggests they have a cake baking competition and the losing team have to wear a pink dress . Faith wins the competition and Rick is forced to wear it . May - Li asks Mike to get Viv Anderson 's autograph when he takes Bailey to his training . When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) takes Carmen 's nail stuff and glues Carmen to her bedsheet with nail glue , May - Li talks with Floss about how her mum left her as a baby at a nail bar and Carmen 's things may bring back memories . Floss gives May - Li a kiss on the forehead , accepting May - Li as a mother figure . Viv later visits Bailey to encourage him not to give up on football and he gives May - Li a football shirt . When Johnny ( Joe Maw ) considers joining the army , May - Li finds the brochures and she talks with Johnny about it . Mike disagrees with May - Li encouraging Johnny , but May - Li believes a career in the army would be good for Johnny . May - Li tells Floss that she can be adopted and some adoptive parents have been matched . Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) meet Floss at The Dumping Ground with May - Li supervising . Later , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) talks to May - Li about adoption and May - Li reassures Mo he wo n't be adopted as he is only at The Dumping Ground whilst his parents get better . The next day , May - Li accompanies Floss , Doug and Nerys to the park and observes them . Floss runs off when she pushes a boy , Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) and May - Li finds her . When Floss is supposed to be visiting Doug and Nerys at their house , Floss pretends to be ill and May - Li agrees for Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to go with Floss . The visit does n't go well and Floss shows Tee and May - Li her scrapbook full of celebrity images as Floss tries to imagine her mum . May - Li tells Floss she can live at The Dumping Ground . When an old , homeless man , Mal ( Dai Bradley ) dies , Bailey feels responsible - as Bailey was the one who pushed him to his demise - so Bailey decides to take Mischief ( Sage ) . Bailey wins Mike and May - Li round when he trains Mischief . May - Li organises a party for Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) when he is leaving to get fostered . Floss is taking his departure badly and cuts off Jeff 's head . Later , May - Li gives Harry Jeff and Floss gives him another giraffe called Jeff . Later , Harry leaves with his foster father , Adam ( Ray Emmet Brown ) . When a trip to a theme park is arranged , Kazima and Tee decide not to go and are forced to attend a holiday club . However , they go home early and unknown to Kazima , a large amount of cash is in her bag and Maz ( Natifa Mai ) and Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Maz and Max are later arrested after Kazima and Tee set them up and everyone arrives home after Mike is told about Kazima and Tee 's absence at the club . May - Li and Mike lecture them about what they should have done . Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) accesses everyone 's records and he receives a text from Harry , saying `` Help ! '' . When May - Li and Mike notice the records open , they believe it is Ryan as his record is closed . Ryan tells Mike and May - Li that things are n't right with his foster family , but with no proof , Mike ca n't do anything . Ryan takes Harry and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) from their foster home and when they arrive at The Dumping Ground , Harry does n't want to go back . Harry and Finn tell May - Li what their foster home was like . A rabbit is found in the garden and Toni ( Nelly Currant ) calls it Mr Nibbles . Billie ( Gwen Currant ) and Finn show May - Li a picture of Toni with her dad and a rabbit , Mr Nibbles , resembling the one they found . Toni and Billie tell May - Li that their dad let Mr Nibbles out of the hutch and they had foxes . May - Li receives a call from the rabbit owner and she breaks the news to Toni . Everyone is shocked when they find the rabbit has had baby rabbits . When May - Li tells Toni she could probably have one of the rabbits , Toni decides she does n't want another rabbit . New girl Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) arrives at The Dumping Ground . After smashing the minibus lights to prevent the kids seeing Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Sasha tells May - Li and Mike she is going to apologise . Sasha realises she does n't want to go to the secure home , so she asks May - Li and Mike and they agree . Sasha goes shopping with May - Li and Kazima and when Sasha sees her brother , Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) , shoplifting , she deliberately knocks a display down and Kazima tells May - Li . May - Li and Mike later find Sasha missing as well as Jody . Jody takes the blame for shoplifting nappies and May - Li collects Jody from the store . Bailey is promised football tickets by his reviewing officer , Abi ( Kemi - Bo Jacobs ) . Believing he wo n't get the tickets , he gets Faith to look out whilst he changed his records . May - Li finds Bailey tampering with his files and is n't impressed with him or Faith . In his meeting , Abi tells Bailey she is impressed with Bailey 's commitment to Mischief . May - Li stops Ani giving Bailey the tickets , informing her of what Bailey did . May - Li receives some expensive cheese from her mother , but she later finds it stolen . Carmen and Kazima question everyone and the culprit is revealed to be Mischief . Carmen is acting as a bridesmaid at a wedding , so May - Li lends her antique necklace . When Carmen accidentally drops it down the toilet , Carmen thinks about what she should do , which is leaving it or attempting to get it out . When Carmen imagines leaving it , she lies to May - Li , saying the necklace was stolen . However , Ryan finds a text from Carmen 's phone to her friend and when Floss gets the blame , Ryan tells May - Li . When Carmen thinks about getting it back , May - Li finds out when Carmen arranges for a plumber ( Sam Cassidy ) to get the necklace . Carmen decides to tell May - Li the truth . May - Li refuses to let Sasha go to skate night , but she soon agrees to let her as long as Sasha makes dinner . When Sasha leaves Billie and Toni to put the lasagne in the oven , but they end up putting the oven on too high when Ryan messes with the time . May - Li tells Sasha she ca n't go to skate night . Tee and Sasha plan to go to skate night when they realise May - Li will have finished work and Billie and Toni cover them . May - Li has to work at the last minute , so Billie and Toni lock her in the bathroom . The toaster catches fire when everyone makes toast and May - Li grounds Billie and Toni for what they did . The following day , Tee owns up to going to skate night and May - Li knows Sasha went too , but she refuses to unground Billie and Toni . When Tee goes missing , Mike goes looking for her and Tee buys presents for Kazima , Billie and Toni and she convinces May - Li and Mike to let Sasha stay . May - Li has a visit from her grandmother , PoPo ( Pik - Sen Lim ) , who she has n't seen for years . The kids want PoPo to teach them kung fu after impressing them with some and May - Li agrees to let her . When Jody reckons PoPo is the best grandmother and hints that she and PoPo should make up , May - Li talks to Jody about how PoPo does n't accept her family as her partner is a woman . May - Li and PoPo discuss what would happen if she took over the business and PoPo makes it clear that May - Li 's children are n't her family as she did n't give birth to them . After a kung fu contest , May - Li gives PoPo the chance to meet her children . Later , May - Li receives a family heirloom from PoPo , her great - great - grandfather 's diary . Kazima has to undergo an age assessment test to prove she is a minor to remain in the UK . Jasna ( Dolya Gavanski ) gives Kazima the results and they have determined her birth year as 1997 , meaning she is 18 and will have to be deported . May - Li comforts Kazima , assuring her they are going to appeal the decision and Carmen arranges for Kazima 's appeal to be filmed . Kazima is then reunited with her father , in the twentieth and last episode of season 3 , who goes back to Somalia regretfully to find Kazima 's brother , who my have died in the war . Ryan Reeves ( edit ) Ryan Reeves The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Lewis G Hamilton Duration 2015 -- First appearance Law and Disorder 16 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Chloe Reeves Ryan Reeves , portrayed by Lewis Hamilton , made his first appearance on 16 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Law & Disorder : Part 2 . He I 'd Currently 15 years old He joins Ashdene Ridge in the wake of a disastrous foster party where wallets and purses were reported stolen , and became embroiled in the events , eventually working out the identity of the thief and blackmailing them to keep it a secret . He is aged thirteen with a Liverpudlian accent and short brown hair , and quickly proves himself to be mischievous , deceitful and intelligent . He also becomes friends with Johnny Taylor when Ryan managed to keep Johnny 's army dream alive by finding the thief of wallets and purses to clear Johnny 's name . In `` Mischief '' it is revealed that he has cynophobia ( fear of dogs ) . In `` Who Are You ? '' it is found out that he has a sister that got separated from him . During his first episode , Ryan deleted an email sent to Mike concerning both mental health and himself before destroying the computer keyboard . Ryan and Tee Taylor often have issues , and they always fall out and accuse each other of things , which often becomes quite serious in certain situations . Toni Trent ( edit ) Toni Trent The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Nelly Currant Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` Stuck with You '' 23 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Billie Trent Toni Trent , portrayed by Nelly Currant , made her first appearance on 23 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Stuck With You . In `` Fake it to Make It '' , Toni and Billie tried to convince everyone that they were telepathic . However , the plan backfired when Bailey , Mo and Tyler started avoiding the twins because of it . In `` Breaking in '' Toni was upset as since there were n't enough tickets she would n't be allowed to go to a theme park with Billie and the other dumping ground kids . However , she was allowed to go after all as Tee gave Toni her ticket . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Toni found a rabbit in the garden and believed it was a re-incarnation of a rabbit she had owned which had been killed by foxes after her dad left open its hutch to punish her . She was upset when she found out that it had an owner . Eventually May - Li managed to convince Toni that the rabbit was n't hers as it was female . In `` Better Than You '' , Toni falls out with Billie , who does n't like her bossing her about , leading to Floss and Toni stealing Billie 's idea of giving tours around Ashdene Ridge . Billie Trent ( edit ) Billie Trent The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Gwen Currant Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` Stuck with You '' 23 January 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Sisters Toni Trent Billie Trent , portrayed by Gwen Currant , made her first appearance on 23 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Stuck With You . In `` Fake it to Make It '' , Billie and Toni tried to convince everyone that they were telepathic . However , the plan backfired when Bailey , Mo and Tyler started avoiding the twins because of it . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Billie was worried about her sister , Toni , who got upset about a rabbit she found in the garden . Eventually Billie told May - Li that Toni had owned a rabbit when they lived with their parents . In `` Free to Good Home '' , Floss and Toni try to get Billie to pretend to be a gymnast in order to win a trampoline . However , Billie is unwilling and runs away . In `` Better Than You '' , Billie starts giving other children tours round the Dumping Ground , getting them to pay . However , when she falls out with Toni , Floss steals her idea , and she and Toni decide to give tours of their own . Billie teams up with Tyler and they plan their own rival tour ; however , Faith tells them they should n't treat the Dumping Ground like a freak show , and persuades Billie and Tyler to stop giving tours . Billie eventually makes up with Toni . Finn McLaine ( edit ) Finn McLaine The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Ruben Reuter Duration 2015 -- First appearance `` The Long Way Home '' 6 March 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Adoptive father Adam Aycliffe ( foster ) Brothers Harry Jones ( foster ) Sisters Claire Aycliffe ( foster ) Finn McLaine , portrayed by Ruben Reuter , made his first appearance on 6 March 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Long Way Home . Finn is first fostered by the same family that Harry was fostered by but when things start to go wrong and Harry sends for help , Finn finally escape the foster home and joins the Dumping Ground and makes a quick friendship with Harry and Ryan . He has Down syndrome . Sasha Bellman ( edit ) Sasha Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Annabelle Davis Duration 2015 -- First appearance Three Days 6 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Kelly Bellman Brothers Dexter Bellman Murphy Bellman Sasha Bellman , portrayed by Annabelle Davis , made her first appearance on 6 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Three Days . Sasha is delighted when Kelly announces she is pregnant with Sasha 's half - sister , but is left upset when Kelly says it would n't work with Sasha being at home . Sasha decides she wants to be fostered and is matched with an adoptive couple , Lou ( Warwick Davis ) and Ange ( Francesca Papagno ) , but on a trip to the seaside , Sasha realises she 's not ready to give up her family and she plants goods from a shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha convinces Harry to get to know Lou and Ange . Dexter Bellman ( edit ) Dexter Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Alexander Aze Duration 2015 -- First appearance Three Days 6 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Kelly Bellman Brothers Murphy Bellman Sisters Sasha Bellman Dexter Bellman , portrayed by Alexander Aze , made his first appearance on 6 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Three Days . Dexter turns up at The Dumping Ground , however his sister , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) tells him he has to go and she gets him out of The Dumping Ground . Sasha realises Dexter took her room key , so she goes home for it and Dexter needs Sasha 's help to get nappies . Sasha ends up going shopping with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) and she catches Murphy shoplifting nappies and Dexter tells her he could n't find any money . After catching Dexter trying to shoplift , Sasha goes home and Murphy ( Thomas and Oliver Waldram ) is all alone . Dexter turns up unexpectedly , asking for Sasha . Dexter later throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector 's ( Shameem Ahmed ) car in order to be taken into care , but his family are given the support of Social Services . After Sasha is teased by Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) after he discovers her vlog , Sasha goes home and goes to the park with Dexter and his friend , but Sasha believes their mum is rubbish at looking after him . At home after speaking to their mum , Sasha realises Dexter is fine . When Sasha finds out their stepbrother , Roddy ( Alfie Browne - Sykes ) , is involving Dexter in burglaries , she finds Dexter in a building with stolen things and that Kelly is involved . Dexter is placed under a voluntary care order . In the episode `` Sasha Bellman P.I '' , a package that was sent to Archie was stolen by Dexter because he was ' curious ' and ' never really got any packages from home before ' , and Sasha has to cover up for him , resulting in the package being found in Jody 's room , Tyler being blamed but then proven innocent and the whole house having extra chores - and only Sasha , Jody and Dexter himself knew that it was really Dexter who did it . Dexter promised to Sasha he would never steal other people 's things again but he may not be able to keep his promise . Chloe Reeves ( edit ) Chloe Reeves The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Hannah Moncur Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` Hold the Front Page '' 19 February 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Brothers Ryan Reeves Chloe Reeves , portrayed by Hannah Moncur , made her first appearance on 19 February 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Hold the Front Page . Chloe 's brother is Ryan , and they are constantly arguing and fighting . In `` The Fairytail Princess '' , Chloe meets Candi - Rose , and wants to make a good impression on her . Both girls end up lying to make themselves sound better . Joseph Stubbs ( edit ) Joseph Stubbs The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Yousef Naseer Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` It Takes Two '' 4 November 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Joseph Stubbs , portrayed by Yousef Naseer , made his first appearance on 28 November 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode It Takes Two . Joseph seems to like to do chores . Been as when Mike told Tyler to wash the floor , Joseph insisted he 'd do it , while he was sorting out people 's shoes . He also loves space , and broke into an observatory with Finn so that he could see the moon more clearly . Archie able ( edit ) Archie Able The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Jethro Baliba Duration 2016 -- First appearance `` How to Be Perfect '' 18 November 2016 Introduced by Lucy Martin Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Archibald Jeremiah `` Archie '' Able , portrayed by Jethro Baliba , made his first appearance on 21 November 2016 in series 4 of The Dumping Ground during the episode How to Be Perfect . Archie is introduced to the young people by May - Li Wang ( Stacy Liu ) . When Kazima Tako ( Akuc Bol ) asks May - Li to adopt her , Archie is one of the others to compete with Kazima to be adopted . Archie also told Kazima after asking about her dad and brother , that he has no family at all . It has been noted that he sees Bailey Wharton as a brotherly figure , as the two get along well and stick up for each other frequently . In `` Sittin ' In A Tree '' Archie seems to see May - Li as a mother - like figure , and he expresses his worries out loud to Ryan , who tells him `` It 's just a phase - and then you get over it . '' In `` Sasha Bellman P.I. '' Toni and Billie Trent , both manage to somehow convince Archie that he 's aging backwards , because he told them he remembers being in a wheelchair giving talks to students , as well as knowing a really old song , and then concludes he only has 8 years left of his life until he turns into nothing , and so develops a bucket list including things like swim with dolphins , learn to swim ( again ) and see the Queen . But May - Li quickly puts a stop to this , telling him that he was n't in a wheelchair , he was in a pushchair , and his dad was giving talks - not him , and the really old song that he knew was his dad 's favourite and his dad always put it on , which is how he knew it . That very day , Dexter stole his package but he got it back , it contained books from his father 's university and from the way Archie gets extremely emotional , we can assume his dad died . Candi - Rose ( edit ) Candi - Rose The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Carma Hylton Duration 2017 -- First appearance `` The Fairytale Princess '' 3 February 2017 Introduced by Jonathan Phillips Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Candi - Rose , portrayed by Carma Hylton , made her first appearance on 3 February 2017 in series 5 of The Dumping Ground during the episode The Fairytale Princess . She tells the other children that she is in care because her dad works for the RAF and her mum is a make - up artist who works on films , however it is suspected that this is n't true , as Candi later on in the episode The Fairytale Princess she says her mum has worked for various singers although she previously said actors / actresses then says her dad works in the navy but earlier she said to Chloe that her dad worked in the RAF . Candi - Rose is introduced when she makes friends with Chloe . She competes with Floss in `` Faking It '' for a role in a TV advert and sabotages Floss by gluing Floss ' shoes to the floor , stopping her clock and stealing a scrapbook of Floss ' mum Katherine . Alex Walker ( edit ) Alex Walker The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Connor Lawson Duration 2017 -- First appearance `` Belief '' 3 March 2017 Introduced by Jonathan Phillips Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge Alex Walker , portrayed by Connor Lawson , made his first appearance on 3 March 2017 in series 5 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Belief . He is living homeless on the street and frequently gets donations from Kazima , who feels sorry for him since she once lived on the street , but one day runs off with her shopping bags and it is discovered he lives in a squat on his own . He steals the residents of the Dumping Ground 's belongings but they get them back at the end of the episode . He refuses help from Ashdene Ridge and Kazima and ultimately stays on his own although he returns in the episode `` Free '' seeking help from Kazima since George is ill - he manages to hide in the attic . Alex is n't a very popular person in the Dumping Ground at the moment , as he is already known as a thief by the others and he has many angry outbursts , especially when Kazima announced she was leaving to live with her dad in Denmark . And Kazima was the only person in Ashdene Ridge that liked Alex . Although Tyler has promised Kazima he 'll look out for Alex . Past characters ( edit ) Tracy Beaker ( edit ) Tracy Beaker The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Dani Harmer Duration 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2012 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Care worker ( 2010 - 2012 ) ( show ) Family Mother Carly Beaker Adoptive father Gary Adoptive mother Cam Lawson Sisters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Grandmothers Penelope Lawson ( adoptive ) Tracy Beaker , played by actress Dani Harmer , is the main ( and title ) character throughout The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns . She made her first appearance during the first episode of The Story of Tracy Beaker , which aired on 8 July 2002 , in which she returns to care after an unsuccessful fostering . After appearing in all five series of `` The Story of Tracy Beaker '' and continuing to appear in all three series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Harmer announced that she would not be returning to the series in order to pursue other acting work . Therefore , the character departed the series in the final episode of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , aired 23 March 2012 . Tracy Beaker is the main character of the original series , despite taking less prominent roles in the later series of the show . She resided in a care home ( first Stowey House and then Elm Tree House ) , affectionately nicknamed `` The Dumping Ground '' , and was a resident there for some time . Tracy is a tomboy with behavioural problems , probably a consequence of her mother 's abandonment of her and failure to show an interest in her . Known for her lies which exaggerate her mother 's fame and fortune , she tried to convince herself continually her mother would one day appear . She was often reluctant to show her emotions , attributing tears to hayfever . In later series , writer Cam Lawson ( portrayed by Lisa Coleman ) and her new husband Gary adopted Tracy . Tracy disliked Gary at first , as she considered him an intruder on her life with Cam , although the series ended with them on good terms . At the beginning of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Tracy had written and was promoting her new autobiography , `` Who Cares '' , when she was arrested and brought into police custody after it came to light that the book was published by using Cam 's credit card without permission . At the police station , she met resident , Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) and head careworker , Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) . Cam withdrew her accusation of fraud and Tracy was cleared of all charges , but was ordered to undergo community service by writing a column for the local newspaper . Finding herself threatened by her adopted mother 's angry answerphone messages , she returned to Elm Tree House seeking solace in Mike , who offered her a job as a careworker . Although her new career did not begin well , she soon began to improve as a careworker , although her actions put her boss Mike 's career in jeopardy after a protest she led resulted in Lily Kettle ( Jess Williams ) falling off the roof . Also , Tracy finds it hard to cope when Cam goes to New York City , and ends up suffering a panic attack . Following this , Tracy continued working at Elm Tree House , using amateur detective skills to unmask new careworker Denis Stockle as a smoker , sustaining minor injuries falling down stairs in panics , and meeting her childhood rival Justine Littlewood ( Montana Thompson ) again . The final episode saw Tracy preparing to leave Elm Tree House to leave for work in another care home with better pay , soon after gaining a qualification as a care worker . After causing an accident which resulted in a roof collapsing on Mike , and making sure everybody was alright , she left Elm Tree House for the last time . Tracy is often mentioned in the spin - off ' The Dumping Ground ' . In the Series 4 episode , ' One For Sorrow ' , Tee is seen giving Sasha Bellman a Peter Pan book with a message from Tracy inside . Cam Lawson ( edit ) Cam Lawson The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Lisa Coleman Duration 2002 -- 05 , 2010 -- 2012 First appearance `` Cam 's First Visit '' 17 January 2002 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Author ( show ) Family Mother Penelope Lawson Husband Gary Adoptive daughters Tracy Beaker Lily Kettle ( foster ) Camilla `` Cam '' Lawson is a struggling turned successful author , and Tracy 's eventual adoptive mother . Cam makes her début appearance when she visits Stowey house in series 1 . Also an aspiring author , Tracy tries to get her attention by unsuccessfully using Adele 's makeup . When Cam reads her stories , she is impressed makes a number of return visits . Having formed a bond with Cam Tracy asked her to use her investigative skills to find her birth mother . Cam initially agrees . However , she abandons her mission having learned from Jenny that her mother has deliberately severed ties with her daughter . Initially upset with Cam , Tracy forgives her . Having been asked by Tracy on numerous occasions to be her foster mother , Cam eventually agrees at the end of series 1 . Unfortunately , the foster placement is short lived when Tracy accidentally sets fire to Cam 's kitchen ( series 2 ) . With the damages being so severe that Cam can no longer look after her properly , Tracy returns to the dumping ground . Whilst Tracy initially blocks Cam from her life they eventually make up and rekindle their relationship as friends . Whilst they see each other regularly , Cam is hesitant to foster her again . When she learns that Tracy is being fostered by Ben 's aunt and uncle , she is deeply upset . However , Tracy eventually decides not to be fostered and remains at the Dumping Ground . In the third season , Cam leaves for New York for a writing course , but returns after she hears that Tracy is hospitalised for appendicitis . Cam writes a novel about a girl in care whose character is based upon Tracy . Cam falls out with Tracy again after the latter reads the ending and discovers that her inspiring character does not get fostered . They eventually reconcile . In ' The Movie of Me ' ( between series 3 and 4 ) , Cam decides to foster Tracy again . However , Tracy 's birth mother turns up and initially seems willing to take Tracy back into her care . Tracy goes to find her mum after she leaves , having fallen out with careworkers . Cam is distraught and as soon as she finds out where she is , she pursues her with Justine in tow . When they find her , Cam realises that Tracy 's mum does not care for her and eventually fosters Tracy . In series 4 , Cam and Tracy are happily living together again . Tracy often returns to the Dumping Ground to visit her friends . In series 5 , Cam and Tracy are on holiday in Egypt , where Cam develops a relationship with Gary . When they return to England , Tracy angrily returns to the Dumping Ground when Gary moves in . Having shunned Cam once again , they reconcile in and Tracy starts to bond with Gary . This is short lived Cam reveals that she and Gary are getting married . On the day of their wedding , Tracy , having eventually been convinced that Cam and Gary will not neglect her as a married couple , turns up at the wedding to hear them say `` I do '' . Afterwards , Cam and Gary tell Tracy that they are adopting her , before they leave on their honeymoon . Sometime between the end of the original series and the start of Tracy Beaker Returns , Cam and Gary divorce under unknown circumstances . At the beginning of the first series ( ' Tracy Beaker Returns ' ) , Tracy uses Cam 's credit card to publish her autobiography , and is arrested . When Cam agrees that she will drop the charges on the condition that Tracy pays her back . To save money , Tracy finds employment as a trainee careworker at the Dumping Ground . In her first week , Tracy discovers that Cam and Mike had kept a letter from her birth mother a secret for years . At this point , there is a continuity error when Tracy exclaims that she has `` never seen '' her birth mother , in contradiction to flashbacks in series 1 of the original series , and the feature - length movie . Tracy and Cam fall out , but as usual , they reconcile . In the season 1 finale , when Tracy announces that she has been offered a job in London and will be leaving , Mike asks Cam to foster another child . Cam disagrees , but Johnny overhears a later phone call saying that there is no point fostering again if Tracy is not going to move out , prompting him to decide to be interviewed by Tracy in another scheme to get himself and Tee fostered . When Cam learns of this , she goes to the Dumping Ground to see Johnny and Tee to tell them that it is not definitive that she will foster again . In the second season , Cam fosters Lily Kettle after she falls off the roof of the Dumping Ground during a protest . In the final episode , Cam travels to New York . Whilst she was initially supposed to go for a few weeks , she announces that she has been given an opportunity to stay for six months , and that she has accepted it . In the third season , Cam is still in New York and communicates with Tracy via the internet , eventually returning to England . Cam is also seen in ' The Tracy Beaker Survival Files ' where she is interviewed a by Tracy . Justine Littlewood ( edit ) Justine Littlewood The Story of Tracy Beaker and Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Montanna Thompson Duration 2002 -- 2005 , 2012 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Justine Littlewood Returns '' 10 February 2012 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Jane Dauncey ( 2005 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 , 2012 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Estate Agent ( show ) Family Father Steve Littlewood Stepmother Carrie Half - brothers Billy First cousins John Justine Littlewood portrayed by Montanna Thompson , is the rival of Tracy Beaker . She was put into care after her father , Steve Littlewood , could n't cope after the death of her mother . He visited her occasionally . The Story of Tracy Beaker Series 1 ( 2002 ) - At Stowey House , she occupied Tracy Beaker 's old room , this is until Tracy returns , causing an argument between the pair and starting Tracy and Justine 's iconic rivalry . Tracy Beaker Returns Series 3 ( 2012 ) - Justine returned in the third series of Tracy Beaker Returns for one episode , where she arrives and asks Mike to give her away at her wedding after her father did n't approve of her fiancé , Charlie . Carmen Howle took a liking to Justine ( and Charlie ) and thought they 'd be the perfect foster parents for her . Mike invites Justine and Charlie round for lunch , or as the kids called it and Engagement Party ( much to Tracy 's disgust ) . At lunch Justine continues to talk about herself making Tracy feel jealous , but Justine crosses the line after she tells everyone that when Tracy was a kid , she used to lie a lot about her mum being a big Hollywood star . And that she 'd join her in Hollywood to be a star too . Justine then added that she almost believed her , seemingly trying to make out she was n't being mean but it was obvious to Tracy that she was . During lunch Justine 's fiance Charlie gets a phone call , Rick Barber ( who was already suspicious of Charlie ) sneaks out the dining room to listen in on Charlie , and it sounds dodgy . Especially when Charlie comes back into the dining room saying his mum has had a fall , which did n't sound like what Rick overheard . Rick then follows Charlie out telling him he knows what he 's doing as his parents were con artists too . Charlie threatens Rick and bribes him not to tell Justine by giving him a new laptop . After lunch Justine takes Gina Conway , Carmen , Lily Kettle , Tee Taylor and Sapphire Fox shopping , they come back with loads of clothes and jewellery from Justine and while they were out , Justine told the girls about the time when Tracy dared her to steal Jenny Edwards ' clothes while she was in the shower . ( Which later the girls decide to steal Tracy 's clothes while she 's in the shower , thinking she 'd find it funny . Which she did n't find amusing in the slightest ) . Later in the dining room Justine is discussing her wedding day plans to Carmen , showing her pictures of the venue and her wedding dress , and even invites Carmen along to the wedding . Carmen then asks Justine about fostering which freaks Justine out a little but says she 'll think about it and talk to Charlie after Carmen said it worked for Cam and Tracy . Tracy overhears this and grows a little jealous but also thinks Justine is just saying she 'll foster Carmen to get one over on Tracy . Justine then says that Tracy has n't changed and that she still thinks the whole world revolves around Tracy Beaker and then starts mocking her book she wrote , which starts a classic Beaker and Littlewood Brawl . Carmen stops them and shouts at Tracy and saying how much she believes that Justine and Charlie are going to foster her . Rick then walks in a decides to tell the truth about Charlie . Rick tells Justine that Charlie is a con man and has loads of other girls on the go and twists things and lies to scam all these girls for their money , Justine refuses to believe her husband to be could be this evil , but agrees to team up with Tracy to find out the truth . So Justine , Tracy , Rick and Cam to team up to set a trap to catch Charlie out . After Charlie is caught out by Justine , with the help of Rick , Cam and Tracy . Justine ends it with Charlie and goes up to make up with her dad . Justine later goes back to the Dumping Ground to tell Mike and Gina what happened and what Charlie was up to , and that she found out Charlie 's mum was in on the whole scam as well . Justine then goes to speak to Carmen to apologise that she wo n't be able to foster Carmen anymore after what 's happened . Carmen calmly accepts the decision and reminds Justine what Tracy always tells them , that Dumping Ground Kids can cope with anything . Justine then tells Carmen to never to tell anyone she said that `` Tracy Beaker 's right '' . Before Justine leaves , her and Tracy have a heart to heart and reminisce their times in the DG . Tracy then goes on to say that she is a complete failure compared to Justine , but Justine says she does n't think Tracy is a failure because her job just makes good money , while Tracy 's job changes lives , then tells Tracy she 's doing OK . Elaine Boyak ( edit ) Elaine Boyak The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Nisha Nayar Duration 2002 -- 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Social Worker Elaine Boyak ( known as Elaine the Pain ) , portrayed by Nisha Nayar , made her first appearance on the 8 January 2002 in series 1 during the episode Dares . Her last appearance was during the episode The Wedding in series 5 . It is unknown what happened to Elaine , and she has n't been mentioned since . Elaine was n't everyone 's favourite person , as she was nicknamed Elaine the Pain . Duke Ellington ( edit ) Duke Ellington The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Clive Rowe Duration 2002 -- 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` We 're Off the Map Now '' 5 April 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Chef Norman `` Duke '' Ellington , portrayed by Clive Rowe , is a care - worker and also the Dumping Ground 's chef and gardener . He is nicknamed after the jazz musician with whom he shares a surname . He first appeared in the first episode of series 1 and departed in the final episode of series 4 , when he went to visit family in the Caribbean . Like many of the staff , he maintains a disliking aura toward Elaine the Pain , having once locked her in the pantry to hide her from an inspector . Jenny Edwards ( edit ) Jenny Edwards The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sharlene Whyte Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Jenny Ruth Edwards , portrayed by Sharlene Whyte , is the Dumping Ground 's head care - worker from series 1 to 2 . She is strict , but cares for the young people a lot and secretly despises social worker Elaine `` The Pain '' Boyak . Jenny leaves at the end of the second series , for a new job . Louise Goven ( edit ) Louise Goven The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Chelsie Padley Duration 2002 -- 2004 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mrs Morris ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Morris ( foster ) Grandfathers Granddad Morris ( foster ) Louise Goven , portrayed by Chelsie Padley , made her first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . Louise was best friends with Tracy before she was fostered by a couple called Ted and Julie . However , Tracy never contacted Louise whilst she was away , so when Justine Littlewood arrived at the Dumping Ground , she became her new best friend . However , when Tracy returned , she became jealous of Louise and Justine , resulting in arguments and Tracy breaking Justine 's clock . Louise leaves after she is fostered by the Morris family , in The Long Goodbye . However she makes guest appearances in series 3 and 4 . Adele Azupadi ( edit ) Adele Azupadi The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Rochelle Gadd Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Shop assistant Adele Azupadi , portrayed by Rochelle Gadd , made her first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . Adele is the eldest resident of the Dumping Ground in the first series and works part - time in a clothing store . Adele usually keeps herself to herself however intervenes if she has to . Adele returns in series 2 , and is seen to be living in a bed - sit on her own . This is until , Tracy visits her and she admits that she is lonely living on her own . Adele then returns to live in the Dumping Ground . She is not seen in series 3 , as it is thought that she had now moved out . Ben Batambuze ( edit ) Ben Batambuze The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Luke Youngblood Duration 2002 -- 2003 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Mr Batambuze Mother Mrs Batambuze Uncles Jasper Aunts Kate Ben Batambuze , portrayed by Luke Youngblood , made his first appearance his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . He is Tracy 's best friend . He seems to be living on the streets . However , in the episode , ' The Truth Comes Out ' , Tracy finds out that Ben has a mum and dad and is left shocked . Then , in the episode , ' Birthday ' he tries to make it up to Tracy by saving her birthday party . He departs in the final episode of series 2 . Peter Ingham ( edit ) Peter Ingham The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Joe Starrs Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Terry Brown ( foster ) Adoptive mother Jill Brown ( foster ) Peter Ingham , portrayed by Joe Starrs , appears in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker . He likes to think he is Tracy 's ' best friend ' , however Tracy often disagrees and brands him a ' weed ' . In one episode , Jill and Terry Brown , take Tracy out but they decide that they do n't want to foster her , but they want to foster Peter instead . He made his final appearance in the series 1 finale , however he did n't return for series 2 . Ryan ( edit ) Ryan The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sonny Muslim Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Zac Ryan , portrayed by Sonny Muslim , makes his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . Ryan moved to The Dumping Ground with his non-identical twin brother , Zac . He speaks in a Cockney dialect and is interested in judo . He gets up to mischief with his twin Zac , and Maxy . Ryan does n't usually take no for an answer . Ryan leaves The Dumping Ground with his brother Zac , between series 1 and 2 . Zac ( edit ) Zac The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jay Haher Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Ryan Zac , portrayed by Jay Haher , makes his first appearance in the first series of The Story of Tracy Beaker . Zac moved to The Dumping Ground with his non-identical twin brother , Ryan . He gets up to mischief with his twin Ryan , and Maxy . Zac leaves The Dumping Ground with his brother Ryan , between series 1 and 2 Maxy King ( edit ) Maxy King The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jerome Holder Duration 2002 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` The End ! '' 4 April 2002 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Maxy King , portrayed by Jerome Holder , made his first appearance in the first episode of series 1 . He is described as a Sweet - loving 4 - year - old who used to live in ' The Dumping Ground ' . Maxy leaves in - between Series 1 and 2 . He was reportedly fostered by a black African family . A snap shot photo of him is seen from the Series 1 episode ' Tracy 's Birthday ' when Dolly is showing Nathan , Duke 's and Jenny 's Halloween Costumes , in the episode ' Back And Bad ' , the first episode of series 2 . Nathan Jones ( edit ) Nathan Jones The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by James Cartwright Duration 2003 -- 2004 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Careworker Nathan Jones , portrayed by James Cartwright , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 1 April 2004 in series 5 during the episode Good as Gold . He is described as ' lazy and an idiot ' , by Tracy , but is also described as ' fun ' , and is more of an older brother , especially to Dolly . Nathan leaves in - between series 3 and 4 . Bouncer Plakova ( edit ) Bouncer Plakova The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Ben Hanson Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Chef ( show ) Family Brothers Lol Plakova Uncles Luigi Aunts Katrina Bradley `` Bouncer '' Plakova , portrayed by Ben Hanson , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Bouncer and his brother Lol are described as kind , funny characters who do n't take things too seriously . Bouncer departs in series 4 when he moves to a Halfway House , which caused tension between him and his brother Lol , resulting in an argument in the episode ' Bouncer VS Lol ' . He later returns in series 5 as a chef at The Dumping Ground . He makes his final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Lol Plakova ( edit ) Lol Plakova The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Ciaran Joyce Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Chef ( show ) Family Brothers Bouncer Plakova Uncles Luigi Aunts Katrina Lawrence `` Lol '' Plakova , portrayed by Ciaran Joyce , made his first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Dolly ( edit ) Dolly The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Chloe Hibbert - Waters Duration 2003 First appearance `` Back and Bad '' 7 January 2003 Last appearance `` The Beaker Club '' 4 December 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Philip ( foster ) Adoptive mother Cathy ( foster ) Sisters Sophie ( foster ) Dolly , portrayed by Chloe Hibbert - Waters , made her first appearance on 7 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Back and Bad . She departed on 4 December 2003 in series 3 during the episode The Beaker Club . Amber Hurst ( edit ) Amber Hurst The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Alicia Hooper Duration 2003 First appearance `` Alien '' 21 January 2003 Last appearance `` Home and Hosed '' 3 April 2003 Introduced by Cas Lester Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Amber Hurst , portrayed by Alicia Hooper , made her first appearance on 21 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Alien . She departed on 3 April 2003 in series 1 during the episode Home and Hosed . She is described as rebellious , has a bad attitude and is bad - tempered . She often antagonises everyone else at The Dumping Ground . She made her final appearance in the episode ' Home and Hosed ' when she was fostered . Shelley Appleton ( edit ) Shelley Appleton The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Nicola Reynolds Duration 2003 , 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Operation Careworker '' 6 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey ( 2003 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Shelley Appleton , portrayed by Nicola Reynolds , made her first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 1 April 2004 in series 3 during the episode Good as Gold . Shelley returned on 2 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Telling Tales . She departed on 6 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Operation Careworker . She then returned in series 5 as Temporary Head Careworker , before leaving once again in the episode ' Operation Careworker ' . She has a cool , collected and confident attitude , but ultimately has a huge affection for all the kids . In series 3 , it is mentioned that she became interested in being a careworker because she cared for her dad as a child , because he had Alzheimer 's disease . Crash ( edit ) Crash The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Darragh Mortell Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Theo Liam `` Crash '' , portrayed by Darragh Mortell , made his first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 4 during the episode The Wedding . Crash has quite a bad and short temper , this is due to his background and life before he lived in care . Crash 's father was also very angry and short tempered after his wife ( Crash 's mother ) left , and he took his anger out of Crash . He has quite a few close friends in the Dumping Ground . Crash was the first resident to make an effort in making friends with Jackie Hopper when she first arrived . Crash later became close friends with Tracy , Lol and Bouncer . He made his last appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Michael Grys ( edit ) Michael Grys The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by William Tomlin Duration 2003 -- 2004 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Good as Gold '' 1 April 2004 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers James Grys Michael Grys , portrayed by George Kizis , made his first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 3 during the episode Good as Gold . Michael has few redeeming qualities , he bullies and snitches on everyone and usually only does things to please himself . Due to his hostile personality , Michael is n't seen to have any close friends ; he 's known to be particularly spiteful to Jackie , often mocking her about her sick grandfather and her constant attempts to run away . He 's also been known to provoke Crash on a number of occasions . He makes his final appearance at the end of the series and did n't return for series 4 . Jackie Hopper ( edit ) Jackie Hopper The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Abby Rakic - Platt Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Jackie '' 9 October 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Mother Norma Grandfathers Jack Hopper Jackie Hopper , portrayed by Abby Rakic - Platt , made her first appearance on 9 October 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Jackie . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 4 during the episode The Wedding . When Jackie is brought to The Dumping Ground , She refuses to accept that she needs to be in care , and that her beloved grandad has Alzheimer 's and can no longer look after her . She 's determined to escape , collect Grandpa from his nursing home and return to their old house together . Eventually , she ends up staying at the Dumping Ground even though she does n't like it . She later becomes good friends with Tracy and Crash . She departs during the final episode of series 4 , to attend a sports academy , however returns in series 5 after admitting she faked an injury to return to The Dumping Ground . Marco Maloney ( edit ) Marco Maloney The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Jack Edwards Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Two 's a Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mr Boxer ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Boxer ( foster ) Sisters Milly ( foster ) Marco Maloney , portrayed by Jack Edwards , made his first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 8 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Two 's a Crowd . He to wear costumes and dress - up , and is always wearing new and original costumes . He is often described as ' weird ' and ' crazy ' by other people who live at The Dumping Ground . He is best friends with Milly and gets fostered with Milly by the Boxer family in the episode ' Two 's a Crowd ' Hayley ( edit ) Hayley The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Kristal Lau Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` Beam Me Up , Scottie '' 4 January 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mark ( foster ) Adoptive mother Helen ( foster ) Hayley , portrayed by Kristal Lau , made her first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 4 January 2005 in series 4 during the episode Beam Me Up , Scottie . Hayley is described as quiet , she often gets annoyed when she is ignored . She made her final appearance in ' Beam Me Up , Scottie ' , when she moved in with foster parents , Mark and Helen . Layla Jones ( edit ) Layla Jones The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Cara Readle Duration 2003 -- 2005 First appearance `` Leavin ' on a Jet Plane '' 25 September 2003 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Layla Jones , portrayed by Cara Readle , made her first appearance on 25 September 2003 in series 3 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Leavin ' on a Jet Plane . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Layla is described as a kind and caring person , although get 's upset very quickly , especially when Hayley left without telling her . She made her final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . It is unknown what happened to her after living in care . Sid Rooney ( edit ) Sid Rooney The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Vincenzo Pellegrino Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` We 're Off the Map Now '' 5 April 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Head Careworker Sid Rooney , portrayed by Vincenzo Pellegrino , made his first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . He departed on 5 April 2005 in series 4 during the episode We 're off the Map Now . Sid is described as being very boring , but when he takes a few days ' break and leaves the Dumping Ground in the care of a draconian careworker , they realise they are lucky to have him , and welcome him back . He made his last appearance in the final episode of series 4 . Chantal Wellard ( edit ) Chantal Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Deepal Parmar Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` Chantal 's Goodbye '' 29 November 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Rio Wellard Half - sisters Roxy Wellard Chantal Wellard , portrayed by Deepal Parmar , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 29 November 2005 in series 5 during the episode Chantal 's Goodbye . She is the eldest of her siblings . Chantal has red and black dip - dyed hair worn mostly in a ponytail . She 's gothic like the rest of the Wellards . She likes to wear black clothes and black lipstick . Chantal is rebellious and clashes with other carekids along with Roxy and Rio . She plans to take over the Dumping Ground along with her brother and sister . At beginning of Series 5 , she seems a lot more mature , she then moves in with her dad . After that , Rio becomes more open with the other kids and becomes friends with them , much to Roxy 's annoyance . She makes her final appearance in ' Chantal 's Goodbye ' when she moves in with her dad . Rio Wellard ( edit ) Rio Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Craig Roberts Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - sisters Chantal Wellard Roxy Wellard Rio Wellard , portrayed by Craig Roberts , made his first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Rio is feisty but kind . He is close to his half sisters Roxy and Chantal , and is a rebellious bully at first and immediately argues with Crash . In Series 5 , Chantal then leaves the Dumping Ground . He then becomes more open with the other care kids and makes friends with Crash . Him and Roxy often dream big . He is a main part in Roxy 's schemes . He is very protective over Roxy and cares for her even though they fight at times . He makes his final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Roxy Wellard ( edit ) Roxy Wellard The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Sophie Borja Duration 2004 -- 2005 First appearance `` Return to Sender '' 7 October 2004 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Rio Wellard Half - sisters Chantal Wellard Roxy Wellard , portrayed by Sophie Borja , made her first appearance on 7 October 2004 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Roxy is the youngest of her siblings but often takes control . Roxy is described as a stereo typical goth . She is always seen wearing black and white , a high ponytail fastened with either a bronze , pink or black feathery flower band and sometimes earrings . However , her face looks innocent but her `` bad girl '' look makes her intimidating . Her age is unknown but is about 8 or 9 as she looks older than she actually is . She makes her final appearance in ' The Wedding ' . Wolfie ( edit ) Wolfie The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Felix Drake Duration 2005 First appearance `` Independence Day '' 15 March 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Jane Dauncey Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Shawn `` Wolfie '' , portrayed by Felix Drake , made his first appearance on 30 January 2005 in series 4 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode ' Independence Day ' . He departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode ' The Wedding ' . He does n't like sleeping in a bed , and suffers from claustrophobia , as he hates being locked in . He makes friends with Lol shortly after his arrival , which annoys Lol 's brother , Bouncer . Rebecca Chalmers ( edit ) Rebecca Chalmers The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Georgina Hagen Duration 2005 First appearance `` Caring and Sharing '' 28 November 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Half - brothers Jake Rebecca Chalmers , portrayed by Georgina Hagen , made her first appearance on 28 November 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode ' Caring and Sharing ' . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode ' The Wedding ' . Rebecca does n't get on with many people , primarily Justine . She is quite a troublemaker , and likes to stir things up . Milly ( edit ) Milly The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Holly Gibbs Duration 2005 First appearance `` Scary Milly '' 30 November 2005 Last appearance `` Two 's a Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Adoptive father Mr Boxer ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Boxer ( foster ) Brothers Marco Maloney ( foster ) Milly , portrayed by Holly Gibbs , made her first appearance on 30 November 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Scary Milly . She departed on 8 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode Two 's a Crowd . Upon her arrival , the other people at the Dumping Ground assume she is ' cursed ' due to strange events that keep happening that day . She quickly befriends Marco . Milly never speaks , and only spoke when Elaine asked if she wanted to be fostered . She departed in series 5 during the episode ' Two 's A Crowd ' . Alice ( edit ) Alice The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Olivia Grant Duration 2005 First appearance `` Frankelainestein '' 1 December 2005 Last appearance `` The Wedding '' 9 December 2005 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Alice , portrayed by Olivia Grant , made her first appearance on 1 December 2005 in series 5 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Return to Sender . She departed on 9 December 2005 in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Alice gets on with everyone , and shows a strong liking towards Roxy , much to her annoyance . She gets on well with Layla , and also shares a room with her . She says she can read auras , and loves meditation . Alice is a bubbly , positive girl , who always has a smile on her face . She is eager to make friends and sees the good in everyone . She departed in series 5 during the episode The Wedding . Gina Conway ( edit ) Gina Conway Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kay Purcell Duration 2010 -- 2013 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Scary Beasts '' 15 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former , regular ( returning ) Profile Occupation Senior Care Worker ( show ) Family Mother Hattie Conway Husband Greg Conway Sons Tim Conway Tom Conway Gina Conway , played by Kay Purcell , is a careworker at Elm Tree House in Tracy Beaker Returns and the first series of The Dumping Ground . She first appeared on 8 January 2010 , the start of Tracy Beaker Returns , and continued appearing until 15 March 2013 , the final episode in series 1 of The Dumping Ground . It was announced in December 2015 that Gina would return to the series ; the following month , it was confirmed her return would be brief . Gina is of Jamaican descent with black and highlighted hair . She is kind and a great house mother to the children . Gina is very clever towards the children and the residents seem to respect her . She is able to control the children without them resenting her interventions , however the children sometimes see her as loud and brash when she is angry . But sometimes that is the only way to get them to listen too her . Gina first encounters Tracy Beaker ( Dani Harmer ) when she opens the door to her after Tracy arrives at the Dumping Ground . Not really understanding who Tracy is , Gina tells Tracy that Mike Milligan ( Connor Bryne ) has gone out somewhere . Gina is sympathetic and lets Tracy in as it is pouring with rain outside . The kids at the Dumping Ground recognise Tracy from a television broadcast and Tracy gives a copy of her signed autobiography to Gina for 99p less . Gina allows Tracy to tuck all the kids into their beds . When Tracy finally talks to Mike , he accidentally lets slip to Gina that Tracy was arrested for using Cam Lawson ( Lisa Coleman ) 's credit card . Gina is angry because she let Tracy put the kids to bed . Gina does not warm to Tracy at first , but grows to adore her and usually stand up for her . Gina then encounters trouble with one of the older children , Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) when she does n't allow her to go with her dad on his tour , but that was for safety reasons . Gina is strict but cares very much about the kids . Gina appears throughout `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , continuing her role as a care worker , however , at the beginning of series 2 , new care worker , May - Li Wang reveals that Gina no longer works at the care home . Head writer ( at the time ) Elly Brerwer confirmed on Twitter that Gina had been given a bit of a promotion , in order to be able to afford to keep her mum Hattie in a care home . Gina 's mum Hattie has Dementia , she made an appearance in the 8th episode of Series 1 . Gina has been mentioned two times after her off screen departure , by May - Li in Jody in Wonderland and Mike in Hope ( Series 2 episode 12 ) . Sapphire Fox ( edit ) Sapphire Fox Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Saffron Coomber Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Stepmother Shanice Half - brothers Riff Sapphire ' Saph ' Fox , ( played by Saffron Coomber ) , was a resident of `` Elm Tree House '' during all three series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , although due to a busy schedule , the character only appeared on a recurring basis during the third series . Coomber did not return for the Tracy Beaker Returns spin - off , The Dumping Ground . Sapphire is tall and of mixed race . She has long ( it is shorter in series 2 ) dark - brown curly hair and often wears large earrings , and her character is a guide and an older sister to most of the children , notably Harry Jones ( Phillip Graham Scott ) . She attends college as of the third series . She can be motherly and overprotective to Harry , but also hides many secrets . During the third series she gets her own flat , but due to a flood she finds herself moving back to Elm Tree House and sharing with Elektra . She is sixteen on her last appearance . Sapphire , Elektra , Frank , Johnny and Lily were all seen to appear in the mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , as they all helped Lily on her new project concluding healthy living for her catering course . Frank Matthews ( edit ) Frank Matthews Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Chris Slater Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Refuge '' 8 December 2015 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Lis Steele ( 2015 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( until 2012 ) Waiter ( 2013 ) ( show ) Family Grandfathers Eric Matthews Frank Matthews played by Chris Slater , was a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . He suffers from cerebral palsy , and is 19 years old as of 2014 -- he is tall and has blonde hair and brown eyes . He is a kind , caring and often gullible character who supports Manchester United , and enjoys pranking people along with his best friend Liam O'Donovan . During the course of `` The Dumping Ground '' , he becomes a waiter , begins a relationship with another waitress , Jade , and is reunited with his best friend Liam , eventually leaving Ashdene Ridge so they can live together . Frank was seen to appear in a brand new mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , with the five appearances of Sapphire , Elektra , Johnny and Lily . Liam O'Donovan ( edit ) Liam O'Donovan Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Richard Wisker Duration 2010 -- 2012 , 2014 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Face the Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2010 ) Lis Steele ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Brothers Jack O'Donovan Liam O'Donovan is a former resident of Elm Tree House played by actor Richard Wisker . He was a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' . Liam is of medium - height and has brown hair and eyes . His best friend is Frank . Liam is sarcastic , cunning and sly , but he is kind and loyal to those he considers friends ; he enjoys pranking and scamming people . Liam is living with a foster family at the start of the first series but is sent back to the care home due to his bad behaviour . In the third series of the show , Liam buys counterfeit DVDs at the local market with Elektra 's money . When the owners of the stall refuse to give him the money back , he trashes the stall from where he purchased them . The owners of the stall chase Liam . During the pursuit , Liam crashes into a woman , who drops her purse as a result of the collision . When Liam tries to assist her , she comes to the conclusion that he was trying to steal her bag . Meanwhile , Tracy then receives a letter from a person named Jack . It turns out that Jack is actually Liam 's brother . Tracy researches more about Jack and Liam 's relationship , and it is revealed that Liam was abandoned as a baby after he was born . Jack is a police officer who has been involved in an undercover operation . Although Jack offers Liam the opportunity to live together , Liam is hesitant to accept . He tells Tracy that he likes it at the care home because he is comfortable and has friends there . The episode concludes with Liam and Frank saying good - bye to one another . Liam then leaves the ' Dumping Ground ' on the back of his brother 's motorbike , waving good - bye to his best friend . Liam , now 17 years old , returned to The Dumping Ground in the second series as part of an online mini-series titled ' Liam 's Story ' ; his story was resolved as he returned to `` The Dumping Ground '' in the final episode of the second series , departing from the show . Liam was mentioned in the third series of The Dumping Ground by Frank when he tried to help Kazima . Lily Kettle ( edit ) Lily Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Jessie Williams Duration 2010 -- 2014 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` The Barbecue '' 24 January 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Catering Student ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Cam Lawson ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Rosie Kettle Poppy Kettle Tracy Beaker ( foster ) Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Lily Kettle is the daughter of Steve Kettle ( Ben Cartwright ) and a resident of Elm Tree House throughout `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' . She appears as a resident on - and - off throughout the show , and throughout the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' , before eventually departing for good . She proves herself quite quickly to be a competent and protective mother figure to her younger sisters , Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) and Rosie Kettle ( Claudia Colling / Millie Redfearn ) , following their mother 's death and father 's inability to care for them , eventually challenging their foster parents as she finds it difficult to not be in control . Lily has a strong friendship with Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) during the first series onwards . Lily and Carmen fall out when Lily accuses Carmen of wanting to take over the motherly role of Lily 's younger sisters , Poppy and Rosie . However , the two friends reconcile . Lily and her sisters are fostered in Family Values - Carmen is deeply saddened . Lily returns to the ' Dumping Ground ' in Sisters . Despite the protests of her foster parents Matt and Christie , Lily still wanted to have primary control over the care of her sisters . This is because she has been the ' mother figure ' to her sisters for a very long time . Tracy 's attempts to resolve the matter end in failure . However , in Fallen , Matt and Christie decide to take her back , against Lily 's wishes . A dramatic episode ends in Lily falling from a two storey roof ; however , besides minor injuries and a broken leg and arm she makes a full recovery . Cam eventually decides to foster Lily , after expressing her doubts about fostering another child . Lily and Carmen 's friendship is tested to the core when Carmen and Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) purposely blame Lily for them and the rest of the children being sent to Burneywood because of the budget cuts . However , Carmen makes up with Lily upon defending her from the other kids who are mean to Lily because of recent events . In Crushed , Tracy soon resents Cam and Lily 's relationship and takes a night job at a cafe . She begins to be slightly mean and spiteful to Lily . At the end of the episode , Tracy decides that she would like to act as a proper and caring older sister for Lily . In The Scare Game , Lily encounters her father Steve during a shopping trip with Tracy . The problem is that Steve has a restraining order against him which precludes him from having contact with his three daughters ; however , the issue is resolved as Steve manages to get the restraining order removed so he can be a proper dad to Lily . In Belongings , Lily shows animosity towards the couple who fostered her sisters , Poppy and Rosie . She feels that they should all be together . Lily does not feel as if the foster family can take care of her sisters properly . In Baby , Steve 's girlfriend Shannay , who is moving in , becomes heavily pregnant . At first , Lily is unhappy with the situation , but when Shannay goes into early labour Lily blames herself what has happens and locks herself in the bathroom . When Lily is sleeping , she gets a text from her dad with a picture of her new half - brother , Jonah . She then becomes very fond of him . In episode 4 of the second series , Lily breaks the news to Carmen that she is leaving to live in Brighton with her dad and Shannay , who have been asked by Shannay 's sister to run a local café nearby the sea . Carmen accuses Steve of wanting to make Lily move away with him , but Lily admits to Carmen that she wants to go with her family , to see her brother , Jonah grow up . Lily promises to visit , as her sisters still live in the town , and leaves Ashdene Ridge and goes to Brighton with her family . She sends Carmen a picture of them together via message . Following a brand new mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , Lily was seen to be studying a catering course at college , as she is now 16 and hoping to become a professional cook . Four other former characters concluded Sapphire , Frank , Elektra and Johnny as they accompanied Lily 's journey in help for her cookery project . Toby Coleman ( edit ) Toby Coleman Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by John Bell Duration 2010 -- 2011 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Chain Reaction '' 25 March 2011 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Toby Coleman is a resident of Elm Tree House throughout the first two series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , who made his first appearance in the first series of Tracy Beaker Returns . He is played by actor John Bell . He moved into care after his parents died in a car crash . Throughout his stay at the Dumping Ground , he proves to be a loyal friend and is usually a source of calm at the residence . He is best friends with Johnny and gets along with the older residents like Liam , Frank and Elektra . In Bad Luck Boy , Toby is convinced that his life is jinxed , inspiring Tracy to write a funny column called `` Bad Luck Boy '' commenting on his bad luck . He becomes the butt of everyone 's jokes . When Tracy finds out from Sapphire that Toby 's parents died in a car crash , as well as his foster parents , Tracy sets about making amends before he meets another set of prospective foster parents . When Toby sees the new foster parents ' car arrive , Toby decides to run away because he is afraid of his bad luck . Tracy eventually finds him in the garden . Toby is upset because he does n't want foster parents but wants his own parents instead . Toby is worried that his bad luck will strike again . Tracy convinces Toby to go back to the Dumping Ground to meet the foster parents but decides that he does not wish to get fostered . In Crushed , Toby befriends a girl named Sara at a comic book store . He likes her because he realizes that the two have very much in common but when Toby tells her that his parents are still alive , Sara tells Toby that her mother had died . Toby returns to the Dumping Ground realizing everything he owned had been stolen by the others because they believed he was n't returning but Liam and Frank decide to help him get his comics back . Toby asks Liam for help about Sara in telling the truth about his parents . Toby gives Sara his old , rare comic book and tells her the truth about his parents , she is hurt by this and runs off home , but when Toby follows her , he discovers that she has been lying all along and that her mother is still alive after which he is frustrated with her but she gives him a kiss on the cheek . It is mentioned at the beginning of the third series that Toby has been fostered . Gus Carmichael ( edit ) Gus Carmichael Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Noah Marullo Duration 2010 -- 2013 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` What Would Gus Want ? '' 25 January 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Adoptive mother Dawn ( foster ) Ronnie ( foster ) Gus Carmichael is played by Noah Marullo , and was a resident of Elm Tree House during `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Gus has Asperger 's Syndrome , a form of autism , which makes him eager to keep tidy , and so he is a stickler for detail . Gus is tall for his age with black curly hair . He is always seen wearing a black shirt and beige trousers , and enjoys playing the piano , but is socially awkward due to the Asperger 's ; he despises too much noise , and hates disorder , feeling that everything must be timetabled . During `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , he was fostered by a lesbian couple . Rosie Kettle ( edit ) Rosie Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Claudia Colling ( 2010 ) Millie Redfearn ( 2011 -- 12 ) Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Lily Kettle Poppy Kettle Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Rosie Kettle , portrayed by Claudia Colling in series 1 and Millie Redfearn in series 2 and 3 , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) moves into Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) bedroom , Lily is hurt when Carmen takes over with Rosie and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily falls out with Carmen she unintentionally upsets Rosie by putting sparkles in her hair , however , they later make up . Rosie is fostered with Lily and Poppy by Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . When Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground after arguing with Matt and Christie about who is in charge of Rosie and Poppy , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes Lily back to the Perry 's to apologise . However , Rosie and Poppy get upset when Lily argues with Matt and Christie . On a visit to the Perry 's , Christie announces to Lily that she can move back in , which pleases Rosie and Poppy , however , Lily does n't seem enthusiastic . With Lily living with him , Rosie and Poppy meet their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , as he is hoping to get them back . However , the meeting does n't go well and Rosie and Poppy run out crying . Lily decides to organise a meeting between her dad and sisters in the park and she lies to Tracy about the park when she asks her to ask Christie to bring her sisters over . Tracy is n't thrilled when she discovers Lily set up things with her dad and sisters , but Tracy reluctantly agrees for it to go ahead . Poppy is sick after eating too much and Rosie hits Steve with the swing accidentally . Christie is furious with Tracy when she learns Rosie and Poppy met Steve . After realising her sisters are settled with the Perry 's , Lily tells her dad he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Poppy Kettle ( edit ) Poppy Kettle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Katie Anderson Duration 2010 -- 2012 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Father Steve Kettle Adoptive father Matt Perry ( foster ) Adoptive mother Christie Perry ( foster ) Stepmother Shannay Sisters Lily Kettle Rosie Kettle Half - brothers Jonah Kettle Poppy Kettle , portrayed by Katie Anderson , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) moves into Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) bedroom , Lily is hurt when Carmen takes over with Poppy and Rosie Kettle ( Claudia Colling ) . Lily falls out with Carmen she unintentionally upsets Rosie by putting sparkles in her hair , however , they later make up . Poppy is fostered with Lily and Rosie by Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . When Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground after arguing with Matt and Christie about who is in charge of Poppy and Rosie , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes Lily back to the Perry 's to apologise . However , Poppy and Rosie get upset when Lily argues with Matt and Christie . On a visit to the Perry 's , Christie announces to Lily that she can move back in , which pleases Poppy and Rosie , however , Lily does n't seem enthusiastic . With Lily living with him , Poppy and Rosie meet their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , as he is hoping to get them back . However , the meeting does n't go well and Poppy and Rosie run out crying . Lily decides to organise a meeting between her dad and sisters in the park and she lies to Tracy about the park when she asks her to ask Christie to bring her sisters over . Tracy is n't thrilled when she discovers Lily set up things with her dad and sisters , but Tracy reluctantly agrees for it to go ahead . Poppy is sick after eating too much and Rosie hits Steve with the swing accidentally . Christie is furious with Tracy when she learns Poppy and Rosie met Steve . After realising her sisters are settled with the Perry 's , Lily tells her dad he does n't have to get Poppy and Rosie back . Johnny Taylor ( edit ) Johnny Taylor Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Joe Maw Duration 2010 -- 2015 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` Dragon Slayer '' 13 March 2015 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Soldier ( show ) Family Mother Lucy Stepfather Keith Sisters Tee Taylor Half - sisters Hope Jonathan `` Johnny '' Taylor , played by Joe Maw throughout all series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and `` The Dumping Ground '' , is Tee and Hope Taylor 's older brother . He is a very tidy person , who is initially overprotective of his sister Tee following a difficult relationship with their stepdad . Johnny is medium - height , with brown hair and dark grey eyes , and gets on well with many residents of the Dumping Ground , forming frienemyships with characters such as Elektra , Liam and later Bailey . He is eleven years old when he is introduced in the series . In the first series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , he is introduced as an overprotective brother desperate to get both himself and his sister Tee fostered , although he later softens his approach . As the series progresses , he learns not to let his anger get the better of him , although in `` The Dumping Ground '' 's first series , he is verbally attacked by the other children for displaying homophobic attitudes . At the end of the third series , he leaves to join the army . Johnny was seen to appear in a mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' , alongside Sapphire , Elektra , Frank and Lily . In Episode 6 of Series 4 according to the credits of the episode he made an appearance although he was never seen on screen . Seth foreman ( edit ) Seth Forman Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Ashley Taylor - Rhys Duration 2011 -- 2012 First appearance `` Money '' 28 January 2011 Last appearance `` Goodbye , Tracy Beaker '' 23 March 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Social worker Band member Seth Forman is played by Ashley Taylor - Rhys and was Toby 's social worker , and later Tracy 's boyfriend , during `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' 's second and third series . Seth is tall and mixed race and has brown eyes . He is kind and humorous , and likes Tracy a lot : they eventually begin a turbulent relationship . When a bag of money is found mysteriously in the garden , Toby immediately points the finger at Seth who is a new social worker . Seth then begins to act strangely towards Toby . Liam and Frank decide to spend their share of the money on a new television but end up running from security . Two police officers arrive at the Dumping Ground to search for the money but after searching the garden , the police officers find no trace of the money . Toby tells Johnny that he thinks that Seth is looking for the money and he wants it back , so Toby decides to follow Seth around and spy on him to get some evidence that he has stolen the money , when Seth leaves the room , Toby steals Seth 's phone and Gus tells Tracy to meet Toby in the toy cupboard without telling Seth . Toby tells Tracy that Seth has text messages on his phone regarding to the money and Toby then shows Tracy the money but Tracy then witnesses Seth telling Toby to give his `` stolen property '' back and she pushes him onto the floor and they lock him in the basement . Carmen and Lily tease Tracy about crushing on Seth . At the end he decides to quit and asks Tracy to tour with him . After Tracy declines this offer , she kisses Seth . In Justine Littlewood Returns , Tracy tells everyone that Seth is now her boyfriend . When Seth discovers that this was just a ruse to make Justine jealous , he becomes cross with Tracy and tells her that she needs to figure out what she wants . She later finds out that she wants to be with Seth . Seth returns in Goodbye Tracy Beaker to say how proud he is of Tracy . Elektra Perkins ( edit ) Elektra Perkins Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Jessica Revell Duration 2011 -- 2013 First appearance `` Elektra '' 4 February 2011 Last appearance `` Scary Beasts '' 15 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Father Bernard Perkins Mother Marilyn Perkins Sisters Melissa Valentine Mandy `` Elektra '' Perkins was a difficult and rebellious resident of Elm Tree House during the second and third series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' , and was portrayed by Jessica Revell . Elektra presents herself as a tough young lady who is happy to bully and intimidate people . She is quite mean , sarcastic , and cunning , and whilst she does have caring moments , and begins friendships with Toby , Carmen and Johnny , she mainly displays her tough , uncaring and mean side . She shows more of her softer side in The Dumping Ground and has friendships with Faith and Rick . Elektra arrives in Elektra , during the second series , instantly beginning her stay by fighting Liam , later explaining this as a reflex reaction following several tough experiences in other care homes . She begins to form a gang with the other residents , forcing them to commit thefts for her personal gain to test their loyalty to her . In `` A Day in the Country '' , Elektra is left jilted after Carmen almost dies falling off a bridge due to her actions ; she also saves Harry from an adder . During `` Snake Bite '' , Elektra is reunited with her old gang , the Cobras , although after they try to rob Toby she realises that what they 're doing is wrong , and she moves on , leaving the gang behind . Going Home reveals more about Elektra 's character and family background . Elektra 's sister , Melissa Perkins , arrives at Elm Tree House in order to ask Elektra to be her bridesmaid . The residents find it amusing that Elektra 's real name is Mandy . Melissa breaks the news that she is going to get married to a man named Harvey . The two sisters shop for dresses and Elektra observes through Melissa 's behaviour that her mother has a strong influence upon every aspect of the wedding . Elektra is emphatic that she not be forced to change her hair , no matter what her controlling mother dictates . Elektra 's mother put Elektra in care despite the fact that Elektra did not want to go into care . Melissa convinces Elektra that both of her parents love her and that they would welcome her if she came to lunch . Tracy accompanies Elektra to lunch with her parents . Although they kicked Elektra out of the house , they have made an effort to see her since . Elektra appears to be pleased that her mother took the time to buy a vegetarian lasagne for her . Her mother seems to think that Elektra has severe behavioural problems and wants to focus upon the wedding whereas Elektra 's father at first seems to be more concerned about his daughter 's welfare and putting the past behind them . History seems to repeat itself when Elektra 's mother assumes control by saying that bridesmaids can not have blue hair . Elektra becomes infuriated when her mother tells her that she must keep the fact that she resides at a care home a secret from Harvey . Mrs Perkins told Harvey that her daughter was away at a boarding school . Elektra rings the wedding planner in order to cancel the wedding by pretending to be her mother . Melissa comes to the Dumping Ground and gives Elektra a gift , a new pair of white boots for the wedding . Melissa is furious when she discovers that Elektra cancelled the wedding . She states that Elektra does not deserve a family . She also showcases her feelings of resentment when she states that she always had to be the good daughter and that she was not able to attend her own prom because her parents were too busy dealing with Elektra 's problems with the police . Many events during the series , like Elektra behaviour during Gus 's adoption , have lead viewers to the idea that she is a lesbian . Elektra left Elm Tree House following the conclusion to the first series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Elektra was seen to appear alongside Sapphire , Frank , Johnny and Lily in a mini-series titled , `` The Dumping Ground Dish Up '' . Rick Barber ( edit ) Rick Barber Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Daniel Pearson Duration 2012 -- 2014 First appearance Slow Burn 6 January 2012 Last appearance `` Face the Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Father Gerry Rick Barber ( played by Daniel Pearson ) is a resident of Elm Tree House , and later Ashdene Ridge , during the third series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' and the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' ; he went into care when his parents went to prison for fraud . Rick is tall with brown hair and blue eyes . He is nice and intelligent but also hot - headed and moody . He is a very fair character , and has good morals . He finds a friend in Carmen , is naturally protective of Tyler , he plays the guitar and enjoys listening to his parents ' old vinyl records , feeling that they are all that is left of the memories he had with them . Rick expresses a wish for a sibling , but says his parents never had more children as it was impractical in case they needed to pack up and leave suddenly , due to being scammers . When Rick and Carmen become closer , Carmen learns more about Rick 's character . He tells Carmen that both of his parents used to con people out of money . Things were good for a while until his parents got sent to prison and Rick ended up in the care home . Rick feels guilty because his parents used to involve him in their scams and this meant that his parents were able to purchase nice things for him . He regrets benefitting from exploiting people . In Dreamland ( `` The Dumping Ground '' series 1 , episode 8 ) , Rick gets a huge shock when he finds his dad , disguised as a boiler man , inside the Dumping Ground . Gerry is on leave from prison for a short amount of time and insists that he 's above board now and promises Rick a happy family future , but it quickly becomes clear that Gerry still loves the buzz of a hustle , and Rick is distraught . Rick leaves Ashdine Ridge / The Dumping Ground in between the second and third series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . Faith Davis ( edit ) Faith Davis Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Leanne Dunstan Duration 2013 -- 2014 , 2015 First appearance Freedom 4 January 2013 Last appearance `` Better Than You '' 20 October 2015 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Former ; regular ( show ) Family Brothers Razz Faith Davis is a resident of Elmtree House and Ashdene Ridge during the first two series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . She is portrayed by Leanne Dunstan . Faith , who shares a room with Elektra while at Elmtree House , is one of the elder children who tries to be responsible , and proves her capabilities and maturity when she acts as a surrogate careworker in the opening episode of `` The Dumping Ground '' . In The Real Faith Davis the police call and the young people suspect something is wrong . All of them start spreading rumours about her being a drug dealer ; until Faith tells them the truth . She reveals that the police might have found the body of her brother , Razz , who had been missing . Frank uses this as a way to get more sponsors for her charity run . Faith is disgusted and tells Elektra that she was put in care because she told a teacher that she lived alone ; which resulted in them calling social services . The police tell her that the body was not a match , she hides in the garden and finds Floss who helps her gain some composure . The next day she completes her charity run with everyone supporting her . In the 2nd series of The Dumping Ground , after Faith got hit by a car and was temporarily in a wheel chair she became increasedly and negative . Which is unlike Faith been as she 's very optimistic and ambitions most of the time , but feeling like she was stuck in the wheelchair made her think she 'd never run or walk again . She became mean and aggressive towards the younger kids mainly , making Harry and Floss to clean her room for a `` prize '' and ordered them about . She ended up teasing Harry , treating him like a baby . When Faith wanted to watch a movie , Mo , Floss and Harry were already watching something , she told them to get lost and Mo told her that she 's become really mean , and was going to tell Mike . That causes Faith to call Mo a grass . Frank witnesses this and when Faith starts to order Frank about , Frank gives her a piece of his mind by telling her that she 's not useless and that she 's in a wheelchair and she will get better . And then goes on to tell her that he has to talk really slow every day of his life so people can understand him . This changes Faith 's recent behaviour and goes back to her caring and friendly self . She does have a few snappy and mean moments in later episodes though . Faith is one of the older residents and is tall for her age , with long black hair . She wants to be a distance runner when she grows up , but a car crash incident in `` Booting Up '' temporarily halts her plans . She left the series following the conclusion to the second series of `` The Dumping Ground '' . As of the third series and for one episode , Dunstan returned as Faith . Harry Jones ( edit ) Harry Jones Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Philip Graham Scott Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One for Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Adoptive father Lou Adam Aycliffe ( foster ) Adoptive mother Ange Brothers Finn McLaine ( foster ) Sisters Claire Aycliffe ( foster ) Harry Jones , portrayed by Philip Graham Scott , made his first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . He departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . During `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' , Harry looks up to Sapphire Fox , as he is one of the younger residents , and she is a maternal figure -- he finds it difficult to adjust when she leaves Elm Tree House to get her own flat , and later identifies Faith Davis as a maternal figure to him . When she leaves , this changes to Ryan Reeves . He is initially a diminutive but cheeky character ; he enjoyed carrying round his treasured toy giraffe named Jeff , until Floss took him for herself when she arrived at the Dumping Ground . Harry is small , with a thicket of curly blond hair and blue eyes . He appears to be wearing wellies most of the time during the earlier series . During `` The Dumping Ground '' , Harry finds new friends in Mo Michaels and Floss Guppy , later revealing his secret passion for wrestling . He does leave in the third series in the sixth episode , `` It 's Not about the Money '' , to Floss 's dismay , after finding a foster placement , but then soon returns on the ninth episode , `` Long Way Home '' , when something goes wrong with his foster family and with his fellow foster Brother Finn McLaine . In `` The Goodbye Girl '' he gives Floss his Jeff . She lets him borrow it in `` Survivors '' and then gives it to Mike , who is suspended . In `` Perfect Match '' Sasha thinks that her adoptive parents , would suit Harry . He comes round to the idea , and Lou and Ange decide to look further into the possibility . Tee Taylor ( edit ) Tee Taylor Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Mia McKenna - Bruce Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One For Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Lucy Adoptive father Mr Watson ( foster ) Adoptive mother Mrs Watson ( foster ) Stepfather Keith Brothers Johnny Taylor Sisters Hannah Watson ( foster ) Half - sisters Hope Tee Taylor , portrayed by Mia McKenna - Bruce , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . Tee is small and diminutive , yet understanding , kind and caring , although her brother 's controlling and overprotective influence over her in the first series of `` Tracy Beaker Returns '' made her a quieter character . She has dark blonde , almost brown , hair and brown eyes . She also shows a caring personality towards younger children , like Mo , Floss , Harry and her younger sister Hope . Tee and Ryan Reeves often have issues with each other , and they always fall out and accuse each other of things , which often becomes quite serious in certain situations . In By The Book , when Tracy is told to enforce the cleaning rota , Johnny believes it will get him and his sister , Tee fostered and starts volunteering himself and Tee for everyone 's chores in return for gold stars in his file . He begins to force her to do chores when she does n't want to . But Tracy 's attempt to deal with the situation results in Tee almost getting injured , resulting in Johnny lashing out at her for not looking after Tee properly , and she begins to reconsider her future at the Dumping Ground , until Tee and Johnny apologise to her the next day . In What You Do n't Know , Tee , Chris and Johnny return to the ' Dumping Ground ' from their trial foster placement with Mr and Mrs Watson . Everyone who is involved in the placement faces an awkward situation : the Watsons are happy to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Eventually , Tee decides not to be fostered as she does n't want to leave her brother behind . In `` Shadows '' , Tee finds a trail of riddles , each leading to a different clue , which eventually leads her to the time capsule which was buried at The Dumping Ground in The Story of Tracy Beaker . In `` Summer Holiday '' , she ruins a holiday by accidentally forgetting to close a gate and letting sheep get into the farm house where they are staying . When Lily and Carmen plan to go to Lily 's dads campsite , Tee goes on the bus to stop them but the bus moves and they are stuck on the bus until Wales . When the man with tickets comes and collects them , he asks for Tee 's ticket but she did n't have one and she asks to get off . Carmen goes with Tee leaving Lily on the bus by herself . 5 seconds later the bus stops again and it 's Lily . They walk off through a wood . And Tee finds herself at a holiday place . Later they are on their new holiday , all thanks to Tee . In Oh , Mo , Tee was made to look after new , eccentric resident , Mo . She soon regretted her decision when Mo started clamouring for her company and saying they were best friends . This led to an accident in which Mo was injured . Mike decided that Mo should n't live in Elm Tree House after the incident , but the young people beg for Mo to stay , so he did . In `` Hope '' Tee gets a letter from her mum , who wants to meet up with her and Johnny . Johnny tells her not to , as he thinks it might be a trap , but Tee goes to see her mum at the women 's refuge and meets her baby sister , Hope . It is revealed that Tee 's mum has left her abusive boyfriend Keith . Tee later gets worried that her mum is not looking after Hope properly , and steals her , but she bumps into Faith , who notifies Johnny . He pretends to go along with Tee 's plan to get the baby fostered but secretly texts their mum . She got Hope back , and Tee and Johnny see her regularly . In `` Now You See Me '' , Tee makes friends with a street artist , and starts doing graffiti , which nearly results in her getting arrested . In `` Breaking In '' , Tee and Kazima are at The Dumping Ground on their own , and end up battling against two burglars who break into the house . In `` Dragon Slayer '' , Tee 's older brother , Johnny , is about to leave to join the army , when both Tee and Johnny step - dad , Keith , turns up to see Hope . He soon becomes trouble , and then Johnny has to face down Keith to get him to go away for good . When Keith leaves , Johnny leaves to join the army . In `` Who Are You '' Tee and Ryan Nearly make up , before a boy from Ryan 's old care home walks in and spills the beans , of what was actually meant to happen . Ryan pretended to make up with Tee , but all the information Tee gave him about what he thought about Ryan , and the order that the other kids came in , to upset the other children . In `` What Matters '' Tee naughtily goes out with Sasha to skate night , when she was n't meant to , and used Billie and Toni to cover for her . This gets the twins grounded . Teee admits , she made them cover for her , but it is revealed that May - Li knew they had gone . She runs away to buy presents for the twins and Kazima , who was applying to stay in the UK . In `` Hold The Front Page '' Tee accuses Ryan of pushing Finn down the stairs , and she claims she saw him push him which later on she did n't because Finn faked his fall to get attention . In `` Growing Pains '' Tee went to an art college interview with Carmen . She struggles to find her feet , and messes up the interview . Carmen gets a place at the drama section , and they fall out . Tee burns all her art , but Carmen had accepted the place at the college . They then make up . Carmen Howle ( edit ) Carmen Howle Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Amy - Leigh Hickman Duration 2010 -- 2016 First appearance Full Circle 8 January 2010 Last appearance `` One For Sorrow '' 25 November 2016 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Mother Helen Howle Carmen Howle , portrayed by Amy - Leigh Hickman , made her first appearance on 8 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Full Circle . She departed in series 4 during the episode One For Sorrow . Carmen is an exceptionally outgoing girl who shares much of her life with Lily , becoming saddened when she leaves the Dumping Ground . Carmen is medium - height with long brown hair and brown eyes and often wears a lot of make - up . She seems eager , kind and caring , but impatient , although she has a tendency to appear light - headed , to be judgemental , and to spill secrets . Her favourite colour is pink , and she has turbulent relationships with many of the other residents of the Dumping Ground , such as Bailey , Elektra and Johnny . She also has a terrible relationship with her mother , who abandoned her when she was little , so that she could have a holiday . In ' Family Values ' Carmen is lonely when Lily gets fostered . No - one wants to hear her problems so she takes a precious item from each resident . In ' Viva Carmen ' Carmen 's Mum , Helen , returns , saying she wants Carmen to live with her in Spain . However Helen then dumps Carmen for her ex Lee . In ' The Werewolf ' Carmen thinks she saw a werewolf . The werewolf is actually Sapphire 's brother Riff wearing a mask . Carmen does not perform well at school , we know this because in the episode '' A Day In The Past '' Johnny insults her by saying `` I 've seen your school grades , you 'll be lucky to be a cleaner when you 're older '' . Carmen 's best friend is Lily but is also shown to be good friends with Tee . She also has on and off friendships with Jody and Elektra . Floss seems to look up to Carmen , as they like the same things , such as make - up . Carmen also went out with Rick in the episode ' Be My Girl ' but the two broke up after finding their relationship too challenging . In `` Party Games '' Carmen and Bailey battle it out for celebrity foster parents . Carmen wins , but turns down the opportunity when her potential foster mum is rude to the other children . In `` Stuck With You '' Carmen and Jody , argue over a musical box , which Jody bought . They argue so much , that Floss handcuffs them together , but loses the key . In `` Now You See Me '' Carmen tries to discourage Tee from doing street art . In `` Fake It To Make It '' Carmen applies to be the face of the future . She gets through to the second selection round , which involves doing science experiments . She messes up though , and does not get the part . In `` The Goodbye Girl '' She gives Tyler some dating advice . In `` What Matters '' and `` Refuge '' She helps Kazima struggle through her application to stay in the UK . In `` Slings And Arrows '' she directs the Shakespeare play the kids are doing to save Ashdine Ridge . In `` Stepping Up '' Carmen Jody and Tee work together in a street dance competition . In `` They Walk Among Us '' She helps Tee on her date with Zach , a fitness coach . In `` Growing Pains '' She goes with Tee to an interview for college . She gets lost whilst waiting for Tee , and finds herself in a drama class . She gets an offer to come to the college , but denies , and accepts for Tee on her behalf . In `` First Past The Post '' She tells the police that Mike lost her file . She does not tell the other kids though . In `` Survivors '' she stays behind to look after Harry with Ryan . Harry runs away to Mike 's house . Carmen and Ryan find him there and take him back . She tells Ryan that she told the police , and is going to tell Harry , but Mike tells her not to . In `` The End Of It All , it comes out that she told the police . When Mike comes back , she is forgiven though . She makes a final appearance in `` One For Sorrow '' with Tee when they move out together . Mo Michaels ( edit ) Mo Michaels Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Reece Buttery Duration 2013 -- 2016 First appearance `` Oh , Mo ! '' 1 March 2013 Last appearance `` Two For Joy '' 2 December 2016 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Elm Tree House Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Peter Mother Caroline Adoptive father David Grandfathers David Anthony `` Mo '' Michaels , portrayed by Reece Buttery , made his first appearance on 1 March 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Oh , Mo ! . He departed in series 4 during the episode Two For Joy . Mo is a kind , eccentric kid in the Dumping Ground . He first appeared in `` Oh , Mo ! '' His age is 10 , as of series 3 of The Dumping Ground . In series 4 , Mo has shown an annoyance to younger residents like Joseph . Which is quite hypocritical , been as how Mo was when he first arrived at the dumping ground . The Dumping Ground Series 1 - Mo arrived at the Elm Tree House prior to the episode Oh , Mo ! where he was made to share a room with Tyler . To Tyler 's ire , Mo enjoyed collecting rubbish from the bins ( which he dubbed treasure , which he made arts and crafts from ) and would take it into their bedroom , effectively turning the bedroom into a rubbish dump . This eventually annoyed Tyler to the point that one day , he took Mo 's `` treasure '' and dumped it over the stairs onto the ground floor , declaring that it was what he had to put up with . Mo was told to take his `` treasure '' to the attic and Tyler ended up being moved to Rick 's bedroom , leading to Mo getting the room to himself , with which he was very pleased and tried to give Tyler a hug ( to Tyler 's disgust ) . Whilst the others ( except Jody and Elektra ) were out , Mo took belongings from the other residents ' rooms and ( with Floss 's help ) built an `` Ant Theme Park '' by placing jam on the belongings to attract the ants , which he had brought into the house . This unfortunately led to Mo receiving more ire from the Dumping Ground residents , only to be stopped by Tee . Later , Mo offered to build a scarecrow to help scare birds away from Gina 's vegetables , which he would build out of his `` treasure '' . Mo did this with Tee 's help , as she had befriended Mo to help him settle in . Mo decided to declare Tee his `` best friend '' and wanted to hang around her including sitting next to her at dinner , much to Tee 's ire and the amusement of the other DG residents . The following morning , Mo wanted to give his grandmother 's pearls ( which Jody and Elektra had stolen ) to Tee , but could not find him , so he went to ask Tee for help . Unfortunately , Tee had reached the end of her tether with Mo and went to destroy Mo 's scarecrow with a cricket bat . Tee succeeded in knocking the scarecrow down , which unfortunately landed on top of Mo , who had followed Tee . Mo was taken to hospital and Mike intended for him to be moved into emergency foster care as Mo was clearly not settling down at Elm Tree House . However , the other kids realised that Mo was no different to them in that they all had a rough start in life , so they rebuilt his scarecrow as a welcome home present , saying that they wanted Mo to stay . Jody also returned the pearls she and Elektra had stolen ( to Elektra 's annoyance ) so Mo could present them to Tee as a gift . Tee refuses but agrees to take them in the end . In `` Seriously Funny '' , Tee and Carmen left for a sleepover at Lily 's flat , Mo gave Tee a hug ( as he was fond of doing ) as the girls hugged each other . After the girls left , he said that he wished he could go . The following day , Mo took Tyler 's practical joke toys on learning that Tyler no longer wished to play practical jokes . Prior to Scary Beasts , Mo purchased a `` magic '' egg , thinking that it would hatch into a bird . One night , the egg hatched . Mo declared this to the house the following morning , declaring that it had hatched into a bird and it had gone missing . It later transpired that Mo 's `` bird '' was in fact a snake , which Johnny and Elektra found . Mo decided to call his snake `` Mike '' , which the others joked would lead to confusion . The Dumping Ground Series 2 - When Faith was admitted to hospital , Mo decided to make her a `` get well soon '' card , but ended up with glitter over his face in the process . When Faith later returned from hospital , Mo greeted her saying that they had made her a surprise . Faith was then heard trashing her room ( annoyed about being in a wheelchair ) , leading to Mo commenting that she would not like his invention ( a watering can attached to a pole ) . Later , Mo decided to use one of Bailey 's football boots to make shoe prints with , only for it to be taken by Tyler and Rick , who were trying to sell Bailey 's boots . The following day , he , Harry and Floss ( with whom he had become friends with by this point ) were watching the TV when Faith ordered them out to watch a film . When a training video for care children was being filmed at the Dumping Ground , Mo was given an old camera for him to use . After getting the camera to work , Mo filmed the other residents ( including Johnny making a `` Care Kid Sandwich '' ) which was later seen by the lady making the training video . On the day of Lily 's leaving barbecue , Carmen tricked Mo into thinking that there was gold underneath the potatoes in the vegetable patch , as a way of getting out of her chores . Later that day , Mo found a golden wrapper in the vegetable patch and believed it to be treasure ( when really it was from one of Floss 's sweets ) . On the day the older residents went out to look for Frank , Mo was due to have a dentist appointment . Mo , fearing the dentist , hid in the garden , but was found by Floss and Harry . Mo was coaxed out , only for a bird to poo on him . Harry cheered up Mo , saying that when a bird pooed on you , it was lucky ( something Sapphire had told him ) . Mo then found a pound coin on the ground and was then told by May - Li that his appointment had been cancelled as the dentist was ill . On learning that Frank had gone missing , Mo , Floss and Harry waited for birds to poo on them , thinking that the lucky bird poo would lead to Frank being found . However , this initially did not work as Mo ended up chasing the birds away by running toward them and shouting at them to pick him . Instead , Floss had Mo and Harry untie one of May - Li 's washing lines while she took bread to attract the birds while May - Li was distracted . Consequently , all three children were punished ( by being made to tidy up the garden and take the sheets in ) when May - Li discovered what had happened with the bread . Some time afterwards , the other DG residents teased Mo 's snake , now renamed `` Rocky '' , saying that he was boring . Out to prove otherwise , Mo purchased a box of locusts that escaped after Mike untapped the box and left it on the piano with the lid open . Consequently , Mo , with Harry and Floss , set about rounding up the 50 + locusts from other places in the Dumping Ground . After finally rounding them up , Mo revealed to the rest of the DG why he had bought them : they were bait for Rocky to perform tricks in a show he was putting on . Unfortunately , Rocky refused to respond to Mo 's commands ( despite having responded in practice ) even when Mo attempted to charm him with a recorder . Faith later suggested to Mo that Rocky was depressed , prompting Mo to give Rocky to a man who owned numerous other snakes , on the reasoning that Mo could play with his friends whenever he wanted and so wanted to let Rocky do the same thing . When the DG residents held the `` Touch The Telly '' challenge , Mo was the only care kid to not pick a side . Instead , he was appointed the referee and was responsible for seeing who was out of the game , how long people had taken on their toilet breaks and how many they had been on . Like the other kids , Mo fell asleep in the lounge the following night and saw neither the football game nor the talent show . In I Have a Dream , the DG residents were informed of a short story competition and May - Li decided to hold a competition in the house and would send off the winning entry . Mo decided that he wanted to submit a story , but had trouble deciding what it would be on ( though he did get as far as the first line `` I like cheese '' ) . He was also made to go shopping with Bailey , whom he annoyed by asking who decided where everything in the supermarket was positioned . Mo later pestered Bailey by asking why he had not yet read his letter , saying that he would be excited to receive one , and eventually sussed out that Bailey was dyslexic , going on to say that his dad was dyslexic and that he had to read letters for him . Bailey initially denied being dyslexic , then later asked for Mo 's help in reading it ( albeit , claiming he could not read it because the writing was untidy ) . Mo then decided to help Bailey write a short story at the cost of writing his own story . Bailey went on to win the short story . However , Mo revealed the plot when he started reading Bailey 's story and when Carmen read the story for herself , she wondered how Mo could have known the plot it was Bailey 's story . This led to Johnny accusing Bailey of bullying Mo to write his story , which led to Mo shouting that they had got it all wrong and storming out of the kitchen , leading to him telling May - Li about Bailey 's problem afterwards . Bailey went on to win the competition and won tickets for himself and another person to take with him , so he picked Mo , who proceeded to give him a hug . When Harry was told that he could not go to a wrestling tournament , he came up with the idea of having a wrestling tournament with one of the other DG kids . Mo declined to be Harry 's opponent , but they both went to find Tyler , who agreed to be the announcer . Later , after Harry had had his costume made by Tee , Mo suggested that Harry have a tattoo on his face , which he agreed to . On learning that Floss was to be adopted , Mo asked her if she would still live at the DG , only to be told by Harry that adoption meant Floss would be leaving and never coming back . This upset Mo , who told May - Li that she needed to turn away any parents who wanted to adopt him , to which May - Li said to him that Mo was not going to be adopted and was only living at Ashdene Ridge until his parents were fit to take care of him . Some time afterwards , when Liam came to the Dumping Ground to look for Frank , Mo answered to door to him . When asked where Frank was , Mo told Liam that he was at the cinema with Johnny , prompting Liam to leave , despite Mo offering to get Mike . Later when Liam came to temporarily stay at the DG , Mo 's part in the plan to get Faith her work placement back was to sing `` Twelve Tiny Hours '' ( a song Liam had written ) with Johnny and Rick , but Mo 's singing was so atrocious he decided that he did not want to sing at all . The Dumping Ground Series 3 - On the day of The Dumping Ground 's open day in `` Party Games '' , Mo helped to add food colouring some cupcakes for the guests . Later in the day , however , Mo decided to run a bath and poured the food colouring that he had used on the cupcakes . The water overflowed the bath , fell into the living room downstairs ( soaking Matt , Stephanie Brantston and Carmen ) and also soaked Johnny 'd bedroom as well . Mo was caught after he tried to get away from the living room and was made to show his hands which were coloured red by the food colouring . Mo explained that he did this to stop the fostering party and prevent Carmen being fostered by the Brantstons , calling them `` nasty people '' . The day after the events in `` Grand Theft DG '' , Mo was made to share with new boy , Ryan . Who arrived the following day . On the same day , Mo discovered the purses that had gone missing had been dumped in a bin outside the DG . He was going to tell Mike , but was stopped by Ryan who convinced him to show him first , then was convinced to keep quiet by Ryan on the grounds that the police would implicate him as his fingerprints would be on the purses , as Mo had told Ryan he had touched them a bit . Tee managed to get the truth out of Mo eventually after Mo started to talk at the kitchen table , but then kept quiet . They searched the bins only to find the purses were now gone . Tee and Mo confronted Ryan , who lied that he had not moved the purses . Later that day , while Ryan was speaking to Maude Gordon ( Harry 's potential foster sister , who had taken the money from the purses ) in the attic , Mo followed Tee ( who was recording Ryan and Maude 's conversation ) and sneezed , prompting Ryan to get Maude to turn herself in . In `` Stuck With You '' , Kazima noticed Mo was feeling down and not being his usual cheery self . Kazima bought Mo a `` Build Your Own Robot '' from a yard sale in the neighbour hood to cheer Mo up . But when Mo found that there were some pieces missing this made him worse , causing him to shout at Kazima . Mo locked himself in Faith 's old bedroom and built a fort out of boxes with some of her old belongings in . But all the boxes ended up falling on Mo . Mike and May - Li find Mo and manage to rescue him . In the kitchen / dining room he tells Mike , May - Li and Kazima why he 's been feeling down. he had a letter from his dad ( really grandad but this was not revealed until the episode `` Where is Love '' ) saying that she his mum ( nana ) was having crucial surgery . But when Mike read the letter he lets Mo know it says something else and assures Mo his mother ( grandmother ) will be fine , and the operation is nothing to worry about . Mo was absent in the episode `` Mischief '' . Mo 's last appearance was in the Series 4 finale `` Joy For Two '' , even though it has n't been confirmed , the character had not appeared in any of the promos for Series 5 nor is the character featured in the Series 5 opening credits , so it is very unlikely that he will be appearing in the upcoming series . Bailey Wharton ( edit ) Bailey Wharton Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Kasey MacKellar Duration 2014 -- 2017 First appearance Booting Up 10 January 2014 Last appearance Back In The Game 20 January 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Jimmy Wharton Mother Alison Wharton Bailey Wharton , portrayed by Kasey MacKellar , made his first appearance on 10 January 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Booting Up - Part 1 . He departed in series 5 during the episode Back In The Game - Part 1 . He is shown to be quite aggressive and cocky , with a very short temper , and likes to wind people up , especially Johnny and Mike . He is a skilled footballer and is often criticised by the others for thinking he is better than he is and making unnecessary comments . It is later revealed he is dyslexic. Bailey later befriends Mo Michaels and Jody Jackson , but does n't always see eye to eye with Jody during the progression of series 2 . During Series 3 - 4 , Bailey is shown to be reserved and has a more withdrawn character , either spending his time with Mischief or football . He is also shown to have calmed down and eventually it is opened up to his sensitive nature when he comforts Mo and meets his ' mother ' in Series 4 . In the fourth episode of the third season , Bailey kills a homeless man ( Mal ) by pushing him . Guilty of his actions , Bailey adopts his dog , Mischief , without consent from neither Mike Milligan or May - Li Wang . On his last episode he and Sasha saved Dexter from getting into more trouble that Roddy dragged him into ( it is revealed Roddy is a thief ) . Bailey 's final appearance was the second episode of Series 5 . At the end of the episode , he takes up the position of a junior football coach in the United States . Mischief ( edit ) Mischief Tracy Beaker series character Portrayed by Sage Duration 2015 -- 2017 First appearance `` Mischief '' 30 January 2015 Last appearance Back In The Game 20 January 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; recurring Profile Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Owner ( s ) Bailey Wharton Mike Milligan May - Li Wang Mischief , portrayed by ten - year - old Border collie Sage , made his first appearance on 30 January 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Mischief . He departed in series 5 during the episode Back In The Game - Part 1 . Mischief is owned originally by a homeless man who Bailey bumps into ; when the man later dies in hospital because of Bailey , his conscience means he becomes Mischief 's new owner . However , when Mischief comes back to Ashdene Ridge , it soon becomes clear that he is very unruly -- but Bailey must train him , or he will be put down . Eventually , all becomes well , and Mischief becomes the new Ashdene Ridge pet . Mischief left the show when Bailey did in series 5 as both went to America . Kazima Tako ( edit ) Kazima Tako The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Akuc Bol Duration 2014 -- 2017 First appearance `` Finding Frank '' 31 January 2014 Last appearance `` Farvel '' 31 March 2017 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former : regular Profile Home Ashdene Ridge ( show ) Family Father Hakim Tako Brothers Amir Tako Kazima Tako , portrayed by Akuc Bol , made her first appearance on 31 January 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Finding Frank . She departed in series 5 during the episode Farvel . Frank has n't been seen or heard of for a while , so Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Bailey ( Kasey MacKellar ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) try to track him down . They notice Kazima buying Frank 's pocket watch , claiming it was her mother 's and they find Frank and Kazima at a burger van . It emerges that Kazima and Frank are sleeping rough . Frank and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) later talk and Frank decides to move back in . Frank later informs Kazima that Mike is sorting things for her through children 's services . Carmen reluctantly agrees to share her room with Kazima , however , Carmen is annoyed by Kazima 's behaviour and orders Kazima to leave . Kazima sleeps on Frank 's bedroom floor and when Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) discover this , they tell Kazima boys and girls can not share rooms for their own protection . Kazima plans to sleep in the garage , but Carmen finds out and makes up with her . Tee works on an Art project , but Kazima criticizes it and she introduces Tee to her friend , street artist Roscoe ( Simeon Zack ) . When there is a trip to a theme park and not enough tickets , Kazima does n't mind staying behind . Tee decides to remain behind to allow Toni ( Nelly Currant ) and Billie ( Gwen Currant ) to go together . Kazima and Tee are forced to attend a fun day , but they leave early and go home . Unknown to them , money was planted in Kazima 's bag by Maz ( Natifa Mai ) and Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Maz and Max break into The Dumping Ground and when Kazima checks her bag , she and Tee decide to refuse to hand it back due to the large amount . Kazima and Tee attempt to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . They end up locking Max in the attic and trick Maz into the kitchen before tying her up . Maz and Max are arrested and the other residents arrive home the same time after Mike is informed of Kazima and Tee disappearing from the fun day . Mike and May - Li lecture Kazima and Tee on the situation and all the kids are sent to the fun day . When Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) learns to play a trombone , Kazima helps him and she reveals her dad and brother were kidnapped for making music . New girl , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) , arrives at The Dumping Ground . After going home to collect her bedroom key , Sasha goes shopping with May - Li and Kazima . Kazima witnesses Sasha knocking down a display so she can speak to her brother , Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) . When May - Li receives some expensive cheese from her mother , she later finds it stolen . Kazima and Carmen question everyone and they later reveal Mischief ( Sage ) as the culprit . Carmen drops May - Li 's antique necklace down the toilet and Carmen thinks about what would happen if she left the necklace or if she tried to get it back . When Carmen thinks about getting it back , she enlists Kazima 's help to get it back and they arrange for a plumber to fix the toilet . As part of her application to stay in the UK , Kazima must prove she is a minor and undergo an age assessment . After finding out about Kazima 's situation , Carmen tries to get Kazima to open up about what happened . Kazima explains how her father was captured by the army and her mother died at a Kenyan refugee camp before she fled to England . Kazima gets the results for her age assessment and is informed by Jasna ( Dolye Gavanski ) that they believe she was born in 1997 and is 18 years old . Kazima decides to runaway and she goes to Frank 's , but she runs away when Mike and Carmen go visit . Later , Kazima reunited with her father , Hakim ( Richard Pepple ) and Kazima 's age can be proved by documents . Kazima and Hakim learn that Kazima 's brother maybe alive in Somalia and Hakim decides to go to Somalia , leaving Kazima at The Dumping Ground . Kazima left The Dumping Ground halfway through the fifth series , on Episode 12 . She moved to Denmark with her father and brother . Kazima featured on 55 episodes of the series . Guest characters ( edit ) Steve Littlewood ( edit ) Steve Littlewood The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Stephen Crossley ( 2002 - 2004 ) Morgan Hopkins ( 2005 ) Duration 2002 - 2005 First appearance `` Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground '' 8 January 2002 Last appearance `` Two 's A Crowd '' 8 December 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2002 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Wife Carrie Sons Billy Daughters Justine Littlewood Nephews John Steve Littlewood , portrayed by Stephen Crossley from 2002 to 2004 and Morgan Hopkins in 2005 , made his first appearance on 8 January 2002 in series 1 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Tracy Returns to the Dumping Ground . He departed in series 5 during the episode Two 's A Crowd . Steve introduces his new girlfriend Carrie ( Caroline Bunce ) to his daughter , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) , however , Carrie is n't well received by Justine . When Carrie and Steve are getting married , Justine is their bridesmaid , however , Justine is n't happy with the dress and the young people decide to alter it . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) and Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) make a mess of the dress , but Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) manages to fix it . Pizza is thrown at Justine 's dress when the kids have a food fight and Justine refuses to go to the wedding , but Tracy and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) talk her round and Justine gets to their wedding in time . When Steve cancels taking Justine out , Carrie visits Justine and she breaks the news to Justine that she is pregnant and Justine does n't take it well . Carrie later tells Justine that the real reason for her visit is that once she and Steve are organised , they want her to live with them . Justine suspects that her dad and Carrie are going to tell her some bad news when he takes her out for dinner due to Steve buying her things , however , it turns out to be good news when Steve and Carrie tell Justine they want her to move in the following week . At Justine 's party , Justine gets fed up when her dad and Carrie go on about the baby and she soon snaps . Steve and Carrie later apologise to her for doing so during her party . When Steve 's nephew , John ( Adam Skilton ) turns up , Justine is n't thrilled and when Justine has to give up her room , Carrie tells Justine it 's her dad 's decision and Justine decides to move back to The Dumping Ground . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) sets up a meeting between Steve and Justine , but lies to Justine that she wants her photo taken and Justine is n't thrilled when she discovers Elaine has lied to her . On Special Guest 's day , Justine is n't thrilled when her dad brings John along . When John has an allergic reaction to nuts , Justine gives John his injection and John apologises to Justine . Carrie ( edit ) Carrie The Story of Tracy Beaker character Portrayed by Caroline Bunce ( 2003 - 2004 ) Kathryn Dimery ( 2005 ) Duration 2003 - 2005 First appearance `` Doggie '' 23 January 2003 Last appearance `` Caring and Sharing '' 28 November 2005 Introduced by Cas Lester ( 2003 ) Josephine Ward ( 2005 ) Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Husband Steve Littlewood Sons Billy Stepdaughters Justine Littlewood Nephews John Carrie , portrayed by Caroline Bunce from 2003 to 2004 and Kathryn Dimery in 2005 , made her first appearance on 23 January 2003 in series 2 of The Story of Tracy Beaker during the episode Doggie . She departed in series 5 during the episode Caring and Sharing . Steve ( Stephen Crossley ) introduces Carrie to his daughter , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) , however , Carrie is n't well received by Justine . When Carrie and Steve are getting married , Justine is their bridesmaid , however , Justine is n't happy with the dress and the kids decide to alter it . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) and Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) make a mess of the dress , but Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) manages to fix it . Pizza is thrown at Justine 's dress when the kids have a food fight and Justine refuses to go to the wedding , but Tracy and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) talk her round and Justine gets to their wedding in time . When Steve cancels taking Justine out , Carrie visits Justine and she breaks the news to Justine that she is pregnant and Justine does n't take it well . Carrie later tells Justine that the real reason for her visit is that once she and Steve are organised , they want her to live with them . Justine suspects that her dad and Carrie are going to tell her some bad news when he takes her out for dinner due to Steve buying her things , however , it turns out to be good news when Carrie and Steve tell Justine they want her to move in the following week . At Justine 's party , Justine gets fed up when her dad and Carrie go on about the baby and she soon snaps . Carrie and Steve later apologise to her for doing so during her party . When Steve 's nephew , John ( Adam Skilton ) turns up , Justine is n't thrilled and when Justine has to give up her room , Carrie tells Justine it 's her dad 's decision and Justine decides to move back to The Dumping Ground . Christie Perry ( edit ) Christie Perry Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Vicky Hall Duration 2010 - 2012 First appearance `` Family Values '' 29 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Husband Matt Perry Adoptive daughters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Rosie Kettle ( foster ) Poppy Kettle ( foster ) Christie Perry , portrayed by Vicky Hall , made her first appearance on 29 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Family Values . She departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . Christie and her husband , Matt ( Chris Robson ) foster Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Rosie ( Claudia Colling & Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground when things do n't work out between her , Christie and Matt . When Gus ( Noah Marullo ) has an audition , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily along and stops off at the Perry 's . Tracy asks Christie to give Lily a chance , but Christie says it has to go through Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) . When Tracy notices the Perry 's set up a picnic in the garden with Rosie and Poppy , she fetches Lily from the cab and she tells Lily to say sorry to Christie and Matt . Lily ends up arguing with Christie and Matt when they have given Poppy a tuna sandwich , something Poppy did n't like and Christie and Matt take the girls inside . When Lily stays with Christie and Matt , Christie tells Lily that she and Matt have decided she can move in and Lily pretends to be excited when she is actually scared about ruining things for her sisters . Christie gives Lily a sign to go on her door , which Matt made , however , her name is spelled `` Lilly '' , but Lily insists it 's fine . With the residents and staff protesting about the council closing The Dumping Ground , Christie asks Mike if she can take Lily home with her , promising to bring her back when it all calms down . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) asks Christie if she can stay with them , but Christie says she is there to collect Lily . When Lily hears Christie 's voice , Lily climbs onto the roof and she tells Tracy her fears and Tracy promises they can slow things down and tells Lily to go indoors , but Lily falls off the roof . Christie and Matt bring Rosie and Poppy to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rosie and Poppy run out of the meeting back to Christie and Matt . In the meeting afterwards , Christie believes that she wo n't be able to convince Rosie and Poppy to go through it again and she would put a stop to it . Lily asks Tracy if she can arrange for Christie to bring her sisters over so she can see them before they go on holiday and Christie agrees . When Christie finds out Tracy will be supervising , she is n't keen on the girls going , but Lily persuades Christie . At the park , they are greeted by Steve and Tracy finds out that Lily planned it . When Rosie and Poppy return to The Dumping Ground , Rosie tells Christie they saw Steve and Christie is angry with Tracy . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Matt Perry ( edit ) Matt Perry Tracy Beaker Returns character Portrayed by Chris Robson Duration 2010 - 2012 First appearance `` Family Values '' 29 January 2010 Last appearance `` Belonging '' 27 January 2012 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Wife Christie Perry Adoptive daughters Lily Kettle ( foster ) Rosie Kettle ( foster ) Poppy Kettle ( foster ) Matt Perry , portrayed by Chris Robson , made his first appearance on 29 January 2010 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Family Values . He departed in series 3 during the episode Belonging . Matt and his wife , Christie ( Vicky Hall ) foster Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Rosie ( Claudia Colling & Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) . Lily is returned to The Dumping Ground when things do n't work out between her , Matt and Christie . When Gus ( Noah Marullo ) has an audition , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily along and stops off at the Perry 's . When Tracy notices the Perry 's set up a picnic in the garden with Rosie and Poppy , she fetches Lily from the cab and she tells Lily to say sorry to Matt and Christie . Lily ends up arguing with Matt and Christie when they have given Poppy a tuna sandwich , something Poppy did n't like and Matt and Christie take the girls inside . When Lily stays with Matt and Christie , Christie tells Lily that she and Matt have decided she can move in and Lily pretends to be excited when she is actually scared about ruining things for her sisters . Christie gives Lily a sign to go on her door , which Matt made , however , her name is spelled `` Lilly '' , but Lily insists it 's fine . Matt and Christie bring Rosie and Poppy to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rosie and Poppy run out of the meeting back to Matt and Christie . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Rob ( edit ) Rob Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Neil Armstrong Duration 2010 - 2013 First appearance `` Sisters '' 19 February 2010 Last appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Social Worker Rob , portrayed Neil Armstrong , made his first appearance on 25 February 2011 in series 1 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Sisters . He departed in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Lily 's ( Jessie Williams ) foster placement breaks down with Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) , Rob brings her back to The Dumping Ground . Later , Rob is furious with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she took Lily to the Perry 's to apologise , but the situation inflamed when Lily had an argument with Matt and Christie . Christie and Matt bring Rosie ( Millie Redfearn ) and Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) to The Dumping Ground as their father , Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) , wants to try to get Rosie and Poppy back and the contact is a disaster when Poppy and Rosie run out . Rob tells Christie , Tracy , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) that Steve struggled and could n't find common ground . Christie is n't keen on Poppy and Rosie going through it all again , but Rob reminds Christie that Steve is their dad . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) runs away from her mum 's and comes back to The Dumping Ground . Jody is n't keen on going home and Rob asks Jody if she wants to talk to him on her own , but Jody says she is OK and has nothing to say . Gina does n't think it 's wise for Jody to go home , but Rob tells her that it 's the best place for Jody with the support of social services . Steve Kettle ( edit ) Steve Kettle Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Ben Cartwright Duration 2011 - 2013 First appearance `` The Scare Game '' 25 February 2011 Last appearance `` Seriously Funny '' 8 March 2013 Introduced by Josephine Ward Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Jonah Kettle Daughters Lily Kettle Rosie Kettle Poppy Kettle Steve Kettle , portrayed by Ben Cartwright , made his first appearance on 25 February 2011 in series 2 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode The Scare Game . He departed in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Seriously Funny . Steve approaches Lily ( Jessie Williams ) in a shopping centre and Lily 's foster sister , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) witnesses the situation and thinks he is trying to abduct Lily , but Lily reveals he is her dad . With the help of Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) , Lily tracks Steve down at a local AA meeting , but Lily is left devastated when Steve tells her he is just saying sorry to people and he ca n't be her dad . Lily goes to her dad 's B&B , Lily asks him why he disappeared when she and her sisters got put into care and Lily accuses him of being selfish and Sapphire soon takes her away . Lily goes back to her dad 's B&B and she apologises for what she said . He lets her in and Lily gives him some clothes he bought with her foster mother 's , Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) , money , but she pretends it 's hers . Tracy goes to pick up Lily when she finds out where she is from Sapphire . Lily wants to live with Steve , so Steve arranges to meet her , however , he tells Cam , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Mike where she is and they collect her . Steve arrives at The Dumping Ground and tells them that he intends to apply to get the court order lifted . Steve has a contact with Rosie ( Millie Redfearn ) , Poppy ( Katie Anderson ) as he plans to get them back , however , the meeting is a disaster when Poppy and Rosie run out of the meeting to their foster parents , Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie ( Vicky Hall ) . Lily asks Tracy if she can arrange for Christie to bring her sisters over so she can see them before they go on holiday and Christie agrees . Lily tells her dad that their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) , said he can have another chance with Poppy and Rosie . At the park , they are greeted by Steve and Tracy finds out that Lily planned it . Poppy is sick when she eats too many sweets and Steve is hit by a swing when he is distracted . When Rosie and Poppy return to The Dumping Ground , Rosie tells Christie they saw Steve and Christie is angry with Tracy . Rob visits Steve with the news that a meeting is going to be held , which could set Steve back . Lily realises that her sisters are settled with Christie and Matt and she tells her dad that he does n't have to get Rosie and Poppy back . Lily is unhappy when Steve 's pregnant girlfriend , Shannay ( Holly Quin - Ankrah ) moves in and Lily goes to The Dumping Ground . Steve visits to talk to Lily with Shannay and an angry Lily asks Steve and Shannay why they ca n't have the new baby adopted . Lily feels guilty when Shannay goes into labour , but is happy when she learns that she has a brother . When Lily goes back home , Steve is upset as Shannay has left , however , Lily persuades Shannay to give things a chance . Lily organises an unsupervised sleepover with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) by persuading her parents to let her stay at The Dumping Ground when they go and visit Shannay 's sister . Jack O'Donovan ( edit ) Jack O'Donovan Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Callum Callaghan ( 2012 ) Chris Finch ( 2014 ) Duration 2012 - 2014 First appearance `` Big Brother '' 20 January 2012 Last appearance `` Face The Music '' 28 March 2014 Introduced by Josephine Ward ( 2012 ) Lis Steele ( 2014 ) Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Police Officer ( show ) Family Brothers Liam O'Donovan Jack O'Donovan , portrayed by Callum Callaghan in 2012 and Chris Finch in 2014 , made his first appearance on 20 January 2012 in series 2 of Tracy Beaker Returns during the episode Big Brother . He departed in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Face The Music . Liam O'Donovan returns a DVD to Jack after he finds out it 's a pirate DVD . Liam is arrested for supposedly taking an eoman 's bag . At the court , Jack found out about them being brothers , and sends him a letter . At first , Liam is in shock , but when he confronts him , he is arrested for breaking curfew . At the police station , Jack reveals that he is actually an undercover police officer trying to find a counterfeit DVD making gang . He invites Liam to come and live with him , and Liam agrees . Nicky ( Lu Corfield ) is robbed by a stranger and Johnny discreetly takes a photo of the mugger . Jack visits The Dumping Ground to take a statement from Johnny and he tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that he is having problems with Liam . When Liam leaves home after an argument with Jack , Jack goes to The Dumping Ground and makes up with Liam . Kingsley Jackson ( edit ) Kingsley Jackson The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by David Avery Duration 2013 - First appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Mother Denise Jackson Brothers Luke Jackson Sisters Jody Jackson Kingsley Jackson , portrayed by David Avery , made his first appearance on 18 January 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) moves back home to Kingsley , their mother Denise ( Victoria Alcock ) and brother Luke ( James Bartlett ) , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Gina , Carmen and Tyler leave , Denise and Kingsley do n't want Jody 's friends visiting . Jody runs away to The Dumping Ground , giving the others presents and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) arranges for Jody to stay the night and for their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) to sort things out the following day . Kingsley and Denise arrive the following day to collect Jody ans she reluctantly agrees to go back . Jody tells the others she needs the presents back as they belong to Kingsley , who has no idea she has got them . Carmen , Tyler , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) go to Jody 's when Carmen is unable to get hold of Jody on a mobile she gave her . Carmen and Tyler sneak into the house and go to Jody 's room , which is filled with stolen , expensive goods . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's and he locks Jody in her bedroom . Tee sends Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) a video of Tyler sending a Morse code for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out . Gus works out they are saying `` S.O.S '' . When Kingsley finds out Carmen and Tyler have been with Jody the whole time , he threatens them to stay quiet . Gina arrives and she is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Jody returns for The Dumping Ground . With Kingsley 's trial coming up , Denise does n't want Jody to testify , but after dreaming about being in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jody decides to testify against Kingsley . Jody is pleased to see Kingsley when he moves into his new flat and Kingsley reassures Jody that going to prison was n't her fault . Kingsley introduces her to his girlfriend , Rosie ( Zoe Iqbal ) and Jody lets them sell Mike 's carriage clock when Kingsley owes money to a gang . Kingsley tells Jody to leave the door open at The Dumping Ground open , so he and Rosie can steal things . Jody is trapped in a fire at Kingsley 's flat and Kingsley runs off when he finds out . Denise Jackson ( edit ) Denise Jackson The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by David Avery Duration 2013 - First appearance `` S.O.S. '' 18 January 2013 Introduced by Foz Allan Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Kingsley Jackson Luke Jackson Daughters Jody Jackson Denise Jackson , portrayed by Victoria Alcock , made her first appearance on 18 January 2013 in series 1 of The Dumping Ground during the episode S.O.S. . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) moves back home to Denise and her brothers , Kingsley ( David Avery ) and Luke ( James Bartlett ) , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Gina , Carmen and Tyler leave , Denise and Kingsley do n't want Jody 's friends visiting . Jody runs away to The Dumping Ground , giving the others presents and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) arranges for Jody to stay the night and for their social worker , Rob ( Neil Armstrong ) to sort things out the following day . Kingsley and Denise arrive the following day to collect Jody ans she reluctantly agrees to go back . Jody tells the others she needs the presents back as they belong to Kingsley , who has no idea she has got them . Carmen , Tyler , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) go to Jody 's when Carmen is unable to get hold of Jody on a mobile she gave her . Carmen and Tyler sneak into the house and go to Jody 's room , which is filled with stolen , expensive goods . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's and he locks Jody in her bedroom . Tee sends Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) a video of Tyler sending a Morse code for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out . Gus works out they are saying `` S.O.S '' . When Kingsley finds out Carmen and Tyler have been with Jody the whole time , he threatens them to stay quiet . Gina arrives and she is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Jody returns for The Dumping Ground . With Kingsley 's trial coming up , Denise does n't want Jody to testify , but after dreaming about being in Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , Jody decides to testify against Kingsley , angering Denise . Sally Lewis ( edit ) Sally Lewis The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Diveen Henry Duration 2014 - First appearance `` Holding On '' 7 February 2014 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Tyler Lewis Sally Lewis , portrayed by Diveen Henry , made her first appearance on 7 February 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Holding On . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) supervises a day out between Sally and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) at the park. Sally takes Tyler and they sneak away from the park . Sally gets some ice cream , however , she has no money to pay , so she runs away without paying . A community support officer intercepts Sally . May - Li eventually finds Sally and Tyler and she pays for the ice cream . When Tyler finds out Sally has n't been taking her bipolar medication , he asks May - Li to take him home . Back at The Dumping Ground , Sally and Tyler wait in the quiet room , however , Sally disappears and she locks herself in the bathroom and Tyler gets her to open the door . Sally promises Tyler things will get better . On a fostering information day , Tyler gets close to a foster parent , Mrs Underwood ( Martina Laird ) and she is hurt . When Tyler asks his mum if he has to turn down every potential foster family , Sally decides that he does n't as he needs to be in the best place for him . Tyler is delighted when Sally wants him back and he visits his mum for a meeting with his social worker . Sally shows Tyler his room , which Tyler does n't like as it 's dinosaur themed . Tyler goes between his birthday party at The Dumping Ground and his mum 's and Tyler snaps when his mum replaces a photo of the young people with one of them both . Sally and Tyler realise the need to get to know each other and Sally accepts the young people and staff are family too . Lucy Taylor ( edit ) Lucy Taylor The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sally Rogers Duration 2014 - 2015 First appearance `` Hope '' 21 March 2014 Last appearance `` Dragon Slayer '' 13 March 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Former ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Johnny Taylor Daughters Tee Taylor Hope Lucy Taylor , portrayed by Sally Rogers , made her first appearance on 21 March 2014 in series 2 of The Dumping Ground during the episode Holding On . She departed in series 3 during the episode Dragon Slayer . Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) receives a letter from Lucy and she arranges to meet her at a cafe and Lucy apologises to Tee for letting her down . Tee visits her mum at a women 's refuge she is staying at and when Lucy says she wants to introduce her to someone , Tee suspects it is a boyfriend and leaves , however , Lucy goes after Tee and introduces Tee to her half - sister , Hope ( Lucy Briggs ) . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) goes to find Tee and he meets Hope , but he is angry with Lucy about everything that has happened . Feeling that Hope is n't safe with Lucy , Tee takes Hope whilst Lucy is distracted and takes her to The Dumping Ground before pretending to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) she is an abandoned child . A frantic Lucy turns up at The Dumping Ground to collect Hope and Mike realises that Hope is Johnny and Tee 's sister . Johnny spots his stepfather , Keith ( Neil Morrissey ) , in a park and rushes to tell his mum , but he and Tee are shocked to learn that she knows and that he has been seeing Hope ( now Holly & Paige Robinson ) . When Johnny goes to see his mum , Keith answers the door and Lucy arrives home shortly after . Keith pretends to be friendly toward Johnny , inviting him in , but when Lucy goes in , Keith is horrid to Johnny . Lucy tells Johnny and Tee that Keith wo n't be staying around as he is moving to Scotland and Johnny tells his mum that she has to think who really matters . Keith visits The Dumping Ground and complains to Mike about Johnny , accusing him of harassment . When Johnny shows his mum the photos , Lucy thinks it is drug dealing , but Keith shows him some drug counselling cards he has been handing out . Keith threatens to phone the police , but Lucy talks him out of it and Lucy agrees to let Keith stay so he can get to know Hope . On the day he is due to leave for the Army , Johnny goes to see his mum , but he finds her with a massive bruise on her face . Johnny gets his mum out of the house and confronts Keith . Kelly Bellman ( edit ) Kelly Bellman The Dumping Ground character Portrayed by Sandy Foster Duration 2015 - First appearance `` Free to Good Home '' 13 October 2015 Introduced by Lis Steele Classification Present ; recurring ( show ) Family Sons Dexter Bellman Murphy Bellman Daughters Sasha Bellman Stepsons Roddy Kelly Bellman , portrayed by Sandy Foster , made her first appearance on 13 October 2015 in series 3 of The Dumping Ground during the episode free to Good Home . After catching Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) trying to shoplift , Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) goes home and Murphy ( Thomas and Oliver Waldram ) is all alone . When Kelly returns home , she tells Sasha that she has had a call from a social worker about her running off , but wo n't tell . Sasha tells her mum that she caught Dexter trying to shoplift some nappies and that she needs to be there for her brothers . When Kelly hints on about being skint , Sasha tells her that she ca n't help her anymore . When Sasha comes home after going to the park with Dexter and his friend , Kelly tells Sasha she is managing with Dexter and Murphy ( Fred Montgomery Scott ) , but having her back would be a risk . Sasha is delighted when Kelly announces she is pregnant with her new partner 's daughter , but is left upset when Kelly says it would n't work with Sasha living at home . Kelly 's daughter is born with dwarfism , like Sasha . When Sasha finds out her stepbrother , Roddy ( Alfie Browne - Sykes ) , is involving Dexter in burglaries , she finds Dexter in a building with stolen things and that Kelly is involved . Others ( edit ) The Story of Tracy Beaker ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Julie 8 January 2002 Louise Barrett Julie is the former foster mother of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . She and Ted ( Kim MacDonald ) were unable to continue fostering Tracy as Julie was pregnant . Ted 8 January 2002 Kim MacDonald Ted is the former foster father of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . He and Julie ( Louise Barrett ) were unable to continue fostering Tracy as Julie was pregnant . Brian Gee 22 January 2002 Simon Ludders A photographer who takes pictures of Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) for Child of the Week . Ben 's Mum 24 January 2002 - 18 March 2003 Natasha Estelle Williams When Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) injures himself by falling out of a tree , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) takes him home . Tracy is n't happy with Ben when the arrive at a large house and that he lied that he lived on the streets . Tracy plots with Ben to get his mum to foster her by pretending that life is horrible at The Dumping Ground and being well behaved . On Ben 's birthday , his mum and his dad are called into work . When Ben 's mum drops Ben 's mobile of at The Dumping Ground , Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) teases Ben and thinks he is a wuss . Amber pressures Ben to hold a party in his parents absence . Miss Sharp 31 January 2002 - 26 February 2002 Ysobel Gonzalez Miss Sharp is Tracy 's ( Dani Harmer ) teacher . She appears in a flashback when Tracy was a new girl at school and Miss Sharp introduces Tracy to the class , but no one wants to be her friend . On parents evening , Tracy gives Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) the wrong time and pretends to Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) that a sponsored welly throw is happening at school . When Cam arrives at school , she finds out from Miss Sharp that it 's parents evening and Miss Sharp shows Cam some of Tracy 's homework . Cam also discovers that Tracy told Miss Sharp that she will be fostering Tracy soon . Terry Brown 5 February 2002 - 26 March 2002 Paul Mari Terry Brown and his wife , Jill ( Maggie Wells ) are a couple who decide to take Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) out , however Tracy is too lively for them . Tracy is angry when she overhears Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) and Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) tell Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Peter ( Joe Starrs ) would be better suited to Terry and Jill . When Tracy teachers Peter to be bad , he misbehaves when Terry and Jill come round , however Tracy admits that Peter 's bad behaviour was down to her and they should take Peter out . Peter is fostered by Terry and Jill . Jill Brown 5 February 2002 - 26 March 2002 Maggie Wells Jill Brown and her husband , Terri ( Paul Mari ) are a couple who decide to take Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) out , however Tracy is too lively for them . Tracy is angry when she overhears Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) and Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) tell Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Peter ( Joe Starrs ) would be better suited to Jill and Terry . When Tracy teachers Peter to be bad , he misbehaves when Jill and Terry come round , however Tracy admits that Peter 's bad behaviour was down to her and they should take Peter out . Peter is fostered by Jill and Terry Shoe Shop Assistant 5 March 2002 Jody Jameson When Maxy 's ( Jerome Holder ) shoes break , Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) takes him shopping for a new pair and the Shoe Shop Assistant helps them out . Maxy wants some red and black trainers , but Jenny insists on trying other pairs as the ones he likes do n't look strong . Maxy tries out several pairs , but pretend they do n't fit or hurt him . Mr Pugh 7 March 2002 Max Digby Mr Pugh is Tracy 's ( Dani Harmer ) teacher . He appears in flashbacks when Tracy is trying to explain the disappearance of her homework . Samantha 12 March 2002 Imogen Brown Samantha is an 11 - year - old girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground late at night when her mum ( Isobel Middleton ) is rushed into hospital with suspected appendicitis . Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) offers to share a room with Samantha , however , Louise is n't keen on her when Samantha goes through the stuff her mum does n't like her to have or do . Samantha strikes up a friendship with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Samantha teaches Tracy to cheerlead . Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) informs Samantha that her mum has been discharged from hospital after a false alarm . When her mum picks her up , she is horrified that Samantha has cut her hair and Samantha is grounded for a month . Samantha 's Mum 12 March 2002 Isobel Middleton When Samantha 's mum is discharged from hospital , she collects Samantha ( Imogen Brown ) from The Dumping Ground . Samantha 's mum is horrified when she sees how short Samantha has cut her hair and she grounds Samantha for a month . Leah 21 March 2002 Louisa Milwood Haigh Leah is a temporary careworker , who fills in for Jenny ( Sharlene Whyte ) when she is off work . The residents make up stories about Leah 's past . When Leah holds a meeting with the kids , they make up fun rules , however , Leah outsmarts them as she suggests a few creative rules . On a shopping trip , the kids run off from her , however Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) tells Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Peter ( Joe Starrs ) that Leah was a former care kid who looked after her and they are helping Leah get into trouble . A frantic Leah phones Duke when all the kids show up . Martha Leach 4 April 2002 Paula Bacon Martha is an estate agent , who shows Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) some flats Nathan 's Lecturer 14 January 2003 Gerri Smith The university lecturer of Nathan ( James Cartwright ) . She is surprised what Nathan has turned in for his coursework , nut roast and pickle taped on paper which was done by Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . Vikram Singh 23 January 2003 Gurmail Garib Singh Vikram is a boy , who has lost his dog named Fang . Fang has been hanging around The Dumping Ground and Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) becomes attached to him , so Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) helps Dolly smuggle Fang inside . Tracy gets Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) to look after Fang , but she soon returns him to Vikram . Vikram gives them £ 10 as a reward . Gang Girls 23 January 2003 Emily Carter Lowri Jenkins Nadine Marie Egal The friends of Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) . Anna 6 February 2003 Charlotte Lowri Anna is the girlfriend of Nathan ( James Cartwright ) , who Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) is jealous of . During a game of truth or dare , Dolly gets Nathan to admit that she is his favourite person . Dolly gets Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) to admit to Anna that Nathan said he liked someone better than her in truth or dare , not knowing that he said it Dolly . Anna breaks up with Nathan . Gordon 11 February 2003 Roderick Smith Gordon is the father of Warren ( Leighton Smith ) . He is annoyed with Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) when she lets the animals out of their pens , but Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) takes the blame . Warren 11 February 2003 Leighton Morgan Warren is the son of Gordon ( Roderick Smith ) , who shows Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) the farm . Adele ( Rochelle Gadd ) is attracted to Warren . Mr Byron 18 February 2003 Sule Rimi When Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) is ill , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , with well intentions , takes over Cam 's life and she delivers one of Cam 's incomplete stories to the publishers and gives it Mr Byron . Receptionist 18 February 2003 Portia Nicholson The receptionist of the publishers who tells Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) who Mr Byron ( Sule Rimi ) is . Celebrant 25 February 2003 Duncan Betts The celebrant who performs Steve ( Stephen Crossley ) and Carrie 's ( Caroline Bunce ) wedding . Quiz Kids 27 February 2003 Calum Fowler Natasha Marshall Kids from another care home who compete against the Stowey House team in a quiz . Derrick 4 March 2003 Jonathan Davies One of Adele 's ( Rochelle Gadd ) boyfriends . Derrick and Jamie ( Mohammed Hadan ) find out that Adele is dating them both when they turn up at The Dumping Ground together . Ben 's Dad 4 March 2003 Kevin McCurdy On Ben 's ( Luke Youngblood ) birthday , his dad and his mum are called into work . Jamie 4 March 2003 Mohammed Hadan One of Adele 's ( Rochelle Gadd ) boyfriends . Jamie and Derrick ( Jonathan Davies ) find out that Adele is dating them both when they turn up at The Dumping Ground together . Mr Morris 13 March 2003 - 25 March 2003 Rhys Parry Jones Mr Morris is the potential foster father of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) . Louise and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) join Mr Morris and his family on a picnic and Tracy questions Mr and Mrs Morris ( Kerry Joy Stewart ) about themselves . When Louise leaves , Mr and Mrs Morris collect Louise from The Dumping Ground . Mrs Morris 13 March 2003 - 16 October 2003 Kerry Joy Stewart Mrs Morris is the potential foster mother of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) . Louise and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) join Mrs Morris and her family on a picnic and Tracy questions Mrs and Mr Morris ( Kerry Joy Stewart ) about themselves . When Louise leaves , Mrs and Mr Morris collect Louise from The Dumping Ground . When Louise visits her friends , Louise makes out that her foster family are horrible so it does n't appear that she is boasting . Tracy and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) go to the park to rescue Louise and Louise admits that the Morris ' are n't horrible . Granddad Morris 13 March 2003 Tony Leader When Mr Morris ( Rhys Parry Jones ) and Mrs Morris ( Kerry Joy Stuart ) take potential foster daughter Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) out , Louise brings Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) along . Granddad Morris stays at The Dumping Ground and he teachers Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) and Lol some survival skills , which Duke ( Clive Rowe ) falls foul of . Mr Morris leaves The Dumping Ground with Bouncer and Lol 's gameboy . Gang 18 March 2003 Emily Carter James Marshall 2 of Amber 's ( Alicia Hooper ) friends , who Amber brings to Ben 's ( Luke Youngblood party . They vandalize pictures and statues at Ben 's house . Jasper 20 March 2003 - 3 April 2003 Declan Wilson Jasper is the uncle of Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) . Ben invites Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) round and Tracy makes up to Kate and Jasper ( Declan Wilson ) that her mum is rich and lives in Hollywood . When they go to the funfair and beach , Kate believes that Tracy is spoilt and rude . Tracy runs off and Ben defends Tracy to his uncle and aunt . Jasper and Kate go to The Dumping Ground and Kate apologises for what she said and they invite Tracy to go out with them the following day . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) tells Tracy that Jasper and Kate want to foster her and Tracy is pleased with the news and the residents put Jasper and Kate through some tests to see if they are ideal for Tracy . When Tracy learns that she would be moving to Scotland , she asks Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) what she should do and Cam tells Jasper and Kate to look after Tracy . Tracy decides to go to Scotland for a holiday before coming back to The Dumping Ground permanently . Kate 20 March 2003 - 3 April 2003 Tracy Williams Kate is the aunt of Ben ( Luke Youngblood ) . Ben invites Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) round and Tracy makes up to Kate and Jasper ( Declan Wilson ) that her mum is rich and lives in Hollywood . When they go to the funfair and beach , Kate believes that Tracy is spoilt and rude . Tracy runs off and Ben defends Tracy to his aunt and uncle . Kate and Jasper go to The Dumping Ground and Kate apologises for what she said and they invite Tracy to go out with them the following day . Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) tells Tracy that Kate and Jasper want to foster her and Tracy is pleased with the news and the residents put Kate and Jasper through some tests to see if they are ideal for Tracy . When Tracy learns that she would be moving to Scotland , she asks Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) what she should do and Cam tells Kate and Jasper to look after Tracy . Tracy decides to go to Scotland for a holiday before coming back to The Dumping Ground permanently . Colin 25 March 2003 Brendan Charleson Colin is a friend of Duke 's ( Clive Rowe ) , who lends his lawn mower to Duke . Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) crashes Colin 's motor , so his girlfriend , Selima ( Claire Cage ) brings a toolbox to The Dumping Ground . Amber is impressed with Selima 's motorbike and Amber persuades Duke ( Clive Hill ) to let her ride it with Selima . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) later hints to Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Colin and Selima could be ideal foster parents for Amber . Selima 25 March 2003 Claire Cage When Amber ( Alicia Hooper ) crashes Colin ( Brendan Charleson ) 's lawn mower , Colin 's girlfriend , Selima . brings a toolbox to The Dumping Ground . Amber is impressed with Selima 's motorbike and Amber persuades Duke ( Clive Hill ) to let her ride it with Selima . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) later hints to Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Selima and Colin could be ideal foster parents for Amber . Jack Hopper 23 October 2003 - 25 January 2005 Howell Evans Jack Hopper is the grandfather of Jackie Hopper ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) . Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) goes with Jackie on her first visit to see her grandpa when Shelley is unable to arrange anyone to go with her . Jackie does n't believe her grandpa needs looking after , however , Crash tells her that he forgot who she was . Jackie plans a way to get her grandpa home with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Tracy is puzzled when Jack keeps referring to Jackie as Norma . When they get home , the find an Estate Agent in the house and Jack orders her to leave . Shelley turns up at the house unexpectedly and Shelley explains to Jackie how her grandpa can no longer look after her . Jackie cancels her grandpa 's first visit to The Dumping Ground , however , Crash secretly arranges for Jack to come . Jackie pretends not to like The Dumping Ground to her grandpa and she tells him that she did n't want to seem settled in case it upset him . Jackie participates in a charity run with her grandpa but Jack has a turn and can not complete the race , so Jackie completes it for him . When Jackie finds out that her grandpa needs a wheelchair , she believes he does n't need it . When Jack is taken home , he wants his trainers to be thrown away , however , Crash throws his slippers away and Jack gets Jackie and Crash to race him in his wheelchair . Jackie is devastated when her grandpa dies . Mr Bygrave 23 October 2003 David Charles Mr Bygrave and his wife , Mrs Bygrave ( Rachel Atkins ) are potential foster parents for Tracy ( Dani Harmer , but Tracy is n't keen on them . Tracy gets Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) to set up a meeting and she and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) trick Michael ( William Tomlin ) to go out with them instead . Tracy and Justine 's plan backfires and they are forced to apologise to them by Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) . Mrs Bygrave 23 October 2003 Rachel Atkins Mrs Bygrave and her husband , Mr Bygrave ( David Charles ) are potential foster parents for Tracy ( Dani Harmer , but Tracy is n't keen on them . Tracy gets Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) to set up a meeting and she and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) trick Michael ( William Tomlin ) to go out with them instead . Tracy and Justine 's plan backfires and they are forced to apologise to them by Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) . Estate Agent 13 November 2003 Vivienne Rowdon An Estate Agent who is found in Jack 's ( Howell Evans ) house by him , Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Jack has no recollection of signing the papers due to his Alzheimer 's and insists the Estate Agent gets out of his house . Vicky 20 November 2003 Jennifer Robinson Vicky is a girl on the same ward as Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she has her appendix out . Philip 4 December 2003 Angus Alexander Brown Philip is the potential foster father of Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When he , his wife Cathy ( June Campbell - Davies ) and daughter Sophie ( Rebecca Walker ) , arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Philip and Cathy . Cathy 4 December 2003 June Campbell - Davies Cathy is the potential foster mother of Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When she , her husband Philip ( Angus Alexander Brown ) and daughter Sophie ( Rebecca Walker ) , arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Cathy and Philip . Sophie 4 December 2003 Rebecca Walker Sophie is the daughter of Philip ( Angus Alexander Brown ) and Cathy ( June Campbell - Davies ) , who are intending on fostering Dolly ( Chloe Hibbert - Waters ) . When she and her parents arrive at The Dumping Ground , flour and ketchup bombs are dropped on them by Dolly , Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Marco ( Jack Edwards ) , who have formed `` The Beaker Club '' . Dolly is fostered by Philip and Cathy . Maureen ( series 3 ) 18 April 2003 - 5 February 2004 Lynn Hunter Maureen works at the bakery , where Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) works . After a rough start in his job , Bouncer wins Maureen and Dave ( Mark Flanagan ) round by impressing them with homemade mayonnaise . Dave ( The Story of Tracy Beaker ) 18 April 2003 Mark Flanagan Dave works at the bakery , where Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) works . Dave gives Bouncer a hard time and nicknames him `` Orphanage Boy '' . After a rough start in his job , Bouncer wins Dave and Maureen ( Lynn Hunter ) round by impressing them with homemade mayonnaise . Zara 18 April 2003 Jude Mitson Zara is Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) publicist , whom Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) clashes with . Wilson 8 January 2003 - 15 January 2003 Oliver Llewellyn Jenkins Wilson arrives at The Dumping Ground when his mother is rushed to hospital . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) mistakes Wilson for Louise 's ( Chelsie Padley ) boyfriend , so Tracy throws eggs at him and locks him in a cupboard . Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) loses a competition against Michael ( William Tomlin ) , so he has to share a room with Wilson . Crash is impressed with Wilson when Wilson shows Crash all the goodies he has with him . Hayley ( Kristal Lau ) and Layla ( Cara Readle ) do Wilson 's hair , but they get bubble gum stuck in his hair . When Tracy and Wilson talk , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) teases Tracy about having a crush , but Tracy denies it . Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Crash plant Duke 's ( Clive Rowe ) mobile in Tracy 's bag after sending love messages on both Duke and Shelley 's ( Nicola Reynolds ) phone to each other 's . When Duke 's phone is found in Tracy 's bag , Wilson takes the blame . When Tracy finds out that Wilson did n't do it , Wilson admits he likes Tracy to her and the pair kiss , which is witnessed by Justine . Adam 8 January 2003 Richard Pask Adam is the boyfriend of Louise ( Chelsie Padley ) , who plays practical jokes on Louise . When new boy Wilson ( Oliver Llewellyn Jenkins ) arrives at The Dumping Ground , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) mistakes him for Adam and throws egg , water and flour at him before locking him in a cupboard . When Tracy realises Wilson is not Adam , she lets him out . Logan 29 January 2004 Paul Mohan Logan is a football team coach , who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) visit to get Lol on the football team . Logan allows Lol to play with the team , but afterward , he says that Lol is too young . Logan arranges for Lol to be the team mascot . Kelly 5 February 2004 Sophie Sherrington Kelly is Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) girlfriend , who works with him at the bakery . When Kelly asks Bouncer if she could go back to his place and meet his family , Bouncer makes up excuses , which make Kelly think Bouncer is ashamed . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Lol ) ( Ciaran Joyce ) tease Bouncer about having a girlfriend as they followed him , but Bouncer said he lied to Kelly about having a family . Tracy and Lol intervene and invite Kelly around to The Dumping Ground and everyone helps getting the place ready . When Kelly arrives , Bouncer admits that it 's a children 's home , but Kelly reassures him that it 's nothing to be ashamed of . Sufia 19 February 2004 Krupa Patel Sufia is a girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground in the middle of the night and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) is n't pleased at sharing a room with her . When Shelley ( Nicola Reynolds ) runs an art competition to replace the broken photo , Tracy 's is ruined by Michael ( William Tomlin ) and Sufia paints her a replacement . Tracy wins the competition , but gives her prize to Sufia as an apology for not telling everyone she did the painting . Charlie Kean 4 March 2004 Dan Winter Charlie Kean and his TV crew arrive at The Dumping Ground to film Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) book launch . He gets annoyed with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) when she keeps interrupting filming . When Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) fails to get a photo of Charlie and Charlie is rude towards her , Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) throw cold spaghetti on him from upstairs and Jackie photographs him . Tom 11 March 2004 - 1 April 2004 Matt Zarb Tom and his son , Jake ( Ryan Nelson ) , bump into Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) at the science museum when Tracy is meeting prospective foster parents . When Tom and Jake return Tracy 's jacket , they invite her to the park and Tracy gets advice on brothers and dads . Tracy knocks out Jake 's filling and Tracy takes Jake 's hat so she will see them again . When they come to collect the hat , Elaine convinces Tom and Jake to stay for a bit and they ask Tracy if she wants to come to the circus with them . Tom and Jake are invited to the BBQ and when Tracy spots Tom kissing Elaine , Tracy says he has to choose between Elaine or fostering her , but Tom tells her he has no intentions of fostering . Jake 11 March 2004 - 1 April 2004 Ryan Nelson Jake and his father , Tom ( Matt Zarb ) , bump into Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) at the science museum when Tracy is meeting prospective foster parents . When Jake and Tom return Tracy 's jacket , they invite her to the park and Tracy gets advice on brothers and dads . Tracy knocks out Jake 's filling and Tracy takes Jake 's hat so she will see them again . When they come to collect the hat , Elaine convinces Jake and Tom to stay for a bit and they ask Tracy if she wants to come to the circus with them . Jake and Tom are invited to the BBQ . Ron 11 March 2004 Morgan Hopkins Ron and his wife Gwen ( Sara McGaughey ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Gwen 11 March 2004 Sara McGaughey Gwen and her husband Ron ( Morgan Hopkins ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Dave 11 March 2004 Gareth Wyn Griffiths Dave and his wife Jemima ( Debra Glazer ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy gets annoyed with them when they repeatedly call her `` Trace '' . Jemima 11 March 2004 Debra Glazer Jemima and her husband Dave ( Gareth Wyn Griffiths ) are a set of potential foster parents who Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) meets at the science museum with Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy gets annoyed with them when they repeatedly call her `` Trace '' . Steward 25 March 2004 Dafydd Wyn - Roberts A steward who initially does n't allow Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to participate in the race due to her late application , but Michael ( William Tomlin ) gets him to change his mind . Amy 21 October 2004 Seren Morgan Amy and her mother Sue ( Sarah Cartwright ) meet Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) at an art centre open day . Sue 21 October 2004 Sarah Cartwright Sue and her daughter Amy ( Seren Morgan ) meet Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) at an art centre open day . Penelope Lawson 28 October 2004 Marilyn Le Conte Penelope is the mother of Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) . When Cam tells Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) that Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) spends a lot of time at The Dumping Ground , Elaine suggests that Tracy prefers being around a lot of people and that Cam should invite her mother . Tracy is n't pleased with the news , but Penelope wins Tracy round with presents . When Penelope starts interfering with how Cam and Tracy do things , Tracy tells them that she wants to play a video game and order in pizza , but Tracy gets annoyed when Penelope and Cam play the video game together and she feels pushed out . Kez 4 November 2004 Jane Murphy Kez is a trainee social worker , who tries to copy Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) helps Kez out with fostering theories . Maureen ( series 4 ) 4 November 2004 Rebecca Orchard When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) does Cam 's food shop with Crash , Tracy lies to Maureen that Cam steals her allowance . Maureen feels sorry for Tracy , so she gives her a bag of sweets . Jane 15 December 2004 Evelyn Duah Jane is a trainee careworker , who Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) is attracted to . Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , Rio ( Craig Roberts ) and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) intercept Bouncer 's love letters to Jane and write back to Bouncer as Jane , asking for gifts . Frances 15 December 2004 Katy Owen Frances is a trainee careworker , whom Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) is attracted to . Mr Boxer 4 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Dave Bond Mr Boxer is a potential foster father for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) . However , after failing with a potential foster family earlier that day , the residents change his appearance and personality . When it turns out that Mr and Mrs Boxer are eccentric , the kids plan to show Mr and Mrs Boxer how Marco really is . On Special Guest 's day , Mr and Mrs Boxer have been approved to foster Marco , but Marco is sad about leaving Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) and Marco persuades Mr and Mrs Boxer to foster Milly as well . Mrs Boxer 4 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Anita Reynolds Mrs Boxer is a potential foster mother for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) . However , after failing with a potential foster family earlier that day , the residents change his appearance and personality . When it turns out that Mrs and Mr Boxer are eccentric , the kids plan to show Mr and Mrs Boxer how Marco really is . On Special Guest 's day , Mrs and Mr Boxer have been approved to foster Marco , but Marco is sad about leaving Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) and Marco persuades Mrs and Mr Boxer to foster Milly as well . Mr Pincher 11 January 2005 Keiron Self Mr Pincher is an inspector who inspects The Dumping Ground . Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , Rio ( Craig Roberts ) and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) devise a plan to get The Dumping Ground shut down by pretending that Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) and Duke ( Clive Rowe ) mistreat them . Journalist 18 January 2005 Rhian Green A journalist from `` Kids in Care '' magazine , who speaks to Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) and Duke about Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Dignitary 18 January 2005 Lloyd Johnston Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) speaks to the Dignitary , mistaking him for the journalist ( Rhian Green ) . He soon gets fed up of Elaine and says that he simply came to the reception to sample to cakes . Nurse Nadia 25 January 2005 Tara Breathnach The nurse who cares for Jackie 's ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) grandfather , Jack ( Howell Evans ) . Arthur MacDonald 25 January 2005 Charles Lewsen Arthur is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who the residents track down for Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie and George convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . `` Flying '' Freddie Mercer 25 January 2005 - 8 December 2005 Ram John Holder Freddie is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who Arthur ( Charles Lewsen ) picks up on the way to Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie and George ( Noel Williams ) convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . When Jackie returns home from Brownhurst Academy with an injury , she is unimpressed with Freddie 's presence and Jackie later admits to Freddie , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) that she faked the injury as she was homesick . Freddie visits Jackie on Special Guests day and Freddie 's hair is covered in green paint by Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) friend , Romily ( Ruth Collett ) . George Divine 25 January 2005 Noel Williams George is an old running friend of Jack ( Howell Evans ) , who Arthur ( Charles Lewsen ) picks up on the way to Jack 's funeral . Arthur , Freddie ( Ram John Holder ) and George convince Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) to go to Jack 's funeral . Minister 25 January 2005 Mike Haywood The minister who performs Jack 's ( Howell Evans ) funeral . Mr Smart 8 February 2005 Richard Elfyn Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) recommends Duke ( Clive Rowe ) for a job with Mr Smart . When Mr Smart goes to The Dumping Ground to collect a written reference from Duke , Duke decides not to go for a job with Mr Smart and stays at The Dumping Ground . Constance 22 February 2005 Christine Winter Constance arrives at The Dumping Ground to relieve Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) of some of his troubles . Constance does n't allow Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) to visit , even with permission from Sid . The residents are n't happy when Constance shows them their new care plans or with Mathelympics . In attempt to get rid of Constance . Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) and Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) set a trap in the kitchen , but it does n't work . Tracy and Crash get help from Christopher `` Crusher '' ( George Heritage ) and Sian ( Jodie Lunnon ) to get rid of Constance . Christopher `` Crusher '' 22 February 2005 George Heritage Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) get Crusher 's and Sian 's ( Jodie Lunnon ) help to get rid of Constance ( Christine Winter ) . Sian 22 February 2005 Jodie Lunnon Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) get Sian and Christopher `` Crusher '' 's ( George Heritage ) help to get rid of Constance ( Christine Winter ) . Dora 1 March 2005 Faith Kent After Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) flashes some cash from her foster grandmother , Penelope Lawson ( Marilyn Le Conte ) , the residents invite Dora and Henry ( George Atkins ) , hoping they will get some money . Dora and Henry soon become aware of the plan and decide to play along . Henry 1 March 2005 George Atkins After Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) flashes some cash from her foster grandmother , Penelope Lawson ( Marilyn Le Conte ) , the residents invite Henry and Dora ( Faith Kent ) , hoping they will get some money . Henry and Dora soon become aware of the plan and decide to play along . Social Worker ( The Story of Tracy Beaker ) 15 March 2005 Amy Starling The social worker who shows Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) his room on his visit to the halfway house . Ron 5 April 2005 Julian Lewis Jones On the residents orienteering trip , Ron , Sid ( Vincenzo Pellegrino ) and Duke ( Clive Rowe ) play some practical jokes on the kids . The jokes include gunge falling on them and putting their hands in different food stuffs . The kids soon get their own back by hosing Ron , Sid and Duke with water . John 28 November 2005 - 8 December 2005 Adam Skilton John is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) cousin . Justine is n't unhappy with his arrival and when Justine learns that she has to give up her room for John , Justine decides to go back to The Dumping Ground . On Special Guest 's day , Justine is n't thrilled when her dad brings John along . When John has an allergic reaction to nuts , Justine gives John his injection and John apologises to Justine . Billy 28 November 2005 Morgan Wyn Bowen Billy is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) half - brother and the son of Steve ( Morgan Hopkins ) and Carrie ( Kathryn Dimery ) . Chantal 's dad 29 November 2005 Vinod Soni The father of Chantal ( Deepal Parmar ) , whom Chantal goes to live with in Somerset . Gary 29 November 2005 George McAllister When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) is on holiday with Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) , Cam meets Gary . Unhappy with Cam 's new relationship , Tracy moves back to The Dumping Ground . When Cam invites Tracy to come on a picnic , Tracy declines , however she later changes her mind after a conversation with Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Things go well on the picnic , to everyone 's surprise and she later goes out for dinner with Gary and Cam . Gary and Cam break the news to Tracy they are getting married and Tracy does n't take it well . On the day of the wedding , Cam ca n't bear the thought of Tracy not being at the wedding and she tells Gary that everyone has tried . Gary gets Crash ( Darragh Mortell ) to get Tracy to the park so he can try to find out what the problem is , but Tracy is angry at Gary for using Crash to get to her . Tracy later admits her fears to Crash and Jackie , which is that she thinks that Cam and Gary will want children of their own and not her , but Crash and Jackie reassure her . Tracy attends the wedding and she tells Gary and Cam that she wants them to get married . At the wedding reception , Gary and Cam tell Tracy that they do n't want to foster her , but they want to adopt her instead . Mrs Ball 29 November 2005 Victoria Pugh Mrs Ball and her husband attend the open day at The Dumping Ground arranged by Elaine ( Nisha Nayer ) . Rio ( Craig Roberts ) introduces himself to Mrs Ball and her husband after changing his appearance to try to get fostered . Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) offers Mrs Ball and her husband a biscuit , but Rio tries to take them off her as they have salt in . Shop Assistant 1 December 2005 Phylip Harries When Marco ( Jack Edwards ) wants a mum so he can get an alien from a store doing a mother 's day special , Bouncer ( Ben Hanson ) pretends to be his mum . The shop assistant is attracted to Bouncer 's female persona , but the shop assistant think Bouncer is winding him up when he discovers Bouncer is not a woman . Marco admits that he is in care and he allows Marco , Lol ( Ciaran Joyce ) and Wolfie ( Felix Drake ) to have an alien . Mrs Lucre 5 December 2005 Emma Treharne Jones Mrs Lucre and her husband Mr Lucre ( Giles Thomas ) are potential foster parents . After overhearing what facilities Mrs and Mr Lucre have , everyone lines up and politely greets Mrs and Mr Lucre . Mrs and Mr Lucre decide to foster Tracy the dog . Mr Lucre 5 December 2005 Giles Thomas Mr Lucre and his wife Mrs Lucre ( Emma Treharne Johnes ) are potential foster parents . After overhearing what facilities Mrs and Mr Lucre have , everyone lines up and politely greets Mr and Mrs Lucre . Mr and Mrs Lucre decide to foster Tracy the dog . Theo 6 December 2005 Patrick Robinson Theo is Crash 's ( Darragh Mortell ) father . Crash is unsure about seeing him , but as Theo is about to leave , Crash wants him to stay . Theo and Crash bond over football , but Jackie ( Abby Rakic - Platt ) and Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) confiscate the ball in order to get them to actually talk . When Theo starts getting ideas about his and Crash 's future , Crash snaps at Theo and tells him to go . Jackie gets Theo back and Theo and Crash make up . Lucy 6 December 2005 Lisa Diveney Lucy is a candidate for head careworker job . The kids think she is perfect for the job , however Alice ( Olivia Grant ) does n't like Lucy and Roxy ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) agrees with Alice and makes up a story that Lucy use to work at her old care home . Mr Willis 6 December 2005 Owen Garmon Mr Willis is a candidate for head careworker job . The children put him through a `` Weakest Careworker '' challenge by making costume hats for Marco ( Jack Edwards ) and Milly ( Holly Gibbs ) . Marco and Milly are n't satisfied with his effort . Mrs Hood 6 December 2005 Owen Garmon Mrs Hood is a candidate for head careworker job . The children put her through a `` Weakest Careworker '' quiz and she gets every question correct , however Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) says she leaves with nothing . Charlie 8 December 2005 Sid Beadle In Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Elaine 's ( Nisha Nayer ) absence , Charlie is abandoned at The Dumping Ground . Justine ( Montanna Thompson ) looks after Charlie , teaching him life lessons on the way . When Mike and Elaine return , a foster family is arranged to collect Charlie . Emily 8 December 2005 Natasha Collett Emily is the twin sister of Romily ( Ruth Collett ) and a friend of Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) . When Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) brownie mix is tampered with and Eddie 's hair goes green , Emily is the prime suspect as she was seen covered in green paint , but Roxy and Alice ( Olivia Grant ) were with Emily . It emerges that Emily is a twin and Romily was responsible for green paint incidents . Romily 8 December 2005 Ruth Collett Romily is the twin sister of Emily ( Natasha Collett ) and a friend of Roxy 's ( Sophie Borja - Edwards ) . When Bouncer 's ( Ben Hanson ) brownie mix is tampered with and Eddie 's hair goes green , Emily is the prime suspect as she was seen covered in green paint , but Roxy and Alice ( Olivia Grant ) were with Emily . It emerges that Emily is a twin and Romily was responsible for green paint incidents . New Girl 9 December 2005 Maddie Rakic - Platt A new girl who arrives at The Dumping Ground . Registrar 9 December 2005 Sian Naiomi The registrar who performs Cam ( Lisa Coleman ) and Gary 's ( George McAllister ) wedding . Tracy Beaker Returns ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Sgt Nelson 8 January 2010 - 12 February 2010 Jim Kitson When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) uses Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) credit card in order to publish her book , it leaves Cam £ 6,000 in debt . She is arrested by a police officer ( Charlie Binns ) and Sgt Nelson questions her at the station . Sgt Nelson contacts Cam and they both agree to drop the charges against Tracy as Cam never wanted her to get arrested on the conditions that Tracy repays Cam and she writes a weekly article . After Liam ( Richard Wisker ) pulls a scam at the launderette and turns a man 's washing pink , the police officer arrests Liam and takes him to see Sgt Nelson . realises that Sapphire 's ( Saffron Coomber ) boyfriend , Ferris ( Peter Losasso ) , has got her hiding stolen goods in her bedroom , she summons Sgt Nelson to The Dumping Ground to talk about her column . Ferris is tricked by Tracy when ends up in the same room as Sgt Nelson and the stolen goods and he begins to blame Sapphire and when Sapphire finds out , she blames Ferris . Sapphire realises that Tracy did n't tell on her and Sgt Nelson arrests Ferris when Ferris takes the blame . Police Officer ( Tracy Beaker Returns , series 1 ) 8 January 2010 Jim Kitson When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) uses Cam 's ( Lisa Coleman ) credit card in order to publish her book , it leaves Cam £ 6,000 in debt . She is arrested by the police officer and Sgt Nelson ( Jim Kitson ) questions her at the station . After Liam ( Richard Wisker ) pulls a scam at the launderette and turns a man 's washing pink , the police officer arrests Liam and takes him to see Sgt Nelson . Presenter 8 January 2010 Sarah Lawton The presenter who interviews Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) for the telly when Tracy has published her own book . Mr Scott 15 January 2010 Richard Stacey Mr Scott and his wife , Mrs Scott ( Joanne Bowden ) are potential foster parents for Toby ( John Bell ) . Toby decides that he does not want to be fostered by Mr and Mrs Scott . Mrs Scott 15 January 2010 Joanne Bowden Mrs Scott and her husband , Mr Scott ( Richard Stacey ) are potential foster parents for Toby ( John Bell ) . Toby decides that he does not want to be fostered by Mrs and Mr Scott . WI Lady 5 February 2010 Sue Bowmer Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) go to houses to sell pizza and she pays £ 10 for a slice of pizza when Liam and Frank tell her it 's to save The Dumping Ground . Vested Man 5 February 2010 Steven Osborne When Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) go to houses to sell pizza , they annoy the man by waking him up . He drags Liam and Frank back to The Dumping Ground and when he threatens to get the police involved Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) says he should tell them about him dragging a boy with cerebral palsy through the streets . Ferris 12 February 2010 Peter Losasso Ferris is the boyfriend of Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) . When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) finds out Sapphire has got her hiding stolen goods in her bedroom , she tries to keep an eye on Sapphire . Tracy invites Ferris for tea and she summons Sgt Nelson to The Dumping Ground to talk about her column . Ferris is tricked by Tracy when ends up in the same room as Sgt Nelson and the stolen goods and he begins to blame Sapphire and when Sapphire finds out , she blames Ferris . Sapphire realises that Tracy did n't tell on her and Sgt Nelson arrests Ferris when Ferris takes the blame . Cabbie 19 February 2010 Ian McLaughlin The cabbie who takes Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to his audition . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) brings Lily ( Jessie Williams ) along and gets the cabbie to stop at Matt ( Chris Robson ) and Christie 's ( Vicky Hall ) house for Lily to apologise . When Gus arrives at his audition , he believes he is too late and insists on going home . Terrie Finder 26 February 2010 Tracy - Ann Oberman When Toby ( John Bell ) , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) enter a competition to win a holiday . When Terrie visits The Dumping Ground to collect details for the holiday , they lie that they are a family , but Terrie susses out that they live in care . Terrie agrees they can have the holiday if they get permission from an adult , however , the boys fill out the form themselves and they get Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to help with Mike 's ( Connor Byrne ) details . Terrie spots the boys filling in the form and when she confirms the holiday , Toby finds out she 's charged £ 5,000 on Mike 's credit card . The boys go to the Sunscreen Holidays office and Liam insists Terrie gives Mike his money back , but Terrie refuses . To distract Terrie , they set off her car alarm and whilst Terrie confronts Liam and Johnny , Frank and Toby sneak in . Frank and Toby go on Terrie 's laptop to cancel the holiday , however , Terrie catches them , but Toby takes a USB stick . Terrie arrives at The Dumping Ground and she insists they give her the USB stick back as it has important information , but Toby refuses unless she gives Mike his money back . When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) tells Terrie she has conned a bunch of kids , Terrie says that they told her they were over 18 , however , Toby plays the automated message and they do n't confirm their age . Terrie agrees to cancel the transaction and give Mike his money back . Helen Howle 5 March 2010 Fiona Wade Helen is the mother of Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) , who turns up unexpectedly at The Dumping Ground to see Carmen and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) invites her in after thinking she has permission . Carmen is unhappy with her presence and she runs off upstairs . Mike ( Connor Byrne ) later tells Carmen that her social worker says it 's OK for her mum to visit , but Carmen does n't want to see her . Carmen later changes her mind and she spends the day with her mum with Tracy shadowing them . Helen then invites Carmen to live with her in Spain and after talking about it with Mike and social services , Mike tells Carmen she can spend a short trial period in Spain to see how things go . Helen tells Carmen that whatever choice she makes , she will support her . Helen gets back together with her ex-boyfriend , Lee and she lets Carmen down again when she says Carmen ca n't live with her straight away . Tracy gives Helen an earful about how she puts herself first and how amazing it was that Carmen was prepared to give her a second chance . Riff 12 March 2010 Jordan Hill Riff is the half - brother of Sapphire Fox ( Saffron Coomber ) . When he arrives at The Dumping Ground , he hides in the bushes and Carmen is convinced there is a werewolf . Late at night , Riff makes it inside and sleeps in Sapphire 's room . Riff explains to Sapphire that he wants to find their dad and he asks Sapphire if she knows where he is . Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) spot Riff with Sapphire and Riff gives Lily and Tee an MP3 player for them to keep quiet about him . Riff later plays a game of Guitar Heroes and when Riff scrolls through the song list , Sapphire notices the band that their dad is in and she tells Riff . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) find out about Riff 's presence , Mike tells Riff that he will contact Social Services from up north . Riff and Sapphire plan to run away to their dad , but Tracy catches up with them and Sapphire says that being in care is n't all that bad . When Riff leaves , he gives Sapphire his mobile phone as he has 2 more . Service Station Manager 19 March 2010 Peter Gunn On the way to the beach , the kids and staff stop off at a service station . When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) play with some inflatable beach toys , he asks them if they are going to buy anything . Carmen accidentally knocks down a sweet stand with an inflatable seahorse , angering the service station manager . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) finds Lily ( Jessie Williams ) who is struggling to enjoy herself without her sisters and Tracy gives Lily some sweets . The service station manager asks Tracy if she paid for the sweets . He later receives a complaint from a customer , who had his car soaked by Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) . After ending up back home , everyone sets off to the beach again and they stop off at the same service station . The service station manager refuses to let them use the cafe , but he is persuaded by Tee and he warns them to behave . When Toby loses his hamster , chaos is caused when Liam announces to the customers that who ever find it can have a sat nav and the service station manager orders them to leave . Newspaper Editor 26 March 2010 Ingrid Lacey A newspaper editor who offers Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) a job as a junior reporter . She sets Tracy a test article by writing about the kids she works with on life from their point of view . When Tracy gives her the article , she is impressed , however , Tracy decides not to take the job . Leanne Spinks 7 January 2011 Clare Cathcart After Lily ( Jessie Williams ) falls off the roof , Leanne Spinks is sent to The Dumping Ground from the council to conduct a full investigation and she tells the children that they will be sent elsewhere whilst the investigation happens . When the kids lock themselves in the cellar , they refuse to come out and Leanne threatens to phone the police , however Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) manages to convince them . When The Dumping Ground is reopened , Leanne does her report . She is part of the panel when Mike ( Connor Byrne ) has to explain why he let Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) continue with her protest . Mike 's job is safe when the panel find in his favour . Council Official 7 January 2011 Shaun Prendergast When The Dumping Ground residents do a protest to prevent the council closing The Dumping Ground , it gets media interest and the Council Official arrives to tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) to stop the protest . He is part of the panel when Mike has to explain why he let Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) continue with her protest . Sara 14 January 2011 Romy Irving Sara is a girl , who Toby ( John Bell ) has a crush on . When Sara comments that she saw Toby with his mum , Toby lies about his family and Sara lies that her mum is n't around anymore and she died . In the comic shop , Sara picks up a classic comic and Toby says he has it and offers to lend it Sara . Comic Shop Owner 14 January 2011 Wayne Cater After assuming Toby ( John Bell ) is n't returning to The Dumping Ground , the residents help themselves to his things . Liam ( Richard Wisker ) sells Toby 's comic . When Toby notices one of his comics in the comic store , he asks the owner where he got it and he realises that all of his comics have been sold to him . Foster Mum 14 January 2011 Zoe Lambert The foster mum who looks after Toby ( John Bell ) when The Dumping Ground was temporarily closed . Sara 's Mum 14 January 2011 Phillippa Wilson The mother of Sara ( Romy Irving ) . When Toby ( John Bell ) goes to Sara 's to lend her a comic , her mum comes to the door shortly after and introduces herself as Sara 's mum . Toby is angry with Sara as she made up that she did n't have a mum . Ade 21 January 2011 Timi Lamikanra Ade and his brother , Dayo ( Mohammed Mansaray ) ran away from their home in Libya , living at Elm Tree House for a few days . Ade and Dayo tell the children that when soldiers killed their parents , they hid underneath rubbish in order to escape from their country . They were also badly beaten by the soldiers . They were able to escape to England because they feared that they would be killed if they remained in Libya . When the residents learn what happened to the two boys , they are very moved and hide Ade and Dayo in the attic . They fear that once the immigration officials discovered their existence , they will be sent back to Africa It soon emerges that the Immigration Officials have found the brothers a home and they have leave to remain in the United Kingdom until they are eighteen years old . Dayo 21 January 2011 Mohammed Mansaray Dayo and his brother , Ade ( Timi Lamikanra ) ran away from their home in Libya , living at Elm Tree House for a few days . Ade and Dayo tell the children that when soldiers killed their parents , they hid underneath rubbish in order to escape from their country . They were also badly beaten by the soldiers . They were able to escape to England because they feared that they would be killed if they remained in Libya . When the residents learn what happened to the two boys , they are very moved and hide Ade and Dayo in the attic . They fear that once the immigration officials discovered their existence , they will be sent back to Africa It soon emerges that the Immigration Officials have found the brothers a home and they have leave to remain in the United Kingdom until they are eighteen years old . TV Salesman 28 January 2011 Delroy Brown After the kids find some money in the garden , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) decide to buy a TV . He is suspicious of Liam and Frank when they show him a bundle of cash they want to pay it with and they want to take it themselves , so he talks to a security guard . Detective Sergeant 28 January 2011 Jackie Fielding A gang member posing as a Detective Sergeant . When a bag of money is dumped in the garden of The Dumping Ground , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Toby ( John Bell ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) take the money . When he and a fellow gang member posing as a Detective Constable ( Dean Ramsden ) visit The Dumping Ground , they tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) about the raid and money and ask if they can look in the garden for the money , however , they realise it 's gone . The Detective Sergeant and Detective Constable speak with the kids . Toby later shows Tracy the money and Tracy convinces the kids to return the money they have . When the Detective Sergeant and Detective Constable pick up the money , they all realise they were n't police officers . Detective Constable 28 January 2011 Dean Ramsden A gang member posing as a Detective Constable . When a bag of money is dumped in the garden of The Dumping Ground , Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Toby ( John Bell ) and Frank ( Chris Slater ) take the money . When he and a fellow gang member posing as a Detective Sergeant ( Jackie Fielding ) visit The Dumping Ground , they tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) about the raid and money and ask if they can look in the garden for the money . The Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant speak with the kids and the Detective Constable upsets Gus ( Noah Marullo ) when he uses his notebook to write down their contact details . Toby later shows Tracy the money and Tracy convinces the kids to return the money they have . When the Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant pick up the money , they all realise they were n't police officers . Sausage Man 4 February 2011 Christian Steel When Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) use pasta sauce in a curry , they offer to do the food shop so Gina ( Kay Purcell ) does n't find out . They decide to stop and have a sausage , but Tracy has no cash to pay , so they decide to make a run for it . They are caught by the man , who gets them to dress up as sausages and hand out flyers . Mr Watson 11 February 2011 Daymon Britton Mr Watson is the husband of Mr Watson ( Karen Traynor ) and father of Hannah ( Daisy Doidge - Hill ) . After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) stay with them for a short time , they tell Mike that they would be prepared to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Mike and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) hide the truth from Johnny and Tee by saying Mr and Mrs Watson ca n't look after them both . Johnny finds out the truth by looking in his file and he persuades Tee to be fostered by the Watson 's on her own . When Johnny phones Tee , Mr Watson tells Johnny not to phone Tee to give her a chance of settling in . Tracy confronts Johnny about not answering Tee 's calls and Johnny tells her that Mr Watson told him not to call , so Tracy arranges a bowling trip for everyone the same time Tee will be there . When Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call , Mr Watson admits to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Hannah Watson 11 February 2011 Daisy Doidge - Hill Hannah is the daughter of Mr Watson ( Daymon Britton ) and Mrs Watson ( Karen Traynor ) . Her parents look after Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) for a while and Hannah becomes best friends with Tee . Johnny persuades Tee to get fostered on her own after realising the Watson 's only want her . At the bowling alley , Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call and that he does n't care her about her like she does , Mr Watson admits to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Mrs Watson 11 February 2011 Karen Traynor Mrs Watson is the wife of Mr Watson ( Daymon Britton ) and mother of Hannah ( Daisy Doidge - Hill ) . After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) stay with them for a short time , they tell Mike that they would be prepared to foster Tee , but not Johnny . Mike and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) hide the truth from Johnny and Tee by saying Mrs and Mr Watson ca n't look after them both . Johnny finds out the truth by looking in his file and he persuades Tee to be fostered by the Watson 's on her own . At the bowling alley , Hannah tells her parents Tee was crying the night before because Johnny did n't call , Mrs Watson forces Mr Watson to admit to Tee that he told Johnny not to phone . Tee moves back into The Dumping Ground . Mr Spooner 4 March 2011 Michael Jayston Mr Spooner is the owner of the scooter Liam ( Richard Wisker ) crashes . Liam is sentenced to community service at an old peoples home where Mr Spooner live . When Liam overhears Mr Spooner on the phone to Eddie ( Simon Lowe ) , Mr Spooner is annoyed with Liam , however , he almost falls and Liam takes him into his room . Mr Spooner talks to Liam about his National Service and Liam apologises about his scooter . When Liam looks at Eddie 's repair charges , he tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off . Liam spots Eddie disconnecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and Mr Spooner is convinced by Eddie to trade in his scooter , however , Mr Spooner can not afford a new one , so Eddie lets him have a reconditioned scooter . Liam tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off and Liam jumps into the back of Eddie 's van to prove it . Liam films Eddie connecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and selling it to an old lady and shows the video to Mr Spooner and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Eddie is about to sell a scooter to Mr Spooner , Liam goes through what he has charged Mr Spooner for repairs before showing him the video he took . Eddie gives Mr Spooner a free scooter on the condition Liam deletes the video , however the police arrive soon after and arrest Eddie . Eddie 4 March 2011 Simon Lowe Eddie is a dodgy scooter salesman . Liam ( Richard Wisker ) spots Eddie disconnecting Mr Spooner 's ( Michael Jayston ) before overhearing Eddie telling Mr Spooner the battery is dead and Eddie convinces Mr Spooner to trade in his scooter for a new one . When Eddie says it will cost £ 3,000 , but negotiates a price , Mr Spooner can not afford it , so Eddie says he can have a reconditioned one for £ 800 . Liam tells Mr Spooner that Eddie is ripping him off and Liam jumps into the back of Eddie 's van to prove it . Liam films Eddie connecting the battery on Mr Spooner 's scooter and selling it to an old lady and shows the video to Mr Spooner and Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Eddie is about to sell a scooter to Mr Spooner , Liam goes through what he has charged Mr Spooner for repairs before showing him the video he took . Eddie gives Mr Spooner a free scooter on the condition Liam deletes the video , however the police arrive soon after and arrest Eddie . Sonia 4 March 2011 Helen Russell Sonia is an old lady at the old peoples home , who was a model . When the kids visit the home , Sonia introduces herself to Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Initially anxious , Carmen and Tee relax around Sonia when Sonia tells them she has 38 pairs of shoes . George 4 March 2011 David Andrews George is an old man at the old peoples home , who stopped playing the piano when his family moved away . When the kids visit the home , Frank ( Chris Slater ) introduces himself to George , but George ignores him initially , however he soon starts talking to Frank . George later plays the piano alongside Gus ( Noah Marullo ) . Magistrate 4 March 2011 Fiona MacPherson The magistrate who sentences Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) to community service after crashing Mr Spooner 's ( Michael Jayston ) scooter . Kali 11 March 2011 Holli Dempsey Kali is an old friend of Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Kali and Elektra were part of a gang called The Cobra 's . Kali is slightly annoyed with Elektra as she never contacted her when she was in a secure unit . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) turns up at the park and Kali introduces herself to Tracy . Tracy takes Elektra and Kali back to The Dumping Ground and Kali explains to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that she knows she got Elektra into a lot of trouble , but has changed . Mike initially refuses to let Kali stay , however , Elektra convinces Mike to change his mind . Kali and Elektra later sneak out and Kali introduces Elektra to some of her other friends and Kali is impressed with Elektra when she stands up to Zazel ( Ella Peel ) . Kali , Elektra and the rest of The Cobra 's later go shopping and Kali later suggests to Elektra that she joins them and leaves The Dumping Ground . Elektra later meets up with Kali and the gang . Kali sends her friends to mug Toby ( John Bell ) , however , Elektra intervenes and leaves Kali . Zazel 11 March 2011 Ella Peel Zazel is a friend of Kali 's ( Holly Dempsey ) . Zazel asks Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) where she was when Kali was locked up for 6 months and Elektra silences Zazel by saying that her and Kali will always be there for each other . Zazel joins the rest of The Cobra 's when they go shopping . Xanthe 18 March 2011 Kacey Ainsworth When Frank 's ( Chris Slater ) grandfather dies , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch to get some money so he can buy a headstone . Frank asks Xanthe for £ 100 . Frank is told by Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that his grandfather will not be able to have a headstone as no one paid for his grandfather 's funeral . Frank asks Xanthe for his pocket watch back , but Xanthe says it has been sold for £ 750 . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) intervenes and asks Xanthe if she would be interested in an antique car . Xanthe takes a look , but is not interested , until she sees the personalised number plate , which reads `` X4N THE '' . Xanthe agrees to give Frank his pocket watch and cash back . Kitty 6 January 2012 Eleni Foskett Kitty is a very withdrawn and socially awkward girl , who arrives at The Dumping Ground when a fire breaks out at her care home , Burnywood . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) tries to encourage Kitty to open up to the care workers and speak to the other children . Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) shows Kitty some of her homemade crafts . When Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) chases after Tyler Lewis ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) and when Elektra and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) set Tyler 's things on fire , the noise terrifies Kitty and Tee tries to calm Kitty down , but Kitty pushes her . When Johnny 's ( Joe Maw ) money is stolen , the noise and fuss causes Kitty to become anxious , leading her to push Tracy down the stairs . A fire is caused by Denis ( Jamie Gaddas ) when he does n't put a cigarette out properly and he plants the cigarettes in Kitty 's room . Kitty tells Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) about the cigarettes and Rick chucks them at Tracy out of the window . Denis sanctions both Kitty and Rick . Kitty is moved to care home more equipped to help her with her problems . Lizanne 6 January 2012 Lauren Mote Lizanne arrives at The Dumping Ground when a fire breaks out at her care home , Burnywood . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , Frank ( Chris Slater and Liam O'Donovan ( Richard Wisker ) are attracted to Lizanne and Lizanne uses their crushes to her advantage by getting a better room and money off them . It also turns out Lizanne was responsible for the fire , but it was an accident as she left her hair straighteners on and a cushion caught fire . Lizanne leaves when her mum is discharged from a psychiatric hospital . Denis Stockle 6 January 2012 Jamie Gaddas Denis Stockle is a careless , controlling and unkind care worker who brings the four Burnywood children to Elmtree House following a fire . He proves himself to be a condescending and bossy person who thinks young people in care are `` messed up '' ; his attitude infuriates and aggravates the young people and careworkers . He is shown to be an impatient bully , who illegally takes control of Elmtree House , becomes Head Careworker , and imposes bans on multiple luxury items . He resigned after Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) and Gus ( Noah Marullo ) found out that he started the fire at Elm Tree House by smoking in the attic , removing the batteries from the fire alarm and not putting the cigarettes out properly . Electrician 13 January 2012 Scott Frazer An electrician who Gus ( Noah Marullo ) refuses to let in , even after Gus is shown ID . Mack 20 January 2012 Gary Faulkner Mack owns an unlicensed DVD stall with Jack ( Callum Callaghan ) . After buying a dodgy DVD from him Liam ( Richard Wisker ) wants a refund , but Mack refuses . Ms Bowman 20 January 2012 Janine Leigh Ms Bowman is an officer who fixes Liam ( Richard Wisker ) with a tag and she explains that if he breaks curfew 3 times , he will be sent to a youth detention centre for the remainder of his sentence . When Liam accidentally breaks his curfew , Mr Bowman warns Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Gina ( Kay Purcell ) of what will happen if Liam breaks curfew 2 more times . Liam breaks curfew again when Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) move Liam 's bedroom into the garden and Ms Bowman warns Liam he has one last chance . Liam breaks curfew shortly after when he realises that Jack ( Richard Wisker ) is his brother and could have helped Liam in court as he witnessed what happened and Ms Bowman phones the police . Shadow 27 January 2012 - 11 January 2013 Connie Shadow is a three - legged dog who followed Frank into the Dumping Ground after Frank ( Chris Slater ) went to the park . After she proves troublesome , she is taken to the animal shelter before being adopted by Steve ( Ben Cartwright ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) . Lily and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) persuade Mike ( Connor Byrne ) to let Shadow stay at The Dumping Ground when Lily has respite care . Claire 3 February 2012 Jane Dellow Claire is a woman , who approaches Harry ( Phillip Graham Scott ) when he is alone in the park . Claire introduces herself and her baby son , who is also called Harry , to Harry . Claire asks Harry where his mum is and Harry explains how his mum hurt him then Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) was his mum , but then she left him and then Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) was his mum . Claire then phones the police . When Sapphire finds Harry at the park , Claire tells Sapphire that she has phoned the police . Big Issue Seller 3 February 2012 Gary Kitching After he runs away , Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) asks the Big Issue Seller if he knows who Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) is . When Sapphire goes looking for Harry , the Big Issue Seller guesses she is Sapphire when she asks him if he has seen Harry and he tells her where he is . Charlie 10 February 2012 Kent Riley Charlie is Justine 's ( Montanna Thompson ) fiancé , who appears genuine , however , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) overhears Charlie on the phone and confronts him , saying he is scamming Justine by getting her to trust him before getting money out of her . Rick later tells Justine and Tracy that Charlie is a conman and that Charlie bought him a laptop to keep quite . Justine , Rick , Tracy and Cam devise a set up to catch Charlie by getting Cam to pose as a customer in a restaurant Charlie is at and for her to leave her purse at the table . Charlie gives Cam her purse and Cam thanks him . Charlie offers to buy a Cam a coffee and Charlie pretends he does n't have a girlfriend when Cam asks . Justine , Rick and Tracy appear and Justine ends her relationship with Charlie . Mr Stevens 17 February 2012 Andrew Vincent After Johnny ( Joe Maw ) takes a look in someone else 's flat in the same block of flats where Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) lives , he angers the 2 men who live there and they get him to sneak into a storeroom and steal some expensive gadgets . Johnny sets off the alarm when he is startled by a spider . When he tries to escape , he is caught by Mr Stevens , who is mad with Johnny at first , but softens towards Johnny when Johnny tells him he is in care . Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) comes to collect Johnny and Mr Stevens finds out about the 2 men having lots of expensive things when Johnny explains himself to Tracy . When Sapphire and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) try to get their phones back from the men , Mr Stevens arrives just in time and forces the men to give Sapphire and Elektra their mobiles back . Farmer 24 February 2012 Jack McBride The owner of the farmhouse where the kids and staff stay on holiday . He orders them to leave when his sheep are let out of the farm , which was done by Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Bus Conductor 24 February 2012 Dominic Doughty The bus conductor who asks Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) if anyone is meeting them in Bristol and Lily lies her dad is . When he is about to issue Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) a ticket , Tee tells him she wants to get off . Landowner 24 February 2012 Sarah Thurstan When Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee get off a coach , they have no idea where they are . They walk down a path , but Lily and Carmen stay when Carmen 's feet hurt , so Tee carries on . She encounters the landowner and Tee helps her by shutting a gate field on the sheep . Tee gets upset and explains to the landowner how she wanted to be a good friend to Lily and Carmen by keeping quite about them going to Wales , but wanted to stop them as she did n't want to get lost . She takes Tee through some bushes and they end up on the grounds of Manor Hall Farm . Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) , Lily , Carmen , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Frank Matthews ( Chris Slater ) also end up at Manor Hall Farm . The landowner approaches Mike and apologises for turning them down when he wanted to book a holiday there as she thought the kids would be out of control . She lets them have a holiday there for half price with free board . Melissa Valentine 2 March 2012 Angela Terence Melissa is the older sister of Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) , who arrives at The Dumping Ground to tell Elektra she is getting married and wants her as bridesmaid . Melissa and Elektra go shopping for a bridesmaid 's dress and Melissa reluctantly agrees that Elektra can keep the blue in her hair . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra says that Melissa is fine with it , but Melissa is forced to agree with their mum . To get back at her family , Elektra cancels Melissa 's wedding . Melissa visits Elektra with a present , a pair of white doc martens and Elektra admits to Melissa that she cancelled the wedding . When Melissa phones up the venue , her booking has been given to someone else and Melissa agrees with their parents about Elektra . Melissa apologises to Elektra and she gives Elektra the shoes and she finds out that Melissa and Harvey got married their own way . Marilyn Perkins 2 March 2012 Lizzy McInnerny Marilyn is the wife of Bernard ( Ron Webster ) and mother of Melissa ( Angela Terence ) and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . Marilyn serves Elektra a vegetarian lasagna for dinner . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra almost loses her temper with her parents and she shows Tracy her old bedroom . Later , Marilyn and Bernard ask Elektra not to tell Harvey about her being in care and that they 've told Harvey she is away at school . Elektra rows with her parents before storming out of their house with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Bernard Perkins 2 March 2012 Ron Webster Bernard is the husband of Marilyn ( Lizzy McInnerny ) and father of Melissa ( Angela Terence ) and Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) . Melissa persuades Elektra to meet their parents again before the wedding . When Marilyn tells Elektra she will need a sample of her natural hair to get rid of the blue , Elektra almost loses her temper with her parents and she shows Tracy her old bedroom . Later , Bernard and Marilyn ask Elektra not to tell Harvey about her being in care and that they 've told Harvey she is away at school . Elektra rows with her parents before storming out of their house with Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . Melanie 23 March 2012 Emily Glenister Melanie is the new careworker , taking over from Tracy ( Dani Harmer ) . When Jody ( Kia Pegg ) suffers an anaphylactic shock at Tracy 's leaving party , Melanie gives Jody an epipen injection and everyone praises Melanie when Jody comes round . When Melanie ca n't do Gus 's ( Noah Marullo ) tour , Melanie shows him how to move something in his schedule . Sapphire ( Saffron Coomber ) wants to take a flat that is miles away , so Tracy speaks to the council to see if there is a closer place and Tracy slams the phone down when she learns that the block of flats where Sapphire use to live has been sold . Melanie asks if she should ring up and try a more gentle approach . Knowing the kids are sad about Tracy leaving , Melanie comes up with an idea for them to show that and they make a memory book for Tracy . Tracy invites Melanie to stay at her party . The Dumping Ground ( edit ) Character Date ( s ) Actor Circumstances Bomb Squad Officer 4 January 2013 Craig Conway Gina ( Kay Purcell ) is hit by a grenade and taken to hospital . The Bomb Squad Officer mistakes Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) for a careworker and he tells the kids off for playing with a grenade . When a grenade is thrown into the attic , the Bomb Squad Officer is called out again and Faith is shocked when he has to blow up the grenade , thinking it will be a big explosion . Lydia Dillon 4 January 2013 Jacqueline Phillips Lydia is a relief careworker to fill in for Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) when he is on holiday . The kids do n't like Lydia 's strict attitude , so Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) pretends to be the relief careworker so she leaves . Manager 4 January 2013 Tony Neilson When Frank ( Chris Slater ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) are sent out to do the food shop , the stop off at an arcade . Frank uses all the food money on the machines and when Frank wins , he asks the manager why no money has come out of the machine . The manager says he needs them to prove they are 18 before he can give them the money . Sarah 4 January 2013 Sammy T. Dobson Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) believes Mike ( Connor Byrne ) is going to chuck her out when she sees an e-mail about her from social services . She decides to apply to be on the `` Are you a young leader of tomorrow ? '' programme so she can go to Australia . Elektra fakes an application , where she has lied about several achievements . Sarah visits The Dumping Ground and she is impressed with Elektra , but she breaks the news that Elektra is ineligible for the programme as it 's designed for those who need to make a positive change . Shannay 11 January 2013 - 8 March 2013 Holly Quin - Ankrah Shannay is the girlfriend of Steve and the mother of Jonah . Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is unhappy about her moving in , so she goes to The Dumping Ground . Steve visits to talk to Lily with Shannay and an angry Lily asks Steve and Shannay why they ca n't have the new baby adopted . Lily feels guilty when Shannay goes into labour , but is happy when she learns that she has a brother . When Lily goes back home , Steve is upset as Shannay has left , however , Lily persuades Shannay to give things a chance . Lily organises an unsupervised sleepover with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) by persuading her parents to let her stay at The Dumping Ground when they go and visit Shannay 's sister . Luke Jackson 18 January 2013 James Bartlett Kingsley is the middle child of Denise and the older brother of Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and younger brother of Kingsley ( David Avery ) . When Jody moves back in with Denise , Gina visits Jody with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . When Kingsley arrives home , Carmen and Tyler hide in Jody 's room and Kingsley is angry when he finds the door unlocked and Carmen 's mobile phone , thinking it 's Jody 's . Luke tells Kingsley to go easy on Jody as she is just a kid , but Kingsley ignores him and locks Jody in her bedroom . Gina arrives at Jody 's when Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) sends a Morse code message to Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) for Gus ( Noah Marullo ) to work out what is being said , which is `` S.O.S '' . Gina is angry with Denise for not protecting Jody and Luke agrees with Gina , believing that Jody is better off at The Dumping Ground . Ronnie 25 January 2013 Elizabeth Hall Ronnie and her partner , Dawn ( Sara Stephens ) are potential foster parents for Gus ( Noah Marullo . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tells Gus about seeing potential foster parents , Gus refuses to see them as he does n't want to be fostered , but Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) expresses an interest in meeting them . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) finds out that Dawn and Ronnie are both women when they turn up and when everyone finds out , they are all divided on opinions on whether gay couples should be allowed to foster . Gus goes to Ronnie and Dawn 's house with Mike and he asks them questions about how they do things . Gus decides to be fostered by Ronnie and Dawn and they collect him from The Dumping Ground . Dawn 25 January 2013 Sara Stephens Dawn and her partner , Ronnie ( Elizabeth Hall ) are potential foster parents for Gus ( Noah Marullo . When Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tells Gus about seeing potential foster parents , Gus refuses to see them as he does n't want to be fostered , but Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) expresses an interest in meeting them . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) finds out that Dawn and Ronnie are both women when they turn up and when everyone finds out , they are all divided on opinions on whether gay couples should be allowed to foster . Gus goes to Dawn and Ronnie 's house with Mike and he asks them questions about how they do things . Gus decides to be fostered by Dawn and Ronnie and they collect him from The Dumping Ground . Social Worker ( The Dumping Ground , series 1 ) 1 February 2013 Katharine Monaghan A social worker who accompanies a Police Officer to The Dumping Ground to tell Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a body has been found , who they think is her brother Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) and they need a DNA sample from her to determine whether it is . It is later concluded it 's not her brother . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 1 ) 1 February 2013 Ian Stewart Robinson A police officer who accompanies a social worker to The Dumping Ground to tell Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a body has been found , who they think is her brother Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) and they need a DNA sample from her to determine whether it is . It is later concluded it 's not her brother . Jade 8 February 2013 - 15 February 2013 Adeleina Williams When Frank ( Chris Slater ) gets a D for Sports Science , he stops at a cafe that is advertising a job . Jade tells Frank that he can have the job once she has spoken to her dad . All the kids arrive at the cafe and they notice Frank has a crush on Jade . Frank later talks to Jade about his granddad and Jade tells Frank her mum died when she was 10 . Jade introduces Frank to Angel ( Louise Jameson ) , a psychic medium , and Frank is impressed with Angel 's gift when she knows stuff about Frank . She then talks to Jade 's mother . When Angel talks to Faith 's ( Leanne Dunstan ) brother , Angel believes false things what Faith says about herself until Faith reveals it 's not true . Jade gives Frank a charm he bought her back . Jade visits The Dumping Ground and makes up with Frank . Jade kisses Frank , which is witnessed by the other kids . Angel 8 February 2013 Louise Jameson Jade ( Adeleina Williams ) introduces Frank ( Chris Slater ) to Angel , a psychic medium . Frank is impressed with Angel 's gift when she knows stuff about Frank . She then talks to Jade 's mother . When Frank tells the other residents about Angel , but Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) does n't believe in her , so she goes to the cafe to see Angel . The following day , Angel contacts Faith 's brother for her , however , Faith tells Angel false things about herself , which Angel believes is true . Faith then reveals to Angel none of it was true and that she is a fake . Gerry 15 February 2013 Chris Simmons Gerry is the father of Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) . He pretends to be a boiler inspector to get inside The Dumping Ground and Rick is shocked to find his dad at The Dumping Ground . Rick meets up with his dad , followed by Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , and when Rick says he has to hand himself into the police , Gerry explains he is now at an open prison . Gerry apologises to Rick and promises him once he is out of prison , he will put his old life behind him . After witnessing Tyler getting hassle from a builder ( Ryan Enever ) , Gerry decides to pull a scam with Tyler by getting Tyler to wind up the builder whilst he takes money from his pocket . Later , Gerry is about to give Tyler the money , but Rick tells him not to and Rick is disgusted with his dad . Gerry goes to The Dumping Ground to talk to Rick and Gerry tries to persuade Rick to move to New Zealand with him when he gets out of prison . Builder 15 February 2013 Ryan Enver Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) gets hassle from the builder when he accuses Tyler of stealing from his van , when Tyler was only spying on Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) with his dad , Gerry ( Chris Simmons ) . Gerry decides to pull a scam with Tyler by getting Tyler to wind up the builder whilst he takes money from his pocket . Later , Gerry is about to give Tyler the money , but Rick tells him not to and Rick is disgusted with his dad . Gerry goes to The Dumping Ground to talk to Rick and Gerry tries to persuade Rick to move to New Zealand with him when he gets out of prison . Hattie 15 February 2013 Carmen Munroe Hattie is the mother of Gina ( Kay Purcell ) . Gina is forced to bring Hattie to The Dumping Ground when Hattie 's carer is sick . Hattie gets on well with Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) , although she is forgetful and when Tee tells Hattie her name , Hattie thinks Tee is offering a cup of tea . Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) startles the kids when she believes Hattie is dead , however , when they check on Hattie , she wakes up and gives them a scare . Gina gives Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) a shopping list for some curry ingredients and Hattie mistakes Faith for Gina . Later , Tee finds that Hattie has gone , so Gina , Faith and Tee go looking for her . They find her at the bus stop , but she can not remember Tee and Faith pretends to be Gina to calm Hattie down . Gina , Tee and Faith take her back to The Dumping Ground . Gina realises that Hattie would be better off in a care home . George 22 February 2013 Philip Harrison George is the owner of Hidden Hall . George tells the kids they are going to pick names out of a hat to determine who they are going to pretend to be . Once the kids have been assigned a person , he gives them their tasks and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) is n't pleased about being a scullery maid . Elektra ( Jessica Revell ) shows little interest in the day and she annoys George when she relaxes in a room that is out of bounds . When Lily ( Jessie Williams ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) dance with Johnny ( Joe Maw ) , who is acting as an Earl , and Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) , who is acting as the Earl 's son , reality and fiction clash when Johnny rubbishes Lily 's dad and George and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) break them up fighting . At lunch , Johnny is in a bad mood and decides that no one is allowed to eat and a food fight breaks out . George orders them to go when a valuable photo is ruined . Rachel 22 February 2013 Rachel Teate Rachel is an employee at Hidden Hall , who teaches Lily ( Jessie Williams ) , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) about Edwardian etiquette as they are pretending to be Edwardian ladies . She learns them how to use hand fans and how to do the Grizzly Bear dance . Esme 15 March 2013 Sophie Skelton Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Lily ( Jessie Williams ) meet Esme in a clothes shop and when Esme is mugged , they invite her back to The Dumping Ground . When Esme is introduced to the others by Carmen and Lily , Johnny ( Joe Maw ) is attracted to her . Esme is hated by a majority of the residents due to the influence she has on Carmen and Lily overheard Carmen tell Esme how she thinks Lily 's dreams are average and how she an Esme plan to run away to Brazil . Carmen leaves The Dumping Ground the following morning , but when she arrives at Esme 's , Carmen is annoyed how Esme has told her mum , Mrs Vasquez - Jones ( Selina Giles ) lies about her . Mrs Vasquez - Jones 15 March 2013 Selina Giles Mrs Vasquez - Jones is the mother of Esme ( Sophie Skelton ) . Esme invites Carmen to join her in Brazil . Carmen leaves The Dumping Ground the following morning , but when she arrives at Esme 's , Carmen is annoyed how Esme has told her mum lies about her . Razz 15 March 2013 Isaac Ssenbandeke Razz is the older brother of Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) . He tracks down Faith , but Faith is angry with him as she though he was dead . Razz is being chased by Solly ( Robert Haythorne ) and Cass ( Lee Lomas ) as he quit their gang as well as taking some money . and Faith agrees to help him . Faith smuggles him into The Dumping Ground and Razz shows Faith the cash and he wants them to start over again . Faith realises he left GPS on on his mobile , which is why Solly and Cass know he is at The Dumping Ground . Razz later discovers the money is stolen , who suspects Frank ( Chris Slater ) took it . Solly and Cass come looking for Razz inside The Dumping Ground . Solly and Cass want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however it turns out Razz had it all along . Faith is disgusted that Razz lied and tried to blame one of her friends , but she makes up with Razz when he deals with a snake that gets rid of Solly and Cass . Solly 15 March 2013 Robert Haythorne Solly and Cass ( Lee Lomas ) are after Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) as Razz quit their gang and took some of their money . They find Razz at The Dumping Ground as he left GPS on on his mobile . Solly and Cass warn Razz that they are outside The Dumping Ground . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Solly and Cass , who order him to get Razz . Frank tries to get rid of Solly and Cass , they do n't fall for his excuses and they go inside The Dumping Ground to look for Razz . Solly and Cass want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however , it turns out Razz had it all along . Solly and Cass are scared out of The Dumping Ground by a snake . Cass 15 March 2013 Lee Lomas Cass and Solly ( Lee Lomas ) are after Razz ( Isaac Ssenbandeke ) as Razz quit their gang and took some of their money . They find Razz at The Dumping Ground as he left GPS on on his mobile . Solly and Cass warn Razz that they are outside The Dumping Ground . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Cass and Solly , who order him to get Razz . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) goes out , he is intercepted by Solly and Cass , who order him to get Razz . Frank tries to get rid of Solly and Cass , they do n't fall for his excuses and they go inside The Dumping Ground to look for Razz . Cass and Solly want their money back and Razz tells them he has n't got it , hinting that Frank has taken it , however , it turns out Razz had it all along . Cass and Solly are scared out of The Dumping Ground by a snake . Serjay 10 January 2014 Danny Ashok Serjay is a social worker , who brings Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) to The Dumping Ground . Serjay tells May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) that Bailey will have to stay at The Dumping Ground longer and when Serjay tries to pass the responsibility of telling Bailey to May - Li and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) , May - Li firmly insists that he tells Bailey . Doctor 10 January 2014 Gauri Vedhara Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) is knocked over by a car when Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) runs away from The Dumping Ground to get to his football match . The doctor tells Faith and Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that the x-ray has shown no damage to her hip . Faith asks when she can start training again , the doctor advises her to give it a couple of weeks and ease into it . Jimmy 10 January 2014 - 29 January 2016 Mark Theodore Jimmy is the father of Baley ( Kasey McKellar ) . When Jimmy attempts to take Bailey from The Dumping Ground , Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) inform Jimmy that they are legally responsible for Bailey . Inside , Mike and May - Li tell Jimmy he 'll have to contact Social Services about getting Bailey back , but Jimmy devastates Bailey when he says that he was n't expecting to get Bailey back straight away . Bailey runs away to his dad and they go to a football match , however , Jimmy is chucked out of the match by a police officer ( Jon Regan ) . So he does n't get in trouble , when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) mentions to the police officer that Jimmy abducted his kid , Jimmy lies that he does n't have a child , hurting Bailey . Jimmy arrives at The Dumping Ground when he finds out Bailey has seen his mother , Alison and Jimmy and Bailey both find Alison gone from The Dumping Ground . When they find her , Jimmy reveals that Alison is not his mum , but her friend . Bailey later makes amends with Jimmy . Daryl 10 January 2014 Finn Armstrong Daryl is a teammate of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . After Bailey ran away from The Dumping Ground , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) go to see if Bailey is playing football . Daryl tells Jody and Carmen that Bailey is an ex-teammate now as he missed football , Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 2 episode 2 ) 10 January 2014 Jon Regan Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) is chucked out of the match by the police officer . So he does n't get in trouble , when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) mentions to the police officer that Jimmy abducted his kid , Jimmy lies that he does n't have a child , hurting Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . Sasha 17 January 2014 Angela Griffin Sasha is filmmaker who comes to Ashdene Ridge to make a training video for social workers . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) does n't want to be a part of the film as she believes everyone is acting strangely and it 's fake . Sasha allows Jody to make the movie , but Jody finds it difficult when some of the others refuse to co-operate . Mo ( Reece Buttery ) gathers some fly on the wall footage of Jody to show Sasha . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 2 episode 4 ) 24 January 2014 Asif Khan After learning Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is moving , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) takes it badly and smashes a window with a football . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) suspects Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) is responsible , so he phones the police and the police officer arrests Bailey . Custody Sergeant 24 January 2014 Dale Meeks After learning Lily ( Jessie Williams ) is moving , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) takes it badly and smashes a window with a football . After Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) is arrested , Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) tells Carmen that she saw her smash the window and Carmen gives her a bracelet , a present from Lily , to her . When Lily notices Floss has the bracelet , Lily confronts Carmen and Carmen admits she broke the window . She then admits the truth to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May Li ( Stacy Liu and she goes to the police with a reluctant Mike , confessing to smashing the window . The custody sergeant tells Carmen her rights now she is in custody and takes her fingerprints . Danny 31 January 2014 George Sampson When Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) , Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) go to see Frank ( Chris Slater ) at his place , Frank is n't in . When they leave , Danny approaches them and ask if they know Frank before warning them that if they see him , tell him that he wants his money . Frank pays Danny his money back and Frank wants to have a game of cards again to win money . When Frank has five ace 's , Jen ( Georgina Campbell ) is accused of helping Frank win by cheating by Danny and Danny demands Jen gives him money back . When Danny says it 's not enough , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch again and when he goes , it is revealed Jen is in on the plan with Danny . To get their own back on Danny and Jen , the kids hatch a plan to pretend Faith left a piece of expensive jewellery behind . Faith and Rick tell this to Danny and Jen and when they mention Frank is looking after a ring , which Faith pretends is her mother 's engagement ring . Later at the flat with Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , Frank plans to give Danny the watch , but when Frank has the ring , Danny demands to have the ring and will exchange for all the money he has taken off Frank . Jen 31 January 2014 Georgina Campbell Jen is a friend of Frank ( Chris Slater ) . Frank pays Danny ( George Sampson ) his money back and Frank wants a game of cards again to win money and Jen joins in . When Frank has five ace 's , Jen is accused of helping Frank win by cheating by Danny and Danny demands Jen gives him money back . When Danny says it 's not enough , Frank decides to sell his pocket watch again and when he goes , it is revealed Jen is in on the plan with Danny . To get their own back on Danny and Jen , the kids hatch a plan to pretend Faith left a piece of expensive jewellery behind . Faith and Rick tell this to Danny and Jen and when they mention Frank is looking after a ring , which Faith pretends is her mother 's engagement ring . Later at the flat with Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , Frank plans to give Danny the watch , but when Frank has the ring , Danny demands to have the ring and will exchange for all the money he has taken off Frank . Shopkeeper 31 January 2014 Alan Renwick When looking for Frank ( Chris Slater ) , Rick ( Daniel Pearson ) , Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) , Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) find Frank 's pocket watch for sale in a window . They ask the shopkeeper if they can save the watch for them , but he tells them that he has had interest from another customer . Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) later comes to buy the watch from the shopkeeper . Community Support Officer 7 February 2014 Shareesa Valentine On a day out with Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , Tyler 's mother , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) , gets some ice cream , however , she has no money to pay , so she runs away without paying . The community support officer intercepts Sally . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) eventually finds Sally and Tyler and she pays for the ice cream . Mr Johnson 28 February 2014 Darren Morfitt Mr Johnson is a football coach . After a match , he pulls Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) aside , he has a go at Bailey for letting the opposing team score more goals and when Bailey asks what his problem is , Mr Johnson is racist towards Bailey . Bailey keeps quiet about what Mr Johnson told him , but Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) gets the truth out of Bailey and they report the incident to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Mike goes down to the pitch and confronts Mr Johnson about what he said . Justin 28 February 2014 Mackenzie Sol Williams Justin is a teammate of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . When Justin makes a racist remark , Bailey physically attacks Justin . Viv Anderson 28 February 2014 Himself Viv Anderson oversees football training with Mr Johnson ( Darren Morfitt ) . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) starts playing with a football during Mr Johnson 's talk and Viv tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that Bailey needs to learn manners . When Bailey later tells Mike that Mr Johnson was racist to him , Mike goes down to the pitch and confronts Mr Johnson , which is witnessed by Viv . Viv visits The Dumping Ground and encourages Bailey not to quit due to racism as he went through it and Viv arranges to see Bailey play football again . May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) is starstruck when she sees Viv and he gives her his football shirt . Nicky Richardson 7 March 2014 Lu Corfield When someone attempts to rob Nicky outside The Dumping Ground , Johnny Taylor ( Joe Maw ) takes a photo of the person who attempted to take her bag . Johnny tells Nicky that he managed to get a photo and Nicky thanks him before handing him a card with her contact details and Johnny realises she is in the army . Johnny decides to see Nicky about joining the army . When Johnny fails at a teamwork task , he goes to see Nicky , who tells him that he is not a quitter as he persevered . Doug 14 March 2014 Michael Hodgson Doug and his wife , Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , are potential adoptive parents for Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) . Floss believes she will continue living at The Dumping Ground , but Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) tells Floss what adoption really means . When Floss goes to the park with Nerys , Doug and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , a boy named Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes him in retaliation . Floss brings Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) on a visit to Doug and Nerys ' house . After making play dough , Nerys goes to clean Floss ' hand , she decides to remove the nail varnish , but Floss knocks the flour on the floor and she then throws all the other play dough ingredients out of the dishes . Floss decides that she does n't want to be adopted by Doug and Nerys . Nerys 14 March 2014 Lucy Speed Nerys and her husband , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) , are potential adoptive parents for Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) . Floss believes she will continue living at The Dumping Ground , but Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) tells Floss what adoption really means . When Floss goes to the park with Nerys , Doug and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , a boy named Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes him in retaliation and Nerys tells Floss off . Floss brings Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) on a visit to Nerys and Doug 's house . After making play dough , Nerys goes to clean Floss ' hand , she decides to remove the nail varnish , but Floss knocks the flour on the floor and she then throws all the other play dough ingredients out of the dishes . Floss decides that she does n't want to be adopted by Nerys and Doug . Neil 14 March 2014 John Bowley Neil is the boyfriend of Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) . Carmen breaks up with Neil after their date . Jesse 's Mum 14 March 2014 Claire Sundin When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) goes to the park with Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , Jesse ( Alex Humprey ) upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes Jesse in retaliation . Jesse 14 March 2014 Alex Humprey When Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) goes to the park with Nerys ( Lucy Speed ) , Doug ( Michael Hodgson ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) , Jesse upsets Floss when he presumes Floss does n't have a mum , so Floss pushes Jesse in retaliation . Hope 21 March 2014 - 13 March 2015 Lucy Briggs ( 2014 ) Holly and Paige Robinson ( 2015 ) Hope is the daughter of Keith ( Neil Morrissey ) and Lucy ( Sally Rogers ) as well as the younger half - sister of Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Feeling that Hope is n't safe with Lucy , Tee takes Hope whilst Lucy is distracted and takes her to The Dumping Ground before pretending to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) she is an abandoned child . A frantic Lucy turns up at The Dumping Ground to collect Hope and Mike realises that Hope is Johnny and Tee 's sister . Sian 28 March 2014 Gabrielle Glaister Sian is a council representative . When Frank ( Chris Slater ) is sacked from his job after a short period of time , he goes to apologise to Sian and asks if she can get Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) her job back , but she refuses . Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) go to the town hall with Frank to invite Sian to The Dumping Ground for lunch , but she declines , even when they mention that Mike ( Connor Byrne ) will be there . Sian comes to lunch and Mike asks Sian to go for dinner with him and Sian accepts . Manager 28 March 2014 John Sumner The manager of a leisure centre , where Frank ( Chris Slater ) gets a job and where Faith ( Leanne Dunstan ) does her work placement . When Frank spots Liam ( Richard Wisker ) , Frank starts physically attacking Liam and Faith tries to stop Frank . Frank and Faith are both sacked by the manager . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 episode 1 ) 16 January 2015 Amer Nazir At the end of a fostering information day , guests find out that their purses and wallets have been taken . The police officer questions who had access to them and if anyone left early . Stephanie ( Charlie Brooks ) accuses Sally ( Diveen Henry ) . Johnny ( Joe Maw ) is questioned by the police officer when a wallet is found in the bathroom in his room , handed in by Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) . Stephanie Branston 16 January 2015 Charlie Brooks Stephanie and footballer husband , Matt ( Stuart Manning ) , attend the fostering information day . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) both try and impress Stephanie and Matt so that they will foster either of them . Bailey confronts Stephanie and Matt about them being accused of racism , so Bailey suggests if they foster him , it will prove to people they are not racist . When the bath is over filled , the ceiling leaks and comes through , soaking Stephanie , Matt and Carmen and when Stephanie calls the kids rejects , Carmen realises that she does n't want to be fostered by Stephanie and Matt . When the guests are about to leave , they find that their purses and wallets have been taken and Stephanie believes Sally ( Diveeen Henry ) is responsible . Matt Branston 16 January 2015 Stuart Manning Matt and his wife , Stephanie ( Charlie Brooks ) , attend the fostering information day . Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) both try and impress Matt and Stephanie so that they will foster either of them . Bailey confronts Matt and Stephanie about them being accused of racism , so Bailey suggests if they foster him , it will prove to people they are not racist . Mr Gordon 16 January 2015 Grant Burgin Mr Gordon attends the fostering information with his wife , Mrs Gordon ( Grant Burgin ) and daughter , Maude ( Kiki Truman - Brooks ) . He and his wife take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and they decide they want Harry to have a home visit . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mike tells the Gordon 's that it may not be the right time for fostering . Mrs Gordon 16 January 2015 Tonya French Mrs Gordon attends the fostering information with her husband , Mr Gordon ( Grant Burgin ) and daughter , Maude ( Kiki Truman - Brooks ) . She and her husband take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and they decide they want Harry to have a home visit . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mike tells the Gordon 's that it may not be the right time for fostering . Mrs Underwood 16 January 2015 Martina Laird Mrs Underwood attends the fostering information day and she meets Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) . Tyler tells Mrs Underwood that he ca n't get fostered as he has promised his mother , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) . Mrs Underwood and Tyler later scare Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Mrs Underwood mentions to Tyler that if he did get fostered , it would n't change the contact he would have with his mum . When Tyler wonders if his mum cares , Mrs Underwood comforts Tyler , which is witnessed and hurts Sally , who arrives at that moment . Maude Gordon 16 January 2015 Kiki Brooks - Truman Maude attends the fostering information day with her parents and her parents take to Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) . When the wallets and purses are taken , suspects include Tyler 's ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) mum , Sally ( Diveen Henry ) and Johnny ( Joe Maw ) . New boy Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) works out Maude was responsible and Maude owns up and apologises to her parents . Mal 30 January 2015 Dai Bradley Mal is a homeless man , who Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) argues with . Bailey demand for his football back , but when Mal refuses , Bailey pushes him to the ground before taking his ball and running off . Bailey finds out that Mal died and takes on the responsibility of his dog , Mischief ( Sage ) . Clive 30 January 2015 Avin Shah Clive is a homeless man . When Mal ( Dai Bradley ) dies , Clive asks Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) if he wants Mal 's dog , Mischief ( Sage ) . When Mischief needs an operation , the kids sell soup to raise money for his operation and Clive gives them money , which was given by those who passed by . Roscoe Hayden 6 February 2015 Simeon Zack Roscoe is an artist friend of Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) and Kazima takes Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to meet him to get inspiration for her art . Roscoe encourages Tee to help him do street art before showing Tee the rest of his art . Roscoe tells Tee about his family and how his mum suddenly left and that he is estranged from his dad . Roscoe and Tee then do some more art on a car park wall , but a security guard ( Christopher Connel ) catches them , but Roscoe legs it . Tee returns to the car park , asking for Roscoe 's dad to contact him . Security Guard 6 February 2015 Christopher Connel Roscoe ( Simeon Zack ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) paint on a car park wall and the security guard catches them , but Roscoe legs it and he manages to stop Tee . He notices how young she is and lets her off . Police Officer ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 episode 6 13 February 2015 Sarah Lewis Obuba Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) stage a burglary to get a new computer and so Tyler can buy magic tricks . The police officer asks Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) where the kids were and the police officer has to speak to Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) as she was the only one not with May - Li . Dave ( The Dumping Ground ) 13 February 2015 Geff Francis Dave ( The Dumping Ground Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) stage a burgalry to get a new computer . They sell the computer to Dave and when Jody ( Kia Pegg ) finds out what Tyler and Ryan did , she takes them to the shop to get it back . They sit on the floor and refuse to move as protest when Dave wo n't give it back . They soon get the computer . Adam Aycliffe 13 February 2015 - 6 March 2015 Ray Emmet Brown Adam is the father of Claire ( Isabelle Burrows - Brown ) and the foster father of Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) . A text is sent to Ryan 's ( Lewis Hamilton ) saying `` HELP ! '' and Ryan goes to Harry 's foster home and Ryan notices Harry and Finn do n't look excited about going out with Adam for their birthday . Ryan sneaks Finn and Harry out , running away with them to go back to The Dumping Ground , however , Adam catches them up in his car . Whilst Adam orders Harry and Finn back in the car , Ryan takes his car keys and chucks them into the field . When they get to The Dumping Ground , Harry pleads with Mike ( Connor Byrne ) not to go back after encouragement from Ryan to speak up and Adam admits to Mike that he was in financial trouble and kept fostering to get money . Sylvie 20 February 2015 Indra Ove Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) goes for an audition to present online videos . Carmen was recently given glasses , but she tries to read the auto cue without glasses and Sylvie is n't impressed with her audition . Carmen then wears her glasses and Sylvie changes her mind about Carmen . Sylvie decides to film Carmen 's recall at the Dumping Ground with Dallas Campbell that afternoon . Dallas Campbell 20 February 2015 Himself Dallas Campbell goes to The Dumping Ground with Syvie to film Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) recall . Maz 27 February 2015 Natifa Mai When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) attend a fun day whilst the others go to a theme park , it turns out to be boring , so they decide to go home . Unknown to them , money was put in Kazima 's bag by Max ( Frankie Wilson ) . Max and Maz follow Tee home and break into The Dumping Ground . Tee and Kazima realise that they put money in Kazima 's bag , but due to the large amount of money , they refuse to hand it back and try to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . Max ends up getting locked in the attic whilst Maz is tricked into going in the kitchen before a net dropping on her and being tied up by Tee and Kazima . They are then arrested by the police . Max 27 February 2015 Frankie Wilson When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) attend an fun day whilst the others go to a theme park , it turns out to be boring , so they decide to go home . Unknown to them , money was put in Kazima 's bag by Max . Max and Maz ( Natifa Mai ) follow Tee home and break into The Dumping Ground . Tee and Kazima realise that they put money in Kazima 's bag , but due to the large amount of money , they refuse to hand it back and try to scare Maz and Max out of The Dumping Ground . Max ends up getting locked in the attic whilst Maz is tricked into going in the kitchen before a net dropping on her and being tied up by Tee and Kazima . They are then arrested by the police . Claire Aycliffe 6 March 2015 Isabelle Burrows - Brown Claire is the daughter of Adam ( Ray Emmet Brown ) and the foster sister of Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) . Keith 27 February 2015 Neil Morrissey Keith is the boyfriend of Lucy ( Sally Rogers ) , father of Hope ( Holly & Paige Robinson ) and the stepfather of Johnny ( Joe Maw ) and Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) . Johnny spots Keith in a park and rushes to tell his mum , but he and Tee are shocked to learn that she knows and that he has been seeing Hope . When Johnny goes to see his mum , Keith answers the door and Lucy arrives home shortly after . Keith pretends to be friendly toward Johnny , inviting him in , but when Lucy goes in , Keith is horrid to Johnny . Johnny later follows Keith to the park and when Johnny notices Keith handing something to a group of youths , he suspects he is drug dealing and photographs him , but Keith spots him . Keith visits The Dumping Ground and complains to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) about Johnny , accusing him of harassment . When Johnny shows his mum the photos , Lucy thinks it is drug dealing , but Keith shows him some drug counselling cards he has been handing out . Keith threatens to phone the police , but Lucy talks him out of it and Lucy agrees to let Keith stay so he can get to know Hope . On the day he is due to leave for the Army , Johnny goes to see his mum , but he finds her with a massive bruise on her face . Johnny gets his mum out of the house and confronts Keith . Murphy Bellman 13 October 2015 - 2 March 2016 Thomas and Oliver Waldram ( 2015 ) Fred Montgomery Scott ( 2016 ) Murphy is the younger brother of Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) and Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) . After catching Dexter trying to shoplift , Sasha goes home and Murphy is all alone . H&S Inspector 13 October 2015 Shameem Ahmed A health and safety inspector , who arrives at The Dumping Ground to carry out a routine inspection . The kids mistake her for the trampoline assessor and accidentally inform her of Finn 's ( Ruben Reuter ) injury on an old trampoline . Dexter ( Alexander Aze ) throws rubbish over the health and safety inspector 's car in order to be taken into care , but his family are given the support of Social Services . Trampoline Assessor 13 October 2015 Angela Murray After Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) injures himself on a trampoline , Toni ( Nelly Currant ) , Billie ( Gwen Currant ) , Finn , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) and Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) decide to enter a competition to win a trampoline . In order to win the trampoline , they decide to pretend Billie is an outstanding at trampolining . She arrives at The Dumping Ground to assess Billie , but Mike ( Connor Byrne ) apologises to her for the kids making up what they said . Abi 20 October 2015 Kemi - Bo Jacobs Abi is Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) reviewing officer . Bailey is promised football tickets by Abi if he passes his review and fearing he will fail , Bailey tampers with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) paperwork on him , but she catches him . In her meeting to discuss Bailey 's progress at The Dumping Ground , Abi is impressed with Bailey 's commitment to Mischief ( Sage ) . May - Li stops Abi giving Bailey the football tickets by reporting the incident prior to the meeting and Bailey storms out . Bailey takes the tickets from Abi 's bag when she leaves it unsupervised , but Abi later notices and reports it to Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . Knowing Bailey would 've taken the tickets , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) tracks Bailey down at the coach station and Bailey returns the tickets to Abi , telling her he does n't want any more bribes to behave . Abi volunteers Bailey to work at the local dog pound . Laces 27 October 2015 Quinton Nyirenda After Ryan ( Lewis Hamilton ) deletes a text from Johnny ( Joe Maw ) to Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) cancelling his visit , Tee is annoyed when no one believes her . She and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) go to Ryan 's former care home and encounter Laces , so Tee asks if he knows Ryan . Laces explains to Tee and Sasha how Ryan use to rob the other kids birthday presents on their birthday . Planning to expose Ryan for who he really is and knowing Ryan , who did n't celebrate his own birthday as he hates birthdays , Tee plans a birthday party for Ryan . After Ryan apologises to Tee and is OK with the party , Tee decides she can not go through with the plan and tells Laces to go . Laces refuses and interrupts Ryan 's party , telling everyone the truth about Ryan . David 3 November 2015 Simon Rouse David is the grandfather of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandparents are his parents . Mo finds out that David 's son , Peter ( Colin Young ) and Caroline ( Donna Lavin ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Mo visits David at the hospital when he is awake and Mo reveals to David that he knows Caroline and Peter are his parents . David explains the reasons why he had Mo removed from his parents , which is that he found Mo left alone in Peter and Caroline 's flat at 18 months old . Mo thinks that David is embarrassed by Peter and Caroline as they have Cerebral Palsy and Mo decides he wants to get to know Caroline and Peter , but David tells Mo that they ca n't look after him . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Caroline 3 November 2015 Donna Lavin Caroline is the mother of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandfather David ( Simon Rouse ) and grandmother are his parents . Mo finds out that Caroline and Peter ( Colin Young ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Caroline and Peter visit Mo at The Dumping Ground , where they explain to Mo that they did n't have a choice about giving him up as David phoned the Social Services as David thought they could n't cope and that his grandparents then adopted him . Mo ends up snapping at Caroline and Peter when they tell Mo that David was n't very nice . Mo visits his parents and he realises he has a lot in common with Caroline and Peter . On another visit to his parents , things go well for Mo until his dad accidentally burns himself with a hot dish . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Peter ( The Dumping Ground , series 3 ) 3 November 2015 Colin Young Peter is the father of Mo ( Reece Buttery ) , although Mo believes his grandfather David ( Simon Rouse ) and grandmother are his parents . Mo finds out Peter and Caroline ( Donna Lavin ) are his parents at the hospital when David is rushed to hospital after a heart attack . Mo is upset about finding out and is angry at Mike ( Connor Byrne ) for keeping it from him . Peter and Caroline visit Mo at The Dumping Ground , where they explain to Mo that they did n't have a choice about giving him up as David phoned the Social Services as David thought they could n't cope and that his grandparents then adopted him . Mo ends up snapping at Peter and Caroline when they tell Mo that David was n't very nice . Mo visits his parents and he realises he has a lot in common with Peter and Caroline . On another visit to his parents , things go well for Mo until his dad accidentally burns himself with a hot dish . At the hospital , Mo decides to fix things between David , Peter and Caroline by bringing them together and get them to talk . When they refuse , Mo gives them the ultimatum that if they do n't talk and work things out , then he does n't want them to see him in his school play . On the night of Mo 's school play , David turns up and Mo is disappointed when he thinks his parents are n't going to show up , however , Peter and Caroline arrive and Mo arranges for them to watch the play from backstage . Chanelle 10 November 2015 Imogen Faires Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) runs into a magic shop , owned by Chanelle 's dad Andy ( Ashley Artus ) , when Tyler is chased by a group of boys . Chanelle gives Tyler some magic tricks for free . Tyler later thanks Chanelle with flowers and chocolates , but leaves the gifts with Andy , however , he throws them away . Chanelle thanks Tyler for his gifts after she found them and she helps Tyler construct his magic crate to help him with his disappearing trick . When they test it out , Tyler takes his stress out on Chanelle when the crate wo n't work and she leaves . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Jody ( Kia Pegg ) go to the magic shop to see Chanelle after a text was sent on Chanelle 's phone to Tyler saying that she hates him , so Jody distracts Andy . When Tyler is going to perform his magic show , Chanelle breaks the news to Tyler that she is moving to Ireland as her dad sold the shop , which is the reason her dad did n't want them to be together and Tyler is devastated . However , Tyler and Chanelle go through with the show and Chanelle takes part in the disappearing trick . Andy 10 November 2015 Ashley Artus Andy is the father of Chanelle ( Imogen Faires ) . After Chanelle helps Tyler ( Miles Butler - Houghton ) , he goes to thank Chanelle with flowers and chocolates . Andy takes a message for Chanelle and Tyler leaves the gifts with Andy , but he throws them away . Andy visits The Dumping Ground to tell Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that he feels Tyler is taking advantage of Chanelle and that Chanelle is in a rough place after her mum passing away . Mike promises to keep an eye on things Chanelle and Tyler , but Andy is n't satisfied . Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Jody ( Kia Pegg ) go to the magic shop to see Chanelle after a text was sent on Chanelle 's phone to Tyler saying that she hates him , so Jody distracts Andy . Plumber / Fireman 17 November 2015 Sam Cassidy When Carmen Howle ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) accidentally flushes May - Li 's ( Stacy Liu ) necklace down the toilet , she thinks about what she should do . When Carmen pretends that the necklace was stolen , Mo ( Reece Buttery ) goes to use the toilet , but it 's blocked , so Mike ( Connor Byrne ) tries to unblock it , however , his hand gets stuck . The fireman is called to get Mike out . When Carmen gets Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) to help her get the necklace , the toilet ends up flooding the bathroom , so they call the plumber to mend the toilet and Carmen can only offered to pay £ 30 , which the plumber accepts . PoPo 1 December 2015 Pik - Sen Lim PoPo is May - Li 's ( Stacy Liu ) grandmother . She turns up unannounced at The Dumping Ground , where May - Li is n't too pleased to see her , to ask May - Li to take over the family business . She impresses the kids with her kung - fu and May - Li agrees thar PoPo can teach the kids some . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) is torn about sending her mother a birthday card , so PoPo suggests she writes her feelings into a letter , but do n't send it . PoPo makes it clear to May - Li that she still does n't accept her family as May - Li 's partner is a woman and her children are n't biologically hers . May - Li decides to stay on at The Dumping Ground , but gives PoPo the chance to meet her children . Later , May - Li receives a family heirloom from PoPo , a diary from her great - great - grandfather . Jasna 8 December 2015 Dolya Gavanski Following her age assessment test , Jasna informs Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) that they have determined her birth year as 1997 and that she is 18 . Jasna tells Mike ( Connor Byrne ) that they have to move Kazima as they ca n't let her live with underage children due to child protection . Jasna visits again to tell Kazima that the directions for her deportation have been issued and she will have to move to an adult hostel . Kazima runs away to prevent her deportation and Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) tells Jasna , Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) that she has no idea where Kazima is . When Kazima is reunited with her father , Hakim ( Richard Pepple ) , Jasna interviews him and realises he has been living in the UK illegally and advises him to apply for asylum . She is of Bosnian descent . News Reporter 8 December 2015 Nisha Joshi Following Kazima 's age assessment , where her age has been determined as 18 , Carmem ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) contacts Dallas Campbell , who arranges for someone to film Kazima 's appeal . The News Reporter asks Kazima to describe her story . Hakim Tako 8 December 2015 Richard Pepple Hakim is the father of Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , who tracks Kazima down after her deportation appeal on TV . Jasna ( Dolya Gavanski ) interviews him at The Dumping Ground and she realised he has been living in the UK illegally . Hakim is advised by Jasna to apply for asylum . Hakim and Kazima are shown a message on the laptop by Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) by someone who may know Hakim 's son and Kazima 's brother in Kenya . Hakim decides to go to Kenya , leaving Kazima at The Dumping Ground as it is dangerous . Briony 29 January 2016 Tiana Benjamin Alison is a woman , who after spotting Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) at a football match , turns up at The Dumping Ground , claiming to be his mum . Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Tyler ( Miles Butler - Hughton ) spot Alison outside a cocktail bar working , despite her saying she worked with old people . Jody and Tyler confront Alison when she meets up with Bailey at a cafe and Alison says she worked in the bar , but lost her job and home the previous day . Believing he will make the youth squad , Bailey arranges to rent a flat for him and Alison , however , Bailey does n't make the squad but lies that he did . Alison tells Bailey she found out about the flat after being contacted by the estate agents as he is too young to sign rental agreements . The truth about Bailey being dropped from the academy soon emerges and he apologises to Alison . Alison flees from The Dumping Ground , but Bailey and Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) track her down , but Bailey finds out Alison is actually called Briony and a friend of his mum 's . Bailey and Mike track her down at the bus station and Bailey takes back the jewels and Alison insults Bailey . Rowena 29 January 2016 Alison Hammond Rowena and her colleague , Lizzie ( Kate Copeland ) , are OFSTED inspectors , who turn up unannounced at The Dumping Ground . Rowena and Lizzie ask to see various documents and Rowena points out some health and safety issues before getting Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) to show them around . Rowena , Lizzie , Floss and Sasha encounter Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) , a woman claiming to be Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) mum . Rowena confronts Mike ( Connor Byrne ) about the situation and Mike assures her that situations are normally dealt with . Rowena asks to see their safeguarding procedure and incident book . The following day , Rowena and Lizzie return and speak to the kids , however , they agree to stay silent . Meanwhile , Rowena witnesses how a situation between Bailey and his dad , Jimmy ( Mark Theodore ) is dealt with . The kids later put on the play , impressing Rowena and Lizzie . Lizzie 29 January 2016 Kate Copeland Lizzie and her colleague , Rowena ( Alison Hammond ) are OFSTED inspectors , who turn up unannounced at The Dumping Ground . Lizzie and Rowena ask to see various documents before getting Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) and Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) to show them around . Lizzie , Rowena , Floss and Sasha encounter Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) , a woman claiming to be Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) mum . Whilst with the kids , it turns out Lizzie is allergic to dogs and Floss impresses Lizzie by saying she likes Shakespeare . The kids then are forced to rehearse a Shakespeare play , A Winter 's Tale , for the inspectors . The following day , Lizzie and Rowena return and speak to the kids in groups , however , they agree to stay silent . The kids later put on the play , impressing Lizzie and Rowena . Mr Twigg 29 January 2016 Abas Eijanabi When a bear costume is ruined for their play by Mischief ( Sage ) , Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) visit Mr Twigg at his shut down restaurant with May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) . They take the bear to borrow , but when the kids find a bag of jewels hidden , they move the bear upstairs and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) hides the jewels . Later , Mr Twigg visits and tells them that he has been repossessed and the bear is valuable and one of the items the bailiffs had listed . The kids decide to give the jewels to Mr Twigg , but find them stolen and it turns out Alison ( Tiana Benjamin ) took them . Zach 12 February 2016 Jordan Bolger Zach is a boy , who Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) runs into at the park . Zach sends Tee a text , apologising and asking to make it up . Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) sends a text to Zach and Tee meets Zach at a cafe , with Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Sasha watching them . Tee plays Squash with Zach , but arrives home after injuring her knee and Zach offers Carmen a game of squash to get her into shape . Offended by his comments , Tee , Carmen and Sasha chase him out of The Dumping Ground Allen 12 February 2016 Ryan Wilkinson Mo ( Reece Buttery ) is convinced there are aliens in the neighbourhood and when the other kids take the mick , Mo is determined to prove them wrong . In the park , he encounters Allen and the following time in the park , he witnesses Allen being teased by a group of boys . Mo takes Allen back to The Dumping Ground , believing he is an alien and when Allen notices Mo 's alien radio equipment , he is impressed and offers to improve it to get a better signal so he can call home . Mo and Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) smuggle Allen into The Dumping Ground and they start to improve the equipment . They are interrupted by Mike ( Connor Byrne ) and Allen explains things to Mike and May - Li ( Stacy Liu ) . The following day after completing the equipment , Allen finds it smashed and Mo admits he did it . Mo and Bailey track Allen down at home and Mo apologises for believing he was an alien . After fixing the equipment , Allen gets hold of his dad , who is working long distance and after talking with Mo , Allen 's dad invites Allen and his mum to live with him . Alex 26 February 2016 Phil Rowson When Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) goes to college for an interview , Alex is the tutor who shows her and a group of students around . During her interview , Alex asks Tee about how she finds growing up in care . Tee messes up on a question in her interview and ends up walking out . Later , Alex tells Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) they wanted to offer Tee a place on the Arts Foundation course . Drama Tutor 26 February 2016 Hetty Baynes Russell When Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) accompanies Tee to college for an interview , Carmen ends up in the Drama studio and impresses the Drama Tutor . Carmen is offered a place on the Drama course . Tommo 4 March 2016 Melique Thompson - Dwyer Tommo is an old friend of Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) and she tells him she is now in care . Tommo meets Sasha outside The Dumping Ground and tells her they can live together with his brother . He leads her to a house to break into . Sasha goes through a dog flap and goes to let Tommo in at the front , but she is caught by Peter ( Ian Kershaw ) , a man who lives there and Tommo legs it . Later , Sasha is annoyed with Tommo for leaving her , but he convinces Sasha to live with his brother with him . Sasha agrees , but she learns that Tommo and her would have to shoplift and she stays way The Dumping Ground . Peter ( The Dumping Ground , series 4 ) 4 March 2016 Ian Kershaw When Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) breaks into a house , Peter catches her . Phoebe 25 March 2016 Tanya Vital Phoebe is 1 of the 3 temporary care workers to cover for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . The kids ask her questions on what makes her better than Mike . She leaves when an argument breaks out after it emerges Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) reported Mike to the police . Mary 25 March 2016 Liz Crawther Mary is 1 of the 3 temporary careworkers covering for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . She explains her husband died the previous year and that she was a foster carer . Mary cooks dinner , but she leaves when she realises how much the kids miss and love Mike . Kerr 25 March 2016 Matt Kennard Kerr is 1 of the three temporary careworkers covering for Mike ( Connor Byrne ) . He gets the kids to participate in a treasure hunt , but he makes fun of Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) spelling . The kids tell him Bailey is dyslexic , but he believes Bailey is lazy . Chair Person 25 March 2016 Judith Alexander The chair person who holds Mike 's ( Connor Byrne ) discipline hearing . The kids burst in the meeting with Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) file and after pleading with them , Mike is given his job back . Lou 30 September 2016 - 7 October 2016 Warwick Davis Lou and his wife Ange ( Francesca Papagn ) are potential adoptive parents for Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) . On a trip to the seaside , it becomes clear Sasha is not ready to give up on her family and Sasha plants goods from a souvenir shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha thinks Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) would be ideal for Lou and Ange and Harry agrees to get to know them . Ange 30 September 2016 - 7 October 2016 Francesca Papagno Ange and her husband Lou ( Warwick Davis ) are potential adoptive parents for Sasha ( Annabelle Davis ) . On a trip to the seaside , it becomes clear Sasha is not ready to give up on her ramily and Sasha plants goods from a souvenir shop in Ange 's bag . Sasha thinks Harry ( Philip Graham Scott ) would be ideal for Lou and Ange and Harry agrees to get to know them . Doris 7 October 2016 Sheila Hancock Doris is an old woman , who turns up in Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman salon unexpectedly . When she leaves , Carmen goes after her and Doris takes Carmen to her house . Carmen is stunned with Doris ' house and dress collection and Doris allows Carmen to try a dress on . Doris is surprised Carmen is in care and Carmen is disgusted to learn Doris ' son Felix ( Don Gallagher ) is moving her out of her home . When Felix visits Doris the next day , Carmen defends Doris and learns Doris is being moved to an old people 's home . Doris visits Carmen with Felix and explains she has dementia . Doris is given Nigel the cat , who Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) is allergic to . Felix 7 October 2016 Don Gallagher Carmen meets Felix 's mother , Doris ( Sheila Hancock ) and she takes a disliking to Felix when Doris tells her that Felix is moving her out . When Felix visits Doris the next day , Carmen defends Doris and learns Doris is being moved to an old people 's home . Doris visits Carmen with Felix and explains she has dementia . Sammy Doyle 14 October 2016 - 28 October 2016 Roderick Gilkison Sammy is a boy who has to stay at The Dumping Ground for a while when his aunt is ill . He meets Carmen ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) and Kazima ( Akuc Bol ) , who tell him the rules . Sammy hears Jody 's ( Kia Pegg ) baby stimulation doll , but ignores it as he follows the rules , but later informs Jody where it is . Duncan Bannatyne 14 October 2016 Himself Duncan gives a speech to possible contenders for the Young Entrepreneur of the Year competition and Mo ( Reece Buttery ) gets Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) to tell him about his business . Duncan presents the prize to a girl named Maya Young . Hollie 14 October 2016 Leah Walker Hollie is a girl Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) meets at the opening of the Young Entrepreneur of the Year competition . After helping Hollie out at the park , Hollie and Bailey decide to combine their business and go to London for a marketing workshop . Bailey reveals to Hollie he lives in a children 's home and takes a lighthearted comment from Hollie seriously . Hollie visits Bailey and the pair collect references and Bailey is invited to dinner at Hollie 's , where she gives him the money for London . Back at The Dumping Ground , Bailey is arrested when customers accuse him of stealing money , but Hollie confesses to taking it . Bailey chooses to have nothing more to do with Hollie . Simon 14 October 2016 Chris Jack Simon is the father of Hollie ( Leah Walker ) , who is impressed with Bailey ( Kasey McKellar ) when Hollie brings him to dinner . However , Simon takes a dislike to Bailey when he is accused of stealing money and arrested , however , Hollie confesses to stealing it . Princess 14 October 2016 Guinness Princess is Hollie 's ( Leah Walker ) pet dog . Princess and Mischief ( Sage ) take a liking to each other . Iona 21 October 2016 Calita Rainford Iona is an artist Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) meets when she tries to raise money so the young people can go on their adventure trip . Floss and Finn ( Ruben Reuter ) takes Tee 's ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) to show Iona and try to persuade her to buy it . Iona refuses to and Floss tells lies about Finn in order to get her to change her mind . Iona contacts children 's services about Floss , who contact Mike . Aunt Peg 28 October 2016 Jane Holman Peg is the aunt of Sammy ( Roderick Gilkison ) , who collects Sammy from The Dumping Ground . Kara 4 November 2016 Isobel Steele Mo ( Reece Buttery ) meets Kara , who is selling cakes , and falls for her . Floss ( Sarah Rayson ) agrees to introduce Kara to Mo , but Mo upsets Kara when he spoils her cakes . Mo and Kara work together to bake a cake for Bailey 's ( Kasey McKellar ) birthday , which ends up burnt when Mo turns the temperature up . Mo admits to Kara what he is truly like and the pair kiss . Jim 26 November 2016 Samuel Holland Jim is from children 's services overseeing Tee ( Mia McKenna - Bruce ) and Carmen 's ( Amy - Leigh Hickman ) move and he breaks the news to Tee that a housing policy reform means they wo n't be housed together . The young people occupy the office and wo n't move unless Jim does something , but are persuaded by Tee and Carmen to give up . Tee and Carmen are overjoyed when Jim has managed to house them together . Rosie 2 December 2016 Zoe Iqbal Kingsley ( David Avery ) introduces Rosie as his girlfriend to his sister , Jody ( Kia Pegg ) and Jody lets them sell Mike 's carriage clock when Kingsley owes money to a gang . Jody is trapped in a fire at Kingsley 's flat and Kingsley runs off when he finds out . Zoe tells Jody that Kingsley left her in the fire . Gary 2 December 2016 Lee Warburton Gary is Ryan Reeves ' ( Lewis Hamilton ) independent visitor who Mike Milligan ( Connor Byrne ) brings into The Dumping Ground to help Ryan and his sister 's . Chloe Reeves ( Hannah Moncur ) , relationship . Ryan tells Gary he believes everyone loves Chloe and not him because she is nice and that he is bad . Ryan goes through with Gary 's suggestion of writing a message on a balloon and then releasing it . See also ( edit ) List of The Dumping Ground characters References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BAFTA ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` The Dumping Ground : BAFTA Children 's Drama Winner in 2013 '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150119184343/http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/04/gcelebrities/Connor_Byrne-2.jpg . Archived from the original on 19 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Young , Graham ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` Birmingham - born child star Kia Pegg has been nominated for a Children 's Bafta Award '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to star in series three of The Dumping Ground '' . BBC Media Centre . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to guest star in series three of The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Neil Morrissey and Charlie Brooks to star in series three of The Dumping Ground '' . BBC Media Centre . 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Greenaway , Heather ( 11 December 2016 ) . `` Basketball star and actress Hannah Moncur shares her hoops and dreams for Young Scot prize '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ May , Luke ( 24 March 2016 ) . `` Orpington starlet lands role in Bafta - winning comedy drama '' . Bromley Times . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawn Harrison on Twitter : @ DominicKane4 Alex 's surname is Walker Jump up ^ `` Ex student Connor lands role in BBC production '' . Shotton Hall Academy . 20 September 2016 . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dani says bye to Beaker '' . Jump up ^ `` BBc Media Centre '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , David ( 2 February 2016 ) . `` EastEnders spoilers : sparks fly between Jay and newcomer Linzi - is this the start of a new romance ? '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About Us : Sue McCabe of Muttamorphosis Dog Training & Behaviour '' . Jump up ^ `` Muttamorphosis trained dog Sage lands role in CBBC kids drama The Dumping Ground . '' . Jump up ^ `` BBC - The Dumping Ground - Media Centre '' . Tracy Beaker series Books The Story of Tracy Beaker ( 1991 ) The Dare Game ( 2000 ) Starring Tracy Beaker ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker 's Thumping Heart ( 2009 ) Ask Tracy Beaker and Friends ( 2010 ) TV series The Story of Tracy Beaker ( 2002 - 05 ) Episodes Tracy Beaker Returns ( 2010 - 12 ) Episodes The Dumping Ground ( 2013 - ) Episodes Related TV series / spin - offs Tracy Beaker Parties with Pudsey ( 2004 ) Children 's Party at the Palace ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker Survival Files ( 2011 - 12 ) The Dumping Ground Survival Files ( 2014 ) Liam 's Story ( 2014 ) The Dumping Ground Dish Up ( 2015 ) The Dumping Ground : I 'm ... ( 2016 ) Theatre / Film Tracy Beaker Gets Real ( 2006 ) Tracy Beaker 's Movie of Me ( 2004 ) Related Characters The Dumping Ground characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tracy_Beaker_series_characters&oldid=801393782 '' Categories : Lists of British television series characters The Dumping Ground characters Tracy Beaker series Tracy Beaker series characters Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 11 : 53 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played roxy in the story of tracy beaker

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2018 NFL season

2018 NFL season - wikipedia 2018 NFL season 2018 National Football League season Regular season Duration September 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 06 ) -- December 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 12 - 30 ) Playoffs Start date January 5 , 2019 Super Bowl LIII Date February 3 , 2019 Site Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta , Georgia Pro Bowl Date January 27 , 2019 Site Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida ← 2017 NFL seasons The 2018 NFL season is the 99th season of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season began on September 6 , 2018 with the NFL Kickoff Game with the defending Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12 . The season will conclude with Super Bowl LIII , the league 's championship game , on February 3 , 2019 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia . Contents 1 Player movement 1.1 Free agency 1.2 Trades 1.3 Retirements 1.4 Draft 2 Officiating changes 2.1 Offseason 2.2 In - season 3 Rule changes 4 2018 deaths 4.1 Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame 4.2 Owners 4.3 Others 5 Preseason 6 Regular season 6.1 Saturday flexible scheduling 6.2 In - season scheduling changes 7 Regular season standings 7.1 Division 7.2 Conference 8 Postseason 9 Records , milestones , and notable statistics 10 Awards 10.1 Players of the week / month 11 Head coaching and front office personnel changes 11.1 Head coaches 11.1. 1 Off - season 11.1. 2 In - season 11.2 Front office personnel 11.2. 1 Off - season 12 Stadiums 12.1 Carolina Panthers 12.2 Oakland Raiders 12.3 Naming rights agreements 12.3. 1 Arizona Cardinals 12.3. 2 Denver Broncos 12.3. 3 Jacksonville Jaguars 13 Uniforms 13.1 Color Rush discontinuation 13.2 Uniform changes 13.3 Throwback uniforms 13.4 Patches 14 Media 14.1 Broadcast rights 14.1. 1 Television 14.1. 2 Digital 14.1. 3 Radio 14.2 Personnel changes 14.3 Start time changes 14.4 Most watched regular season games 15 References Player movement ( edit ) The 2018 NFL League year and trading period began on March 14 . On March 9 , clubs were allowed to exercise options for 2018 on players who have option clauses in their contracts , submit qualifying offers to their pending restricted free agents and submit a Minimum Salary Tender to retain exclusive negotiating rights to their players with expiring 2017 contracts and who have fewer than three accrued seasons of free agent credit . Teams were required to be under the salary cap using the `` Top - 51 '' definition ( in which the 51 highest paid - players on the team 's payroll must have a combined salary cap hit below the actual cap ) . On March 12 , clubs were allowed to contact and enter into contract negotiations with the agents of players who were set to become unrestricted free agents . Free agency ( edit ) Over 550 players were eligible for some form of free agency during the free agency period . Notable players to change teams include : Quarterbacks Sam Bradford ( Minnesota to Arizona ) , Kirk Cousins ( Washington to Minnesota ) , Case Keenum ( Minnesota to Denver ) , and AJ McCarron ( Cincinnati to Buffalo ) . Running backs Isaiah Crowell ( Cleveland to New York Jets ) , Carlos Hyde ( San Francisco to Cleveland ) , Frank Gore ( Indianapolis to Miami ) , Dion Lewis ( New England to Tennessee ) , Jerick McKinnon ( Minnesota to San Francisco ) , and Adrian Peterson ( Arizona to Washington ) Wide receivers Danny Amendola ( New England to Miami ) , Allen Hurns ( Jacksonville to Dallas ) , Jordy Nelson ( Green Bay to Oakland ) , Allen Robinson ( Jacksonville to Chicago ) , and Sammy Watkins ( Los Angeles Rams to Kansas City ) Tight ends Jimmy Graham ( Seattle to Green Bay ) , Austin Seferian - Jenkins ( New York Jets to Jacksonville ) , and Marcedes Lewis ( Jacksonville to Green Bay ) Offensive linemen Cameron Fleming ( New England to Dallas ) , Andrew Norwell ( Carolina to Jacksonville ) , Mike Pouncey ( Miami to Los Angeles Chargers ) , Justin Pugh ( New York Giants to Arizona ) , Weston Richburg ( New York Giants to San Francisco ) , Nate Solder ( New England to New York Giants ) , Josh Sitton ( Chicago to Miami ) , and Travis Swanson ( Detroit to New York Jets ) Defensive linemen Adrian Clayborn ( Atlanta to New England ) , Vinny Curry ( Philadelphia to Tampa Bay ) , Sheldon Richardson ( Seattle to Minnesota ) , Ndamukong Suh ( Miami to Los Angeles Rams ) , Star Lotulelei ( Carolina to Buffalo ) , and Muhammad Wilkerson ( New York Jets to Green Bay ) Linebackers Demario Davis ( New York Jets to New Orleans ) , Trent Murphy ( Washington to Buffalo ) , Tahir Whitehead ( Detroit to Oakland ) , and Avery Williamson ( Tennessee to New York Jets ) Defensive backs Malcolm Butler ( New England to Tennessee ) , Morgan Burnett ( Green Bay to Pittsburgh ) , T.J. Carrie ( Oakland to Cleveland ) , Ross Cockrell ( New York Giants to Carolina ) , E.J. Gaines ( Buffalo to Cleveland ) , Marcus Gilchrist ( Houston to Oakland ) , Trumaine Johnson ( Los Angeles Rams to New York Jets ) , Tyrann Mathieu ( Arizona to Houston ) , Rashaan Melvin ( Indianapolis to Oakland ) , Eric Reid ( San Francisco To Carolina ) , Patrick Robinson ( Philadelphia to New Orleans ) , and Richard Sherman ( Seattle to San Francisco ) Kicker Sebastian Janikowski ( Oakland to Seattle ) Punter Marquette King ( Oakland to Denver ) Trades ( edit ) March 14 : Miami traded WR Jarvis Landry to Cleveland for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 123rd overall ) and a 2019 seventh round selection . March 14 : Buffalo traded QB Tyrod Taylor to Cleveland for a 2018 third round selection ( 65th overall ) . March 14 : Buffalo traded T Cordy Glenn , a 2018 first round selection ( 21st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 158th overall ) to Cincinnati for a 2018 first round selection ( 12th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 187th overall ) . March 14 : Green Bay traded CB Damarious Randall , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 114th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 150th overall ) to Cleveland for QB DeShone Kizer , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 101st overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 138th overall ) March 14 : Cleveland traded DT Danny Shelton and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) to New England for a 2019 third round selection . March 14 : Kansas City traded QB Alex Smith to Washington in exchange for CB Kendall Fuller and a 2018 third round selection ( 78th overall ) . March 14 : Kansas City traded CB Marcus Peters and a 2018 sixth round draft selection ( 196th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 124th overall ) and a 2019 second round selection . March 14 : Denver traded CB Aqib Talib to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 160th overall ) . March 14 : Denver traded QB Trevor Siemian and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 225th overall ) to Minnesota for a 2019 fifth round selection . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded LB Alec Ogletree and a 2019 seventh round draft selection to the New York Giants in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 135th overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 176th overall ) . March 14 : The Los Angeles Rams traded DE Robert Quinn and a 2018 sixth round selection to Miami in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection and a 2018 sixth round selection . March 14 : Seattle traded DE Michael Bennett and a 2018 seventh round selection to Philadelphia for WR Marcus Johnson and a 2018 fifth round selection . March 14 : Philadelphia traded WR Torrey Smith to Carolina for CB Daryl Worley . March 15 : San Francisco traded C Daniel Kilgore and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 227th overall ) to Miami in exchange for a 2018 seventh round selection ( 223rd overall ) . March 15 : Cleveland traded CB Jason McCourty and a 2018 seventh round selection ( 219th overall ) to New England for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) . March 18 : Oakland traded WR Cordarrelle Patterson and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 210th overall ) to New England for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 159th overall ) . March 20 : Oakland traded FB Jamize Olawale and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 192nd overall ) to Dallas for a 2018 fifth round selection ( 173rd overall ) . March 22 : The New York Giants traded DE Jason Pierre - Paul and their 2018 fourth round selection ( 102nd overall ) to Tampa Bay in exchange for a 2018 third round selection ( 69th overall ) and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 108th overall ) . March 23 : Arizona traded T Jared Veldheer to Denver for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 182nd overall ) . March 28 : Cleveland traded QB Cody Kessler to Jacksonville for a conditional 2019 seventh round selection . March 29 : Washington traded S Su'a Cravens , a 2018 fourth round selection ( 113th overall ) , and a 2018 fifth round selection ( 149th overall ) to Denver in exchange for a 2018 fourth round selection ( 109th overall ) , two 2018 fifth round selections ( 142nd and 163rd overall ) , and a conditional 2020 selection . April 3 : New England traded WR Brandin Cooks and a 2018 fourth round selection ( 136th overall ) to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2018 first round selection ( 23rd overall ) and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 198th overall ) . April 6 : Cleveland traded QB Kevin Hogan and a 2018 sixth round selection ( 205th overall ) to Washington in exchange for a 2018 sixth round selection ( 188th overall ) . April 26 : Pittsburgh traded WR Martavis Bryant to Oakland for a 2018 third round selection ( 79th overall ) . August 5 : Cleveland traded WR Corey Coleman to Buffalo for a 2020 seventh round selection . August 29 : The New York Jets traded QB Teddy Bridgewater and a 2019 sixth - round selection to New Orleans for a 2019 Third round selection . September 1 : Oakland traded DE / OLB Khalil Mack , a 2020 second round selection , and a conditional 2020 fifth round selection to Chicago in exchange for a 2019 first round selection , a 2020 first round selection , a 2020 third round selection , and a 2019 sixth round selection . September 1 : Buffalo traded QB A.J. Mccarron to Oakland in exchange for a 2019 fifth round selection . September 17 : Cleveland traded WR Josh Gordon and a conditional 2019 seventh round selection to New England in exchange for a 2019 fifth round selection . October 30 : Denver traded WR Demaryius Thomas and a 2019 seventh round selection to Houston for a 2019 fourth round selection and a 2019 seventh round selection . October 30 : Detroit traded WR Golden Tate to Philadelphia for a 2019 third round selection . October 30 : Jacksonville traded DE Dante Fowler to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2019 third round selection and a 2020 fifth round selection . Retirements ( edit ) Kam Chancellor : The four - time Pro Bowler and two - time second team All - Pro safety retired July 1 due to a neck injury . He played his entire eight - year career with the Seattle Seahawks . Antonio Cromartie : The four - time Pro Bowler and one - time All - Pro cornerback , who shares the league record for most yards gained on a play ( 109 on a missed field goal return ) and led the league in interceptions in 2008 , announced his retirement after an 11 - year career . Cromartie played for the then - San Diego Chargers , New York Jets , Arizona Cardinals , and Indianapolis Colts over the course of his career , before spending the entire 2017 season as an unsigned free agent . Dwight Freeney : The 16 - year veteran defensive end , who spent most of his career with the Indianapolis Colts , retired April 19 . He appeared in seven Pro Bowls , was a four - time All - Pro and led the NFL in sacks during the 2004 season . James Harrison : The 15 - year NFL veteran linebacker , four - time All - Pro , and five - time Pro Bowler who spent the peak of his career with the Pittsburgh Steelers announced his retirement , at the age of 39 , on April 16 . Devin Hester : The four - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro return specialist holds the NFL record for most all - time return touchdowns ( punt and kickoff combined ) and most all - time punt return touchdowns . He is widely regarded as one of the best return specialists in NFL history , and was the first person to return the opening kick of the Super Bowl back for a touchdown . Hester , who had spent 2017 out of football , played 11 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Chicago Bears . Richie Incognito announced his retirement April 10 . The retirement was part of a string of erratic behavior and inconsistent statements on Incognito 's part , the only consistent thread being an ongoing contract dispute with his current team , the Buffalo Bills , who have listed him as retired on their roster . Incognito has appeared in four Pro Bowls over the course of a 12 - season career with the Bills , Miami Dolphins and then - St. Louis Rams , with most of his success coming in Buffalo . He was released from his contract on May 21 and is free to sign with any team . Nick Mangold : The seven - time Pro Bowler and three - time All - Pro retired after 11 seasons , all with the New York Jets . He had spent the 2017 season out of football after the Jets released him . Carson Palmer : The 38 year old quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals , who had previously played on the Cincinnati Bengals ( who drafted Palmer first overall in 2003 ) and Oakland Raiders , retired after the 2017 season . The 2002 Heisman Trophy winner appeared in three Pro Bowls , was a second team All - Pro in 2015 , and led the NFL in passing yards in 2005 . Darrelle Revis : The seven - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro spent 11 seasons in the NFL , eight of them with the New York Jets . At his peak , he was one of the most dominant , well - paid , and awarded cornerbacks in the league ( only Deion Sanders has had more All - Pro nominations at the position ) ; his level of play had diminished rapidly by the time of his retirement . He announced his retirement July 18 . Joe Thomas : The ten - time Pro Bowler and seven - time All - Pro offensive tackle retired after an 11 - year career with the Cleveland Browns , a career in which he spent much of that time as the Browns ' franchise player in an era where the team otherwise performed poorly on the field . A deteriorating left knee contributed to Thomas 's retirement . Jason Witten : The eleven time Pro Bowler and two time First - team All - Pro Tight end played 15 seasons , all with the Dallas Cowboys . He ranks second all time among tight ends in career receptions and receiving yards . He will be working for ESPN as their Monday Night Football color commentator . Other retirements Rodney Adams Martellus Bennett Joe Berger * Brent Celek Emmett Cleary Victor Cruz Vontae Davis Eric Decker Elvis Dumervil C.J. Fiedorowicz Matt Forte James Hanna David Harris Gabe Ikard Fred Jackson Vincent Jackson Thad Lewis Luke McCown Kellen Moore DeMarco Murray Paul Posluszny Connor Shaw Devon Still Zach Strief Cedric Thornton Aaron Williams Eric Wood Danny Woodhead Draft ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NFL Draft The 2018 NFL Draft was held from April 26 to 28 at AT&T Stadium in Arlington , Texas . This was the first draft to take place in an NFL stadium , and the first to be held in Texas . The Cleveland Browns selected Baker Mayfield with the first overall pick . Officiating changes ( edit ) Offseason ( edit ) Four referees retired during the 2018 off - season , the most to do so since records on the statistics have been kept . Ed Hochuli : At the time of his retirement , Hochuli was the league 's longest - tenured referee , having served with the league for 28 seasons , 26 as a head referee . He was succeeded by his son , Shawn Hochuli . Terry McAulay : McAulay spent 20 seasons as an official , 17 as a head referee , and officiated three Super Bowls . McAulay will work as a rules analyst for NBC 's Sunday Night Football . Shawn Smith , an umpire since 2015 , was promoted to replace McAulay . Gene Steratore : Steratore spent 15 seasons as an official and was the referee of Super Bowl LII . Staratore was involved in the controversial ruling known as the Calvin Johnson rule , as well as the infamous use of an index card during a game between the Oakland Raiders and Dallas Cowboys . He was one of two officials who also covered NCAA Division I basketball games . Steratore accepted an offer from CBS to fill its rules analyst position , which had been vacant since 2015 . Umpire Clay Martin was promoted to referee to replace Steratore . Jeff Triplette : Triplette had spent 22 years as an official with the NFL , 19 as a head referee . Alex Kemp replaced Triplette . In total , 10 officials left the league in the offseason , and 7 were hired . Four officials were promoted to the referee position . In - season ( edit ) Down judge Hugo Cruz was fired for performance - related issues culminating with a missed false start during a Week 6 game between the Los Angeles Chargers and Cleveland Browns . It was the first time in the Super Bowl era that an official was dismissed in - season . Rule changes ( edit ) The following playing rule changes have been approved by the Competition Committee for the 2018 season : Make permanent the current rule that changes the spot of the ball after a touchback on a kickoff to the 25 - yard line . Prior to 2017 , the ball was placed at the 20 - yard line . Update the standards for a `` catch '' to have : Two feet down or any body part other than the hands Control of the ball Make a `` football move '' such as making a 3rd step , reaching / extending to the line to gain , tucking the ball away , warding off defensive players , or have the ability to perform such an act . The rule for receivers who were going to the ground during the catch process has been deleted . This is in response to several issues regarding the `` going to the ground '' rule , especially catches by Dallas Cowboys WR Dez Bryant in the 2014 NFL playoffs and one by Pittsburgh Steelers TE Jesse James in 2017 that were overturned due to this rule . Allow a designated member of the officiating department ( for 2018 , NFL Senior VP of Officiating Al Riveron ) to instruct game officials to disqualify any player who commits a flagrant non-football act on the field for a foul called on the field . This is in response to a situation where New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski intentionally inflicted a late hit on Buffalo Bills defensive back Tre'Davious White causing a concussion to White . Gronkowski was not ejected for the foul on the field , but did receive a one - game suspension after the NFL 's review of the play . Illegally batting a ball on a scrimmage down will incur a loss of down in addition to the previous 10 - yard penalty . In overtime , when a team is ahead by 3 points , a down will run to its conclusion and all applicable points will score , even if there is a loss of possession . Previously , the offense of the trailing team could not legally score if they lost and regained possession and reached the opponent 's end zone all on the same play . The rule remains that if there is a double change of possession on a play with one team in the lead , it is the last play of the game . If a team scores a touchdown on the final play of regulation which gives them the victory , no extra-point conversion try will be needed . A quarterback may slide either head first or feet first to be considered giving himself up on the play , and he is afforded all protections previously provided to a quarterback sliding feet first . The following bylaws and resolutions were passed : Make permanent the liberalization of workout rules for draft prospects . For a one - year trial period , liberalize the rules for re-signing a player on waivers . Players on injured reserve can be traded . Players with injuries deemed major can be placed directly on injured reserve without clearing waivers . The 10 - day postseason waiver claiming period has been reduced to 1 day . Players can be activated from injured reserve after eight games instead of eight weeks . Teams have seven business days to complete an injury settlement instead of five . Players in certain reserve list categories can not be reinstated after a team 's week 13 game . This restriction was previously applied to the last 30 days of the regular season . Clarify roster procedures for players with military obligations . For a one - year trial period , teams may contact a player who has been publicly announced to be released before the NFL lists the transaction on a Player Personnel Notice . The following changes to the kickoff rules were approved at the NFL Spring Owners ' Meeting on May 23 , 2018 : Players are required to line up for the kickoff as follows : Five players on the kicking team must be on either side of the kicker Two players on each side must be lined up outside of the numbers and two additional players on each side must be lined up between the numbers and the hashmarks Players on the kicking team ( excluding the kicker ) may only line up within one yard of the kickoff spot ( currently this is limited to five yards ) The receiving team must have eight players in a fifteen - yard `` set - up zone '' ( from the restraining line ten yards from the kickoff spot , fifteen yards back ) No wedge blocks . Players would only be able to do a double - team block within the `` set - up zone '' . Blocking is prohibited inside the restraining zone ( 10 yards from the kickoff spot ) until the ball touches the ground or is touched in the field of play . Once a kickoff lands in the end zone , it would become an automatic touchback . Players will no longer have to `` kneel '' in the end zone to stop the play . Any player ( s ) being disqualified are subject to replay review . It is now a foul ( 15 yards ) for players to lower their helmet to initiate and make contact with an opposing player . The fouling player risks disqualification if : Player lowers his helmet to establish a linear body posture prior to initiating or making contact with the helmet Player delivering the blow had an unobstructed path to his opponent Contact was clearly avoidable ( player delivering the blow had other options ) In response to the recent National Anthem protests in the league the past two seasons , any player or staff member who is on the field during the performance of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' must stand for the duration of the performance . Such players and staff members are not required to be on the field at that time and may wait in the locker room as an alternative . The NFL will not directly fine offending players or staff members for defying the rule , instead fining the teams , who will in turn have power to fine the players or staff members at their own discretion . The National Football League Players Association filed a grievance with the league over the policy on July 11 . 2018 deaths ( edit ) The following people associated with the NFL ( or AFL ) have died in 2018 . Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Tommy McDonald A 1998 inductee of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , McDonald played 12 seasons in the NFL , the majority of them with the Philadelphia Eagles , where he had the majority of his success . The six - time Pro Bowler and four - time All - Pro ( first or second team ) led the league in both receiving yards and receiving touchdowns in 1961 and was the last non-kicking position player to play without a facemask . He died September 24 at the age of 84 . Jim Taylor The nine - year veteran of the Green Bay Packers was the first member of the team 's 1961 -- 1968 dynasty to be inducted into the Hall as a 1976 inductee . The fullback , who played from 1958 through the first World Championship , appeared in five Pro Bowls , was named first or second team All - Pro six times , and led the league in both rushing touchdowns and yards in 1962 , leading the latter category in 1961 as well . He finished his career on the inaugural roster of the New Orleans Saints . He died October 13 , aged 83 . Owners ( edit ) Paul Allen Allen owned the Seattle Seahawks from 1996 until his death on October 15 , at the age of 65 . Allen left no wife or children , and his estate is believed to be in control of his sister , Jody Allen . Allen was also the owner of the NBA 's Portland Trail Blazers , and part owner of MLS 's Seattle Sounders FC . Tom Benson Benson owned the New Orleans Saints from 1985 until his death on March 15 , at the age of 90 . His wife Gayle Benson inherited the team . Alex Spanos Spanos owned the San Diego Chargers from 1984 until his death ; he had been suffering from senile dementia since 2008 and was not directly involved in the team 's relocation back to Los Angeles , which was largely orchestrated by his son Dean Spanos , who will head the family consortium that inherits the team . Spanos died October 9 , aged 95 . Others ( edit ) Grady Alderman Billy Cannon Dwight Clark Bennie Cunningham Keith Fahnhorst Jim Garrett Chris Gedney Tom Heckert Jr . Wes Hopkins Wayne Huizenga David Humm Edwin Jackson Billy Kinard Chuck Knox Dick Modzelewski Jeremy Nunley Gabriel Rivera Kona Schwenke Clyde Scott Tony Sparano George Taliaferro Jim Taylor Frank Varrichione Leon `` Big Van Vader '' White Preseason ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Training camps for the 2018 season were held in late July through August . Teams started training camp no earlier than 15 days before the team 's first scheduled preseason game . The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game , in which the Baltimore Ravens defeated the Chicago Bears 17 -- 16 , was played on August 2 ; and was televised nationally by NBC . The Ravens , who made their first Hall of Fame Game appearance , were represented in the 2018 Hall of Fame class by former linebacker Ray Lewis , while the Bears were represented by former linebacker Brian Urlacher . Regular season ( edit ) The 2018 regular season 's 256 games were played over a 17 - week schedule that began on September 6 . Each of the league 's 32 teams played a 16 - game schedule , with one bye week for each team . The slate also featured games on Monday Nights . There were games played on Thursdays , including the National Football League Kickoff game in prime time on September 6 and games on Thanksgiving Day . The regular season concluded with a full slate of 16 games on December 30 , all of which were intra-division matchups , as it had been since 2010 . Scheduling formula Under the NFL 's current scheduling formula , each team plays the other three teams in its own division twice . In addition , a team plays against all four teams in one other division from each conference . The final two games on a team 's schedule are against the two remaining teams in the same conference that finished in the same position in their respective divisions ( e.g. , the team that finished fourth in its division will play all three other teams in the conference that also finished fourth ) . The division pairings for 2018 will be as follows : Intra-conference AFC East vs AFC South AFC West vs AFC North NFC East vs NFC South NFC West vs NFC North Inter-conference AFC East vs NFC North AFC North vs NFC South AFC South vs NFC East AFC West vs NFC West The entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 . Highlights of the 2018 season include : NFL Kickoff Game : The 2018 season began with the Kickoff Game on September 6 at 8 : 20 p.m. EDT . The game featured the Super Bowl LII champion Philadelphia Eagles defeating the Atlanta Falcons 18 -- 12 and was televised on NBC . NFL International Series : NFL London Games : Three games were played in London in 2018 . All games this year were played at Wembley Stadium . The first game featured the Oakland Raiders , who hosted the Seattle Seahawks on October 14 at 1 : 00 p.m. EDT ( 6 : 00 p.m. BST ) on Fox . This game was originally scheduled to be played at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium , but was relocated to Wembley when it was determined that Tottenham would not be finished in time . The following week , the Los Angeles Chargers hosted the Tennessee Titans , on October 21 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 2 : 30 p.m. BST ) on CBS . And Finally , the Jacksonville Jaguars hosted the defending Super Bowl Champion Philadelphia Eagles on October 28 at 9 : 30 a.m. EDT ( 1 : 30 p.m. GMT ) on NFLN . This was the first time the London games were played on three consecutive weeks , a move the league has taken to try to streamline their London operations . NFL Mexico Game : The NFL will play one game at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City in 2018 , in accordance with an agreement the league announced in November 2017 to play one game at that venue each year through 2021 . The game will feature the Los Angeles Rams hosting the Kansas City Chiefs . The game will be held on Monday , November 19 , and will be televised on ESPN . Thanksgiving Day : As has been the case since 2006 , three games will be played on November 22 . The 12 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature Detroit Lions hosting the Chicago Bears on CBS . The 4 : 30 p.m. EST game will feature the Dallas Cowboys hosting the Washington Redskins on Fox . A third game , Atlanta Falcons at New Orleans Saints starting at 8 : 15 p.m. EST , will be aired on NBC . Christmas games : Christmas Day , December 25 , falls on a Tuesday in 2018 . Instead of moving the Monday Night game from Christmas Eve , the game will be played at its normal time , marking only the second Monday Night game played on Christmas Eve . As is usually the case when a night game is played on Christmas Eve , both teams ( the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders ) are in the western United States , and thus the game will take place in the late afternoon local time . Saturday flexible scheduling ( edit ) When the entire season schedule was released on April 19 , 2018 , the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16 . The final kickoff times for these games will be announced no later than week 8 : In week 15 , the Texans -- Jets game will be played at 4 : 30 p.m. , while the Browns -- Broncos game will kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. EST , both games airing on NFL Network . In week 16 , two games were moved to Saturday , December 22 on the NFL Network : The Redskins -- Titans game will start at 4 : 30 p.m. EST , while the Ravens -- Chargers game will start at 8 : 20 p.m. EST . The other two games that were to possibly be rescheduled , Jaguars -- Dolphins and Giants -- Colts , remained on Sunday , December 23 . This is the first time that games will be rescheduled to a different day ( excluding games rescheduled due to severe weather ) . In - season scheduling changes ( edit ) Week 7 : The Bengals -- Chiefs game was flexed from 1 : 00 p.m. ET on CBS to the 8 : 20 p.m. EDT slot on NBC , replacing the originally - scheduled Rams -- 49ers game , which was moved to 4 : 25 p.m. ET on CBS . This is the earliest NBC flex game since NBC Sports took over the Sunday Night package in 2006 . Week 10 : The Dolphins -- Packers game was moved from 1 : 00 p.m. ET to 4 : 25 p.m. ET on CBS . Additionally , the Cardinals -- Chiefs game , originally scheduled at 1 : 00 p.m. ET on Fox , was cross-flexed to CBS , in the same time slot . Regular season standings ( edit ) Division ( edit ) AFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New England Patriots 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 239 185 W5 Miami Dolphins 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 174 219 L2 New York Jets 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 192 200 L2 Buffalo Bills 6 0 . 250 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 87 200 L3 AFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Pittsburgh Steelers . 643 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 204 172 W3 Cincinnati Bengals 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 184 203 W1 Baltimore Ravens 0 . 500 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 197 137 L2 Cleveland Browns 5 . 313 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 169 210 L3 AFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Houston Texans 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 197 167 W5 Tennessee Titans 0 . 429 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 106 127 L3 Jacksonville Jaguars 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 134 170 L4 Indianapolis Colts 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 189 185 W2 AFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Kansas City Chiefs 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 290 205 W2 Los Angeles Chargers 5 0 . 714 1 -- 1 3 -- 1 195 163 W4 Denver Broncos 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 188 194 L1 Oakland Raiders 6 0 . 143 0 -- 2 1 -- 3 138 218 L3 NFC East view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Washington Redskins 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 146 134 W3 Philadelphia Eagles 0 . 500 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 178 156 W1 Dallas Cowboys 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 140 123 L1 New York Giants 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 150 205 L5 NFC North view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Chicago Bears 0 . 571 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 194 144 W1 Minnesota Vikings . 563 0 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 1 197 195 L1 Green Bay Packers . 500 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 175 173 L1 Detroit Lions 0 . 429 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 185 172 L1 NFC South view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK New Orleans Saints 6 0 . 857 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 234 183 W6 Carolina Panthers 5 0 . 714 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 178 152 W2 Atlanta Falcons 0 . 429 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 190 212 W2 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 201 233 L1 NFC West view talk PCT DIV CONF PF PA STK Los Angeles Rams 8 0 0 1.000 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 235 128 W8 Seattle Seahawks 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 171 131 W2 Arizona Cardinals 6 0 . 250 2 -- 2 2 -- 5 110 199 W1 San Francisco 49ers 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 1 -- 5 173 236 L6 Conference ( edit ) AFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Kansas City Chiefs West 7 0 . 875 3 -- 0 6 -- 1 . 492 . 454 W2 New England Patriots East 6 0 . 750 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 500 . 532 W5 Pittsburgh Steelers North . 643 2 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 -- 1 . 500 . 450 W3 Houston Texans South 5 0 . 625 2 -- 1 4 -- 2 . 403 . 385 W5 Wild Cards 5 Los Angeles Chargers West 5 0 . 714 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 454 . 250 W4 6 Cincinnati Bengals North 5 0 . 625 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 558 . 447 W1 In the hunt 7 Baltimore Ravens North 0 . 500 1 -- 2 4 -- 2 . 517 . 417 L2 8 Miami Dolphins East 0 . 500 1 -- 1 3 -- 3 . 500 . 379 L2 9 Tennessee Titans South 0 . 429 2 -- 0 2 -- 4 . 491 . 500 L3 10 Jacksonville Jaguars South 5 0 . 375 0 -- 2 2 -- 3 . 516 . 417 L4 11 New York Jets East 5 0 . 375 0 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 435 . 391 L2 12 Indianapolis Colts South 5 0 . 400 0 -- 1 2 -- 4 . 500 . 364 W2 13 Denver Broncos West 5 0 . 375 1 -- 2 1 -- 4 . 581 . 318 L1 14 Cleveland Browns North 5 . 313 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 . 534 . 438 L3 15 Buffalo Bills East 6 0 . 250 0 -- 1 1 -- 5 . 557 . 500 L3 16 Oakland Raiders West 6 0 . 167 0 -- 2 1 -- 4 . 546 . 313 L3 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Baltimore wins tie break over Miami based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over NY Jets based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : Jacksonville wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Indianapolis ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Jets wins tie break over Denver and Indianapolis based on head - to - head sweep . ^ Jump up to : Indianapolis wins tie break over Denver based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage NFC # Team Division PCT DIV CONF SOS SOV STK Division leaders Los Angeles Rams West 8 0 0 1.000 3 -- 0 5 -- 0 . 400 . 400 W8 New Orleans Saints South 6 0 . 857 1 -- 1 4 -- 1 . 434 . 435 W6 Washington Redskins East 5 0 . 714 2 -- 0 5 -- 1 . 452 . 392 W3 Chicago Bears North 0 . 571 0 -- 1 3 -- 1 . 481 . 400 W1 Wild Cards 5 Carolina Panthers South 5 0 . 714 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 472 . 436 W2 6 Seattle Seahawks West 0 . 571 1 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 462 . 310 W2 In the Hunt 7 Minnesota Vikings North . 563 0 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 2 -- 1 . 476 . 313 L1 8 Green Bay Packers North . 500 1 -- 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 -- 1 . 519 . 304 L1 9 Philadelphia Eagles East 0 . 500 1 -- 0 2 -- 3 . 425 . 323 W1 10 Atlanta Falcons South 0 . 429 2 -- 1 3 -- 2 . 548 . 409 W2 11 Tampa Bay Buccaneers South 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 2 . 558 . 543 L1 12 Dallas Cowboys East 0 . 429 1 -- 1 2 -- 3 . 500 . 304 L1 13 Detroit Lions North 0 . 429 1 -- 0 1 -- 3 . 462 . 587 L1 14 Arizona Cardinals West 6 0 . 250 2 -- 2 2 -- 5 . 500 . 125 W1 15 San Francisco 49ers West 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 1 -- 5 . 574 . 429 L6 16 New York Giants East 7 0 . 125 0 -- 3 0 -- 6 . 576 . 625 L5 Tiebreakers ^ Jump up to : Green Bay wins tie break over Philadelphia based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta wins tie break over Dallas and Detroit based on best win percentage in conference games . Division tie break was initially used to eliminate Tampa Bay ( see below ) . ^ Jump up to : Tampa Bay wins tie break over Dallas and Detroit based on best win percentage in conference games . ^ Jump up to : Dallas wins tie break over Detroit based on head - to - head win percentage . ^ Jump up to : San Francisco wins tie break over NY Giants based on best win percentage in conference games . Jump up ^ When breaking ties for three or more teams under the NFL 's rules , they are first broken within divisions , then comparing only the highest ranked remaining team from each division . Legend w -- Clinched wild card x -- Clinched playoff berth y -- Clinched division z -- Clinched first - round bye * -- Clinched home - field advantage Postseason ( edit ) Main article : 2018 -- 19 NFL playoffs The 2018 playoffs will begin on the weekend of January 5 -- 6 , 2019 with the Wild Card Playoff round . The four winners of these playoff games will visit the top two seeds in each conference in the Divisional round games the weekend of January 12 -- 13 . The winners of those games will advance to the Conference championship games on January 20 . The 2019 Pro Bowl will be held at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 27 and will be broadcast on ESPN and ABC . Super Bowl LIII will be held on February 3 at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , on CBS . Records , milestones , and notable statistics ( edit ) Week 1 Adrian Peterson became the ninth player to rush for 100 touchdowns in a career . Week 2 Frank Gore passed Curtis Martin to move up to fourth on the all - time rushing yards list with 14,103 career rushing yards . Patrick Mahomes became the youngest quarterback to throw six touchdown passes in a game , at age 22 years and 364 days . Week 3 Ryan Fitzpatrick became the first quarterback to throw for at least 400 yards in three consecutive games . Week 4 Adam Vinatieri kicked his 566th career field goal , breaking the record for most field goals in a career previously held by Morten Andersen . Week 5 Tom Brady threw his 500th career touchdown pass , becoming the third quarterback in NFL history to do so ( joining Brett Favre and Peyton Manning ) and becoming the first to do so playing on one team . On the same pass , Brady threw a touchdown pass to a 71st different receiver , breaking an NFL record previously held by Vinny Testaverde . Drew Brees became the NFL 's all - time leading passer with 71,941 passing yards , surpassing Brett Favre and Peyton Manning in the process . Brees broke the record by throwing a 62 - yard touchdown pass to Tre'Quan Smith late in the second quarter . Week 7 Drew Brees became only the third quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 teams , joining Brett Favre and Peyton Manning . Week 8 Adam Vinatieri set the record for career points scored , with 2,550 , breaking a record previously held by Morten Andersen . Awards ( edit ) Players of the week / month ( edit ) The following were named the top performers during the 2018 season : Week / Month Offensive Player of the Week / Month Defensive Player of the Week / Month Special Teams Player of the Week / Month AFC NFC AFC NFC AFC NFC Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Ryan Fitzpatrick QB ( Buccaneers ) T.J. Watt OLB ( Steelers ) Harrison Smith FS ( Vikings ) Jakeem Grant WR - KR ( Dolphins ) Greg Zuerlein K ( Rams ) Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Ryan Fitzpatrick QB ( Buccaneers ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Danny Trevathan ILB ( Bears ) Dane Cruikshank SS ( Titans ) Robbie Gould K ( 49ers ) Ben Roethlisberger QB ( Steelers ) Drew Brees QB ( Saints ) Matt Milano OLB ( Bills ) Efe Obada DE ( Panthers ) Justin Tucker K ( Ravens ) Blake Countess SS ( Rams ) Marcus Mariota QB ( Titans ) Jared Goff QB ( Rams ) Jadeveon Clowney OLB ( Texans ) Demario Davis ILB ( Saints ) Dwayne Harris WR - KR ( Raiders ) Brett Maher K ( Cowboys ) Sept . Patrick Mahomes QB ( Chiefs ) Jared Goff QB ( Rams ) J.J. Watt DE ( Texans ) Khalil Mack OLB ( Bears ) Justin Tucker K ( Ravens ) Wil Lutz K ( Saints ) 5 Isaiah Crowell RB ( Jets ) Drew Brees QB ( Saints ) T.J. Watt OLB ( Steelers ) Chandler Jones DE ( Cardinals ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) Graham Gano K ( Panthers ) 6 Albert Wilson WR ( Dolphins ) Todd Gurley RB ( Rams ) Za'Darius Smith OLB ( Ravens ) Frank Clark DE ( Seahawks ) Jason Myers K ( Jets ) Mason Crosby K ( Packers ) 7 Emmanuel Sanders WR ( Broncos ) Cam Newton QB ( Panthers ) Mike Mitchell FS ( Colts ) Aaron Donald DT ( Rams ) Dont'a Hightower OLB ( Patriots ) Giorgio Tavecchio K ( Falcons ) Week FedEx Air Player of the Week ( Quarterbacks ) FedEx Ground Player of the Week ( Running backs ) Pepsi Rookie of the Week Ryan Fitzpatrick ( Buccaneers ) James Conner ( Steelers ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) Patrick Mahomes ( Chiefs ) Matt Breida ( 49ers ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Drew Brees ( Saints ) Adrian Peterson ( Redskins ) Baker Mayfield QB ( Browns ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Bears ) Alvin Kamara ( Saints ) Nick Chubb RB ( Browns ) 5 Drew Brees ( Saints ) Isaiah Crowell ( Jets ) Denzel Ward CB ( Browns ) 6 Aaron Rodgers ( Packers ) Todd Gurley ( Rams ) Saquon Barkley RB ( Giants ) Month Rookie of the Month Offensive Defensive Sept . Calvin Ridley WR ( Falcons ) Darius Leonard OLB ( Colts ) Oct . Nov . Dec . Head coaching and front office personnel changes ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team 2017 head coach 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Arizona Cardinals Bruce Arians Steve Wilks Retired Arians retired from coaching following the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 8 -- 8 (. 500 ) and a cumulative record of 49 -- 30 -- 1 (. 619 ) with two playoff appearances . Wilks was hired on January 22 , after serving as a defensive coach for the Chicago Bears , San Diego Chargers , and Carolina Panthers since 2006 . Wilks 's only previous head coaching experience was at Savannah State in 1999 . Chicago Bears John Fox Matt Nagy Fired Fox was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 5 -- 11 (. 313 ) and a cumulative record of 14 -- 34 (. 292 ) with no playoff appearances . Nagy spent the past five seasons as an offensive assistant with the Kansas City Chiefs , the last two as offensive coordinator ; the Bears hired Nagy on January 8 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . Detroit Lions Jim Caldwell Matt Patricia Caldwell was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) and a cumulative record of 36 -- 28 (. 563 ) with two playoff appearances , but having never won a playoff game as head coach of the Lions . Patricia was hired on February 5 , the day after losing Super Bowl LII as the New England Patriots defensive coordinator . He had spent his entire NFL career with the Patriots , starting in 2004 as an offensive assistant before working his way up to defensive coordinator in 2012 , winning 3 Super Bowls . This will be his first head coaching job . Indianapolis Colts Chuck Pagano Frank Reich Pagano was fired after the final game of the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 4 -- 12 (. 250 ) , his first losing season as Colts ' head coach , and a cumulative record of 53 -- 43 (. 552 ) with three playoff appearances . On February 6 , the Colts announced that they had planned to hire New England Patriots offsenvive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's next head coach , however , McDaniels informed the Colts that he had changed his mind was returning to the Patriots . The Colts then hired Philadelphia Eagles offensive coordinator Frank Reich , who was previously a Colts ' assistant from 2008 -- 2011 . This will be Reich 's first head coaching job . New York Giants Ben McAdoo Pat Shurmur McAdoo became the Giants ' head coach in 2016 , leading the Giants to a 13 -- 15 (. 464 ) record over parts of two seasons with one playoff appearance . After accruing a 2 -- 10 (. 167 ) record and benching starter Eli Manning during the season , he was fired on December 4 , 2017 , and replaced in the interim by defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo . Shurmur was announced as the Giants ' new head coach on January 22 . He had previously served as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns from 2011 to 2012 , compiling a record of 9 -- 23 (. 281 ) , and an offensive coach for the Philadelphia Eagles and Minnesota Vikings since 2013 . Oakland Raiders Jack Del Rio Jon Gruden Del Rio was fired after the 2017 season , finishing the season with a record of 6 -- 10 (. 375 ) and a cumulative record of 25 -- 23 (. 521 ) with one playoff appearance . Gruden , who previously coached the Raiders from 1998 to 2001 and won a Super Bowl with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers at the end of the 2002 season , confirmed on - air on January 6 , that he would be returning to the team as coach . He had spent the previous nine seasons as an on - air analyst for Monday Night Football . Tennessee Titans Mike Mularkey Mike Vrabel Mutual decision Mularkey and the Titans agreed to part ways after they `` could n't come to an agreement over the future , '' two days after the Titans ' playoff loss to the Patriots . Mularkey had a cumulative record of 20 -- 21 (. 488 ) with one playoff appearance in parts of three seasons with the Titans and guided Tennessee to back - to - back 9 -- 7 (. 563 ) records in his two years as the team 's full - time head coach . Vrabel spent the past three seasons as a defensive assistant with the Houston Texans , the last as defensive coordinator ; the Titans hired Vrabel on January 20 and this will be his first NFL head coaching job . In - season ( edit ) Team Departing coach Reason for leaving Interim replacement Notes Cleveland Browns Hue Jackson Fired Gregg Williams Jackson was fired on October 29 , accumulating a 2 -- 5 -- 1 (. 313 ) record during the 2018 season and a 3 -- 36 -- 1 (. 088 ) record for his 21⁄2 - season tenure with the Browns . His dismissal follows a power struggle with offensive coordinator Todd Haley ( who was fired at the same time ) and the team 's 25th consecutive loss away from home ; Jackson failed to win a single road game during his tenure and lost every game in 2017 . Williams , the team 's defensive coordinator , was previously the head coach of the Buffalo Bills from 2001 to 2003 , with a record of 17 -- 31 (. 354 ) . Front office personnel ( edit ) Off - season ( edit ) Team Position 2017 office holder 2017 interim 2018 replacement Reason for leaving Notes Cleveland Browns VP / GM Sashi Brown John Dorsey Fired Brown was fired on December 7 , 2017 . He had been the team 's attorney since 2013 and de facto general manager since 2016 . Dorsey was named the new general manager hours later . Green Bay Packers GM Ted Thompson Brian Gutekunst Reassigned Thompson , who had been the team 's general manager since 2005 , became the team 's senior advisor to football operations . Brian Gutekunst , who had been the team 's director of player personnel since 2016 , was promoted to become the team 's new general manager on January 7 . Houston Texans GM Rick Smith Brian Gaine Medical leave Smith announced that he would take a leave of absence to care for his wife , who is battling breast cancer . He will remain Executive Vice President of Football Operations . Former Buffalo Bills ' vice president of player personnel , Brian Gaine , was named the new general manager on January 13 , 2018 . Previously , Gaine was Texans ' director of pro personnel and then director of player personnel from 2014 to 2016 . New York Giants GM Jerry Reese Kevin Abrams Dave Gettleman Fired Having been in the organization since 1994 , Reese was the Giants ' general manager since 2007 , leading them to two Super Bowl championships and several years of success . He was fired on December 4 along with head coach Ben McAdoo . He was replaced in the interim by assistant general manager Kevin Abrams . Dave Gettleman , previously general manager of the Carolina Panthers and a 14 - year veteran of the Giants ' front office ( from 1999 to 2012 ) , was hired on December 28 , 2017 . Buffalo Bills President Russ Brandon Kim Pegula Resigned Brandon resigned his position on May 1 , 2018 . A newspaper report claimed that Brandon was the subject of an internal investigation regarding his personal conduct and workplace behavior , which neither the Bills nor Brandon mentioned in separate statements regarding his departure ; Brandon stated he is seeking other opportunities after spending 20 years with the Bills franchise . He was immediately succeeded by co-owner Kim Pegula . Stadiums ( edit ) Two teams , the Carolina Panthers and Oakland Raiders , are entering the final year of their lease agreements with their current stadium . Carolina Panthers ( edit ) On December 17 , 2017 , Jerry Richardson , the Panthers ' founding owner , announced he was putting the team up for sale . Richardson had previously indicated the team would be put up for sale after his death , but Richardson was accused of paying hush money to cover up questionable conduct , including racial slurs and sexually suggestive requests of employees , hastening Richardson 's decision . The Panthers ' lease on Bank of America Stadium expires after the 2018 season , which would allow any incoming owner to relocate the team out of Charlotte , North Carolina , to another market if they so desired , only being liable for the remaining debt from stadium renovation . At an estimated $35 million , the debt payment would be a small expense compared to the relocation fee the NFL charged for the two teams that relocated in 2016 and 2017 . The two most likely candidates to buy the team as of May 2018 were David Tepper , a hedge fund manager with a higher net worth and a minority stake in the Pittsburgh Steelers but fewer ties to Charlotte ; and Ben Navarro , a financial services CEO based in Charlotte who had the backing of Richardson 's only living son . Tepper was announced as the new owner on May 16 , with the announcement coming in time for the league to vote on his bid at the owners meeting on May 19 . The sale closed on July 9 with Richardson - era chief operating officer Tina Becker ( who ran the franchise after Richardson stepped away from operations ) resigning . Tepper immediately stated the franchise would retain the Carolina Panthers name for the time being , but that a new stadium would likely be necessary ; he stated that he hoped to build said stadium in Charlotte but would not guarantee the team remains there , claiming he did not know enough about the situation to guarantee the team stays in the Charlotte area . Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Main article : Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas The Raiders , prior to the 2017 season , committed to relocating to Las Vegas , Nevada , once a new stadium is constructed for them in 2020 . In 2016 , the Raiders signed a three - year extension with the Oakland Coliseum . The Raiders could choose to stay in the Oakland Coliseum for 2019 with another year - to - year extension or move to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas , which is undersized but ( because of the Los Angeles Chargers ' use of the even smaller StubHub Center ) would not be the smallest stadium in the NFL . Management at the Oakland Coliseum has indicated they are unwilling to extend their agreement with the Raiders after 2018 , which could force the team to move to Sam Boyd Stadium in 2019 . In order to secure another season in Oakland , California , Coliseum management indicated in September 2017 that the Raiders would need to offer major concessions to compensate for the financial losses the Coliseum incurs by hosting Raiders games . Naming rights agreements ( edit ) Arizona Cardinals ( edit ) On September 4 , University of Phoenix Stadium , the home field of the Arizona Cardinals , was renamed State Farm Stadium . The naming rights agreement is for 18 years ; however , the cost of the deal was not disclosed . Denver Broncos ( edit ) On June 20 , the Denver Broncos ' home stadium was renamed Broncos Stadium at Mile High . The sporting goods chain Sports Authority had held naming rights to the stadium 's field ( as `` Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' ) but had gone out of business in 2016 . The previous signage referring to Sports Authority was removed in March . The Broncos hope to resell the naming rights to the stadium to another corporate sponsor in the near future . Jacksonville Jaguars ( edit ) On February 16 , EverBank Field , the home field of the Jacksonville Jaguars , was renamed TIAA Bank Field , after TIAA 's 2017 acquisition of EverBank . The naming rights agreement was for 10 years and $43 million . Uniforms ( edit ) Color Rush discontinuation ( edit ) The Color Rush program was discontinued , and teams were no longer required to wear the special uniforms for Thursday Night Football . Initial plans , which were finalized at the league 's owners meeting in May , are for teams to have the option to continue using the existing Nike designs for the program as standard third jerseys . Uniform changes ( edit ) Chicago Bears : The Bears brought back their orange alternate jerseys that the team wore from 2005 -- 2009 and 2011 . The team announced that the orange uniforms will be worn twice in 2018 , and the team will use the navy blue `` Monsters of the Midway '' throwbacks for one game . Jacksonville Jaguars : On April 19 , the Jaguars simplified their uniforms in a similar look they had used before 2013 . Gold was also eliminated from their previous jerseys and the gradient black and gold helmet was reverted to an all - black gloss shell . Los Angeles Rams : On July 27 , the Rams announced that due to overwhelming fan demand the NFL relaxed their alternate uniform policy and has permitted them to use their royal blue and yellow throwbacks as their color jerseys for the next two seasons until they present entirely new ones in 2020 . When using their white jerseys , the team will still have to use their current set carried over from St. Louis albeit from slight modifications they made to them in 2017 . Miami Dolphins : On April 19 , the Dolphins simplified their uniform outlines to take after their classic aqua - and - orange look . Dark blue was removed from everything but the logo . Tennessee Titans : On April 4 , the Titans introduced new uniforms . Most prominent among the changes is the helmet , which is changing from the white color the team had used since the 1970s ( as the Houston Oilers ) to navy blue . The color patterns are also simplified , with a new number typeface inspired both by Greek lettering and the shape of the state of Tennessee . Throwback uniforms ( edit ) Pittsburgh Steelers : On May 30 , the Steelers unveiled a throwback uniform , that was worn in the late 1970s . Team owner Art Rooney II announced that the team will wear the uniforms for one game . San Francisco 49ers : On May 23 , 49ers unveiled a new all - white throwback uniform , that was worn in 1994 , the year the team won its most recent Super Bowl . The team announced that they will be worn for two games . Patches ( edit ) Green Bay Packers : On April 9 , the Packers unveiled a patch to commemorate their 100th season . Indianapolis Colts : On April 10 , the Colts unveiled a patch to commemorate their 35th season in Indianapolis . New Orleans Saints : On August 9 , the Saints unveiled a patch to commemorate the passing of Tom Benson . Media ( edit ) Broadcast rights ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This will be the fifth year under the current broadcast contracts with ESPN , CBS , Fox , and NBC . This includes `` cross-flexing '' ( switching ) Sunday afternoon games between CBS and Fox before or during the season ( regardless of the conference of the visiting team ) . NBC will continue to air Sunday Night Football , the annual Kickoff game , and the primetime Thanksgiving game . ESPN will continue to air Monday Night Football and the Pro Bowl . CBS will broadcast Super Bowl LIII . On January 31 , the NFL announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five - year deal ( aligned with the remainder of the NFL 's current broadcast contracts ) . Fox will air 11 games , along with the 2018 NFL Draft ( the first time the event has aired on over-the - air television ) , in simulcast with NFL Network , with the remaining games in the package airing exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage contracts . CBS and NBC had made bids to renew their previous contracts ( CBS had held the rights since 2014 , joined by NBC since 2016 ) , but were reluctant to pay a higher rights fee due to the league 's ratings downturn . Digital ( edit ) The NFL agreed to an extension of its digital rights agreement with Verizon Communications under a 5 - year , $2.5 billion deal . Unlike the previous deal , it no longer includes exclusivity for streaming in - market and nationally televised NFL games on mobile devices with screens 7 inches ( 18 cm ) or less in size ( such as smartphones ) , in order to account for changes in viewing habits , but still includes enhanced access to highlights and other digital content for Verizon - owned properties . In addition , Verizon announced that it would no longer make these streams exclusive to Verizon Wireless subscribers , and would leverage its portfolio of media brands ( such as Yahoo ! , which it acquired in 2017 ) to distribute them to a larger audience . All of the NFL 's current television partners have added mobile streaming rights ( which were previously reserved to Verizon ) to their existing contracts for the 2018 season . Under the terms of the agreement , Verizon must give the majority of the advertising revenue to the broadcast partners . On April 26 , 2018 , the NFL announced that it had reached a two - year extension of its agreement with Amazon for shared digital rights to the Thursday Night Football games simulcast with Fox , with a 15 % increase in rights fees . To fulfill a request that the streams be available freely , the games will also be made available on Twitch , an Amazon - owned streaming service that was originally designed for video game streaming . Radio ( edit ) Both of the NFL 's national radio contracts , Westwood One for English language and Entravision for Spanish language , expired after the 2017 season . Westwood One 's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy in November 2017 and began terminating national broadcast contracts and sports agreements in January 2018 , putting any contract extensions on hold . The company emerged from bankruptcy on June 4 , 2018 . With the release of the 2018 schedule , NFL.com listed ESPN Deportes Radio ( which had shared NFL rights with Entravision in 2017 and had carried Super Bowl LII ) as the league 's national Spanish - language broadcaster . The national English - language broadcaster was still identified as Westwood One , which Westwood One has also confirmed ; no press release has been issued in regard to a contract extension with that network , and it is unknown when the current arrangement was signed or when it will end . Additionally , Westwood One removed Sunday afternoon games from their package , instead focusing on the primetime matchups as well as the postseason . SportsUSA , Compass and ESPN Radio , which also has broadcast select Sunday afternoon NFL games , will continue to do so . Only one game into the pre-season , Indianapolis Colts announcer Bob Lamey , who had been with the team for most of the time since their 1984 relocation from Baltimore , retired suddenly after a complaint of him using a racial slur in the 1980s was revealed . Sideline reporter Matt Taylor was named his de facto replacement for the season . Personnel changes ( edit ) All four broadcast partners will employ rules analysts for the 2018 season , citing changes in the league 's rules that have become too complicated for its broadcast teams to handle . To be precise , NBC hired Terry McAulay to be their rules analyst for SNF and NBC 's coverage of Notre Dame Football . CBS hired Gene Steratore to fill their rules analyst position , filling a position that had been vacant since CBS released Mike Carey in 2015 ; because Steratore also officiates college basketball , he will also be used as a rules analyst for the networks ' NCAA Basketball coverage . ESPN hired Jeff Triplette for MNF . And Fox kept both Mike Pereira and Dean Blandino . Additionally , Pereira assists with Fox 's Thursday Night Football Coverage . ESPN will introduce a fully new broadcast team for Monday Night Football . Joe Tessitore will replace Sean McDonough as lead play - by - play man ; McDonough will remain with ESPN as a college football announcer . With previous color analyst Jon Gruden returning to coaching , Monday Night Football hired Jason Witten and Booger McFarland as their color commentators ; while McFarland offers his commentary from the sidelines , he fills a role similar to the `` non-football '' player position that Monday Night Football has traditionally relied upon in its past three - person booths ( such as Howard Cosell , Dennis Miller and Tony Kornheiser ) . Lisa Salters , the sideline reporter , carries over from the previous broadcast team . Jeff Triplette will replace Gerald Austin as rules analyst . Fox initially had planned to hire a new broadcast team for its Thursday Night Football , making an overture to Peyton Manning to serve as color commentator . Since Manning declined the offer , the network announced that it will be placing its existing lead broadcast team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman on the package , reducing the number of games the duo will call on Sundays ( Buck and Aikman will only call the nationally televised `` America 's Game of the Week '' telecasts on Sundays ) . A version of Fox NFL Sunday will serve as the lead - in to Thursday Night Football , albeit without Curt Menefee or Jimmy Johnson ; the show will instead be hosted by panelist Michael Strahan from New York City , displacing Rich Eisen , the studio host for Thursday night pregame since the package 's inception in 2006 . Strahan will be joined by fellow Fox colleagues Terry Bradshaw and Howie Long . In previous seasons , Buck did not call any NFL games during late October , working Major League Baseball playoff games instead . For 2018 , Fox coordinated its schedule with MLB so that none of its scheduled broadcasts would land on a Thursday ( Fox carries the NLCS and the World Series ) , so Buck will continue to broadcast both sports , crisscrossing the country in seven cities over a 22 - day period . In addition , NBC will introduce a new studio team for Football Night in America . Mike Tirico , who was the on - site host and secondary play - by - play announcer in 2017 , became the show 's studio host from Stanford , Connecticut , with Liam McHugh moving into Tirico 's former role . Dan Patrick , who had been the studio host for FNiA since 2008 , declined to sign a long - term contract and left NBC . On radio , Kurt Warner will replace Boomer Esiason as the color commentator for Westwood One 's Monday Night Football broadcasts , after Esiason had filled the role for the previous 18 years . Esiason will continue as a studio host for CBS , along with his existing duties on the CBS Sports Network - simulcast Boomer and Gio from WFAN . In a surprise announcement made two days before its first game , Amazon announced it would provide its own broadcast team for its eleven games , with Hannah Storm and Andrea Kremer serving as the lead broadcast team . The announcement makes Kremer the first - ever female color analyst for an NFL game , the first time a game has been broadcast with no men involved in the broadcast team , and the first time since Tony Kornheiser left Monday Night Football that the color analyst had no coaching or playing experience . Amazon will offer the standard Fox broadcast team , a British broadcasting team , and a Spanish language feed as alternate audio choices . Start time changes ( edit ) The start times for Thursday , Sunday , and Monday Night Football broadcasts will be moved up 5 to 15 minutes . Thursday and Sunday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. ET , while Monday Night games will now kick off at 8 : 15 p.m. ET . Most watched regular season games ( edit ) DH = doubleheader ; SNF = NBC Sunday Night Football Rank Date Matchup Network Viewers ( millions ) TV rating Window Significance September 9 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 8 Carolina Panthers 16 Fox 23.3 13.1 Late DH September 23 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 13 Seattle Seahawks 24 22.2 12.7 Late DH September 9 , 8 : 20 ET Chicago Bears 23 Green Bay Packers 24 NBC 22.1 12.5 SNF Bears -- Packers Rivalry October 14 , 8 : 20 ET Kansas City Chiefs 40 New England Patriots 43 21.1 12.3 SNF 5 October 7 , 4 : 25 ET Minnesota Vikings 23 Philadelphia Eagles 21 Fox 21.0 12.2 Late DH 2018 NFC Championship rematch 6 September 16 , 4 : 25 ET New England Patriots 20 Jacksonville Jaguars 31 CBS 21.0 12.0 Late DH 2018 AFC Championship rematch 7 October 21 , 4 : 25 ET Dallas Cowboys 17 Washington Redskins 20 20.9 12.2 Late DH Cowboys -- Redskins Rivarly 8 September 30 , 4 : 25 ET New Orleans Saints 33 New York Giants 18 20.7 12.1 Late DH 9 September 16 , 8 : 20 ET New York Giants 13 Dallas Cowboys 20 NBC 20.7 11.7 SNF Cowboys -- Giants Rivalry * Note -- Late DH matchups listed in table are the matchups that were shown to the largest percentage of the market . DAL / CAR was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . DAL / SEA was shown in 85 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . MIN / PHI was shown in 82 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of Fox coverage . NE / JAC was shown in 79 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . DAL / WSH was shown in 80 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . NO / NYG was shown in 74 % of the markets during the late doubleheader time slot of CBS coverage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2018 NFL Free Agent Tracker '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Recap of all the Browns ' trades : Acquiring QB Tyrod Taylor , WR Jarvis Landry , and CB Damarious Randall '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brown , Chris ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` Trades land Bills bevy of draft assets '' . Buffalo Bills . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trading DT Danny Shelton to the Patriots '' . DawgsByNature.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade QB Alex Smith to Washington '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chiefs Trade CB Marcus Peters to Los Angeles Rams in Exchange for Draft Picks '' . Kansas City Chiefs Public Relations . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos agree to trade CB Aqib Talib to Los Angeles Rams for 2018 draft pick '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Vikings finalize trade for Broncos QB Trevor Siemian '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Rams to trade Alec Ogletree to Giants for two picks '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lago , Kristen . `` Rams Trade OLB Robert Quinn to Dolphins '' . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Acquire DE Michael Bennett From Seahawks '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CB Daryl Worley Comes To Philadelphia In Exchange For WR Torrey Smith '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Miami Dolphins Trade For Kilgore '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade DB Jason McCourty '' . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward ( March 18 , 2018 ) . `` Raiders agree to trade Cordarrelle Patterson to Patriots '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Patriots Acquire WR Cordarrelle Patterson in a Trade with Oakland '' . Patriots.com . March 19 , 2018 . Archived from the original on 2018 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Trade For FB Jamize Olawale , Swapping Draft Picks With Oakland '' . dallascowboys.com . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Scott . `` What a Rush ! Bucs Land Pierre - Paul in Trade '' . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Broncos acquire T Jared Veldheer in trade with Cardinals '' . DenverBroncos.com . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Cody Kessler traded to Jacksonville Jaguars by Browns '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Denver Broncos acquire safety Su'a Cravens from Washington Redskins '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles . `` Rams Acquire WR Brandin Cooks '' . therams.com . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Browns complete QB overhaul , trade Kevin Hogan to Redskins '' . ESPN . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers trade WR Martavis Bryant to Raiders for third - round pick '' . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Paskal , Eddie . `` Raiders Trade Third - Round Pick For Wide Receiver Martavis Bryant '' . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Browns trade Corey Coleman to Bills for draft pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` Jets trade Teddy Bridgewater to New Orleans Saints '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : Bears give Mack record deal after trade '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Shook , Nick ( September 17 , 2018 ) . `` Browns trade Josh Gordon to Patriots for fifth - rounder '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` Antonio Cromartie announces his retirement in IG post '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Dwight Freeney Calling It A Career ; Will Retire As A Colt '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on 2018 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` James Harrison on Instagram : `` I 've missed way too much for way too long ... and I 'm done . Many thanks to my family , coaches , the fans , and everyone who played a role in my ... '' `` . Instagram . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester sets return TD mark '' . ESPN.com. 2014 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( 2014 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Devin Hester passes Deion Sanders for return TD mark '' . NFL.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Sam ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) . `` For Devin Hester , it 's been a career of many happy returns '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Return - man Devin Hester retires after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ Cimini , Nick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` Nick Mangold Announces Retirement '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Cardinals QB Carson Palmer retires after 15 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carson Palmer Retirement Letter '' . AZCardinals.com . January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former Pro Bowl cornerback Darrelle Revis announces retirement '' . July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McManamon , Pat ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Thomas walking away , heading to the Hall of Fame '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Inside Kirk Cousins ' Fast Free Agency : Parental Jerseys , Silent Auctions and a Match Made in Minnesota '' . Monday Morning Quarterback . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Archer , Todd . `` Cowboys TE Jason Witten retires , joins Monday Night Football as analyst '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 4 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Bergman , Jeremy . `` Martellus Bennett retiring from NFL after 10 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Joe Berger announces retirement after 13 seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Silver , Michael ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Former Eagles TE Brent Celek retiring after 11 seasons '' . Jump up ^ `` Victor Cruz retires from NFL , joining ESPN as analyst '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Bills CB Vontae Davis Retires After Leaving at Halftime vs. Chargers '' . Sports Illustrated.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2018/08/26/eric-decker-retires/ Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Matt Forte announces retirement after 10 NFL seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Former Jets LB David Harris retiring after 11 seasons '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` Gabe Ikard on Twitter '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Jackson working on one - day contract to retire with Bills '' . WKBW - TV . April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Agent : Vincent Jackson ' very happily retired ' from NFL '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chip Kelly adds to his UCLA staff with four hires '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` QB Luke McCown announces retirement '' . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By Adding Kellen Moore , Cowboys Eager To Keep Continuity Around Dak '' . Dallas Cowboys . 2018 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Jaguars LB Paul Posluszny announces retirement '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Asberry , Derrek . `` Former Gamecock QB Connor Shawjoins Furman coaching staff '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Devon Still Announces Retirement from NFL at Age 28 '' . BleacherReport.com . December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Niners ' Cedric Thornton retires ; team signs Chris Jones '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ Williams , Aaron ( January 31 , 2018 ) . To Buffalo . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eric Wood 's statement on his career - ending injury . The Buffalo News . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Woodhead announces retirement after 10 years '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas , AT&T Stadium chosen as site of 2018 NFL draft '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Seifert , Kevin ( July 11 , 2018 ) . `` Should NFL worry about referee turnover ? Here 's why there 's concern '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL referees Ed Hochuli , Jeff Triplette retiring '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires , Shawn Smith promoted to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Terry McAulay retires ; third official to step away from NFL this offseason '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` NFL announces Clay Martin 's promotion to referee '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Filipe , Cameron ; Austro , Ben ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` '' Staff changes highlight chaotic officiating offseason `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ; Schultz , Mark ( October 25 , 2018 ) . `` '' NFL fires down judge Hugo Cruz `` '' . Football Zebras . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Owners approve new catch rule by 32 - 0 vote '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Austro , Ben ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Required extra-point attempts in walk - off situations '' . Quirky Research . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pokorny , Chris ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` List of NFL Bylaw / Resolution Changes for the 2018 Season '' . Dawgs By Nature . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NFL kickoffs will be undergoing these major rule changes for 2018 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady 's 500th TD is the first Patriots TD for Josh Gordon '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady Sets NFL Record By Throwing Touchdown To 71st Different Receiver , Josh Gordon '' . CBS Sports . 5 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Katzenstein , Josh ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Drew Brees has now beaten all 32 NFL teams '' . The Times - Picayune . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Vinatieri becomes NFL all - time leading scorer '' . 28 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 1 '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week - Week 2 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 3 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC & NFC Players of the Week - Week 4 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Month - September '' . NFL.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maya , Adam . `` Drew Brees , Isaiah Crowell among Players of the Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 11 October 2018 . Jump up ^ Lam , Quang M. `` Albert Wilson , Todd Gurley among Players of Week '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 17 October 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFC and NFC Players of the Week - Week 7 '' . NFL Communications . Retrieved 24 October 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` FedEx Players Air and Ground '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pepsi Rookie of the WEEK '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Rookies of the Month - September '' . Nflcommunications.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Bruce Arians retires after five seasons with Cardinals '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Arizona Cardinals hire Steve Wilks as head coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Chicago Bears fire coach John Fox after 5 - 11 season '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Matt Nagy named head coach of Chicago Bears '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michael . `` Lions fire head coach Jim Caldwell after 4 seasons '' . espn.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Michaelo . `` Lions officially name Matt Patricia as head coach '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indianapolis Colts fire Chuck Pagano after 4 - 12 year '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Reiss and Mike Wells ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` How Josh McDaniels went from Patriots to Colts and back again '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Knoblauch , Austin . `` Indianapolis Colts hire Frank Reich to be next coach '' . nfl.com . NFL . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . 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Yangtze

Yangtze - wikipedia Yangtze Jump to : navigation , search `` Yangzi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Yangzi ( disambiguation ) . `` Changjiang '' redirects here . For other uses , see Changjiang ( disambiguation ) . Yangtze ( 长江 Cháng jiāng ) Dusk on the middle reaches of the Yangtze River ( Three Gorges ) Country China Tributaries - left Yalong , Min , Tuo , Jialing , Han - right Wu , Yuan , Zi , Xiang , Gan , Huangpu Cities Yibin , Luzhou , Chongqing , Wanzhou , Yichang , Jingzhou , Yueyang , Wuhan , Jiujiang , Anqing , Tongling , Wuhu , Nanjing , Zhenjiang , Nantong , Shanghai Source Jari Hill - location Tanggula Mountains , Qinghai , China - elevation 5,170 m ( 16,962 ft ) - coordinates 32 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 44 '' E  /  32.60389 ° N 94.51222 ° E  / 32.60389 ; 94.51222 Mouth East China Sea - location Shanghai , and Jiangsu - coordinates 31 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 59 '' E  /  31.39361 ° N 121.98306 ° E  / 31.39361 ; 121.98306 Coordinates : 31 ° 23 ′ 37 '' N 121 ° 58 ′ 59 '' E  /  31.39361 ° N 121.98306 ° E  / 31.39361 ; 121.98306 Length 6,300 km ( 3,915 mi ) Basin 1,808,500 km ( 698,266 sq mi ) Discharge - average 30,166 m / s ( 1,065,302 cu ft / s ) - max 110,000 m / s ( 3,884,613 cu ft / s ) - min 2,000 m / s ( 70,629 cu ft / s ) The course of the Yangtze River through China Chang Jiang `` Yangtze River ( Cháng jiāng ) '' in Simplified ( top ) and Traditional ( bottom ) Chinese characters Chinese name Simplified Chinese 长江 Traditional Chinese 長江 Literal meaning `` The Long River '' ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Cháng Jiāng Gwoyeu Romatzyh Charng Jiang Wade -- Giles Ch'ang Chiang IPA ( ʈʂhǎŋ tɕjáŋ ) ( listen ) Wu Romanization Zan Kaon Xiang IPA dɒŋ kiɒŋ Yue : Cantonese Yale Romanization Chèuhng Gōng IPA ( tshœ̏ːŋ kɔ́ːŋ ) Jyutping Coeng Gong Southern Min Tâi - lô Tiông Kang Middle Chinese Middle Chinese ɖjang kæwng Old Chinese Baxter -- Sagart ( 2014 ) * Cə - ( N ) - traŋ kʕroŋ Yangtze River Simplified Chinese 扬子江 Traditional Chinese 揚子江 ( show ) Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yángzǐ Jiāng Wade -- Giles Yang - tzu Chiang IPA ( jɑ̌ŋtsɨ̀ tɕjɑ́ŋ ) Wu Romanization Yang Tse Kaon Xiang IPA jɒŋ tsɯ kiɒŋ Yue : Cantonese Jyutping Joeng - zi Gong Tibetan name Tibetan འབྲི ་ ཆུ ་ ( show ) Transcriptions Wylie ' Bri Chu THL Dri Chu Golden Island , on The Yang - Tse River , China ( LMS , 1869 , p. 64 ) The Yangtze ( English : / ˈjæŋtsi / or / ˈjɑːŋtsi / ) , which is 6380 km long , is the longest river in Asia and the third - longest in the world . The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country . It drains one - fifth of the land area of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and its river basin is home to one - third of the country 's population . The Yangtze is the sixth - largest river by discharge volume in the world . The English name Yangtze derives from the Chinese name `` Yángzǐ Jiāng '' ( listen ) , which actually is the lowest 435 km part between Nanjing and Shanghai . The whole river is known in China as Cháng Jiāng ( listen ; literally : `` Long River '' ) . The Yangtze plays a large role in the history , culture and economy of China . The prosperous Yangtze River Delta generates as much as 20 % of the PRC 's GDP . The Yangtze River flows through a wide array of ecosystems and is habitat to several endemic and endangered species including the Chinese alligator , the finless porpoise , the Chinese paddlefish , the ( possibly extinct ) Yangtze River dolphin or baiji , and the Yangtze sturgeon . For thousands of years , the river has been used for water , irrigation , sanitation , transportation , industry , boundary - marking and war . The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydro - electric power station in the world . In recent years , the river has suffered from industrial pollution , agricultural run - off , siltation , and loss of wetland and lakes , which exacerbates seasonal flooding . Some sections of the river are now protected as nature reserves . A stretch of the upstream Yangtze flowing through deep gorges in western Yunnan is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . In mid-2014 the Chinese government announced it was building a multi-tier transport network , comprising railways , roads and airports , to create a new economic belt alongside the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 1.1 Chinese 1.1. 1 Chang Jiang -- `` Long River '' 1.1. 2 Jinsha Jiang -- `` Gold Sands River '' 1.1. 3 Tongtian River 1.1. 4 Tuotuo River 1.2 English 1.3 Tibetan 2 Geography 2.1 Image gallery 3 Characteristics 4 History 4.1 Geologic history 4.2 Early history 4.3 Age of steam 4.4 U.S. and French conflicts 4.5 Navigation on the upper river 4.6 Navy ships 5 Hydrology 5.1 Periodic floods 5.2 Degradation of the river 5.3 Contribution to ocean pollution 5.4 Reconnecting lakes 6 Major cities along the river 7 Crossings 8 Dams 9 Tributaries 10 Protected areas 11 Wildlife 11.1 Fish 11.2 Other animals 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Names ( edit ) Chinese ( edit ) Because the source of the Yangtze was not ascertained until modern times , the Chinese have given different names to lower and upstream sections of the river . `` Yangtze '' was actually the name of Chang Jiang for the lower part from Nanjing to the river mouth at Shanghai . However , due to the fact that Christian missionaries carried out their activities mainly in this area and were familiar with the name of this part of Chang Jiang , `` Yangtze river '' was used to refer to the whole Chang Jiang in the English language . In modern Chinese , Yangtze is still used to refer to the lower part of Chang Jiang from Nanjing to the river mouth . Yangtze never stands for the whole Chang Jiang . Chang Jiang -- `` long River '' ( edit ) Chang Jiang ( 长江 / 長江 ) is the modern Chinese name for the lower 2,884 km ( 1,792 mi ) of the Yangtze from its confluence with the Min River at Yibin in Sichuan Province to the river mouth at Shanghai . Chang Jiang literally means the `` Long River . '' In Old Chinese , this stretch of the Yangtze was simply called Jiang / Kiang 江 , a character of phono - semantic compound origin , combining the water radical 氵 with the homophone 工 ( now pronounced gōng , but * kʕoŋ in Old Chinese ) . Krong was probably a word in the Austroasiatic language of local peoples such as the Yue . Similar to * krong in Proto - Vietnamese and krung in Mon , all meaning `` river '' , it is related to modern Vietnamese sông ( river ) and Khmer kôngkea ( water ) . By the Han Dynasty , Jiang had come to mean any river in Chinese , and this river was distinguished as the `` Great River '' 大江 ( Dàjiāng ) . The epithet 長 ( of which the modern , simplified version 长 ) , means `` long '' , was first formally applied to the river during the Six Dynasties period . Various sections of Chang Jiang have local names . From Yibin to Yichang , the river through Sichuan and Chongqing Municipality is also known as the Chuan Jiang ( 川江 , p Chuānjiāng ) or `` Sichuan River . '' In the Hubei Province , the river is also called the Jing Jiang ( 荆江 , p Jīngjiāng ) or the `` Jing River '' after Jingzhou . In Anhui Province , the river takes on the local name Wan Jiang after the shorthand name for Anhui , wan ( 皖 ) . And Yangzi Jiang t 揚子江 s 扬子江 , p Yángzǐjiāng ) or the `` Yangzi River '' , from which the English name Yangtze is derived , is the local name for the Lower Yangtze in the region of Yangzhou . The name likely comes from an ancient ferry crossing called Yangzi or Yangzijin ( 揚子 or 揚子 津 , p Yángzǐ or Yángzǐjīn ) . Europeans who arrived in the Yangtze Delta region applied this local name to the Å river . The dividing sites of upstream , midstream and downstream are considered to be Yichang and Hukou ( Jiujiang ) respectively . Jinsha Jiang -- `` gold sands River '' ( edit ) The Jinsha River ( 金沙 江 , lit . `` Gold Dust '' or `` Golden - Sanded River '' ) is the name for 2,308 km ( 1,434 mi ) of the Yangtze from Yibin upstream to the confluence with the Batang River near Yushu in Qinghai Province . From antiquity until the Ming Dynasty , this stretch of the river was believed to be a tributary of the Yangtze while the Min River was thought to be the main course of the river above Yibin . In the Tribute to Yu , written in the fifth century BCE , this section is called the Hei Shui 黑 水 or the `` Black Water . '' The name `` Jinsha '' originates in the Song dynasty when the river attracted large numbers of gold prospectors . Gold prospecting along the Jinsha continued to this day . Prior to the Song dynasty , other names were used including , for example Lújiāng ( 瀘 江 ) from the Three Kingdoms period . Tongtian River ( edit ) The Tongtian River ( 通 天河 , lit . `` River Passing Through Heaven '' ) describes the 813 km ( 505 mi ) section from Yushu up to the confluence with the Dangqu River . The name comes from a fabled river in the Journey to the West . In antiquity , it was called the Yak River . In Mongolian , this section is known as the Murui - ussu ( lit . `` Winding Stream '' ) . and sometimes confused with the nearby Baishui . Tuotuo River ( edit ) The Tuotuo River ( 沱 沱 河 , p Tuótuó Hé , lit . `` Tearful River '' is the official headstream of the Yangtze , and flows 358 km ( 222 mi ) from the glaciers of the Gelaindong Massif in the Tanggula Mountains of southwestern Qinghai to the confluence with the Dangqu River to form the Tongtian River . ) In Mongolian , this section of the river known as the Ulaan Mörön or the `` Red River '' . The Tuotuo one of three main headstreams of the Yangtze . The Dangqu River ( 当 曲 , p Dāngqū ) is the actual geographic headwater of the Yangtze . The name is derived the Classical Tibetan for `` Marsh River '' ( འདམ ་ ཆུ , w ' Dam Chu ) . The Chumar River ( 楚 玛 尔 河 ) is the Chinese name for the northern headwater of the Yangtze , which flows from the Hoh Xil Mountains in Qinghai into the Tongtian . Chumar is Tibetan for the `` Red River . '' English ( edit ) The river was called Quian ( 江 ) and Quiansui ( 江水 ) by Marco Polo and appeared on the earliest English maps as Kian or Kiam , all recording dialects which preserved forms of the Middle Chinese pronunciation of 江 as Kæwng . By the mid-19th century , these romanizations had standardized as Kiang ; Dajiang , e.g. , was rendered as `` Ta - Kiang '' . `` Keeang - Koo '' , `` Kyang Kew '' , `` Kian - ku '' , and related names derived from mistaking the Chinese term for the mouth of the Yangtze ( 江口 , p Jiāngkǒu ) as the name of the river itself . A map of China depicting the Yellow River 's southerly path following its stabilization by the Grand Eunuch Li Xing 's public works after the 1494 flood . The name Blue River began to be applied in the 18th century , apparently owing to a former name of the Dam Chu or Min and to analogy with the Yellow River , but it was frequently explained in early English references as a ' translation ' of Jiang , Jiangkou , or Yangzijiang . Very common in 18th - and 19th - century sources , the name fell out of favor due to growing awareness of its lack of any connection to the river 's Chinese names and to the irony of its application to such a muddy waterway . The 1615 Latin account of the Jesuit missions to China included descriptions of the `` Iansu '' and `` Iansuchian '' . The posthumous account 's translation of the name as `` Son of the Ocean '' shows that Ricci , who by the end of his life was fluent in literary Chinese , was introduced to it as the homophonic 洋子 江 rather than the ' proper ' 揚子江 . Further , although railroads and the Shanghai concessions subsequently turned it into a backwater , Yangzhou was the lower river 's principal port for much of the Qing Dynasty , directing Liangjiang 's important salt monopoly and connecting the Yangtze with the Grand Canal to Beijing . ( That connection also made it one of the Yellow River 's principal ports between the floods of 1344 and the 1850s , during which time the Yellow River ran well south of Shandong and discharged into the ocean only a few hundred kilometres away from the mouth of the Yangtze . ) By 1800 , English cartographers such as Aaron Arrowsmith had adopted the French style of the name as Yang - tse or Yang - tse Kiang . The British diplomat Thomas Wade emended this to Yang - tzu Chiang as part of his formerly popular romanization of Chinese , based on the Beijing dialect instead of Nanjing 's and first published in 1867 . The spellings Yangtze and Yangtze Kiang was a compromise between the two methods adopted at the 1906 Imperial Postal Conference in Shanghai , which established postal romanization . Hanyu Pinyin was adopted by the PRC 's First Congress in 1958 , but it was not widely employed in English outside mainland China prior to the normalization of diplomatic relations between the United States and the PRC in 1979 ; since that time , the spelling Yangzi has also been used . Tibetan ( edit ) The source and upper reaches of the Yangtze are located in ethnic Tibetan areas of Qinghai . In Tibetan , the Tuotuo headwaters are the Machu ( རྨ ་ ཆུ ་ , w rMa - chu , literally `` Red River '' or ( perhaps `` Wound - ( like Red ) River ? '' ) ) . The Tongtian is the Drichu ( འབྲི ་ ཆུ ་ , w ' Bri Chu , literally `` River of the Female Yak '' ; transliterated into Chinese as 直 曲 , p Zhíqū ) . Geography ( edit ) Yangtze watershed Cruise on the Yangtze River before sunset The river originates from several tributaries in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau , two of which are commonly referred to as the `` source '' . Traditionally , the Chinese government has recognized the source as the Tuotuo tributary at the base of a glacier lying on the west of Geladandong Mountain in the Tanggula Mountains . This source is found at 33 ° 25 ′ 44 '' N 91 ° 10 ′ 57 '' E  /  33.42889 ° N 91.18250 ° E  / 33.42889 ; 91.18250 and while not the furthest source of the Yangtze , it is the highest source at 5,342 m ( 17,526 ft ) above sea level . The true source of the Yangtze , hydrologically the longest river distance from the sea , is at Jari Hill at the head of the Dam Qu tributary , approximately 325 km ( 202 mi ) southeast of Geladandong . This source was only discovered in the late 20th century and lies in wetlands at 32 ° 36 ′ 14 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 44 '' E  /  32.60389 ° N 94.51222 ° E  / 32.60389 ; 94.51222 and 5,170 m ( 16,960 ft ) above sea level just southeast of Chadan Township in Zadoi County , Yushu Prefecture , Qinghai . As the historical spiritual source of the Yangtze , the Geladandong source is still commonly referred to as the source of the Yangtze since the discovery of the Jari Hill source . These tributaries join and the river then runs eastward through Qinghai ( Tsinghai ) , turning southward down a deep valley at the border of Sichuan ( Szechwan ) and Tibet to reach Yunnan . In the course of this valley , the river 's elevation drops from above 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) to less than 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) . The headwaters of the Yangtze are situated at an elevation of about 4,900 m ( 16,100 ft ) . In its descent to sea level , the river falls to an altitude of 305 m ( 1,001 ft ) at Yibin , Sichuan , the head of navigation for riverboats , and to 192 m ( 630 ft ) at Chongqing ( Chungking ) . Between Chongqing and Yichang ( I - ch'ang ) , at an altitude of 40 m ( 130 ft ) and a distance of about 320 km ( 200 mi ) , it passes through the spectacular Yangtze Gorges , which are noted for their natural beauty but are dangerous to shipping . It enters the basin of Sichuan at Yibin . While in the Sichuan basin , it receives several mighty tributaries , increasing its water volume significantly . It then cuts through Mount Wushan bordering Chongqing and Hubei to create the famous Three Gorges . Eastward of the Three Gorges , Yichang is the first city on the Yangtze Plain . After entering Hubei , the Yangtze receives water from a number of lakes . The largest of these lakes is Dongting Lake , which is located on the border of Hunan and Hubei provinces , and is the outlet for most of the rivers in Hunan . At Wuhan , it receives its biggest tributary , the Han River , bringing water from its northern basin as far as Shaanxi . At the northern tip of Jiangxi , Lake Poyang , the biggest freshwater lake in China , merges into the river . The river then runs through Anhui and Jiangsu provinces , receiving more water from innumerable smaller lakes and rivers , and finally reaches the East China Sea at Shanghai . Four of China 's five main freshwater lakes contribute their waters to the Yangtze River . Traditionally , the upstream part of the Yangtze River refers to the section from Yibin to Yichang ; the middle part refers to the section from Yichang to Hukou County , where Lake Poyang meets the river ; the downstream part is from Hukou to Shanghai . The origin of the Yangtze River has been dated by some geologists to about 45 million years ago in the Eocene , but this dating has been disputed. . Image gallery ( edit ) The glaciers of the Tanggula Mountains , the traditional source of the Yangtze River The Tuotuo River , a headwater stream of the Yangtze River , known in Tibetan as Maqu , or the `` Red River '' The first turn of the Yangtze at Shigu ( 石 鼓 ) in Yunnan Province , where the river turns 180 degrees from south - to north - bound The Jinsha River in Yunnan The Tiger Leaping Gorge near Lijiang downstream from Shigu Qutang Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Wu Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Xiling Gorge , one of the Three Gorges Characteristics ( edit ) The Yangtze flows into the East China Sea and was navigable by ocean - going vessels up 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) from its mouth even before the Three Gorges Dam was built . As of June 2003 , this dam spans the river , flooding Fengjie , the first of a number of towns affected by the massive flood control and power generation project . This is the largest comprehensive irrigation project in the world and has a significant impact on China 's agriculture . Its proponents argue that it will free people living along the river from floods that have repeatedly threatened them in the past and will offer them electricity and water transport -- though at the expense of permanently flooding many existing towns ( including numerous ancient cultural relics ) and causing large - scale changes in the local ecology . Opponents of the dam point out that there are three different kinds of floods on the Yangtze River : floods which originate in the upper reaches , floods which originate in the lower reaches , and floods along the entire length of the river . They argue that the Three Gorges dam will actually make flooding in the upper reaches worse and have little or no impact on floods which originate in the lower reaches . Twelve hundred years of low water marks on the river were recorded in the inscriptions and the carvings of carp at Baiheliang , now submerged . The Yangtze is flanked with metallurgical , power , chemical , auto , building materials and machinery industrial belts and high - tech development zones . It is playing an increasingly crucial role in the river valley 's economic growth and has become a vital link for international shipping to the inland provinces . The river is a major transportation artery for China , connecting the interior with the coast . The river is one of the world 's busiest waterways . Traffic includes commercial traffic transporting bulk goods such as coal as well as manufactured goods and passengers . Cargo transportation reached 795 million tons in 2005 . River cruises several days long , especially through the beautiful and scenic Three Gorges area , are becoming popular as the tourism industry grows in China . Flooding along the river has been a major problem . The rainy season in China is May and June in areas south of Yangtze River , and July and August in areas north of it . The huge river system receives water from both southern and northern flanks , which causes its flood season to extend from May to August . Meanwhile , the relatively dense population and rich cities along the river make the floods more deadly and costly . The most recent major floods were the 1998 Yangtze River Floods , but more disastrous were the 1954 Yangtze River Floods , killing around 30,000 people . History ( edit ) See also : The Sand Pebbles ( film ) , USS Asheville ( PG - 21 ) , and Yangtze Patrol Geologic History ( edit ) Although the mouth of the Yellow River has fluctuated widely north and south of the Shandong peninsula within the historical record , the Yangtze has remained largely static . Based on studies of sedimentation rates , however , it is unlikely that the present discharge site predates the late Miocene ( c. 11 Ma ) . Prior to this , its headwaters drained south into the Gulf of Tonkin along or near the course of the present Red River . Afternoon light on the jagged grey mountains rising from the Yangtze River gorge Early History ( edit ) Further information : Baiyue , state of Wu , state of Yue , state of Chu , and Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty The Yangtze River is important to the cultural origins of southern China and Japan . Human activity has been verified in the Three Gorges area as far back as 27,000 years ago , and by the 5th millennium BC , the lower Yangtze was a major population center occupied by the Hemudu and Majiabang cultures , both among the earliest cultivators of rice . By the 3rd millennium BC , the successor Liangzhu culture showed evidence of influence from the Longshan peoples of the North China Plain . A study of Liangzhu remains found a high prevalence of haplogroup O 1 , linking it to Austronesian and Daic populations ; the same study found the rare haplogroup O 3d at a Daxi site on the central Yangtze , indicates possible connection with the Hmong , although `` only small traces '' of haplogroup O3d remains in Hmong today . What is now thought of as Chinese culture developed along the more fertile Yellow River basin ; the `` Yue '' people of the lower Yangtze possessed very different traditions -- blackening their teeth , cutting their hair short , tattooing their bodies , and living in small settlements among bamboo groves -- and were considered barbarous by the northerners . The Central Yangtze valley was home to sophisticated Neolithic Cultures . Later on it was the earliest part of the Yangtze valley to be integrated into the North Chinese cultural sphere . North Chinese people were active there from the Bronze Age . A map of the Warring States around 350 BC , showing the former coastline of the Yangtze delta . In the lower Yangtze , two Yue tribes , the Gouwu in southern Jiangsu and the Yuyue in northern Zhejiang , display increasing Zhou ( i.e. , North Chinese ) influence from the 9th century BC . Traditional accounts credit these changes to northern refugees ( Taibo and Zhongyong in Wu and Wuyi in Yue ) who assumed power over the local tribes , though these are generally assumed to be myths invented to legitimate them to other Zhou rulers . As the kingdoms of Wu and Yue , they were famed as fishers , shipwrights , and sword - smiths . Adopting Chinese characters , political institutions , and military technology , they were among the most powerful states during the later Zhou . In the middle Yangtze , the state of Jing seems to have begun in the upper Han River valley a minor Zhou polity , but it adapted to native culture as it expanded south and east into the Yangtze valley . In the process , it changed its name to Chu . Whether native or nativizing , the Yangtze states held their own against the northern Chinese homeland : some lists credit them with three of the Spring and Autumn period 's Five Hegemons and one of the Warring States ' Four Lords . They fell in against themselves , however . Chu 's growing power led its rival Jin to support Wu as a counter . Wu successfully sacked Chu 's capital Ying in 506 BC , but Chu subsequently supported Yue in its attacks against Wu 's southern flank . In 473 BC , King Goujian of Yue fully annexed Wu and moved his court to its eponymous capital at modern Suzhou . In 333 BC , Chu finally united the lower Yangtze by annexing Yue , whose royal family was said to have fled south and established the Minyue kingdom in Fujian . Qin was able to unite China by first subduing Ba and Shu on the upper Yangtze in modern Sichuan , giving them a strong base to attack Chu 's settlements along the river . The state of Qin conquered the central Yangtze region , previous heartland of Chu , in 278 BC , and incorporated the region into its expanding empire . Qin then used its connections along the Yangtze River the Xiang River to expand China into Hunan , Jiangxi and Guangdong , setting up military commanderies along the main lines of communication . At the collapse of the Qin Dynasty , these southern commanderies became the independent Nanyue Empire under Zhao Tuo while Chu and Han vied with each other for control of the north . From the Han Dynasty , the region of the Yangtze River became more and more important to China 's economy . The establishment of irrigation systems ( the most famous one is Dujiangyan , northwest of Chengdu , built during the Warring States period ) made agriculture very stable and productive . The Qin and Han empires were actively engaged in the agricultural colonization of the Yangtze lowlands , maintaining a system of dikes to protect farmland from seasonal floods . By the Song dynasty , the area along the Yangtze had become among the wealthiest and most developed parts of the country , especially in the lower reaches of the river . Early in the Qing dynasty , the region called Jiangnan ( that includes the southern part of Jiangsu , the northern part of Zhejiang , and the southeastern part of Anhui ) provided 1⁄3 -- 1⁄2 of the nation 's revenues . The Yangtze has long been the backbone of China 's inland water transportation system , which remained particularly important for almost two thousand years , until the construction of the national railway network during the 20th century . The Grand Canal connects the lower Yangtze with the major cities of the Jiangnan region south of the river ( Wuxi , Suzhou , Hangzhou ) and with northern China ( all the way from Yangzhou to Beijing ) . The less well known ancient Lingqu Canal , connecting the upper Xiang River with the headwaters of the Guijiang , allowed a direct water connection from the Yangtze Basin to the Pearl River Delta . Historically , the Yangtze became the political boundary between north China and south China several times ( see History of China ) because of the difficulty of crossing the river . This occurred notably during the Southern and Northern Dynasties , and the Southern Song . Many battles took place along the river , the most famous being the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208 AD during the Three Kingdoms period . The Yangtze was the site of naval battles between the Song dynasty and Jurchen Jin during the Jin -- Song wars . In the Battle of Caishi of 1161 , the ships of the Jin emperor Wanyan Liang clashed with the Song fleet on the Yangtze . Song soldiers fired bombs of lime and sulphur using trebuchets at the Jurchen warships . The battle was a Song victory that halted the invasion by the Jin . The Battle of Tangdao was another Yangtze naval battle from the same year . Politically , Nanjing was the capital of China several times , although most of the time its territory only covered the southeastern part of China , such as the Wu kingdom in the Three Kingdoms period , the Eastern Jin Dynasty , and during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms periods . Only the Ming occupied most parts of China from their capital at Nanjing , though it later moved the capital to Beijing . The ROC capital was located in Nanjing in the periods 1911 -- 12 , 1927 -- 37 , and 1945 -- 49 . Ten Thousand Miles of the Yangtze River , a Ming Dynasty landscape painting . Age of Steam ( edit ) Main articles : Steamboats on the Yangtze River and China Station The first merchant steamer in China , the Jardine , was built to order for the firm of Jardine Matheson in 1835 . She was a small vessel intended for use as a mail and passenger carrier between Lintin Island , Macao and Whampoa . However , after several trips , the Chinese authorities , for reasons best known to themselves , prohibited her entrance into the river . Lord Palmerston , the British Foreign Secretary who personified gunboat diplomacy , decided to wage war on China mainly on the `` suggestions '' of Jardine Matheson . In mid-1840 , a large fleet of warships appeared on the China coast , and with the first cannon fire aimed at a British ship , the Royal Saxon , the British started the First Opium War . The Imperial Government , forced to surrender , gave in to the demands of the British . British military was vastly superior during the conflict . British warships , constructed using such innovations as steam power combined with sail and the use of iron in shipbuilding , wreaked havoc on coastal towns ; such ships ( like the Nemesis ) were not only virtually indestructible using contemporary available weapons , but also highly mobile and able to support a gun platform with very heavy guns . In addition , the British troops were armed with modern rifled muskets and cannons , unlike the Qing forces . After the British took Canton , they sailed up the Yangtze and took the tax barges , a devastating blow to the Empire as it slashed the revenue of the imperial court in Beijing to just a small fraction of what it had been . In 1842 , the Qing authorities sued for peace , which concluded with the Treaty of Nanjing signed on a gunboat in the river , negotiated in August of that year and ratified in 1843 . In the treaty , China was forced to pay an indemnity to Britain , open five ports to Britain , and cede Hong Kong to Queen Victoria . In the supplementary Treaty of the Bogue , the Qing empire also recognized Britain as an equal to China and gave British subjects extraterritorial privileges in treaty ports . Play media Yangtze River steam boats filmed in 1937 U.S. and French conflicts ( edit ) The US , at the same time , wanting to protect its interests and expand trade , ventured the USS Wachusett six - hundred miles up the river to Hankow sometime in the 1860s , while the USS Ashuelot , a sidewheeler , made her way up the river to Yichang in 1874 . The first USS Monocacy , a sidewheel gunboat , began charting the Yangtze River in 1871 . The first USS Palos , an armed tug , was on Asiatic Station into 1891 , cruising the Chinese and Japanese coasts , visiting the open treaty ports and making occasional voyages up the Yangtze River . From June to September 1891 , anti-foreign riots up the Yangtze forced the warship to make an extended voyage as far as Hankow , 600 miles upriver . Stopping at each open treaty port , the gunboat cooperated with naval vessels of other nations and repairing damage . She then operated along the north and central China coast and on the lower Yangtze until June 1892 . The cessation of bloodshed with the Taiping Rebellion , Europeans put more steamers on the river . The French engaged the Chinese in war over the rule of Vietnam . The Sino - French Wars of the 1880s emerged with the Battle of Shipu having French cruisers in the lower Yangtze . USS Luzon The China Navigation Company was an early shipping company founded in 1876 in London , initially to trade up the Yangtze River from their Shanghai base with passengers and cargo . Chinese coastal trade started shortly after and in 1883 a regular service to Australia was initiated . Most of the company 's ships were seized by Japan in 1941 and services did not resume until 1946 . Robert Dollar was a later shipping magnate , who became enormously influential moving Californian and Canadian lumber to the Chinese and Japanese market . Yichang , or Ichang , 1,600 km ( 990 mi ) from the sea , is the head of navigation for river steamers ; oceangoing vessels may navigate the river to Hankow , a distance of almost 1,000 km ( almost 600 mi ) from the sea . For about 320 km ( 200 mi ) inland from its mouth , the river is virtually at sea level . The Chinese Government , too , had steamers . It had its own naval fleet , the Nanyang Fleet , which fell prey to the French fleet . The Chinese would rebuild its fleet , only to be ravaged by another war with Japan ( 1895 ) , Revolution ( 1911 ) and ongoing inefficiency and corruption . Chinese companies ran their own steamers , but were second tier to European operations at the time . Navigation on the upper River ( edit ) Cruise boats on Yangtze A vehicle carrier on Yangtze A container carrier on Yangtze Steamers came late to the upper river , the section stretching from Yichang to Chongqing . Freshets from Himalayan snowmelt created treacherous seasonal currents . But summer was better navigationally and the three gorges , described as an `` 150 - mile passage which is like the narrow throat of an hourglass '' , posed hazardous threats of crosscurrents , whirlpools and eddies , creating significant challenges to steamship efforts . Furthermore , Chongqing is 700 -- 800 feet above sea level , requiring powerful engines to make the upriver climb . Junk travel accomplished the upriver feat by employing 70 - 80 trackers , men hitched to hawsers who physically pulled ships upriver through some of the most risky and deadly sections of the three gorges . Achibald John Little took an interest in Upper Yangtze navigation when in 1876 , the Chefoo Convention opened Chongqing to consular residence but stipulated that foreign trade might only commence once steamships had succeeded in ascending the river to that point . Little formed the Upper Yangtze Steam Navigation Co. , Ltd. and built Kuling but his attempts to take the vessel further upriver than Yichang were thwarted by the Chinese authorities who were concerned about the potential loss of transit duties , competition to their native junk trade and physical damage to their crafts caused by steamship wakes . Kuling was sold to China Merchants Steam Navigation Company for lower river service . In 1890 , the Chinese government agreed to open Chongqing to foreign trade as long as it was restricted to native crafts . In 1895 , the Treaty of Shimonoseki provided a provision which opened Chongqing fully to foreign trade . Little took up residence in Chongqing and built Leechuan , to tackle the gorges in 1898 . In March Leechuan completed the upriver journey to Chongqing but not without the assistance of trackers . Leechuan was not designed for cargo or passengers and if Little wanted to take his vision one step further , he required an expert pilot . In 1898 , Little persuaded Captain Samuel Cornell Plant to come out to China to lend his expertise . Captain Plant had just completed navigation of Persia 's Upper Karun River and took up Little 's offer to assess the Upper Yangtze on Leechuan at the end of 1898 . With Plant 's design input , Little had SS Pioneer built with Plant in command . In June 1900 , Plant was the first to successfully pilot a merchant steamer on the Upper Yangtze from Yichang to Chongqing . Pioneer was sold to British Royal Navy after its first run due to threat from the Boxer Rebellion and renamed HMS Kinsha . Germany 's steamship effort that same year on SS Suixing ended in catastrophe . On Suixing 's maiden voyage , the vessel hit a rock and sunk , killing its captain and ending realistic hopes of regular commercial steam service on the Upper Yangtze . In 1908 , local Sichuan merchants and their government partnered with Captain Plant to form Sichuan Steam Navigation Company becoming the first successful service between Yichang and Chongqing . Captain Plant designed and commanded its two ships , SS Shutung and SS Shuhun . Other Chinese vessels came onto the run and by 1915 , foreign ships expressed their interest too . Plant was appointed by Chinese Maritime Customs Service as First Senior River Inspector in 1915 . In this role , Plant installed navigational marks and established signaling systems . He also wrote Handbook for the Guidance of Shipmasters on the Ichang - Chungking Section of the Yangtze River , a detailed and illustrated account of the Upper Yangtze 's currents , rocks , and other hazards with navigational instruction . Plant trained hundreds of Chinese and foreign pilots and issued licenses and worked with the Chinese government to make the river safer in 1917 by removing some of the most difficult obstacles and threats with explosives . In August 1917 , British Asiatic Petroleum became the first foreign merchant steamship on the Upper Yangtze . Commercial firms , Robert Dollar Company , Jardine Matheson , Butterfield and Swire and Standard Oil added their own steamers on the river between 1917 - 1919 . Between 1918 - 1919 , Sichuan warlord violence and escalating civil war put Sichuan Steam Navigational Company out of business . Shutung was commandeered by warlords and Shuhun was brought down river to Shanghai for safekeeping . In 1921 , when Captain Plant died tragically at sea while returning home to England , a Plant Memorial Fund was established to perpetuate Plant 's name and contributions to Upper Yangtze navigation . The largest shipping companies in service , Butterfield & Swire , Jardine Matheson , Standard Oil , Mackenzie & Co. , Asiatic Petroleum , Robert Dollar , China Merchants S.N. Co. and British - American Tobacco Co. , contributed alongside international friends and Chinese pilots . In 1924 , a 50 - foot granite pyramidal obelisk was erected in Xintan , on the site of Captain Plant 's home , in a Chinese community of pilots and junk owners . One face of the monument is inscribed in Chinese and another in English . Though recently relocated to higher ground ahead of the Three Gorges Dam , the monument still stands overlooking the Upper Yangtze River near Yichang , a rare collective tribute to a westerner in China . Until 1881 , the India and China coastal and river services were operated by several companies . In that year , however , these were merged into the Indo - China Steam Navigation Company Ltd , a public company under the management of Jardine 's . The Jardine company pushed inland up the Yangtsze River on which a specially designed fleet was built to meet all requirements of the river trade . For many years , this fleet gave unequalled service . Jardine 's established an enviable reputation for the efficient handling of shipping . As a result , the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company invited the firm to attend to the Agency of their Shire Line which operated in the Far East . Standard Oil ran the tankers Mei Ping , Mei An and Mei Hsia , which were all destroyed on December 12 , 1937 when Japanese warplanes bombed and sank the U.S.S. Panay . One of the Standard Oil captains who survived this attack had served on the Upper River for 14 years . Navy ships ( edit ) JN Izumo in Shanghai , 1937 ; she sank riverboats in 1941 See also : Yangtze Incident With the Treaty Ports , the European powers and Japan were allowed to sail navy ships into China 's waters . The British , Americans and French did this . A full international fleet featured on Chinese waters : Austro - Hungarian , Portuguese , Italian , Russian and German navy ships came to Shanghai and the treaty ports . The Japanese engaged in open war with the Chinese twice , and Russians twice , over conquest of the Chinese Qing Empire -- in the First and Second Sino - Japanese War 1895 , and 1905 ; and the Russo - Japanese War of 1904 . Incidentally , both the French and Japanese navies were heavily involved in running opium and narcotics to Shanghai , where it was refined into morphine . It was then transhipped by liner back to Marseille and France ( i.e. French Connection ) for processing in Germany and eventual sale in the U.S. or Europe . In 1909 the gunboat USS Samar changed station to Shanghai , where she regularly patrolled the lower Yangtze River up to Nanking and Wuhu . Following an anti-foreign riots in Changsha in April 1910 , which destroyed a number of missions and merchant warehouses , Samar sailed up the Yangtze River to Hankow and then Changsa to show the flag and help restore order . The gunboat was also administratively assigned to the Asiatic Fleet that year , which had been reestablished by the Navy to better protect , in the words of the Bureau of Navigation , `` American interests in the Orient . '' After returning to Shanghai in August , she sailed up river again the following summer , passing Wuhu in June but then running aground off Kichau on July 1 , 1911 . After staying stuck in the mud for two weeks , Samar broke free and sailed back down river to coal ship . Returning upriver , the gunboat reached Hankow in August and Ichang in September where she wintered over owing to both the dry season and the outbreak of rebellion at Wuchang in October 1911 . Tensions eased and the gunboat turned downriver in July 1912 , arriving at Shanghai in October . Samar patrolled the lower Yangtze after fighting broke out in the summer 1913 , a precursor to a decade of conflict between provincial warlords in China . In 1919 , she was placed on the disposal list at Shanghai following a collision with a Yangtze River steamer that damaged her bow . The Spanish boats were replaced in the 1920s by USS Luzon and USS Mindanao were the largest , USS Oahu and USS Panay next in size , and USS Guam and USS Tutuila the smallest . China in the first fifty years of the 20th century , was in low - grade chaos . Warlords , revolutions , natural disasters , civil war and invasions contributed . Yangtze boats were involved in the Nanking Incident in 1927 when the Communists and Nationalists broke into open war . The Chiang Kai - shek 's massacre of the Communists in Shanghai in 1927 furthered the unrest , U.S. Marines with tanks were landed . River steamers were popular targets for both Nationalists and Communists , and peasants who would take periodic pot - shots at vessels . During the course of service the second USS Palos protected American interests in China down the entire length of the Yangtze , at times convoying U.S. and foreign vessels on the river , evacuating American citizens during periods of disturbance and in general giving credible presence to U.S. consulates and residences in various Chinese cities . In the period of great unrest in central China in the 1920s , Palos was especially busy patrolling the upper Yangtze against bands of warlord soldiers and outlaws . The warship engaged in continuous patrol operations between Ichang and Chungking throughout 1923 , supplying armed guards to merchant ships , and protecting Americans at Chungking while that city was under siege by a warlord army . The British Royal Navy had a series of Insect class gunboats which patrolled between Chungking and Shanghai . Cruisers and destroyers and Fly class vessels also patrolled . The most infamous incident was when Panay and HMS Bee in 1937 , were dive - bombed by Japanese aeroplanes during the notorious Nanking Massacre . The Westerners were forced to leave the Yangtze River with the Japanese takeover in 1941 . The former steamers were either sabotaged or pressed into Japanese or Chinese service . Probably the most curious incident involved HMS Amethyst in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War between Kuomintang and People 's Liberation Army forces ; and led to the award of the Dickin Medal to the ship 's cat Simon . Hydrology ( edit ) Periodic floods ( edit ) Tens of millions of people live in the floodplain of the Yangtze valley , an area that naturally floods every summer and is habitable only because it is protected by river dikes . The floods large enough to overflow the dikes have caused great distress to those who live and farm there . Floods of note include 1931 , 1935 , 1954 , 1998 . See also : 1931 China floods The 1931 Central China floods or the Central China floods of 1931 were a series of floods that occurred in the Republic of China . The floods are generally considered among the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded , and almost certainly the deadliest of the 20th century ( when pandemics and famines are discounted ) . Estimates of the total death toll range from 145,000 to between 3.7 million and 4 million . The Yangtze again flooded in 1935 , causing great loss of life . See also : 1954 Yangtze River Floods From June to September 1954 , the Yangtze River Floods were a series of catastrophic floodings that occurred mostly in Hubei Province . Due to unusually high volume of precipitation as well as an extraordinarily long rainy season in the middle stretch of the Yangtze River late in the spring of 1954 , the river started to rise above its usual level in around late June . Despite efforts to open three important flood gates to alleviate the rising water by diverting it , the flood level continued to rise until it hit the historic high of 44.67 m in Jingzhou , Hubei and 29.73 m in Wuhan . The number of dead from this flood was estimated at around 33,000 , including those who died of plague in the aftermath of the disaster . See also : 1998 Yangtze River floods The 1998 Yangtze River floods ( 1998 年 中国 洪水 ) was a major flood that lasted from middle of June to the beginning of September 1998 in the People 's Republic of China at the Yangtze River . The event was considered the worst Northern China flood in 40 years . In the summer of 1998 , China experienced massive flooding of parts of the Yangtze River , resulting in 3,704 dead , 15 million homeless and $26 billion in economic loss . Other sources report a total loss of 4150 people , and 180 million people were affected . A staggering 25 million acres ( 100,000 km ) were evacuated , 13.3 million houses were damaged or destroyed . The floods caused $26 billion in damages . See also : 2016 China floods Degradation of the River ( edit ) See also : Water resources in China § Water quality Barges on the river . Beginning in the 1950s dams and thousands of kilometres of dikes were built for flood control , land reclamation , irrigation and for the control of diseases vectors such as blood flukes that caused Schistosomiasis . More than a hundred lakes were thus cut off from the main river . There were gates between the lakes that could be opened during floods . However , farmers and settlements encroached on the land next to the lakes although it was forbidden to settle there . When floods came , it proved impossible to open the gates since it would have caused substantial destruction . Thus the lakes partially or completely dried up . For example , Baidang Lake shrunk from 100 square kilometers ( 39 sq mi ) in the 1950s to 40 square kilometers ( 15 sq mi ) in 2005 . Zhangdu Lake dwindled to one quarter of its original size . Natural fisheries output in the two lakes declined sharply . Only a few large lakes , such as Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake , remained connected to the Yangtze . Cutting off the other lakes that had served as natural buffers for floods increased the damage done by floods further downstream . Furthermore , the natural flow of migratory fish was obstructed and biodiversity across the whole basin decreased dramatically . Intensive farming of fish in ponds spread using one type of carp who thrived in eutrophic water conditions and who feeds on algae , causing widespread pollution . The pollution was exacerbated by the discharge of waste from pig farms as well as of untreated industrial and municipal sewage . In September 2012 , the Yangtze river near Chongqing turned red from pollution . The erection of the Three Gorges Dam has created an impassable `` iron barrier '' that has led to a great reduction in the biodiversity of the river . Yangtze sturgeon use seasonal changes in the flow of the river to signal when is it time to migrate . However , these seasonal changes will be greatly reduced by dams and diversions . Other animals facing immediate threat of extinction are the Baiji Dolphin , finless porpoise and the Yangtze Alligator . These animals numbers went into freefall cidental catches during fishing , river traffic , habitat loss and pollution . In 2006 the baiji dolphin became extinct ; the world lost an entire genus . Contribution to ocean pollution ( edit ) The Yangtze River produces the majority of the world 's ocean pollution , according to The Ocean Cleanup , a Dutch environmental research foundation that focuses on ocean pollution . Reconnecting lakes ( edit ) In 2002 a pilot program was initiated to reconnect lakes to the Yangtze with the objective to increase biodiversity and to alleviate flooding . The first lakes to be reconnected in 2004 were Zhangdu Lake , Honghu Lake , and Tian'e - Zhou in Hubei province on the middle Yangtze . In 2005 Baidang Lake in Anhui Province was also reconnected . Reconnecting the lakes improved water quality and fish were able to migrate from the river into the lake , replenishing their numbers and genetic stock . The trial also showed that reconnecting the lake reduced flooding . The new approach also benefitted the farmers economically . Pond farmers switched to natural fish feed , which helped them breed better quality fish that can be sold for more , increasing their income by 30 % . Based on the successful pilot project , other provincial governments emulated the experience and also reestablished connections to lakes that had previously been cut off from the river . In 2005 a Yangtze Forum has been established bringing together 13 riparian provincial governments to manage the river from source to sea . In 2006 China 's Ministry of Agriculture made it a national policy to reconnect the Yangtze River with its lakes . As of 2010 , provincial governments in five provinces and Shanghai set up a network of 40 effective protected areas , covering 16,500 km ( 6,400 sq mi ) . As a result , populations of 47 threatened species increased , including the critically endangered Yangtze alligator . In the Shanghai area , reestablished wetlands now protect drinking water sources for the city . It is envisaged to extend the network throughout the entire Yangtze to eventually cover 102 areas and 185,000 km ( 71,000 sq mi ) . The mayor of Wuhan announced that six huge , stagnating urban lakes including the East Lake ( Wuhan ) would be reconnected at the cost of US $2.3 billion creating China 's largest urban wetland landscape . Major cities along the river ( edit ) See also : Category : Populated places on the Yangtze River Map of the Yangtze river locating the Three Gorges Dam Satellite map showing the lake created by the Three Gorges Dam . Compare Nov. 7 , 2006 ( above ) with April 17 , 1987 ( below ) Yushu Panzhihua Yibin Luzhou Hejiang Chongqing Fuling Fengdu Wanzhou Yichang Yidu Jingzhou Shashi Shishou Yueyang Xianning Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Chaohu Chizhou Jiujiang Anqing Tongling Wuhu Hefei Chuzhou Ma'anshan Taizhou Yangzhou Zhenjiang Nanjing Jiangyin Nantong Shanghai Crossings ( edit ) Main articles : Yangtze River bridges and tunnels and Yangtze River Power Line Crossings ( show ) Map all coordinates in `` Yangtze River bridges and tunnels '' using OSM Map all coordinates in `` Yangtze River bridges and tunnels '' using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF Until 1957 , there were no bridges across the Yangtze River from Yibin to Shanghai . For millennia , travelers crossed the river by ferry . On occasions , the crossing may have been dangerous , as evidenced by the Zhong'anlun disaster ( October 15 , 1945 ) . The river stood as a major geographic barrier dividing northern and southern China . In the first half of the 20th century , rail passengers from Beijing to Guangzhou and Shanghai had to disembark , respectively , at Hanyang and Pukou , and cross the river by steam ferry before resuming journeys by train from Wuchang or Nanjing West . After the founding of the People 's Republic in 1949 , Soviet engineers assisted in the design and construction of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , a dual - use road - rail bridge , built from 1955 to 1957 . It was the first bridge across the Yangtze River . The second bridge across the river was built a single - track railway bridge built upstream in Chongqing in 1959 . The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , also a road - rail bridge , was the first bridge to cross the lower reaches of the Yangtze , in Nanjing . It was built after the Sino - Soviet Split and did not receive foreign assistance . Road - rail bridges were then built in Zhicheng ( 1971 ) and Chongqing ( 1980 ) . Bridge - building slowed in the 1980s before resuming in the 1990s and accelerating in the first decade of the 21st century . The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge was built in 1992 as part of the Beijing - Jiujiang Railway . A second bridge in Wuhan was completed in 1995 . By 2005 , there were a total of 56 bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze River between Yibin and Shanghai . These include some of the longest suspension and cable - stayed bridges in the world on the Yangtze Delta : Jiangyin Suspension Bridge ( 1,385 m , opened in 1999 ) , Runyang Bridge ( 1,490 m , opened 2005 ) , Sutong Bridge ( 1,088 m , opened 2008 ) . The rapid pace of bridge construction has continued . The city of Wuhan now has six bridges and one tunnel across the Yangtze . A number of power line crossings have also been built across the river . Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , the first bridge crossing Yangtze , was completed in 1957 . The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , a beam bridge , was completed in 1968 . The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge , an arch bridge , was completed in 1992 . The Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge , a suspension bridge near the Gezhouba Dam lock , was completed in 1996 . The Sutong Yangtze River Bridge , between Nantong and Suzhou , was one of the longest cable - stayed bridges in the world when it was completed in 2008 . The Caiyuanba Bridge , an arch bridge in Chongqing , was completed in 2007 . The cable - stayed Anqing Yangtze River Bridge at Anqing , was completed in 2005 . Dams ( edit ) The Three Gorges Dam in 2006 Diagram showing dams planned for the upper reaches of the Yangtze River As of 2007 , there are two dams built on the Yangtze river : Three Gorges Dam and Gezhouba Dam . Several dams are being constructed on the upper portion of the river , the Jinsha River . Tributaries ( edit ) A shipyard on the banks of the Yangtze building commercial river freight boats The Yangtze River has over 700 tributaries . The major tributaries ( listed from upstream to downstream ) with the locations of where they join the Yangtze are : Yalong River ( Panzhihua , Sichuan Province ) Min River ( Yibin , Sichuan Province ) Tuo River ( Luzhou , Sichuan Province ) Chishui River ( Southwest China ) ( Hejiang , Sichuan Province ) Jialing River ( Chongqing ) Wu River ( Fuling , Chongqing ) Qing River ( Yidu , Hubei Province ) Yuan River ( Dongting Lake ) Lishui River ( Dongting Lake ) Zi River ( Dongting Lake ) Xiang River ( Yueyang , Hunan ) Han River ( Wuhan , Hubei ) Gan River ( near Jiujiang , Jiangxi Province . ) Shuiyang River ( Dangtu , Anhui Province ) Qingyi River ( Wuhu , Anhui Province ) Chao Lake water system ( Chaohu , Anhui Province ) Lake Tai water system ( Shanghai ) Gan River in Jiangxi Province Han River in Hubei Province Lake Dongting and the Yuan , Zi , Li , and Xiang Rivers in Hunan Province Wu River in Guizhou Province Jialing River in eastern Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality Min River in central Sichuan Yalong River in western Sichuan Protected areas ( edit ) Sanjiangyuan ( `` Three Rivers ' Sources '' ) National Nature Reserve in Qinghai Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Wildlife ( edit ) The Yangtze River has a high species richness , including many endemics . A high percentage of these are seriously threatened by human activities . Fish ( edit ) The two sturgeon species in the Yangtze ( here Chinese sturgeon ) are both seriously threatened As of 2011 , 416 fish species are known from the Yangtze basin , including 362 that strictly are freshwater species . The remaining are also known from salt or brackish waters , such as the river 's estuary or the East China Sea . This makes it one of the most species rich rivers in Asia and by far the most species rich in China ( in comparison , the Pearl River has almost 300 fish species and the Yellow River 150 ) . 178 fish species are endemic to the Yangtze River Basin . Many are only found in some section of the river basin and especially the upper reach ( above Yichang , but below the headwaters in the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau ) is rich with 279 species , including 147 Yangtze endemics and 97 strict endemics ( found only in this part of the basin ) . In contrast , the headwaters , where the average altitude is above 4,500 m ( 14,800 ft ) , are only home to 14 highly specialized species , but 8 of these are endemic to the river . The largest orders in the Yangtze are Cypriniformes ( 280 species , including 150 endemics ) , Siluriformes ( 40 species , including 20 endemics ) , Perciformes ( 50 species , including 4 endemics ) , Tetraodontiformes ( 12 species , including 1 endemic ) and Osmeriformes ( 8 species , including 1 endemic ) . No other order has more than four species in the river and one endemic . Many Yangtze fish species have declined drastically and 65 were recognized as threatened in the 2009 Chinese red list . Among these are two that are considered entirely extinct ( Anabarilius liui liui and Atrilinea macrolepis ) , two that are extinct in the wild ( Anabarilius polylepis and Schizothorax parvus ) and five that are critically endangered ( Chinese paddlefish , Euchiloglanis kishinouyei , Megalobrama elongata , Schizothorax longibarbus and Leiocassis longibarbus ) . Additionally , both the Yangtze sturgeon and Chinese sturgeon are considered critically endangered by the IUCN . The survival of these two sturgeon may rely on the continued release of captive bred specimens . The Chinese sturgeon and Chinese paddlefish are the largest fish in the river and among the largest freshwater fish in the world , reaching lengths of 5 m ( 16 ft ) and 7 m ( 23 ft ) respectively . Although listed as critically endangered rather than extinct by both the Chinese red list and IUCN , the continued survival of the Chinese paddlefish is questionable . Surveys conducted between 2006 and 2008 by ichthyologists failed to catch any , but two probable specimens were recorded with hydroacoustic signals . The last definite record was a 3.6 m - long ( 12 ft ) specimen caught during illegal fishing in 2007 ; despite attempts to keep it alive , it died shortly afterwards . The silver carp is native to the river , but has ( like other Asian carp ) been spread through large parts of the world with aquaculture The largest threats to the Yangtze native fish are overfishing and habitat loss ( such as building of dams and land reclamation ) , but pollution , destructive fishing practices ( such as fishing with dynamite or poison ) and introduced species also cause problems . About ⁄ of the total freshwater fisheries in China are in the Yangtze Basin , but a drastic decline in size of several important species has been recorded , as highlighted by data from lakes in the river basin . Some experts recommend a 10 - year fishing moratorium to allow the remaining populations to recover . Dams present another serious problem , as several species in the river perform breeding migrations and most of these are non-jumpers , meaning that normal fish ladders designed for salmon are ineffective . For example , the Gezhouba Dam blocked the migration of the paddlerfish and two sturgeon , while also effectively splitting the Chinese high fin banded shark population into two and causing the extirpation of the Yangtze population of the Japanese eel . In an attempt of minimizing the effect of the dams , the Three Gorges Dam has released water to mimic the ( pre-dam ) natural flooding and trigger the breeding of carp species downstream . In addition to dams already built in the Yangtze basin , several large dams are planned and these may present further problems for the native fauna . While many fish species native to the Yangtze are seriously threatened , others have become important in fish farming and introduced widely outside their native range . A total of 26 native fish species of the Yangtze basin are farmed . Among the most important are four Asian carp : grass carp , black carp , silver carp and bighead carp . Other species that support important fisheries include northern snakehead , Chinese perch , Takifugu pufferfish ( mainly in the lowermost sections ) and predatory carp . Other animals ( edit ) The critically endangered Chinese alligator is one of the smallest crocodilians , reaching a maximum length of about 2 m ( 7 ft ) Due to commercial use of the river , tourism , and pollution , the Yangtze is home to several seriously threatened species of large animals ( in addition to fish ) : the finless porpoise , baiji ( Yangtze River dolphin ) , Chinese alligator , Yangtze giant softshell turtle and Chinese giant salamander . This is the only other place besides the United States that is native to an alligator and paddlefish species . In 2010 , the Yangtze population of finless porpoise was 1000 individuals . In December 2006 , the Yangtze River dolphin was declared functionally extinct after an extensive search of the river revealed no signs of the dolphin 's inhabitance . In 2007 , a large , white animal was sighted and photographed in the lower Yangtze and was tentatively presumed to be a baiji . However , as there have been no confirmed sightings since 2004 , the baiji is presumed to be functionally extinct at this time . `` Baijis were the last surviving species of a large lineage dating back seventy million years and one of only six species of freshwater dolphins '' . It has been argued that the extinction of the Yangtze River dolphin was a result of the completion of the Three Gorges Dam , a project that has affected many species of animals and plant life found only in the gorges area . Numerous species of land mammals are found in the Yangtze valley , but most of these are not directly associated with the river . Three exceptions are the semi-aquatic Eurasian otter , water deer and Père David 's deer . The entirely aquatic Chinese giant salamander is the world 's largest amphibian , reaching up to 1.8 m ( 5.9 ft ) in length In addition to the very large and exceptionally rare Yangtze giant softshell turtle , several smaller turtle species are found in the Yangtze basin , its delta and valleys . These include the Chinese box turtle , yellow - headed box turtle , Pan 's box turtle , Yunnan box turtle , yellow pond turtle , Chinese pond turtle , Chinese stripe - necked turtle and Chinese softshell turtle , which all are considered threatened . More than 160 amphibian species are known from the Yangtze basin , including the worlds largest , the critically endangered Chinese giant salamander . It has declined drastically due to hunting ( it is considered a delicacy ) , habitat loss and pollution . The polluted Dian Lake , which is part of the upper Yangtze watershed ( via Pudu River ) , is home to several highly threatened fish , but was also home to the Yunnan lake newt . This newt has not been seen since 1979 and is considered extinct . In contrast , the Chinese fire belly newt from the lower Yangtze basin is one of the few Chinese salamander species to remain common and it is considered Least Concern by the IUCN . The Chinese mitten crab is a commercially important species in the Yangtze , but invasive in other parts of the world . The Yangtze basin contains a large number of freshwater crab species , including several endemics . A particularly rich genus in the river basin is the potamid Sinopotamon . The Chinese mitten crab is catadromous ( migrates between fresh and saltwater ) and it has been recorded up to 1,400 km ( 870 mi ) up the Yangtze , which is the largest river in its native range . It is a commercially important species in its native range where it is farmed , but the Chinese mitten crab has also been spread to Europe and North America where considered invasive . The freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii , now an invasive species in large parts of the world , originates from the Yangtze . 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Van Slyke , Yangtze , Nature , History and the River , Addison - Wesley Publishing Company , Inc. , Massachusetts , 1988 , p. 18 - 19 and 121 - 123 . Jump up ^ Ibid. , p. 170 - 172 . Jump up ^ Shih Brandmeyer , Polly ( 2014 ) . `` Cornell Plant , Lost Girls and Recovered Lives - Sino - British Relations at the Human Level in Late Qing and Early Republican China '' . Journal of Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 54 : 106 -- 110 . Jump up ^ `` Returns of Trade and Trade Reports 1918 , '' China - The Maritime Customs , published by Order of the Inspector General of Customs . Jump up ^ Peter Simpson , `` Hell and High Water , '' South China Morning Post Magazine , October 2 , 2011 , p. 24 - 30 . Jump up ^ Plant Memorial Brochure , 20th March 1923 , National Maritime Museum , Greenwich , Archive Collection , `` Papers of Capt . Samuel Cornell Plant , '' MS / 69 / 123 . Jump up ^ Mender , P. , Thirty Years A Mariner in the Far East 1907 - 1937 , The Memoirs of Peter Mender , A Standard Oil Ship Captain on China 's Yangtze River , p. 53 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60910 - 498 - 6 Jump up ^ Chinanews.com.cn . `` Chinanews.com.cn . '' 98 年 特大 洪水 . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Spignesi , Stephen J. ( 2004 ) ( 2004 ) . Catastrophe ! : the 100 greatest disasters of all time . Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2558 - 4 . p 37 . Jump up ^ Pbs.org . `` Pbs.org . '' Great wall across the Yangtze . Retrieved on 2009 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : WWF UK Case Study 2011 / HSBC : Safeguarding the Yangtze . Celebrating 10 years of conservation success . Jump up ^ Ma , Jun ( 2004 ) . `` China 's Water Crisis '' . An International Rivers Network Book . pp. 55 -- 56 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : China Daily ( July 12 , 2005 ) . `` Isolated Yangtze lakes reunited with mother river '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ABC News ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Yangtze River Turns Red and Turns Up a Mystery '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl . A World of Rivers , pg 287 . Jump up ^ `` Most Ocean Pollution Comes From Asian Rivers , Study Says '' . International Business Times . 2017 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ WWF China . `` The Yangtze Forum '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ WWF UK . `` Where we work : China - the Yangtze '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ye , S. ; Li , Z. ; Liu , J ; , Zhang , T. ; and Xie , S. ( 2011 ) . Distribution , Endemism and Conservation Status of Fishes in the Yangtze River Basin , China . pp. 41 - 66 in : Ecosystems Biodiversity , InTech . ISBN 978 - 953 - 307 - 417 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , S. ; and Xie , Y. ( 2009 ) . China species red list . Vol. II Vertebrates - Part 1 . High Education Press , Beijing , China . ^ Jump up to : Qiwei , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Acipenser dabryanus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Qiwei , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Acipenser sinensis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Meadows , D. ; and Coll , H. ( 2013 ) . Status Review Report of Five Foreign Sturgeon . National Marine Fisheries Service , Report to Office of Protected Resources . ^ Jump up to : Qiwei , W. ( 2010 ) . `` Psephurus gladius '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Zhang , ; Wei1 , Q.W. ; Du , H. ; Shen , L. ; Li , Y.H. ; and Zhao , Y. ( 2009 ) . Is there evidence that the Chinese paddlefish ( Psephurus gladius ) still survives in the upper Yangtze River ? Concerns inferred from hydroacoustic and capture surveys , 2006 -- 2008 . Journal of Applied Ichthyology 25 ( s2 ) : 95 - 99 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0426.2009. 01268. x . Jump up ^ Xinhua ( 12 January 2007 ) . Chinese Paddlefish Dies in Illegal Fishing . CRIENGLISH.com ( China Radio International ) . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Liu , J. ; and Cao , W. ( 1992 ) . Fish resources in the Yangtze basin and the strategy for their conservation . Resources and environment in the Yangtze Valley , 1 : 17 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Yiman , L. ; and Zhouyang , D. ( 4 January 2013 ) . Expert calls for 10 - year fishing moratorium on Yangtze River . ChinaDialogue . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zhang , C. - G. ; and Zhao , Y. - H. ( 2001 ) . Migration of the Chinese sucker ( Myxocyprinus asiaticus ) in the Yangtze River Basin with discussion on the potential effect of dams on fish . Current Zoology , 47 ( 5 ) : 518 - 521 . Jump up ^ Xie , P. ; and Chen , Y. ( 1999 ) . Threats to biodiversity in Chinese inland waters . Ambio , 28 : 674 - 681 . ^ Jump up to : The Nature Conservancy : China , Places We Protect : The Yangtze River . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Xing , J.H. ( 2010 ) . Chinese Alligator Alligator sinensis . Pp. 5 -- 9 in : Manolis , S.C. , and Stevenson , C. , eds. ( 2010 ) . Crocodiles . Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . Third Edition . IUCN / SSC Crocodile Specialist Group : Darwin . Jump up ^ `` The Chinese river dolphin was functionally extinct '' . baiji.org. 2006 - 12 - 13 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Sciencemode.com - Home page '' . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rare river dolphin ' now extinct ' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Ellen Wohl , ( A World of Rivers : Environmental Changes on Ten of the World 's Great Rivers ) , p. 287 . Jump up ^ Smith , A.T. ; and Xie , Y. ( 2008 ) . A Guide to the Mammals of China . Princeton University Press , New Jersey . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09984 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : AmphibiaWeb ( 2013 ) . Andrias davidianus . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ van Dijk , P.P. ; Iverson , J.B. ; Rhodin , A.G.J. ; Shaffer , H.B. ; and Bour , R. ( 2014 ) . Turtles of the World , 7th Edition : Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy , Synonymy , Distribution with Maps , and Conservation Status . IUCN / SSC Turtle Taxonomy Working Group . Jump up ^ WWF Global : Yangtze River . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Yang Datong , Michael Wai Neng Lau ( 2004 ) . `` Cynops wolterstorffi '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stuart , S. ; Hoffman , M. ; Chanson , J. ; Cox , N. ; Berridge , R. ; Ramani , P. , and Young , B. ( 2008 ) . Threatened Amphibians of the World . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 41 - 5 Jump up ^ Yang Datong , Michael Wai Neng Lau ( 2004 ) . `` Hypselotriton orientalis '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2015.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ AmphibiaWeb ( 2008 ) . Cynops orientalis . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wang , H. - Z. ; Wang , H. - J. ; Liang , X. - M. ; Cui , Y. - D. ( 2003 ) . `` Stocking models of Chinese mitten crab ( Eriocheir japonica sinensis ) in Yangtze lakes . '' . Aquaculture. 255 ( 1 ) : 456 -- 465 . doi : 10.1016 / j. aquaculture. 2006.01. 005 . ^ Jump up to : Veilleux , É ; and de Lafontaine , Y. ( 2007 ) . Biological Synopsis of the Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir sinensis ) . Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2812 . Jump up ^ Neil Cumberlidge , N. ; Ng , P.K.L. ; Yeo , D.C.J. ; Naruse , T. ; Meyer , K.S. ; Esser , L.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Diversity , endemism and conservation of the freshwater crabs of China ( Brachyura : Potamidae and Gecarcinucidae ) '' . Integrative Zoology. 6 ( 1 ) : 45 -- 55 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1749 - 4877.2010. 00228. x . Jump up ^ Fang , F. ; Sun , H. ; Zhao , Q. ; Lin , C. ; Sun , Y. ; Gao , W. ; Xu , J. ; Zhou , J. ; Ge , F. ; and Liu , N. ( 2013 ) . Patterns of diversity , areas of endemism , and multiple glacial refuges for freshwater crabs of the genus Sinopotamon in China ( Decapoda : Brachyura : Potamidae ) . PLOS ONE doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0053143 Jump up ^ Didžiulis , Viktoras . `` NOBANIS -- Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet -- Craspedacusta sowerbyi '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Carles , William Richard , `` The Yangtse Chiang '' , The Geographical Journal , Vol. 12 , No. 3 ( Sep. , 1898 ) , pp. 225 -- 240 ; Published by : Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society ( with the Institute of British Geographers ) Danielson , Eric N. 2004 . Nanjing and the Lower Yangzi , From Past to Present , The New Yangzi River Trilogy , Vol. II . Singapore : Times Editions / Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 981 - 232 - 598 - 0 . Danielson , Eric N. 2005 . The Three Gorges and The Upper Yangzi , From Past to Present , The New Yangzi River Trilogy , Vol . III . Singapore : Times Editions / Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 981 - 232 - 599 - 9 . Grover , David H. 1992 American Merchant Ships on the Yangtze , 1920 - 1941 . Wesport , Conn. : Praeger Publishers . Van Slyke , Lyman P. 1988 . Yangtze : nature , history , and the river . A Portable Stanford Book . ISBN 0 - 201 - 08894 - 0 Winchester , Simon . 1996 . The River at the Center of the World : A Journey Up the Yangtze and Back in Chinese Time , Holt , Henry & Company , 1996 , hardcover , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 3888 - 4 ; trade paperback , Owl Publishing , 1997 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5508 - 8 ; trade paperback , St. Martins , 2004 , 432 pages , ISBN 0 - 312 - 42337 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yangtze River ( Chang Jiang ) . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Along the Yangtze River . Geographic data related to Yangtze at OpenStreetMap Yangtze Three Gorges Gallery Yangtze river gallery The Yangtse River Vic in China : Photos and stories about the Yangtse River from families of Victoria University graduates . The Seven Great Rivers of China Amur River Hai River Huai River Liao River Pearl River Yangtze River Yellow River Major rivers of China Seven Great Rivers of Eastern China Yangtze Yellow Pearl Heilongjiang Huai Hai Liao Yangtze system Yalong Min Dadu Qingyi ( Sichuan ) Tuo Jialing Bailong Fu ( Sichuan ) Qu Wu Hanshui Muma Chi Du Bao Qing Chishui Xiang Xiao Lei Mi Zi Yuan Lishui Miluo Gan Fu ( Jiangxi ) Xin Qingyi ( Anhui ) Qinhuai Xitiao Huangpu Suzhou Creek Yellow system Black Daxia Tao Qingshui Wuding Fen Wei Jing Luo ( Henan ) Luo ( Shaanxi ) Qin Xiaoqing Pearl system North East Han ( Guangdong ) Mei Ting West Yujiang Yong Xun Qian Hongshui Nanpan Beipan Rong Li ( Guangxi ) Gui Liu Heilongjiang system Songhua 2nd Songhua Nen Mudan Ussuri Argun Kherlen Woken Huifa Huai system Guo Ying Shiguan Quan Hui Hong Hai system Chaobai Yongding Hutuo Ziya Daqing Wenyu Juma Sanggan Fuyang Wei Ju Jiyunhe Liao system Hun Taizi Xar Moron Xinkai Western Liao Eastern Liao Other major rivers Tarim Karatash Ili Shule Tumen Yalu Luan Red Minjiang Longjiang Lancang Beilun Nujiang Lion Spring Elephant Spring Yarlung Tsangpo ( Horse Spring ) Nyang Subansiri Irtysh Suifen Qiantang Puyang Jiao ( Shandong ) Dai Si Shu Cao'e Jiao ( Zhejiang ) Ou Mulan Jin ( Fujian ) Nandu Wanquan Taping Major canals Grand Canal Lingqu North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal Cities along the Yangtze Province - level Cities ( from upper reaches to lower reaches ) Yunnan Lijiang ( SIchuan see below ) Dongchuan Sichuan Panzhihua ( Yunan see above ) Yibin Luzhou Chongqing Jiangjin Central Chongqing Fuling Wanzhou Hubei Yichang Yidu Zhijiang Songzi Jingzhou Shishou ( Hunan see below ) Honghu Chibi Wuhan Ezhou Huangshi Huanggang Wuxue Hunan Yueyang Linxiang Jiangxi Ruichang Jiujiang Anhui Anqing Chizhou Tongling Wuhu Ma'anshan Jiangsu Nanjing Yizheng Jurong Zhenjiang Yangzhou Taizhou Yangzhong Taixing Danyang Changzhou Jingjiang Jiangyin Zhangjiagang Rugao Nantong Changshu Taicang Haimen Qidong Shanghai Baoshan Pudong Major cities along the Pearl River Major cities along the Yellow River VIAF : 251209406 GND : 4109116 - 4 SUDOC : 027637573 BNF : cb11963625t ( data ) NDL : 00647676 BNE : XX459168 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yangtze&oldid=800694799 '' Categories : Yangtze River Rivers of China Geography of Central China Geography of East China Geography of Western China Rivers of Anhui Rivers of Chongqing Rivers of Hubei Rivers of Jiangsu Rivers of Qinghai Rivers of Shanghai Rivers of Sichuan Rivers of the Tibet Autonomous Region Rivers of Yunnan Drainage basins of the Pacific Ocean Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with Chinese - language external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing Mongolian - language text Articles with Latin - language external links CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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what is the source of the yangtze river

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Spirit Riding Free

Spirit Riding Free - Wikipedia Spirit Riding Free Jump to : navigation , search Spirit Riding Free Genre Adventure Based on Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron Voices of Amber Frank Sydney Park Bailey Gambertoglio Darcy Rose Byrnes Nolan North Kari Wahlgren Theme music composer Kari Kimmel Composer ( s ) Joachim Horsley James Allen Roberson Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Aury Wallington Jim Schumann Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release May 5 , 2017 -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80115432 Spirit Riding Free is an animated series based on the 2002 Oscar - nominated film , Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron . The series is produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and distributed by Netflix . Six episodes of the first season premiered on May 5 , 2017 . The series was renewed for a second season and it premiered on September 8 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Crew 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the small town of Miradero , Oregon , a 12 - year - old girl named Lucky , who had recently relocated from the city , encounters a wild horse named Spirit . Spirit , ( the offspring of the main protagonists from Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ; Spirit and Rain ) , is caught by wranglers and brought to be `` broken '' in Miradeo . Lucky gradually bonds with the stallion , and breaks him free . Lucky also meets two other girls , Prudence and Abigail , who both own horses , Chica Linda , a palomino , and Boomerang , a paint horse . They embark on everyday adventures across the land . Cast ( edit ) Amber Frank as Fortuna `` Lucky '' Esperanza Navarro Prescott Sydney Park as Pru Granger Bailey Gambertoglio as Abigail Stone Darcy Rose Byrnes as Maricela Nolan North as Jim Prescott Kari Wahlgren as Aunt Cora Jeff Bennett as Mesteneros Tiya Sircar as Miss Flores Crew ( edit ) Voice director : Ginny McSwain Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date `` Lucky and the Unbreakable Spirit '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Stephanie Arnett May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) After Lucky Prescott arrives in Miradeo , she struggles to fit in , but not before befriending a wild stallion , Spirit , who has been wrangled for taming . `` Lucky and the Treacherous Trail '' Joshua Taback Aury Wallington Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky persuades Pru Granger to teach her the basics of riding a horse so that she and Spirit can participate in the Saddle Club race . `` Lucky and the Mysterious Map '' Beth Sleven Aury Wallington Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky decodes her father 's treasure map whilst camping , sneaking off with Pru , Abigail and Spirit to find the treasure . `` Lucky and the Competition Conundrum '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky and Maricela create a booth for a school fundraiser in the hopes of gaining Lucky Student of the Month , pitting themselves against Pru and Abigail . 5 `` Lucky and the Appaloosa Adventure '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky and Turo plot to save a horse that is being neglected by his owner , whilst Lucky 's father works on fixing a damaged dam before it becomes a danger to anyone . 6 `` Lucky and the Not - So - Secret Surprise '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Nancy Cohen Kathryn Marusik & David Van Tuyle May 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 05 ) Lucky has Abigail help her plan Pru the best surprise birthday ever , but she eventually gets upset and things become a catastrophe . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original release date 7 `` Lucky and the Cowboy Next Door '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Laura Sreebny Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky meets a new friend named Javier . 8 `` Lucky and the Pie P.I. '' Beth Sleven Robert Taylor Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and his friends solve a mystery when pies are missing . 9 `` Lucky and the Super Amazing and Fun Cousin Julian '' Beth Sleven Nancy Cohen Jean Kang & Christina Manrique September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky thinks something is suspicious about her cousin when she thinks he is n't what she thinks . 10 `` Lucky and the Harvest Hunt '' Joshua Taback Laura Sreebny Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends hunt for a scarecrow . 11 `` Lucky and the Christmas Spirit '' Joshua Taback Katherine Nolfi Marc Wasik & Kevin Wotton September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and her friends send gifts to everyone in town during Christmas . 12 `` Lucky and the Deadly Blizzard '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Kathryn Marusik & David VanTuyle September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky and Maricela work together to get medicine from a broken train during a flu outbreak when a blizzard is coming . 13 `` Lucky and the Price of Freedom '' Julia `` Fitzy '' Fitzmaurice Aury Wallington Christian Lignan & Kathryn Marusik September 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08 ) Lucky pretends to be a man to enter a horse race to prove that women are good at riding horses . She wins but Spirit is taken away from her because he is wild , she chases after Spirit but the train goes away and Lucky might never see spirit again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nashid , Naureen ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Interview with Kari Kimmel '' . Teal Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : DreamWorks ' ' Spirit Riding Free ' Races to Netflix '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` TRAILER : ' Spirit Riding Free ' Takes The Dreamworks Franchise In A New Direction '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McLean , Tom ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Perfect Match '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Readies Animated ' Spy Kids , ' ' Llama Llama ' Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.animationmagazine.net/top-stories/dreamworks-spirit-riding-free-s2-hoofs-it-to-netflix/ External links ( edit ) Official website at Netflix Official website at DreamWorks TV Spirit Riding Free on IMDb DreamWorks Animation A subsidiary of NBCUniversal , a Comcast company Feature films Computer - animated Antz ( 1998 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Shark Tale ( 2004 ) Madagascar ( 2005 ) Over the Hedge ( 2006 ) Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) Bee Movie ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Madagascar : Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) Megamind ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Croods ( 2013 ) Turbo ( 2013 ) Mr. Peabody & Sherman ( 2014 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) Home ( 2015 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Trolls ( 2016 ) The Boss Baby ( 2017 ) Captain Underpants : The First Epic Movie ( 2017 ) Traditionally animated The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) Joseph : King of Dreams ( 2000 ) Spirit : Stallion of the Cimarron ( 2002 ) Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas ( 2003 ) Produced with Aardman Chicken Run ( 2000 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Flushed Away ( 2006 ) Upcoming How to Train Your Dragon 3 ( 2019 ) Everest ( 2019 ) Trolls 2 ( 2020 ) The Boss Baby 2 ( 2021 ) Franchises Shrek ( 2001 -- ) Madagascar ( 2005 -- ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 -- 14 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 -- ) Trolls ( 2016 -- ) TV series Computer - animated Father of the Pride ( 2004 -- 2005 ) The Penguins of Madagascar ( 2008 -- 15 ) Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness ( 2011 -- 16 ) DreamWorks Dragons ( 2012 -- ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2013 -- 14 ) VeggieTales in the House ( 2014 -- 16 ) All Hail King Julien ( 2014 -- ) The Adventures of Puss in Boots ( 2015 -- ) Dinotrux ( 2015 -- ) Trollhunters ( 2016 -- ) VeggieTales in the City ( 2017 -- ) Spirit Riding Free ( 2017 -- ) Traditionally animated Toonsylvania ( 1998 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) Alienators : Evolution Continues ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Dawn of the Croods ( 2015 -- ) Voltron : Legendary Defender ( 2016 -- ) Flash animated Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) Turbo FAST ( 2013 -- 16 ) The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show ( 2015 -- ) Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh ( 2016 -- ) Television specials Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Monsters vs. Aliens : Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space ( 2009 ) Merry Madagascar ( 2009 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Madly Madagascar ( 2013 ) Trolls Hoilday ( 2017 ) Short films Shrek 4 - D ( 2003 ) Far Far Away Idol ( 2004 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) First Flight ( 2006 ) Hammy 's Boomerang Adventure ( 2006 ) Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2008 ) B.O.B. 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Military funerals in the United States

Military funerals in the United States - wikipedia Military funerals in the United States The United States Army Caisson Platoon of the 3rd United States Infantry Regiment `` The Old Guard '' transports the flag - draped casket of Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway on a horse - drawn limbers and caissons during a military funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery , 2008 . A military funeral in the United States is a memorial or burial rite given by the U.S. military for a Soldier , Marine , Sailor , Coast Guardsman , or Airman who died in battle , a veteran , or other prominent military figures or a president . A military funeral may feature guards of honor , the firing of volley shots as a salute , drumming and other military elements , with a flag draping over the coffin . In the United States , the United States Army Military District of Washington ( MDW ) is responsible for providing military funerals . `` Honoring Those Who Served '' is the title of the program for instituting a dignified military funeral with full honors to the nation 's veterans . As of January 1 , 2000 , Section 578 of Public Law 106 - 65 of the National Defense Authorization Act mandates that the United States Armed Forces shall provide the rendering of honors in a military funeral for any eligible veteran if requested by his or her family . As mandated by federal law , an honor guard detail for the burial of an eligible veteran shall consist of no fewer than two members of the Armed Forces . One member of the detail shall be a representative of the parent armed service of the deceased veteran . The honor guard detail will , at a minimum , perform a ceremony that includes the folding and presenting of the flag of the United States to the next of kin and the playing of Taps which will be played by a lone bugler , if available , or by audio recording . Today , there are so few buglers available that the United States Armed Forces often can not provide one . However , federal law allows Reserve and National Guard units to assist with funeral honors duty when necessary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eligibility 2 Ceremony 3 Ramp ceremonies 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Eligibility ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Veterans Affairs and United States National Cemetery A military chaplain seen leading honor guards derived from the United States Marine Corps as they carry the casket of General Robert H. Barrow to the place of burial . Generally , federal law allows for military funeral honors for all veterans who were discharged under circumstances `` other than dishonorable . '' Funeral directors will require the veteran 's DD Form 214 to establish eligibility . Those who are eligible for military funerals and full honors in the United States include the following : Active duty or Selected Reserve in the United States Armed Forces . Former active duty or Selected Reserve who departed under conditions other than dishonorable in the United States Armed Forces . Former enlisted servicemen or servicewomen who completed at least one term or period of initial obligated service in the Selected Reserve and departed under conditions other than dishonorable . Former servicemen or servicewomen who were discharged due to a disability incurred or aggravated in the line of duty . Ceremony ( edit ) See also : Arlington Ladies and Fallen Soldier Battle Cross A bugler sounds Taps during the funeral of former United States Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger in Arlington National Cemetery , 2006 . Escort platoons marching during the military funeral of Admiral Thomas Hinman Moorer in Arlington National Cemetery , 2004 . In the United States , there are several types of military funerals such as those performed at Arlington National Cemetery , which include and omit certain components depending on the status of the deceased ( active , retired , veteran , rank / occupation ) . Standard honor military funerals include the following : A military chaplain for family members . A casket draped in the flag of the United States and as a pall . A casket team serving as honor guards in a ceremonial role over the remains and as pallbearers . For funerals for an enlisted non-commissioned officer of E-9 and Officers , the casket is transported via a horse - drawn limbers and caissons . For all other funerals , the casket is transported using a hearse . Fighter jets in missing man formation by the United States Air Force may perform an aerial flyover . The formation of a rifle party consisting of an odd number of service members , between 3 and 7 , will fire a three - volley salute ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . The playing of Taps is performed by a lone bugler or an audio recording , at a distance 30 to 50 yards from the grave site while a `` Final Salute '' is given . ( In specific cases with the United States Military Academy , a muffled drum roll might accompany the bugler . ) Full honor military funerals include all standard honors in addition to the following : For funerals of commanding officers of O - 6 ( Colonel / Captain ) and above , a caparisoned , riderless horse , symbolizing a fallen leader , will follow the limbers and caissons . For funerals of general officers and flag officers of O - 10 ( four - star rank ) , a 17 gun salute is fired ; O - 9 ( three - star rank ) , a 15 gun salute is fired ; O - 8 ( two - star rank ) , a 13 gun salute is fired ; O - 7 ( one - star rank ) , an 11 gun salute is fired . A military band and an escort platoon participate ( size varies according to the rank of the deceased ) . Armed forces military funerals include all standard and full honors in addition to the following : Escort platoons from all five branches of the United States Armed Forces participate . These funerals are reserved for the President of the United States ( as commander - in - chief ) , the Secretary of Defense , the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , and officers granted multiple - service command . For funerals of presidents , a 21 gun salute using artillery and battery pieces is fired ( not to be confused with a three - volley salute ) , while all other high state officials receive 19 gun salutes . When a spouse or other dependent of a current or former member of the United States Armed Forces is buried , the military service in which the primary party served will provide a casket team and a chaplain . No other military honors will be rendered unless the spouse served in the military . Sailors from the United States Navy fold the flag of the United States during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery for Captain Laurie Mosolino , a former United States Navy Medical Corps surgeon . Sequence for folding the flag of the United States Members of the 86th Airlift Wing honor guard conduct a flag - folding ceremony at Ramstein Air Base , Germany , 2009 . Inspector General of the Marine Corps Brigadier General Kenneth J. Lee presents a folded flag to Laurence E. Pope , the eldest son of Medal of Honor recipient Major Everett Pope during the burial service for Major Pope held at Arlington National Cemetery on September 15 , 2009 . The flag of the United States draped over the casket is meticulously folded thirteen times by a total of six honor guards , three on each side of the casket . When the flag is completely folded , the stars point upwards , which remind Americans of their national motto , In God We Trust . After the flag is completely folded and tucked in , it takes on the appearance of a tricorne hat , reminding Americans of the soldiers who served under General George Washington , and the sailors and Marines who served under Captain John Paul Jones , who were followed by their comrades and shipmates in the United States Armed Forces . An honor guard composed of one or more branches of the United States Armed Forces , presents the flag to the next of kin . The presenter , if possible a member of the same service as the deceased , will generally kneel while presenting the folded flag , with the straight edge of the flag facing the recipient . The presenter then recites the following wording , which was standardized on April 20 , 2012 : On behalf of the President of the United States , the United States ( Army , Marine Corps , Navy , Air Force or Coast Guard ) , and a grateful nation , please accept this flag as a symbol of our appreciation for your loved one 's honorable and faithful service . Three spent shell - casings , each representing one of three volleys , were sometimes slipped into the folds of the flag before its presentation to the next of kin . The intention was to convey that the presence of the shell - casings proved that a rifle volley had taken place in connection with the members funeral . However , this practice has become infrequent and is rarely seen today as Title 4 , Section 8 ( h ) of the United States Code specifies that the flag should not be used as a receptacle for holding anything . Ramp ceremonies ( edit ) A `` ramp ceremony '' is a memorial ceremony , not an actual funeral , for a soldier killed in a war zone held at an airfield near or in a location where an airplane is waiting nearby to take the deceased 's remains to his or her home country . The term has been in use since about 2005 and became common during the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Gallery ( edit ) The military funeral of U.S. Navy Rear Admiral Henry H. Bell held in Hiogo , Japan on January 14 , 1868 . Members of the Presidential Salute Guns Battery , 3rd Infantry Regiment , render a gun salute with 3 '' anti-tank guns during a military funeral at Arlington National Cemetery on August 10 , 1998 . A casket team from the 1st Special Forces Group carries the flag - draped casket of Sergeant First Class Nathan Chapman on January 8 , 2002 . A casket team from the United States Navy folds the flag covering the casket of NASA Astronaut and U.S. Navy Captain Laurel Blair Salton Clark , who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 . The casket of Caspar Weinberger , 15th United States Secretary of Defense , in a ceremonial funeral procession en route to Arlington National Cemetery on April 4 , 2006 . A casket team from the 3rd Infantry Regiment transports the remains of Retired Chief Warrant Officer Michael J. Novosel during a funeral procession at Arlington National Cemetery on April 13 , 2006 . The Ceremonial Unit assigned to Naval Air Station Lemoore rendering honors at a military funeral at San Joaquin Valley National Cemetery in Gustine , California . Escort platoons march in the United States Naval Academy Cemetery as part of the funeral procession for former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , Admiral William J. Crowe in 2007 . A casket team carries Major Douglas A. Zembiec , former commander of E Company , 2nd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment from the Naval Academy Chapel in Annapolis , Maryland following the funeral service . See also ( edit ) State funerals in the United States Military funeral United States flag code References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` How do I establish veteran eligibility ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Who is eligible for Military Funeral Honors ? '' . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery '' . Military.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag folding procedures and symbols '' . American Legion . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Carlos Zamorano . God Bless America . Xlibris , Corp . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Folding '' . US Flag . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Dept. of Defense Issues Standardized Flag Presentation Text '' . Jump up ^ `` What do the three bullets represent in military funerals ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Honor Guard '' . Byron.org . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 4 U.S. Code § 8 - Respect for flag '' . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Conrad , John D. ( 2009 ) . What the thunder said : reflections of a Canadian officer in Kandahar . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 408 - 7 . Retrieved 7 July 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Mossman , B.C. ; Stark , M.W. ( 1991 ) . `` 77 - 606843 '' . The Last Salute : Civil and Military Funerals 1921 - 1969 . Washington , D.C. : Department of the Army . CMH Pub 90 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Military Funeral Customs - Arlington National Cemetery Military Funeral Honors Web site Burial & Memorial Benefits Web site Folding the American Flag Sample of `` Taps '' (. mp3 ) Military Funeral Honors and Military Cemeteries : Frequently Asked Questions Congressional Research Service Military Funeral Honors for Veterans Congressional Research Service Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_funerals_in_the_United_States&oldid=842547204 '' Categories : Military life Military traditions State ritual and ceremonies Funerals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 04 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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The Orville

The Orville - Wikipedia The Orville Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. TV series . For other uses , see Orville ( disambiguation ) . The Orville Genre Science fiction Comedy - drama Created by Seth MacFarlane Starring Seth MacFarlane Adrianne Palicki Penny Johnson Jerald Scott Grimes Peter Macon Halston Sage J. Lee Mark Jackson Chad L. Coleman Theme music composer Bruce Broughton Composer ( s ) Joel McNeely John Debney Andrew Cottee Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Seth MacFarlane Brannon Braga David A. Goodman Jason Clark Jon Favreau ( pilot ) Liz Heldens Lili Fuller Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Fuzzy Door Productions 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network Fox Original release September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) -- present External links Website www.fox.com/the-orville/ The Orville is an American science fiction comedy - drama series created by and starring Seth MacFarlane that premiered on Sunday , September 10 , 2017 , with new episodes airing Thursdays on Fox during the 2017 -- 18 season . Seth MacFarlane stars as Ed Mercer , an officer in the Planetary Union 's line of exploratory space vessels whose career took a downturn following his divorce , and who is given the titular ship as his first command , only to discover that his ex-wife , Kelly Grayson ( Adrianne Palicki ) , has been assigned to be his First Officer . Inspired by the television series Star Trek , the series tells the story of Mercer , Grayson , and the crew of the Orville as they embark on various diplomatic and exploratory missions . On November 2 , 2017 , Fox renewed the series for a second season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The Orville is set on the titular U.S.S. Orville ( ECV - 197 ) , a mid-level exploratory space vessel in service to the Planetary Union , a 25th - century interstellar state encompassing Earth and many other worlds . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Seth MacFarlane as Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville . Mercer was an up - and - coming officer , believed to be on the fast track to commanding his own heavy cruiser by age 40 . However , a year before the pilot , he caught his wife Kelly in bed with an alien . Since then , he was cited for becoming lax in his duties , including six instances of reporting to duty while hungover , but was informed that due to the size of the fleet and the retirement of the former captain , the Orville , a mid-level exploratory ship , was in need of a new commanding officer . Adrianne Palicki as Commander Kelly Grayson , the first officer of the Orville and Ed Mercer 's ex-wife . The two divorced when Mercer caught Grayson in bed with an alien . Unbeknownst to Mercer , Grayson personally went to Admiral Halsey to plead her case to give her ex-husband a command , stating that despite some personal setbacks , he deserved his own command . She asked Halsey to keep that from him when assigned the Orville . Mercer and Grayson decide to put their differences aside , to work together as a team and stay as friends . Penny Johnson Jerald as Doctor Claire Finn , the Chief Medical Officer on the Orville , holding the rank of Lieutenant Commander . A physician of exceptional credentials , she has expertise in molecular surgery , DNA engineering and psychiatry , which could have afforded her the privilege of serving on the heavy cruiser of her choice . She instead chose the mid-level exploratory vessel because , as she explains to Mercer in the pilot , she prefers to request her transfers based on where she feels she is needed , as she feels more stimulated by such assignments . When she tells Mercer she felt he could use her help on his first command , he interprets this as lack of confidence on her part in his competence , though she denies this . Having never found the ideal opportunity to marry , she chose to become a single mother , and her two sons , Marcus and Ty , travel aboard the Orville with her . Scott Grimes as Lieutenant Gordon Malloy , the helmsman of the Orville and Mercer 's best friend . Considered the best helmsman in the fleet , he was relegated to desk duty after an attempt to impress a girl resulted in him shearing the door off a cargo bay during a precarious shuttle docking , losing cargo in the process . He was specifically requested by Mercer despite some hesitation by Admiral Halsey , who harbors concern over Malloy 's history of crude and juvenile pranks . Peter Macon as Lieutenant Commander Bortus , the second officer aboard the U.S.S. Orville . Bortus is from Moclus , a planet whose primary industry is weapons manufacturing , and whose inhabitants , the Moclans , are a single - gender species . Bortus exhibits a degree of stoic formality . For example , Bortus disapproves of the bridge crew discussing Mercer and Grayson 's breakup after Mercer leaves the bridge in the pilot episode . Among the peculiarities of the Moclans are that they only urinate once a year . Moclans reproduce through the laying of eggs , which are incubated for 21 days . Bortus and his mate , Klyden , become parents in the series ' second episode , when Bortus incubates and hatches an egg . When the child is revealed to be female , a rare occurrence among Moclans , Bortus and Klyden 's desire to have her undergo sex reassignment surgery provides the allegorical conflict of the series ' third episode . Halston Sage as Lieutenant Alara Kitan , the Orville 's 23 - year - old Chief of Security . She is a member of the Xelayan race , which inhabits a high - gravity planet , giving her greater - than - human strength , allowing her to knock down doors and walls by charging against them , or crush a handheld cube of solid titanium and reshape it into a sphere with her bare hands . J. Lee as Lieutenant John LaMarr , the navigator of the Orville . He and Malloy strike up an immediate friendship in the pilot , based on their ironic view that they are both `` jerks '' . Mark Jackson as Isaac , the Orville 's Science and Engineering Officer . Isaac is a member of the artificial , non-biological race from Kaylon - 1 that views biological lifeforms , including humans , as inferior . Isaac explains to Mercer in the pilot that the Union 's Admiralty offered a posting to any Kaylon willing to accept it , as an attempt to initiate relations between the two powers . Isaac accepted the offer because he saw it as a way to study human behavior . During the course of his time with the crew , he comes to observe and understand aspects of human behavior , such as sarcasm , slang , and practical jokes . Isaac perceives his surroundings with his body 's internal sensors , and not with the two glowing blue `` eyes '' on his face , which are purely aesthetic . Recurring ( edit ) Chad Coleman as Klyden , Bortus ' mate and father of their child . He first appears at the end of the series ' second episode . Norm Macdonald as the voice of Yaphit , an amorphous , gelatinous Engineering crew member of the Orville , who in his first few appearances , repeatedly attempts to obtain a date with Dr. Finn , and frequently flirts with other females on the ship . Larry Joe Campbell as Lieutenant Commander Steve Newton , Chief Engineer of the Orville . Rachael MacFarlane as the voice of the Orville computer . Guest stars ( edit ) Victor Garber as Admiral Halsey , Mercer 's superior and an old friend of Grayson 's father . He first appears in the series premiere . Brian George as Doctor Aronov , the leader of the Epsilon II science station in the series premiere Ron Canada as Admiral Tucker in Episodes 2 and 7 Jeffrey Tambor as Captain Mercer 's father , Ben in Episode 2 Holland Taylor as Captain Mercer 's mother , Jeannie in Episode 2 Jonathan Adams as the Moclan Arbitrator in Episode 3 Rena Owen as Heveena in Episode 3 Robert Knepper as Hamelac in Episode 4 Liam Neeson as Jahavus Dorahl , Captain of the derelict Bio Ship in Episode 4 Charlize Theron as Pria Lavesque , who appears in Episode 5 Kelly Hu as Admiral Ozawa , who appears in Episode 6 Michaela McManus as Teleya , a Krill teacher serving on Krill destroyer Yakar , in Episode 6 Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' Jon Favreau Seth MacFarlane September 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 10 ) 1LAB01 8.56 25th - century Union command officer Ed Mercer divorces his wife , Kelly Grayson , after he catches her cheating on him . A year later , he accepts a position as Captain of the U.S.S. Orville and finds ( to his dismay ) that his ex-wife will serve as his First Officer . During the Orville 's first mission , the hostile alien Krill Captain ( Joel Swetow ) attempts to steal a device that can accelerate time , which has both beneficial and dangerous applications . Mercer and Grayson rig the device to destroy itself and the Krill vessel . `` Command Performance '' Robert Duncan McNeill Seth MacFarlane September 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 17 ) 1LAB03 6.63 The technologically advanced Calivon imprison Mercer and Grayson in a replica of their former home as a zoo exhibit . Alara is left in command of the Orville , as Bortus has laid an egg and must incubate it . Alara is unsure of herself , but gains confidence with the help of Claire 's mentorship . Mercer and Grayson wonder if they could have made their relationship work , but finally conclude that they were never compatible for a long - term romantic relationship , despite their strong camaraderie . Admiral Tucker orders Alara to return to Earth instead of approaching the powerful Calivon ; Alara violates these orders and rescues Mercer and Grayson , along with an alien child , by trading an archive of Earth 's reality television for them . Ed presents Alara with a medal of honor and believes he and Grayson can prevent her from being punished for insubordination . A female offspring hatches from Bortus ' egg , stunning him and Klyden , as Moclan females are extremely rare . `` About a Girl '' Brannon Braga Seth MacFarlane September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 1LAB04 4.05 When Doctor Finn refuses Bortus and Klyden 's request to have their daughter undergo sex reassignment surgery , which is standard practice for Moclans on the very rare occasions when a female is born , the parents petition Mercer to order the procedure . Mercer refuses , as he ( and the rest of the crew ) object to performing such a procedure on a healthy infant , so Bortus and Klyden arrange to have the procedure performed on a Moclan vessel . Gordon and John change Bortus ' mind by showing him Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , but Klyden still wants to proceed , revealing that he was born female . The case is arbitrated on the Moclan planet , Moclus , where Grayson represents Bortus ; she casts doubt on the idea of male superiority by demonstrating that Alara is physically strong and Gordon is stupid . Ed locates a female Moclan of advanced years , Heveena , who testifies that she lived a happy and fulfilling life in seclusion , and reveals that under the pseudonym `` Gondus Elden , '' she has become an esteemed novelist on Moclus . But Klyden and the tribunal are unconvinced , and the baby undergoes the surgery . Despite their disagreement , Bortus and Klyden are committed to one another and to giving their son , Topa , a good life . `` If the Stars Should Appear '' James L. Conway Seth MacFarlane September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 1LAB02 3.70 The Orville encounters a huge , 2000 - year - old derelict ship drifting into a star . Mercer , Grayson , Kitan , Finn , and Isaac enter , discovering an artificial biosphere and a civilization of 3 million who worship an entity called Dorahl , and do not know they are on a ship . Grayson is held prisoner by their theocratic dictator Hamelac , who imposes a death penalty on `` Reformers '' who believe anything exists beyond the known world . While Bortus takes the Orville to save a colony ship from a Krill attack , Grayson 's crewmates rescue her and lead a group of Reformers to the alien ship 's bridge . An ancient recording from Captain Jahavus Dorahl ( played by Liam Neeson ) reveals that it was a generation ship disabled by an ion storm . Isaac initiates repairs and opens the hull 's window , enabling the populace to see stars for the first time , moving even Hamelac . Mercer makes arrangements for the Union to train the people to operate their ship . Meanwhile , Klyden is frustrated that Bortus ' duties leave him little time for family . 5 `` Pria '' Jonathan Frakes Seth MacFarlane October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 1LAB05 3.43 The Orville comes to the rescue of a mining ship . Grayson is suspicious of their new guest , Pria Lavesque ( Charlize Theron ) , to whom Mercer is clearly attracted . Grayson 's concerns are shown to have merit when Pria is discovered to be a time - traveling artifact dealer from the 29th Century . Pria claims to have rescued the Orville from a dark matter storm that would have killed them all , mainly so she could sell the ship to an artifact buyer in her own time . Meanwhile , Malloy tries to teach the concept of humor to Isaac , which soon backfires for him when Isaac pulls off a very unexpected practical joke . 6 `` Krill '' Jon Cassar David A. Goodman October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1LAB06 3.37 After recovering a Krill shuttle intact , Mercer and Malloy are ordered to pose as Krill soldiers in order to board one of their vessels and get a copy of the Ankhana , a sacred religious text . They are forced to change priorities when they learn that the Krill plan to detonate a powerful bomb over a remote Union colony . Rather than destroy the bomb , and therefore the ship , they exploit the Krill 's natural weakness to sunlight to eliminate all the crew members , with the exception of a classroom full of children and their teacher Teleya , who warns Mercer that his actions will only reinforce the Krill 's hatred for the Union . 7 `` Majority Rule '' Tucker Gates Seth MacFarlane October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1LAB07 4.18 An undercover team led by Grayson lands on Sargas 4 , an Earth - like planet with a culture similar to that of 21st - century human civilization , to locate two missing anthropologists . There , LaMarr is arrested after a video of him dancing with a beloved statue receives more than a million `` down '' votes , and must convince the public to pardon him or be subjected to `` treatment '' for his actions . Alara and Claire locate one of the missing , but find him in an irreversible lobotomized state . With LaMarr facing a final vote to determine his guilt , Mercer brings one of the planet 's inhabitants , Lysella , aboard the Orville and learns about the `` Master Feed '' , which Isaac is able to hack and upload doctored images of John , narrowly swinging the vote in his favor . Now free , John and the others return to the ship and depart . The next day , Lysella decides against taking part in a public vote . 8 `` Into the Fold '' Brannon Braga Brannon Braga & Andre Bormanis November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1LAB08 3.83 While traveling to a recreational planet in a shuttle , Isaac , Finn , and her sons Marcus and Ty fall into a spatial fold , and crash on a planet devastated by famine and disease , and populated by scattered groups of cannibals . Finn is separated from the other three and captured by a survivalist named Drogen , who refuses to let her leave . While she works to escape , Isaac , who is unfamiliar with the care of human children , is forced to protect her sons while he tries to fix the shuttle 's communication systems . Despite his efforts , Ty becomes ill from a deadly toxin . Finn kills Drogen and reunites with the others , and Isaac and Marcus manage to hold off a large attack by the cannibals just as backup arrives . Finn uses a blood sample to create a cure for Ty , and thanks Isaac for watching over her sons . In turn , Isaac admits that , for all the faults he sees in them , he still thinks of them fondly . 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' Jamie Babbit TBA November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1LAB09 TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' Jon Cassar TBA November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1LAB10 TBD 11 `` New Dimensions '' Kelly Cronin TBA November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) 1LAB11 TBD 12 TBA Kevin Hooks TBA TBA 1LAB12 TBD 13 TBA Seth MacFarlane TBA TBA 1LAB13 TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) MacFarlane originally wrote The Orville as a spec script , which was given a 13 - episode order by Fox on May 4 , 2016 , making it the first live - action television series created by MacFarlane , as well as his first live - action starring role on television . Following the project 's greenlight , MacFarlane stated , `` I 've wanted to do something like this show ever since I was a kid , and the timing finally feels right . ( ... ) I think this is gon na be something special . '' According to MacFarlane , The Orville was inspired by The Twilight Zone and Star Trek . He was also encouraged to sell the series due to the success of Guardians of the Galaxy and Deadpool . Casting ( edit ) On July 29 , 2016 , MacFarlane 's role was revealed to be Ed Mercer , the captain of the Orville , while Adrianne Palicki had been cast as Kelly Grayson , Ed 's ex-wife and the newly appointed first officer of the Orville , and Scott Grimes , who voices Steve Smith on American Dad ! ( another show created by MacFarlane ) , was cast as Gordon Malloy , Ed 's best friend whom he hires to pilot the Orville . On August 19 , Peter Macon and J Lee were cast as series regulars . On October 31 , Halston Sage and Penny Johnson Jerald joined the cast . On December 8 , Mark Jackson was cast . On April 3 , 2017 , Chad L. Coleman was added as a series regular and Larry Joe Campbell was cast in a recurring role . At San Diego Comic Con , MacFarlane said that Charlize Theron would guest - star in an episode . The two had previously co-starred in A Million Ways to Die in the West . Filming ( edit ) On August 24 , 2016 , Jon Favreau signed on to direct the pilot . Production on the pilot episode began in late 2016 , and the rest of the episodes began filming on March 27 , 2017 . Production wrapped on August 23 , 2017 . Jonathan Frakes and Robert Duncan McNeill also direct episodes of the show ; the two have directed Star Trek episodes in the past . Music ( edit ) The show uses a 75 - piece orchestra for the music in each episode , alongside several different composers . MacFarlane said `` We score it like a movie '' and `` We really put as much into that as we do into the effects . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 18 % approval rating , with an average rating of 4.61 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` An odd jumble of campiness and sincerity , homage and satire , The Orville never quite achieves liftoff . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 36 out of 100 , based on 21 reviews , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Liz Miller writing for IndieWire compared the series to Star Trek , calling it a rip - off and `` Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . She criticized the lack of creativity , the blatant imitation , and was surprised that the show is `` uninterested in being a comedy '' . Erik Kain of Forbes gave a positive review of the show with the observation that `` All the optimism and sincerity and lightheartedness of Star Trek is here , and in many ways it 's kind of wonderful . I 'm honestly surprised something like this exists . '' He says the critics were wrong and suggests their opinions are based on disliking MacFarlane and his type of humor . Ratings ( edit ) The Orville has performed well in ratings . After its Sunday premiere on September 10 , the show moved to Thursday nights at 9 pm . In its first broadcast in the new time slot , The Orville became Fox 's highest rated Thursday 9pm broadcast in two years . After taking into account DVR and VOD , The Orville was Fox 's most - viewed drama debut since the premiere of Empire in 2015 . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Old Wounds '' September 10 , 2017 2.7 / 9 8.56 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` Command Performance '' September 17 , 2017 2.2 / 8 6.63 0.9 2.42 3.1 9.05 `` About a Girl '' September 21 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.05 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` If the Stars Should Appear '' September 28 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.70 1.0 3.11 2.1 6.81 5 `` Pria '' October 5 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.43 3.35 2.1 6.79 6 `` Krill '' October 12 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.37 3.32 2.1 6.69 7 `` Majority Rule '' October 26 , 2017 1.2 / 5 4.18 TBD TBD TBD TBD 8 `` Into the Fold '' November 2 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.83 TBD TBD TBD TBD 9 `` Cupid 's Dagger '' November 9 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Firestorm '' November 16 , 2017 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z -- orville , the on fox '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca . `` TV News Roundup : ' The Orville ' Becomes Fox 's Biggest Drama Debut in Two Years in Delayed Viewing '' . Variety . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville : Seth MacFarlane Explains Why His New Show Is n't Just a Comedy '' . TV Line . August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Gets Movie - Style Scoring From Emmy - Winning Composers '' . Variety . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Seth MacFarlane to Create , Executive - Produce and Star in New Series '' . FOX.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Gifted , The Orville and Other Fox Shows Premiere '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Martinelli , Marissa ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane 's The Orville Is More Earnest Star Trek Homage Than ' Family Guy in Space ' '' `` '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Orville Renewed for Season 2 '' . TV Line . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki Stars In Seth MacFarlane Fox Series , Scott Grimes Co-Stars '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old Wounds '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 1 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Orville on FOX '' . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Look In 360 ° '' . YouTube . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Into the Fold '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 8 . Fox Broadcasting Company . November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` About a Girl '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Command Performance '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 2 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Jackson Joins Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville '' . Deadline . December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pria '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 5 . Fox Broadcasting Company . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( September 2 , 2017 ) . `` MacFarlane is lost in space with ' Orville ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` If the Stars Should Appear '' , The Orville , Season 1 , Episode 4 . Fox Broadcasting Company . September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael MacFarlane ( @ GirlMacFarlane ) '' . Twitter . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' and ' SNF ' adjust up , Miss America and ' 20 / 20 ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' adjusts down , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Gotham , ' ' Zoo ' and CW originals unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 109 ) ' Cupid 's Dagger ' '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` The awesomely talented @ BabbitJamie directing on @ TheOrville this week -- fun days '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 110 ) `` Firestorm '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ca n't wait to have the genius of @ joncassar back for more ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ( ORV - 111 ) `` New Dimensions '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Thanks to our awesome @ TheOrville episode 11 director Kelly Cronin for a great show ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` @ KevHooks bringing his brilliance to @ TheOrville this week '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Seth MacFarlane ( @ SethMacFarlane ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` That is a wrap on season 1 of @ TheOrville -- Thanks to our incomparable cast and crew for everything ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth MacFarlane To Create & Star In Fox Sci - Fi Dramedy Series For 2017 - 18 Season '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth MacFarlane Talks New Comedy ' Orville ' '' . Access Hollywood YouTube Page . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Seth MacFarlane Got Charlize Theron To Be On ' The Orville ' '' . Entertainment Weekly YouTube Page . July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Peter Macon & J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLennan , Cindy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Orville : Peter Macon and J Lee Join Seth MacFarlane 's New FOX Comedy '' . TV Series Finale . United States : DreamHost . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Halston Sage & Penny Johnson Jerald Join Seth MacFarlane 's Sci - Fi Dramedy At Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chad L. Coleman & Larry Joe Campbell Join Seth MacFarlane 's Fox Series ' Orville ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Charlize Theron to guest on Seth MacFarlane 's space - set series The Orville '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau To Direct Seth MacFarlane 's Space Comedic Drama Series For Fox '' . Deadline.com . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Miller , Liz ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' Review : Seth MacFarlane 's ' Star Trek ' Rip - Off is Creatively , Morally , and Ethically Bankrupt '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 16 , 2017 ) . `` Interview : Seth MacFarlane On The Orville 's Unique Tone , ' Star Trek ' Roots '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` The Orville : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Orville - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Critics Must Be Crazy : Seth MacFarlane 's ' The Orville ' Captures The Spirit Of ' Star Trek ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` The Orville vs. Star Trek : Discovery Ratings : Both Open Competitively '' . IndieWire . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . More than one of website = and work = specified ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville ' ties ' America 's Got Talent ' in 18 - 49 : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Sept. 11 - 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Orville on IMDb The Orville on Facebook Seth MacFarlane Filmography Awards Series created Family Guy American Dad ! Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy The Cleveland Show The Orville Films directed Ted A Million Ways to Die in the West Ted 2 Studio albums Music Is Better Than Words Holiday for Swing No One Ever Tells You Novels A Million Ways to Die in the West Characters Peter Griffin Brian Griffin Stewie Griffin Glenn Quagmire Stan Smith Roger See also Fuzzy Door Productions The Life of Larry and Larry & Steve Rachael MacFarlane `` Everybody Needs a Best Friend '' Night of the Hurricane Fuzzy Door Productions Seth MacFarlane Television series Animated Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) American Dad ! ( since 2005 ) The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 13 ) Bordertown ( 2016 ) Live - action The Winner ( 2007 ) Dads ( 2013 -- 14 ) Blunt Talk ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Documentary Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( 2014 ) Films Straight - to - DVD Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story ( 2005 ) Theatrical Ted ( 2012 ) A Million Ways to Die in the West ( 2014 ) Ted 2 ( 2015 ) Web series Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy ( 2008 -- 09 ) Night of the Hurricane Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime American Grit ( since 2016 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine ( since 2013 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) The Exorcist ( since 2016 ) The F Word ( since 2017 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) Ghosted ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Home Free ( since 2015 ) Hotel Hell ( since 2012 ) The Last Man on Earth ( since 2015 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) Lucifer ( since 2016 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) The Mick ( since 2017 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) New Girl ( since 2011 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) Wayward Pines ( since 2015 ) The X-Files ( 1993 -- 2002 ; since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Upcoming 9 - 1 - 1 ( TBA ) Famous ( TBA ) L.A. to Vegas ( TBA ) The Resident ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Fox Kids Speed on Fox Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Orville&oldid=809425211 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2010s American comedy television series American science fiction television series Comic science fiction English - language television programs Fox network shows Parodies of Star Trek Space adventure television series Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Fuzzy Door Productions Television series set in the future Television series created by Seth MacFarlane Hidden categories : Pages with citations having redundant parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 00 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

whose voice is the robot on the orville

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Abe Gubegna

Abe Gubegna - wikipedia Abe Gubegna Jump to : navigation , search Abe Gubegna ( 1934 - 1980 ) , also spelled `` Abbé '' or `` Abbie '' , ( Amharic : አበ ጉበኛ ) was an Ethiopian novelist and playwright . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life & work 2 Works in English 3 References 4 External links Life & work ( edit ) He was born in Achefer , Yismala Giorgis and attended the local church schools where he became acquainted with liturgical poetry and music . actually he did n't attend a university / but he attended his seconadry school in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , he became a journalist and , later , a civil servant . He eventually decided to devote all his time to writing , becoming Ethiopia 's first full - time professional writer . He was very outspoken on political issues and many of his books were banned . At one point , he was sentenced to three years of forced confinement to a small area surrounding his home . During the `` Red Terror - White Terror '' days 1976 - 1979 he was one of the outspoken `` Apostles '' of change that nonetheless decried the blood shed others in the leftist movements believed were not only unavoidable but necessary . His vehemence against violence resulted in a newspaper article in which he suggested those thirsty for blood may be better served drinking their wive 's menustral flow . Though this comment garnered him the ill - will of those who urged bloodshed and violence there is no indication that it led to anything more than his being sidelined for his immodesty . His most famous novel is Aliwalidim ( I Will Not Be Born , 1962 ) , a satire about a baby who refuses to emerge from his mother 's womb because of the unjust world waiting outside . In his later years , he participated in the International Writing Fellowship Program at the University of Iowa . He is credited with the following well - known quote ( c. 1974 ) : `` Every day in Africa a gazelle wakes up . It knows it must run faster than the fastest lion or it will be killed . Every morning a lion wakes up . It knows that it must outrun the slowest gazelle or it will starve to death . It does n't matter whether you are a lion or a gazelle . When the sun comes up , you better be running . '' Works in English ( edit ) Defiance , Oxford University Press ( 1975 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 572420 - 8 The Savage Girl , Berhanena Selam ( 1964 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Oxford University Press , brief biography from `` Defiance '' External links ( edit ) Saturday Monitor : Banning book could be a blessing in disguise VIAF : 163851822 LCCN : no96026324 SUDOC : 073384941 IATH : w64n13p6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abe_Gubegna&oldid=785298123 '' Categories : 1934 births 1980 deaths Ethiopian journalists Ethiopian novelists Ethiopian dramatists and playwrights 20th - century novelists Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Français Galego Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 12 June 2017 , at 18 : 59 . About Wikipedia

every morning in africa a gazelle wakes up author

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Swee'Pea

Swee'Pea - wikipedia Swee'Pea Jump to : navigation , search `` Swee ' Pea '' is also the nickname of the jazz composer Billy Strayhorn . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Swee'Pea Popeye character First appearance July 24 , 1933 Created by E.C. Segar Portrayed by Wesley Ivan Hurt ( 1980 film ) Voiced by Mae Questel ( 1936 -- 1938 , 1950s -- 1960s ) Margie Hines ( 1938 -- 1943 ) Marilyn Schreffler ( 1970s -- 1980s ) Corinne Orr ( 1972 ) Tabitha St. Germain ( 2004 ) Information Gender Male Family Popeye ( adoptive father ) Swee'Pea ( alternatively spelled Swee'pea and Sweapea on some titles and once called Sweep Pea ) is a character in E.C. Segar 's comic strip Thimble Theatre / Popeye and in the cartoon series derived from it . His name refers to the flower known as the sweet pea . Before his addition to the animated shorts , the name `` Sweet Pea '' was a term of affection used by main character Popeye . In the cartoon We Aim to Please , he addressed girlfriend Olive Oyl that way . In the comics , Swee'Pea is a baby found on Popeye 's doorstep ( actually delivered to him in a box ) in a July 24 , 1933 strip . Popeye adopts and raises him as his son , or , as he puts it `` boy - kid '' . Initially , Swee'Pea's speech consisted entirely of the sound `` glop '' . As the years went on , Swee'Pea apparently aged enough to speak normally , and could throw punches if necessary ; however , his appearance remained that of a crawling baby . In the strip for August 17 , 1933 , Popeye christens Swee'Pea as ' Scooner Seawell Georgia Washenting Christiffer Columbia Daniel Boom ' . Although Swee'Pea remains his most common sobriquet , he is occasionally referred to as Scooner by Popeye and others in later strips . In November 2004 , Popeye officially adopted Swee'pea in a ceremony officiated by Judge Greg Mathis and hosted by the National Council for Adoption in New York City . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film 1.1 Appearances 2 Parodies 3 References 4 External links Film ( edit ) In the animated Popeye cartoons produced by Max Fleischer and later by Famous Studios , Swee'Pea was portrayed as being in the care of Olive Oyl , although it was unclear whether he was her own child ( in the King Features cartoons of the early 1960s , it is implied that Swee'Pea is Popeye 's nephew ) . From 1936 -- 1938 Mae Questel provided the voice for Swee'Pea which was then taken over by voice actress Margie Hines from 1938 to 1943 . Mae Questel was recast as Swee'Pea in the ( 1960s ) Popeye shorts . Marilyn Schreffler replaced Mae Questel as the voice of Swee'Pea from the ( 1970s -- 1980s ) , Corinne Orr also did the role as Swee'Pea in Popeye Meets The Man Who Hated Laughter ( 1972 ) . Swee'Pea was also voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in Popeye 's Voyage The Quest for Pappy ( 2004 ) . In the feature film Popeye , Swee'Pea is found inside a basket that his mother has secretly switched with an identical one belonging to Olive Oyl ; a note attached to him asks Popeye to look after Swee'Pea until his mother can return to claim him . Popeye proposes the name Swee'Pea for the child ; Olive objects , saying it sounds ridiculous , and he retorts , `` Well , what were you going to call him ? Baby Oyl ? '' In the film , Swee'Pea can also foretell the future ; answering questions in the affirmative by a quick rising whistle . In the film he was played by Wesley Ivan Hurt . In other accounts , Swee'Pea is depicted as royalty . After Swee'Pea's birth father is killed , Swee'Pea is made the Crown Prince of Demonia . As Swee'Pea is of royal birth , he needed protection from an evil uncle who wanted to eliminate him and take control of the country . Swee'Pea's mother left him on the doorstep of the Oyl home , knowing Popeye the trustworthy sailor would protect him . Alice the Goon ( originally depicted as a slave of the Sea Hag ) reappeared in a flower dress and hat and officially became Swee'Pea's babysitter after protests by parents who said the hairy monster frightened children . Appearances ( edit ) Popeye the Sailor with Little Swee'Pea ( 1936 ) Lost and Foundry ( 1937 ) I Likes Babies and Infinks ( 1937 ) The Football Toucher Downer ( 1937 ) Popeye the Sailor with the Jeep ( 1938 ) Wotta Nitemare ! ( 1939 ) Never Sock a Baby ( 1939 ) Nurse Mates ( 1940 ) Doing Imposskible Stunts ( 1940 ) Puttin ' on the Act ( 1940 ) Child Psykolojiky ( 1941 ) Baby Wants a Bottleship ( 1942 ) Baby Wants Spinach ( 1950 ) Thrill of Fair ( 1951 ) Child Sockology ( 1953 ) Nurse to Meet Ya ( 1955 ) Popeye Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy ( 2004 ) Parodies ( edit ) In MAD Magazine # 21 ( 1951 ) , a parody of Swee ' Pea named `` Swee ' Back '' appeared in Poopeye . Unlike Swee ' Pea ' , this version could speak in an adult and coherent way and perpetually lured Poopeye into fights with other comic strip characters ( claiming that each one had struck him ) , including `` Mammy Jokeum '' ( a parody of `` Mammy Yokum '' from Li'l Abner ) , `` Melvin of the Apes '' ( a parody of Tarzan ) and `` Superduperman '' ( a parody of Superman ) . After Poopeye had defeated all of them thanks to spinach - containing foods provided by `` Mazola Oil '' ( a parody of Olive Oyl ) , Swee ' Back revealed his true identity as an adult midget named Mister Swee ' Back ( also `` Mad Man '' Swee ' Back ) who was the Broccoli King and that he had set Poopeye up to be defeated because of Poopeye 's spinach use causing broccoli to be outsold . Although punched out by Swee ' Back , Poopeye found some spinach and obliterated the evil Swee ' Back . The story was reprinted in the paperback MAD Strikes Back ( 1962 ) , which was later reprinted in a 50th Anniversary Edition ( iBooks , Inc. , New York , ISBN 0 - 7434 - 4478 - 7 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Grandinetti , Fred M. ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Popeye : An Illustrated Cultural History , 2d ed . '' . McFarland . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Caso , Frank ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Robert Altman : In the American Grain '' . Reaktion Books . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Gunden , Kenneth Von ( February 1 , 1989 ) . `` Flights of Fancy : The Great Fantasy Films '' . McFarland . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Phelps , Donald ( May 1 , 2001 ) . `` Reading the Funnies '' . Fantagraphics Books . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Popeye official site `` Older Swee'Pea '' ( hide ) Popeye created by E.C. Segar Characters Main Popeye Bluto Olive Oyl Wimpy Supporting Swee'Pea Alice the Goon Eugene the Jeep George W. Geezil Harold Hamgravy Castor Oyl Poopdeck Pappy Sea Hag Authors and artists Hy Eisman Seymour Kneitel Roger Langridge Bobby London Bruce Ozella Bill Pearson Bud Sagendorf E.C. Segar Tom Sims George Wildman Doc Winner Bela Zaboly Theatrical shorts Popeye the Sailor Fleischer Studios cartoons Famous Studios cartoons Popeye the Sailor DVD series : Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3 , Volume 4 and Volume 5 Television shows Popeye the Sailor The All New Popeye Hour Popeye and Son The Popeye Show Film / specials Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba 's Forty Thieves Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp Popeye Meets the Man Who Hated Laughter The Popeye Valentine 's Day Special - Sweethearts at Sea Popeye ( 1980 ) Popeye 's Voyage : The Quest for Pappy Popeye Video games Arcade game Popeye ( Game Boy ) Popeye 2 Popeye no Eigo Asobi Popeye Saves the Earth Rush for Spinach Ijiwaru Majo Seahag no Maki Beach Volleyball Other Popeye Song Folio Popeye Village Popeye and Bluto 's Bilge - Rat Barges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swee%27Pea&oldid=796120287 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1933 Fictional adoptees Popeye characters Fictional royalty Child characters in comics Male characters in comics Animated human characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from May 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Nederlands Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2017 , at 16 : 26 . 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who did sweet pea belong to on popeye

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Personal income in the United States

Personal income in the United States - Wikipedia Personal income in the United States This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Median personal income for the population age 25 or older in 2005 U.S. Productivity , Real Hourly Compensation and Trade Policy ( 1948 - 2013 ) Real GDP , Real Wages and Trade Policy in the U.S. ( 1947 -- 2014 ) Personal income is an individual 's total earnings from wages , investment interest , and other sources . The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a median personal income of $865 weekly for all full - time workers in 2017 . The U.S Bureau of the Census has the annual real median personal income at $31,099 in 2016 . Inflation - adjusted ( `` real '' ) per - capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008 , but has since remained generally level . Income patterns are evident on the basis of age , sex , ethnicity and educational characteristics . In 2005 roughly half of all those with graduate degrees were among the nation 's top 15 % of income earners . Among different demographics ( gender , marital status , ethnicity ) for those over the age of 18 , median personal income ranged from $3,317 for an unemployed , married Asian American female to $55,935 for a full - time , year - round employed Asian American male . According to the US Census , men tended to have higher income than women , while Asians and Whites earned more than African Americans and Hispanics . Contents 1 Income statistics 1.1 Personal income and disposable personal income 1.2 Census Money Income 2 By educational attainment 3 Income distribution 4 Over time , by ethnicity and sex 5 By ethnicity and origin 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Income statistics ( edit ) In the United States the most widely cited personal income statistics are the Bureau of Economic Analysis 's personal income and the Census Bureau 's per capita money income . The two statistics spring from different traditions of measurement -- personal income from national economic accounts and money income from household surveys . BEA 's statistics relate personal income to measures of production , including GDP , and is considered an indicator of consumer spending . The Census Bureau 's statistics provide detail on income distribution and demographics and are used to produce the nation 's official poverty statistics . Personal income and disposable personal income ( edit ) BEA 's personal income measures the income received by persons from participation in production , from government and business transfers , and from holding interest - bearing securities and corporate stocks . Personal income also includes income received by nonprofit institutions serving households , by private non-insured welfare funds , and by private trust funds . BEA also publishes disposable personal income , which measures the income available to households after paying federal and state and local government income taxes . Income from production is generated both by the labor of individuals ( for example , in the form of wages and salaries and of proprietors ' income ) and by the capital that they own ( in the form of rental income of persons ) . Income that is not earned from production in the current period -- such as capital gains , which relate to changes in the price of assets over time -- is excluded . BEA 's monthly personal income estimates are one of several key macroeconomic indicators that the National Bureau of Economic Research considers when dating the business cycle . Personal income and disposable personal income are provided both as aggregate and as per capita statistics . BEA produces monthly estimates of personal income for the nation , quarterly estimates of state personal income , and annual estimates of local - area personal income . More information is found on BEA 's website . See also : Per capita personal income in the United States Census money income ( edit ) The Census Bureau collects income data on several major surveys , including the Annual Social and Economic Supplement ( ASEC ) of the Current Population Survey ( CPS ) , the Survey of Income and Program Participation ( SIPP ) , and the American Community Survey ( ACS ) . The CPS is the source of the official national estimates of poverty and the most widely cited source of annual household income estimates for the United States . The CPS measure of money income is defined as the total pre-tax cash income received by people on a regular basis , excluding certain lump - sum payments and excluding capital gains . The Census Bureau also produces alternative estimates of income and poverty based on broadened definitions of income that include many of these income components that are not included in money income . The Census Bureau releases estimates of household money income as medians , percent distributions by income categories , and on a per capita basis . Estimates are available by demographic characteristics of householders and by the composition of households . More details on income concepts and sources are found on the Census Bureau 's website . By educational attainment ( edit ) Median personal income by educational attainment ( 2017 ) Measure Some high school High school graduate Some college Associate 's degree Bachelor 's degree or higher Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Professional degree Doctorate degree Persons , age 25 + w / earnings $24,576 $33,669 $37,968 $37,968 $61,440 $56,592 $70,608 $91,538 $79,231 Male , age 25 + w / earnings $22,214 $32,307 $39,823 $43,785 $70,437 $62,304 $78,222 $111,881 $91,604 Female , age 25 + w / earnings $20,784 $28,896 $33,360 $33,360 $54,480 $49,248 $61,200 $65,012 $68,887 Persons , age 25 + , employed full - time $30,598 $38,102 $43,377 $47,401 $71,221 $64,074 $77,285 $117,679 $101,307 Income distribution ( edit ) Of those individuals with income who were older than 15 years of age , approximately 50 % had incomes below $30,000 while the top 10 % had incomes exceeding $95,000 a year in 2015 . The distribution of income among individuals differs substantially from household incomes as 39 % of all households had two or more income earners . As a result , 25 % of households have incomes above $100,000 , even though only 9.2 % of Americans had incomes exceeding $100,000 in 2010 . As a reference point , the US minimum wage since 2009 has been $7.25 per hour or $15,080 for the 2080 hours in a typical work year . The minimum wage is approximately 25 % over the official U.S. government - designated poverty income level for a single person unit ( before taxes ) and about 63 % of the designated poverty level for a family of four , assuming only one worker ( before taxes ) . ( See Poverty in the United States ) . Annual wages of $30,160 ; $45,240 ; $75,400 ; $150,800 and $1.5 M correspond to 2 , 3 , 5 , 10 and 100 times minimum wage respectively . Income distribution among all those above age 25 and those between 25 and 64 with earnings . NOTE : 25 + statistics will not add up exactly to 100 % due to the unemployment rate Income range Number of people Percent in group Percent at or below Cumulative percentages Under $2,500 14,689,000 6.48 6.48 less than $25 k 42.87 % less than $50 k 70.23 % less than $100 k 90.85 % $2,500 to $4,999 6,262,000 2.76 9.24 $5,000 to $7,499 7,657,000 3.38 12.62 $7,500 to $9,999 10,551,000 4.65 17.27 $10,000 to $12,499 12,474,000 5.50 22.77 $12,500 to $14,999 8,995,000 3.97 26.74 $15,000 to $17,499 10,672,000 4.71 31.44 $17,500 to $19,999 7,931,000 3.50 34.94 $20,000 to $22,499 11,301,000 4.86 39.80 $22,500 to $24,999 6,962,000 3.07 42.87 $25,000 to $50,000 $25,000 to $27,499 9,623,000 4.24 47.12 $25 k -- $50 k 27.36 % $27,500 to $29,999 5,535,000 2.44 49.56 $30,000 to $32,499 10,399,000 4.59 54.15 $32,500 to $34,999 4,429,000 1.95 56.10 $35,000 to $37,499 7,975,000 3.52 59.62 $37,500 to $39,999 3,930,000 1.73 61.35 $40,000 to $42,499 8,091,000 3.57 64.92 $42,500 to $44,999 3,113,000 1.37 66.29 $45,000 to $47,499 5,718,000 2.52 68.81 $47,500 to $49,999 3,221,000 1.42 70.23 $50,000 to $75,000 $50,000 to $52,499 7,130,000 3.14 73.38 $50 k -- $75 k 14.06 % $50 k -- $100 k 20.62 % $52,500 to $54,999 2,489,000 1.10 74.47 $55,000 to $57,499 3,834,000 1.69 76.16 $57,500 to $59,999 2,066,000 0.91 77.08 $60,000 to $62,499 5,047,000 2.23 79.30 $62,500 to $64,999 1,894,000 0.84 80.14 $65,000 to $67,499 3,289,000 1.45 81.59 $67,500 to $69,999 1,493,000 0.66 82.24 $70,000 to $72,499 3,264,000 1.44 83.68 $72,500 to $74,999 1,372,000 0.61 84.29 $75,000 to $100,000 $75,000 to $77,499 2,922,000 1.29 85.58 $75 k -- $100 k 6.56 % $77,500 to $79,999 1,307,000 0.58 86.15 $80,000 to $82,499 2,725,000 1.20 87.36 $82,500 to $84,999 1,021,000 0.45 87.81 $85,000 to $87,499 1,508,000 0.67 88.47 $87,500 to $89,999 856,000 0.38 88.85 $90,000 to $92,499 1,966,000 0.87 89.72 $92,500 to $94,999 712,000 0.31 90.03 $95,000 to $97,499 1,090,000 0.48 90.51 $97,500 to $99,999 768,000 0.34 90.85 $100,000 or more $100,000 or more 20,755,000 9.15 100 9.15 % SOURCE : US Census Bureau , Current Population Survey 2016 Over time , by ethnicity and sex ( edit ) This chart is median income of 15 year olds or older , who have non-zero income . Amounts are shown in nominal dollars and in real dollars ( in parentheses , 2017 dollars ) . 1950 1960 1970 1980 2000 2016 Overall Male $2,570 ( $26,270 ) $4,080 ( $33,940 ) $6,670 ( $42,270 ) $12,530 ( $37,530 ) $20,293 ( $38,210 ) $28,343 ( $40,490 ) $30,513 ( $39,740 ) $38,869 ( $38,896 ) Female $953 ( $9,742 ) $1,261 ( $10,490 ) $2,237 ( $14,180 ) $4,920 ( $14,690 ) $10,070 ( $18,960 ) $16,063 ( $22,950 ) $17,629 ( $22,960 ) $24,892 ( $24,892 ) White / European American Male $2,709 ( $27,690 ) $4,296 ( $35,740 ) $7,011 ( $44,430 ) $13,328 ( $39,790 ) $21,170 ( $39,860 ) $29,797 ( $42,570 ) $31,335 ( $40,810 ) $40,632 ( $40,632 ) Female $1,060 ( $10,840 ) $1,352 ( $11,250 ) $2,266 ( $14,360 ) $4,947 ( $14,770 ) $10,317 ( $19,430 ) $16,079 ( $22,970 ) $17,648 ( $22,990 ) $25,221 ( $25,221 ) Black / African American Male $1,471 ( $15,040 ) $2,260 ( $18,800 ) $4,157 ( $26,340 ) $8,009 ( $23,910 ) $12,868 ( $24,230 ) $21,343 ( $30,490 ) $22,740 ( $29,620 ) $29,376 ( $29,376 ) Female $474 ( $4,846 ) $837 ( $6,963 ) $2,063 ( $13,070 ) $4,580 ( $13,670 ) $8,328 ( $15,680 ) $15,581 ( $22,260 ) $18,379 ( $23,940 ) $22,690 ( $22,690 ) Asian Male NA NA NA NA $19,394 ( $36,520 ) $30,833 ( $44,050 ) $32,419 ( $42,230 ) $46,590 ( $46,590 ) Female NA NA NA NA $11,086 ( $20,870 ) $17,356 ( $24,800 ) $20,618 ( $26,860 ) $26,771 ( $26,771 ) By ethnicity and origin ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2013 ) Personal income varied significantly with an individual 's racial characteristics with racial discrepancies having remained largely stagnant since 1996 . Overall , Asian Americans earned higher median personal incomes than any other racial demographic . Asian Americans had a median income roughly ten percent higher than that of Whites . The only exception was among the holders of graduate degrees who constitute 8.9 % of the population . Among those with a master 's , professional or doctorate degree , those who identified as White had the highest median individual income . This racial income gap was relatively small . Those identifying as Hispanic or Latino ( who may have been of any `` race '' ) had the lowest overall median personal income , earning 28.51 % less than Whites and 35 % less than Asian Americans . The second largest racial or ethnic gap was between Whites and African Americans with the former earning roughly 22 % more than the latter . Thus one can observe a significant discrepancy with the median income of Asians and Whites and that of African Americans and Hispanics . Overall the race gap between African Americans and Whites has remained roughly equal between both races over the past decade . Both races saw a gain in median income between 1996 and 2006 , with the income growth among African Americans slightly outpacing that of Whites . In 1996 the median income for Whites was $5,957 ( 31 % ) higher than for Blacks . In 2006 the gap in median incomes was nearly identical with the median income for Whites being $5,929 ( 22 % ) higher than that for African Americans . While the gap remains numerically unchanged , the percentage difference between the two races has decreased as a result of mutual increases in median personal income . Measuring income by per capita is another way to look at personal earnings by race . Unlike median statistics , per capita statistics are affected by extremely high and low incomes . According to the U.S Census Bureau `` The per capita income for the overall population in 2008 was $26,964 ; for non-Hispanic Whites , it was $31,313 ; for Blacks , it was $18,406 ; for Asians , it was $30,292 ; and for Hispanics , it was $15,674 . '' For information on the income of households , see Household income in the United States . The number of thousands of individuals in each income bracket Percent of households with six figure incomes and individuals with incomes in the top 10 % , exceeding $77,500 Median personal income by race ( note : can be misleading , since `` Hispanics '' includes people of all racial categories ) Race Overall median High school Some college College graduate Bachelor 's degree Master 's degree Doctorate Total population All , age 25 + 32,140 26,505 31,054 49,303 43,143 52,390 70,853 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 39,509 31,610 37,150 56,027 50,959 61,324 79,292 White alone All , age 25 + 33,030 27,311 31,564 49,972 43,833 52,318 71,268 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 40,422 32,427 38,481 56,903 51,543 61,441 77,906 Asian alone All , age 25 + 36,152 25,285 29,982 51,481 42,466 61,452 69,653 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 42,109 27,041 33,120 60,532 51,040 71,316 91,430 African American All , age 25 + 27,101 22,379 27,648 44,534 41,572 48,266 61,894 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 32,021 26,230 32,392 47,758 45,505 52,858 73,265 Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) All , age 25 + 23,613 22,941 28,698 41,596 37,819 50,901 67,274 Full - time workers , age 25 - 64 27,266 26,461 33,120 46,594 41,831 53,880 N / A Source : US Census Bureau , 2006 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Income distribution in the United States . Adjusted gross income , which includes AGI by year for the US Economy of the United States Income inequality metrics Atkinson index Gini coefficient Hoover index Theil index References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , 25 + , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ Ravikumar , B. ; Shao , Lin . `` Labor Compensation and Labor Productivity : Recent Recoveries and the Long - Term Trend '' . ^ Jump up to : `` USUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS FIRST QUARTER 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Labor Statistics . U.S. Department of Labor . April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Median Personal Income in the United States '' . 2016 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Real Disposable Personal Income : Per capita '' Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis , 2013 Jump up ^ `` The Rich Are Enjoying The Recovery While Wages Fall For Everyone Else '' ThinkProgress , January 25 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , females , 18 or older , unemployed , personal income , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , male , 18 or older , employed full - time year round , 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The NBER 's Business Cycle Dating Committee '' . www.nber.org . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product - U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis ( BEA ) '' . www.bea.gov . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Poverty '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` ( title ) '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Unemployment rates and earnings by educational attainment '' . www.bls.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , `` Income Distribution to $250,000 or More for Households : 2014 '' `` . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` US DOL , Minimum Wage '' . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , distribution of personal income , 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , income distribution , ages 25 - 64 , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Taken from World Almanac ( in turn sourced to US Census Bureau ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Asian Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Whites , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for Hispanic Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau , Personal income for African Americans , age 25 + , 2006 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income by race , age 25 + , 1996 '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Income , Poverty , and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States : 2008 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US Census Bureau , Personal income , age 25 + , 2006 statistics forum '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 17 . 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Adel al-Jubeir

Adel Al - Jubeir - wikipedia Adel Al - Jubeir Jump to : navigation , search Adel al - Jubeir Al - Jubeir in 2016 Minister of Foreign Affairs Incumbent Assumed office 29 April 2015 Monarch Salman Preceded by Saud Al Faisal Saudi Ambassador to the United States In office 29 January 2007 -- 28 April 2015 Preceded by Turki bin Faisal Al Saud Succeeded by Abdullah bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud Personal details ( 1962 - 02 - 01 ) 1 February 1962 ( age 55 ) Al Majma'ah , Saudi Arabia Political party Independent Alma mater University of North Texas Georgetown University Adel bin Ahmed Al - Jubeir ( Arabic : عادل بن أحمد الجبير ‎ ‎ ; born 1 February 1962 ) is a diplomat who has been Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs since 29 April 2015 . He is the second person not belonging to the House of Saud to hold the office , after Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel . He previously served as the Saudi Ambassador to the United States from 2007 to 2015 , and he was also a foreign policy advisor to King Abdullah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Political career 3 Diplomatic career 4 Developments during tenure as ambassador 4.1 Arms transfers 4.2 Assassination plot 5 Foreign Minister 5.1 Iran nuclear deal 5.2 Russian involvement in Syria 5.3 Removal of Assad 5.4 Saudi Arabia 's intervention in Yemen 6 Honors 7 Personal life 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Al - Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah , Riyadh Province , Saudi Arabia . He attended schools in Saudi Arabia , Germany , Yemen , Lebanon and the U.S . He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982 , and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984 . In 2006 , he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas . Political career ( edit ) In 1987 , Al - Jubeir was appointed into the Saudi Diplomatic Service and posted to the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , DC , where he served as Special Assistant to then Ambassador Prince Bandar bin Sultan . It was in 1991 during the first Gulf War when Al - Jubeir first appeared to the world as a spokesman for the Saudi government . In 1990 - 91 , he was part of the Saudi team that established the Joint Information Bureau at Dhahran , a city in Saudi Arabia 's Eastern Province , during Operation Desert Shield / Desert Storm . He was a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference in October 1991 , and a member of the Saudi delegation to the Multilateral Arms Control Talks in Washington , DC in 1992 . In December 1992 , he was dispatched with the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope . Al - Jubeir was a member of the Saudi Arabian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly , and was a visiting diplomatic fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City , 1994 - 95 . During his tenure at the Saudi Embassy , Al - Jubeir developed strong ties on Capitol Hill , in the Administration , the media and with major think tanks in Washington . In 2000 , Al - Jubeir became Director of the Saudi Information and Congressional Affairs Office at the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington , DC . In late 2000 , he was named Foreign Affairs Advisor in the Crown Prince 's Court . In August 2005 , King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz appointed Al - Jubeir to the position of Advisor at the Royal Court . Following the September 11 attacks , Al - Jubeir returned to the United States to address the many questions and criticisms that faced the Kingdom at that time . Al - Jubeir became the face of Saudi Arabia through hundreds of television appearances as well as other media interviews and visited more than 25 cities around the country where he gave talks to World Affairs Councils , universities , civic organizations , business institutions and other interested groups about current events and the state of Saudi / U.S. relations . Diplomatic career ( edit ) On 29 January 2007 Al - Jubeir was appointed as Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America with the rank of Minister . As ambassador , Al - Jubeir focused on strengthening the bilateral relationship by building ties across government departments in both countries . Another key area of focus was the welfare of Saudi citizens living in the United States . Other issues of focus included counter-terrorism , regional peace and security , bilateral trade , cultural exchange and interfaith dialogue . Prior to becoming ambassador , he was instrumental in establishing and maintaining the U.S. - Saudi Strategic Dialogue , which was initiated by King Abdullah and President Bush as a means to institutionalize relations between the two nations and deepen coordination on strategic , political and economic issues . As Ambassador Al - Jubeir travelled frequently to the Kingdom for consultations with the King and other senior Saudi officials . He was regularly seen with King Abdullah in meetings with world leaders and accompanied King Abdullah on many state visits including Oman , China , India , Pakistan , Malaysia in 2006 , Germany , Italy , Turkey , and Egypt in 2007 , the G20 London Summit and Doha Arab Summit in 2009 and G20 Toronto Summit in 2010 . Ambassador Al - Jubeir was part of King Abdullah 's delegation on his visit to the Vatican in November 2007 , where King Abduallah met with Pope Benedict XVI , the first meeting between a Saudi monarch and a Pope . In July 2008 , King Abdullah convened an interfaith conference in Madrid , Spain , bringing together major figures from Islam , Judaism , Christianity , Hinduism , Buddhism , Shintoism and Confucianism to reinforce the common values shared by their respective faiths . In November 2007 , Al - Jubeir joined Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al - Faisal for the meeting of the Arab League Foreign Ministers in Cairo in preparation for the Annapolis Peace Conference . He was also a member of the Saudi delegation to the Annapolis Peace Conference in November 2007 . During Ambassador Al - Jubeir 's tenure , Saudi Arabia and the U.S. signed a series of bilateral agreements in key areas including civil nuclear cooperation , enhanced security arrangements , reciprocal visa policies , health and medical services , science and technology cooperation , among others . The two countries also established two Joint Task Forces -- one to combat terrorists , another to combat terror financing . Experts from both governments and militaries worked side - by - side , sharing real - time information about terror networks . In October 2010 , Saudi intelligence provided key information to American officials that foiled an attempted terrorist plot involving parcel bombs heading to the United States that originated in Yemen . The bombs were found and defused before reaching their intended targets . According to news reports , a double - agent in Yemen was the source of the tip - off . Al - Jubeir enhanced the embassy 's focus on its ties with the United States Congress through extensive meetings and briefings with members of Congress and staff as well as facilitating visits to the Kingdom . In the spring of 2007 , Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi visited the Kingdom with a Congressional delegation , the first visit by a sitting Speaker of the House . In addition , the tempo of visits by senior U.S. officials increased substantially during his tenure as ambassador , including two visits by President Bush , multiple visits by Vice President Dick Cheney and visits by President Obama in 2009 and 2014 . Other visits included National Security Advisors James L. Jones and Thomas Donilon ; Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton and John Kerry ; Secretaries of Treasury Henry Paulson and Timothy Geithner ; Secretary of Energy Steven Chu ; Secretaries of Defense Robert Gates , Leon Panetta and Chuck Hagel ; CENTCOM Commanders Generals David Petraeus , James Mattis and Lloyd J. Austin III ; FBI Director Robert Mueller ; Homeland Security Advisor John O. Brennan and Special Envoys George J. Mitchell , Dennis Ross , Richard Holbrooke and a large number of sub cabinet officials . Visits to the United States by senior Saudi officials since 2007 have included two Heads of State visits by King Abdullah in November 2008 and July 2010 . In addition , there were a number of visits by Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al - Faisal , then Minister of Defense now King Salman bin Abdulaziz , Minister of Interior Prince Muhammad bin Nayef , then Assistant to the Minister of Interior for Security Affairs now Second Deputy Prime Minister , Prince Muqrin bin Abdulaziz , Minister of Petroleum and Mineral Resources Ali Al - Naimi , Finance Minister Ibrahim Abdulaziz Al - Assaf , then Governor of the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency Mohammed al - Jasser , then Minister of Commerce Abdullah Alireza , President of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities Prince Sultan bin Salman and Minister of Higher Education Dr. Khalid Al - Angary . In addition to visits by government officials , there have been numerous trade delegations to and from both countries as well as academic exchanges , including visits by the head of the Human Rights Committee and members of the Majlis Al - Shura ( Consultative Council ) . These visits reflect the breadth and depth of the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia . Ambassador al - Jubeir served as the Escorting Minister for Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama on their respective visits to the Kingdom . On 3 June 2009 , U.S. President Barack Obama traveled to Riyadh , Saudi Arabia on a two - day official visit to Saudi Arabia . President Obama was received by King Abdullah , Second Deputy Prime Minister Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz and Ambassador Al - Jubeir at King Khalid International Airport . During his visit to Saudi Arabia , President Obama stated that he chose Saudi Arabia as the first stop on his Middle East tour because the Kingdom is a key ally and the cradle of Islam . The President and King Abdullah met and held extensive bilateral talks at the King 's ranch in al - Janadriyah on the outskirts of Riyadh . During their discussions , the two leaders focused on regional and international developments and Saudi - U.S. bilateral relations . King Abdullah presented President Obama with the Collar of Abdulaziz Al Saud , the Kingdom 's highest award bestowed upon heads of state . On 29 June 2010 , Ambassador Al - Jubeir attended a meeting between King Abdullah and U.S. President Barack Obama in Washington , D.C. The two held on talks on a wide range of issues of mutual interest and common concern . On 8 January 2011 , Ambassador Al - Jubeir attended a meeting in New York between King Abdullah and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and former U.S. President Bill Clinton as well as meetings between the King and French President Nicolas Sarkozy and United Nations General Secretary Ban Ki - moon . In 2007 , he headed the Kingdom 's delegation to the Law of the Seas Conference at the United Nations . In 2009 , he met with UN General Secretary Ban Ki - moon to discuss the ongoing situation in Darfur and in July 2011 , he led the Saudi delegation to the U.N. High Level Meeting on Youth . Developments during tenure as Ambassador ( edit ) In 2012 , the U.S. Embassy and Consulates in the Kingdom issued more than 90,000 visas to Saudis . The Saudi Embassy in Washington and Consulates in the U.S. issued more than 70,000 visas . These are historically high numbers . As a result of an agreement reached in May 2008 , the two countries agreed to issue five - year multiple - entry visas to citizens of both countries . In May 2013 , Saudi Arabia and the United States signed a bilateral agreement for air services aimed at implementing an open skies policy between the two countries . As a consequence , American carriers can expand services into Saudi Arabia and Saudi Arabian Airlines can increase the frequency of its flights to the U.S. National Security Advisor Susan Rice greets Prince Mutaib and Ambassador Al - Jubeir , November 2014 Former U.S. Ambassador to Saudi Arabia , James B. Smith stated , `` Offering new types of visas to foreign scientists and experts , as well as for student exchanges in scientific fields , opens doors for the people of Saudi Arabia to learn from other countries and for the world to learn from and about Saudi Arabia . '' Saudi Arabia is the 10th largest trading partner of the United States . Investments between the two countries are also at record numbers . The United States is the number one source of Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) in Saudi Arabia . Strategic partnerships between Saudi Arabia and the U.S. continue to flourish . In 2010 , Alcoa and Saudi Ma'aden signed a contract worth approximately $15 billion to build the world 's largest aluminum refinery and smelter complex in the Kingdom . In 2011 , Saudi Aramco and Dow Chemical Company approved the formation of a joint venture to build and operate a world - scale , fully integrated chemical complex in Jubail Industrial City , valued at $20 billion . In 2013 , the Saudi government Public Investment fund signed a management contract with Fluor for the $7 billion Riyadh - Jeddah railway project . Also in 2013 , a Bechtel led consortium was selected for a multibillion - dollar rail project of the Riyadh Metro network . Saudi Arabia is also a large investor in the U.S. economy . Arms transfers ( edit ) In 2008 , the Kingdom secured sophisticated weapon systems , which include the Joint Direct Attack Munitions . In December 2011 , the U.S. and Saudi Arabia finalized a defense packages that included F - 15 fighter aircraft and upgrades for 70 existing aircraft , as well as munitions , spare parts , training , maintenance and logistics to Saudi Arabia . The sale was worth $29.4 billion . Assassination plot ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Iran assassination plot This section is transcluded from 2011 Iran assassination plot . ( edit history ) Foreign Minister ( edit ) With John Kerry , United States Secretary of State , in Riyadh on May 6 , 2015 With Sebastian Kurz in 2015 In April 2015 , he was appointed as foreign minister by King Salman of Saudi Arabia . He is the second commoner to hold the position . Iran nuclear deal ( edit ) Speaking on the nuclear program of Iran al Jubeir said the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action appears to have the provisions needed to curtail Iran 's ability to obtain a nuclear weapon . Adel al - Jubeir told reporters the kingdom has been reassured by Washington while consultations continue about the deal , which he said stipulates effective inspections , and the possibility of snap - back sanctions if Iran violates the agreement . `` We are currently in talks with the American government regarding these details , but it ( the deal ) generally seems to have achieved these objectives , '' said al - Jubeir , in Washington in July 2015 . Russian involvement in Syria ( edit ) Following the Russian intervention in Syria in support of Syrian president in 2015 , Bashar al - Assad al - Jubeir declared : `` There is no future for Assad in Syria '' . He spelled out that if the president did not step down as part of a political transition , his country would embrace a military option , `` which also would end with the removal of Bashar al - Assad from power '' . Removal of Assad ( edit ) `` Bashar al - Assad will leave - have no doubt about it , '' Saudi Arabia 's Foreign Minister Adel al - Jubeir told CNN . `` He will either leave by a political process or he will be removed by force . '' Saudi Arabia has sent troops and fighter jets to a Turkish military base ahead of a possible ground invasion of Syria . Jubeir said Saudi Arabia is prepared to contribute ground troops to the fight in Syria , but only as part of a US - led coalition . He added : `` We will push as much as we can to ensure that the political process works . But if that does n't work , it will be because of the obstinance of the Syrian regime and that of its allies . `` And should that prove to be the case , then it becomes clear that there is no option to remove Bashar al - Assad except by force . '' Saudi Arabia 's intervention in Yemen ( edit ) In September 2016 , al - Jubeir said that the United Kingdom , Saudi Arabia 's close ally , must continue to support Saudi Arabia 's military intervention in Yemen , saying : `` Saudi Arabia is fighting a legitimate war . We did not start this : the Iranian - backed Houthis started this . We have a situation where many of the claims being made about civilian casualties are not accurate ... many of the schools and hospitals that have been hit were no longer being used as schools and hospitals but as military centres by the Houthis . '' Honors ( edit ) In December 2002 , al - Jubeir was chosen as Person of the Week by Time . He has lectured at universities and academic institutions in the U.S. and appears frequently in the media . In 2007 , he received the `` Commendatore a Sua Eccellenza '' from the Italian president . In 2009 , he received the Ambassador of the Year award from the U.S. - Arab Chamber of Commerce for his contributions to Saudi - U.S. relations . In 2011 , he was presented with the Diplomatic Achievement Award from the National Council on U.S. - Arab Relations . Personal life ( edit ) Adel Al - Jubeir is married to Farah Al - Fayez , and is step - father to her twin girls by her deceased husband . He also has two sons of his own by his wife . See also ( edit ) List of foreign ministers in 2017 List of current foreign ministers References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saudi king replaces crown prince in cabinet reshuffle '' . Al Jazeera. 29 April 2015 . Retrieved 29 April 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.mofa.gov.sa/sites/mofaen/aboutMinistry/MinisterOfForeignAffairs/Pages/Default.aspx Jump up ^ `` Ambassador Al - Jubeir presents his credentials to President Bush '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 27 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Ambassador Al - Jubeir '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` University of North Texas North Texan Online Summer 2006 : Honored Alumni '' . northtexan.unt.edu. 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biography of Ambassador Al - Jubeir '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Wire report '' . Saudi Press Agency . 2007 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robin ( 2005 - 11 - 13 ) . `` U.S. , Saudi Arabia Inagurate ( sic ) New ' Strategic Dialogue ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins Asian tour with visit to China '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah concludes India visit by signing the Delhi Declaration '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah to visit China , India , Malaysia , and Pakistan '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah on state visit to Malaysia '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2006 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins state visit to Germany '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah begins state visit to Italy '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah pays state visit to Turkey '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cabinet praises King Abdullah 's visits to Europe , Egypt and Turkey '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah holds historic meeting with Pope Benedict XVI '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2007 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Ambassador highlights the upcoming World Conference on Dialogue '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2008 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. - Saudi Arabia Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation '' . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . 2008 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Memorandum of understanding for cooperation between the ministry of health in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Department of Health and Human Services in the United States in the field of public health and medical sciences '' . Global Health . 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Saudi Arabia sign science and technology MOU '' . U.S. -- Saudi Arabian Business Council . 2008 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Help in Package Plot Is Part of Security Shift '' . The New York Times . 31 October 2010 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Julian Borger . `` Cargo plane bomb plot : Saudi double agent ' gave crucial alert ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah , President Obama hold talks '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` White House issues statement on King Abdullah , President Obama 's talks '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` King Abdullah , Clinton meet in New York '' . Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia . 2011 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news05281301.aspx Jump up ^ Smith , James ( 2011 - 07 - 14 ) . `` Science diplomacy : Finding paths to Saudi - US cooperation '' . Arab News . Jump up ^ `` Trade Mission Highlights Close U.S. Ties with Saudi Arabia '' . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia in brief '' ( PDF ) . U.S. - Saudi Arabian Business Council . May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoa in Saudi Arabia '' . Aloca . Jump up ^ `` Dow and Saudi Aramco announce joint venture to drive downstream growth through world - scale chemicals project '' . Business Wire. 2011 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.saudiembassy.net/latest_news/news01021302.aspx Jump up ^ `` Riyadh Metro to Revolutionize Transport in Region - Bechtel '' . Bechtel. 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Principal Deputy Press Secretary Joshua Earnest on U.S. Sale of Defense Equipment to Saudi Arabia '' . whitehouse.gov . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi FM : Iran deal may stop Tehran from getting nuke weapon '' . The Big Story . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Emma Graham - Harrison and Saeed Kamali Dehghan ( October 4 , 2015 ) . `` Gulf states plan military response as Putin raises the stakes in Syria '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Samuel Osborne ( 15 February 2016 ) . `` Assad ' will be removed by force ' if peace talks fail , Saudi Foreign Minister claims '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UK must keep supporting Yemen campaign to prevent terror in West , says Saudi foreign minister '' . The Daily Telegraph . 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Copper , Helene ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Wild Days Behind Him , Envoy Keeps Low Profile '' . The NYork Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott , Gail ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Diplomatic Nuptials '' . Washington Magazine . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Appearances on C - SPAN Adel al - Jubeir on Charlie Rose Adel al - Jubeir collected news and commentary at The Jerusalem Post The Saudi 's Red Carpet , The Washington Diplomat , 13 September 2007 . The Saudi / U.S. Relationship with Foreign Affairs Advisor Adel Al - Jubeir , `` Viewpoint '' Washingtonpost.com , 13 July 2005 . Person of the Week : Adel Al - Jubeir , Time , 5 December 2002 . Peace Prosperity : An Interview with Saudi Ambassador Al - Jubeir , Diplomatic Connection , August 2009 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adel al - Jubeir . Political offices Preceded by Saud bin Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Minister of Foreign Affairs 2015 -- present Incumbent Current foreign ministers of the G20 Malcorra Bishop Nunes Freeland Wang Mogherini Le Drian Gabriel Swaraj Marsudi Alfano Kōno Videgaray Lavrov Al - Jubair Mashabane Kang Çavuşoğlu Johnson Tillerson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adel_al-Jubeir&oldid=797562086 '' Categories : 1962 births Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States Georgetown University alumni Government ministers of Saudi Arabia Living people Saudi Arabian diplomats Saudi Arabian politicians University of North Texas alumni Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Articles containing Arabic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Polski Русский Türkçe اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2017 , at 21 : 38 . 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Bone Thugs-n-Harmony

Bone Thugs - N - Harmony - wikipedia Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Jump to : navigation , search Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Bone Thugs - N - Harmony in 2010 Background information Origin Cleveland , Ohio , U.S. Genres Hip hop gangsta rap G - funk horrorcore R&B Years active 1991 -- present Labels eOne Ruthless BTNH Full Surface WMG Universal Associated acts Eazy - E DJ U-Neek LT Hutton Mariah Carey The Notorious B.I.G. Mo Thugs Master P Twista Swizz Beatz The Game Bow Wow Machine Gun Kelly Members Bizzy Bone Wish Bone Layzie Bone Krayzie Bone Flesh - n - Bone Bone Thugs - N - Harmony is an American hip hop group . It consists of rappers Bizzy Bone , Wish Bone , Layzie Bone , Krayzie Bone , and Flesh - n - Bone . American West Coast rapper Eazy - E signed Bone Thugs - N - Harmony to Ruthless Records in late 1993 , when Bone Thugs debuted with their EP Creepin on ah Come Up . The EP included their breakout hit single `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' . In 1995 , the group released its second album , E. 1999 Eternal , which included hits `` 1st of tha Month '' and `` East 1999 '' . A tribute to then - recently deceased Eazy - E , titled `` Tha Crossroads '' , won a Grammy award in 1997 . The Art of War , the group 's third album , was also released in 1997 . Bone Thugs is the only group that has worked with 2Pac , Notorious B.I.G. , Eazy - E , and Big Pun while they were still alive . The editors of About.com ranked them # 12 on their list of the `` 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time '' , and MTV called them `` the most melodic hip - hop group of all time '' . In 2000 , BTNHResurrection reached platinum in one month , while 2002 's Thug World Order received more moderate sales and promotion , going gold and peaking at # 3 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . After that album , the group went on hiatus from their label and released their sixth studio album , Thug Stories , independently in 2006 . In 2007 they had another major - label release , Strength & Loyalty , on Swizz Beatz 's label Full Surface Records . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony `` officially '' returned with their 2010 album Uni5 : The World 's Enemy , released by their own record label , BTNH Worldwide , with distribution by Warner Bros . Due to conflicts within the group , longtime members Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone officially left the group in April 2011 to work with their independent label , The Life Entertainment . They would later return , officially re-unifying the group . In August 2013 , however , Layzie Bone announced that he would be stepping aside to work more on his solo career . In the same month , BTNH signed with eOne Entertainment ( formerly known as Koch Records ) , who they had previously partnered with to release 2006 's Thug Stories . Layzie Bone has since re-united with the group . On April 28th the entire group performed a show in Biloxi , MS along with Juvenile & Nelly . On June 1st of 2018 , Bone Thugs will be reuniting for a show just outside Boston , Massachusetts , at the Wonderland Ballroom in Revere , MA . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1991 -- 93 : B.O.N.E. Enterprise early years 1.2 1994 : Creepin on ah Come Up 1.3 1995 -- 96 : E. 1999 Eternal 1.4 1997 -- 2001 : The Art of War and BTNHResurrection 1.5 2002 -- 06 : Thug World Order and Thug Stories 1.6 2007 : Strength & Loyalty and T.H.U.G.S. 1.7 2010 -- 13 : Uni5 : The World 's Enemy and The Art of War : World War III 1.8 2014 -- present : New album , New Waves 2 Discography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) 1991 -- 93 : Bone Enterprise early years ( edit ) Formed in Cleveland , Ohio in 1991 , the group was originally called `` The Band - Aid Boys '' . They then formed B.O.N.E. Enterpri $ e , which consisted of four members -- Krayzie Bone , Layzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , and Wish Bone ( all except for Flesh - n - Bone ) -- and recorded an album entitled Faces of Death in the studio of their then - mentor , Kermit Henderson ( Krayzie Bone 's older brother ) on his indie label Stoney Burke in 1993 . Like so many aspiring rappers around the country , they put in calls to executives at record companies , hoping to find someone who would listen . In hopes of securing a record deal , the group was given an audition over the phone , receiving an unfulfilled promise from rapper Eazy - E to call them back . Determined to reach him , they scrounged together the money for one - way bus tickets to Los Angeles . They left for a three - day Greyhound trek and spent four months on the city streets , putting in frequent calls to find him . Nothing came of their search except the news that Eazy - E was , in fact , on his way to Cleveland for a show . The quartet returned to Ohio , where Diego Blak ( born Diego Hodge ) , a marketer and promoter who had been co-executive producer of Faces Of Death , introduced them to Eazy - E at a concert he promoted in Cleveland . There , on November 2 , 1993 , they auditioned for Eazy in his dressing room ; Krayzie performed his verse of `` Flow Motion '' from the Faces of Death album , and Eazy was impressed . B.O.N.E Enterpri $ e then traveled back to Los Angeles after the Cleveland show to seal the deal . At this point , Eazy renamed them Thugs - N - Harmony , but as they wanted to keep the bone name , they made their name Bone Thugs - N - Harmony . Eazy signed the group ( minus Flesh - n - Bone ) to his label Ruthless Records . 1994 : Creepin on ah Come up ( edit ) Released in June 1994 , the EP Creepin on ah Come Up was Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's debut with Ruthless . The album 's subject matter was focused almost entirely on violent criminal activity . Peaking at # 12 on the Billboard Top 200 Albums chart and # 2 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart , it included the hit singles `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' and `` Foe tha Love of $ '' , the second of which featured a verse by Eazy - E. `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and # 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart , and `` Foe tha Love of $ '' peaked at # 41 on the Hot 100 and # 4 on Rap Tracks . After a slow start that saw the album 's success limited to gangsta rap audiences , it broke through to the mainstream . The EP marked a major change in style for the group , as they now fully embraced the G - funk common in West Coast hip hop of the time . Beats were supplied by DJ Yella , Rhythum D , and Kenny McCloud , and it was the group 's first collaboration with newcomer producer DJ U-Neek , who would craft the group 's signature sound by producing the majority of their next two albums . For over a year , Eazy - E nurtured their career , continuing to serve as their executive producer and teaching them the business skills he had taught himself over the years . The growing relationship was cut short , however , when Eazy - E died on March 26 , 1995 , from complications from AIDS . Briefly , the young rappers thought they had lost everything with the loss of their friend and mentor . However , the group 's potential was already apparent , and Ruthless Records continued to support them . 1995 -- 96 : E. 1999 Eternal ( edit ) In 1995 , the group 's second album , E. 1999 Eternal , was released . It included the singles `` 1st of tha Month '' , which peaked at # 14 on the Hot 100 and # 4 on Hot Rap Tracks , and `` Tha Crossroads '' , which reached # 1 on both the Hot 100 and Hot Rap Tracks charts . The album generally saw positive reviews from critics as Bone had diversified its content and musical style . Critics were particularly intrigued by the album due to Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's ability to reduce the banality associated with gangsta rap in their music at a time when the subgenre had become exceedingly cliché . A considerable portion of the album 's concept was built upon violent subject matter , yet they also incorporated deeper themes , as its songs dealt with more spirituality and occult mysticism . The album was produced by DJ U-Neek ( with co-production from Tony C. and Kenny McCloud ) . E. 1999 Eternal also introduced Bone 's trademark tracks devoted entirely to the use of marijuana . The album name originated from one of the street names of a corner ( E. 99th street & St. Clair ) that was a familiar hangout to Bone members , as well as Eazy - E 's album , Eternal E. Naming it after Eazy - E 's album was just another way of showing respect and tribute to the rapper who had helped them reach success . Also in 1995 , Flesh - n - Bone would become the first member of the group to release a debut album , entitled T.H.U.G.S , which was certified gold by the RIAA . In 1996 , due to their success , the Cleveland clan established their own label , Mo Thugs Records , and released the Family Scriptures compilation album to introduce many of the Cleveland - based and other artists whom they were developing . E. 1999 Eternal is the group 's most commercially successful album ; it has since been certified 5x platinum by the RIAA . There were plans for Bone Thugs - N - Harmony to collaborate with West Coast rapper 2Pac on a studio album called One Nation . The project would bring together other hip hop artists from all areas of the American map such as Boot Camp Clik , OutKast , Scarface , E-40 , and more . As 2Pac was unfortunately shot the album never came into fruition. However , bootlegs of songs produced while Pac was still alive have been distributed . 1997 -- 2001 : the Art of War and BTNHResurrection ( edit ) In 1997 , the group released the double - disc set The Art of War . The album saw Bone further explore a wide variety of subjects and styles , with even more focus on God and family and an overall more ambient , mellow sound . The group still incorporated violent lyrics , however , with a large portion of the album dedicated to what they labeled `` clones '' who claimed Bone had stolen their quick - tongued rapping style and vice versa . The album had been rumored to be titled `` DNA Level C '' which is Cleveland backwards . The single `` Look into My Eyes '' appeared on the soundtrack of the film Batman & Robin . It peaked at # 4 on the Hot 100 and # 2 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart . `` If I Could Teach The World '' , the other single from The Art of War , peaked at # 27 on the Hot 100 and # 3 on the Hot Rap Tracks , and won an American Music Award . The album also included `` Thug Luv '' with Tupac Shakur . The group 's promotional efforts were dampened by the absence of Bizzy Bone from the album 's videos and from large portions of the ensuing tour and other public appearances . This absence eventually fueled rumors of a break - up . In 2000 , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony released BTNHResurrection , featuring the single `` Resurrection ( Paper , Paper ) '' , which peaked on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart at # 52 . The album 's first half featured a slew of hardcore and dark tracks , with the second half being considerably more introspective and soft . Other singles from the album , including `` Ca n't Give it Up '' , failed to crack the Billboard Hot 100 , and the big - budget video for `` Change the World '' failed to receive any rotation . This was their first group album to prominently feature Flesh - n - Bone , whose presence had been limited on previous releases because he had never signed with the group 's label , Ruthless Records . Flesh was convicted for assault with a firearm and criminal possession of a weapon in June 2000 . Pleading guilty , Flesh was sentenced to 11 years in prison . The group again began having public disputes with Bizzy Bone . Bizzy Bone abstained from promoting BTNHResurrection because he felt that Ruthless Records owed him money . He dropped a million - dollar lawsuit he had filed against Sony Music and Loud Records in exchange for a termination of his Sony contract . Three members of Bone Thugs - N - Harmony released solo albums in 2001 : Bizzy Bone with The Gift , Layzie Bone ( under the name L - Burna ) with Thug by Nature , and Krayzie Bone with Thug on da Line . 2002 -- 06 : Thug World Order and Thug Stories ( edit ) In 2002 , the group released Thug World Order . This album , made up of what were described as overly - violent and political songs , saw a drastic change in subject matter and tone for the group . The lyrics were almost completely void of any violence , while a larger number of tracks focused on the group itself . In contrast , several songs originally intended to be included on the album that were leaked after its release portrayed a much different album . The album debuted at # 12 on the Billboard 200 . The first single released from the album was `` Get Up & Get It '' , featuring 3LW . The second single , `` Home '' , which featured Phil Collins performing part of his song `` Take Me Home '' , peaked at # 33 on the Rhythmic Top 40 , impacting the charts in a number of countries , most notably the United Kingdom . Bizzy Bone was expelled from the group in January 2003 , leaving only 3 active members : Krayzie Bone , Layzie Bone , and Wish Bone . Thug World Order was also Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's final album with Ruthless Records ; after their original contract with Ruthless had expired , they decided they wanted to do their own thing . Thug Stories , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's seventh album , was recorded on Koch Records and released on September 19 , 2006 . It marked the first time Bone Thugs had recorded as a trio since they released an internet - only EP album called Bone 4 Life in September 2005 . Thug Stories featured a slightly more mature style , and the group leaned more heavily towards its harmonic roots than its `` thug '' origins . The album sold 38,000 in its first week and peaked at # 25 on the Billboard 200 and # 1 on the Independent Albums chart . 2007 : Strength & Loyalty and Thugs ( edit ) Originally to be called The Bone Thugs Story , Strength & Loyalty was released on May 8 , 2007 on Interscope Records imprint Full Surface Records . Being their first major album after an absence of nearly five years , the album debuted at # 2 on the Billboard 200 , and # 1 on iTunes and the Billboard urban music charts . The album contains guest appearances by Mariah Carey , The Game , will.i.am , Akon , Twista , Bow Wow , Yolanda Adams , and Felecia . Producers on the album included Swizz Beatz , Akon , Pretty Boy & Bradd Young , DJ Toomp , Jermaine Dupri , will.i.am , and others . The executive producer of the album was Swizz Beatz . The first single was `` I Tried '' , which was their first top - 10 hit in 10 years , peaking at number 6 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 . The second single was `` Lil Love '' , which failed to reach the success of its predecessor . The album has been certified gold by the RIAA . 2007 also saw the release of the semi-autobiographical film I Tried , directed by Rich Newey , which explored what might have happened to Bone Thugs - N - Harmony had they not gotten their break with Eazy - E. Layzie , Krayzie , and Wish Bone starred in the film , playing themselves . Also in 2007 , Bone Thugs - N - Harmony won the American Music Award for Favorite Rap / Hip - Hop Band , Duo or Group . T.H.U.G.S. , an album featuring previously - unreleased , largely remixed Bone Thugs - N - Harmony songs that had n't made the final cut of the BTNHResurrection and Thug World Order albums , was released on November 13 , 2007 by their former record label , Ruthless Records . Although the album embodies old tracks , there are some notable changes : new beats , distorted production , voice manipulation , and new song titles . The sole single off the album was `` Young Thugs '' , which was accompanied by a newly filmed music video featuring Krayzie , Layzie , Bizzy , and Wish . In November 2007 , Layzie Bone confirmed that he had completed the Bone Brothers III album with Bizzy Bone , spurring speculation about a full Bone reunion . In a video interview , Krayzie Bone stated that they all wanted to reunite but that record label issues might prevent an official reunion . Bizzy Bone had attended a Bone Thugs performance during that time , and he and the three then - active members had a `` good conversation '' . After nearly a decade of incarceration , Flesh - n - Bone was released from prison on July 13 , 2008 . In an interview , Bizzy confirmed his return , the group having reunited in time for Flesh 's release . 2010 -- 13 : Uni5 : the World 's Enemy and the Art of War : World War III ( edit ) Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's five members officially returned with their new album Uni5 : The World 's Enemy , released on May 4 , 2010 by their own record label , BTNH Worldwide , with distribution by Warner Bros. Uni5 also marks the return of long - time Bone collaborator DJ U-Neek , who was absent from 2007 's Strength & Loyalty but had produced for the group throughout their career , including on hits `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' and `` Tha Crossroads '' . This studio effort leans toward radio - friendly numbers and proper grown - man tracks , with the core four members offering life lessons as Bizzy gives his Biblical perspective . They released the singles `` See Me Shine '' , featuring Jay Rush and Lyfe Jennings , and `` Rebirth '' , featuring Thin - C , a member of the Mo Thugs . A third single , `` Meet Me in the Sky '' , was released on March 22 . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony announced on their blog over the summer of 2011 that they were planning a new album for 2012 . They reiterated those plans in a November interview . Throughout 2011 , Krayzie Bone , Bizzy Bone , and Layzie Bone spoke about many new projects coming in 2012 . Those projects were to include an anniversary album featuring all 5 members ; a Bizzy & Krayzie duet album ; and compilation albums of unreleased Bone Thugs - N - Harmony material from the mid to late 90 's and 2000 's , prospectively titled Lost Archives Vol. 1 . The group put their differences aside to reunite and belatedly mark their 20th anniversary at the Rock the Bells festival series of summer 2012 . During the summer of 2012 , West Coast rapper Game sampled Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's `` 1st Of Tha Month '' on his new posse cut `` Celebration '' , with the legendary group 's blessing . Game also posted a picture on his Twitter showing the word `` bone '' constructed out of cannabis . He later confirmed that he was working in the studio with Bone Thugs - N - Harmony on a remix of `` Celebration '' for his album Jesus Piece . The Art of War : World War III was officially announced by Bone Thugs - N - Harmony in an interview with The Source ( magazine ) on March 25 , 2013. . In early November 2013 , Krayzie Bone told HipHopDX that the Art of War III album would feature only Layzie , Bizzy , and Flesh - N - Bone , and that neither he nor Wish Bone had recorded any material for that album . However , Krayzie and Wish both ended up appearing on the album in the form of previously unreleased tracks that had been cut from Uni5 : The World 's Enemy . The Art of War : World War III was released on December 10 , 2013 . 2014 -- present : new album , new Waves ( edit ) On July 15 , 2014 , it was announced that Bone Thugs - N - Harmony would release their final album in 2015 . There would be only a single copy released , to be auctioned off , with bidding starting at $1 million . The group also announced they would be conducting a 20 - country world tour beginning in December 2014 . The following day , Krazyie Bone revealed that the album would be titled E. 1999 Legends . He then told XXL that he had approached the group about a reunion album in the middle of the previous year , and they had begun recording it at the end of 2013 . Krayzie estimated that Bone Thugs - N - Harmony had probably recorded 75 to 100 songs since they began work on the album , which was planned as a double - disc project . The first disc was to contain Bone Thugs - N - Harmony content exclusively , with no features , and would have 18 -- 20 songs . The second disc was planned to feature a large number of big - name guest appearances such as Mariah Carey , Kendrick Lamar , Phil Collins , Wiz Khalifa , Drake , A $ AP Mob , and Linkin Park , along with beats from Dr. Dre & DJ U-Neek , who had each been tapped for the album . Damizza would be producing / overseeing the entire E. 1999 Legends album project , which was projected to be distributed through Damizza 's Baby Ree Records label . On February 14 , 2015 -- Valentine 's Day -- producer and long - time Bone collaborator Damizza officially presented the single `` More Than Thugs '' , slated to appear on the Damizza Presents album . The group 's vocal delivery on the song would be considered by many as vintage Bone Thugs - N - Harmony vocal sound . As of late April 2015 , the video for `` More Than Thugs '' was in the editing stage and featured all 5 members . Flesh Bone and Wish Bone were in the studio with Damizza in 2015 to complete the eight Bone songs that were close to finished for the E. 1999 Legends album . Under direction from A&R team and long - time manager Steve Lobel and agent Jamie Adler , they are also working on the remix of Machine Gun Kelly 's Cleveland anthem single `` Till I Die '' . In August 2015 , Krayzie announced that the first bid of at least $1 million had been received for E. 1999 Legends . In 2017 , Krayzie Bone and Bizzy Bone announced that they would be releasing their long - awaited duet album together entitled New Waves under the name Bone Thugs . The album 's lead single `` Coming Home '' featuring Stephen Marley was released on March 24 . Krayzie confirmed that the full Bone Thugs - n - Harmony group was working on a new album , but said that they would no longer be auctioning off the album 's rights . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bone Thugs - N - Harmony discography See also : Mo Thugs discography Studio albums Faces of Death ( 1993 ) Creepin on ah Come Up ( 1994 ) E. 1999 Eternal ( 1995 ) The Art of War ( 1997 ) BTNHResurrection ( 2000 ) Thug World Order ( 2002 ) Thug Stories ( 2006 ) Strength & Loyalty ( 2007 ) Uni5 : The World 's Enemy ( 2010 ) The Art of War : World War III ( 2013 ) New Waves ( 2017 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bone Thugs - n - Harmony References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Biography '' . Bone Thugs - N - Harmony official website . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Lacy , Eric . `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony sends Detroit back in time with legendary lyrical skills at Oakaloosa Festival '' . Mlive.com . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Rap Groups of All Time '' . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Hip Hop Groups of All Time '' . MTV.com . Archived from the original on 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Video of Krayzie explaining why he left BTNH Jump up ^ 2011 interview with Krayzie Bone and Wish Bone Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now ? Breaking Down Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . GlobalGrind.com . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ HipHopDX ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Layzie Bone Announces Departure From Bone thugs - n - harmony '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Layzie Bone Quits Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . XXL Magazine . August 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Signs With eOne Entertainment '' . HipHopDX.com . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone -- Audition To Eazy E '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : Charts & Awards : Billboard Albums '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : Charts & Awards : Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Larkin , Colin . `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony -- E. 1999 Eternal . '' The Encyclopedia of Popular Music . London : Muze , 1998 . Print . Jump up ^ Meara , Paul ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Black Moon Recall Meeting Tupac And Creating The `` One Nation '' Album `` . HipHopDX . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Handwritten Tupac Letter Reveals `` One Nation '' Album With Outkast & More `` . The Source . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Basham , David ( June 16 , 2000 ) . `` Flesh - N - Bone Convicted On Assault , Weapons Charges '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tina ( September 22 , 2000 ) . `` UPDATE : Flesh - N - Bone Gets 11 Years In Assault Case '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( March 22 , 2001 ) . `` Bizzy Bone Has A Gift For Negotiation '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baker , Soren ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Three Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Members Dropping Solo LPs '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Reid , Shaheem ( January 31 , 2003 ) . `` Bone Thugs Say Bizzy Is Out For Good This Time '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ bone thugs - n - harmony ( Author ) . `` bone thugs - n - harmony - Bone 4 Life - Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : News : Strength & Loyalty Certified Gold '' . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Shoot New Movie ; Launch New Watch Collection '' . AllHipHop.com . June 21 , 2007 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ThugLine TV -- Krayzie Bone speaks on reunion '' . YouTube . June 12 , 2008 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jasarevic , Mina ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` Bizzy Bone : Thicker Than Water Rappers Talk Hip Hop Beef & Old School Hip Hop '' . HipHop DX . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` See Me Shine ( feat . Lyfe Jennings , Phaedra & J Rush ) ( Explicit ) : Bone Thugs - N - Harmony : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Call Reunion a ' Kick - Start to a Beautiful Situation ' '' . Rolling Stone . May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Photo by thegame Instagram . Instagram.com . Retrieved on February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In The Studio : Game & Bone Thugs Work On ' Celebration ' Remix '' . HipHop - N - More . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone Says Art Of War III Is Not ' What Everyone Thinks ' It Is '' . HipHopDX.com. 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony Will Sell One Copy Of Their Reunion Album For $1 Million '' . XXL Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's Last Album Will Be Called E. 1999 Legends '' . XXL Magazine . July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie Bone Says Bone Thugs - N - Harmony E. 1999 / Legends Album Has $1 Million Bid '' . HipHopDX.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Krayzie and Bizzy Bone spark next chapter of Bone Thugs - N - Harmony '' . Cleveland.com. April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Book : Bone Thugs - n - Harmony Official website Official Facebook page Bone Thugs - N - Harmony at AllMusic Bone Thugs - N - Harmony 's ArtistDirect page I Tried movie Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bone Thugs - n - Harmony . ( hide ) Bone Thugs - n - Harmony Bizzy Bone Layzie Bone Flesh - n - Bone Wish Bone Krayzie Bone Studio albums Faces of Death Creepin on ah Come Up E. 1999 Eternal The Art of War BTNHResurrection Thug World Order Thug Stories Strength & Loyalty Uni5 : The World 's Enemy The Art of War : World War III New Waves Compilations The Collection , Volume 1 The Collection , Volume 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits ( Chopped & Screwed ) T.H.U.G.S. Thug Smoke Fest Thuggish II Singles `` Thuggish Ruggish Bone '' `` Foe tha Love of $ '' `` 1st of tha Month '' `` East 1999 '' `` Tha Crossroads '' `` Days of Our Livez '' `` Look into My Eyes '' `` If I Could Teach the World '' `` War '' `` Resurrection ( Paper , Paper ) '' `` Change the World '' `` Money , Money '' `` Home '' `` Fire '' `` Take the Lead ( Wanna Ride ) '' `` I Tried '' `` Lil ' L.O.V.E. '' `` Young Thugs '' `` See Me Shine '' `` Rebirth '' `` Meet Me in the Sky '' `` Gone '' Related articles Discography Bone Brothers Mo Thugs ThugLine Records Ruthless Records BTNH Worldwide Full Surface Records Book : Bone Thugs - n - Harmony BNF : cb13987349n ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0001 2290 0913 MusicBrainz : 2fa45bbb - 0efb - 4950 - 9d40 - 94bf23cbfec1 SUDOC : 158459318 VIAF : 135057024 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_Thugs-n-Harmony&oldid=841107280 '' Categories : 1991 establishments in Ohio EOne Music artists G - funk groups Gangsta rap groups Grammy Award winners Interscope Records artists Midwest hip hop groups Musical groups established in 1991 Musical groups from Cleveland Ruthless Records artists Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 03 : 32 . 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Comedy Circus

Comedy Circus - wikipedia Comedy Circus Comedy Circus Logo of Comedy Circus Created by Optimystix Entertainment Written by Raaj Shaandilyaa Raj Verma Amberdeep Singh Harsh Limbachiya Vankush Arora Khalid Azmi Dinesh Brigedier Gaurav Dubey Directed by Nikul Desai Country of origin India Original language ( s ) Hindi No. of seasons 18 Production Running time 90 minutes Release Original network Sony Entertainment Television Picture format 576i Original release 16 June 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 16 ) External links Website Comedy Circus is an Indian reality based comedy show that airs on Sony TV . Contents 1 Season summary 2 Overview 3 References 4 External links Season summary ( edit ) Year Season Host Judges Winners 2009 Comedy Circus Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Johnny Lever Satish Shah Kashif Khan and Ali Asgar 2008 Comedy Circus 2 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh з Satish Shah Shekhar Suman Juhi Parmar and V.I.P. 2008 Kaante Ki Takkar Purbi Joshi replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Shakeel siddiqui Urvashi dholakia Krushna Abhishek Rajeev Thakurr Kamiya Ali Asgar Kashif Khan 2009 Comedy Circus - Chinchpokli To China Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Ali Asgar 2009 Comedy Circus 20 - 20 Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Ajay Jadeja Shekhar Suman Raja Sagoo Nigaar Khan 2009 Dekh India Dekh Jennifer Winget replacing Shweta Gulati Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2009 Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka Mouni Roy replaced by Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Melissa Pais Comedy Circus Mahasangram Purbi Joshi Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Rohit Shetty Swapnil Joshi and V.I.P. Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars Rashmi Desai replaced by Surveen Chawla Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Parvati Sehgal Comedy Circus Ka Jadoo Anita Hassanandani Archana Puran Singh Shekhar Suman Kapil Sharma Mukti Mohan 2010 - 2011 Jubilee Comedy Circus Pooja Kanwal Archana Puran Singh Rohit Shetty Kapil Sharma Shikha Singh Rahul Mahajan and Rajeev Nigam Krishna Abhishek Rakhi Sawant 2011 Comedy Circus Ke Taansen Saumya Tandon Archana Puran Singh Daler Mehndi Kapil Sharma Ali Asgar 2011 Comedy Circus Ka Naya Daur Roshni Chopra Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Shweta Tiwari 2011 - 2012 Kahani Comedy Circus Ki Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan Kapil Sharma Sumona Chakravarti and Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri 2012 - 2013 Comedy Circus Ke Ajoobe Barkha Bisht replaced by Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Sohail Khan replaced by Arbaaz Khan Krishna Abhishek Sudesh Lehri Siddharth Sagar Mohit Baghel 2013 - 2014 Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali Shruti Seth Archana Puran Singh Arbaaz Khan - Overview ( edit ) The first season of Comedy Circus had the tag line `` Jodi Jamegi , Public Hassegi '' . Comedy Circus started its second season on 26 April 2008 . Comedy Circus ka naya daur adka premiered on 24 October 2009 . The first episode also contained ( ( Govinda ) ) who introduced new artists and was guest judge . Comedy Circus -- Maha Sangram involved contestants of three previous seasons . Archana represented season 1 , Shekhar represented season 2 and Rohit represented season 3 . Teams were scored by the opposite team representatives , with the audience watching the show to determine eliminations . The winners of this show were Swapnil Joshi and VIP . A new season of the show is starting from 15 September 2018 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins '' . The Times of India . Feb 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UCO28fZ078A Jump up ^ `` Sony innovates ' Comedy Circus ' '' . Indiantelevision.com. 26 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sony to launch second season of Comedy Circus from 26 April '' . Indiantelevision.com. 23 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Ka Tadka on Comedy Circus '' . Real Bollywood. 21 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus returns with ' Teen Ka Tadka ' '' . The Times of India . 22 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins '' . The Times of India . 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New season of Comedy Circus promises to be fun , watch teaser - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Official site Current broadcasts on Sony Entertainment Television India Mystery CID Crime Patrol Reality and comedy 10 Ka Dum Zindagi Ke Crossroads Drama Dil Hi Toh Hai Yeh Pyaar Nahi Toh Kya Hai Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai History and mythology Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi Porus Vighnaharta Ganesha List of former shows Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comedy_Circus&oldid=857067489 '' Categories : Indian reality television series Indian stand - up comedy television series 2007 Indian television series debuts Sony Entertainment Television series 2000s Indian television series 2010s Indian television series Television series by Optimystix Entertainment Hidden categories : Use British English from March 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी پښتو اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 10 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

winner of comedy circus ke ajoobe grand finale

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I Don't Want to Miss a Thing

I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to : navigation , search `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' / `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( U.S. ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single , CD single Recorded Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia , Hollywood , Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . This song was also featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . The track was also heard in an episode of `` Jewelpet Sunshine '' which is the third season of the Jewelpet franchise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 Music video 4 Charts 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Decade - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Mark Chesnutt version 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 7 Other appearances 8 References 9 External links Reception ( edit ) This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 in many countries around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . The chorus of the song is highly reminiscent of an earlier song Diane Warren co-wrote , `` Just Like Jesse James '' , which appeared on Cher 's 1989 album Heart of Stone . The song helped open up Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple . It was one of many songs written by Warren in that time period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was left uncredited . The song is notable for having been nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited . The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) . The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Preceded by `` The Boy Is Mine '' by Brandy and Monica Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1998 -- September 26 , 1998 Succeeded by `` The First Night '' by Monica Preceded by `` High '' by Lighthouse Family Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 13 , 1998 -- November 22 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Rollercoaster '' by B * Witched Preceded by `` Millennium '' by Robbie Williams Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 10 , 1998 -- October 17 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Sweetest Thing '' by U2 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Preceded by `` Stand Beside Me '' by Jo Dee Messina Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single February 20 -- 27 , 1999 Succeeded by `` No Place That Far '' by Sara Evans Preceded by `` For a Little While '' by Tim McGraw RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 8 -- 15 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Were Mine '' by Dixie Chicks Other appearances ( edit ) In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . In 2013 , another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered this on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performs the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN '' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 68 ( 1 ) . September 28 , 1998 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60 , 61 . October 24 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Japan Hot 100 for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 10 , 1998 / Archive Chart : October 10 , 1998 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Aerosmith . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Latin Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Latin Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Aerosmith . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42 . December 26 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin '' . IFPI Austria ( in German ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ) . Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje '' . IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ) . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( CD5 / Cassette Single ) by Mark Chesnutt '' . CMT . February 9 , 1999 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Mark Chesnutt . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Country Songs for Mark Chesnutt . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Michael . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck '' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron . `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament '' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Aerosmith - I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing . AerosmithVEVO 's channel on YouTube . June 29 , 2014 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' `` Deuces Are Wild '' `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman , Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place , Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=800889344 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs CS1 errors : external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 09 : 20 . 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who wrote the song don t want to miss a thing

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List of FA Cup Finals

List of FA Cup finals - wikipedia List of FA Cup finals Jump to : navigation , search Further information : FA Cup Final The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884 . Team captain James Brown ( front row , centre ) holds the trophy . The Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup , is a knockout competition in English football , organised by and named after The Football Association ( the FA ) . It is the oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1871 -- 72 season . The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system , although a club 's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament . The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final , officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie , which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season . All of the final venues , apart from four , have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium , which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000 . The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval , Crystal Palace , Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge , all in London , Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . Other grounds have been used for replays , which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw . The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007 . As of 2017 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Arsenal , who defeated Chelsea in the 2017 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 2.1 Key 2.2 Results 3 Results by team 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the FA Cup Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs ' victory in the 1921 final , the first win by a London - based team for 20 years . The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers , a team of former public schoolboys based in London , who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons . The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England , but in 1883 , Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup , defeating Old Etonians . Upon his team 's return to Blackburn , Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed : `` The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire . It 'll have a good home and it 'll never go back to London . '' With the advent of professionalism at around the same time , the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition . The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888 . Since then , one non-league team has won the cup . Tottenham Hotspur , then of the Southern League , defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final . A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup , which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921 . In 1927 , Cardiff City , a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales , won the cup , the only non-English club to do so . Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition . Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s , winning the trophy three times in five years , and in the 1960s , Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success , with three wins in seven seasons . This marked the start of a successful period for London - based clubs , with 11 wins in 22 seasons . Teams from the second tier of English football , at the time called the Second Division , experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980 . Sunderland won the cup in 1973 , Southampton repeated the feat in 1976 , and West Ham United won in 1980 , the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division . Finals ( edit ) Until 1999 , a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date ; since then the final has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout as required . As of 2017 a penalty shoot - out has been required on only two occasions , in the 2005 and 2006 finals . The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars , other than in the 1914 -- 15 season , when it was completed , and the 1939 -- 40 season , when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds . Key ( edit ) Key to list of winners ( R ) Replay * Match went to extra time Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time Winning team won the Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) All teams are English , except where marked ( Scottish ) or ( Welsh ) . Results ( edit ) FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1875 -- 76 Wanderers 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1876 -- 77 Wanderers 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground ! Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1937 -- 38 Preston North End 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1945 -- 46 Derby County 4 -- 1 ! * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1964 -- 65 Liverpool 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1969 -- 70 Chelsea 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1970 -- 71 Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1982 -- 83 Manchester United 2 -- 2 ! * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1984 -- 85 Manchester United 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1986 -- 87 Coventry City 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1988 -- 89 Liverpool 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1989 -- 90 Manchester United 3 -- 3 ! * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1992 -- 93 Arsenal 1 -- 1 ! * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 FA Cup ( 2 ) ! 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 ! 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 ! 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2006 -- 07 Chelsea 1 -- 0 ! * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2013 -- 14 Arsenal 3 -- 2 ! * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2015 -- 16 Manchester United 2 -- 1 ! * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 FA Cup ( 1 ) ! 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 A . ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047 , but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 . Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 7 2007 19 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Chelsea 7 1970 2012 5 2017 12 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` FA Cup trophy 's sale to set football memorabilia record '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup Summary -- Contents '' . The Football Club History Database . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Competition Administration '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 May 2000 ) . `` Football : FA Cup Final : Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218049 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lyles , Christopher ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` FA Cup by numbers '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` FA Cup in danger of losing lustre '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Challenge Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2008 ) . Nationwide Football Annual 2008 -- 2009 . SportsBooks Ltd . pp. 132 , 134 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Sewell , Albert ( 1992 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1992 -- 93 . Harper Collins . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 188 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Cup -- Bolton 's Victory -- Record Crowds '' . The Times . News International . 30 May 1923 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com England FA Challenge Cup Finals at RSSSF.com ( hide ) FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Cup_Finals&oldid=826209359 '' Categories : FA Cup FA Cup Finals Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from January 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 21 : 14 . 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Fermentation in winemaking

Fermentation in winemaking - wikipedia Fermentation in winemaking Jump to : navigation , search Fermenting must The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage . During fermentation , yeasts transform sugars present in the juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide ( as a by - product ) . In winemaking , the temperature and speed of fermentation are important considerations as well as the levels of oxygen present in the must at the start of the fermentation . The risk of stuck fermentation and the development of several wine faults can also occur during this stage , which can last anywhere from 5 to 14 days for primary fermentation and potentially another 5 to 10 days for a secondary fermentation . Fermentation may be done in stainless steel tanks , which is common with many white wines like Riesling , in an open wooden vat , inside a wine barrel and inside the wine bottle itself as in the production of many sparkling wines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Process 2.1 Other compounds involved 3 Winemaking considerations 4 Other types of fermentation 4.1 Bottle fermentation 4.2 Carbonic maceration 4.3 Malolactic fermentation 5 References History ( edit ) See also : History of wine The natural occurrence of fermentation means it was probably first observed long ago by humans . The earliest uses of the word `` fermentation '' in relation to winemaking was in reference to the apparent `` boiling '' within the must that came from the anaerobic reaction of the yeast to the sugars in the grape juice and the release of carbon dioxide . The Latin fervere means , literally , to boil . In the mid-19th century , Louis Pasteur noted the connection between yeast and the process of the fermentation in which the yeast act as catalyst and mediator through a series of a reaction that convert sugar into alcohol . The discovery of the Embden -- Meyerhof -- Parnas pathway by Gustav Embden , Otto Fritz Meyerhof and Jakub Karol Parnas in the early 20th century contributed more to the understanding of the complex chemical processes involved in the conversion of sugar to alcohol . Process ( edit ) See also : Yeast in winemaking `` Bloom '' , visible as a dusting on the berries In winemaking , there are distinctions made between ambient yeasts which are naturally present in wine cellars , vineyards and on the grapes themselves ( sometimes known as a grape 's `` bloom '' or `` blush '' ) and cultured yeast which are specifically isolated and inoculated for use in winemaking . The most common genera of wild yeasts found in winemaking include Candida , Klöckera / Hanseniaspora , Metschnikowiaceae , Pichia and Zygosaccharomyces . Wild yeasts can produce high - quality , unique - flavored wines ; however , they are often unpredictable and may introduce less desirable traits to the wine , and can even contribute to spoilage . It should be noted that few yeast , and lactic and acetic acid bacterial colonies naturally live on the surface of grapes , but traditional wine makers , particularly in Europe , advocate use of ambient yeast as a characteristic of the region 's terroir ; nevertheless , many winemakers prefer to control fermentation with predictable cultured yeast . The cultured yeasts most commonly used in winemaking belong to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( also known as `` sugar yeast '' ) species . Within this species are several hundred different strains of yeast that can be used during fermentation to affect the heat or vigor of the process and enhance or suppress certain flavor characteristics of the varietal . The use of different strains of yeasts is a major contributor to the diversity of wine , even among the same grape variety . Alternative , non-Saccharomyces cerevisiae , yeasts are being used more prevalently in the industry to add greater complexity to wine . After a winery has been in operation for a number of years , few yeast strains are actively involved in the fermentation process . The use of active dry yeasts reduces the variety of strains that appear in spontaneous fermentation by outcompeting those strains that are naturally present . The addition of cultured yeast normally occurs with the yeast first in a dried or `` inactive '' state and is reactivated in warm water or diluted grape juice prior to being added to the must . To thrive and be active in fermentation , the yeast needs access to a continuous supply of carbon , nitrogen , sulfur , phosphorus as well as access to various vitamins and minerals . These components are naturally present in the grape must but their amount may be corrected by adding nutrients to the wine , in order to foster a more encouraging environment for the yeast . Newly formulated time - release nutrients , specifically manufactured for wine fermentations , offer the most advantageous conditions for yeast . Oxygen is needed as well , but in wine making , the risk of oxidation and the lack of alcohol production from oxygenated yeast requires the exposure of oxygen to be kept at a minimum . Dry winemaking yeast ( left ) and yeast nutrients used in the rehydration process to stimulate yeast cells . Upon the introduction of active yeasts to the grape must , phosphates are attached to the sugar and the six - carbon sugar molecules begin to be split into three - carbon pieces and go through a series of rearrangement reactions . During this process , the carboxylic carbon atom is released in the form of carbon dioxide with the remaining components becoming acetaldehyde . The absence of oxygen in this anaerobic process allows the acetaldehyde to be eventually converted , by reduction , to ethanol . During the conversion of acetaldehyde , a small amount is converted , by oxidation , to acetic acid which , in excess , can contribute to the wine fault known as volatile acidity ( vinegar taint ) . After the yeast has exhausted its life cycle , they fall to the bottom of the fermentation tank as sediment known as lees . Yeast ceases its activity whenever all of the sugar in must has been converted into other chemicals or whenever the alcohol content has reached 15 % alcohol per unit volume ; a concentration strong enough to halt the enzymatic activity of almost all strains of yeast . Other compounds involved ( edit ) The metabolism of amino acids and breakdown of sugars by yeasts has the effect of creating other biochemical compounds that can contribute to the flavor and aroma of wine . These compounds can be considered `` volatile '' like aldehydes , ethyl acetate , ester , fatty acids , fusel oils , hydrogen sulfide , ketones and mercaptans or `` non-volatile '' like glycerol , acetic acid and succinic acid . Yeast also has the effect during fermentation of releasing glycoside hydrolase which can hydrolyse the flavor precursors of aliphatics ( a flavor component that reacts with oak ) , benzene derivatives , monoterpenes ( responsible for floral aromas from grapes like Muscat and Traminer ) , norisoprenoids ( responsible for some of the spice notes in Chardonnay ) , and phenols . Some strains of yeasts can generate volatile thiols which contribute to the fruity aromas in many wines such as the gooseberry scent commonly associated with Sauvignon blanc . Brettanomyces yeasts are responsible for the `` barnyard aroma '' characteristic in some red wines like Burgundy and Pinot noir . Methanol is not a major constituent of wine . The usual concentration range is between 0.1 g / liter and 0.2 g / liter . These small traces have no adverse effect on people and no direct effect on the senses . Winemaking considerations ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is visible during the fermentation process in the form of bubbles in the must . During fermentation , there are several factors that winemakers take into consideration , with the most influential to ethanol production being sugar content in the must , the yeast strain used , and the fermentation temperature . The biochemical process of fermentation itself creates a lot of residual heat which can take the must out of the ideal temperature range for the wine . Typically , white wine is fermented between 18 - 20 ° C ( 64 - 68 ° F ) though a wine maker may choose to use a higher temperature to bring out some of the complexity of the wine . Red wine is typically fermented at higher temperatures up to 29 ° C ( 85 ° F ) . Fermentation at higher temperatures may have adverse effect on the wine in stunning the yeast to inactivity and even `` boiling off '' some of the flavors of the wines . Some winemakers may ferment their red wines at cooler temperatures , more typical of white wines , in order to bring out more fruit flavors . To control the heat generated during fermentation , the winemaker must choose a suitable vessel size or else use a cooling device . Various kinds of cooling devices are available , ranging from the ancient Bordeaux practice of placing the fermentation vat atop blocks of ice to sophisticated fermentation tanks that have built - in cooling rings . A risk factor involved with fermentation is the development of chemical residue and spoilage which can be corrected with the addition of sulfur dioxide ( SO ) , although excess SO can lead to a wine fault . A winemaker who wishes to make a wine with high levels of residual sugar ( like a dessert wine ) may stop fermentation early either by dropping the temperature of the must to stun the yeast or by adding a high level of alcohol ( like brandy ) to the must to kill off the yeast and create a fortified wine . The ethanol produced through fermentation acts as an important co-solvent to the non-polar compound that water can not dissolve , such as pigments from grape skins , giving wine varieties their distinct color , and other aromatics . Ethanol and the acidity of wine act as an inhibitor to bacterial growth , allowing wine to be safely kept for years in the absence of air . Other types of fermentation ( edit ) A California Chardonnay that shows it has been barrel fermented . In winemaking , there are different processes that fall under the title of `` Fermentation '' but might not follow the same procedure commonly associated with wine fermentation . Bottle fermentation ( edit ) Bottle fermentation is a method of sparkling wine production , originating in the Champagne region where after the cuvee has gone through a primary yeast fermentation the wine is then bottled and goes through a secondary fermentation where sugar and additional yeast known as liqueur de tirage is added to the wine . This secondary fermentation is what creates the carbon dioxide bubbles that sparkling wine is known for . Carbonic maceration ( edit ) The process of carbonic maceration is also known as whole grape fermentation where instead of yeast being added , the grapes fermentation is encouraged to take place inside the individual grape berries . This method is common in the creation of Beaujolais wine and involves whole clusters of grapes being stored in a closed container with the oxygen in the container being replaced with carbon dioxide . Unlike normal fermentation where yeast converts sugar into alcohol , carbonic maceration works by enzymes within the grape breaking down the cellular matter to form ethanol and other chemical properties . The resulting wines are typically soft and fruity . Malolactic fermentation ( edit ) Instead of yeast , bacteria play a fundamental role in malolactic fermentation which is essentially the conversion of malic acid into lactic acid . This has the benefit of reducing some of the tartness and making the resulting wine taste softer . Depending on the style of wine that the winemaker is trying to produce , malolactic fermentation may take place at the very same time as the yeast fermentation . Alternatively , some strains of yeast may be developed that can convert L - malate to L - lactate during alcohol fermentation . For example , Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain ML01 ( S. cerevisiae strain ML01 ) , which carries a gene encoding malolactic enzyme from Oenococcus oeni and a gene encoding malate permease from Schizosaccharomyces pombe . S. cerevisiae strain ML01 has received regulatory approval in both Canada and the United States . Co-fermentation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 267 - 269 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 74 - 84 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ H. Johnson Vintage : The Story of Wine pg 16 Simon and Schuster 1989 ISBN 0 - 671 - 68702 - 6 Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 267 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Gemma Beltran , Maria Jesus Torija , Maite Novo , Noemi Ferrer , Montserrat Poblet , Jose M. Guillamon , Nicholas Rozes , and Albert Mas . `` Analysis of Yeast Populations During Alcohol Fermentation : A Six Year Follow - up Study '' . pg3 - 4 Systematic and Applied Microbiology 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 287 - 293 . Web . 19 Aug. 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 778 - 779 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Gemma Beltran , Maria Jesus Torija , Maite Novo , Noemi Ferrer , Montserrat Poblet , Jose M. Guillamon , Nicholas Rozes , and Albert Mas . `` Analysis of Yeast Populations During Alcohol Fermentation : A Six Year Follow - up Study '' . Systematic and Applied Microbiology 25.2 ( 2002 ) : 287 - 293 . Web . 19 Aug. 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 779 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 ^ Jump up to : J. Robinson ( ed ) `` The Oxford Companion to Wine '' Third Edition pg 268 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ `` fermentation . '' Oddbins Dictionary of Wine . London : Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd , 2004 . Credo Reference . Web . 17 September 2012 . Jump up ^ J. Robinson ( ed ) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pg 780 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg 277 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg276 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ J. Robinson Jancis Robinson 's Wine Course Third Edition pg 82 Abbeville Press 2003 ISBN 0 - 7892 - 0883 - 0 Jump up ^ Jackson , Ronald S. Wine Science Principles and Applications . pg 276 San Diego , California : Academic Press , 2008 . Print . Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 168 - 169 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 33 - 34 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ D. Bird `` Understanding Wine Technology '' pg 89 - 92 DBQA Publishing 2005 ISBN 1 - 891267 - 91 - 4 Jump up ^ K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 35 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1 - 56305 - 434 - 5 Jump up ^ http://landfood.ubc.ca/wine/vanvuuren/vanvuuren_malolatic-yeast.html Jump up ^ http://www.ec.gc.ca/subsnouvelles-newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&n=EA0C2846-1 Wines and winemaking General Acids in wine Aging of wine Annual growth cycle of grapevines Aroma of wine Alternative wine closure Cork History Oak Oenology Screw cap Terroir Vineyard Viticulture Wine and food matching Wine fault Wine personalities Wine tasting Wine tasting descriptors Styles and methods of production Red Rosé White Orange Sparkling Dessert Ice Straw Kosher Organic Biodynamic Table Fortified Aromatized Grape varieties International White Chardonnay Chenin blanc Gewürztraminer Muscat Riesling Sauvignon blanc Sémillon Red Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot noir Syrah / Shiraz Regional White Agh Shani Albariño Aligoté Arneis Assyrtiko Chinuri Furmint Garganega Glera Grüner Veltliner Kerner Khikhvi Krakhuna Krstač Manata Marsanne Mtsvani Müller - Thurgau Pinot blanc Pinot gris / Pinot grigio Ribolla Gialla Rkatsiteli Roussanne Shesh i Bardhë Silvaner Smederevka Tamjanika Tetra Torrontés Ugni blanc / Trebbiano Tsitska Tsolikouri Verdejo Verdicchio Vermentino Viognier Red Aglianico Aladasturi Aleksandrouli Alicante Bouschet Asuretuli Barbera Blaufränkisch Bobal Cabernet Franc Carignan Carménère Cinsaut Corvina Dolcetto Dzvelshava Frappato Gamay Gibrita Grenache / Garnacha Izabella Kadarka Lagrein Madrasa Malbec Mencía / Jaen Mujuretuli Mourvèdre / Monastrell / Mataro Nebbiolo Negroamaro Nero d'Avola Ojaleshi Petit Verdot Petite sirah / Durif Pinot Meunier Pinotage Plavac Mali Poulsard Prokupac Sagrantino Sangiovese Saperavi Shesh i Zi Tannat Tavkveri Tempranillo Touriga Nacional Trollinger Usakhelauri Vranac Zinfandel / Primitivo Zweigelt Wine - producing countries and regions Australia New South Wales South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Nova Scotia Ontario Quebec Chile Aconcagua Atacama Central Valley Coquimbo Southern Chile Croatia Coastal wine region Continental wine region France Alsace Beaujolais Bordeaux Burgundy Champagne Jura Languedoc - Roussillon Loire Provence Rhône South West Georgia Abkhazia Imereti Kakheti Kartli Racha Germany Baden Franconia Mittelrhein Mosel Nahe Pfalz Rheingau Rheinhessen Hungary Balaton Duna Eger ~ Egri Bikavér Észak - Dunántúl Pannon Sopron Tokaj ~ Tokaji Italy Abruzzo Friuli - Venezia Giulia Lombardia Piemonte Toscana Veneto ~ Marsala Portugal Dão Douro Bairrada Port Vinho Verde ~ Madeira Romania Cotnari ~ Grasă de Cotnari Dealu Mare Huși ~ Busuioacă de Bohotin Jidvei Murfatlar Panciu Odobeşti Cotești Recaș Târnave Spain Catalonia Galicia Penedès ~ Sherry Priorat Ribera del Duero Rioja United States California Idaho New York Oregon Pennsylvania Virginia Washington Other Albania Argentina Austria Brazil Bulgaria China Crimea Cyprus Czech Republic Greece Israel Japan Jordan Lebanon Macedonia Moldova New Zealand Poland Russia Serbia Slovenia South Africa Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom Glossary Outline Winemaking Harvest Late harvest wine Noble rot Vintage Pressing Deacidification Destemming Chaptalization Pigeage Wine press Fermentation Carbonic maceration Maceration Malolactic fermentation Sparkling wine production Sugars in wine Süssreserve Traditional method Yeast assimilable nitrogen Yeast in winemaking Aging Oak Solera Storage of wine Bottling Alternative wine closure Bung Clarification and stabilization of wine Cork Muselet Screw cap Ullage Wine bottle History Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Bordeaux Champagne Chianti French Middle East Oldest prehistoric winery Phoenicians Portuguese Rioja Sherry South African Wine press See also Glossary of viticulture terms Glossary of wine terms Glossary of winemaking terms Oenology Viticulture Wine Wine chemistry Wine glass Drink portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fermentation_in_winemaking&oldid=784558625 '' Categories : Fermentation in food processing Oenology Wine Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Hrvatski 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2017 , at 23 : 47 . 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how long does it take grape juice to ferment into wine

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Elite Eight

Elite Eight - wikipedia Elite Eight Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is about NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship . For National Ringette League , see National Ringette League § NRL National Champions . In the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship or the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship , the `` Elite Eight '' ( also called the `` Great Eight '' ) are the final eight teams and , thus represent the regional finals , or national quarterfinals . In Division I and Division III , the Elite Eight consists of the two teams in each of the four regional championship games . The winners advance to the Final Four . Since 1997 , when the NCAA trademarked the phrase , in Division II the Elite Eight consists of the eight winners of the eight Division II regions . Like the Division I Final Four , the Division II Elite Eight games are all held in one predetermined location . In the men 's Division I , the lowest - seeded team ever to reach this round in the modern 64 team tournament era was # 12 Missouri in 2002 , who upset # 5 - seed Miami ( Florida ) , # 4 - seed Ohio State , and # 8 - seed UCLA before losing to # 2 - seed Oklahoma in the West regional that year . Eight # 11 seeds have advanced to the Elite Eight : LSU in 1986 , Loyola Marymount in 1990 , Temple in 2001 , George Mason in 2006 , Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 , Dayton in 2014 , Xavier in 2017 , and Loyola Chicago in 2018 . On average , three of the four # 1 seeds make it to the Elite Eight each year . In men 's play , the Elite Eight exists intact for less than 24 hours between the second Friday evening and the following Saturday afternoon of the tournament . The Elite Eight also represents the halfway mark of the men 's tournament since each qualifying team must win three rounds ( games ) to reach the national quarterfinals , with three rounds remaining to reach and win the national championship game . Like `` March Madness , '' the phrase `` Elite Eight '' originally referred to the Illinois High School Boys Basketball Championship , the single - elimination high school basketball tournament run by the Illinois High School Association . When the IHSA finals were reduced from sixteen to eight teams in 1956 , a replacement nickname for Sweet Sixteen was needed , and Elite Eight won popular favor . The IHSA trademarked the term in 1995 ; the trademark rights are now held by the March Madness Athletic Association , a joint venture between the NCAA and IHSA formed after a 1996 court case allowed both organizations to use `` March Madness '' for their own tournaments . Elite Eight can also refer to the eight NCAA Division I baseball teams that reach the College World Series . Notable Elite Eight teams in the men 's Division I NCAA tournament ( edit ) During the first 12 years of the tournament ( 1939 - 50 , inclusive ) only eight teams competed , meaning every team that qualified in those years was an automatic `` Elite Eight '' team . Idaho State in 1977 , which defeated UCLA in the previous round to end the Bruins ' streak of consecutive Final Four appearances at 10 to end the John Wooden - era dynasty 11 - seed Loyola Marymount in 1990 . One of the team 's stars , Hank Gathers , collapsed and died on the court during the WCC Tournament , and teammates ( including Bo Kimble , who shot his first free throw of each tournament game left - handed ) honored Gathers during the tournament . 12 - seed Missouri and 10 - seed Kent State in 2002 10 - seed Providence College in 1997 10 - seed Gonzaga in 1999 11 - seed Temple finished the 2001 regular season on a remarkable run , won Atlantic - 10 tournament behind play of Lynn Greer before succumbing to Michigan State . 11 - seed George Mason in 2006 , which became the first 11 - seed to advance to the Final Four since 1986 , after defeating 1 - seed Connecticut in overtime in the Elite Eight 10 - seed Davidson College in 2008 11 - seed Virginia Commonwealth in 2011 ( the first `` First Four '' team to advance to the Elite Eight ) 11 - seed Dayton in 2014 10 - seed Syracuse in 2016 11 - seed Xavier in 2017 11 - seed Loyola -- Chicago in 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Trademark record for serial no . 74687330 ( Elite Eight ) '' . United States Patent and Trademark Office . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ Bruins were finally floored NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990 1991 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elite_Eight&oldid=839272367 '' Categories : Sports terminology NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when is the last time an 11 seed made it to the elite 8

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Head Above Water (Avril Lavigne song)

Head Above Water ( Avril Lavigne song ) - Wikipedia Head Above Water ( Avril Lavigne song ) `` Head Above Water '' Single by Avril Lavigne from the album Head Above Water Released September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) Format Digital download streaming Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 40 Label BMG Songwriter ( s ) Avril Lavigne Stephan Moccio Travis Clark Producer ( s ) Stephan Moccio Avril Lavigne singles chronology `` Fly '' ( 2015 ) `` Head Above Water '' ( 2018 ) Music video `` Head Above Water '' on YouTube `` Head Above Water '' is a song by Canadian singer - songwriter Avril Lavigne from her upcoming sixth studio album , Head Above Water ( 2018 ) . It was written by Lavigne , Stephan Moccio , and Travis Clark ; while being produced by Moccio . It was released as the lead single from the album on September 19 , 2018 , by BMG . It is Lavigne 's first single as a lead artist since `` Fly '' , released in April 2015 . Contents 1 Background and release 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 8 Release history 9 References Background and release ( edit ) Those were the worst years of my life as I went through both physical and emotional battles . I was able to turn that fight into music I 'm really proud of . I wrote songs in my bed and on the couch and recorded there mostly as well . Words and lyrics that were so true to my experience came pouring out of me effortlessly -- Lavigne on releasing `` Head Above Water '' as lead single . After more than a year from the release of the last single from her fifth studio album , on December 25 , 2016 , Lavigne announced via her Instagram account that she was working on new music for her upcoming sixth studio album . On August 18 , 2018 , Lavigne posted on Instagram that new music is coming in September. ( 4 ) At the end of August , the song `` Head Above Water '' was registered ( 3 ) and Lavigne deleted almost all her pictures on Instagram. ( 5 ) On September 1 , Lavigne shared a picture of her underwater via her social media. ( 6 ) Several people reported that the image was related to the song `` Head Above Water '' . On September 6 , Lavigne posted a lengthy letter to her fans on her website detailing her struggle in the past few years and how she overcame it , this also included a release date for `` Head Above Water ''. ( 2 ) She wrote on the letter about the song `` I had accepted death and could feel my body shutting down . I felt like I was drowning . Like I was going under water and I just needed to come up for air . Like I was in a river being pulled in a current . Unable to breathe . Praying to God for Him to help me just keep my head above the water . To help me see through the stormy weather . '' ( 2 ) Lavigne shared a 30 - second - snippet of the song on September 13 , 2018. ( 7 ) The song was officially released on YouTube and worldwide streaming services on September 19 , 2018. ( 8 ) ( 9 ) Composition ( edit ) `` Head Above Water '' is backed by steady - building mix of piano , strings , synths and thunderous drums . Lavigne describes it as a `` spiritual experience . '' Musically the song is in the key of F major and shifts between 2 / 4 and 4 / 4 time signatures . Critical reception ( edit ) Marina Pedrosa of Billboard wrote that `` Head Above Water '' `` is a powerful , spiritual epiphany detailing the Canadian singer 's journey through her battle with Lyme disease . '' Robin Murray of Clash complimented the track 's production and deemed it `` ( a ) highly personal note '' . Murray described the song 's lyrics and production in detail : `` Now , we 've never been 100 % behind Avril Lavigne 's music , but we ca n't help but be touched by the way she 's approached what must be an enormously challenging situation . '' Writing for Spin , Anna Gaca described the track as `` dramatic piano ballad of resilience '' . Madeline Roth of MTV Canada named `` Head Above Water '' an `` emotionally charged comeback '' . Roth was impressed with the fact that song was n't `` just metaphorical '' , because `` it documents a culminating moment in Lavigne 's years - long struggle with Lyme disease '' . Katherine Gillespie from Paper wrote that `` Head Above Water '' is `` heavy piano ballad about just that : trying to stay alive . '' Lindsay Elizabeth of Faithwire gave the song a positive review , called the song a `` powerful worship ballad '' . Elizabeth further praised that `` Lavigne details her relationship with God , and how He saved her when she thought she was at the end of her life . '' Michael Foust of Christian Headlines described the song as `` God - centric song '' that even could be labeled `` praise and worship '' , while Jody Rosen of Jezebel considered the song 's nature as `` dramatic Christian rock vibes '' and comparing it to Rachel Platten 's 2015 single `` Fight Song ''. The song picked # 1 in 23 countries at iTunes Worldwide . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Head Above Water '' was filmed in Iceland ( Vík í Mýrdal ) and directed by Elliott Lester and it was released on September 27 , 2018 , on Lavigne 's 34th birthday . The music video ends with an important message to join Lavigne 's fight against Lyme disease by joining her namesake foundation , which supports Lyme disease prevention , treatment , and research . Live performances ( edit ) Lavigne gave the first televised performance of the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! on September 26 , 2018 . On October 15 , Lavigne released a new live performance of the song on Honda Stage in her YouTube channel from a partnership between iHeart Radio and Honda . Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits and personnel adapted from Tidal . Avril Lavigne -- main vocals Stephan Moccio -- producer , vocal production , piano , keyboards , background vocals Kylen Deporter -- record engineering assistance , background vocals Chad Kroeger -- vocal production Chris Baseford -- vocal production , record engineering , drum programming Jay Paul Bicknell -- additional production , record engineering , drum programming John Hanes -- record engineering Aaron Sterling -- drums , additional record engineering Serban Ghenea -- mixing engineering Jonathan Martin Berry -- guitar Paul Bushnell -- bass guitar Kevin Fox -- cello Vanessa Freebairn - Smith -- cello Will Quinnell -- mastering Chris Gehringer -- mastering engineering Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 75 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 57 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 35 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 37 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 16 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 42 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 23 Croatia ( HRT ) 82 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 93 Euro Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 58 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 69 Greece Digital Songs ( IFPI Greece ) 95 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 93 Italy ( FIMI ) 97 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 42 Japan Hot Overseas ( Billboard ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 14 New Zealand Hot Singles ( RMNZ ) 21 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 21 Singapore ( RIAS ) 12 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 94 Spain Physical / Digital Songs ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 84 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 34 US Christian Airplay ( Billboard ) 47 US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Various September 19 , 2018 Digital download BMG Italy September 21 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio United States October 8 , 2018 Hot adult contemporary radio Christian radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Says the Night She ' Accepted ' She Was Dying Inspired Her New Album '' . Entertainment Tonight . September 20 , 2018 . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wass , Mike . `` Avril Lavigne Returns With Powerful Pop / Rock Ballad `` Head Above Water '' `` . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avril Lavigne announces highly - anticipated new single ' Head Above Water ' in letter to fans '' . BMG . September 6 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moore , Sam . `` Listen to Avril Lavigne 's battling new single ' Head Above Water ' '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` After 5 Years , Avril Lavigne Is Back '' . Vogue . Retrieved September 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lavigne , Avril . `` Avril Lavigne `` Head Above Water '' Sheet Music `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Avril Lavigne Makes Powerful Comeback With Emotional Single ' Head Above Water ' : Listen '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Robin . `` Listen : Avril Lavigne - ' Head Above Water ' '' . Clash Magazine . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gaca , Anna . `` Avril Lavigne -- `` Head Above Water '' `` . Spin . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline . `` Avril lavigne makes an emotionally charged comeback with ' head above water ' '' . MTV Canada . Retrieved September 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Katherine . `` Avril Lavigne Returns With an Angsty Piano Ballad '' . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth , Lindsay . `` Avril Lavigne Releases First Song in Five Years -- And It 's a Worship Song '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foust , Michael . `` Avril Lavigne Cries Out to God in Emotional , Chart - Topping Song '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody . `` Avril Lavigne Returns , and Lana Del Rey 's ' Venice Bitch ' Is the Soundtrack to a Sun - Soaked Drive '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade . `` Avril Lavigne goes to Iceland in ' Head Above Water ' music video '' . UPI.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rincón , Alessandra ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Shares Silly Behind - The - Scenes Clips From Set of New Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne on Twitter '' . Retrieved September 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina . `` Avril Lavigne Performs Emotional ' Head Above Water ' for First Time on ' Kimmel ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedrosa , Marina ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Gives Intimate Performance Of ' Head Above Water ' For iHeartRadio Honda Stage Series '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Head Above Water / Avril Lavigne '' . Tidal . September 19 , 2018 . Retrieved September 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 492 '' . auspOp . September 29 , 2018 . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 100 '' . HRT . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201842 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Euro Digital Song Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Telecharges -- Classement 2018 de la semaine 39 '' . SNEP . October 2 , 2018 . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Chart ( International ) Εβδομάδα : 42 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Japan Hot Overseas '' ( in Japanese ) . Billboard Japan . October 3 , 2018 . Retrieved October 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 -- Avril Lavigne '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved October 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RIM CHARTS Top 20 Most Streamed International '' ( PDF ) . ( RIM ) . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Hot Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 1 , 2018 . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RIAS Top 30 International Streaming Chart '' ( PDF ) . ( RIAS ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2018 . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201842 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain Digital & Physical Songs Sales '' . spanishcharts.com . September 23 , 2018 . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Avril Lavigne -- Head Above Water '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Singles Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . 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Avril Lavigne songs Discography Let Go `` Losing Grip '' `` Complicated '' `` Sk8er Boi '' `` I 'm with You '' My World `` Basket Case '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Under My Skin `` Take Me Away '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` He Was n't '' `` My Happy Ending '' `` Nobody 's Home '' `` Fall to Pieces '' `` I Always Get What I Want '' The Best Damn Thing `` Girlfriend '' `` The Best Damn Thing '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hot '' `` Keep Holding On '' Goodbye Lullaby `` What the Hell '' `` Push '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Smile '' `` Alice '' `` Bad Reputation '' Avril Lavigne `` Rock n Roll '' `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' `` 17 '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Give You What You Like '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Hello Kitty '' `` How You Remind Me '' Head Above Water `` Head Above Water '' Collaborations `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Get Over Me '' Other songs `` Fly '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Head_Above_Water_(Avril_Lavigne_song)&oldid=866504618 '' Categories : 2018 singles 2018 songs 2010s ballads Avril Lavigne songs Pop ballads Pop rock songs Songs written by Avril Lavigne Songs written by Stephan Moccio Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use American English from September 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKindie Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardchristianairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 01 ( UTC ) . 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Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States . The number of associate justices is determined by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869 . Like the chief justice , associate justices are nominated by the President of the United States and are confirmed by the United States Senate by majority vote . This is provided for in Article II of the Constitution , which states that the president `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court . '' Although the Constitution refers to them as `` Judges of the Supreme Court '' , the title actually used is `` Associate Justice '' , introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789 . Associate justices were traditionally styled `` Mr. Justice '' in court opinions , but the title was shortened to `` Justice '' in 1980 , a year before Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice . Article III of the Constitution specifies that associate justices , and all other United States federal judges `` shall hold their Offices during good Behavior '' . This language means that the appointments are effectively for life , and that , once confirmed , a justice 's tenure of office ends only when they die , retire , resign , or are removed from office through the impeachment process . Each Supreme Court justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it ; the chief justice 's vote counts no more than that of any other justice . However , in drafting opinions , the chief justice enjoys additional influence in case disposition if in the majority through his power to assign who writes the opinion . Otherwise , the senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of a decision . Furthermore , the chief justice leads the discussion of the case among the justices . The chief justice has certain administrative responsibilities that the other justices do not and is paid slightly more ( $255,500 per year , as opposed to $244,400 per year for each associate justice ) . Associate justices have seniority by order of appointment , although the chief justice is always considered to be the most senior . If two justices are appointed on the same day , the older is designated the senior justice of the two . Currently , the senior associate justice is Anthony Kennedy . By tradition , when the justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court , the justices state their views in order of seniority . The senior associate justice is also tasked with carrying out the chief justices 's duties when he is unable to , or if that office is vacant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current associate justices 2 Retired associate justices 3 List of associate justices 3.1 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Current associate justices ( edit ) Currently , there are eight associate justices on the Court . The justices , ordered by seniority , are : Anthony Kennedy ( 1936 - 07 - 23 ) July 23 , 1936 ( age 81 ) Clarence Thomas ( 1948 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Ruth Bader Ginsburg ( 1933 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1933 ( age 84 ) Stephen Breyer ( 1938 - 08 - 15 ) August 15 , 1938 ( age 79 ) Samuel Alito ( 1950 - 04 - 01 ) April 1 , 1950 ( age 67 ) Sonia Sotomayor ( 1954 - 06 - 25 ) June 25 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Elena Kagan ( 1960 - 04 - 28 ) April 28 , 1960 ( age 57 ) Neil Gorsuch ( 1967 - 08 - 29 ) August 29 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Retired associate justices ( edit ) An associate justice who leaves the Court after attaining the age and meeting the service requirements prescribed by federal statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 371 ) may retire in senior status rather than resign . After retirement , they keep their title , and by custom may also keep a set of chambers in the Supreme Court building , and employ law clerks . The names of retired associate justices continue to appear alongside those of the active justices in the bound volumes of Supreme Court decisions . Federal statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 294 ) provides that retired Supreme Court justices may serve -- if designated and assigned by the chief justice -- on panels of the U.S. courts of appeals , or on the U.S. district courts . Retired justices are not , however , authorized to take part in the consideration or decision of any cases before the Supreme Court ( unlike other retired federal judges who may be permitted do so in their former courts ) ; neither are they known or designated as a `` senior judge '' . When , after his retirement , William O. Douglas attempted to take a more active role than was customary , maintaining that it was his prerogative to do so because of his senior status , he was rebuffed by Chief Justice Warren Burger and admonished by the whole Court . Currently , there are three living retired associate justices : Sandra Day O'Connor , retired January 31 , 2006 ; David Souter , retired June 29 , 2009 ; and John Paul Stevens , retired June 29 , 2010 . Both O'Connor and Souter occasionally serve on panels of the Courts of Appeals of various circuits . Stevens has not performed any judicial duties . List of associate justices ( edit ) Since the Supreme Court was established in 1789 , the following 101 persons have served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States : Associate Justice Replacing Date confirmed ( Vote ) Tenure Appointed by Prior position John Rutledge ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 001 ! September 26 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1791 ( Resigned ) George Washington 1st Governor of South Carolina ( 1779 -- 1782 ) William Cushing ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 002 ! September 27 , 1789 -- September 13 , 1810 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Superior Court ( 1777 -- 1789 ) James Wilson ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 003 ! September 29 , 1789 -- August 21 , 1798 ( Died ) Delegate to the Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) John Blair ( new seat ) September 26 , 1789 ( Acclamation ) 004 ! September 30 , 1789 -- October 25 , 1795 ( Resigned ) Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses ( 1766 -- 1770 ) 5 James Iredell ( new seat ) February 10 , 1790 ( Acclamation ) 005 ! May 12 , 1790 -- October 20 , 1799 ( Died ) 2nd Attorney General of North Carolina ( 1779 -- 1782 ) 6 Thomas Johnson J. Rutledge November 7 , 1791 ( Acclamation ) 006 ! August 5 , 1792 -- January 16 , 1793 ( Resigned ) 1st Governor of Maryland ( 1777 -- 1779 ) 7 William Paterson T. Johnson March 4 , 1793 ( Acclamation ) 007 ! March 4 , 1793 -- September 8 , 1806 ( Died ) 2nd Governor of New Jersey ( 1790 -- 1793 ) 8 Samuel Chase Blair January 27 , 1796 ( Acclamation ) 008 ! January 27 , 1796 -- June 19 , 1811 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Maryland General Court ( 1791 -- 1796 ) 9 Bushrod Washington Wilson December 20 , 1798 ( Acclamation ) 009 ! December 20 , 1798 -- November 26 , 1829 ( Died ) John Adams Delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention ( 1788 ) 10 Alfred Moore Iredell December 9 , 1799 ( Acclamation ) 010 ! December 10 , 1799 -- January 26 , 1804 ( Resigned ) 3rd Attorney General of North Carolina ( 1782 -- 1791 ) 11 William Johnson Moore March 24 , 1804 ( Acclamation ) 011 ! May 7 , 1804 -- August 4 , 1834 ( Died ) Thomas Jefferson Speaker of the South Carolina House of Representatives ( 1798 -- 1800 ) 12 Henry Brockholst Livingston Paterson December 17 , 1806 ( Acclamation ) 012 ! January 20 , 1807 -- March 18 , 1823 ( Died ) Justice of the New York Supreme Court ( 1802 -- 1807 ) 13 Thomas Todd ( new seat ) March 2 , 1807 ( Acclamation ) 013 ! March 3 , 1807 -- February 7 , 1826 ( Died ) Chief Justice of the Kentucky Court of Appeals ( 1806 -- 1807 ) 14 Gabriel Duvall Chase November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 014 ! November 23 , 1811 -- January 12 , 1835 ( Resigned ) James Madison U.S. Representative for Maryland 's 2nd district ( 1794 -- 1796 ) 15 Joseph Story Cushing November 18 , 1811 ( Acclamation ) 015 ! February 3 , 1812 -- September 10 , 1845 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Massachusetts 's 2nd district ( 1808 -- 1809 ) 16 Smith Thompson Livingston December 9 , 1823 ( Acclamation ) 016 ! September 1 , 1823 -- December 18 , 1843 ( Died ) James Monroe 6th United States Secretary of the Navy ( 1819 -- 1823 ) 17 Robert Trimble Todd May 9 , 1826 ( 25 -- 5 ) 017 ! May 9 , 1826 -- August 25 , 1828 ( Died ) John Quincy Adams Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Kentucky ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 18 John McLean Trimble March 7 , 1829 ( Acclamation ) 018 ! March 7 , 1829 -- April 4 , 1861 ( Died ) Andrew Jackson 6th United States Postmaster General ( 1823 -- 1829 ) 19 Henry Baldwin Washington January 6 , 1830 ( 41 -- 2 ) 019 ! January 6 , 1830 -- April 21 , 1844 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 14th district ( 1817 -- 1822 ) 20 James Moore Wayne W. Johnson January 9 , 1835 ( Acclamation ) 020 ! January 14 , 1835 -- July 5 , 1867 ( Died ) U.S. Representative for Georgia 's at - large district ( 1829 -- 1835 ) 21 Philip Pendleton Barbour Duvall March 15 , 1836 ( 30 -- 11 ) 021 ! March 15 , 1836 -- February 25 , 1841 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1830 -- 1836 ) 22 John Catron ( new seat ) March 8 , 1837 ( 28 -- 15 ) 022 ! March 8 , 1837 -- May 30 , 1865 ( Died ) Judge of the Tennessee Supreme Court of Errors and Appeals ( 1824 -- 1834 ) 23 John McKinley ( new seat ) September 25 , 1837 ( Acclamation ) 023 ! April 22 , 1837 -- July 19 , 1852 ( Died ) Martin Van Buren United States Senator from Alabama ( 1826 -- 1831 , 1837 ) 24 Peter Vivian Daniel Barbour March 2 , 1841 ( 25 -- 5 ) 024 ! March 3 , 1841 -- May 31 , 1860 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia ( 1836 -- 1841 ) 25 Samuel Nelson Thompson February 14 , 1845 ( Acclamation ) 025 ! February 14 , 1845 -- November 28 , 1872 ( Retired ) John Tyler Chief Justice of the New York Supreme Court ( 1831 -- 1845 ) 26 Levi Woodbury Story January 31 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 026 ! September 20 , 1845 -- September 4 , 1851 ( Died ) James K. Polk 13th United States Secretary of the Treasury ( 1834 -- 1841 ) 27 Robert Cooper Grier Baldwin August 4 , 1846 ( Acclamation ) 027 ! August 4 , 1846 -- January 31 , 1870 ( Retired ) Judge for the Pennsylvania state District Court for Allegheny County ( 1833 -- 1846 ) 28 Benjamin Robbins Curtis Woodbury December 20 , 1851 ( Acclamation ) 028 ! September 22 , 1851 -- September 30 , 1857 ( Resigned ) Millard Fillmore Massachusetts State Representative 29 John Archibald Campbell McKinley March 22 , 1853 ( Acclamation ) 029 ! March 23 , 1853 -- April 30 , 1861 ( Resigned ) Franklin Pierce Alabama State Representative 30 Nathan Clifford Curtis January 12 , 1858 ( 26 -- 23 ) 030 ! January 12 , 1858 -- July 25 , 1881 ( Died ) James Buchanan 19th United States Attorney General ( 1846 -- 1848 ) 31 Noah Haynes Swayne McLean January 24 , 1862 ( 38 -- 1 ) 031 ! January 24 , 1862 -- January 24 , 1881 ( Retired ) Abraham Lincoln U.S. Attorney for the District of Ohio ( 1830 -- 1834 ) 32 Samuel Freeman Miller Daniel July 16 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 032 ! July 16 , 1862 -- October 13 , 1890 ( Died ) Lawyer , Private practice 33 David Davis Campbell December 8 , 1862 ( Acclamation ) 033 ! October 17 , 1862 -- March 3 , 1877 ( Resigned ) Judge of the Illinois 3rd Circuit Court ( 1848 -- 1862 ) 34 Stephen Johnson Field ( new seat ) March 10 , 1863 ( Acclamation ) 034 ! March 10 , 1863 -- December 1 , 1897 ( Retired ) 5th Chief Justice of California ( 1859 -- 1863 ) 35 William Strong Grier February 18 , 1870 035 ! February 18 , 1870 -- December 14 , 1880 ( Retired ) Ulysses S. Grant U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania 's 9th district ( 1847 -- 1851 ) 36 Joseph Philo Bradley ( new seat ) March 21 , 1870 ( 46 -- 9 ) 036 ! March 21 , 1870 -- January 22 , 1892 ( Died ) Lawyer , Private practice 37 Ward Hunt Nelson December 11 , 1872 ( Acclamation ) 037 ! December 11 , 1872 -- January 27 , 1882 ( Retired ) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals ( 1868 -- 1872 ) 38 John Marshall Harlan Davis November 29 , 1877 ( Acclamation ) 038 ! November 29 , 1877 -- October 14 , 1911 ( Died ) Rutherford B. Hayes 14th Attorney General of Kentucky ( 1863 -- 1867 ) 39 William Burnham Woods Strong December 21 , 1880 ( 39 -- 8 ) 039 ! December 21 , 1880 -- May 14 , 1887 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( 1869 -- 1880 ) 40 Stanley Matthews Swayne May 12 , 1881 ( 24 -- 23 ) 040 ! May 12 , 1881 -- March 22 , 1889 ( Died ) James Garfield United States Senator from Ohio ( 1877 -- 1879 ) 41 Horace Gray Clifford December 20 , 1881 ( 51 -- 5 ) 041 ! December 20 , 1881 -- September 15 , 1902 ( Died ) Chester A. Arthur Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1873 -- 1881 ) 42 Samuel Blatchford Hunt March 22 , 1882 ( Acclamation ) 042 ! March 22 , 1882 -- July 7 , 1893 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1878 -- 1882 ) 43 Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II Woods January 16 , 1888 ( 32 -- 28 ) 043 ! January 16 , 1888 -- January 23 , 1893 ( Died ) Grover Cleveland 16th United States Secretary of the Interior ( 1885 -- 1888 ) 44 David Josiah Brewer Matthews December 18 , 1889 ( 53 -- 11 ) 044 ! December 18 , 1889 -- March 28 , 1910 ( Died ) Benjamin Harrison Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1884 -- 1889 ) 45 Henry Billings Brown Miller December 29 , 1890 ( Acclamation ) 045 ! December 29 , 1890 -- May 28 , 1906 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan ( 1875 -- 1890 ) 46 George Shiras Jr . Bradley July 26 , 1892 ( Acclamation ) 046 ! July 26 , 1892 -- February 23 , 1903 ( Retired ) Lawyer , Private practice 47 Howell Edmunds Jackson L. Lamar February 18 , 1893 ( Acclamation ) 047 ! February 18 , 1893 -- August 8 , 1895 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1891 -- 1893 ) 48 Edward Douglass White Blatchford February 19 , 1894 ( Acclamation ) 048 ! February 19 , 1894 -- December 18 , 1910 ( Continued as chief justice ) Grover Cleveland United States Senator from Louisiana ( 1891 -- 1894 ) 49 Rufus Wheeler Peckham H. Jackson December 9 , 1895 ( Acclamation ) 049 ! December 9 , 1895 -- October 24 , 1909 ( Died ) Associate Judge of the New York Court of Appeals 50 Joseph McKenna Field January 21 , 1898 ( Acclamation ) 050 ! January 21 , 1898 -- January 5 , 1925 ( Retired ) William McKinley 42nd United States Attorney General ( 1897 -- 1898 ) 51 Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . Gray December 4 , 1902 ( Acclamation ) 051 ! December 4 , 1902 -- January 12 , 1932 ( Retired ) Theodore Roosevelt Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ( 1899 -- 1902 ) 52 William R. Day Shiras February 23 , 1903 ( Acclamation ) 052 ! February 23 , 1903 -- November 13 , 1922 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1899 -- 1903 ) 53 William Henry Moody Brown December 12 , 1906 ( Acclamation ) 053 ! December 12 , 1906 -- November 20 , 1910 ( Retired ) 45th United States Attorney General ( 1904 -- 1906 ) 54 Horace Harmon Lurton Peckham December 20 , 1909 ( Acclamation ) 054 ! December 20 , 1909 -- July 12 , 1914 ( Died ) William Howard Taft Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1893 -- 1909 ) 55 Charles Evans Hughes Brewer May 2 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 055 ! October 10 , 1910 -- June 10 , 1916 ( Resigned ) 36th Governor of New York ( 1907 -- 1910 ) 56 Willis Van Devanter E. White December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 056 ! December 16 , 1910 -- June 2 , 1937 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1903 -- ` 1910 ) 57 Joseph Rucker Lamar Moody December 15 , 1910 ( Acclamation ) 057 ! December 17 , 1910 -- January 2 , 1916 ( Died ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia ( 1901 -- 1905 ) 58 Mahlon Pitney J. Harlan March 13 , 1912 ( 50 -- 26 ) 058 ! March 13 , 1912 -- December 31 , 1922 ( Resigned ) U.S. Representative for New Jersey 's 4th district ( 1895 -- 1899 ) 59 James Clark McReynolds Lurton August 29 , 1914 ( 44 -- 6 ) 059 ! August 29 , 1914 -- January 31 , 1941 ( Retired ) Woodrow Wilson 48th United States Attorney General ( 1913 -- 1914 ) 60 Louis Brandeis J. Lamar June 1 , 1916 ( 47 -- 22 ) 060 ! June 1 , 1916 -- February 13 , 1939 ( Retired ) Lawyer , Private practice : Brandeis Dunbar & Nutter 61 John Hessin Clarke Hughes July 24 , 1916 ( Acclamation ) 061 ! July 24 , 1916 -- September 5 , 1922 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio ( 1914 -- 1916 ) 62 George Sutherland Clarke September 5 , 1922 ( Acclamation ) 062 ! September 5 , 1922 -- January 17 , 1938 ( Retired ) Warren G. Harding United States Senator from Utah ( 1905 -- 1917 ) 63 Pierce Butler Day December 21 , 1922 ( 61 -- 8 ) 063 ! December 21 , 1922 -- November 16 , 1939 ( Died ) President of the Minnesota State Bar Association 64 Edward Terry Sanford Pitney January 29 , 1923 ( Acclamation ) 064 ! January 29 , 1923 -- March 8 , 1930 ( Died ) Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee ( 1908 -- 1923 ) 65 Harlan F. Stone McKenna February 5 , 1925 ( 71 -- 6 ) 065 ! February 5 , 1925 -- July 3 , 1941 ( Continued as chief justice ) Calvin Coolidge 52nd United States Attorney General ( 1924 -- 1925 ) 66 Owen Josephus Roberts Sanford May 20 , 1930 ( Acclamation ) 066 ! May 20 , 1930 -- July 31 , 1945 ( Resigned ) Herbert Hoover Assistant District Attorney for Philadelphia 67 Benjamin N. Cardozo Holmes February 24 , 1932 ( Acclamation ) 067 ! March 2 , 1932 -- July 9 , 1938 ( Died ) Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals ( 1927 -- 1932 ) 68 Hugo Black Van Devanter August 17 , 1937 ( 63 -- 16 ) 068 ! August 18 , 1937 -- September 17 , 1971 ( Retired ) Franklin D. Roosevelt United States Senator from Alabama ( 1927 -- 1937 ) 69 Stanley Forman Reed Sutherland January 25 , 1938 ( Acclamation ) 069 ! January 27 , 1938 -- February 25 , 1957 ( Retired ) 22nd United States Solicitor General ( 1935 -- 1938 ) 70 Felix Frankfurter Cardozo January 17 , 1939 ( Acclamation ) 070 ! January 20 , 1939 -- August 28 , 1962 ( Retired ) Chairman of Harvard Law School 71 William O. Douglas Brandeis April 4 , 1939 ( 62 -- 4 ) 071 ! April 15 , 1939 -- November 12 , 1975 ( Retired ) 3rd Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission ( 1937 -- 1939 ) 72 Frank Murphy Butler January 16 , 1940 ( Acclamation ) 072 ! January 18 , 1940 -- July 19 , 1949 ( Died ) 56th United States Attorney General ( 1939 -- 1940 ) 73 James F. Byrnes McReynolds June 12 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 073 ! July 8 , 1941 -- October 3 , 1942 ( Resigned ) United States Senator from South Carolina ( 1931 -- 1941 ) 74 Robert H. Jackson Stone July 7 , 1941 ( Acclamation ) 074 ! July 11 , 1941 -- October 9 , 1954 ( Died ) 57th United States Attorney General ( 1940 -- 1941 ) 75 Wiley Blount Rutledge Byrnes February 8 , 1943 ( Acclamation ) 075 ! February 11 , 1943 -- September 10 , 1949 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1939 -- 1943 ) 76 Harold Hitz Burton Roberts September 19 , 1945 ( Acclamation ) 076 ! September 22 , 1945 -- October 13 , 1958 ( Retired ) Harry S. Truman United States Senator from Ohio ( 1944 -- 1945 ) 77 Tom C. Clark Murphy August 18 , 1949 ( 73 -- 8 ) 077 ! August 19 , 1949 -- June 12 , 1967 ( Retired ) 59th United States Attorney General ( 1945 -- 1949 ) 78 Sherman Minton W. Rutledge October 4 , 1949 ( 48 -- 16 ) 078 ! October 12 , 1949 -- October 15 , 1956 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( 1941 -- 1949 ) 79 John Marshall Harlan II R. Jackson March 16 , 1955 ( 71 -- 11 ) 079 ! March 17 , 1955 -- September 23 , 1971 ( Retired ) Dwight D. Eisenhower Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1954 -- 1955 ) 80 William J. Brennan Minton March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 080 ! October 15 , 1956 -- July 20 , 1990 ( Retired ) Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey ( 1951 -- 1956 ) 81 Charles Evans Whittaker Reed March 19 , 1957 ( Acclamation ) 081 ! March 22 , 1957 -- March 31 , 1962 ( Resigned ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1956 -- 1957 ) 82 Potter Stewart Burton May 5 , 1959 ( 70 -- 17 ) 082 ! October 14 , 1958 -- July 3 , 1981 ( Retired ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ( 1954 -- 1958 ) 83 Byron White Whittaker April 11 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 083 ! April 16 , 1962 -- June 28 , 1993 ( Retired ) John F. Kennedy 4th United States Deputy Attorney General ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 84 Arthur Goldberg Frankfurter September 25 , 1962 ( Acclamation ) 084 ! September 28 , 1962 -- July 26 , 1965 ( Resigned ) 9th United States Secretary of Labor ( 1961 -- 1962 ) 85 Abe Fortas Goldberg August 11 , 1965 ( Acclamation ) 085 ! October 4 , 1965 -- May 14 , 1969 ( Resigned ) Lyndon B. Johnson United States Under Secretary of the Interior 86 Thurgood Marshall Clark August 30 , 1967 ( 69 -- 11 ) 086 ! October 2 , 1967 -- October 1 , 1991 ( Retired ) 32nd United States Solicitor General ( 1965 -- 1967 ) 87 Harry Blackmun Fortas May 12 , 1970 ( 94 -- 0 ) 087 ! June 9 , 1970 -- August 3 , 1994 ( Retired ) Richard Nixon Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit ( 1959 -- 1970 ) 88 Lewis Franklin Powell Jr . Black December 6 , 1971 ( 89 -- 1 ) 088 ! January 7 , 1972 -- June 26 , 1987 ( Retired ) President of the American Bar Association ( 1964 -- 1965 ) 89 William Rehnquist J. Harlan II December 10 , 1971 ( 68 -- 26 ) 089 ! January 7 , 1972 -- September 26 , 1986 ( Continued as chief justice ) United States Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel ( 1969 -- 1971 ) 90 John Paul Stevens Douglas December 17 , 1975 ( 98 -- 0 ) 090 ! December 19 , 1975 -- June 29 , 2010 ( Retired ) Gerald Ford Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( 1970 -- 1975 ) 91 Sandra Day O'Connor Stewart September 21 , 1981 ( 99 -- 0 ) 091 ! September 25 , 1981 -- January 31 , 2006 ( Retired ) Ronald Reagan Judge of the Arizona Court of Appeals ( 1979 -- 1981 ) 92 Antonin Scalia Rehnquist September 17 , 1986 ( 98 -- 0 ) 092 ! September 26 , 1986 -- February 13 , 2016 ( Died ) Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1982 -- 1986 ) 93 Anthony Kennedy Powell February 3 , 1988 ( 97 -- 0 ) 093 ! February 18 , 1988 -- Incumbent Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) 94 David Souter Brennan October 2 , 1990 ( 90 -- 9 ) 094 ! October 9 , 1990 -- June 29 , 2009 ( Retired ) George H.W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 ) 95 Clarence Thomas Marshall October 15 , 1991 ( 52 -- 48 ) 095 ! October 23 , 1991 -- Incumbent Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 96 Ruth Bader Ginsburg B. White August 3 , 1993 ( 96 -- 3 ) 096 ! August 10 , 1993 -- Incumbent Bill Clinton Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) 97 Stephen Breyer Blackmun July 29 , 1994 ( 87 -- 9 ) 097 ! August 3 , 1994 -- Incumbent Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) 98 Samuel Alito O'Connor January 31 , 2006 ( 58 -- 42 ) 098 ! January 31 , 2006 -- Incumbent George W. Bush Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) 99 Sonia Sotomayor Souter August 6 , 2009 ( 68 -- 31 ) 099 ! August 8 , 2009 -- Incumbent Barack Obama Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) 100 Elena Kagan Stevens August 5 , 2010 ( 63 -- 37 ) 100 ! August 7 , 2010 -- Incumbent 45th Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) 101 Neil Gorsuch Scalia April 7 , 2017 ( 54 -- 45 ) 101 ! April 8 , 2017 -- Incumbent Donald Trump Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Listed here ( unless otherwise noted ) is the position -- either with a U.S. state or the federal government , or with a private corporation -- held by the individual immediately prior to becoming an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court . Jump up ^ Later served as chief justice , June 30 , 1795 -- December 28 , 1795 . ^ Jump up to : Recess appointment . Jump up ^ Received recess appointment on August 5 , 1791 , but was not sworn in until August 6 , 1792 . Jump up ^ Was impeached , but not convicted ( remained in office ) . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , December 19 , 1910 -- May 19 , 1921 . Jump up ^ Later served as chief justice , February 13 , 1930 -- June 30 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , July 3 , 1941 -- April 22 , 1946 . Jump up ^ Served as chief justice , September 26 , 1986 -- September 3 , 2005 . See also ( edit ) Associate Justice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ United States Congress ( 1834 ) ( approved September 24 , 1789 ) . `` An Act to Establish the Judicial Courts of the United States '' . In Gales , Joseph , Sr . The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States ; With an Appendix , Containing Important State Papers and Public Documents and all the Laws of a Public Nature ; With a Copious Index . vol. 2 . Washington , DC : Gales and Seaton . p. 2239 ( 2239 -- 2255 ) -- via Library of Congress . Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( 2005 ) . Sandra Day O'Connor : How the First Woman on the Supreme Court Became Its Most Influential Justice . New York : HarperCollins . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Supreme Court justices : They do OK financially '' . CNN . Retrieved February 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 3 Jump up ^ Woodward , Robert ; Armstrong , Scott ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 480 -- 488 , 526 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations : 1789 - Present '' . United States Senate . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of the Justices '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klebanow , Diana & Jonas , Franklin L. ( 2003 ) . People 's Lawyers : Crusaders for Justice in American History . M.E. Sharpe . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0765606730 -- via Google Books . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Christensen , George A. ( 1983 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court : Gravesites of the Justices '' . Yearbook . Supreme Court Historical Society . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Christensen , George A. ( February 19 , 2008 ) . `` Here Lies the Supreme Court : Revisited '' . Journal of Supreme Court History . University of Alabama . 33 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 41 . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 126 - 7 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon & Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 1377 - 4 . Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Martin , Fenton S. & Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 9679 - 4 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Historic collection of Supreme Court decisions and biographies indexed by judge name Members of the Supreme Court of the United States from the Court 's website . Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice Jay J. Rutledge Ellsworth J. Marshall Taney S.P. Chase Waite Fuller E. White Taft Hughes Stone Vinson Warren Burger Rehnquist J. Roberts Seat 1 J. Rutledge T. Johnson Paterson Livingston Thompson Nelson Hunt Blatchford E. White Van Devanter Black Powell Kennedy Seat 2 Cushing Story Woodbury Curtis Clifford Gray Holmes Cardozo Frankfurter Goldberg Fortas Blackmun Breyer Seat 3 Wilson Washington Baldwin Grier Strong Woods L. Lamar H. Jackson Peckham Lurton McReynolds Byrnes W. Rutledge Minton Brennan Souter Sotomayor Seat 4 Blair S. Chase Duvall Barbour Daniel Miller Brown Moody J. Lamar Brandeis Douglas Stevens Kagan Seat 5 Iredell Moore W. Johnson Wayne Seat 6 Todd Trimble McLean Swayne Matthews Brewer Hughes Clarke Sutherland Reed Whittaker White Ginsburg Seat 7 Catron Seat 8 McKinley Campbell Davis Harlan Pitney Sanford O. Roberts Burton Stewart O'Connor Alito Seat 9 Field McKenna Stone R. Jackson Harlan II Rehnquist Scalia Gorsuch Seat 10 Bradley Shiras Day Butler Murphy Clark T. Marshall Thomas Note : Seats 5 and 7 are defunct Supreme Court of the United States The Court Decisions Procedures History Supreme Court Building Old City Hall , Philadelphia 1791 -- 1800 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1819 -- 1860 U.S. Capitol Chamber 1860 -- 1935 Current members Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter Current nominations No Vacancies All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education succession timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations near end of presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings Court functionaries Clerk Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Law clerks Chief Justice Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Seat 6 Seat 8 Seat 9 Seat 10 All Related United States Solicitor General United States Reports Lawyers ' Edition Amicus curiae Other countries Law Portal Order of precedence in the United States of America * The President The Vice President The Governor ( of the state in which the event is held ) The Speaker of the House The Chief Justice Former President Carter Former President GHW Bush Former President Clinton Former President GW Bush Former President Obama Ambassadors of the United States The Secretary of State The Associate Justices Retired Justice Stevens Retired Justice O'Connor Retired Justice Souter The President 's Cabinet The President Pro Tempore of the Senate The Senate The Governors of the States ( by order of statehood ) Former Vice President Mondale Former Vice President Quayle Former Vice President Gore Former Vice President Cheney Former Vice President Biden The House of Representatives * not including acting officeholders , visiting dignitaries , auxiliary executive and military personnel and most diplomats Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&oldid=816043051 '' Categories : Supreme Court of the United States people United States federal judges Legal professions Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский Simple English ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 21 : 56 . 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who are the associate justices of the supreme court