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qb-protobowl-11-13

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q35_3

This country's city of Manaus is located at the confluence of the Solimoes [sue-lee-moish] and Negro [naygrow] rivers. Its capital city was designed by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer. One city in this nation is home to the statue of Christ the Redeemer. This largest (*) Portuguese-speaking country is home to the mouth of the world's second longest river. For 10 points, name this largest country in South America that is home to Rio de Janeiro.

Federative Republic of {Brazil}

q2641_1

The rest type of this concept is described in special relativity. Its rotational analogue is rotational inertia. It equals energy divided by the square of the speed of light. On Earth, it is sometimes confused with weight, though it is measured not in pounds but in grams. For 10 points, name this quantity that represents the amount of matter in an object.

{mass} [prompt on {m;} accept {energy} before "inertia"]

q4074_1

This planet was mapped by the Magellan probe. This planet had a notable transition of the sun in 2004 and is scheduled to make another in 2012. When it appears, it is this brightest object in the night sky. Its dense, carbon dioxide dominated atmosphere results in a runaway greenhouse effect. For 10 points, name this planet named after the Roman goddess of love, the second planet from the sun.

Venus

q2581_1

In one of this artist's paintings, Mercury wears a red sash as he reaches up to an orange in an orange grove; that painting, whose central figure stands next to the Three Graces, is La Primavera. Zephyrus and Chloris [KLOR-iss] blow a goddess to land as a horae greets her at a shore in this artist's most famous work.(*) For 10 points, name this Italian artist who featured a large seashell in his The Birth of Venus.

Sandro Botticelli [or Alessandro (di Mariano di Vanni) Filipepi]

q419_2

Among this poet's famous lines are "Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all" and "Theirs not to reason why, / Theirs but to do and die". In addition to "In Memoriam A.H.H.," this Poet Laureate under Queen Victoria also wrote "The Lady of Shalott." (*) For 10 points, what 19th-century poet wrote "The Charge of the Light Brigade"?.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson

q2065_2

This book's main character pays a debt to his landlord by rescuing the seamstress Constance. Earlier in this book, set in the time of Louis XIII (13), the same character challenges his friends to duels but later helps them fend off the troops of Cardinal Richelieu (REE-shee-loo). The motto "One for all and all for one," is spoken by Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in, for 10 points, what book about D'Artagnan (dar-TANyan)] written by Alexandre Dumas (doo-MAH)?

The Three Musketeers [or Les Trois Mousquetaires]

q2571_2

In one of his paintings, this man included a self-portrait as the flayed skin held by St. Bartholomew; the nudity in that painting was censored by the Catholic Church. This man sculpted a horned Moses and worked on the tomb of Pope (*) Julius II. This artist showed the end of times in his mural titled The Last Judgment. For 10 points, identify this Renaissance artist who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Michelangelo (di Lodovico) Buonarroti (Simoni) [accept either underlined name]

q1605_3

In one work, this character is almost forced to marry Marcellina until it is revealed she is his long-lost mother. In another work, he advises a former employer to dress as a drunken soldier to get into Rosina's house. This former servant of Count Almaviva sings his name over and over again in "Largo al Factotum," an aria from a Rossini opera. For 10 points, name this Barber of Seville who gets married in a Mozart opera.

{Figaro} [prompt on The Barber of Seville before mentioned; accept The Marriage of Figaro until "employer"]

q411_3

This artist did not finish his Cars series, which showed various Mercedes-Benz models. This artist created a six-hour film of a man sleeping. Fifty copies of the same image from the movie Niagara were varyingly colored in one of his works, and his studio was known as "The Factory." (*) For 10 points, name this American Pop artist who created a series of portraits of Marilyn Monroe and many paintings of Campbell's soup cans.

Andy {Warhol} [or Andrew {Warhola}]

q3488_2

An alpha particle is a nucleus of this element, which has a filled 1s (ONE S) orbital but no p orbitals at ground state. After the Hindenburg disaster, this gas replaced hydrogen in zeppelins and blimps. Because the speed of sound in this gas is much faster than that in air, inhaling it causes a high-pitched voice. For 10 points, name this lightest noble gas, with atomic number two and symbol He (H-E).

helium [accept He before it is read]

q7032_5

Franz Schubert's three symphonies in this key are nicknamed Tragic, Little, and Great. Mozart's Jupiter Symphony and Bach's first Prelude from The Well Tempered Clavier are in this major key, whose relative minor is A minor. Instruments pitched in this key include the bassoon, oboe, and flute. A scale in this key played on piano only hits (*) white keys. For 10 points, name this musical key that contains no sharps or flats.

{C major} [prompt on \"C\" before \"major key\" is mentioned; do not prompt on or accept \"c minor\"]

q1760_3

One superstition concerning certain winners of this election is known as Tecumseh's (“teh-CUM- seh's”) Curse. Third party candidates in previous elections of this type include Ross Perot and Teddy Roosevelt. Its most recent iteration concentrated on the economy, the war in Iraq, and people associated with Barack Obama. For 10 points, what is this election, held most recently in 2008 and responsible for choosing the next American leader?

{Presidential general} election [accept either]

q1973_1

One character in this book deliberately pours syrup all over his lunch. At one point, the main characters are taken to a church by their cook, Calpurnia. Mayella Ewell accuses Tom Robinson of assaulting her; Tom is defended by the protagonist's father, the best lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama. For 10 points, name this book narrated by Scout, the daughter of Atticus Finch, and written by Harper Lee.

To Kill a Mockingbird

q83_1

The U.S. Naval Observatory is the official residence for holders of this office, which Spiro Agnew resigned when he was charged with tax fraud. This post was vacant during the administrations of John Tyler and Millard Fillmore, who both became (*) President after they held this post. Ties in the U.S. Senate are broken by, for 10 points, what executive branch post recently held by Dick Cheney?

{Vice President} of the United States [do not accept or prompt on {\"President\"}]

q3249_1

The third game in this series saw its first set of dual worlds and the first use of the Spin Attack technique. A common theme in this game is the protagonist's attempts to rescue the title princess and reunite the Triforce. This series includes games subtitled A Link to the Past and The Ocarina of Time. For 10 points, what is this video game series whose most recent entry is subtitled The Twilight Princess?

The {Legend} of {Zelda} [prompt on {Zelda}]

q304_2

This geographical feature has its lowest point at Bentley Trench. A lake here lies under Vostok Station. Mt. Erebus is found on Ross Island off itscoast, between Marie Byrd and Victoria lands. The Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains contains its highest peak, Vinson Massif, located on the Ronne (*) Ice Shelf. Getting only 5-10 inches of precipitation a year, it is considered a desert. For 10 points, identify this southernmost continent that contains the icy South Pole.

Antarctica

q51_2

Landmarks on this island include the El Yunque (“YOON-kay”) rainforest and Fort San Felipe del Moro. Humacao (“HOO-muh-COW”), Caguas (“CAW-gwahs”), Bayamon (“BYE-uh-moan”), and Ponce (“PAWN-say”) are some of its municipalities. The largest municipality shares the name given to the island by Columbus, San Juan. For 10 points, identify this island, a United States commonwealth in the Caribbean.

Puerto Rico

q179_2

This city's northeast is home to Mount Scopus (“SCOPE-us”), often used as a point of attack by forces attempting to invade it. Landmarks in this city include the Dome of the Rock, revered by many Muslims who consider this city their third holiest, and the western wall of the former Temple Mount, which is now a major site for followers of Judaism. For 10 points, name this city of importance to three religions, the capital of Israel.

Jerusalem

q2837_4

His opposition to harsh retaliation after the sinking of the Lusitania caused this politician to resign as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State. This man argued against Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial. He proclaimed that "you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns" in his (*) "Cross of Gold" speech. For 10 points, name this three-time Democratic presidential nominee, known as The Great Commoner.

William Jennings Bryan

q512_4

Observers of this holiday often eat jelly-filled doughnuts called sufganiyot (soof-GAH-nee-yoat) and potato pancakes called latkes. They may play a game with a spinning top whose sides are marked nun, gimel, hey, and shin on this holiday; that object is called a dreidel (DRAY-duhl). It commemorates the successful revolt against Antiochus (an-tee-OH-kuss) led by Judah Maccabee. For 10 points, name this wintertime Jewish holiday that includes the lighting of a Menorah.

Chanukah [or {Hanukkah}]

q257_4

The Ghawar (gah-WAHR) oil field is located in this nation, whose flag contains an image of a white sword on a green field. During Operation Desert Shield, American troops defended this country, angering radical Muslims like Osama bin Laden, who was born in this country. A desert called the Empty Quarter covers its borders with Oman and the UAE. For 10 points, what kingdom occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula?

Saudi Arabia

q2584_1

In 1994, thieves that stole this painting left a note reading “Thanks for the poor security.” This painting may be a self-portrait depicting an attack of agoraphobia (“uh-GORE-uh-FOE-bee-uh”). Blue land reflects a bright orange sky in this work. For 10 points, name this Edvard Munch (“MOONK”) painting of a distorted figure holding his hands to his head and making the title loud, distressed noise.

The {Scream} [or {Skrik}; accept The {Cry}]

q1542_3

The “law of” these objects states that the torque (“tork”) on one side is equal to the torque on the other side. These objects can be classified as first class, second class, or third class depending on the location of the fulcrum. For 10 points, name these simple machines, familiar examples of which include a wheelbarrow and see-saw.

levers

q4866_2

Temples dedicated to this god include the Trimbakeshwar and Ramanaswathamy. Five is a sacred number to this god, which is reflected in his namesake "Five Mantras". His sons are Kartikeya and Ganesha. Although he's not Vishnu, this god has a number of avatars, and his wife is (*) Parvati. For 10 points, name this Hindu god which, along with Brahma and Vishnu, makes up the Hindu trimurti, a "destroyer" god.

Shiva [accept Shiva the Destroyer, Shiva the Transformer]

q4248_4

This man was killed by a crossbow bolt while besieging the castle Charlus-Chabrol. After the departure of Philip Augustus of France, this man led the Christian armies in the Third Crusade, during which he achieved peace with Saladin. He was succeeded by his brother John. For 10 points, name this 12th-century King of England known by an epithet signifying his bravery.

Richard I of England [or Richard the Lionhearted; or Richard Coeur de Lion; prompt on Richard]

q3313_1

This figure met his demise when he was struck by a piece of wood from his own vessel. While in Colchis (“COAL-chiss”) visiting King Aeetes (“ay-EE-tees”), he accomplished such tasks as yoking fire- breathing oxen and dispatching a group of warriors that sprang forth after dragon teeth were sown into the ground, all to get the Golden Fleece. He was aided in these tasks by his future wife Medea. For 10 points, name this leader of the Argonauts.

{Jason}

q1488_3

This ruler was forced to wait eight months to begin a campaign for the throne he contested with the King of Norway, Harald Hardrada (hard-RAH-dah), whose own campaign ended unsuccessfully at Stamford Bridge. This man feigned his death in order to trick Harold Godwinson into defeat at the Battle of Hastings. For 10 points, name this Norman ruler whose achievements were chronicled on the Bayeux Tapestry.

{William I} of England [or {William} the {Conqueror;} or {William} the {Bastard;} or {William II} of {Normandy;} or {Guillaume} le {Conquérant;} prompt on {William} of {Normandy}]

q1619_3

Cherenkov (“CHAIR-en-kov”) radiation exists when this value is exceeded. The ratio of this quantity in a vacuum to this quantity in a material is that material's index of refraction. It is squared and multiplied by mass to give energy in an equation derived by Einstein, E equals m c squared. For 10 points, name this theoretical upper limit for the speed of any object, equal to about three hundred million meters per second.

speed of {light} [accept {c} before mentioned]

q3403_1

The carrack Mary Rose sank during the reign of this ruler, who ordered Thomas Cromwell to dissolve the monasteries. Thomas Cranmer was Archbishop of Canterbury under this ruler, who became the supreme head of the Protestant Church of England. After his marriage to a Spanish princess ended, he married Anne Boleyn, but had Anne beheaded in 1536. For 10 points, name this Tudor king with an eventual total of six wives.

{Henry VIII} [prompt on Henry or {Henry} Tudor]

q4861_3

Before this event, a three-year winter will end almost all life. During this event, one deity's son will use a giant shoe to take revenge for his father's death. At its start, Heimdall will blow the Gjallarhorn and Loki will break free from his imprisonment. During this event, Thor will kill the Midgard Serpent, only to die from its poison. For 10 points, name this event marking the end of the world in Norse mythology.

Ragnarök [prompt on Gotterdammerung; prompt on end of the world]

q245_3

This river divides Minneapolis and St. Paul. In 1927, this river's flood was the worst in US history, causing a system of levees to be built that was the world's longest. Nicknamed the "Big Muddy", this river serves as part of the border between (*) Louisiana and its namesake state. For 10 points, name this river that, with the Missouri, makes up the longest river system in the United States.

{Mississippi} River

q304_6

This geographical feature has its lowest point at Bentley Trench. A lake here lies under Vostok Station. Mt. Erebus is found on Ross Island off itscoast, between Marie Byrd and Victoria lands. The Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains contains its highest peak, Vinson Massif, located on the Ronne (*) Ice Shelf. Getting only 5-10 inches of precipitation a year, it is considered a desert. For 10 points, identify this southernmost continent that contains the icy South Pole.

Antarctica

q3249_3

The third game in this series saw its first set of dual worlds and the first use of the Spin Attack technique. A common theme in this game is the protagonist's attempts to rescue the title princess and reunite the Triforce. This series includes games subtitled A Link to the Past and The Ocarina of Time. For 10 points, what is this video game series whose most recent entry is subtitled The Twilight Princess?

The {Legend} of {Zelda} [prompt on {Zelda}]

q1843_2

This term describes a "zone" below the water table in which groundwater is found. This term describes compounds that contain only single bonds. It also describes solutions that have the maximum possible amount of dissolved solute. For 10 points, give this term generally describing things unable to hold more, which names a certain kind of "bad" fat.

{saturated} [or word forms, such as {saturation}]

q169_2

n this state's capital, the Lane Avenue Bridge crosses the Olentangy River. Another of its cities contains historic Italian architecture in its Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, while another city, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, contains Case Western Reserve University. Much of its northern border is at Lake (*) Erie, and it is separated from Kentucky by its namesake river. For 10 points, name this state containing Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus.

Ohio

q1447_2

One of this deity's possessions is a ring that creates eight copies of itself every nine nights. This deity learned nine songs and eighteen runes after hanging from the world tree for nine days. Huginn (“HOO- ginn”) and Muninn (“MOO-ninn”) bring information from the various lands of this deity's pantheon to his throne. Fenrir (“FEN-reer”) will kill this deity at Ragnarok (“RAG-nuh-rock”). For 10 points, name this god of poetry and wisdom, the leader of the Norse pantheon.

Odin

q605_2

He published a then-controversial theory in "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres," whose preface included a dedication to Pope Paul III so as to deflect controversy. In critiquing an opposing theory, he criticized the separate treatment of each planet, as had been done by Ptolemy (TAHL-eh-mee). For 10 points, name the astronomer who first proved the theory of heliocentrism (HEE-lee-oh-SEN-trizzuhm), a Polish scientist.

Nicolaus Copernicus

q1203_2

The Darien Scheme was an attempt by Scotland to create another structure similar to this entity. The Hay-Bunau Varilla (HAY BOO-now vah-REE-yuh) Treaty allowed the United States to begin constructing this entity. A zone around it was returned from the U.S. to its namesake country by a treaty signed by Jimmy Carter. For 10 points, name this waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through a Central American country.

{Panama} Canal [or {Canal} de {Panama}]

q776_3

Some of the most important teachings of this religion include the Four Noble Truths and the Middle Way. One of the main branches of this religion is also known as the "School of Elders," while another is known as the "Great Vehicle." Those are the Theravada and Mahayana branches of this religion. (*) Siddhartha Gautama founded, for 10 points, what religion that also comes in Zen and Tibetan forms?

Buddhism

q1043_3

These entities can be found by using the Sieve of Eratosthenes (AIR-uh-TOSS-the-neez). According to Goldbach's conjecture, every integer greater than two can be expressed as a sum of two of them. Every positive integer can be expressed as a factorization of these numbers. For 10 points, identify these natural numbers whose only divisors are themselves and one.

prime numbers [or primes]

q1404_3

In this book, Mr. Wickham goes to Brighton and runs off with Lydia. Another character in this book chooses not to dance with the protagonist or any of her four sisters when he first appears at a ball, though he changes his ways after he is accused of trying to split up Jane and Mr. Bingley. For 10 points, Elizabeth Bennett's relations with Mr. Darcy unfold in what novel by Jane Austen?

{Pride and Prejudice}

q1992_2

During World War II, this country was run by Josef Terboven, though its official Minister President was Vidkun Quisling. It used to be the western part of the Kalmar Union. More recently, in 2011 it suffered from a mass (*) murder at a youth league camp carried out by Anders Breivik. For many years, its capital was named for King Christian IV ["the fourth"]. For 10 points, name this Scandinavian country whose capital is now called Oslo.

Kingdom of {Norway} [accept {Kongeriket Norge}]

q354_1

One famous work for this instrument is Caprice No. 24 by Paganini (pag-uh-NEE-nee). In Berlioz's (BER-lee-ohz) Symphonie Fantastique (fan-tas-TEEK), a head bouncing from a guillotine is depicted by this instrument playing pizzicato (PITZ-ee-KAH-toe). The concertmaster of an orchestra is the first chair of this instrument, several of which were crafted by Stradivarius. For 10 points, name this string instrument higher in pitch than a viola.

violin

q3072_1

A 2003 restoration of Verrochio's depiction of this figure revealed the sculptor's fingerprint. Bernini depicted this figure in combat with his armor at his feet, while a Donatello statue of him was the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. For 10 points, Michelangelo unusually depicted what Biblical subject without the head of Goliath?

David

q3048_4

Frederick Muhlenberg was the first person to hold this office. This office is granted appointment power for select and conference committees. It confers the ability to schedule legislation for the floor and the person in this position controls the flow of debate. It is second in the line of presidential succession. For 10 points, what position was previously held by Dennis Hastert and is currently held by Nancy Pelosi?

{Speaker of the House} of Representatives

q1891_1

Opposite corners of this constellation are at the start Saiph and Bellatrix. Though called its beta, its brightest star is usually Rigel [RY-jul]. This constellation is visible only in the winter, and its alpha star, part of the Winter Triangle and at the center of the Winter Hexagon, is (*) Betelgeuse ["beetle juice"]. A line across its center formed by Alnitak, Alnilam, and Mintaka is known as its "belt". For 10 points, name this constellation known as the Hunter.

{Orion} [prompt on the \"Hunter\"]

q4929_3

This nation's men's soccer team was only allowed to play home matches in empty stadiums in 2012 after 74 fans were killed at a league match in Port Said (sah-EED). This nation's government, controlled by the Islamic Brotherhood and headed by Mohamed (*) Morsi, came to power after the overthrow of Hosni Mubarak (moo-BAR-ak). For 10 points, name this nation which in 2011 had riots in Tahrir Square in Cairo.

Egypt

q36_2

This nation owns the islands of Ushant and Corsica. Ethnic minorities in it include speakers of Alemannic (ah-leh-MAN-ic) German in Alsace, the Celtic-speaking (KELL-tick) Bretons, and, in the northern Pyrenees (PEER-eh-nees), the Basques (BASKS). It was divided into departments named after rivers including the Rhone, the Loire, and the Seine. For 10 points, what European nation has its capital at Paris?

France [or French Republic; or République Française]

q1410_3

This conflict saw a battle for Kunduz (“CUN-dooz”), which saw cooperation between U.S. and German forces. The British “Operation Herrick” and American “Operation Enduring Freedom” led to a quick ousting of the Taliban regime, but Stanley McChrystal recently stated an increase of 500,000 troops would be needed to continue this war. For 10 points, name this current war fought in a country bordering Pakistan.

War in {Afghanistan} [accept {War} against the {Taliban} before mentioned; accept other obvious

q4670_1

One theory of this entity's creation states that a Mars-sized body named Theia (“THEE-uh”) collided with its parent planet. This object exhibits synchronous (“SIN-kro-nuss”) rotation with its parent planet, and that rotation results in the namesake "dark side" of this object. The Sea of Tranquility lies on, for 10 points, what astronomical body responsible for the Earth's tides, its largest natural satellite?

Moon

q4945_1

Ribosome subunits pass through pores in this structure's namesake envelope and are produced in one part of it. In one kind of cloning, this organelle is transferred into an egg that lacks one. The presence of this organelle distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This organelle divides in two during mitosis because DNA is found here. For 10 points, name this information processing area of the cell.

nucleus

q1094_4

Iron-56 dominates the spectra of absorption lines for one class of these phenomena, which are caused by white dwarves exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit. An inert nickel-iron core in a star leads to one on account of a lack of degeneracy pressure. One with official designation 2003fg reached two solar masses before exploding, and was given the nickname "Champagne." For 10 points, name these gigantic stellar explosions.

{supernovae} [or {supernovas;} prompt on {stellar collapse;} do not accept or prompt on \"nova\"]

q1086_2

One composer from this country depicted a "March to the Scaffold" in a five movement symphony, while another used a snare drum ostinato in a Spanish-inspired piece. A third composer from this country used a Mallarmé (MAL-ar-MAY) poem for his Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun. Symphonie Fantastique (fan-tah-STEEK), Bolero (boh-LAY-roh), and Clair de Lune were written in, for 10 points, what country, home to Hector Berlioz (BARE-lee-ohs), Maurice Ravel, and Claude Debussy?

Republic of France

q1946_1

The Justice Department suggested using race as a basis for this practice in the 1990's. The term for this practice was first used in 1812, and took its name from a former Governor of Massachusetts that used this practice and the animal that a district map resembled. For 10 points, identify this practice of drawing Congressional boundaries to the advantage of one party.

gerrymandering

q1504_2

This shape is traced out by the set of all points that are equidistant from a focus and a directrix (“dir- ECK-tricks”). It is the only conic section that can be graphed as a function. It is the shape of the height versus time graph of a ball tossed straight in the air. For 10 points, identify this shape that is traced out by the graph of any quadratic function.

{parabola}

q4969_2

This structure is divided into Brodmann areas, and develops from the telencephalon ("TEAL"-en- SEFF-ah-"lawn"). The corpus callosum ("CORE"-puss kuh-LOE-sum) connects the two hemispheres of this structure, which is divided into temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal lobes. For 10 points, name this largest area of the brain, which controls voluntary thoughts and actions.

{cerebrum} [accept {cerebral cortex;} accept {neocortex;} accept {forebrain;} prompt on brain]

q541_4

In Jainism, this object's central point is Mount Meru. In Chinese mythology, this object is the lower half of a cosmic egg split by Pangu, while in ancient Egypt the original form of this object was the primordial (*) mound. This region will be reborn from a massive flood after Rangarok. For 10 points, name this planet subjected to a massive flood that Noah escaped.

{Earth} [accept equivalents like world or land before \"planet\" is mentioned]

q366_5

Maria Callas, nicknamed "The Divine," had this vocal range. One aria sung in this voice promises revenge against Tamino and Pamina and is named for its singer, the Queen of the Night. That aria contains several series of high C's, and the lowest notes this voice calls for is the A below the staff. One subtype of this voice is called the coloratura. For 10 points, name this vocal range which is above the alto.

soprano

q295_3

The first president of this nation, Douglas Hyde, was elected thanks to the founder of the Fianna Fail party, the Taoiseach ["tee-shock"] Eamon de Valera. Earlier, this country's members of Sinn Fein started the Easter Rising, and William Gladstone supported its "Home Rule." Michael Collins led this country's (*) IRA. For 10 points, name this country which shares its island with part of the United Kingdom and whose capital is Dublin.

Republic of Ireland

q39_1

The Isthmus of Tehuantepec (teh-WAHN-tuh-peck) is located in this nation, whose capital is overlooked by twin volcanoes called "Izta" and "Popo." States in this country include Michoacan (mee- SHOW-ah-kahn) , Veracruz, and the home of the Zapotec (ZAP-oh-tek) people, Oaxaca (wah-HAH-kah). Its capital, a city once called Tenochtitlan (tay-NOHCH-tee-tlahn), was the center of the Aztec civilization. For 10 points, name this Spanish-speaking nation located south of the Rio Grande River.

Mexico [or United Mexican States; or Estados Unidos Mexicanos]

q331_4

Hampstead Heath and Kensington Gardens are parks in this city which is served by the "Jubilee Line," "Piccadilly Line," and "Victoria Line" of its subway system, the Underground. A Norman castle built by William the Conqueror is this city's "Tower." Its other landmarks include Westminster Abbey, Buckingham Palace, and the houses of Parliament. For 10 points, name this city on the River Thames, the capital of Britain.

London

q4783_1

The first Supreme Court case to deal with this doctrine was Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which dealt with the question of whether it should be viewed as reverse discrimination. Although it also covers jobs and promotions, for 10 points, what doctrine is most controversial for its attempts to provide members of disadvantaged groups enhanced opportunities for admission to educational institutions?

affirmative action

q1102_1

When this athlete was the 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year, he became the youngest person ever to win that award. This player was criticized for 3-for-14 shooting in a Game 5 loss to the Boston Celtics in the 2010 playoffs and the owner of his former team, Dan Gilbert, published a letter after this player left in free agency. For 10 points, name this former Cleveland Cavalier who televised his decision to accept a contract with the Miami Heat.

LeBron Raymone {James}

q101_4

The D double prime layer lies in the lowest part of this region. The upper part of this region mainly consists of magnesium-iron silicates such as pyroxene (“pie-ROX-een”) and olivine (“olive een”). This layer extends to a depth of 2890 kilometers and contains more than half the Earth's mass. For 10 points, name this molten layer of the Earth that is found between the crust and the core.

{mantle}

q5176_4

These objects contain the zone of plastic flow and the zone of brittle flow. They are formed by compressing firn, and parts of them break off by calving. Till is soil left behind by these objects, which also push material to form moraines. Cirques (SERKS) and fjords (FYORDS) are among the landforms due to erosion by these objects. For 10 points, name these moving masses of land ice.

glaciers

q1057_2

In one episode in this work, the narrator tries to convince adults that he is drawing a snake digesting an elephant, which they confuse with a hat. The title character of this novella lived on an asteroid the size of a house before catching a rose in a lie and becoming lonely. Its title character visits seven planets, the last of which is Earth. For 10 points, name this novel by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (sahnt ex-oo-pair-EE).

The Little Prince [or Le Petit Prince]

q1548_1

In one work by this composer, the title character slices an anvil in half and kills the dragon Fafner with the sword Nothung (NO-tung); in another opera, Brunnhilde rides into a funeral pyre that burns Valhalla. Those two operas by this composer join another that includes "The Ride of the Valkyries" in a four-opera work. For 10 points, name this German composer of Siegfried and Gotterdamerung (GOTT-err-DAM-errung), part of the Ring of the Nibelung (NEE-buh-lung) cycle.

Richard {Wagner} (ree-kart VAHG-ner)

q403_1

States in this nation include Mato Grosso and Bahia, a center of 17th-century sugar plantations. Pedro Cabral accidentally discovered this country, which was east of a line established by the Treaty of Tordesillas and thus became the only Portuguese-speaking country on its continent. Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and the Amazon rainforest are located in, for 10 points, what largest country in South America?

Federative Republic of Brazil

q130_3

This nation's cities include Pleiku in the Central Highlands and the port of Haiphong on the Gulf of Tonkin near the Red River delta. The Mekong River also has its delta in this country, south of Ho Chi Minh City, formerly known as Saigon. For 10 points, what Southeast Asian nation was divided between "North" and "South" governments during a war that saw the commitment of U.S. troops in 1965?

Socialist Republic of {Vietnam} (or {Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam})

q1298_2

For any odd number greater than one, there exists one of these types of sets where that number is the smallest of the three elements. By definition, all numbers in these kinds of sets are integers. Common example of this type of set are (8, 15, 17); (5, 12, 13); and (3, 4, 5). For 10 points, name these sets of three integers a, b, and c which satisfy the equation a squared plus b squared equals c squared.

{Pythagorean triples} [accept clear-knowledge equivalents; prompt on {Pythagorean theorem}]

q696_1

In one work, this man depicted five nude prostitutes, two of them in African masks. In another work, a light bulb shines in the shape of an eye and on the right a figure raises his arms in terror with fire above and below. This artist of Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (lay DAY-mwah-ZELL dha-veen-YOH) painted The Old Guitarist during his Blue Period. For 10 points, name this Spanish artist of Guernica, who cofounded cubism.

Pablo (Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y) {Picasso}

q5093_5

The uniform probability distribution takes this shape. Rotating this shape using one of its sides as an axis yields a cylinder. This shape is traced out by the x-axis, the y-axis, and the equations x equals two and y equals six. Each diagonal of this kind of quadrilateral divides it into two congruent right triangles. For 10 points, give this shape that has four right angles.

{rectangles} [do not accept or prompt on "square"]

q1323_3

This musician says, after declaring "now I'm gonna make you dance," "girl you know you're my world" in his song "Just Lose It." His film debut came in 8 Mile, which included a song mentioning "vomit on his sweater already, mom's spaghetti." That song was "Lose Yourself." For 10 points, what rapper from Detroit recorded the songs "Without Me," "Not Afraid," and, with Rihanna, "Love the Way You Lie"?

Eminem [or Marshall Bruce Mathers III]

q92_4

The Panspermia theory holds that life first developed on these objects. These objects contain a coma surrounding a nucleus. They originate in the Oort Cloud and Kuiper (KYE-per) Belt, and their dust tails point away from the Sun. They include Shoemaker-Levy 9, which crashed into Jupiter. For 10 points, name these "dirty snowballs," one of which passes by Earth every 76 years and was discovered by Edmond Halley.

comets

q6541_3

The Bernoulli one approximates the powers of x plus 1 to a linear equation using the power for the slope. The "triangle" one sets a restriction for the possible lengths of the third side of a triangle given the other two. Dividing by a negative number results in a sign change in, for 10 points, what mathematical statement about relative size of two entities, characterized by use of greater-than and less-than signs?

inequality

q3477_1

This planet's 700 kilometer-wide impact crater Rembrandt was discovered by the MESSENGER spacecraft orbiting it. Like the Moon, part of its surface is known as Weird Terrain; that part is opposite its largest crater, the Caloris Basin. It is the (*) smallest planet in our solar system, and this planet and Venus are the only two without moons. For 10 points, name this planet whose year is only 88 days long, the innermost planet.

Mercury

q325_2

Parts of this continent named for 19th century sailors include Palmer Land and Wilkes Land. Vostok(VAH-stock) is a Russian station on this continent, parts of which are claimed by Norway, Argentina, and New Zealand. British naval officer Robert Scott died on this continent, which was more successfully explored by Roald Amundsen (AH-mund-son) using sled dogs. For 10 points, name this coldest continent, the site of penguin colonies and the South Pole.

Antarctica

q236_4

This leader fought with co-emperor Licinius in battles at Cibalae (SEE-ball-AY) and Adrianople. It is said that he had a vision before the Battle of Milvian Bridge. He called for the Council of Nicaea and issued the Edict of Milan. He was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, and he established an eastern capital at Byzantium. For 10 points, name this Roman Emperor who lent his name to the city now called Istanbul.

{Constantine I} [or {Constantine} the {Great;} or {Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus;} or Saint {Constantine}]

q1731_4

At one point in this book, two characters recite nursery rhymes and the Gettysburg Address to avoid being hypnotized by a man with red eyes. The main character of this book meets several tentacled creatures, including one called Aunt Beast, while rescuing her father from Camazotz. Its title concept is a tesseract through which Meg Murry visits the fifth dimension. For 10 points, name this novel by Madeleine L'Engle.

A Wrinkle in Time

q2250_4

Combustion reactions produce carbon dioxide, energy, and this substance. Sometimes called the "universal solvent", it has high surface tension because it forms many hydrogen bonds. This compound is unusual in that as it is cooled, it becomes less dense, so its solid form (*) floats on top of its liquid form. For 10 points, name this compound that boils at 100 degrees Celsius, freezes at zero degrees Celsius, and has formula H2O.

{water} [or H2O before it is mentioned]

q44_2

In this body of water are the Emperor Seamounts and the Chinook Trough. The Ryukyu Trench lies in it, and its islands include Pitcairn Island and Wake Island. Its deepest point is Challenger Deep, which is in the Marianas Trench. Melanesia and Micronesia are island groups in, for 10 points, what ocean that contains Tonga, Fiji, and Guam?

Pacific Ocean [do not accept or prompt on more specific answers]

q10523_4

This university's women's soccer team has won 21 national championships, more than any other school in that sport. Its men's basketball team has featured players such as Ty Lawson and Tyler Hansbrough, behind whom it won the 2009 NCAA Championship. It is currently coached by Roy Williams. For 10 points, name this university located in Chapel Hill and rival of Duke whose mascot is the Tar Heels.

{University} of {North Carolina} – Chapel Hill [or {UNC}]

q3312_2

This event was orchestrated by Isoroku Yamamoto in an attempt to prevent American interference in the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies. The date on which it occurred "will live in infamy," according to a Franklin Roosevelt speech. The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial is dedicated to over 1,100 Americans killed in this event. For 10 points, identify this December 7, 1941 attack on a United States naval base in Hawaii.

the attack on {Pearl Harbor} [accept logical equivalents]

q1522_6

Euler characteristic of platonic solids have this value. This integer times pi gives the number of radians in the unit circle. Truth tables can evaluate to this many outputs. This value expressed in binary is 10 (ONE ZERO). This is the highest degree of a quadratic function as is the number of congruent sides in an isosceles triangle. For 10 points, give this smallest prime number, which divides all even numbers.

2

q473_4

Mack, Dora, and Lee Chong try to throw a party for Doc in this author's novel Cannery Row. This author wrote about Kino's encounter with the title object in The Pearl. Two migrant workers, George and Lennie, are the main characters in his Of Mice and Men; another work features the Joad family and other "Okies." For 10 points, name this American author of The Grapes of Wrath.

John {Steinbeck} [accept {Cannery Row} before it is read]

q1292_3

This method of execution was used to kill both Charlotte Corday and Maximilian Robespierre. England's Henry VIII executed his wives Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn using this method. During the French Revolution, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were both executed by this method. For 10 points, name this method of execution that separates someone from an essential body part.

death/execution by {beheading} [{accept guillotine} and its word forms; accept any other answer that suggests {decapitation}]

q394_1

This city was founded by Cadmus after following a cow until it sat. This city was besieged by the Sphinx, as all travelers who entered it were forced to either solve its riddle or be eaten. To avenge the sleight done to him by Eteocles(“et-TEE-oh-clees”), Polyneices (“polly-NYE-kees”) led a group of seven warriors against this city. For 10 points, identify this Greek city, the home of Antigone (“an-TIG-uh-nee”) and Oedipus (“EH-dip-us”).

Thebes

q89_3

The Sorbonne is the university of this city, which is divided into twenty arrondissements. This city is the site of a monument built to commemorate victory at the Battle of Austerlitz, the Arc de Triomphe. Notre Dame cathedral is located in this city on the Seine River, where tourists may also visit the Eiffel Tower. For 10 points, name this capital of France.

Paris

q1730_2

This company's chief operating officer, who addressed issues facing working women in her book Lean In, is Sheryl Sandberg. While some people blamed its loss in value last year on Morgan Stanley, others blamed its CFO David Ebersman, who offered a lot of (*) shares at a high price during its May 2012 initial public offering. For 10 points, identify this social media company, founded by Mark Zuckerberg, where users can share status updates with friends.

Facebook

q1676_4

One type of this weapon would have been defended against by President Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Another type of these developed by the Soviet Union and used by Iraq was the Scud. Nazi Germany wanted to replace anti-aircraft guns with the (*) surface-to-air type of these weapons. For 10 points, what projected weapons that carry explosive devices name a 1962 crisis in Cuba?

{missiles} [prompt on {\"nuclear bomb\"} until \"surface-to-air\" is mentioned; do not accept or prompt on rocket(s)]

q2200_4

The size of these objects is given by the Schwarzschild (“SHWARTZ child”) radius. According to quantum mechanics, these objects emit Hawking radiation. One of them, Sagittarius A Star, sits at the center of our galaxy and has four million times the mass of our sun. For 10 points, what are these objects in outer space from which supposedly nothing, not even light, can escape?

{black holes}

q832_3

This text was written down by Sahabas (sah-HAH-bahs) after the death of the leader that received it. The clarification of the meaning and significance of this document is the practice of tafsir (TAHFSEER). Its hundred and fourteen chapters are called suras (soor-AHS). It literally means "the recitation" and is said to have been revealed by Gabriel to Muhammad. For 10 points, what "divinely ordained" religious text is sacred to Muslims?

Qur'an [or Koran]

q2706_1

Friezes removed from this building in 1812 are now housed in the British museum and are known as the Elgin Marbles. This building housed a statue that holds Nike in her right hand; that statue was created by Phidias (“FID-ee-us”) and is a cult statue dedicated to Athena. For 10 points, name this temple with Doric columns on the Acropolis in Athens.

The {Parthenon}

q281_4

The Bukit Timah (“boo-KIT tee-MAH”) Nature Reserve is the largest area of rainforest left in this city. The five star Raffles Hotel is named after the city's founder, while the island of Sentosa is home to a new Universal Studios Theme Park. Its Changi (“CHANG-eye”) airport is a regional hub, and the city is connected by bridge to Johor (“JO-hor”), in Malaysia. For 10 points, name this Southeast Asian city-state, the most densely populated country in Asia.

Republic of {Singapore}

q1193_3

William Hale Thompson was mayor of this city where the death of Mathias J. Degan led to the execution of August Spies. In addition to that event near the McCormick factory, an event in this city saw Pigasus the Pig nominated for President by people like Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman. This city was the site of the Haymarket Square Riot and the 1968 Democratic National Convention. (*) For 10 points, name this Illinois city governed by two mayors named Daley and currently by Rahm Emanuel.

Chicago, Illinois

q717_1

This man wrote a 1729 satirical essay suggesting that poor people in Ireland should sell their children as food. The protagonist in one of his novels goes to the flying island of Laputa. That character also goes to a land of (*) giants called Brobdingnag and a land of very small people called Lilliput. For 10 points, name this author of A Modest Proposal and Gulliver's Travels.

Jonathan {Swift}

q236_1

This leader fought with co-emperor Licinius in battles at Cibalae (SEE-ball-AY) and Adrianople. It is said that he had a vision before the Battle of Milvian Bridge. He called for the Council of Nicaea and issued the Edict of Milan. He was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity, and he established an eastern capital at Byzantium. For 10 points, name this Roman Emperor who lent his name to the city now called Istanbul.

{Constantine I} [or {Constantine} the {Great;} or {Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus;} or Saint {Constantine}]

q5457_2

Although he is not Sun Tzu, this man wrote a version of The Art of War. He wrote a critique of Roman history in his Discourses on Livy. This man used the term virtu to describe a leader's ability to adapt to different circumstances in a work that also discusses how it is better to be feared than loved. He wrote a history of his native Florence for Giulio de' Medici. For 10 points, name this author of The Prince.

Niccolo {Machiavelli}

q1600_4

This actor appeared with his best-known co-star as Topper Harley in Hot Shots. Kathy Bates won an Emmy in 2012 for her role as the ghost of one of this actor's characters. That character played by this actor died after getting hit by a train and was replaced by (*) Walden Schmidt. This actor stated that he was a "rock star from Mars" with "tiger blood" on a Today Show interview. For 10 points, name this troubled actor who played Charlie Harper on Two And A Half Men.

{Charlie Sheen} [or {Carlos Irwin Estevez;} prompt on {\"Sheen\"} or {\"Estevez\"}]

q1780_3

This author created a fictional author who wrote the equally fictional book, Venus on the Half-Shell. That fictional author, Kilgore Trout, appears in many of this man's works, including Breakfast of Champions and God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater. He also wrote about a man who is abducted by (*) Trafalmadorians after surviving the firebombing of Dresden. For 10 points, identify this author who wrote about Billy Pilgrim in Slaughterhouse-Five.

Kurt Vonnegut