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q1268_3

This holiday commemorates the result of a trial before the Sanhedrin (san-HEE-drin), which was led by Caiaphas (KYE-uh-fuss). Some believe that trial took place the day before, leading them to begin observation of this holiday a day early. It commemorates the day that Pontius Pilate (PON-ti-US PYElate) attempted to prevent rioting by permitting the execution of Jesus Christ. For 10 points, name this holiday that occurs two days before Easter.

{Good Friday} [or {Great Friday;} or {Holy Friday}]

q4678_4

When air resistance exactly counteracts this force, an object has reached terminal velocity. The escape velocity is the minimum speed needed to overcome the effects of this force. On Earth, this force acts to accelerate a body at nine point eight meters per second squared. For 10 points, name this force responsible for keeping objects on the ground.

{gravity} [or {gravitational} force]

q647_2

In one novel, this writer depicts a character named Protopopov (“PRO-tow-POP-ahv”) who becomes the lover of Natasha, the selfish wife of Andrey Prozorov (“PRO-zor-ahv”). In another novel, this writer depicts the intellectual liberal named Anya who is the daughter of Madame Ranevskaya (“RAHN-ev- SKY-uh”). For 10 points, name this Russian author of The Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard.

Anton Pavlovich {Chekhov}

q1262_1

This native of Tarsus undertook several missionary trips to western areas like Asia Minor and Syria. This author of two epistles to the Corinthians (“core-IN-thee-uns”) and one to the Romans advocated the persecution of Jews who accepted Jesus, until he had a life-altering vision on the road to Damascus. For 10 points, identify this Catholic saint born with the name Saul.

St. {Paul} the Apostle [accept {Saul} until mentioned]

q554_4

In Major Barbara, Andrew Undershaft became rich by manufacturing these objects. Both Hedda Gabler and Young Werther (VEHR-tuhr) commit suicide using these objects. One of these objects shown in the background early in a story will be important later, according to a literary device named for Anton Chekhov. For 10 points, Eugene Onegin agrees to a duel that uses what bullet-firing weapons?

guns [accept pistols; prompt on weapons; prompt on munitions]

q844_4

As president, this man shut down the Second Bank of the United States. This president had a group of friends and advisers called the "kitchen cabinet." This victor at the Battle of New Orleans forced the removal of the Cherokee from their land by signing the Indian Removal Act. For 10 points, name this man nicknamed "Old Hickory," the seventh president.

Andrew {Jackson} [prompt on {Old Hickory} before mentioned]

q326_4

In one story by this author, General Lasalle's army saves the narrator from the Inquisition. Another narrator describes a sound like "a watch makes when enveloped in cotton." In a poem by this author, the title creature is perched on a "pallid bust of Pallas." For 10 points, name this author of "The Pit and the Pendulum" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" who told of a bird crying "Nevermore" in "The Raven."

Edgar Allen {Poe}

q2189_2

Notable writers in this form included Guy de Maupassant, and it also makes up the book Dubliners by James Joyce. "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle" are examples of this form by Washington Irving. Edgar Allen Poe said one of these should be able to be read in a (*) single sitting. "The Gift of the Magi" and "The Ransom of Red Chief" are examples by O. Henry of, for 10 points, what small form of fiction?

short story

q317_3

In the movie Cats & Dogs, he provided the voice for Lou the Beagle. In another movie, he and his sister, played by Reese Witherspoon, are transported to the 1950s sitcom Pleasantville. He played a Depression-era jockey who somehow finds success on an undersized horse in Seabiscuit. For 10 points, name this actor who starred as Peter Parker in the first trilogy of Spider-Man movies.

{Tobey Maguire}

q2788_2

This man elucidated Heron's formula before Heron proved it. He supposedly created a death ray out of mirrors in order to defeat an invading Roman army. A task given to him by Hiero ("HIGH"-er-oh) of Syracuse led to his discovery that the buoyancy of an object is equal to the fluid displaced. For 10 points, who supposedly ran into the streets shouting "Eureka!" after discovering how to test whether Hiero's crown was made of pure gold?

Archimedes of Syracuse

q278_5

This mountain range was created by the subduction of the Nazca Plate. The southern part of this mountain range is found in Patagonia and, further south, Tierra del Fuego. The altiplano (all-tee-PLAHnoe), a plateau of this range, contains Lake Titicaca. This range contains the highest peak in the Western Hemisphere, Mount Aconcagua. For 10 points, name this mountain range of South America.

{Andes} Mountains

q456_1

This leader has a weekly talk show, Aló Presidente (ah-LO pre-zi-DEN-tay), which went on hiatus in June 2011 when he traveled to Cuba for cancer treatment. This leader called Barack Obama a "clown" and has suggested that the U.S. is responsible for numerous cases of cancer among various South American leaders. For 10 points, name this current President of Venezuela.

Hugo Chavez

q225_4

At the beginning of this country's fight for independence, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes freed his slaves, and they fought together in the Ten Years' War. Its Revolt of the Sergeants was reversed by the 26th of July Movement, which ended the rule of Fulgencio Batista. Che Guevara helped move this Caribbean country to (*) Communism in 1959. For 10 points, name this nation that has been led by Raul and Fidel Castro.

Cuba

q175_4

At the end of this story, the title object is revealed to be worth at most five hundred francs. Monsieur Loisel (“lwa-ZELL”) frantically searched for the title object after a ball, but to no avail. After Mathilde (“muh-TEELD”) loses it, she and her husband take odd jobs to pay off the loans taken out to pay for a replacement. For 10 points, name this Guy de Maupassant (“GHEE deh MO-puh-saunt”) short story about a piece of jewelry.

“The {Necklace}” [or “La {Parure}”]

q1311_3

This novel's main character is falsely accused of stealing a baseball player's shoes from a charity auction. That character's ancestor Elya tried to marry Myra Menke, but in doing so wronged Madame Zeroni. Camp Green Lake is infested with yellow-spotted lizards and has employees including The Warden, Mr. Pendanski, and Mr. Sir in, for 10 points, what novel about Stanley Yelnats IV, written by Louis Sachar?

Holes

q2012_3

This work features a story in which a fisherman finds a world without money. Another character in this work mistakes a fish for a large island. Another story from this collection concerns a character who sees forty (*) thieves going into a cave of treasures. For 10 points, name this work that features characters such as Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba, a collection of folk tales narrated by Scheherezade.

{1001 Nights} or The {Arabian Nights} Entertainment

q1571_1

A pressure associated with this process is a colligative (“co-LIG-uh-tiv”) property proportional to mass and temperature, and is defined as the hydrostatic (“HY-dro-STAT-ick”) pressure necessary to counteract this process. A “reverse” form of this process is sometimes used to purify water. For 10 points, name this movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

{osmosis} [prompt on {diffusion}]

q5300_1

This figure ordered the Goliad Massacre, and he was severely injured by French cannon fire at Veracruz during the Pastry War. The Treaties of Velasco were signed following this leader's capture after the Battle of San Jacinto, and he was responsible for the deaths of Jim Bowie and Davy Crockett. For 10 points, name this self-styled "Napoleon of the West," a Mexican general infamous for his attempt to seize the Alamo.

Antonio López de {Santa Anna} [prompt on Napoleon of the West before it is read]

q229_2

This river was known in ancient times as the "Black" River due to the black silt it deposited during floods. Lake Tana is one source of this river; John Speke discovered that the other was Lake Victoria. It forms from the confluence of namesake Blue and White Rivers near Khartoum. For 10 points, Aswan High Dam is on what longest river in the world?

{Nile} River

q4926_1

Cushion plants are found in the alpine form of this biome, which is also home to marmots, pikas, and chinchillas. The point at which this biome meets taiga is known as the treeline. Flora in this biome consists of lichens (LYE-kens) and mosses. Non-alpine forms of it have little vegetation due to permafrost. For 10 points, name this biome that lacks tree growth, which can be found in Alaska and is home to caribou and reindeer.

tundra

q2876_2

This leader constructed a causeway in order to break the Siege of Tyre. He first gained fame for breaking through Theban lines at the Battle of Chaeronea (KAI-rone-EE-ah). This owner of Bucephalus (boo-SEF-AH-lus) ensured the fall of his main enemy at the battles of Issus and Gaugamela (GOW-gah- MELL-ah). For 10 points, name this son of Philip II, a Macedonian king who was tutored by Aristotle and who defeated Darius III and conquered the Persian Empire.

{Alexander the Great} [or {Alexander III} of {Macedon/Macedonia;} prompt on {Alexander}]

q1227_4

A "pillow" form of this substance forms underwater. "Domes" of this substance form from andesite. This substance can be classified, depending on the smoothness of its surface, as a'a (AH-AH) or pahoehoe (pah-HOY-HOY). It accumulates around a vent to form a cinder cone, and it solidifies to form igneous rock. For 10 points, give the term for magma that reaches the Earth's surface, often through a volcanic explosion.

lava

q225_3

At the beginning of this country's fight for independence, Carlos Manuel de Céspedes freed his slaves, and they fought together in the Ten Years' War. Its Revolt of the Sergeants was reversed by the 26th of July Movement, which ended the rule of Fulgencio Batista. Che Guevara helped move this Caribbean country to (*) Communism in 1959. For 10 points, name this nation that has been led by Raul and Fidel Castro.

Cuba

q264_3

In 2011 this country and a country it almost entirely surrounds agreed to an exchange of border enclaves. Cuisine from this country includes the "tandoori" style of cooking and the use of curry. The Arabian Sea is to this country's west; to its east lies the Bay of Bengal. For 10 points, name this country that nearly surrounds Bangladesh and disputes the Kashmir and Punjab regions with Pakistan.

Republic of {India}

q19_3

This state suffered the Good Friday Earthquake, and it is the only state divided into boroughs rather than counties. Islands located here include Kodiak and Amaknak (“uh-MACK-nack”), the most populous of the Aleutians (“uh-LOO-shins”). Its largest city lies on the Cook Inlet, and its city of Nome lies on the Bering Sea. For 10 points, name this state, whose cities include Fairbanks and Anchorage, and which is the northernmost state in the United States.

Alaska

q2221_2

Spiders possess a book form of this organ in their abdomens. The intake of these organs is measured as tidal volume. Emphysema is caused by obstruction of these organs, which expand when the diaphragm generates negative pressure. Bronchi are main tubes entering these organs whose alveoli are surrounded by capillaries. For 10 points, name these organs of the respiratory system that supply oxygen to the blood.

lungs

q603_1

Ilya Mechnikov first studied this body system by inserting thorns in starfish, and its longevity depends on memory cells. An inflammatory response attracts macrophages from this system, while another of its cells is targeted by HIV. T cells and B cells are the major white blood cells of this system, which produces antibodies. For 10 points, name this body system that defends an organism against bacterial and viral infections.

immune system

q1153_1

This musician dedicated his Symphony No. 4 in F Minor to his financial supporter Nadezhda (nah- DEZH-dah) von Meck, though they never met. His Sixth Symphony, nicknamed Pathetique (pah-theh- TEEK), premiered nine days before his death. In one of his ballets, the sorcerer Von Rothbart curses Odette; another includes the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy". For 10 points, name this Russian composer of Swan Lake, The Nutcracker, and the 1812 Overture.

Pytor Ilyich {Tchaikovsky}

q4339_2

This man's brothers were Nahor and Haran, and his father was Terah. He told his wife to say that she was his sister to evade Egyptian guards. This man fathered Ishmael with Hagar, but he is more famous for nearly (*) sacrificing his son, Isaac. For 10 points, name this Old Testament figure whose wife was Sarah and who made a covenant with God, making him a patriarchal figure in Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.

Abraham [accept Abram]

q1555_3

This man is told by the ghost of his wife Creusa to leave for Hesperia after carrying his father Anchises (ann-KYE-sees) and son Ascanius out of a besieged city. He visits the underworld with the help of a golden bough, on the advice of the Cumaean Sibyl. He duels Turnus for the hand of Lavinia. After this son of Venus leaves Carthage, Dido kills herself. For 10 points, name this Trojan who founds Rome according to an epic by Virgil.

Aeneas [prompt on The Aeneid]

q3313_3

This figure met his demise when he was struck by a piece of wood from his own vessel. While in Colchis (“COAL-chiss”) visiting King Aeetes (“ay-EE-tees”), he accomplished such tasks as yoking fire- breathing oxen and dispatching a group of warriors that sprang forth after dragon teeth were sown into the ground, all to get the Golden Fleece. He was aided in these tasks by his future wife Medea. For 10 points, name this leader of the Argonauts.

{Jason}

q1532_1

This poem's original form notes that the speaker and his addressee have "rin about the braes" and "paidl't i' the burn." The speaker of this poem written in Scottish dialect claims that they will "take a cup of kindness yet" and asks, "Should auld acquaintance be forgot, and never brought to min'?" For 10 points, name this Robert Burns poem that is often sung on New Year's Eve.

"Auld Lang Syne"

q1318_1

Isis once forced this god to reveal his name in return for healing a snakebite. This god was the ancestor of all members of the Ennead, which included his children Shu and Tefnut and his grandchildren Geb and Nut. This god's base of worship was (*) Heliopolis, and with the help of Set, this god fends off the attack of the snake Apep as he travels across the sky in his solar barge. For 10 points, name this Egyptian sun god.

{Ra} [accept {Re} or {Amun}-{Ra} or {Atum}-{Ra}]

q2535_5

In one common lab demo, a balloon is shattered after being treated with nitrogen in this form. At room temperature and standard pressure, only bromine and mercury are in this phase. These substances are used to fill a tube in thermometers and barometers. They take the shape of their container, but do not expand to fill it, unlike gases. For 10 points, name this state of matter that can boil and is produced by melting.

liquid phase [or liquids]

q155_5

This state is home to a Robert Smithson-designed earthwork sculpture titled Spiral Jetty. Sandstone landforms such as the Fiery Furnace and the Organ can be found in this state's Arches National Park. The (*) transcontinental railroad was officially completed in Promontory Summit in this state. Its capital hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. For 10 points, name this Western state that contains the Great Salt Lake.

Utah

q3493_5

At one battle in this war, John of Bohemia fought even though he was blind. A temporary peace during this war was the Treaty of Bretigny. This conflict saw a battle on St. Crispin's Day that was the subject of the speech about "ye band of brothers." (*) Joan of Arc was captured and burnt at the stake during this war. The Battles of Crecy and Agincourt were fought during, for 10 points, what war between the English and French from 1337 to 1453?

{Hundred Years\' War}

q1568_2

Alternatives to it include the Knoop test, the Vickers test, and measurement with a sclerometer (“sclair- AH-meh-tuhr”). Although decimal values are allowed, it is more common to say that an object's value is between that of two reference materials based on the scratch test. Corundum has a value of nine and talc has a value of one on, for 10 points, what scale that measures a mineral's hardness?

{Mohs} scale

q3264_3

This present-day nation was the center of Axum, and its church claims to hold the Ark of the Covenant. It defeated Italy at the Battle of Adowa under Emperor Menilek (MEN-ee-lek) II. Rastafarians (RAHSS-tah-FAR-ee-ins) hold that another emperor, Haile Selassie (HAY-lee seh-LAH-see), was the second coming of Jesus. Its first emperor was supposedly the son of the Queen of Sheba. For 10 points, name this African nation currently led by Girma Wolde-Giorgis (JER-mah WOLD-uh JOR-jiss) from Addis Ababa.

Federal Democratic Republic of {Ethiopia} [or {Ityop'iya Federalawi Demokrasiyawi Ripeblik;} prompt on {Abyssinia}]

q1801_5

A dog barks at a drummer in the lower left of this painting. One of the two central figures is dressed in bright yellow, matching the girl with the chicken in her belt. The other is in black with a white collar a red sash across his chest. After restoration, it was revealed that this painting did not actually depict an evening scene. For 10 points, name this work depicting a Dutch militia by Rembrandt.

The {Nightwatch} [or De {Nachtwacht} ; or The {Shooting Company} of Captain Franz Banning

q1534_3

Among those killed in this work is Giles Corey. Reverend Hale arrives to examine the unconscious Betty. This play sees Rebecca Nurse accused of killing seven of Goody Putnam's children, while Reverend Parris worries that his niece Abigail Williams will ruin his name. In the end, John Proctor refuses to make a false confession and is executed. For 10 points, name this play by Arthur Miller about the Salem witch trials.

The Crucible

q1995_3

One of this author's characters kills his rival Spitz while working for Francois (frahn-SWAH) and Perrault (pair-OHL). Another of his characters is taken to Santa Clara, California, where he saves Judge Scott from a murderer. The central figure of one of his novels avenges the killing of his master Thornton before going on to lead a wolf pack; that figure is the Buck from The Call of the Wild. For 10 points, name this author of White Fang.

Jack {London}

q2530_4

Lewis defined these substances as acceptors of electron pairs. The presence of the hydronium ion is necessary in the Arrhenius definition. Strong examples of these substances include nitric and sulfuric, which fit the Bronsted-Lowry model as donors of hydrogen ions and turn blue litmus paper red. For 10 points, name these substances with pH lower than 7 that neutralize bases.

acids

q2012_1

This work features a story in which a fisherman finds a world without money. Another character in this work mistakes a fish for a large island. Another story from this collection concerns a character who sees forty (*) thieves going into a cave of treasures. For 10 points, name this work that features characters such as Sinbad the Sailor and Ali Baba, a collection of folk tales narrated by Scheherezade.

{1001 Nights} or The {Arabian Nights} Entertainment

q1969_4

This man used powers granted by the Taft-Hartley Act during a confrontation with air traffic controllers, and his Defense Secretary resigned after violations of the Boland Amendment were revealed. Before those events during his presidency, he served as Governor of California from 1967 until 1975. Prior to entering politics, this man was a famous (*) Hollywood actor. For 10 points, name this Republican president from 1981 to 1989.

Ronald (Wilson) Reagan

q1957_2

These objects contain columns called seracs and tubes called moulins. They create kame (CAME) and kettle topography as well as drumlins, which are land forms in the shape of whales, and kettles, which are generally shallow lakes. The debris they leave behind is often called a moraine. For 10 points, name these large long-lasting accumulations of snow and ice, found in places such as a namesake Montana national park.

glaciers

q119_3

One of these landforms "of Tehuantepec" (teh-WAHN-teh-pek) is found in the Mexican states of Oaxaca (wah-HAH-kah) and Veracruz. One "of Kra" connects the Malay Peninsula to the rest of Asia. The Suez Canal was built across one of these landforms separating the Red and Mediterranean Seas. For 10 points, name these narrow strips of land that connect larger land masses, another of which is the country of Panama.

{isthmus} [accept isthmi]

q5277_3

This person was described as a "beloved physician" by a "coworker," and this man's feast day is October 18. He dedicated two books to Theophilus (thee-AH-fill-uss), including one that begins with the Ascension and describes the missionary journeys of that "coworker," Paul. For 10 points, name this author of Acts of the Apostles and the third Gospel of the New Testament.

St. Luke

q476_2

These animals can be harmed by the spread of Varroa mites, and their best known species is mellifera. A combination of the Nosema ceranae fungus and IIV6 virus may be responsible for their recent population decreases, called colony collapse disorder. Belonging to the genus (*) Apis, colonies of them have female workers, male drones, and queens. For 10 points, name these insects related to wasps that pollinate flowers and live in hives.

honey {bees} [accept {\"Apis\"} before it is mentioned; do not accept \"wasp(s)\" or \"hornet(s)\"]

q700_1

The Apostle Islands are in the northern part of this state, whose first European visitor was French trader Jean Nicolet in 1634. Lake Winnebago is located in this state near the cities of Fond du Lac and Oshkosh. This state's Door Peninsula separates (*) Green Bay from Lake Michigan. For 10 points, Madison and Milwaukee are found in what state nicknamed "American's Dairyland"?

Wisconsin

q271_3

The Ebro (AY-bro) Valley is in this nation that owns the Balearic (BAH-lee-AH-rick) Islands and the Canary Islands. The southwest slope of the Pyrenees is in this country, which was unified by a 15th century marriage between rulers of Aragon and Castile. Tourists visit the Costa Brava in its region of Catalonia, which also contains Barcelona. For 10 points, the Iberian Peninsula is shared by Portugal and what nation whose capital is Madrid?

Kingdom of {Spain} [or Reino de {Espana}]

q237_3

This is the only number that satisfies the equation sine x equals x. The additive inverse property says that the sum of any number and its additive inverse equals this number, while the additive identity property says that any number plus this number equals the original number. For 10 points, name this only non-positive whole number, which yields itself when multiplied by any number.

{zero}

q5073_3

This compound is converted to Vitamin D in the presence of ultraviolet-B light. It is carried in the blood by lipoproteins (“LIPE-oh-PRO-teens”), with the “good” kind carried by high-density ones. The “bad” kind, carried by LDLs, can build up on arteries to form plaques. For 10 points, 300 milligrams per day is the recommended dietary allowance of what waxy substance, high levels of which place an individual at greater risk for heart disease?

{cholesterol}

q411_2

This artist did not finish his Cars series, which showed various Mercedes-Benz models. This artist created a six-hour film of a man sleeping. Fifty copies of the same image from the movie Niagara were varyingly colored in one of his works, and his studio was known as "The Factory." (*) For 10 points, name this American Pop artist who created a series of portraits of Marilyn Monroe and many paintings of Campbell's soup cans.

Andy {Warhol} [or Andrew {Warhola}]

q3072_3

A 2003 restoration of Verrochio's depiction of this figure revealed the sculptor's fingerprint. Bernini depicted this figure in combat with his armor at his feet, while a Donatello statue of him was the first freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity. For 10 points, Michelangelo unusually depicted what Biblical subject without the head of Goliath?

David

q1467_4

This play's opening brawl is started by Gregory and Samson. Later in this play, Friar John fails to deliver a letter written by Friar Lawrence. Mercutio is killed by Tybalt in Act III of this play. This play features the feud between the Montagues (“MON-tay-gyooz”) and the Capulets. For 10 points, name this Shakespeare tragedy, depicting a doomed romance between the two title “star-crossed lovers.”

{Romeo} and {Juliet}

q167_4

This island was home to the settlement of Brattahlid beginning in the 10th century. In 2005, an island now called "Warming Island" was found off the coast of this island. Off the west coast of this island are Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. Its largest cities are Sisimiut and Nuuk, and it is an autonomous country within (*) Denmark. For 10 points, name this huge island that lies between Iceland and Canada.

Greenland [or Kalaallit Nunaat]

q2246_1

This process's namesake constant is used in Fick's Law and an explanation of Brownian motion. This process is used during respiration to get oxygen into blood, and it then replaces that oxygen with carbon dioxide. It is synonymous with heat conduction, and this process in water is called osmosis. For 10 points, name this process in which the random motion of particles causes them to spread to areas of lower concentration.

diffusion

q1530_2

Two vectors have this property if their cross product is equal to the zero vector, and non-Euclidean geometries are derived by modifying this property. Euclid's fifth postulate states that for a straight line and a point not on the line, exactly one line running through the point has this property with respect to the original line. For 10 points, what term is given to two lines that do not intersect at any point?

parallel

q1733_3

This man's reign included an attempt by young officers to assassinate corrupt government officials; that event is known as the "February 26th Incident". He ordered the invasion of Manchuria and his general, Hideki Tojo, attempted suicide and was arrested for war crimes shortly after the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. For 10 points, name this Japanese Emperor who ruled throughout World War II.

Emperor Hirohito [accept Emperor Showa; accept the Showa Emperor; prompt on Prince Michi]

q3477_2

This planet's 700 kilometer-wide impact crater Rembrandt was discovered by the MESSENGER spacecraft orbiting it. Like the Moon, part of its surface is known as Weird Terrain; that part is opposite its largest crater, the Caloris Basin. It is the (*) smallest planet in our solar system, and this planet and Venus are the only two without moons. For 10 points, name this planet whose year is only 88 days long, the innermost planet.

Mercury

q653_3

Scipione Borghese commissioned a contorted and muscular depiction of this figure, which was created by Lorenzo Bernini. A sculpture of this figure which exemplifies contrapposto shows his toes within the hair of his slain enemy; that bronze sculpture was created by Donatello. (*) For 10 points, identify this figure who is sometimes shown with a slingshot, after he has killed Goliath.

{David} [or {Dawood}]

q3269_1

This nation's president declared a state of emergency after wildfires hit its western regions in July and August 2010. In June 2010, the United States arrested a SVR spy from this nation, Anna Chapman. In January 2011, this nation's Duma ratified a nuclear arms reduction treaty called New START. For 10 points, name this nation led by Dmitry Medvedev from Moscow.

Russian Federation [or Rossiyskaya Federatsiya]

q2453_3

A group from Muskogee, Oklahoma is believed to be the first to produce and sell these items popularly sold as a fundraiser for an organization founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912. In 1922, American Girl magazine published an article with recipes for them and advice on how much troops should charge for this product. For 10 points, identify these baked goods sold in varieties such as Thin Mints and Samoas.

Girl Scout Cookies

q223_1

Calderas are formed from the collapse of these objects, which can be divided into composite, shield, and cinder cone types. The Hawaiian Islands were formed from these landforms, which are most commonly found in the Ring of Fire. For 10 points, name these landforms that can be classified as active, dormant, or extinct based on the time they last erupted.

volcanoes

q10478_2

In one poem, this writer depicted the blacksmith named Basil as the father of Gabriel, who is the sweetheart of the title daughter of Benedict. In another poem, this writer depicted the evil magician named Pearl-Feather who is defeated by a title Native American. For 10 points, name this American writer who wrote Evangeline and The Song of Hiawatha.

Henry Wadsworth {Longfellow}

q2030_2

All solutions of Diophantine (DYE-oh-FAN-teen) equations are in this set. This set is closed under addition, subtraction, and multiplication, but not division, and is denoted by a boldface Z. The absolute value of any number in this set except 0 is a natural number. Rational numbers can be expressed as the quotient of two of these kinds of numbers. For 10 points, give the term that applies to the set of whole numbers and their negatives.

integers

q1366_1

A December 2012 agreement between this country's National Action, Democratic Revolution, and Institutional Revolutionary Parties led to constitutional amendments in 2013. The last of those parties is headed by (*) Enrique Peña Nieto [en-REE-kay PAY-nya nee-AY-toe], who replaced Felipe [fay-LEE-pay] Calderon as president. For 10 points, name this country that recently experienced an increase in drug-related violence and that shares a long border with the United States.

Los Estados Unidos de {México} [or {United Mexican States}]

q36_4

This nation owns the islands of Ushant and Corsica. Ethnic minorities in it include speakers of Alemannic (ah-leh-MAN-ic) German in Alsace, the Celtic-speaking (KELL-tick) Bretons, and, in the northern Pyrenees (PEER-eh-nees), the Basques (BASKS). It was divided into departments named after rivers including the Rhone, the Loire, and the Seine. For 10 points, what European nation has its capital at Paris?

France [or French Republic; or République Française]

q3693_3

Areas in this region with substantially reduced object distribution are known as Kirkwood gaps and are formed by the gravitational strength of the planet behind it. One body in this region has a satellite known as Dactyl. Besides Ida, other objects located here include Pallas, Vesta, and the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System, Ceres. For 10 points, name this ring of small astronomical bodies located between Mars and Jupiter.

{Asteroid Belt} [prompt on {asteroids}]

q1973_2

One character in this book deliberately pours syrup all over his lunch. At one point, the main characters are taken to a church by their cook, Calpurnia. Mayella Ewell accuses Tom Robinson of assaulting her; Tom is defended by the protagonist's father, the best lawyer in Maycomb, Alabama. For 10 points, name this book narrated by Scout, the daughter of Atticus Finch, and written by Harper Lee.

To Kill a Mockingbird

q1836_3

One of these organic compounds is required for proteins to form blood clots, and sunlight is necessary for the body to produce another. The lack of one fat-soluble type results in night blindness, while beriberi (BARE-ee-BARE-ee) is caused by a diet deficient in one called thiamine. The ascorbic acid one in citrus fruit brought an end to scurvy. For 10 points, name these organic nutrients like A, C, and B1 (B-"ONE") that are only needed in small amounts.

{vitamins} [accept more specific answers of {Vitamin K, Vitamin D,} or {Vitamin A} until "thiamine" is read]

q13073_3

This award is named after the coach who holds the record for largest margin of victory in a college football game. Archie Griffin is the only man to win this award twice. Until 2007, no sophomore had won this award; since then, three straight sophomores have won it. In 2009, balloting for this award saw the closest vote ever. For 10 points, name this award won in 2009 by Alabama's Mark Ingram.

John {Heisman} Memorial Trophy

q1292_2

This method of execution was used to kill both Charlotte Corday and Maximilian Robespierre. England's Henry VIII executed his wives Catherine Howard and Anne Boleyn using this method. During the French Revolution, Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were both executed by this method. For 10 points, name this method of execution that separates someone from an essential body part.

death/execution by {beheading} [{accept guillotine} and its word forms; accept any other answer that suggests {decapitation}]

q1912_3

In this work, Maurice and another character are seen destroying a sand castle. A pig's head on a stick appears to Simon and is revered as the title figure. The holder of the conch is allowed to speak at the meeting within this book. A boulder is used by Roger to kill Piggy and Jack challenges Ralph for leadership of the tribe in, for 10 points, what novel by William Golding about a group of boys stranded on an island?

Lord of the Flies

q2511_1

During one of these events, what is observed is based on the viewer's location relative to the path of totality. Viewers of them might see the annulus or corona, if they are standing in the antiumbra. Viewers standing in the penumbra will see a partial form, while during a total one, the corona may be seen. For 10 points, name this event in which the moon appears to block out the sun.

{solar eclipse} [prompt on eclipse]

q3103_1

Some of these are statically typed, while others are duck typed or dynamically typed. Many of them must be used in conjunction with a compiler, such as one of them created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, which is named for a letter of the alphabet and has a (*) "plus plus" variety. For 10 points, name these constructs such as Ruby, Python, Java, and C, that provide a way to give instructions to computers.

programming languages [accept computer languages; accept scripting languages; prompt on \"programs\"; prompt on \"languages\"]

q4935_3

Channels that carry ions made of this element are blocked by some hypertension medications. Ions of this element and magnesium are concentrated in hard water, while its sulfate forms gypsum. Antacids use its carbonate, which forms (*) limestone. For 10 points, name this element found in dairy products that is used by the body to form teeth and bone structures, represented by the symbol Ca [C A].

calcium [prompt on \"Ca\" before it is mentioned]

q544_1

This leader's half-brother is believed to be a drug trafficker, but serves as the chief of a provincial council. This leader was originally put in power by a loya jirga (LOY-uh JER-guh). In October 2010, this man admitted to receiving bags of cash from Iran. In 2010, he stormed out of a meeting with David Petraeus and was accused of holding a rigged election against Abdullah Abdullah. For 10 points, name this leader of Afghanistan.

Hamid {Karzai} [or Hamid Karzay]

q2801_3

This figure was nearly killed by his own father when Medea tricked the father into giving this figure a poisoned cup of wine. That cup was knocked away when this figure revealed a sword his father had hidden under a boulder with a pair of sandals. When this hero returned home with black sails, his father, Aegeus, jumped into the sea. For 10 points, name this first king of Athens and slayer of the Minotaur.

Theseus

q511_3

Every chapter after the first chapter of this work is arranged from longest to shortest and all but one begins with the word "bismallah" (biss-MAH-lah). This work's second chapter is known as the "Cow" sura and the first revelation in this text was transmitted when Muhammad was near the Cave of Hira (HEE-rah). For 10 points, identify this text that is taken to be the word of Allah by Muslims.

Qur'an [or Koran; prompt on recitation]

q1159_3

The president of this nation, Kristina Fernandez de Kirchner, was diagnosed with thyroid cancer in December, 2011. This nation accused Great Britain of violating international rules when they allowed oil drilling about 300 miles east of the Strait of Magellan, off the coast of the Falkland Islands. For 10 points, name this South American nation where a 2011 law banned protest marches in the capital of Buenos Aires.

Republica Argentina [or Argentine Republic]

q8390_1

The reaction to this man's recent promise of a zero percent increase in public spending led John Bercow to call for order. He became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in 1986. In 1994, he was rumored to be a candidate for the leadership of the Labour Party, but struck the Granita Pact with man he would eventually succeed, Tony Blair. For 10 points, name this current Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Gordon {Brown}

q2464_1

In this novel, the protagonist lies about what happened to an amethyst brooch so she can go to a picnic. That protagonist makes up names like Willowmere for locales around her village and inadvertently gets her friend Diana Barry drunk on "raspberry cordial." (*) For 10 points, name this novel about a redheaded orphan adopted by Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert of Avonlea on Prince Edward Island, a novel by Lucy Maud Montgomery.

Anne of Green Gables

q5008_2

Cadmus once killed this deity's dragon and had to serve this deity for eight years, after which he married Harmonia, this deity's daughter. This deity was wounded by Diomedes (die-AHM- ee-dees) during the Trojan War when he appeared on the battlefield helping the Trojans. This deity's union with Aphrodite yielded Eros (AIR-ohs) and his attendants Phobos (FOE-bows) and Deimos (DAY-mows). For 10 points, which son of Zeus and Hera is the Greek god of war?

{Ares} [prompt on {Mars} until "Greek"]

q530_2

This city, home to the War Memorial Opera House, has such suburbs as Daly City. In it can be found Russian Hill and Lake Merced as well as Nob Hill. This city's district of Haight-Ashbury was a center of hippie culture. Its namesake body of water contains Treasure Island and Angel Island; across that bay lies Oakland. For 10 points, name this city at the south end of the Golden Gate Bridge.

{San Francisco,} California

q157_2

One author from this country wrote about a character named "You" who searches for the title location of the novel Soul Mountain. In another novel set in this nation, three friends swear allegiance to one another in the Oath of the Peach Garden. That novel, (*) Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is one of the Four Great Classics of this country. For 10 points, name this country where Shi Naian's Water Margin is set during the Song Dynasty.

People\'s Republic of {China}

q597_3

Starburst types of these systems have unusually high supplies of gas, and they can combine in a process known as cannibalism. The "tuning fork diagram" is a graphic depiction of the Hubble classification scheme for these systems, which divides them into irregular, elliptical and spiral types. M31 is the Andromeda one. For 10 points, name these regions of the universe that include the Milky Way.

galaxies [or galaxy]

q1465_3

In this novel, Bonnie Blue dies while trying to jump a fence with her horse. Its protagonist stays in love with the owner of the Twelve Oaks plantation, Ashley Wilkes, even while she is married to the Confederate blockade runner Rhett Butler. It largely takes place on the plantation Tara. For 10 points, name this Margaret Mitchell novel about the Southern beauty Scarlett O'Hara.

{Gone With the Wind}

q648_4

This nation's Bay of Plenty is the home of a sphenodont (SFEE-noh-dahnt) reptile called the tuatara. Its regions include Otago and Canterbury, whose chief city, Christchurch, was the site of a 2011 earthquake. The Cook Strait, which divides its North and South Islands, is the site of its capital, Wellington. For 10 points, the Maori people are the native inhabitants of what Pacific island nation east of Australia?

{New Zealand}

q1778_1

One justification of this act is Paul's visit to Ephesus in the Acts of the Apostles. This act involves asking the Holy Ghost to "send forth upon them thy sevenfold Spirit the Holy Paraclete (PAIR-uh- CLEET)." This act is the imposition of hands and anointing with oil by a bishop. For 10 points, identify this sacrament grouped in the Catholic Church with Baptism and Eucharist.

{Confirmation} [accept word forms such as {Confirming}]

q313_4

This city contains the neo-gothic Votive Church, and its Karlskirche (KARLS-keer-kuh) is the largest Baroque Cathedral north of the Alps. It is the capital of a country with such states as Burgenland, Tyrol, and Styria. This city's Ring Boulevard was ordered to be restructured by Franz Joseph I, and it lies on the Danube just upriver from Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. For 10 points, name this capital of Austria.

{Vienna,} Austria [or {Wien}]

q2850_3

One figure in this religion wears three wedding bands to symbolize her marriages to Agwe, Dumballah, and Ogoun. In addition to Erzulie, one figure in this religion is represented by a cross over a tomb and is named Ghede. Gods in this religion are called "loa" and this religion's god of the Earth is named Papa Legba.(*) For 10 points, name this religion that originated in Haiti, famous for its namesake dolls.

{Voodoo} [accept {Vodun} or {Vodou} or {Vodoun} or {Vaudou} or {Vaudoux}]

q5790_3

A group of genes coding for lactose breakdown, known as the lac operon, was first discovered in this model organism. Although it is not Shigella, shiga toxins are produced in virulent strains of this organism such as its serotype O157:H7. They colonize the human gut at birth. For 10 points, name these gramnegative bacteria that are a common cause of food poisoning and food recalls.

Escherichia {coli} [prompt on Bacillus coli communis]

q2254_2

The independence of this commonwealth has been sought by Rubén Berríos, while an opposite approach has been pushed by its New Progressive Party under Pedro Pierluisi. In 2012, this commonwealth elected Alejandro García Padilla as governor and voted in a referendum to end its territorial status. (*) For 10 points, name this Caribbean Island, a United States territory that may someday become the 51st state.

Puerto Rico

q874_3

This artwork was painted over a previous decoration of gold stars on a blue sky. Sibyls and Prophets surround its nine central panels, which depict scenes from the Book of Genesis. This painting's bestknown section shows a man reaching out and almost touching fingers with God. The artist stood on a scaffold to paint, for 10 points, what large fresco that includes The Creation of Adam, a work of Michelangelo?

{ceiling} of the {Sistine Chapel} [prompt on {Sistine Chapel}]

q1100_5

Great White Spots are frequent storms on this planet. Its moons include Iapetus, Rhea, Enceladus, and the only known one to have an atmosphere. This planet is less dense than water. The Cassini Division is located in its extensive ring system. For 10 points, name this second largest planet in the solar system, the sixth from the Sun.

Saturn

q3736_1

The poorwill is the only bird to demonstrate this behavior, which can be defined as sustained torpor. It is called estivation (“ess-tiv-AY-shun”) if it occurs during the summer. Animals must either collect or eat lots of food during the fall so that they do not starve while doing it. For 10 points, name this behavior in which an animal goes into a deep sleep for the entire winter.

{hibernation} [accept word forms]

q1011_4

The four quarters of this person's residence were each dedicated to a different god. This ruler's forces were nearly done in by enemy chariots when crossing the Orontes at the Battle of Kadesh. This son of Seti I built several complexes, including a tomb in the Valley of the Queens for his wife Nefertari. For 10 points, name this nineteenth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh, known as "Ozymandias" in Greek.

{Ramses II} [accept {Ramses the Great} or {Rameses II,} prompt on Ramses; prompt on Ozymandias before mentioned]

q248_4

A White House memo released on the day of this event cited "the battle of the laboratories" and urged immediate acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration. A bestselling book about this was written by John Hersey. Paul Tibbets commanded the sortie that executed this action, which was carried out using the device "Little Boy" from the (*) B-29 Enola Gay. For 10 points, identify this first use of an atomic weapon in war.

the detonation of an atomic bomb in {Hiroshima} [accept grammatical variants; accept variations of \"atomic\" like \"nuclear\"; \"atomic/nuclear\" is unnecessary after \"atomic\" is mentioned in question; prompt on partial answers; accept variations of detonation of \"Little Boy\" before it is mentioned; do not accept any answer mentioning \"Nagasaki\"]

q1686_2

This novel begins as the main character and his mother Ellen plant potatoes. In this novel, the main character's family's farm is vandalized due to neighborhood outrage over his brother Bill's decision to fight against his brothers Tom and John. Jenny and Shadrach marry after Shadrach is wounded at Gettysburg in, for 10 points, what novel depicting the maturation of Jethro Creighton during the Civil War, by Irene Hunt?

Across Five Aprils