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ISNA / This news was written for you about the damages to the cultural heritage in the fall of 1998. The cultural heritage of any country is the identity of that country and its preservation is the preservation of the identity of a nation and country. If this identity card is destroyed, there is no duplicate for it, so those in charge of this matter and the people should make more efforts to protect Iran’s identity card. Undoubtedly, one of the serious problems for Iran’s cultural heritage is the protection of historical and cultural heritage. The destruction of historical sites under various pretexts and the lack of sufficient capacity to protect the monuments, the lack of funding for the restoration of historical monuments and the increase in the theft of monuments are among the problems that Iran’s cultural heritage is struggling with. “Today, nations and tribes identify cultural heritage and historical monuments in order to get to know each other better, and says that culture, art and Introduce each other to their rich historical background, which is why the preservation of cultural heritage is essential as a support for the continuation of a country’s cultural life, because the identity of any country is its antiquities and cultural heritage. What did they bring to the historical houses of Semnan? One built his house right in the middle of a historic castle; Moghan Kooshak Castle, Semnan. One bought his house with a historic castle; Quala Pachnar . Another built a wedding hall next to the ancient fortress and his business account is coins. This is a disaster that has befallen historical and ancient monuments in Semnan and no one bites. Although the monuments of Semnan are neglected and turned into personal property and split and disintegrated with cement, isogum and asphalt, but we can still try to save them. Restoration depends on a budget that will never be allocated Rabbit Castle Caravanserai One of the most important Safavid caravanserais located in the historical and registered route of Ardakan Yazd to Varzaneh of Isfahan is another historical monument in Iran that was neglected by the authorities and destroyed. And experienced turmoil. They are looking for a budget for a building that is in a bad condition and has been abandoned for years, and whenever this budget is allocated, they start rebuilding it. The then Deputy Minister of Cultural Heritage of Yazd said: the mentioned caravanserai had been turned into a place for keeping sheep by an occupier for some time, but the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage of Yazd evacuated this historical building, which is one of the Shah Abbasi caravanserais. A credit of 600 million Tomans has been considered for the restoration of this historical monument, which will be used in the restoration of the building as soon as it is allocated. No one will take care of this building A 700-year-old school in Yazd that has no guardian! Another catastrophic news headline about a long-standing monument. In the report that in the fall of 98 of the situation Shahabuddin Qasem Taraz Historical School has been published: With the registration number 1007, it is included in the list of national monuments, it is in an unfavorable situation and has been abandoned due to the lack of a trustee. There are mosaic tiles and embossed tiles on the front of Qassem Taraz School, and an inscription in the third line is placed on top of this door. On both sides of the door, inside the two rectangular squares, there is an inscription in Kufic script, in which the rectangular inscription of the left hand remains completely, but the inscription of the right hand has been destroyed. Inside Kryas and around the gates, Surah Fatah was performed in Naskh script in white, of which only a part remains today. It was a mosaic tile that has no trace of it now. A Yazdi researcher says: The last major restoration of this building is related to the last 50 years and the restoration of abandoned decorations and tiles has been cleaned in the last decade, but the collection of disruptive factors is related to the last year or so. Is. Seyed Mostafa Fatemi, the then director general of Yazd Cultural Heritage, says that the guardian of the Qasem Taraz historical school is the General Directorate of Endowments. It is considered the General Directorate of Endowments and Charity Affairs of the province. The General Directorate of Endowments and Charities of Yazd Province stated that it was unaware of the registration of this building in the endowment property and then asked the General Directorate of Education to follow up. The director of education in district one of Yazd province states in this regard: The mentioned building is not part of the education property, but the education of many historical schools has its property in its custody. It seems that this building has no special guardian and has been left alone; A building that was once the cradle of science in Yazd and is now neglected, and only those who pass in front of it, look at its tiled entrance and with a large, rusty lock on the wooden door will understand that Such a building still has no share in the history of Yazd due to negligence! Its only name is Baghistan For a green and historical area of several thousand hectares Qazvin Garden have a national registration number and when needed, they blow the horn, which has one of the largest green and historical spots in the world, but the back They are doomed and they are not left alone. They have learned the way well, or they set fire to the trees to suffocate the ashes, or they first dry the roots of the trees in the heart of the earth and by cutting them down, in addition to houses, construction workshops and companies. Municipal services in the middle of the traditional garden of Qazvin rise to the green ring that has stretched around the 9,000-year-old city of Qazvin for centuries and has become the breathing lungs of the city and even opened its place in the travelogues of various tourists. Delete Browse. They brought so much trouble to the garden that the voices of environmental organizations and the cultural heritage of Qazvin were heard many times. In a statement issued in the fall of 1998, they called on officials of cultural heritage, handicrafts and tourism, agricultural jihad, roads and urban planning, the Environmental Protection Agency and Qazvin provincial officials to stop destroying the most important heritage of Qazvin, the traditional garden of Qazvin. . The construction of the Quds Bridge destroyed significant parts of the best and most water-rich places in the historical garden of Qazvin, which is a world honor and has been registered in the list of national monuments. With the construction of the Persian Gulf Square underpass, the unique soil and the best pistachio trees in the world were sacrificed and the entrance of gardeners and the people of the city to the orchard was blocked in that place. The construction of Imam Reza (AS) class bridge separated the historical texture from the garden, destroyed the landscape of the garden and tore the organic connection of the historical texture with the garden that are along each other’s lives. Not all monuments need to be restored Abu Darda Tomb is the only remaining part of the Sahebi Darolshafa complex, which 700 years ago was known as the first hospital in Yazd and one of the first hospitals in the country, but now only a ruin of it remains in a corner of the historical fabric of Yazd. Is. Only the ruined remains of Sayyid Abu Darda ‘, which is limited to three walls, remain, and only the ruined remains of the altar with the Mogharnas bed can be seen. The architectural style and its comparison with similar buildings also shows that this building belongs to the Mongol era, but since this registered building had a religious use, it is now considered as an endowment and property of the General Directorate of Endowments. Seyed Mostafa Fatemi, General Manager of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Yazd Province, said: “A significant part of the building has been destroyed and cannot be used, so it is possible to introduce this valuable historical building in order to show it to tourists.” In the order of historical monuments for restoration. Not all monuments need to be restored, and some of them will require archeological operations, but this is currently not possible due to the province’s limited cultural heritage credits. Qajar bridge was grilled One of the reports of the fall of 1998 is related to the Qajar bridge, on which one of the tributaries of the Haraz River was built by order of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. This historical bridge was built on Baladeh-Yoosh road on one of the tributaries of Haraz river with the local name “Herdo Rud” which was registered in the list of national monuments in 2007 under the number 22027. The appearance of the Qajar bridge is safe from afar, but in addition to the large amount of garbage left around it irresponsibly, iron barriers have been installed on the bridge, which is inconsistent with the bridge’s architecture. At the beginning and end of the paved surface of the bridge, two holes have been created, the cause of which is unknown, but traces of fire and charcoal can be seen in them. Apparently, when there is no fire inside this historic fireplace, these holes play the role of trash. Restoration of the bridge after 9 months in the absence of cultural heritage Member of Tehran City Council from partial restoration of Bridge was announced by the municipality of Tehran after 9 months and said: although the cultural heritage should be restored But did not do this important! Cultural heritage is expected to be more vigilant about its duties by publishing such news. Take monument management crisis seriously Natural disasters are another threat to cultural heritage. In recent years, earthquakes, floods and fires have endangered the health of many historic buildings and prompted authorities to consider managing a more serious crisis in historic buildings. Despite the possibility of any natural disaster in the country at any time, but in recent years, fires are still the number one flip, which sometimes leads to the holding of some programs and meetings that from the point of view of the same authorities and Heritage experts are a repetitive task. An action that is only taken without any proper planning and taking appropriate steps, so that one day they may reach a practical result. In this regard, the first specialized meeting on historical monuments and fire hazards, which was held at the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute in the fall of 1998, but the important thing is that fires have occurred in historic buildings and have caused damage. Although the cultural heritage in the country is still a little smarter than before and at least is thinking of a way to prevent damage in times of crisis, but this issue also needs a more fundamental solution.

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7 Reasons To Seek Addiction Treatment Substance use disorder, which is more colloquially known as drug addiction, is a serious mental... Prescription Drugs are designed to be administered by a doctor and taken to heal. However, it’s easy for people, youth especially, to become dependent on prescription drugs and slowly begin to abuse them. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) found that approximately 10 million children and young people, ages 12 and up, had misused opioids in 2018; the majority of these youth misused prescribed pain killers. When teens are prescribed pain killers, it’s easy for the teen brain to become reliant on the addictive substance. Studies show that 38.5% of teens get prescription drugs from a friend or family member to whom they are prescribed. Misuse or abuse of prescription medication begins when youth are consuming the drugs without a prescription from a doctor. This can be scary and overwhelming for parents, but with education and communication, there is hope to help youth overcome prescription drug abuse. Parents can take comfort in the fact that it is possible to help their child in the journey to recovery. According to the NIDA, there are three main types of prescription drugs that are most-abused: Opioids, Stimulants, and Depressants. For more specifics on the above prescription drugs and their concerning effects, please see NIDA’s Prescription Drug Facts. When affected by prescription drugs, one may notice some changes in their child. The changes vary, depending on the type of prescription drug, as listed above. If a parent is suspicious and fearful of their child’s changes in behavior, take a breath, and account for these signs below. Citing the changes you see in your child, and asking how you can help, is crucial to initiate a conversation about addiction. Check the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA) for more information about prescription drugs, as well as over-the-counter drugs. It’s difficult to begin this conversation with your child. One doesn’t want to seem accusatory or damage the relationship. When approaching, try to avoid shaming or blaming your child, and instead approach from a stance that shows love and unconditional support. First, actively listen to your child and try to understand why they need the prescription drugs. Some children do it for the euphoria, or because their friends use prescription drugs. Some like to experiment or use prescription drugs to improve concentration. Others abuse prescription drugs as a response to trauma, or an act of rebellion associated with hurt. Understanding the original cause of your child’s use can help in your child’s recovery. Considering their causes can also aid in their mindset-approach to recovery. As you respond to your child’s words, avoid the accusatory tone and continue to try to understand with love and support. Your child should feel safe sharing this information with you, even if it’s hurtful or scary. Take deep breaths, and remember good times with your child as you work to return to them. Next, together with your child, you’ll have to determine the best mode of recovery. There is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to recovery. Each child is unique and their experience in recovery needs to be able to set them up for success in their future. There are resources for parents to help guide and further inform about addiction in the family. Visit the websites of the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Partnership for Drug-Free Kids, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration (SAMHSA), the National Association of Addiction Treatment Providers (NAATP), and your local hospital’s addiction services. There you can begin the journey to recovery. As you work with your child to find a path to recovery, you and your family will need time to heal with accountability and clear goals that provide a safe environment for your child. At RECO Intensive, we understand that your child’s needs are unique, and we’ll work with your child to help them fight their addiction. At RECO Intensive, we believe in personal development, honesty, and accountability as our foundations for growth. We want to help your loved ones through their journey to recovery by meeting your child where they are and giving them the freedom to thrive without prescription drug-dependency. Whatever path they choose in their journey to recovery is completely their own, as RECO Intensive knows your child deserves a personalized approach, and the freedom to express their individuality. RECO Intensive provides specialized therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and relapse prevention as part of our extensive and successful alumni program. RECO Intensive’s alumni support will help your child as they evolve into their new lives in recovery. Call (561) 464-6533 today to learn more. Discover a better life and call our recovery helpline today.

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Unfortunately, many Americans perceive that seeing blood while brushing is a good sign, assuming it shows they’re doing a great job. The fact is – healthy gums do not bleed while brushing! Bleeding gums indicate a problem that needs to be addressed while treatment can be minimal. Delay only allows the problem to worsen, resulting in more time and expense in the future. Periodontal (gum) disease is the most common cause (and an early warning sign) for gums that bleed while brushing. It is also the leading cause of adult tooth loss in the U.S. Gum disease begins with gingivitis, which occurs from a bacterial build-up of plaque. This irritates the gums, causing them to bleed and become swollen and tender. Other contributors that cause gum tissue to bleed easily include: • Overzealous brushing, brushing with a hard bristle toothbrush or using an abrasive substance, such as baking soda. These do more harm than good to teeth and gum tissues. • Drugs can contribute to gums that bleed easily, including antidepressants, nasal sprays and oral contraceptives. • Smoking has a drying effect on gum tissue. Smokers typically have more calculus than non-smokers from the irritation of chemicals in cigarettes. • Vitamin K deficiency interferes with the body’s process of blood clotting. This can also result in gums that bleed. • Certain changes in hormonal levels can cause temporary redness, tenderness and swollen areas on gums. When bleeding gums are dealt with in early stages, a thorough dental cleaning and committed oral care regimen at home can often halt the progression of gingivitis, which leads to gum disease. Act now by arranging an appointment so we can determine an appropriate treatment to restore your smile to a healthy state. Call toll free 1-866-9-Smiles to learn more.

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Over their lifetime, divers will likely encounter a variety of dive conditions: at sea level and at altitude as well as in fresh water, salt water, calm water and currents, to name a few. Diving in currents can be exhilarating, but it can also be hazardous if you do not have the proper training or are unprepared. Current dives, often called drift dives, can be leisurely or quite challenging. Current is the continuous movement of a fluid in a certain direction. For diving and other water activities, we consider current as water that moves through a more sedate surrounding body of water. Current movement, which can be horizontal or vertical, is sometimes slow and barely noticeable but at other times can be so strong that underpowered watercraft struggle against it. Tide ebb and flow and the current’s velocity and direction can change your position relative to either the horizontal or vertical plane of the current, which can be disorienting for inexperienced divers. Divers can experience amazing drift dives at many popular sites worldwide, including Palau, Indonesia, Maldives, Florida, the Pacific Northwest, Cozumel, and many others. Frequently calm and relaxing, drift dives can also be quite rapid and require significant effort. All currents take special consideration and planning to dive effectively and safely. Divemasters should provide site-specific information about the current as part of their dive briefing so all divers know what to expect. Before doing drift dives, seek proper training, ideally as part of a course with a certified instructor. Drift diving also requires physical and mental preparation. When diving currents, divers should have an elevated fitness level as well as experience and familiarity with different finning techniques. A moderate half-knot current (0.6 mph or 0.9 kph) may not seem very fast, but in the time it takes to let go of the descent line and clear your mask, you will be out of reach of the line. In strong 2-knot currents, it is challenging to keep your position steady just by kicking, and a diver could not maintain that level of effort for long. When making a current dive other than a drift dive, start against the current, and return with it. You will increase your physical effort and breathing-gas consumption as you swim against the current, but you will use far less energy as you return to your entry and exit point and should have an adequate gas supply to finish the dive as planned. Divers should not dive in currents greater than 1 knot without proper training and experience. To roughly measure a current, toss a buoyant object into the water and time how long it takes to get to a point a known distance away. The object will travel 1.68 feet per second in a 1-knot current. Depending on the current for a drift dive, you might have to make a negative entry, which is entering the water with little or no air in your buoyancy compensator (BC), continuing to descend upon entry, and then pairing up with your buddy and riding the current. You only need to fin when you want to approach something or remain stationary. Let the current do the hard work for you. Once you become comfortable with drift diving, you will likely use less gas than on a dive in calm water to the same depth and time because you will kick far less. When planning dives where you will start against the current and return with the current, use the rule of thirds for your breathing gas: one-third of your gas supply for the first part of the dive, one-third for the return and one-third in reserve for an emergency. Plan on bringing additional equipment such as a surface marker buoy (SMB) and a reel, at an absolute minimum. Many divers carry a signaling mirror and a whistle in case they become separated from their buddy or boat. A reef hook may be recommended or required in some areas; ask the dive operator or local dive shop about if and where it may be needed. If you don’t know how to properly use these pieces of equipment, consult an instructor for training. During the dive, keep yourself and your equipment streamlined and with the current’s flow. Stay close to the bottom or other objects, where the current is often not as strong as it is midwater. Sometimes you can find a bit of shelter by ducking behind a reef ledge, a wreck or some other object. Remember the basics: Monitor your air, depth and time. Stay with your group or, at a minimum, a buddy. If you and your buddy get separated from the group, make sure you stay together. Use the ascent line during your safety stop to keep from being swept away. If you miss or become separated from the ascent line or are executing a free ascent, deploy your SMB when appropriate. The SMB will be your guideline, and the dive operator can better see where you are. Don’t panic if you get swept away during the dive or while on a safety stop or on the surface. Don’t fight against the current. Sometimes moving a few feet left, right, up or down can minimize the current’s effect. When you’re on the surface, inflate your BC and prepare to use your signaling mirror or whistle if needed. As you exit the water, follow the procedures the dive operator outlined. Closely following those procedures when doing a live-boat pickup will help you avoid entanglements and propeller strikes. A vertical current moving down or up, called a downwelling or upwelling, can be challenging in ways that differ from horizontal currents. Downwelling occurs when a current (usually wind-driven) meets an object — such as a submerged reef wall, an island, an atoll or other landmass — or another current. The water collides with the object, which forces the water downward. Upwelling typically happens when wind-driven currents push water away from an area, and other water rises from below the surface to fill the vacancy. Upwelling usually occurs along coastlines but occasionally may be in the open ocean. Nutrients from deeper water come toward the surface, so the upwelling water often has much higher biological productivity. Upwelling areas are usually good for fishing. If you are diving in an area known for upwelling or downwelling, be aware of where it usually happens. If the current pushes you into an unexpected ascent or descent, try to stop it as quickly as possible. While touching the reef is never ideal, it is acceptable in this case. Grab some solid substrate as quickly and safely as possible while trying to avoid any harmful marine life such as fire coral. Try to protect your regulator and mask from being ripped away from you. If the current removes your regulator or mask, remain calm, retrieve your backup regulator, and continue to breathe. If you can safely recover your mask, do so, but remember that you can easily replace it. If you are caught in a downwelling, be sure to continually equalize your ears. In an upwelling, continuously exhale, inhaling only when you need to, and then continue exhaling. If you cannot quickly stop your ascent or descent, get vertically streamlined in the water to allow the water to pass by with less drag on your body. Doing so may slow your ascent or descent and make it possible for you to maneuver to grab something solid. Once you are under control, begin to ascend at a safe rate, and monitor your breathing-gas supply, as you will likely be breathing much faster than usual. Monitoring your gas is especially critical if you were caught in a downwelling and taken deep. If you can locate your buddy, make the ascent together, helping each other maintain control and monitoring each other’s gas supply. Make a safety stop if you can. Diving in currents can be quite relaxing and pleasant, even in swift currents, but it has its challenges. To get the most enjoyment, perform proper predive research and dive planning. Make sure you prepare physically and mentally and have the proper gear, training and experience. Divers often say that current dives are some of their most memorable and exhilarating dives. Expand your diving repertoire by safely trying a current dive. © Alert Diver — Q1 2021

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[SOLVED] Projectiles, spin, momentum, and range Greetings. I am simply seeking information regarding the matters of the subject line. Here is the situation: A spherical projectile (6mm pellet) is fired out of a device at say 400 feet per second. It is fired out level to the ground (as if you are aiming a gun at a target - no real trajectory above horizontal). To complicate things, a backspin is placed on the projectile inside of the barrel... the backspin causing a change in pressure above the pellet as it spins, thus to some degree counteracting gravity. So if I were to speculate on the different ranges (distances the pellet would travel before hitting the ground) of a pellet fired at 250 feet per second vs. one fired at 500 fps, what all would come into play? Thanks for any input.

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A stunning discovery based on epigenetics (the inheritance of propensities acquired in the womb) reveals that consuming choline—a nutrient found in eggs and other foods—during pregnancy may significantly affect breast cancer outcomes for a mother's offspring. This finding by a team of biologists at Boston University is the first to link choline consumption during pregnancy to breast cancer. It also is the first to identify possible choline-related genetic changes that affect breast cancer survival rates. "We've known for a long time that some agents taken by pregnant women, such as diethylstibesterol, have adverse consequences for their daughters," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "But there's an upside. The emerging science of epigenetics has yielded a breakthrough. For the first time, we've learned that we might be able to prevent breast cancer as early as a mother's pregnancy." The researchers made the discovery in rats by studying females whose mothers were fed varying amounts of choline during pregnancy. Different groups of pregnant rats received diets containing standard amounts of choline, no choline at all, or extra choline. Then the researchers treated the female offspring with a chemical that causes cancer of the mammary gland (breast cancer). Although animals in all groups developed mammary cancer, the daughters of mothers that had received extra choline during pregnancy had slow growing tumors while daughters of mothers that had no choline during pregnancy had fast growing tumors. "Our study provides additional support for the notion that choline is an important nutrient that has to be considered when dietary guidelines are developed," said Krzysztof Blusztajn, Ph.D., Professor of Pathology at Boston University and the study's senior researcher. "We hope it will be possible to develop nutritional guidelines for pregnant women that ensure the good health of their offspring well into old age." The researchers also found multiple genetic and molecular changes in the rats' tumors that correlated with survival outcomes. For example, the slow growing tumors in rats had a genetic pattern similar to those seen in breast cancers of women who are considered to have a good prognosis. The fast growing tumors in mice had a pattern of genetic changes similar to those seen in women with a more aggressive disease. The researchers also found evidence that these genetic changes may result from the way that choline affects modifications of the DNA within the mammary gland of fetuses as they develop in the womb. The National Cancer Institute estimates that there will be more than 184,000 new cases of breast cancer in 2008 and more than 40,000 deaths. Treatments for women suffering from breat cancer range from hormone therapy to surgery. The above story is based on materials provided by Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. Cite This Page:

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Nowadays social networks have become ubiquitous and are used to communicate almost anything. For example, you can post a complaint about your leaking kettle directly to Argos` Twitter account and make them apologise! Investigating the discourse strategies used in tweeted apologies, Ruth Page analysed 1183 apologies gathered from 100 public accounts that included celebrities, ‘ordinary’ members and 40 different companies. The data included both British and American English. She used corpus linguistic tools to identify posts containing direct apologies, searching for key words such as sorry or apologise. Page wanted to find out whether corporate Twitter users apologise differently as opposed to the ‘general public’. First, she looked at the words used most frequently to express an apology. The absolute winner was sorry (occurring approximately 3600 times per million words): this appeared in posts from all 40 companies. Apology was also very frequent, occurring 563 times per million words. Another option, afraid, was chiefly used by British companies (95% of all uses of afraid, to be precise). If you are a big company and you`ve already said sorry, is this enough? The answer is ‘no’, unless you want to lose customers. There are several steps you can take to regain your client`s good books. Strategy 1. Explain everything Page discovered that companies use various linguistic tricks to minimize the damaging effect of a complaint. For instance, they often downplayed the company’s agency by name the third party or the factors beyond the company`s control (e.g. the weather, legal requirement, etc) to be the causes of problems. Constructions downplaying company`s agency are abundant in Tweeter corporate apologies, for example: - · naming non-human factors beyond the company’s control as the cause of the problem – the responsibility lies with the weather, a bot or an app (for example, weather is causing many delays tonight); - · using nominalisations instead of verbs, so avoiding mention of any subject – for example, Booking office closure as opposed to we closed the Booking office; - · using adverbs – for example, by human error in by human error we deleted you; All these phrases help to distance the company from faulty goods or services. Strategy 2. Offer a compensation Companies often present themselves as a source of a solution rather than the source of the problem, for example by offering credits, refunds or further investigation. This is a specific feature of corporate apologies, since only 10% of ‘ordinary’ Twitter members made offers of repair. Another difference is that companies rarely explicitly restated the reported offence. Two thirds of the companies avoided posts like sorry about the leaking kettle, preferring vague phrasing such as sorry about that. On the one hand, this allows them to avoid drawing further attention to their faulty goods or services and damaging the company’s reputation still further. On the other hand, they still acknowledge the complaint: not doing so could be interpreted as insincerity, which might eventually result in the loss of a customer. Also, in order to show fellow feeling with the customer, corporate apologies often begin with Hi + first name (e.g. Hi Steve) and finish with Thanks. This may actually work the opposite way, though, because the ‘ordinary members’ don`t need to say Hi Steve every time they post something relevant to their friends! Tweeting apologies enables companies to react to customers` complaints quickly, so as to minimize any harm to the company`s reputation, avoid losing customers and enhance rapport with them. As Page points out, though, we now need research to find out how customers react to the apologies that they receive through tweets. Page, Ruth (2014). Saying ‘sorry’: Corporate apologies posted on Twitter. Journal of Pragmatics 62: 30-45. This summary was written by Maryna Myntsykovska

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SILVER SPRING, Md. - The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is projecting that 2020 will be the warmest year on record, beating out a record previously set in 2016. NOAA reported last week that the first quarter of 2020 is off to a near-record warm start, with Earth experiencing the second-warmest January through March period since records began in 1880. There is a 75% chance that 2020 will become the hottest year on record and a 99.9% chance that it will end up being one of the top five warmest years on record, according to NOAA’s March global climate report. A file image taken on Nov. 29, 2004 shows the sun setting on Sydney during a heat wave. (Photo by Fairfax Media via Getty Images) In 2016, there was an unusually intense El Niño event in the tropical Pacific Ocean — a cyclical climate phenomenon which results in warmer water in the Pacific and can influence weather patterns around the globe, according to NOAA. There is no El Niño event declared this year, making the findings somewhat unexpected, according to the Washington Post. “A lot of that has to do with the fact that the year 2016 became the warmest year on record largely because it was very, very warm in the first half of the year, and it was actually not nearly as impressively warm in the second half of the year,” Derek Arndt, the head of climate monitoring at NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, told the Washington Post. “So the way this might play out is, by staying close to 2016 early on, it does look like a better than half probability that we will finish the year warmest on record,” he added. February and March were the warmest two non-El Niño months in NOAA’s temperature database, Arndt said. Amid the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, people around the world have stayed home to stop the spread of COVID-19 — leading to positive environmental impacts. NOAA’s report didn’t note how these recent changes could impact the climate, but scientists say the air has temporarily cleaned up as a result. This story was reported from Cincinnati.

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Flu season is here — facts about the fluGuest columnist FAQs about the Flu – Part 1: What you might want to know about the flu: How serious is the flu? Flu can cause severe illness, hospitalization and even death. Those at high risk of severe flu illness are pregnant women, children under six months old, frail and elderly and anyone with chronic disease such as asthma, diabetes, heart disease or cancer. What are symptoms of the flu? Flu usually comes on suddenly, accompanied by fever and chills, coughing, sore throats, muscle aches, fatigue and headaches. Nausea and diarrhea are more common in children. How does limiting my visits to the hospital help? Flu is a highly contagious virus that can spread from one person to another by contact or the air. The spread of the flu can be controlled by individuals limiting their exposure to the virus. What is the best way to connect with patients when the limitation policy is implemented? We ask that all children under the age of 12 and those who do not feel well please call patients rather than visit them in the hospital. How can I help prevent myself and others from getting the flu or being exposed to the virus? Get a flu shot. Stay home if you are not feeling well. Flu bugs can live for two to eight hours on surfaces after someone coughs them out. Don't go back to work until 24 hours after your fever breaks to prevent infecting other people. Practice frequent hand hygiene. If visiting a patient, please wash your hands or use hand sanitizer before entering a room and after leaving a room. Hand sanitizer dispensers are placed generously throughout the hospital. Flu vaccines are available at most primary care provider offices, drug stores, grocery stores and county health departments. Costs may vary upon dispensing location and insurance. Is it too late to get a vaccine shot? Not at all. Go get a shot. What about children? Do they get the same vaccine? For the first vaccination, children under 2 need two shots, spaced four weeks apart, but even one shot helps. Antibodies to the flu can appear within days after vaccination and they peak in the weeks thereafter, so there is time. Can I get the flu even after I get the shot? Yes. The CDC estimates the flu vaccine is on average about 60 percent effective. However, it’s important to note that people who have been vaccinated typically have weaker bouts with the flu, even if they do get sick. One thing to keep in mind is that if you pick up a cough or a sore throat even though you have been vaccinated, it doesn't mean the vaccination failed. There are plenty of other bugs out there that might be making you sick. Mission Health is now limiting visitations at Mission Hospital and all Mission Health member hospitals and affiliates in the western North Carolina region. This includes CarePartners in Asheville, McDowell Hospital in Marion, Transylvania Regional Hospital in Brevard, Blue Ridge Regional Hospital in Spruce Pine and Angel Medical Center in Franklin. The limitation has been implemented due to the spread of influenza (flu) in our region. Many other healthcare facilities are also limiting visitation. At this time, we are asking patients’ family and friends to please limit their hospital visits. Anyone under the age of 12 and those who do not feel well are asked to call patients rather than visit them in the hospital. Should flu activity continue to increase, further restrictions may be implemented.

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For Johannes Huizinga: "Play is older than culture," (p.1) and "all culture is a form of play." (According to Lewis Mumford, Huizinga's English translator was so shocked by the latter assertion that he changed the statement to read that "play is an element in culture.") "Animals play just like men." (This is one way in which the boundary between human and animal can be broken down) Animals, too, can recognise that a sign is a signal. (Bateson) When they engage in mock battle, they have to be able to communicate to each other that "this is play." If the nip denotes the bite, at the same time it does not denote what the bite denotes. The bite is fictional. (see schizophrenia for inability to engage in such metacomunication) Note also the relationship for Bateson between threat and play. Threat also stands for other actions. (see also ritual in animals) For Huizinga play is a significant function very close to both the religious (esp. the ritual) and to art. In fact, the ludic function serves as the best description of the origins of archaic ritual. Like ritual, one of the most important characteristics of play is its spatial separation from ordinary life. (see sacred / profane) See Otto Rank, "The Play-impulse and Aesthetic Pleasure," in Art and Artist. The ludic function is also very close to the definition of the aesthetic, "zwecklos aber doch sinnvoll." Schiller's Letter on the Aesthetic Education of Man (1795), written largely under the impact of Kant's Critique of Judgement, aimed at a remaking of civilization through the liberating force of the aesthetic function. From Kant's writings, Schiller developed his own theory that art is the result of the "play impulse." a free play of the faculties without ulterior motive; that an appearance is aesthetic only insofar as it 'expressly renounces all claim to reality'; and that this appearance must be enjoyed without desire and without 'asking after its purpose.' Operating through the play impulse, the aesthetic function would "abolish compulsion, and place man, both morally and physically, in freedom." A crucial difference of emphasis between Kant's aesthetics and Schiller's conception of artistic education is that the former is concerned with theoretical reflection, while the latter is concerned with social behaviour. Gottfried Semper echoed the Romantic tradition which sets up play as the basis of the aesthetic drive. For Semper, play is humanity's "cosmogonic instinct" through which he creates his own "tiny world" and mediates his contact with the world outside. Architecture takes its starting point not in the physical imitation of the larger world, but in the aesthetic mimcry of the world's lawful and rhythmic order. The wreath, the scroll, the circular dance, the beat of a drum or an oar -- all are the legislative and playful instincts out of which architecture and the arts collectively arose. (Harry Mallgrave, Intro to Semper's Four Elements of Architecture.) As Herbert Marcuse points out, in Eros and Civilization, "The play impulse does not aim at playing 'with' something; rather it is the play of life itself, beyond want and external compulsion -- the manifestation of an existence without fear and anxiety, and thus the manifestation of freedom itself." (p.187) For Marcuse "Play is unproductive and useless because it cancels the repressive and exploitive traits of labor and leisure; it "just plays" with reality." (p. 195) What is the fun of play? For Huizinga, "The fun of playing resists all analysis, all logical interpretation. As a concept, it cannot be reduced to any other mental category." (Homo Ludens, p. 3) The play-mood is labile moving between frivolity and ecstasy. "The fundamental feature of play is, that it is gratifying in itself, without serving any other purpose than that of instinctual gratification." On the other hand, "to work is the active effort of the ego...to get from the outside world whatever is needed for self-preservation." (Barbara Lantos, "Work and the Instincts", in International Journal of Psychoanalysis, vol XXIV, (1943))Marshall Sahlin's analsis of hunter/gatherer societies, which he calls "the original affluent society," suggests a model of sustenance that does not consist of work. For Sahlins, "We are inclined to think of hunters and gatherers as poor because they don't have anything; perhaps better to think of them for that reason as free " (Stone Age Economics, p. 14) At least some Australians, the Yir-Yiront make no linguistic distinction between work and play. (see Lauriston Sharp, "People without Politics" in V.F. Ray, ed. Systems of Political Control and Bureaucracy in Human Societies.) Emil Benveniste studied the relationship between play and ritual in "Le jeu et le sacré" Deucalion no. 2, 1947. For Benveniste, play "has its source in the sacred, of which it supplies a broken, topsy-turvy image. If the sacred can be defined as the consubstantial unity of myth and ritual, we can say that play exists when only one half of the sacred enactment is fulfilled.." see also relation between play and time. Drawing on Levi-Strauss, Giorgio Agamben describes the function of ritual to adjust the contradiction between mythic past and present, reabsorbing all events into a synchronic structure, while the function of play is a symmetrically opposed operation: to break down the whole structure into events. (cf machine ) In Levi-Strauss' account, games are structures that generate events. They start from a symmetry and engender assymetry (winners and losers) from the contingent nature of events. In ritual, on the other hand, an asymmetry (between sacred / profane, living / dead, initiated / unitiated) is conjoined into a new symmetry through events whose nature and ordering is genuinely structural. Following Freud's account of the changing boundaries of the ego in Civilization and its Discontents, (p13-14) D.W. Winnicott describes the play of a child as the transition from the pleasure principle to the reality principle. (cf also John Shumacher's discussion of posture ) According to Winnicott, the child initially makes no distinction between inner desires and outer reality, experiencing the mother's breast (or the bottle) as part of its inner reality that magically appears when needed. In Winnicott's account, as the mother becomes less adapted to the infant's needs, the child begins to experience the frustration of failure and the beginnings of a transition to the recognition of the autonomy of outer objects. This is assisted by a transitional object, a bit of blanket, toy, or cloth that is under the infant's control and is reliably present when needed. The transitional object opens the realm of play, where real objects are incorporated into the world of make-believe over which the child has some control, a realm which is not challenged by the question: "Did you conceive of this, or was it presented to you from without?" (Winnicott, p. 12) The realm of play is immensely exciting because it is precarious, an interplay of personal psychic reality and the experience of control of actual objects. It is "an intermediate area of experiencing , to which inner reality and external life both contribute." (Winnicott. p.2) .."a resting place for the individual engaged in the perpetual human task of keeping inner and outer reality separate yet interrelated." a shared illusory experience. Freud describes the transferential relationship as something like a "playground": in which the patients compulsion to repeat "is allowed to expand in almost complete freedom." ("Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through" 1914. Standard Edition, XII pp 147-56) Extending this analogy of the playground, he says that the transference sets up "an intermediate realm between illness and real life through which the transition from the one to the other is made." (cf "acting out" vs remembering in memory.) This intermediate realm consists to a very large extent of narrative activity. In his book on sublimation, Hans Loewald cites Winnicott's descriptions of the transitional object, but suggests that this description already assumes a level of differentiation which has not yet taken place. According to Loewald, neither inner nor outer reality have formed sufficiently for this analysis. The infant does not have the illusion of having created the breast. Instead, "Mother and infant can be said to invent each other in the mouth-breast encounter: they come upon something and, out of need or desire, invent-jointly-its utilization. (p.76) This analysis seems close to the more polemical position of Deleuze and Guattari in The Anti-Oedipus, who seek to dismantle the poles of subject and object. They describe the child-breast machine, seeing the coupling as a-personal rather than in subjective terms. For D+G, this is its schizo, or adualistic element (neither subjective nor objective.) The lack of ego boundaries makes it impossible to set limits to the process of identification with the environment. (see desiring machine) While Winnicott claims that the breast should be rather than do, (like Cleanth Brooks description of a poem) identifying the male element as doing and the female element (in males and females) as being, Deleuze and Guattari (perhaps emphasizing the male element?) concentrate purely on doing. "It is not the object, of course that is transitional. The object represents the infant's transition from a state of being merged with the mother to a state of being in relation to the mother as something outside and separate." (Winnicott. p.14) The transitional object "is a symbol of the union of the baby and the mother...at the point of the intitiation of their state of separateness." "The fate of the transitional object is to become decathected."..(this is part of the link to sublimation ) "It loses meaning, and this is because the transitional phenomena have become diffused, have become spread out over the whole intermediate territory between 'inner psychic reality' and 'the external world as perceived by two persons in common', that is to say, over the whole cultural field." (p.5) In "The Location of Cultural Experience," Winnicott describes culture as an extension of the area of play. "No human being is free from the strain of relating inner and outer reality." "This intermediate area of experience, unchallenged in respect of its belonging to inner or external (shared) reality, constitutes the greater part of the infant's experience and throughout life is retained in the intense experiencing that belongs to the arts and to religion and to imaginative living, and to creative scientific work." For Winnicott, transitional phenomena "have no climax." They are what Bateson calls "plateaus." --see schismogenesis) see Jessica Benjamin, "A Desire of One's Own" in Teresa de Lauretis, ed. Feminist Studies/Critical Studies (Indiana, 1986) for the use of Winnicott's object relations theory in an account the creation of subjective space through transitional space, allowing for receptivity and mutuality. For Georges Bataille, "Transgression is a game. In the world of play, philosphy disintegrates." (Georges Bataille, Erotism, p. 275) Paul Valéry makes the opposite claim. For him, "No scepticism is possible where the rules of a game are concerned...Indeed, as soon as the rules are transgressed, the whole play-world collapses." (quoted in Huizinga, Homo Ludens, p.11) According to Huizinga, "The player who trespasses against the rules is the 'spoil sport'...(who) shatters the play-world itself...He robs it of its illusion -- a pregnant word which means literally 'in-play' (inludere )"Brian Goodwin gives a formal definition to play when he claims that "Play, like life, occurs at the edge of chaos." see play and technology

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Scott: So what, what sort of things can parents do when they hear information about vaccines being toxic? There's so much pressure from schools to give the vaccination information. Other people that, like I said, it's a hot button issue, so people that are pro-vaccine look down upon the other people. What can people do if they don't want to inject themselves or their kids? Dr. Stephanie Seneff: I know. I wish I had a better answer, because it's my impression that it's extremely hard to get out of it. First of all, it's hard to believe that they're bad because you're getting all this misinformation about how awesome vaccines are. I certainly know of people who, like one person just emailed me. Their first child had had all of it's vaccines and had all kinds of health issues. And because of that, they didn't vaccinate their second child at all. And now their second child is very, very hearty and healthy and resistant to disease, compared to their first child. The vaccines are actually setting you back, in terms of your general immunity. You know the flu vaccine. The other thing with the flu vaccine is that, even if it's protecting you from the influenza virus, there's other viruses out there that are respiratory viruses that cause essentially the flu. It's the same symptoms. It's not even any flu strain. It's guaranteed not to protect you against those. Ant there was a study in Hong Kong that showed... this was a very well controlled study... where they had a population and it was a sort of placebo-controlled kind of situation where half the people go the flu... the flu vaccine and half the people didn't and they studied them over course of the next year. And they found out that the ones who got the vaccine had a four fold increased risk to getting this other virus that causes flu-like virus, compared to the ones that had the... didn't have the shot. So it's really changing what you get rather than whether you get sick. And at the same time it's decreasing your general immune capabilities, it's really hurting your immune system. So there's not really any kind of a win in that. And there's a lot of loss. There's another problem with the flu vaccine... and I only know of two vaccines that have high levels of glutamate in them, the flu vaccine and the MMR vaccine. And MMR, of course, has been implicated in autism through Andrew Wakefield's work. And I looked at it too and it's clear from the VAERS database, you see a connection between MMR and autism in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Both of those vaccines contain high glutamate because it's used actually in the growth medium because it's a live virus. Both of them have a live virus that's grown on this medium that has high levels of free glutamate. Glutamate, of course, is like MSG, and a lot of people have an allergic reaction to MSG. The symptoms that are... I did a comparison between the MMR vaccine before 2002 and after 2002. Just taking the database from 1990 to 2012 or 14, cutting it in half, the early data and the late data, and looking at statistical differences in the reactions that were showing up. And I found that there were a bunch of reactions that are typical of MSG sensitivity. And these include things like coma and seizures, you know, not good things, that were showing up more frequently after 2002 compared to before 2002. And I think that's because the glutamate has become more toxic in the context of the glyphosate that I mentioned earlier. Glyphosate disrupts the bodies ability to detox glutamate. Glyphosate also likely increases the ability of glutamate to penetrate into, past the brain barrier. And glutamate is known to be a neurotoxin, so you get into problems with glutamate in the flu vaccine or in the MMR vaccine causing brain damage. You can help support us at http://www.patreon.com/ihealthtube Thank you! Get the latest with our free email newsletter http://www.ihealthtube.com/content/newsletter Are some vaccines that are supposed to keep you healthy really damaging your immune system? Dr. Stephanie Seneff discusses two popular vaccines and what they have in common in terms of an n ingredient that is known to be a neurotoxin. Find out what these vaccines might really be doing. Learn about two vaccines that might be the worst for you! In order to keep our content free, some of the links may be affiliate links to trusted websites. Shopping through them will bring a small commission to iHealthTube.com. Read our full affiliate disclaimer for more info.

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Patents; Genetic Material By Nobel Laureate By Edmund L. Andrews Published: February 16, 1991 WASHINGTON— Dr. Thomas R. Cech, a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1989 for his work with genetics, has won patent approval for what he calls "ribozymes," an unusual form of genetic material that could someday be used to deactivate deadly viruses. Ribozymes are snippets of R.N.A., the molecules that translate the genetic code of D.N.A. into particular proteins, that behave like enzymes and can be used to cut other strands of R.N.A. The allure of ribozymes, Dr. Cech said, is that they can be customized to remove a crucial sequence from the genetic code of a virus. "It can be targeted, like a Patriot missile with an onboard guidance system," he remarked. Like an enzyme, he added, the ribozyme is a catalyst that remains unchanged as it works and simply moves from one virus to the next until it neutralizes the entire infection. But Dr. Cech, who is molecular biologist at the University of Colorado, cautioned that getting ribozymes to work therapeutically, amid all the complexity of a human body, remained unclear. The technology has been licensed to the United States Biochemical Corporation, a supplier of biochemical products for laboratories. Dr. Cech received patent 4,987,071.

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Today's Learning Objective Analyze the geographic, political, economic, religious, and social structures of the early civilizations of China. Video Warm-Up Welcome to Ancient China! Watch the China introductory video below and make observations about the geography and culture of China. Share your observations here. Ancient China Webquest Get oriented with some of the things you'll be learning about during our unit on ancient China by starting to explore the Ancient China Webquest, which you can find in your Social Studies Google Classroom. Follow the links, research the questions, and record your answers using the document. We will work on this throughout the next week.

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There are three main components to a negotiation: - The negotiating process; - Negotiating behaviors; and - Playing the game. Recognizing and using these components will give you better outcomes. In this video, Joe Friedman briefly summarizes these three components of negotiation and how they can help improve your negotiation skills. Negotiation Is a Process One big takeaway from ZEHREN♦FRIEDMAN Negotiaton Skills Training is that negotiating is a process. Even if you just recognize that fact and use that process in every negotiation you face, you will get better outcomes. What changes from negotiation to negotiation is how much time you spend on any one part of the negotiation process. One common mistake people make is to think a negotiation begins by putting something on the table and bargaining about it. But that's already halfway through the negotiation process. The biggest stage in the negotiation process where mistakes are made is… planning. Some people don’t have any negotiating process that they use—They act a certain way and they expect you to react a certain way. And even within the process, negotiating behaviors add a layer of complexity to the negotiation. So, negotiating behaviors is the second major component of a negotiation. Playing the Game Sometimes it’s not possible to grow the pie any bigger, it’s not possible to serve both parties, nor maximize the outcome. In those situations, you must know how to play the game. It’s important to know how to play the game even within the context of the negotiating process. Playing the game includes tactical negotiation. Given that tactics exist to pry concessions away, it’s also important to know how to give things up. Knowing how to play the game can be a useful part of the negotiation process and becomes even more essential where mutually ideal outcomes are not available.

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The worksheet is an assortment of 4 intriguing pursuits that will enhance your kid's knowledge and abilities. The worksheets are offered in developmentally appropriate versions for kids of different ages. Adding and subtracting integers worksheets in many ranges including a number of choices for parentheses use. You can begin with the uppercase cursives and after that move forward with the lowercase cursives. Handwriting for kids will also be rather simple to develop in such a fashion. If you're an adult and wish to increase your handwriting, it can be accomplished. As a result, in the event that you really wish to enhance handwriting of your kid, hurry to explore the advantages of an intelligent learning tool now! Consider how you wish to compose your private faith statement. Sometimes letters have to be adjusted to fit in a particular space. When a letter does not have any verticals like a capital A or V, the very first diagonal stroke is regarded as the stem. 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In earlier times you've stated that the move of independence may be too early. Each lesson in handwriting should start on a fresh new page, so the little one becomes enough room to practice. Every handwriting lesson should begin with the alphabets. Handwriting learning is just one of the most important learning needs of a kid. Learning how to read isn't just challenging, but fun too. The use of grids The use of grids is vital in earning your child learn to Improve handwriting. Also, bear in mind that maybe your very first try at brainstorming may not bring anything relevant, but don't stop trying. Once you are able to work, you might be surprised how much you get done. Take into consideration how you feel about yourself. Getting able to modify the tracking helps fit more letters in a little space or spread out letters if they're too tight. Perhaps you must enlist the aid of another man to encourage or help you keep focused. Kindergarten Grammar Worksheets. Try to remember, you always have to care for your child with amazing care, compassion and affection to be able to help him learn. You may also ask your kid's teacher for extra worksheets. Your son or daughter is not going to just learn a different sort of font but in addition learn how to write elegantly because cursive writing is quite beautiful to check out. As a result, if a kid is already suffering from ADHD his handwriting will definitely be affected. Accordingly, to be able to accomplish this, if children are taught to form different shapes in a suitable fashion, it is going to enable them to compose the letters in a really smooth and easy method. Although it can be cute every time a youngster says he runned on the playground, students want to understand how to use past tense so as to speak and write correctly. Let say, you would like to boost your son's or daughter's handwriting, it is but obvious that you want to give your son or daughter plenty of practice, as they say, practice makes perfect. Without phonics skills, it's almost impossible, especially for kids, to learn how to read new words. Techniques to Handle Attention Issues It is extremely essential that should you discover your kid is inattentive to his learning especially when it has to do with reading and writing issues you must begin working on various ways and to improve it. Use a student's name in every sentence so there's a single sentence for each kid. Because he or she learns at his own rate, there is some variability in the age when a child is ready to learn to read. Teaching your kid to form the alphabets is quite a complicated practice. Tags: #first grade verb worksheets#christmas grammar worksheets#grammar worksheets grade 2#kindergarten esl worksheets#grammar worksheets grade 1#english practice worksheets#3rd grade grammar worksheets#action verb worksheet first grade#be verb worksheets for first grade#english worksheet for class 1

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- Why does Viola fall in love with Orsino? - How does Juliet kill herself? - Why does Viola pretend to be a man? - What is Shakespeare’s best tragedy? - What is the relationship between tragedy and comedy? - Is Romeo and Juliet a comedy or tragedy? - Is Twelfth Night a satire? - Who falls in love with Viola? - Why is Twelfth Night A comedy? - What does 12th night mean? - Is Twelfth Night a romantic comedy? - What’s the difference between a Shakespearean comedy and tragedy? - Are Sebastian and Viola twins? - What are the similarities between tragedy and comedy? - Why do the other characters hate Malvolio? - Does Malvolio love Olivia? - Did Romeo and Juliet sleep together? - How old was Romeo? Why does Viola fall in love with Orsino? Another answer to this question is that Viola falls for Orsino because he’s passionate and poetic. Even though Olivia doesn’t wind up with “Cesario,” she does transfer her desire from “Cesario” to Sebastian. Without Viola, then, Olivia and Orsino would remain locked into their self-absorbed states.. How does Juliet kill herself? Juliet finally awakens to see Romeo there with her – however, she quickly realises he has drunk poison. She kisses his lips to try and taste the poison herself, but it doesn’t work. So, instead, she kills herself with Romeo’s dagger. Why does Viola pretend to be a man? In Twelfth Night, Viola dresses as the male Cesario in order to gain entry into Orsino’s court. In Elizabethan England, women were not allowed to act professionally, and female parts were all performed by men, so Viola would have actually been played by a male actor, dressing as a woman dressing as a man. What is Shakespeare’s best tragedy? Hamlet; Macbeth; King Lear; Othello The greatest tragic plays of William Shakespeare—including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. What is the relationship between tragedy and comedy? Each, after all, is a mode of discourse or genre intended to elicit very specific emotions. Comedy, when successful, elicits amusement. Tragedy aspires to arouse pity and fear. We will argue that the two fulfill these distinct functions in surprisingly similar ways. Is Romeo and Juliet a comedy or tragedy? Romeo and Juliet is officially classified as a tragedy, but in some respects the play deviates from the tragic genre. Not only does Romeo and Juliet deviate in many ways from the tragic genre, the first two acts of the play are structured much more like a comedy. … Is Twelfth Night a satire? Twelfth Night is predominantly a satire of the ideas of love professed by and made popular by the Medieval poet Francesco Petrarch (“Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night”). Petrarch wrote over 300 sonnets containing the subject of a woman named Laura. Who falls in love with Viola? Duke OrsinoTwelfth Night Summary. Viola, separated from her twin Sebastian, dresses as a boy and works for the Duke Orsino, whom she falls in love with. Why is Twelfth Night A comedy? Twelfth Night can be considered a model Shakespearean comedy in that it employs nearly every feature of the genre: a wedding, mistaken identities, misunderstandings, physical comedy, and a happy ending. … Shakespearean comedies often take place in societies where the social order is out of whack. What does 12th night mean? The title of Twelfth Night refers to the twelfth night of Christmas, also referred to as the eve of Epiphany, a day that commemorates the visit of the Magi to the baby Jesus and is often celebrated with a temporary suspension of rules and social orders. Is Twelfth Night a romantic comedy? Twelfth Night is a romantic comedy, and romantic love is the play’s main focus. Despite the fact that the play offers a happy ending, in which the various lovers find one another and achieve wedded bliss, Shakespeare shows that love can cause pain. What’s the difference between a Shakespearean comedy and tragedy? The main difference between Shakespearean Comedy and Tragedy is that Shakespearean comedies end in marriages or reunion, but Shakespearean tragedies usually end in the death of the tragic hero. Shakespeare’s plays have been basically categorized into three main categories as comedies, histories, and tragedies. Are Sebastian and Viola twins? Sebastian is the twin brother of Viola. After the beginning of the play, Viola mentions that her brother Sebastian is drowned in the sea. What are the similarities between tragedy and comedy? The Similarities Between Tragedy & ComedyCharacter Development. Both tragedies and comedies hinge upon their characters and their characters’ personal development over the course of the play. … Morally Flawed Characters. … Examination of Social Issues. Why do the other characters hate Malvolio? Why do the other characters in Olivia’s household hate Malvolio? -because of his condescending attitude and his self-righteousness. -because he plays pranks on the other characters. -because of his nasty comments about the way they dress. -because he belongs to a higher social class than the other characters. Does Malvolio love Olivia? The letter convinces Malvolio that Olivia loves him, and leads Malvolio to think that Olivia wishes him to smile, wear yellow stockings and cross garters. Did Romeo and Juliet sleep together? Romeo and Juliet did sleep together after their secret marriage. This is made clear in act 3, scene 5, when they wake up in bed together at dawn. Juliet urges Romeo to leave before her relatives find him and kill him. How old was Romeo? sixteenIn Romeo and Juliet, Juliet is 13, but how old is Romeo? Shakespeare never gives Romeo a specific age. Although his age could be anywhere between thirteen and twenty-one, he is typically portrayed as being around the age of sixteen.

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Anyone who wants to make something has several different options. They have the option of laser cutting, hand-made, punching or processing. In fact, it is CNC machining that offers the best choice for anyone looking for very precise and high-quality components. In this article, we will discuss the reasons for using CNC machines. There are two most accurate CNC production methods. The most popular manufacturing method now is to use a CNC punch or a CNC laser cutting machine. Both methods will cut out the components from flat sheet metal. This allows you to create precise components, but you cannot control the thickness of the paper. The thickness of the entire paper may vary. Even if you cut from the same piece of paper, it\'s hard to cut exactly the same parts. The CNC machining center can be used to process parts from solid metal blocks. This enables all sizes of the product to be manufactured to the exact specifications. The only problem with combining laser cutting with machining CNC machining is that it can be quite expensive. This is because when a part has to be cut out of a piece or a metal rod, a lot of excess material is wasted. A cheaper option is the laser cutting assembly. The component can be cut several millimeters larger than required, and then the machine tool can run outside the profile to ensure that it is within the required measurement range. Cutting a piece with a 12mm steel plate and then reducing it to 10mm with a machining center is simple and will produce accurate parts that are cheaper than cutting it using machining. Most manufacturers will use both laser cutting and machining to reduce costs and improve efficiency. High quality cnc machining is extremely important for creating high quality finishes. In the process of cutting the product, there will be no deformation caused by overheating. This production method will also leave very clean edges without burrs or damage to the product. Anyone interested in purchasing high-quality and precise components should consider machining as their manufacturing option. This is the perfect choice for producing gears and gears that are connected to each other or provide high-precision components for the medical industry. Find the CNC machining company and find a well-known machining company with good reputation, which will be able to produce high quality components as soon as possible. CNC machine tools can improve your work efficiency significantly. Every manufacturing company uses CNC tools to improve its competitive power. Why don\'t you?

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Many of us think that mental illness isn’t something that could happen in our families. But we’re wrong. Half of all American adults (46.4 percent) will endure mental illness at some point during adulthood, and five percent of people over 18 struggle with it in any given year. The question isn’t whether poor mental health is possible. It should be how to get help for a family member with mental illness. Are you trying to support a family member going through a difficult time or who has a severe mental illness? Here’s what you need to know. Remember: Adults Have the Right to Decide Whether They Want Treatment Watching someone struggle with mental illness is hard, but their illness doesn’t rob them of their right to dignity and autonomy. Every adult has the right to decide whether they want treatment – and what kind of treatment makes the most sense for them. What is important is not whether you are right or wrong, but whether they are satisfied and happy. In some cases, your family member may not be able to live a fulfilling life without talk therapy or medication. Instead of recommending treatment options, you can help by listening to them and building a trusted relationship. You can also help make treatment more accessible by assisting them to manage appointments and giving them a lift. If necessary, you might consider helping them financially by paying co-pays or even buying them groceries. The NAMI recommends the book I Am Not Sick, I Don’t Need Help if you are struggling to communicate with a friend or family member struggling with the signs of a mental breakdown. Reach Out to a Crisis Center if Necessary So much of learning how to get help for a family member with mental illness is supporting them in their own decisions. However, if things deteriorate to a point where they reach a crisis, it is appropriate to take further action. If you worry about the risk of someone you love harming themselves or someone else, get in touch with crisis resources. If the crisis is happening before your eyes, call 911 or go to an emergency room. Just Keep Talking Your loved one’s mental health may cause them to retreat or push the people they care about away. Resist the urge to give in to their requests and keep talking to them. Continue to express both your concern for their wellbeing and support for them as an individual. Reassure them that you care about them and only want them to enjoy life. And remember to offer to help in any way they need (even if it doesn’t involve treatment). Be the lifeline they need without being overbearing or making their health about you. Do You Know How to Get Help for a Family Member with Mental Illness? Family members struggling with mental illness don’t need your pity or your suggestions. They need support in a way that makes sense for them. Do you know how to get help for a family member with mental illness? Start by learning how to talk about mental health in a way that is supportive and respectful and go from there. Don’t forget to reach out to professionals to learn how to support your loved one on their journey. Did you find this article helpful? Visit the rest of our health archive for more information on dealing with mental health.

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modular robot's got the stuff to give Keepon a run for its money -- oh yeah, and according to its creators, iMobot's got big implications for the field of robotics too. Sporting four degrees of freedom, two rotating joints, and a pair of faceplates that act as wheels, the patent-pending device can crawl, drive, and potentially act as an autonomous camera platform. The surprisingly agile hunk of machinery was developed by two UC Davis professors who say their versatile invention could aid in search and rescue, as well as education and research. We think it's super cool that iMobot could be a hero, but really, we just want to see it bust a move. Check out a video of our new robo love after the break.

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TEACHING YOUR KIDS TO APOLOGIZE You’ve seen it in a hundred comic strips and sitcoms: Dad marches his child to the neighbor with the broken window and announces, “Johnny wants to apologize,” when Johnny obviously doesn’t. Then Dad glares at Johnny with that “You’d better apologize” look until Johnny mumbles, “Sorry,” and the subject is closed. Only it isn’t, as far as Johnny is concerned. He’s too busy feeling sorry for himself because everyone picks on him. If there’s one thing human nature hates, it’s admitting it was wrong—even when it knows it is, and your child may not even be convinced of that. If children do, in fact, owe an apology, what are your alternatives to forcing them to offer (insincere) apologies and leaving them feeling bullied? Don’t Let Your Own Pride Be a Factor Too often, parents aren’t thinking that much about the third party’s feelings, or the material damage, or the child going astray. What’s uppermost in Mom’s or Dad’s mind is, “I’m the parent, so this reflects on me.” This frequently leads to demanding amends all out of proportion to the nature of the offense, which is embarrassing to the third party and damaging to the parent-child relationship. Judge the Offense, Not the Offender There’s a world of difference between “That was a terrible thing to do” and “You were a terrible person to do that.” When you imply, “You’re a basically good person who made a mistake,” people are eager to redeem themselves. When you call someone a bad person, they don’t hear you thinking “in this case only”; they conclude it’s no use trying to make things right because they’ve already been labeled “beyond redemption.” Ask Your Kids What They Think Should Be Done Often, someone who owes reparations is quite willing to admit it and make up for it—if he or she feels personally understood and respected. Instead of making authoritative statements—“You did wrong and you’ll have to make it right”—ask questions: “How do you think that made Grandma feel? What do you think you should do about it?” Once It’s Over, Let It Go Don’t ever be the parent who keeps saying, “How can we trust you after what you did that time?” Giving someone a bad reputation to live up to will backfire on you both. Forgive and forget. If your child makes the same mistake, or commits the same misdeed, over and over, discuss what might be causing the problem, get professional counseling if necessary—but no matter how frustrated you feel, don’t say “You’ll never change,” which only creates a self-fulfilling prophecy. Again, if you treat the child as a basically good person who makes mistakes like everyone else, he or she will be much more willing to apologize and to change.

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Why Was the Wheel so Important to Mesopotamia? The wheel allowed Mesopotamians to create a number of novel transportation methods. It was also used in a variety of mechanical devices. Creating wheels may have also spawned new methods of making items that need precision. While the wheel allowed to Mesopotamians to create novel means of transportation, sledges were likely in use at the same time. While wheels are advantageous in certain scenarios, the simplicity and low cost of sledges meant that they remained in use long after wheeled methods were available; however, the development of chariots was a pivotal moment in the history of civilization. Wheels were also used in a number of mechanical devices. One of the most popular devices that used one was the potter’s wheel. These devices made it far easier to make pottery quickly, and they may have spawned related mechanical devices used for a variety of purposes. Creating useful wheels requires a considerably amount of precision, which forced Mesopotamians to develop a method of creating precise devices. As a result, Mesopotamians spent a considerable amount of time devising methods of making wheels as round and smooth as possible. These early experiments led to insights in other fields, and some experts believe that they led to breakthroughs in other devices they used.

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Definitions for jus sanguinisˈsæŋ gwə nɪs This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word jus sanguinis Random House Webster's College Dictionary jus′ san′gui•nisˈsæŋ gwə nɪs(n.) the principle that the country of nationality of a child is determined by the country of nationality of the parents. Origin of jus sanguinis: 1900–05; < L: right of blood the principle that a person's nationality at birth is the same as that of his natural parents Jus sanguinis is a principle of nationality law by which citizenship is not determined by place of birth but by having instead one or both parents who are citizens of the state or more generally by having state citizenship or membership to a nation determined or conferred by -ethnic, cultural or other- descent or origin, e.g. by belonging to a Diaspora, i.e. without necessarily having progenitors that are or were citizens of that state per se. It contrasts with jus soli. At the end of the 19th century, the French-German debate on nationality saw the French, such as Ernest Renan, oppose the German conception, exemplified by Johann Fichte, who believed in an "objective nationality", based on blood, race or language. Renan's republican conception, but perhaps also the presence of a German speaking population in Alsace-Lorraine, explains France's early adoption of jus soli. Many nations have a mixture of jus sanguinis and jus soli, including the United States, Canada, Israel, Germany, Greece, and Ireland. Apart from France, jus sanguinis is still the most common means of passing on citizenship in many continental European countries. Some countries provide almost the same rights as a citizen to people born in the country, without actually giving them citizenship. An example is Indfødsret in Denmark, which provides that upon reaching 18, non-citizen residents can decide to take a test to gain citizenship. Find a translation for the jus sanguinis definition in other languages: Select another language: Discuss these jus sanguinis definitions with the community: Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography: "jus sanguinis." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2014. Web. 10 Mar. 2014. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/jus sanguinis>.

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The Australian Radiation Protection Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) is the government agency which sets the standard limits for human exposure to radiation. ARPANSA’s recent fact sheet 14 "How to reduce exposure from mobile phones and other wireless devices" (Updated June 2013) states “the technology is very new and it’s impossible to be completely sure there isn’t some risk. This is particularly true for children where there is little research evidence.” It’s time for Australian parents, caregivers, teachers, students and the wider community to pay attention to the warnings about the health risks from exposure to electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from wireless technologies. Education authorities need to urgently evaluate the long-term risks and take effective precautionary steps to help reduce exposure to children and staff. Please get informed. Please Take Action... Our children and future generations need adults to act NOW to protect their health, well being and their environment. Video about DETE Queensland recent publications on the safe use of technology In 2011 the World Health Organisation’s (WHO) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), classified all radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” - wireless technologies are now considered as a possible cancer causing agent. More info in The Lancet indicating how this applies to all radio frequency electromagnetic fields. View this 18 minute video for the main facts about WiFi in schools . WiFi technology has not been proven to be safe for long term use, yet wireless infrastructure has been mandated in schools across Australia - exposing our children unnecessarily to electromagnetic radiation for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week. As parents, caregivers, students, teachers and the wider community we need to manage these risks to children effectively by taking preventative, precautionary measures. Given the push towards IT based teaching and learning, it may be uncomfortable for some to question the use of wireless technologies in the classroom. However, taking the precautionary approach and using safer wired options does not have to hinder IT based teaching and learning. We cannot afford to bury our heads in the sand and hope that this issue does not unfold into a devastating situation in 10-20 years. We have to look at the implications of using wireless technology in an unsafe manner and collectively decide if we want to take these risks. We are responsible to our children and for what they will inherit from the actions (or inaction) of today's society. WiFi in Schools Australia WiFi in Schools Australia is made up of parents who have researched the scientific literature on the biological effects of EMR and also the background to the ongoing debate. Parents volunteer their time and donate their skills to help raise awareness on the implications of schools using wireless technology. More info here. WiFi in Schools Australia hopes to provide a starting point for Australian parents, caregivers, students, teachers and the wider community to become informed about the potential health effects from long term use of wireless technologies. We urge immediate precautionary measures until long term exposure has been proven to be harmless. WiFi in Schools Australia fully supports the use of technology, computers and the internet for education in schools. We also believe that schools have a duty of care and need to provide a safe learning environment for all children. We believe that schools should not expose our children unnecessarily to the long-term health risks from the use of wireless technologies. In order to minimise exposure to wireless radiation, we favour wired communications as a safer option until there is conclusive evidence that there are no harmful effects from long-term use. We call for Australian Schools: Stop Exposing Children to Radiation from WiFi and 3G until long-term exposure is proven harmless. - There are NO scientific studies on Wi-Fi which look into long-term biological effects on children or adults - Parents, students and teachers have not been informed about the potential health risks from EMR - Parents, students and teachers have not been consulted about wireless installation in schools - There have been no risk assessments conducted by schools, the government or standard setting agencies on the long-term biological effects of WiFi use in schools - There is no management plan to reduce EMR exposure in schools - There is no training for teachers and staff or awareness about how to be able to recognise any adverse symptoms in children from exposure to electromagnetic radiation - Despite the known risks wireless technologies are installed without any radiation emissions checks in each specific site where they are installed in the school - Ambient EMR is the only environmental pollutant that is not subject to any regulation - Students, parents and staff have not been given a freedom of choice should they not want to be exposed to wireless radiation in schools - All children have the right to a safe learning environment “In the age of information, ignorance is a choice.”

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8 Steps to Making Better Business Decisions Decision-making errors exist within all levels of organizations. Some common examples include: - Focusing on the symptoms instead of the problem - Having no clear picture of the desired outcome - Becoming fixated on only one option - Making decisions that do not align with the overall goals of the organization - Missing opportunities to set decision criteria - Failing to evaluate enacted decisions It is important to recognize and accept (without blame or shame) that mistakes occur. Then it is time get over it, move on and apply a process that will enable successful decision making. Here are eight common steps that can be taken to aid in making better business decisions. - Define the Problem: Get clarity on the actual business problem by examining the symptoms and gathering input from all stakeholders. State the problem clearly in business terms. Avoid technical jargon. - Know the Strategic Agenda: Find out what is on the strategic agenda of the organization. Ensure that the business problem outlined aligns with the direction of the organization. - Identify the Desired Outcome: Know exactly what you want to see happen. Know your goals and objectives before you consider the route to get there. Consider aligning with the strategic, tactical and operational levels of the organization. - Establish the Solution Domain: Consider ideas that might work within the Solution Domain, that is, within the goals, objectives, rules and constraints of the organization. The Solution Domain establishes the context and approach for which alternative solutions can be considered. - Identify Alternative Solutions: Brainstorm ideas. Have an open session where all ideas are tossed into the ring with no judgment. Refrain from implementation thinking. Focus on solution alternatives. Choose a minimum of three possible solutions per business problem. - Establish the Evaluation Criteria: Become clear on what is important by creating a list of criteria. Define each of these criteria. Establish the decision-making approach and ensure that the approach fits within the context of the organization. - Go for It: Choose one solution. Enact it. Allow time for it to work. - Evaluate. Investigate to decide if the solution has been successful. If a satisfactory result has not been achieved, revisit and rethink the solution. Make adjustments as necessary. For some things this is an ongoing process. Decision making is a challenge, especially in organizations and where people are involved. A clearly-defined, consistently-applied approach—one that spans all organizational lines—is the key to making better business decisions. Don’t forget to leave your comments below.

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Power Grid Must Adapt To Handle Renewable Energy The National Academy of Engineering in Washington, D.C., once asked its members to pick the greatest engineering achievement ever. Their choice? The electrification of the country through what's known as "the grid." Ernest Moniz, director of the Energy Institute at MIT, says they were right on the money. "That reflects what an amazing machine this is, spread out geographically, always having to balance demand and supply because electricity is not stored," he says. Every day, with the flick of a switch, millions of Americans tap into the electricity grid. It's a web of power stations, transformers and transmission lines that span the continent, distributing electricity like veins and arteries distribute blood. Electricity has to keep flowing all the time. Grid operators constantly match what power plants are producing with what people and their TVs, microwaves and air conditioners need. It's the world's biggest balancing act. Predicting The Unpredictable That's doable largely because big power plants run almost constantly and produce a predictable amount of electricity. So what happens when you add in unpredictable sources of electricity, like wind or solar power? "The operator does not have control of when to turn it on and off," Moniz says. "It's a new challenge that we just have to meet, and we're not doing it at anything like the pace that I think we need." That's the conclusion of a study that Moniz's group at MIT is issuing Monday. It's all about how the grid must change to handle the fickle flow of electrons from renewable energy. Backing Up The Competition California's grid, the California Independent System Operator, is trying to sort out how to handle this on-again, off-again source of electricity. We have to have a backup. There are times when Mother Nature decides to bring in clouds or turn off the wind, but I think in that case everybody still wants to have power. "We have to have a backup," says Steve Berberich, the grid's CEO. "There are times when Mother Nature decides to bring in clouds and turn off the wind, but I think everybody in that case still wants to have power." In California, most of that backup power comes from plants that burn natural gas; they can switch on and off in a matter of minutes. But, Berberich says, natural gas plants face some obstacles. Gas plants have to compete against the renewable energy sources they're supposed to back up. "They're not getting as much revenue as they once did because they're not selling as much power because it's being displaced by wind and solar energy, which is exactly what we want," he says. "But we have to find a way to maintain those things." Gas plants have to make money to survive. Keeping them idle until a rainy or cloudy day to back up renewables won't pay their bills. Coal and nuclear plants — "thermal" plants, as Moniz calls them — are not a good option for backup. It's costly to start and stop them on short notice. "Another set of costs is the additional operating costs and maintenance costs, wear and tear on some of these thermal plants that we may be asking to go up and down a lot more than they were planned for," Moniz says. A Fair-Weather System As the cost of solar and wind energy drops, though, the grid is going to use more of it: Many states demand it, so the grid must adapt. Michael Goggin at the American Wind Energy Association, the biggest industry group for wind energy, is trying to figure out how to do that. "We're adding new energy sources and obviously the old rules don't necessarily always work," he says. Goggin says, however, solving this problem isn't as hard as MIT makes it out to be. "I think there's a lot of misconceptions about backup power," he says. "The reality is that all power plants are backed up by all other power plants." And he says grid operators could accommodate the vagaries of wind and solar if they moved power around the grid minute by minute, instead of hour by hour as they do now. One thing the experts agree on: Since wind and solar energy are all about the weather, grid operators will need to hire a lot more weather forecasters. Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

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Psoriasis is a chronic immune system disease that can range from mild to severe. While psoriasis symptoms appear on the surface of the skin, the disease actually starts underneath the skin. The skin cells grow at an abnormally fast rate due to an overactive immune system, which causes inflammation and the build up of lesions. (1) Psoriasis may occur if someone in your family has the disease, or if it is triggered by environmental factors. Causes of psoriasis include stress, injury to the skin, an infection or certain medications. Psoriasis natural treatments can help treat the underlying cause of the disease and reduce flare-up’s. - Plaque psoriasis – causes red, scaly skin patches - Nail or scalp psoriasis – affects the nail beds and the head, causes dryness and detached nails - Mild psoriasis – causes less severe psoriasis symptoms than other forms, may be mistaken for eczema or dandruff - Severe psoriasis – painful forms of psoriasis including postular and guttate psoriasis - Postular psoriasis – causes puss-filled, inflamed blisters on the skin that may be painful - Inverse psoriasis – bright red, shiny lesions, appear in areas where the skin folds - Erythrodermic psoriasis – causes red skin scales to peel off in sheets - Guttate psoriasis – the most common type of psoriasis among children and teens, causes small red bumps or patches that can be triggered by immune function, stress or infections - Plaques of red skin, can also be covered with a crust of silver or white scales - Loose skin or lesions that may be sensitive, painful and itchy - Dandruff on the scalp - Cracked, discolored skin that bleeds and bruises easily - Discoloration in the fingernails and toenails - Toenail fungus - Nails that detached from the nail beds Psoriasis Natural Treatments Psoriasis symptoms come and go in cycles. People who suffer from the disease are often prescribed creams and medications to help improve the appearance of the red patches on the skin. Psoriasis natural treatments help treat the underlying problem, instead of just the symptoms. 1. Eat an Anti-inflammatory Diet Psoriasis natural treatment includes eating an anti-inflammatory diet. (3) Foods that help ease psoriasis symptoms and lower autoimmune reactions include: - Probiotics – Probiotic foods help support a healthy digestive system, boost immunity and reduce inflammation. Try kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi and tempeh. - High-fiber foods – Fiber helps move harmful chemicals out of the body. Try peas, beans, broccoli and Brussels sprouts. - Foods High In Zinc – Zinc plays an important role in keeping the skin healthy. Try spinach, kidney beans, flax seeds and pumpkin seeds. 2. Use Herbs and Supplements Several different herbs and supplements can be used for psoriasis home treatment. Try: - Milk thistle – 250 milligrams three times per day can help reduce cellular growth and aid the liver in the detoxification process - Probiotics – 50 billion units a day can help lower autoimmune reactions and improve digestion - Hydrochhloric acid – Taking 1-3 capsules per meal can help improve protein digestion and decrease flare-up’s - Vitamin D3 – 5,000 IU each day can help boost the immune system and reduce symptoms 3. Spend Time Outside Studies have shown that Vitamin D improves psoriasis by slowing down skin cell production. (4) Spending time outdoors boosts Vitamin D levels, which has a positive effect on the immune system. Vitamin D can help lower autoimmune reactions and inflammation to reduce psoriasis symptoms. 4. Lower Your Stress Levels One of best psoriasis natural treatments is lowering stress levels. Both physical and emotional stress can cause flare-up’s and make symptoms worse. Stress causes the body to release higher levels of inflammatory proteins. (5) Lowering stress levels can help keep psoriasis symptoms under control. 5. Moisturize and Use Essential Oils Keeping the skin moisturized is an important part of psoriasis home treatment. When the skin is dry and inflamed, symptoms worsen. Use coconut oil, raw shea butter or a homemade body butter lotion to keep the skin hydrated. (6) Essential oils can also help soothe inflamed skin. Mix 3 drops of lavender oil and 3 drops of frankincense oil with 1 teaspoon of coconut oil, then rub the mixture onto the affected area up to 3 times a day.

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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising. Thursday, June 29, 2017 HIV and AIDS Effective Transmission From Female to Male and Vice Versa "Contracting HIV from any single episode of genital intercourse in heterosexuals is low". I copied and pasted that from another site and wanted some clarification on it. My question is specific to the male and then the female: If a female is HIV positive and she has unprotected sex (well lubricated) with a male partner who is HIV negative and the male's penis has no cuts, lesions, etc., what is the chance of him contracting the virus through his uretha? And then vice-versa, an infected male with the female, if he does or does not ejaculate inside her? From my understanding, it seems to be a lot easier for an infected male to pass it onto a female then an infected female onto a male? Thanks. I appreciate your knowledge with this question. Transmission does appear to be more efficient from men to women than the other way around. In general, there will be 3 transmissions out of 1000 episodes of intercourse. There are no separate estimates for people with visually intact mucosal surfaces, but that does not preclude the possibility of microscopic breaks; HIV is definitely more efficiently transmitted in both directions in the presence of ulcerative genital lesions. People should never be complacent about the risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV, when skin and mucosal surfaces look normal. Judith Feinberg, MD Professor of Medicine College of Medicine University of Cincinnati

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“Do you love your creator? Love your fellow-beings first”—Muhammed “A generous heart, kind speech, and a life of service and compassion are the things which renew humanity.”—Buddha “Love thy neighbor as thyself.”—Jesus Spiritual leaders for centuries have taught the idea of putting someone else’s needs before one’s own. What is it about this common thread—the act of giving of one’s self—that is so valuable? How to Practice Loving Kindness There does seem to be this common thread amongst spiritual traditions—a shared experience that comes from practicing loving kindness. I don’t know how other traditions would explain its tremendous value in spirituality. But in the Buddhist tradition the practice of putting others ahead of oneself is strongly emphasized and explained in a specific way. The Dalai Lama often teaches on a famous Buddhist verse that says: “All the happiness the world has to offer comes from desiring well being for others. And all the suffering the world has to offer comes from desiring happiness solely for oneself.” This simple verse reflects a natural equation: That selfishness causes pain, and caring for others causes happiness. It suggests that if happiness is truly what we seek, we need to engage the cause of happiness by turning our attention toward the well-being of others. “Selfishness causes pain, and caring for others causes happiness.” Curiously, we have some strong misguided instincts that fool us into thinking that we can find happiness solely through cherishing and protecting ourselves. Our thoughts and activities most often focus on our own welfare. We spend much of each day struggling with what we want, what we don’t want, and all of our hopes and fears. The practice of extending love and kindness to others does not require we get rid of our own desire for happiness. It only requires we include others in this wish—a wish we usually reserve only for ourselves, our family, or our friends. We have to expand our sense of “me” and “mine” in order to include others in the realm of our care. And as we do this we move away from a contracted, self-focused, and isolated state toward a way of being that has limitless connection to life around us. When we begin to pay attention to life around us we start to see opportunities to practice loving kindness everywhere. We might give a blanket to a homeless person on the street, lend an ear to someone in pain, feed a stray animal, or simply acknowledge the presence of a stranger. These small gestures make such a big difference to others and they awaken in us the best of our humanity. When we see a need and respond to it, the joy we experience can sustain us for the entire day. “The practice of giving is not simply a crusade to do good. It serves as a means of awakening the best of who we are as human beings.” The wish for others’ happiness can be the focus of our lives whether we are in a position to give or simply driving alone in our car. Once I bought a lottery ticket on my way from Colorado to Santa Fe. The whole way I imagined what I could do with $170 million… “I could build a hospice and retirement home in my community where everyone could have free health care…I could contribute to homeless shelters in every state in the country and beyond…I could open clinics in India to treat all the mangy, homeless dogs that wander the streets…” Whatever came to mind I offered. When I arrived in Santa Fe I was full of energy and felt open, clear, and vibrant. And the reason for this, I realized, was that for 3 ½ hours (without even intending to) I had thought only of the welfare of others, never once thinking of what I could get for myself. The practice of giving is not simply a crusade to do good. It serves as a means of awakening the best of who we are as human beings. Whether we are actively engaged in giving or simply including others in our wish for happiness, we could never find a more meaningful or intelligent way to live out our lives than this. Given its power, it’s no wonder that the great spiritual leaders throughout history so highly valued the transformative nature of loving kindness and the act of serving others.

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attack(redirected from attacking) Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Related to attacking: consoler, fallback, instil, reverted, called off angle of attack The position of an airplane as it moves through the air. What is our angle of attack, Captain? Are we going to be able to land this plane as planned? attack is the best form of defense Launching an offensive is the best way to protect oneself. I need to start some rumors about Dean, before he comes after me. I know it sounds harsh, but attack is the best form of defense! (of an illness) a bout of some sickness; an instance or acute case of some disease. (*Typically: have ~; produce ~; suffer ~.) Mr. Hodder had an attack of stomach upset that forced him to stay at home. See also: attack 1. [of a rule or law] currently valid or in effect. (*Typically: be ~.) Is this rule in force now? The constitution is still in force. 2. Fig. in a very large group. (*Typically: arrive ~; attack ~.) The entire group arrived in force. The mosquitoes will attack in force this evening. produce an attack (of an illness) Go to an attack (of an illness). suffer an attack(of an illness) 1. Go to an attack (of an illness). on the attack forcefully criticizing or energetically competing against someone Flynn went on the attack against his rivals, finally bringing some life into a very dull campaign. Etymology: based on the literal meaning of on the attack (using force against an enemy) being acted against physically or with words She said cuts in spending put education in America under attack.Related vocabulary: under fire Etymology: based on the literal meaning of under attack (having physical force used against you) See also: attack in effect and in use The law has been in force for two years. Usage notes: used when referring to laws, rules, agreements, and systems 1. In full strength, in large numbers, as in Demonstrators were out in force. This usage originally alluded to a large military force. [Early 1300s] 2. Operative, binding, as in This rule is no longer in force. This usage originally alluded to the binding power of a law. [Late 1400s] Big Mac attack n. a sudden and desperate need for a Big Mac sandwich, a product of the McDonald’s restaurant chain. (Big Mac is a protected trade name of McDonald’s.) I feel a Big Mac attack coming on! 1. In full strength; in large numbers: Demonstrators were out in force. 2. In effect; operative: a rule that is no longer in force.

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A People's History of Poverty in America. |Article Type:||Book review| |Subject:||Books (Book reviews)| |Publication:||Name: Journal of Social History Publisher: Journal of Social History Audience: Academic Format: Magazine/Journal Subject: History; Sociology and social work Copyright: COPYRIGHT 2010 Journal of Social History ISSN: 0022-4529| |Issue:||Date: Summer, 2010 Source Volume: 43 Source Issue: 4| |Topic:||NamedWork: A People's History of Poverty in America (Nonfiction work)| |Persons:||Reviewee: Pimpare, Stephen| A People's History of Poverty in America. By Stephen Pimpare (New York: The New Press, 2008. xii plus 322 pp. $27.95). Social historians often aim to write history "from the bottom up" and to recover the voices of the least powerful people of the past. Political Scientist Stephen Pimpare has achieved these goals exceptionally well in this synthetic survey of the experience of poverty from colonial British North America to the present-day United States. Drawing from, an impressive, wide array of secondary works in history and social scientific studies of recent decades, along with published memoirs, oral histories, and other published primary sources, Pimpare has combed the literature for the voices of the poor. And he delivers them to the reader in copious volume, sometimes one after the other, but framed in such accessible prose and with such a clear interpretive structure, that the book reads very well. Pimpare's main argument, that the experience of poverty throughout American history is a story of continuity, and little meaningful change, is often well-supported by his legion of evidence. He identifies numerous continuities in the experiences of the poor in America, including: the condescending idea that the well-off know what is best for the poor; the notion that welfare causes poverty; the efforts of the poor to turn welfare to their own benefit as ingeniously as possible; the willingness of poor people to help others; and the roles of welfare states in governing the labor of African Americans and others. To emphasize these constants, Pimpare uses a thematic structure in his book, which deliberately throws chronology to the wind. Chapters focus on themes such as the poor helping each other; finding shelter, food, and work; organizing family life to be as successful as possible; and struggling for welfare rights. Within chapters, the voices of the poor speak to these themes from many different time periods. In two pages, a reader might hear from a half dozen people, two each in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, all describing remarkably similar experiences of poverty. At their best, Pimpare's chapters are very persuasive in demonstrating continuity, in the first chapter, on the poor helping each other, for example, the echoes in testimony from the seventeenth to the twenty-first centuries ate too striking to ignore. As diverse as the periods represented are, however, the late twentieth century becomes the most familiar epoch to readers, and it even feels like the normative period. Chapters often begin with an anecdote or statistic from the late twentieth century, and then take a tout of other periods to find that the experience of the recent past has also been that of earlier eras. In some chapters, this tour of pre-twentieth-century experience is too brief and spotty to persuasively support the argument of continuity. In his discussion of how the poor acquire food, for example, Pimpare provides only four examples from prior to the twentieth century, out of at least twenty-eight examples total. Given Pimpare 's obvious familiarity with a wide swathe of sources in early America and the nineteenth century, it is puzzling that at times this study gives overwhelming attention to twentieth-century sources. One major exception to this emphasis on the twentieth century is Pimpare's ground-breaking discussion of an "African American welfare state," which counts the institutions of slavery, the Freedmen's Bureau, Jim Crow laws, and prisoner labor as part of this welfare state (168). Following the social control interpretation that American welfare states have often been intended to regulate the labor market, Pimpare argues persuasively that slavery and its successor institutions did just that: regulated antebellum Southern labor, white and black, while also providing welfare to enslaved people. Pimpare is careful to make the point that this does not make slavery a benevolent institution, but he insists that it does share some features with subsequent welfare programs, which often exchanged work for aid and also "concerned themselves with labor market effects" (169). Pimpare's is an activists' history, and readers can get a sense of moral outrage at the conditions of American poverty, past and present. Timely, given our recent rise in unemployment, it encourages readers to reflect on the meaning of the history of poverty for our present-day policy choices. Perhaps Pimpare's most important conclusion for present-day policy is that a welfare state is the best political economy available for addressing the needs of the poor (6). There seems to be a strong tension, though, between Pimpare's point that a welfare state is good political economy, his recognition of multiple welfare states throughout history, and his strong emphasis on continuity in the experience of the poor in America. It he is concluding that a strengthened welfare state is a good thing, one would expect him to find that welfare states in the past made a positive impact on the experiences of the poor. Instead, the book avoids such a story of change over time. In the section focusing on women's experience, for example, there are so few examples from prior to the New Deal, that the book never has to grapple with whether the New Deal changed women's and children's experiences of poverty. Relentlessly, Pimpare's story of continuity would suggest that neither welfare states, nor new technologies in the workplace or in food production, nor changing elements of culture have had a significant impact on what poverty feels like. At times, this argument is nor well-supported, but at other times, Pimpare's parade of evidence demonstrates that many aspects of poverty have been remarkably alike, whether documented in the 1760s or the 1960s. This book, then, will challenge experts in the field and laypeople alike to revise or moderate our views of the history of social welfare as marked by distinctive phases. It will also challenge scholars and policy-makers to listen more closely to those who experienced poverty. It will appeal to both scholarly and popular audiences because of its engaging, clear, and fluid writing. It will also serve scholars and teachers as an extraordinarily rich collection of endnotes, and of the voices of the poor. University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh |Gale Copyright:||Copyright 2010 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.|

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Origin of homiletic Examples from the Web for homiletic In LB the incident is given a homiletic turn, by being told to illustrate the saint's care for animals. In the homiletic sphere perpetual motion is an assured success.The Gentle Reader|Samuel McChord Crothers The homiletic purpose of these documents is most clearly shown in the Irish Life. It is a popular work, written with a practical purpose, ethical and homiletic in tone and style.A History of Mediaeval Jewish Philosophy|Isaac Husik Nemcova's renderings are too often diffuse and inconsequential, Kulda's dry, pedantic, and homiletic.The Shoemaker's Apron|Parker Fillmore 1640s, "of or having to do with sermons," from Late Latin homileticus, from Greek homiletikos "of conversation, affable," from homelein "associate with," from homilos (see homily).

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The United States of America or just simply known as America is located on the North American continent. America is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean from the east and by the Pacific Ocean from the west. With an area of 9,826,630 square kilometers, America is the third largest country after Russia and Canada, which means it is six times bigger than Iran. The population of the country is about 315 million people with the majority of the immigrants being from Mexico and China. The United States of America has 48 states and two separate states, Alaska and Hawaii. This country is known to be the most diverse country in terms of race and ethnicity. America’s largest state, Alaska, is located in the northwest of Canada, and is sharing borders with Yukon and Colombia. Due to having mineral oils, this state is one of the richest states in the United States. The capital city is Washington DC which is in the District of Columbia. (In 1790, the capital city of America was planned to be built in a zone which included some parts of Virginia and Maryland. This area was later called Colombia.) This city is under the Congress rule and is not governed by the same rules as the other 50 states. The most populated cities: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Philadelphia, Washington, Miami, and Atlanta. Best places to visit are: - White House in Washington DC - Statue of Liberty in New York - Niagara Falls which is the border between New York state (America) and Ontario (Canada) - Mount Rushmore in South Dakota (famous for a massive sculpture carved into granite faces of four great American presidents) - Disneyland in Anaheim, California - Hollywood in Los Angeles, California - Golden Gate bridge in San Francisco, California The government of the United State is federal democracy. The system is in such a way that won’t allow a single person to be in an absolute power. The country’s most important parties are Democratic and Republican. The first country in the world, America, has a capitalist economic system. By exporting industrial equipment, manufacturing, aerospace industry, motor vehicles, automotive parts, food, etc., America is the third country in the world in terms of exportation. With respect to nuclear energy, power generation, oil refining and storage capacity of coal stone, it is the first country in the world. However, within the last decade America was known to be the world’s largest country in debt. CPI inflation is close to one percent and unemployment rate is about seven percent. Culture and Art American artists have worked in all disciplines of literature and art. Although this country is relatively young, but it has offered different styles in literature, music, cinema, etc. America has a huge influence in the world cinema and Hollywood is the most popular destination for all the actors from different countries. Many of the historic halls and luxurious Hollywood theatres is where most of the concerts and important events, such as the Oscar ceremony take place. National sports include: baseball, American football, basketball and American ice hockey America has a proud history in Olympic Games and it has been hosting the games for several times. According to the official law, all the religions are welcomed in America and there is no official religion. So America is known to be a secular country.

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Once Again: The Great Inventors Often Were Neither Great, Nor Inventors from the revisiting-history dept Last year, there was a book showing how Thomas Edison wasn't the great inventor he claimed to be. Now, there's a new book suggesting not only was Alexander Graham Bell not the great inventor many hold him up to be, but the famous story of him rushing to the patent office to beat Elisha Gray's patent filing by mere hours may hide the fact that Bell actually cheated the system with the help of a corrupt patent examiner, who shared Gray's filing with Bell and then helped make it appear that Bell's filing came first. While this should raise even more questions about why either man was able to get a patent on an idea that was getting plenty of attention from many sources, and thus should have been considered obvious, it also adds to the list of "great inventors" who really did very little inventing. The reason this is so important is that a patent system really only makes sense if it's the invention part that's important and that invention is basically the pinnacle of advancement in the space. Instead, if it's innovation that's more important, and innovation is an ongoing process that is sped along by competition, then there is little reason to have a patent system at all. Those who hold up Edison, Bell, the Wright Brothers and others as examples of why the patent system should exist are pointing to the wrong role models. The more detailed you look at their records you realize that both men cheated -- and used the patent system not to help protect "inventions," but to get monopolies that kept out real competition, slowed down true innovation and built up unfair monopolies they didn't deserve.

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The Threatened Species Recovery Hub is undertaking a nation-wide assessment of the conservation status of Australian eucalypt, which includes the genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora. The assessment will help conservation managers to understand which species are at risk and will also underpin a national conservation action plan for Australian eucalypts. To mark this significant milestone in eucalypt conservation the Recovery Hub is holding a photo competition to celebrate the beauty and diversity of Australia’s eucalypts. The best photos will be included in the National Action Plan for Australian Eucalypts, an online photo exhibition and in other materials that promote the findings of the assessment and the national action plan. This could include stories on the hub website and social media, in presentations, factsheets, reports and media coverage related to this conservation research project. You can find the competition details here.

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A bumper crop of beauties has made its fall arrival in the supermarket produce aisles - the Fujis, Mutsus, Cortlands and other power pommes. The apple invasion inspired me to make a home-baked apple pie, filling my kitchen with a warm cinnamon aroma. No surprise, my sweet-tooths polished off the pie at one sitting as we giggled over apple jokes and trivia. In the beginning, this forbidden fruit had tempted Adam and Eve and earned them a "time out" from the Garden of Eden. Ancient scriptures have it that Adam's punishment for tasting the apple was that a piece of the core lodged in his craw which is how the lump in the front of men's necks became known as "Adam's Apple." The apple was first domesticated in Asia Minor before the time of Christ, spread to Greece by 300 B.C. and became a favorite snack for the ancient Romans. The apple's healthful properties were recognized by Greek physicians like Hippocrates, who in 200 A.D. prescribed sweet apples for indigestion and sour ones for fainting spells. The fruit made its way to North America in the 17th century by colonists who settled in Massachusetts. Johnny Appleseed traveled through the Ohio Valley in the early 1800s introducing apple seeds to the pioneers while missionaries continued to spread the apple seed westward. Today pomologists claim there are roughly 7,500 apple varieties worldwide, but only 100 commercial crops in the United States, the majority grown in Washington State. Apples are packed with fiber and potassium while having a low glycemic load. They are a great source of antioxidants, especially the Red Delicious, Northern Spy and Ida Red varieties. The anti-cancer crunch concentrated in the apples' peels has been linked to inhibiting the growth of liver, colon and breast cancer cells. Apples also contain flavonoids with antiallergic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, and have the richest source of pectin of all the fruits, found to lower bad cholesterol levels, reduce high blood pressure and control gallstones. Finally, a study has shown that children who drink a cup of apple juice daily were less likely to develop wheezing symptoms from asthma. So "An apple a day does keep the doctor away," as J.T. Stinson professed. Always choose organically grown apples, since the conventional crops are the second most pesticide-laced fruit, after first-place peaches. Try a tangy firm Jonagold, a blend of Jonathan and Golden Delicious, or a Winesap with a spicy wine-like flavor. Heart-shaped Galas with a striped yellow-orange skin are an ideal snack size, good in applesauce or salads. Heirloom apples that were concocted by European immigrants planting a smorgasbord of seeds from Canada, Europe and southern New England can be sampled at apple shows across the country. Like my mom, I'm an incorrigible trivia buff, so the apple doesn't fall far from the tree. Here goes: the largest apple ever picked weighed in at three pounds; 80 percent of the fruit is water; and apples bruise easier than eggs break. Here's a divine apple pie recipe, and when topped with a dollop of vanilla gelato, it's the best thing since little apples. The Kitchen Shrink's Apple Pie Scratch Dough (Or you can buy artisan pie crusts from Trader Joe's) - 2 eggs - 1/2 cup of grapeseed oil - 1/2 cup of cane sugar - A few drops of pure vanilla extract - 1 teaspoon of lemon juice - 1 tablespoon of orange juice - 3 cups of unbleached flour - 1 tablespoon of baking powder - Dash of salt - 3 pounds of apples (Granny Smith's my pick), peeled, thinly sliced - 1 cup of brown sugar - 1 teaspoon of cinnamon - 3 tablespoons of flour - 1/4 teaspoon of salt - 2 tablespoons of butter (dots) Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Mix and beat well the eggs, oil, sugar, vanilla and juices. Blend the flour with the salt and baking powder. Add the dry ingredients to the egg mixture to form dough. Refrigerate for one hour. Divide the dough in half. Flour a board and roll out two circles. Place one rolled out dough into a greased 9 or 10-inch pie pan. In a bowl, gently mix the filling ingredients. Sprinkle into the dough layered pan. Top with the remaining rolled out dough, pinching the edges. With a sharp knife make 4 horizontal slits for venting. Brush milk or cream over the crust. Bake for 30 to 35 minutes or until golden brown.

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Pakistan, which has an agrarian economy, is not equipped to adapt to climate change because of its low technological and resource base. It has suffered a loss of billions because of the floods in recent years. A new strategy is required to mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. The increased demand for food due to population and income growth and the impacts of climate change on agriculture will ratchet up the pressure for increased and more sustainable agricultural production to feed the planet. A new report released on Wednesday by London-based International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) measures the impacts of agricultural innovation on farm productivity, prices, hunger, and trade flows as we approach 2050 and identifies practices which could significantly benefit developing nations. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) seeks sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty. The IFPRI was established in 1975 to identify and analyse alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting the food needs of the developing world, with particular emphasis on low-income countries and on the poorer groups in those countries. “The book, Food Security in a World of Natural Resource Scarcity: The Role of Agricultural Technologies, released today, examines 11 agricultural practices and technologies and how they could help farmers around the world improve the sustainability of growing three of the world’s main staple crops – maize, rice, and wheat,” the report said. Using a first-of-its-kind data model, the IFPRI pinpoints the agricultural technologies and practices that can most significantly reduce food prices and food insecurity in developing nations. The study profiles 11 agricultural innovations: crop protection, drip irrigation, drought tolerance, heat tolerance, integrated soil fertility management, no-till farming, nutrient use efficiency, organic agriculture, precision agriculture, sprinkler irrigation, and water harvesting. The findings from the book indicate that no-till farming alone could increase maize yields by 20 percent, but also irrigating the same no-till fields could increase maize yields by 67 percent in 2050. Nitrogen-use efficiency could increase rice crop yields by 22 percent, but irrigation increased the yields by another 21 percent. Heat-tolerant varieties of wheat could increase crop yields from a 17 percent increase to a 23 percent increase with irrigation. Yet, no single silver bullet exists. “The reality is that no single agricultural technology or farming practice will provide sufficient food for the world in 2050,” said Mark Rosegrant, lead author of the book and director of IFPRI’s Environment and Production Technology Division. “Instead we must advocate for and utilise a range of these technologies in order to maximise yields.” However, it is realistic to assume that farmers in the developing world and elsewhere would adopt a combination of technologies as they become more widely available. If farmers were to stack agricultural technologies in order of crop production schedules, the combination of agricultural technologies and practices could reduce food prices by up to 49 percent for maize, up to 43 percent for rice, and 45 percent for wheat due to increased crop productivity. The technologies with the highest percentage of potential impact for agriculture in developing countries include no-till farming, nitrogen-use efficiency, heat-tolerant crops, and crop protection from weeds, insects, and diseases. The anticipated negative effects of climate change on agricultural productivity as well as projected population growth by 2050, suggest that food insecurity and food prices will increase. For example, climate change could decrease maize yields by as much as 18 percent by 2050–making it even more difficult to feed the world if farmers cannot adopt agricultural technologies that could help boost food production in their regions. “One of the most significant barriers to global food security is the high cost of food in developing countries,” Rosegrant explained. “Agricultural technologies used in combinations tailored to the crops grown and regional differences could make more food more affordable – especially for those at risk of hunger and malnutrition in developing countries.” However, based on current projections, stacked technologies could reduce food insecurity by as much as 36 percent. Making this a reality, however, depends on farmers gaining access to these technologies and learning how to use them. This underscores the need for improved agricultural education to ensure that farmers are able to use the best available technologies for their region and resources. The IFPRI highlights three key areas for investments prioritising effective technology use: increasing crop productivity through enhanced investment in agricultural research; developing and using resource-conserving agricultural management practices such as no-till farming, integrated soil fertility management, improved crop protection, and precision agriculture. Monday, February 17, 2014, Source: International The News

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Baby Bottle Tooth Decay Baby Bottle Tooth Decay, or Baby Bottle Syndrome, or Nursing Bottle Mouth are all terms used to describe a dental condition which involves the rapid decay of many or all the baby teeth of an infant or child. The teeth most likely to be damaged are the upper front teeth. They are some of the first teeth to erupt and thus have the longest exposure time to the sugars in the bottle. The lower front teeth tend to be protected by the tongue as the child sucks on the nipple of the bottle or the breast. Baby Bottle Tooth Decay is caused by frequent exposure of a child's teeth for long periods of time to liquid containing sugars. When your baby falls asleep with: - A bottle containing formula, milk or juice. - A pacifier dipped in honey. - While breast feeding. The liquid pools around the front teeth. During sleep, the bacteria living in every baby's mouth, turns the milk sugar or other sugars to acid which causes the decay. Parents may not know there is a problem until serious damage has been done: - Oral checks should be performed by parents to detect early signs of the disease. - Brown spots along the gumline on your child's teeth are signs which should alert you. - If your child prefers soft foods, frowns or cries when eating cold, sweet, or hard foods, they should be checked for tooth decay. By the time tooth decay is noticed it may be too late and crowns, pulp therapy, or even extraction of the decayed teeth may be necessary. As a result, your child may suffer from long term disorders which include speech impediments, possible psychological damage, crooked or crowded teeth, and poor oral health. - You can prevent this from happening to your child's teeth by learning how to protect them. - Clean your child's teeth daily. - Never allow your child to fall asleep with a bottle filled with juice, milk, or formula (or when awake, sip on it for long periods of time as a pacifier). - Start bottle weaning by at least a year. - Give your child plain water for thirst. - Make sure your child gets the fluoride needed to prevent decay. - Have regular dental visits for your child beginning when their first tooth erupts. TIP: Cut back on sugary bottles by gradually watering them down until they are only water. Most children begin life with strong, healthy teeth. Help your child's teeth stay that way. Your newborn is totally dependent upon you as a parent. The decisions you make will have a vital effect on your child's dental future.

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The coalescent model is a powerful tool in the population geneticist’s toolbox. It traces the history of a sample back to its most recent common ancestor (MRCA) by looking at coalescence events between pairs of lineages. Starting from assumptions of random mating, selective neutrality, and constant population size, the coalescent uses a simple stochastic process that allows us to study properties of genealogies, such as the time to the MRCA and the length of the genealogy, analytically and through efficient simulation. Extensions to the coalescent allow us to incorporate effects of mutation, recombination, selection and demographic events in the coalescent model. A short introduction to the coalescent model can be found here and a longer, more detailed introduction can be read here. However, coalescent analyses can be slow or suffer from numerical instability, especially for large samples. In a study published earlier this year in Theoretical Population Biology, CEHG fellow Ethan Jewett and CEHG professor Noah Rosenberg proposed fast and accurate approximations to general coalescent formulas and procedures for applying such approximations. Their work also examined the asymptotic behavior of existing coalescent approximations analytically and empirically. Computational challenges with the coalescent For a given sample, there are many possible genealogical histories, i.e., tree topologies and branch lengths, which are consistent with the allelic states of the sample. Analyses involving the coalescent therefore often require us to condition on a specific genealogical property and then sum over all possible genealogies that display the property, weighted by the probability of the genealogy. A genealogical property that is often conditioned on is , the number of ancestral lineages in the genealogy at a time in the past. However, computing the distribution of is computationally expensive for large samples and can suffer from numerical instability. A general approximation procedure for formulas conditioning on Coalescent formulas conditioning on typically involve sums of the form For large samples and recent times, these computations have two drawbacks: – The range of possible values for may be quite large (especially if multiple populations are being analyzed) and a summation over these values may be computationally expensive. – Expressions for are susceptible to round-off errors. Slatkin (2000) proposed an approximation to the summation in by a single term . This deterministic approximation was based on the observation that changes almost deterministically over time, even though it is a stochastic variable in theory. Thus we can write . From Figure 2 in the paper (reproduced here), we can see that this approximation is quite accurate. The authors prove the asymptotic accuracy of this approximation and also prove that under regularity assumptions, converges to uniformly in the limits of and . This is an important result since it shows that the general procedure produces a good approximation for both very recent and very ancient history of the sample. Further, the paper shows how this method can be used to approximate quantities that depend on the trajectory of over time, which can be used to calculate interesting quantities such as the expected number of segregating sites in a genealogy. Approximating for single populations A difficulty with using the deterministic approximation is that often has no closed-form formula, and if one exists, it is typically not easy to compute when the sample is large. For a single population with changing size, two deterministic approximations have previously been developed (one by Slatkin and Rannala 1997, Volz et al. 2009 and one by Frost and Volz, 2010, Maruvka et al., 2011). Using theoretical and empirical methods, the authors examine the asymptotic behavior and computational complexity of these approximations and a Gaussian approximation by Griffiths. A summary of their results is in the table below. |Griffith’s approximation||Accurate for large samples and recent history.| |Slatkin and Rannala (1997), Volz et al. (2009)||Accurate for recent history and arbitrary sample size, inaccurate for very ancient history.| |Frost and Volz (2010), Maruvka et al. (2011)||Accurate for both recent and ancient history and for arbitrary sample size.| |Jewett and Rosenberg (2014)||Accurate for both recent and ancient history and arbitrary sample size, and for multiple populations with migration.| Approximating for multiple populations Existing approaches only work for single populations of changing size and cannot account for migration between multiple populations. Ethan and Noah extend the framework for single populations to allow multiple populations with migration. The result is a system of simultaneous differential equations, one for each population. While it does not allow for analytical solutions except in very special cases, the system can be easily solved numerically for any given demographic scenario. Significance of this work The extension of the coalescent framework to multiple populations with migration is an important result for demographic inference. The extended framework with multiple populations allows efficient computation of demographically informative quantities such as the expected number of private alleles in a sample, divergence times between populations. Ethan and Noah describe a general procedure that can be used to approximate coalescent formulas that involve summing over distributions conditioned on or the trajectory of over time. This procedure is particularly accurate for studying very recent or very ancient genealogical history. The analysis of existing approximations to show that different approximations have different asymptotic behavior and computational complexities. The choice of which approximation to use is therefore often a tradeoff between the computational complexity of the approximation and the likely behavior of the approximation in the parameter ranges of interest. As increasingly large genomic samples from populations with complex demographic histories become available for study, exact methods either become intractable or very slow. This work adds to a growing set of approximations to the coalescent and its extensions, joining other methods such as conditional sampling distributions and the sequentially markov coalescent. Ethan and Noah are already exploring applications of these approximate methods to reconciling gene trees with species trees. In the future, I expect that these and other approximations will be important for fast and accurate analysis of large genomic datasets. Griffiths, R. C. (1984). Asymptotic line-of-descent distributions. Journal of Mathematical Biology, 21(1), 67-75. Frost, S. D., & Volz, E. M. (2010). Viral phylodynamics and the search for an ‘effective number of infections’. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1548), 1879-1890. Maruvka, Y. E., Shnerb, N. M., Bar-Yam, Y., & Wakeley, J. (2011). Recovering population parameters from a single gene genealogy: an unbiased estimator of the growth rate. Molecular biology and evolution, 28(5), 1617-1631. Slatkin, M., & Rannala, B. (1997). Estimating the age of alleles by use of intraallelic variability. American journal of human genetics, 60(2), 447. Slatkin, M. (2000). Allele age and a test for selection on rare alleles.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 355(1403), 1663-1668. Volz, E. M., Pond, S. L. K., Ward, M. J., Brown, A. J. L., & Frost, S. D. (2009). Phylodynamics of infectious disease epidemics. Genetics, 183(4), 1421-1430.

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Phil 1018: LOGIC On-line course materials for Logic, Philosophy Syllabus, Unit Guides, and Practice Exams Cheap Nativism Suppose concepts are just names - for things, kinds, properties (as on Jerry Fodor's conceptual atomism). Then perhaps all nativism requires is an innate name generator. External causal links provide the extensions of the concepts. Can nativism be this cheap? (.doc file Late 2009) Against Derived Intentionality Intentionality Dualists (Searle, Fodor) hold that there is an important distinction between "derived" and "original" (intrinsic, underived) intentionality. The Intentionality Monist Dennett holds that the distinction is bogus; all intentionality is derived. I critically examine key arguments offered by Searle and Dennett for their respective positions and conclude that all have flaws, including problems of individuation, conflation of semantic and epistemic matters, a pernicious regress, and other alarming short-comings. At the end I sketch a neglected monism: all intentionality is afforded by causal connections, no intentionality is literally intrinsic, and nothing derives its intentionality solely in virtue of acts of interpretation. (.doc file 2010) EEE-PC: Economics, Evolution and Ethics - a Plausible Convergence This is a foray into meta-metaethics. With a wary eye on Richard Posner's lone advocacy of a normative economic approach to ethics, I argue that under certain circumstances of competition or adversity we can expect social rules, including moral codes, to promote economic efficiency. This maximizes public goods, increasing chances of overcoming the adversities. Under similar circumstances, where entire social groups succeed or fail, evolutionary selection pressures will have the same outcome. Finally I argue that a Social Contract approach will converge on the same result. Some data suggest that the circumstances that would produce these convergences are not ubiquitous, but have been historically real and hence important for understanding real world moral codes. Inverted Spectrum Arguments Inverted spectrum arguments, such as Ned Block's Inverted Earth thought experiment, are thought to count against computational accounts of qualia. By considering a variety of inverted qualia possibilities in other sense modalities, including inverted auditory pitch spectrum, inverted loudness and inverted hedonic spectrum, as well as radical synesthesia, I develop an argument that the intuitions pumped by the common inverted spectrum arguments are misleading. Images and Thinking A defense of the view that images play a central role in cognition. I reply to arguments that images are syntactically and semantically inadequate to be the primary medium for thought and inference. Main points: images have been saddled with resemblance semantics, indicator semantics is viable alternative; nearly exclusive attention has been paid to visual images of extra-linguistic objects, but acoustic images of sentences are an important neglected form of imaging that avoids cognitive inadequacies of typical visual images. Finally I argue, against Tye and Pinker, that mental images do not require mentalese labels. April 1999. circa 22 print pages Natural Meaning for Natural Language An account of how the meaning of natural language can be understood as natural meaning. In the course of the positive accounts, I return to the beginning of Grice's paper "Meaning" and re-examine his attempt to distinguish natural and non-natural meaning. I conclude, contrary to Grice, that there is a univocal, natural, meaning at the heart of language. May 1998; html equivalent of circa 25 double-spaced print pages. A Defence of Mill 's Account of Names Mill's view that a name means its bearer is defended against four classic arguments: the claim Mill cannot account for the meaning of identity statements, negative existentials, and empty names, nor the failure of substitutivity in opaque contexts. February/March 1998. See also the papers on mentalese below. I Don't Think So: Pinker on the Thinker. Reply to Steven Pinker's arguments for mentalese and against natural language as a medium for thought. Pinker's arguments are set out in his 1994 book, The Language Instinct. I argue mentalese doesn't solve any of the problems he cites for the view that we think in natural language. So I don't think I think the way he thinks I think. Draft February 1998. About 40k light html. Sense and Sentience Hearing Yourself Think: natural language, inner speech and thought A defense of the view that much thought, abstract thought particularly, consists of inner speech in the form of auditory and kinesthetic images. I reply to arguments from Jerry Fodor and others against natural language as a medium of thought. I then go on to speculate as to why some thinking might require images of spoken language, rather than a presumably more efficient representation system such as Mentalese. I conclude with implications for the Whorf hypothesis and other issues. Not previously published; new August 1997. Light html, about 25k. The Mind as the Mirror of Nature This paper defends an internalist account of qualia. It is a critical response to Fred Dretske's strong externalist position in his important 1995 book, Naturalizing the Mind. I discuss Swampmen, inverted spectrum, and accounts of biological function. This paper was presented at the Minnesota Philosophical Society meetings in Nov. 1996. Plain text, about 32k, 13 printed pages. The Return of the Evil Genius A Dialog between the Evil Genius (star of Descartes' first Meditation) and a Brain in a Vat (star of B-movies and, among other works, Hilary Putnam's Reason, Truth and History ) -- in which the discussants investigate matters skeptical, linguistic and metaphysical! Light HTML; about 50k; 36 printed pages. Abstract of Artificial Intelligence and A paper published in Synthese. I tried to show just why Searle's Chinese Room argument is unsound -- if a mind were realized by running a computer program or a set of instructions, it would be distinct from the computer or the person(s) following the instructions. So Searle argues unsoundly from the fact that he doesn't understand Chinese to the conclusion that no Chinese understanding is created by his running an artifical intelligence program. Considerations of personal identity are relevant. Review of software based wavetable music synthesizers including products from Roland (Virtual Sound Canvas) and Yamaha ("Midplug Soft Synth"). Software syths compared to a Roland Sound Canvas (a version of the SC55). Discussion of implications for the future of music synthesis. August 1996. Previously unpublished papers are copyrighted by David Cole year of presentation or electronic publication. David Cole 2014 UMD Philosophy Dept. Revised January 1, 2014

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Have your party surrounded by history… O’Connell Bridge was originally named Carlisle Bridge for the then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle was designed by James Gandon and completed in 1794. HAVE YOUR PARTY SURROUNDED BY HISTORY In 1880, work began to widen the Carlisle Bridge, in an effort to ease traffic congestion. At 50 meters wide, it is now the only traffic bridge in Europe as wide as it is long. When the bridge was reopened in 1882. It was renamed for Daniel O’Connell when the nearby statue in his honour was unveiled.

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NASA has welcomed a dozen more people into its astronaut family, but the new additions aren't ready to go to space just yet. Yesterday (June 7), the agency unveiled its 2017 astronaut class — seven men and five women chosen from a record-breaking initial pool of 18,353 applicants. (The previous high was 8,000 applicants, back in 1978, NASA officials said.) The 12 new astronaut candidates (or "ascans," in NASA parlance) won't become full-fledged astronauts until they complete two years of training. This work, which begins in August, will be varied and rigorous. [What It's Like to Become an Astronaut: 10 Surprising Facts] For example, the newcomers will learn all about the International Space Station (ISS) and its many systems. They'll practice taking spacewalks in a giant swimming pool at NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC) in Houston, and they'll simulate berthing visiting vessels with the orbiting lab's giant robotic arm. NASA's primary partner on the $100 billion ISS is Russia's federal space agency, so the candidates will also learn Russian. And they'll be taught to fly supersonic T-38 jets, to help prepare them for the rigors of spaceflight, NASA officials said. When all of this training is done, the newly minted space fliers will get in line for a trip to the final frontier. (There are currently 44 active, or flight-eligible, members of NASA's astronaut corps.) While they wait their turn, the 2017 class will be assigned "technical duties" at JSC's Astronaut Office. "Technical duties can range from supporting current missions in roles such as CAPCOM in Mission Control, to advising on the development of future spacecraft," NASA officials wrote in an FAQ about the new astronaut class. (CAPCOM is short for Capsule Communicator; it refers to an individual at Mission Control who communicates directly with crewmembers in space.) When the wait is over, the 2017 class could be assigned to missions aboard any of four different spacecraft, NASA officials added: the ISS, Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule, SpaceX's Dragon capsule or NASA's Orion vehicle. Starliner and Dragon are being developed to ferry American astronauts to and from the ISS, under multibillion-dollar NASA contracts. Both Boeing and SpaceX aim to begin crewed test flights sometime next year. When the private capsules are fully up and running, they will end NASA's dependence on Russian Soyuz spacecraft to provide this taxi service. [Photos: The Best Astronaut Selfies in Space] NASA is developing Orion, along with a huge rocket called the Space Launch System (SLS), to help get astronauts to Mars and other deep-space destinations. Orion has been to space once, on an uncrewed test flight to Earth orbit in December 2014 that launched atop a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket. SLS and Orion are scheduled to launch together for the first time in 2019 on a flight called Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1), which will send an uncrewed Orion on a three-week journey around the moon. The duo's first crewed flight will come a minimum of 33 months after EM-1, NASA officials have said. One of the 12 new candidates "could be the one that takes that next iconic giant leap and says the words similar to what Neil Armstrong said when he stepped on the moon, and brings the entire NASA family, and this entire world, with them," acting NASA chief Robert Lightfoot said during a press conference yesterday. "That's what the future is for these folks, and it's very, very exciting when we think about it." Get the Space.com Newsletter Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more! Michael Wall is a Senior Space Writer with Space.com and joined the team in 2010. He primarily covers exoplanets, spaceflight and military space, but has been known to dabble in the space art beat. His book about the search for alien life, "Out There," was published on Nov. 13, 2018. Before becoming a science writer, Michael worked as a herpetologist and wildlife biologist. He has a Ph.D. in evolutionary biology from the University of Sydney, Australia, a bachelor's degree from the University of Arizona, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. To find out what his latest project is, you can follow Michael on Twitter.

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posted by Elle Suppose a single electron orbits about a nucleus containing two protons (+2e), as would be the case for a helium atom from which one of the naturally occuring electrons is removed. The radius of the orbit is 2.26 × 10-11 m. Determine the magnitude of the electron's centripetal acceleration. Electron mass= 9.11X 10^-31 kg Electron charge= -1.60x10^-19 C Proton charge= 1.60x10^-19 C

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When discussing disability and ableism (and other forms of oppression) in feminist contexts, feminists sometimes question why it should be discussed at all. Isn’t feminism about women?, some ask. What does disability have to do with women’s oppression? Disability is relevant to feminism because women experience disability, and because disability-related oppression often manifests in gender-specific ways. Disabled women are raped at a disproportionate rate. The bodies of women with disabilities are seen as public property, subjected to rude and invasive questioning. And a new study shows that women experience much higher rates of disability as we age, though we have longer life expectancies. The study, published in the Journal of Women’s Health and conducted by the Public Health Agency of Barcelona, found that 53% of women over 64 experience disability (an increase since 1992), compared to only 30% of men of the same age. Albert Espelt, the lead researcher on the project, explained, “The double burden of work that women experience throughout their lives — domestic work and work outside the home — is a key factor in explaining this difference in different studies.” He went on to clarify that domestic work also has an impact on non-evident disabilities. Women are forced to do disproportionate amounts of housework because we are expected to, because we are constructed as the default performer of domestic work. But most of us also have to work for a wage - even if we didn’t want to work for pay, it’s not like care of our homes and children are monetarily compensated. And what do you know, that gendered expectation that we will carry the bulk of the burdens of the home has an impact on our bodies and our minds as we age. Disability is naturally ocurring, and not something to be eliminated. But when women experience disability at disproportionate rates, it is indicative not of a wide variety of different human experiences and bodies. It’s indicative of sexist demands placed on women’s bodies throughout our lifetime.

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October is Breast Cancer Awareness month, and at Living Health and Wellness and O2 Living, we'll be focusing a bit more on women's health and breast cancer throughout the month. We all know that October is Breast Cancer Awareness month because "pink is in." It's on ribbons, water bottles, t-shirts, our organic, cold-pressed Living Juice bottles; even the White House is illuminated in pink. It is an amazing and inspiring color, signifying the unity to help eradicate this dreadful disease. We know that one out of every eight women will develop breast cancer in their lifetime and chances are that either you or someone you know has been touched by the disease. The American Cancer Society estimates that approximately 252,710 women will be diagnosed with breast cancer each year and tragically 40,500 will lose their fight. No doubt, these numbers are sobering and worthy of our collective attention. The good news is that many women in the community are fighting back. There are many preventative measures you can take to help reduce your risk of breast cancer, such as adopting a healthy lifestyle that includes exercise, a balanced diet and maintaining a healthy weight. According to the American Institute for Cancer Research, a live food diet filled with plenty of vegetables, fruits and legumes can reduce the risk of certain cancers. Fresh fruits and vegetables (like those found in Living Juice's organic, cold-pressed juices) contain vitamins and minerals that strengthen our immune system and are a good source of phytochemicals, compounds that may protect healthy cells from carcinogens. Researchers have also linked fiber to a reduced risk of cancer. Vegetables such as organic broccoli, corn or leafy greens like kale provide one to five grams of fiber per cup as do fruits such as figs, apples, blackberries, prunes and pears. Eating a wide variety of colorful fruits and vegetables, and supplementing your diet with organic, cold-pressed juices by O2 Living, will help ensure that you are getting the recommended daily servings. Keep in mind there is no single miracle food that will protect you against cancer. The foremost way to arm yourself against cancer is to adopt a healthy lifestyle. Be sure to exercise, get plenty of rest, reduce stress, and keep your immune system strong by eating healthy nutrient-rich live foods. At O2 Living, home of Living Health and Wellness, we are building a community for healthy living around these very same principles and are dedicated to a lifestyle, philosophy, and culture of health and wellness. This mission is exemplified in our hemp extract and hormone products, made with health in mind. We're living in a stressful time. COVID-19 has disrupted life as we know it, and some of us may be dealing with added fear and anxiety around the unknown and uncertainty about the disease. Whether you are concerned for your own health or the health of others, the stress can be overwhelming at times. As May is mental health awareness month, and O2 Living has partnered with the JCK Foundation, we want to share how we are managing our stress during this pandemic. Allergies... We certainly hear that word a lot today. It is estimated that 50 million Americans suffer with some form of allergy, placing it on the top of the list of medical ailments. So what actually causes allergies and why do allergies appear to be on the rise?

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Many times at our Public Observing sessions I hear questions asked about the most visible object in the night sky, the Moon. Our guests ask questions like: - “What is that peak in the middle of the crater and how was it formed?” - “What are those bright streaks on the Moon and where do they come from?” - “What are the dark areas and what are they called?” - “What are those long things that look like ditches or roads?” Have any of you ever been asked any of these questions or others? As amateur astronomers we should know some lunar basics, after all our motto is “Expanding horizons through education and observation.” Many times I have been asked questions that I didn’t know the answer to, but I was determined I would have an answer the next time I was asked. I have the telescopes and equipment for the “Observing” part of the motto, but the “Education” that was a different matter and I felt I was lacking in that regard. The AL Lunar Certification program helped me gain the answers and confidence I needed to answer their questions. I am happy to say there are a number of members interested in the Lunar Certification program. I am thrilled that we have so many members now participating. I would like to pass on to those members some web sites and information that would be helpful. - http://moonbook.hkas.org.hk – The Moon book has files in PDF format that can be down loaded and printed for use in the field. - http://www.inconstantmoon.com/atlas.htm – The Moon is an object that is visible to us for quite a few days out of the month. The fact that you may live in a light polluted area makes viewing the lunar surface even more desirable. The program gives you a number of ways to observe the Moon with binoculars, telescope or just naked eye viewing. The key is to pay attention to the age of the Moon in relation to the time of the month. An example would be “4 day old Moon” or “14 day old Moon.” These timetables give you the best opportunity to utilize the shadows of the formations for better viewing. Just think, here you have an object that duplicates most of the surface structure you see on many planets and minor planets. If you look at the various structures on Mars for example a lot of those same formations are on the lunar surface. Our study and understanding of the lunar formations and how they came to be is the same scientific study that professional astronomers are undertaking as they study Mars and other minor planets with more powerful equipment. Our earth because of its atmosphere and ever changing landscape makes it tough to see or study any of the impact craters of our own planet. I urge all of you to join in with us and not only reap the rewards of viewing the many formations on the Moon but to understand how those formations came to be and the ability to give explanations to other individuals. So the next time you are asked a question about a formation on the Moon you will have the understanding and confidence to answer their questions. If you have any questions you can email us at [email protected] and we will be glad to help in any way. We look forward to observing with you. Want to Make a Donation? If you would like to help support NEFAS, but don't wish to become a member, you may use the button below to make a one-time contribution of $5. Thank you in advance for your contribution. Florida REGISTRATION#: CH71934 A COPY OF THE OFFICIAL REGISTRATION AND FINANCIAL INFORMATION MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE DIVISION OF CONSUMER SERVICES BY CALLING TOLL-FREE (800-435- 7352) WITHIN THE STATE. REGISTRATION DOES NOT IMPLY ENDORSEMENT, APPROVAL, OR RECOMMENDATION BY THE STATE.

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You’re a student, and you have to read. And if you’re like me, then you hate reading. It’s part of the deal. But books don’t have to be boring! Books can help you grow as a student and as a person. They can teach you new skills, expose you to new ideas, and open your mind to new possibilities. Reading books can enable growth – it can help you develop a better understanding of others’ lives and thoughts, which will help you grow as a person. Reading books also helps us learn from other people’s mistakes to don’t repeat them ourselves. Therefore, students need to read books regularly because it helps them improve their knowledge about various subjects, including science, history, literature, etc., taught at school or college/university level. It also increases their vocabulary skills and improves their listening skills which are very important when writing essays or taking exams like the GRE or GMAT later in life. Here is a summary of a few books that we recommend to help students grow. These books for students cover various themes, from business to culture, but they all have a common central theme – growth. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Noah Harari In this fascinating book, Yuval Noah Harari looks at the evolution of humankind from the point of view of Sapiens. In particular, he focuses on how our ability to cooperate effectively with one another has given us a massive advantage over other species and enabled us to dominate the planet. Key Themes are covered in this book. The evolution of Sapiens and their rise to dominance; how culture and technology helped them achieve this; how we are similar to other animals yet different in many ways; how we use language to understand ourselves. Why this book will appeal to students If you’re looking for a book that will change your perspective on everything, this is worth reading. It’s also straightforward to read and understand, making it an appealing choice for students who want something more than just words on a page but aren’t ready for something too challenging yet. Shoe Dog by Phil Knight This is the story of Nike and how Phil Knight started the company. It is an inspiring tale of how one person can make a difference in the world, even if they are not rich or famous. It is one of the best books for students who may want to be entrepreneurs later in their life. The author describes his childhood as a middle-class boy growing up in Oregon during the 1950s and 1960s. He then relates how he came up with creating his own sports shoe company while attending Stanford University in California in 1962. He tells of how he raised money and set up shop with his first employee Jeff Johnson, who became his lifelong friend. The first few years were tough for them as they struggled to find their feet, but eventually, their determination paid off when they began selling their shoes to athletes at track meets around America. The book gives insight into what it takes to succeed in business and shows that anyone can become successful if they work hard enough. Why students may like this book The story of Nike’s rise to prominence is an inspiration for any student wanting to start their own business. Knight’s charisma and positive attitude are evident in his writing style, making for a short read. ‘Shoe Dog’ is also the story of how he built one of the most recognisable brands in the world from scratch. Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future by Peter Thiel In ‘Zero to One’, Peter Thiel argues that startups should focus on producing new things rather than improving existing products and services. He believes that there are only two ways for a business to succeed: creating new things or doing something better than anyone else. The critical question for entrepreneurs is how to create value when we live in an age where everything has been done before. The book’s central theme is that startups should strive to be at least one step ahead of their competitors. Thiel says that if you want a better future, you must build it yourself rather than wait for others to do it. He believes that we need more people willing to take risks and be bold enough to think differently from others if we hope to move forward as a society. Zero to One is a book that will appeal to students because it shows how innovation can change the world. It’s written in a very easy-to-read style and includes many anecdotes from Thiel’s career, which helps you understand his views on entrepreneurship. Linchpin, Are You Indispensable? by Seth Godin Seth Godin is best known for his marketing books and blog. It was written to help people find their calling and make their mark on the world, among one of the few books that focus on attitude and motivating the reader to be the best in what they do. Linchpin is one of his best-selling titles. The book looks at how we can all be more indispensable in our chosen field. The idea of being an indispensable employee is the central theme of this book. The author Seth Godin wants to show that thoughts are what matter in the workplace and that we all need to become linchpins – people who are indispensable at their job. The book uses anecdotes and examples to illustrate its points, making it easy to read. The author also includes exercises at the end of each chapter so you can apply what you’ve learned in your daily life. The book encourages you to be yourself, be different and be indispensable. It is a call to action for those who want to make their mark on the world and stand out from the crowd. How Google Works by Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg Google has changed the world. Its search engine is one of the most used websites globally, and its Android operating system powers more than 80% of smartphones globally. In How Google Works, Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg explain how it all happened. The book is a combination of autobiography and management advice. It tells how two PhD students from Stanford University founded Google as an academic project in 1996. It then describes how they built it into a technology company that revolutionised the internet with their critical insights. The book is packed with insights relevant to any business – whether you’re a student or not. Here are some reasons why it will appeal to students: - It’s easy to read – the book has a conversational style that makes it easy to digest the information. - It’s packed with practical advice – there are lots of tips on succeeding in business and life in general. - You’ll learn about Google’s culture – if you want to work at Google or another fast-growing tech company someday, this book will give you an insight into what it’s like inside these organisations. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People by Stephen Covey The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People is a self-help book published in 1989 by Stephen Covey. The book became an international bestseller and was included on the “Wall Street Journal’s list of top-selling nonfiction books for twelve consecutive years. It has sold over 25 million copies and has been translated into 35 languages. Covey’s book is designed to help people become more effective in their lives by following seven basic principles: - Be proactive - Begin with the end in mind - Put first things first - Think win-win - Seek first to understand, then to be understood - Sharpen the saw Through this classic, students can learn a lot about how to be organised, purposeful, and collaborative, three qualities that will serve them well in the professional world. The Courage to be Disliked by Ichiro Kishimi and Fumitake Koga The Courage to be Disliked is an unusual book that tells us how important it is to be disliked by others. It is written by two Japanese psychiatrists who have spent their professional lives studying the effects of being liked or disliked on human behaviour. Their research has led them to conclude that it is better to be disliked than liked because it leads to greater self-esteem, greater happiness, better health and longer life expectancy. The authors explain that we humans have an innate need for social approval, and this can lead us to make bad choices in our lives. For example, we might choose not to speak out against injustice because we fear rejection by our peers or even ostracism from society. We might also decide not to pursue what we want in life for fear of rejection or ridicule from others, but this can lead us to depression or anxiety disorders later on in life if we cannot achieve what we want most in life (such as finding true love). The key themes of The Courage to be Disliked are authenticity and self-acceptance. The book argues that we should all strive to live our lives in a way that is true to ourselves and not worry about what others think. Drive by Daniel Pink Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us, by Daniel Pink, is a book that will be useful to any student interested in motivation and how it can be harnessed to achieve better results. The central concept behind the book is that traditional methods of motivating people are not as effective as they once were. For example, rewarding employees with financial incentives often leads them to focus on meeting their goals rather than doing an excellent job for its own sake. In contrast, offering them more autonomy and control over their work can lead to greater satisfaction and productivity. Pink explores this idea through numerous case studies and experiments, and interviews with leading psychologists and business leaders such as Richard Branson, Gary Hamel and Tom Peters. The book will appeal to students interested in psychology or business who want to learn more about how they can motivate themselves or others effectively at work or school. How to write the UCAS Statement of Purpose Leave a Reply

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This is an excerpt from EERE Network News, a weekly electronic newsletter. Florida Executive Orders Aim to Cut Greenhouse Gases Florida—a state that stands to lose a lot to rising sea levels—has committed to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Florida Governor Charlie Crist signed three GHG-related executive orders on July 13th, including one that sets targets of reducing the state's overall emissions to 2000 levels by 2017, to 1990 levels by 2025, and to 20% of 1990 levels by 2050. The order directs the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) to develop rules that set those same milestones for the state's electric utilities; to adopt California's GHG standards for motor vehicles; and to establish an idle reduction standard for diesel engines. It also directs the Florida Department of Community Affairs to convene the Florida Building Commission in order to set new building standards that increase the energy performance of new buildings by 15% by 2009. The department is also directed to set new standards that mandate a 15% increase in the efficiency of certain consumer products by 2009. Finally, the order asks the Florida Public Service Commission (PSC) to initiate rulemaking that would require utilities to draw on renewable energy for 20% of their electricity; to adopt international standards for connecting renewable energy systems to the grid; and to allow net metering for renewable energy systems up to 1 megawatt in capacity. However, the PSC is not bound by the governor's executive orders. See the executive order 07-127 (PDF 148 KB). Download Adobe Reader. That's not all. An additional executive order sets tougher near-term GHG emissions goals for state agencies, namely a 10% reduction from today's levels by 2012, a 25% reduction by 2017, and a 40% reduction by 2025. To meet those goals, the order calls for all state agencies to inventory their energy-related GHG emissions and directs the Department of Management Services to set LEED green building standards for the state's new and existing state-owned buildings. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the standard set by the U.S. Green Building Council. State agencies are also precluded from renting office space that doesn't meet Energy Star standards. The order also applies GHG standards to the state's procurement processes and the state's vehicle fleets. A third executive order creates a new Action Team on Energy and Climate Change, which will develop a comprehensive Energy and Climate Change Action Plan. The governor also signed partnership agreements with the United Kingdom and Germany. See the governor's press release; executive orders 07-126 (PDF 257 KB) and 07-128 (PDF 189 KB); and the partnership agreements with the United Kingdom (PDF 155 KB) and Germany (PDF 125 KB).

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Hubble Reveals the Ring Nebula's True Shape In this composite image, visible-light observations by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope are combined with infrared data from the ground-based Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona to assemble a dramatic view of the well-known Ring Nebula. Called a planetary nebula, the Ring Nebula is the glowing remains of a Sun-like star. The object is tilted toward Earth so that astronomers see the ring face-on. The Hubble observations reveal that the nebula's shape is more complicated than astronomers thought. The blue gas in the nebula's center is actually a football-shaped structure that pierces the red doughnut-shaped material. Hubble also uncovers the detailed structure of the dark, irregular knots of dense gas embedded along the inner rim of the ring. The knots look like spokes in a bicycle. The Hubble images have allowed the research team to match up the knots with the spikes of light around the bright, main ring, which are a shadow effect. The faint, scallop-shaped material surrounding the ring was expelled by the star during the early stages of the planetary nebula formation. This outer material was imaged by the Large Binocular Telescope. Most Sun-like stars become planetary nebulae at the end of their lives. Once a star consumes all of its hydrogen, the nuclear fuel that makes it shine, it expands to a red giant. The bloated star then expels its outer layers, exposing its hot core. Ultraviolet radiation from the core illuminates the discarded material, making it glow. The smoldering core, called a white dwarf, is the tiny white dot in the center of the Ring Nebula. The Ring Nebula is about 2,000 light-years away in the constellation Lyra. The nebula measures roughly one light-year across. The Hubble observations were taken Sept. 19, 2011, by the Wide Field Camera 3. The Large Binocular Telescope data were taken June 6, 2010. In the image, the blue color represents helium; the green, oxygen; and the red, hydrogen. The Large Binocular Telescope is part of the Mount Graham International Observatory in Arizona.

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Top Smartphone Apps For Science Students This is the age of the internet. The years have seen a growth of websites and portals geared towards fostering […] This is the age of the internet. The years have seen a growth of websites and portals geared towards fostering the growth of knowledge, and a more extensive distribution of news online. This has encouraged curiosity and a thirst for knowledge among netizens. With the growth of the smartphone market, the domain of scientific knowledge has also received a boost. Here is a list of the best smartphone apps for science students (and amateurs who are interested in science). - Science Glossary: This is a comprehensive science dictionary app. But it is more than only a dictionary app. It also includes short biographies to support learning, definitions and science education modules. Science Glossary also provides you with online material from the parent website, Vision Learning. This is an app that alerts you to the rumblings of the earth. It notifies you about any earthquake of a magnitude of 6 and above on the Richter Scale, all around the world. It gives you access to data about recent earthquakes from the U.S. Geological Survey. For those users who are interested in astronomy and the stars, this is a brilliant app. It is practically a planetarium that provides you the map of the sky from any place you happen to be in. You can view the dome of the sky by tilting your phone. All the stars and the constellations are named and numbered, so you can even search and try to find them in the sky. This is an advanced periodic table app. Now chemistry students will not need to refer to the periodic table constantly, but can instead have the information at their fingertips. IT also provides additional information about each element. The perfect app for the chemistry junkie! - Skeptical Science: This app addresses questions by high school students. It is natural for every science student to be full of questions. This handy app lets students explore all topics regarding climate change and the environment, one of the most contentious topics of today. The app keeps students updated with all new arguments against climate change, and also the rebuttals supported by science. There are many more apps to help in science learning. The smartphone market is one of the biggest boons from technology, which itself is a result of progress in science. So it is only natural that smartphone apps would cater to scientific education. So, go ahead. Explore! Author Bio: Jacika Posener is a social media activist. She is a mobile learning enthusiast and a dictionary app specialist.

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Onego petroglyphs depict an alien visit 6 thousand years ago Onego petroglyphs are rock carvings found in the Pudozhsky district of Karelia, on the east coast of Onega Lake. Scientists date their IV-III millennium BC, that is, they are about 6 thousand years old. A total of about 1100 images were found on coastal rocks over a distance of 20 km. The images mainly represent various figures of birds, boats, human figures, there are also many geometric signs in the form of circles and crescents. They are considered images of the Moon and the Sun. But if the signs are the Moon and the Sun, then why are they mounted on two or three “legs”? Maybe ancient people saw flying objects? Onega petroglyphs are considered as the most complex and expressive examples of rock art of Northern Europe. Many of them are easy to guess, here are the hunters on skis and moose, here is the fish from the sturgeon family, and here are the running deer. The images are quite realistic. But who then depicts this figure with two balls instead of the head? Is the shaman like the ‘demon’? Archaeologists affectionately call him Cheburashka, writing off the artist’s creative impulse to the action of fly agarics. Now no one can say what everyday or religious scenes depicted these signs and drawings, but in the past centuries they were considered dangerous. According to legend, the monks of Murom Holy Assumption Monastery, around the XV century, over the three petroglyphs knocked out the Christian cross – “to defuse the evil spirits.” Among the petroglyphs there are several mysterious figures. This famous petroglyph ‘Bes’ on the cape ‘Besov nose’, as well as the petroglyphs ‘Som’ and ‘Lizard’ nearby. It was on top of ‘Bes’ that the Christian cross was beaten. According to scientists, ‘Bes’ is a shaman’s image. The ‘demon’ is split into two parts because of a crack in the stone, but the pattern is clearly visible. The creature has a rectangular head (like a robot), on the right side of which is a circle with a point in the center (the symbol of the Sun or some other planet?). He has two legs, and between them is another long thin strip. The figure is surrounded by images of birds with very long necks. The length of the ‘Bes’ is two meters, this is the largest Onega petroglyph. With ‘Besom’, in addition to the mystery, whom he portrays, another mystery is connected. A kilometer radius from the ‘Bes’ is often denied by satellite navigation. Captains of this have not been surprised for a long time, they are oriented to the Mayak. The clock also behaves unpredictably: they can run ahead, they can stop. With what such an anomaly is connected, scientists only assume. They say the whole thing is in the granite, which is saturated with magnetic ore, lying deep underground. But ‘Besu’ is more visible. Ufologists have long speculated that Onego petroglyphs depict an alien visit in antiquity (paleocontact), that ‘Bes’ is an alien or an alien robot, and disks and other strange symbols are images of alien ships. Russia. Onego petroglyphs – rock paintings, monuments of monumental pictorial creativity of the primitive epoch, are located in Pudozhsky district of Karelia, on the east coast of Onega Lake, date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC.

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OGRE (Object-Oriented Graphics Rendering Engine) is a scene-oriented, flexible 3D rendering engine written in C++ designed to make it easier and intuitive for developers to produce applications utilizing hardware-accelerated 3D graphics. The class library abstracts the details of using the underlying system libraries like Direct3D and OpenGL and provides an interface based on world objects and other high-level classes. Continue reading “Learn the OOP principles from awesome projects: OGRE Graphics Rendering Engine case study.” Robert C.Martin wrote an interesting article about a set of metrics that can be used to measure the quality of an object-oriented design in terms of the interdependence between the subsystems of that design. Here’s from the article what he said about the interdependence between modules: What is it that makes a design rigid, fragile and difficult to reuse. It is the interdependence of the subsystems within that design. A design is rigid if it cannot be easily changed. Such rigidity is due to the fact that a single change to heavily interdependent software begins a cascade of changes in dependent modules. When the extent of that cascade of change cannot be predicted by the designers or maintainers the impact of the change cannot be estimated. This makes the cost of the change impossible to estimate. Managers, faced with such unpredictability, become reluctant to authorize changes. Thus the design becomes rigid. And to fight the rigidity he introduces metrics like Afferent coupling, Efferent coupling, Abstractness and Instability. Continue reading “Stable Abstractions Principle is a success key of your OOP C++ project.”

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is changing human lives and the way companies operate by continuously enhancing how we connect equipment. When the topic of IoT is discussed, the conversation typically centers around cloud computing and big data analytics, but sensors and gateways are just as much at the core of IoT. In fact, sensors are arguably the most critical element in IoT applications since they are the component that makes the devices “smart”. So how exactly do those sensors paired with the other IoT elements such as gateways create a framework that acts as a central nervous system? Sensors act as individual nerves and the gateway is the nervous system Within the vast array of devices that compose the IoT world, there is a growing number of small, sophisticated sensors that together are transmitting signals like those of the human nervous system. In the human body, the central nervous system collects continuous streams of sensory data and transmits that information to the brain, where it is processed. Like the human body, an IoT gateway serves as the connection point between the cloud and controllers, sensors and intelligent devices. All data moving to the cloud, or vice versa, goes through the gateway, which can either be a dedicated hardware appliance or software program. For instance, for fleet equipment companies, each piece of equipment is part of an entire connected system where the sensors continuously submits and collects data and send it to the gateway to preprocess before it goes to the cloud to be analyzed. To minimize the volume of data that needs to be forwarded to the cloud, an IoT gateway aggregates the data, which can have a big impact on response times and network transmissions, before sending it to the cloud. Encryption is key to keeping this ‘nervous system’ secure As the number of devices and sensors grow in an IoT solution, so does the number of communications that will take place over a combination of public and private networks. Communications between the ‘things’, the gateway and the cloud therefore must be secure in order to prevent any data tampering or unrestricted access. Therefore, the data between the sensors, gateway and cloud is encrypted from end-to-end to preserve confidentiality, integrity and authenticity. In other words, only the IoT device and receiving cloud service hold the cryptographic keys and the gateway acts as an illiterate messenger, passing along messages that it can’t decipher. A gateway’s role in evaluating system performance and device control As you can see, within an IoT system the cloud infrastructure is just as important as the devices themselves. IoT devices are no good if they can’t connect to the cloud. For instance, the gateway Parker utilizes for Mobile IoT, is an IoT solution specifically designed for off-road equipment OEMs and fleet managers. This gateway can be used with any J1939 CAN based control system, however, has a high level of integration with IQAN controllers for a user-friendly experience. By utilizing this enhanced gateway, our Mobile IoT solution connects data from off-road equipment to a secure Parker cloud and then presents information through an easy to configure interface that delivers advanced insights and data-driven value. These insights have the potential of helping users avoid unplanned downtime events through continuous monitoring with the use of alarms or analytical models. So, whether you are connecting legacy devices or new devices to your IoT ecosystem, an IoT gateway does have a very important role to play when connecting data to the cloud. Article contributed by Clint Quanstrom, IoT general manager, Motion Systems Group, Parker Hannifin Corporation and Kyri McDonough, marketing communications manager, Parker Hannifin Corporation.

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en

Kirsten Silva Gruesz - Associate Professor - University of California, Santa Cruz This study retraces changing perceptions of the Spanish language—and of Spanish speakers as an ethnoracial community—alongside the development of a distinctively Latino social presence and cultural expression in the US Although most Americans see the conflict between English and Spanish as a contemporary issue, its history extends from the colonial and early national periods. Using material evidence such as grammars, phrasebooks, anthologies, newspapers and diaries dating from those periods through the mid-twentieth century, I describe a complex attitude of Anglophone attraction and repulsion toward Spanish, and argue that the social conditions of the two languages have evolved together in a climate of mutual influence.

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CC-MAIN-2022-33

https://www.acls.org/fellow-grantees/kirsten-silva-gruesz/

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en

This article was first published in the Computers section of The Australian, 30 August 1994. At that time Microsoft was forced to sign a consent decree with the US Justice Department under anti-trust law. I'm reprising it because it captures considerable research and srategy remains a critical subject. Cliffs are one of the favourite haunts of students of human evolution. The sides of cliffs expose fossils and layers of archaeological history. In the most primative form of animal husbandry, our ancestors drove creatures great and small over cliffs into gorges and valleys below. Picking among the bones archaeologists have pieced together a story of human evolution with its moral of survival of the fittest. Computer history is benefiting from similar investigations. Examples include a recent work by Charles H Ferguson and Charles R Morris Computer Wars: How the West Can Win in a Post-IBM World (Times Books, 1993/94). Competition is a complex phenomena. Its pace and depth in recent decades has inspired several investigative approaches to understand it. Some have focused on factors relating to technology ("faster, cheaper, better"). For others the solution involves improving business operations (eg TQM, JIT, benchmarking), business structures (eg business process re-engineering), marketing strategies (relationship or database marketing) or finance methods. Few have ventured into the labyrinths of the law. Yet it contains a rich but under-researched lode balancing the laws of competition, intellectual property and contract. Most recently, Microsoft signed a consent decree with the US Justice Department thereby averting a suit which could have restricted, with greater severity, Microsoft's software licensing policies deemed to be anti-competitive. In biting the bullet, Microsoft averted this consequence and the more radical surgery threatened or imposed in prior decades against IBM, Xerox and AT&T. All have at some time faced the Justice Department or the Federal Trade Commission in US courts or over bargaining tables. Beginning in January 1969, IBM was faced with a 13 year debilitating competition law action by the Justice Department which used US antitrust law, the Australian equivalent of which is contained in Part IV of the Trade Practices Act. The Justice Department's suit alleged IBM monopolised the computer market. IBM had unveiled in 1964 the competition-killing System/360 which dramatically increased its market share. As an integrated family of software and hardware products, reflecting its name, System/360 provided an all-round bundled solution achieving said the Justice Department customer "software lock-in". By 1980, as personal computers proliferated under names like Apple, Tandy, Atari, Commodore and Osborne, IBM recognised that it was missing an opportunity. With one eye looking over its shoulder at the Justice Department, IBM set August 1981 as the target date for release of the first IBM PC. Although it was not apparent at the time, two of the most critical decisions for the future of the industry were IBM's choice of a microprocessor and the PC's basic software. IBM selected Intel's 8088 as the microprocessor. With time running short, 25 year old Bill Gates was asked to supply an operating system. Microsoft and IBM signed their contract on 6 November 1980. Gates turned to Seattle Computing and bought licensing rights for $US25,000 from it for its QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System). Subsequently he bought exclusive rights for $US50,000. The operating system was further developed and was renamed MS-DOS. IBM announced its PC in August 1981. In a review of the IBM PC in October 1981 BYTE magazine expressed surprise that IBM was using software suppliers who were already well established in the microcomputer industry. In the rush to introduce a PC, hasty licensing decisions in time contributed to the decline of IBM. When sales of the IBM PC took off compatible machines followed as IBM neither controlled the microprocessors supplied by Intel nor the operating system supplied by Microsoft. Vulnerable as it was, IBM provided opportunities for a further stream of competitors like Compaq, Dell and Gateway. Even though IBM created the opportunity for Microsoft, IBM never secured the right to the DOS source code. For IBM, DOS provided no "software lock-in". It was a fundamental error, with the only plausible explanation being, say Ferguson and Morris, IBM's fear that if it monopolised hardwareand software then it would fall prey to the Justice Department's anti-trust actions. The jury is still out as to whether this is an adequate explanation. Even after the Reagan administration dropped the Justice Department's action against IBM in 1982, the company still made a deal in 1984 with Microsoft for OS/2 which with the benefit of hindsight leaves room for criticism. In introducing the PS/2 in 1987 IBM announced its collaboration with Microsoft in developing OS/2. Meanwhile Microsoft kept improving MS-DOS towards Windows and at the Windows 3.0 introduction Gates said OS/2 was the growth path from Windows. As a biographer of Gates has observed, in 1990 when comparing Windows 3.0 and OS/2, BYTE asked whether Microsoft had committed "corporate fratricide" with Windows and OS/2. Its answer was "Yes and no...". In 1992 IBM and Microsoft divorced, with IBM left to sell OS/2 by itself and Microsoft having the right to any code it could use from the OS/2 project. The subsequent success of Windows is well known. The record of IBM is not unique. Comparisons have been made with the record of lost opportunities by AT&T, Xerox and Apple. But the ultimate Olduvai Gorge of computer history is in the centre of Silicon Valley, at Palo Alto. You may recall that it was at Olduvai Gorge in 1959-60 that Louis and Mary Leakey uncovered stone tools and many bones to unravel the Homo erectus stage of the story of human evolution. Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center or PARC is perched on a hill overlooking the campus of Stanford University. Recognising IBM's strengths in the mainframe market Xerox set up PARC in 1970 to search for alternative electronic tools. If you dig among the broken bones of Xerox near the PARC you'll find plenty of lessons on failed competitive strategy. Here's a list claimed by a number of authors as inventions at PARC: the first WYSIWYG word processing software, the first hand-held mouse, object oriented programming, the first PC local area network, the Ethernet technology, the wide area network, the first laser printer and several other works of brilliance. Despite this extraordinary record of achievement, at least five reasons can be discerned for Xerox's failures at PARC. Little protection was given to innovations with patents. Insufficient attention was given to commercialising innovations. The culture of the Xeroids, as the PARC researchers named themselves, grated against the management style of the Xerox company. Xerox's vision was too wedded to its past record with copy machines. And fifthly, Xerox failed to prevent a significant brain drain, leaking out intellectual property owned in know-how and confidential information. Lost opportunities for Xerox provided a feast for its competitors. The chief designer of Microsoft Windows, Charles Simonyi, came from PARC. Apple's co-founder, Steve Jobs, saw the potential for graphic user interfaces and recruited key PARC researchers before the 1983 release of the Apple Lisa, the precursor for the 1984 release of the Macintosh. While PARC invented the first page description language, Adobe was set up by "PARC refugees" who established PostScript as an industry standard for printer software. The 30 year history from the 1964 unveiling of System/360 to today illustrates the need for computer companies to balance their legal policies. The legal environment for the computer business is comprised of largely three categories of law. Competition law provides rules for the market. Secondly, there is intellectual property law. Thirdly we have the vast body of contract law. Together they form a matrix within which only the legally astute can survive. Among the allegations against Microsoft is the claim that it overstepped the mark in its practice of requiring computer vendors to pay software royalties per computer they ship regardless of whether the computer was sold with Microsoft software. For Microsoft and others the challenge is to get the right balance. The conflicting orientation of the laws of competition, intellectual property and contract involve a difficult balance. In essence, the last two can be used to create proprietary systems and legal monopolies while the rationale of competition law involves tempering monopolist excesses and misleading practices. The matrix affects companies large or small. Many a marketing campaign has fallen apart due to breaches of the consumer protection provisions of the Trade Practices Act. Anti-competitive practices are also regularly struck down by Australia's Trade Practices Commission. To survive, companies must get the right mix between what they should own, control, sell, share or give away. As the failures of Wang and the limited market share of Apple illustrate, proprietary systems have their competitive limitations in a market that now reserves its highest rewards to those who have a business model for innovations involving a three part strategy of creation, diffusion and licensing. One direction is provided by the current "Silicon Valley business model". It stands at the peak of the evolutionary ladder created by decades of competition in the computer business. The model is neatly encapsulated in the visions of venture capitalists who look for companies (like 3DO) whose business is not so much products and services, but relationships with customers and alliances between competitors. No company can for too long be an isolated island monopolising all its intellectual property. At the same time, any bridges joining with other land masses need to have their in-built traffic flow mechanisms. To stretch the analogy, licensing clauses need to work like traffic lights, toll gates or drawbridges. Competition law provides the road rules but as the drivers, computer companies must have a vision of where they're heading, it may be over a cliff.

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CC-MAIN-2020-10

http://dilanchian.com.au/lightbulb_blog/2014/01/10/ip-strategy-and-the-rise-and-rise-of-bill-gates

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When you think of ocean science you probably don’t think of bugs, but you should! Insects are very important in making healthy plants, beaches, and oceans. Visit Ocean Institute on Earth Day weekend, April 21 and 22, to learn why insects are essential to keeping our oceans and beaches healthy. Join us for a comparative anatomy lab of shrimp and grasshoppers, make your own bug box, discover why bees are key, and more. Join the Ocean Institute’s marine educators in exploring the ocean from top to bottom, while searching for some of the world’s largest and smallest creatures during our 2.5-hour long whale watching program. Celebrate Earth day with the crew of Spirit of Dana Point on a 2.5 hour sail. Step into the shoes of great naturalists such as Darwin and Nuttall as we search for pelagic birds, whales, and other marine mammals. Join us before the sail for an informational talk about the history of naturalists in celebration of Earth Day. Make your own microscope powered by your own cell phone! Participants will learn about how microscopes work, their applications in science, and then get to make their very own to take home. Recommended for ages 10 and up. Space is limited, advance registration required.

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CC-MAIN-2018-17

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We recently purchased a couple of used kilns for firing ceramics – one 5 KW kiln and a larger 10 kW kiln. These kilns are equipped with what is known as infinite control switches, basically knobs that allow you to adjust the percentage of time the heaters are on. They also incorporate a device called a kiln sitter that is designed to shut off the kiln when it reaches a specified temperature. It does this by mechanical means where you insert a cone that is designed to melt at a specific temperature. The cone is inserted under a wire, when the cone begins to bend the wire drops, releasing a weighted lever arm that falls and shuts off the switch. On the smaller kiln there is also a safety timer that will shut off the kiln if a set time is exceeded. In order to fire ceramics in these kilns it is necessary to adjust the settings on the infinite controls as the kiln heats up. It would not be good just to turn the heaters all the way up from the start, as the temperature would shoot up too fast and the ceramic pieces would either explode from trapped air or water, or crack from the rapid temperature change. You must start at a low setting and turn it up as the temperature increases in order to maintain the correct temperature profile for good results. Then when the cone bends enough to shut off the kiln, it simply cools at whatever rate is determined by the mass in the kiln and the amount of heat escaping from the kiln. More modern kilns often include an electronic temperature controller that is capable of running temperature profiles on its own, and can also regulate the cool-down rate if desired. Obviously this is a big improvement over the need to manually adjust the controls during the firing. This project is an attempt to improve on those controllers using off-the-shelf computer and networking hardware to build a controller with a web interface that allows remote operation of the kiln. The diagram above shows the physical devices and interconnections in the system. The kilns are located in a shed that is separate from the house. Communications between the shed and the house happen over a wireless link using a reprogrammed Linksys router in the shed.

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CC-MAIN-2020-29

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Effective stakeholder management is crucial for the success of any project or organization. Stakeholders are individuals or groups who have an interest or are affected by the outcome of a project. They can include employees, customers, suppliers, investors, government agencies, and the community. Managing stakeholders effectively involves understanding their needs, expectations, and concerns, and developing strategies to engage and communicate with them. In this article, we will explore five tips for effective stakeholder management, backed by research and real-world examples. 1. Identify and Prioritize Stakeholders The first step in effective stakeholder management is to identify and prioritize stakeholders. Not all stakeholders have the same level of influence or interest in a project, so it is important to determine who the key stakeholders are. This can be done by conducting a stakeholder analysis, which involves identifying and assessing the interests, power, and influence of each stakeholder. Once the stakeholders have been identified, they can be prioritized based on their level of influence and impact on the project. High-priority stakeholders are those who have a significant influence on the project’s success and are directly affected by its outcome. These stakeholders should be given special attention and their needs and concerns should be addressed proactively. For example, in a construction project, the local community and environmental groups may be high-priority stakeholders due to their potential impact on the project’s permits and approvals. Engaging with these stakeholders early on and addressing their concerns can help prevent delays and conflicts later in the project. 2. Understand Stakeholder Needs and Expectations Once the stakeholders have been identified and prioritized, it is important to understand their needs and expectations. This can be done through stakeholder engagement activities such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, and workshops. By actively listening to stakeholders and seeking their input, project managers can gain valuable insights into their concerns, expectations, and desired outcomes. Understanding stakeholder needs and expectations is essential for developing a project that meets their requirements and delivers value. It also helps in managing stakeholder expectations and avoiding misunderstandings or conflicts. By involving stakeholders in the decision-making process and keeping them informed about project progress, project managers can build trust and foster positive relationships. For example, a software development company may engage with its customers through user feedback sessions and usability testing. By understanding the needs and expectations of its customers, the company can develop software that meets their requirements and provides a positive user experience. 3. Communicate Effectively Effective communication is a key aspect of stakeholder management. It involves sharing information, updates, and decisions with stakeholders in a timely and transparent manner. Communication should be tailored to the needs and preferences of different stakeholders and should be two-way, allowing for feedback and dialogue. There are various communication channels and tools that can be used to engage with stakeholders, such as meetings, emails, newsletters, social media, and project management software. The choice of communication channels should be based on the preferences and accessibility of the stakeholders. When communicating with stakeholders, it is important to use clear and concise language, avoiding technical jargon or complex terminology. Visual aids such as charts, graphs, and infographics can also be used to enhance understanding and engagement. For example, a pharmaceutical company may communicate with its investors through quarterly earnings reports and investor presentations. These communications provide financial and operational updates, as well as insights into the company’s strategy and future plans. 4. Manage Stakeholder Expectations Managing stakeholder expectations is a critical aspect of stakeholder management. Stakeholders often have different expectations and interests, and it is important to align these expectations with the project’s objectives and constraints. One way to manage stakeholder expectations is through effective scope management. Clearly defining the project scope, objectives, and deliverables helps stakeholders understand what can be achieved within the project’s constraints. It also helps in managing scope creep, which refers to the tendency of project requirements to expand beyond the original scope. Another way to manage stakeholder expectations is through regular progress updates and status reports. By keeping stakeholders informed about project progress, challenges, and changes, project managers can manage expectations and address any concerns or issues in a timely manner. For example, a marketing agency may manage client expectations by clearly defining the scope of a marketing campaign, including the target audience, deliverables, and timeline. Regular progress updates and performance metrics can help manage client expectations and demonstrate the effectiveness of the campaign. 5. Build Relationships and Engage Stakeholders Building positive relationships and engaging stakeholders is essential for effective stakeholder management. By establishing trust and rapport with stakeholders, project managers can create a supportive and collaborative environment. Engaging stakeholders involves involving them in the decision-making process, seeking their input and feedback, and addressing their concerns and suggestions. This can be done through regular meetings, workshops, focus groups, and online forums. By actively involving stakeholders, project managers can tap into their expertise and insights, leading to better decision-making and project outcomes. Building relationships with stakeholders also involves recognizing and appreciating their contributions and efforts. This can be done through public recognition, rewards, or other forms of appreciation. By acknowledging the value of stakeholders’ contributions, project managers can foster a sense of ownership and commitment. For example, a non-profit organization may engage with its volunteers through regular volunteer appreciation events and newsletters. These activities help build relationships and motivate volunteers to continue their support. Effective stakeholder management is crucial for the success of any project or organization. By identifying and prioritizing stakeholders, understanding their needs and expectations, communicating effectively, managing stakeholder expectations, and building relationships and engaging stakeholders, project managers can ensure that stakeholders are actively involved and supportive of the project. This leads to better decision-making, reduced conflicts, and increased project success. Remember, stakeholder management is an ongoing process that requires continuous effort and adaptation. By following these five tips and incorporating stakeholder management into project planning and execution, project managers can enhance stakeholder satisfaction and achieve project success.

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At the request of the bride and groom, I will keep my remarks short and non-technical. As you know, there are four fundamental forces in physics: electromagnetism, strong nuclear interaction, weak nuclear interaction, and gravity. The liquid-drop model in nuclear physics was originally proposed by George Gamow and developed by Hans Bethe and Carl von Weizsäcker in the 1930s. It treats the nucleus as an incompressible fluid of protons and neutrons bound together by the strong nuclear force. It treats the nucleus as an incompressible fluid of protons and neutrons bound together by the strong nuclear force. Social network models interpret the structure of human relationships: social, economic, political. Ties between individuals are channels for transfer or "flow" of material and non-material resources. Yes, yes. You'll need an adjacency matrix for the network data. Adjacency matrix. Go for it. The adjacency matrix of a graph shows how the vertices are connected; when the entry at row i, column j is 1 in the matrix, the vertices i and j are connected. Moving the points leaves the adjacency matrix the same. You know the "Six Degrees of Separation" phenomenon? In math it's called "The Small World ENTER AUDIENCE VISION: Charlie enters the immense urban sprawl of Los Angeles. By using principles of The Small World Problem we build an algorithm to filter through millions of social links - GRAPHIC OVERLAY: graphic version of social connections of L.A. -- an overwhelming "beehive" of communication. --and identify individuals using local information, like the internet, to create paths in the network for a specific purpose, the transfer of your gun-- The graphic evolves as the algorithm strips away social connections to focus on fewer people and connections until- We turn the immense social network of Los Angeles into the equivalent of a small town. --Charlie is in the simpler visual world of a small town.

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CC-MAIN-2016-50

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en

The most well-known world map is not reflective of the actual size of the countries This is how Australia would look like if it was on USA´s place on the map. Crocodiles can walk underwater... they don’t do it all the time... but still It’s believed that this behavior is limited to crocodile farms. In nature crocodiles usually inhabit shallow rivers and lakes, which are not deep enough for them to be able to walk on their back legs. Nature didn’t create baby carrots — humanity did Baby carrots were invented in the 1980s by California carrot farmer, Mike Yurosek. One year, he couldn’t sell his harvest because many of his carrots weren’t the right size and shape to be sold in stores. So he used an industrial bean cutter and shaped them into what we now call “baby carrots” to make use of his crop and make them more appealing to stores. Hedgehogs mainly eat creepy crawlies... not apples Hedgehogs have a huge appetite, despite their small size. They eat any kind of invertebrates, snails, worms, slugs and insects. Also they can eat carrion, scraps, mice, baby birds and eggs... no apples on the list, huh? Snowmakers, not actual snow, keep the slopes in perfect condition for snowboarding and skiing For the last few decades global warming has slowly been heating up the ski resorts, making their trails muddier and seasons shorter. Snowmakers have come in to save the day and make the ski season as long and as fluffy as before. What the camera can’t see, just stays under the table... It can get really hot in a news studio, especially in the summer. So the presenter uses whatever means possible to stay cool but still look professional for the camera. Better that than being sweaty and flush on air. The safest way to pour juice from a carton is not the most convenient one There’s a scientific explanation to this paradox: when the carton is almost full and we pour from the top of it, the juice never covers all of the opening. There’s air on top of the juice, which balances the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. The juice can therefore flow out smoothly using gravity. But when we’re trying to pour juice with the bottom of the carton angled up, the liquid covers the opening completely. The air pressure conflict between the atmosphere and the air trapped inside the carton, will push the juice back into the carton. This is what a “Nimbus 2000” flight really looks like Like many other movies, this whole scene was shot in a Chroma Key studio. Unfortunately, magical worlds don´t exist... at least not that we know of. Peanuts don’t grow on trees... they grow underground Peanuts don´t grow on trees like other nuts, because peanuts are actually legumes. The plant flowers above, while the peanut grows underground. Journalists don’t remember their lines When a journalist goes on air, the complete script of their performance has been written beforehand and loaded onto a special display device called a teleprompter. They read the entire script from there during the broadcast. Neither do politicians... There are critics who claim that politicians who rely on teleprompters are more performers than leaders. But the teleprompter doesn’t write the speech and it doesn’t decide what will be said. The leadership of a certain politician depends on what they say and how they say it, not where they read it from. Pacman ghosts have certain behavior algorithms Each ghost in Pac-Man is programmed with its own unique behavior pattern: red chases you, pink just tries to position itself in a set way, blue tries to ambush you, and orange is random. Lots of soccer fields use artifical turf FIFA’s rules claim that natural grass should be used in international soccer club competition matches or between representative teams of national soccer associations affiliated with them. But recently, they’ve started to allow an artificial alternative because natural grass is too hard to maintain. Some top stadiums use a specific blend of real grass with artificial components that are permitted by soccer associations. Camels don’t really store water in their humps Camels can survive for seven days without water thanks to the shape of their blood cells, not their humps. The fatty hump provides them with enough energy to last them about three weeks without food. Moai stone heads have bodies Maybe they are not as tall as this illustration suggests, but they could be. And who knows? The subject remains a mystery until we dig them all out. In the end, truthiness may or may not be the actual truth. Do you know any interesting things that we consider fact, even though they’re not true? Shake our truthiness sense a little with some photos in the comments.

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A schematic of UCLA’s cold atmospheric plasma device with an image of it in operation. CREDIT: Wirz Research Group, UCLA Researchers from UCLA believe using plasma could promise a significant breakthrough in the fight against the spread of COVID-19. In Physics of Fluids, by AIP Publishing, modeling conducted in June showed strains of the novel coronavirus on surfaces like metal, leather, and plastic were killed in as little as 30 seconds of treatment with argon-fed, cold atmospheric plasma. The researchers used an atmospheric pressure plasma jet they built with a 3D printer to spray surfaces that were treated with SARS-CoV-2 cultures. The surfaces included plastic, metal, cardboard, and basketball, football, and baseball leather. The spray using plasma fed by argon killed all the coronavirus on the six surfaces in less than three minutes, and most of the virus was destroyed after 30 seconds. Additional testing showed the virus was destroyed in similar times on cotton from face masks. The novel coronavirus can remain infectious on surfaces for several hours. Author Richard E. Wirz said the findings show great potential for the use of plasma in halting the virus’s transmission cycle. “This is only the beginning,” Wirz said. “We are very confident and have very high expectations for plasma in future work. In the future, a lot of answers for the scientific community will come from plasma.” Plasma is one of the four basic states of matter and can be created by heating a neutral gas or subjecting it to a strong electromagnetic field. A relatively new technology, cold atmospheric plasma is an ionized, near-room-temperature gas that has proven effective in cancer treatments, wound healing, dentistry, and other medical applications. The authors ran a similar coronavirus test with helium-fed plasma, but the helium was not effective, even with treatments up to five minutes. The authors believe this was due to lower rates of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen when using helium-fed gas, compared to argon. Zhitong Chen said the authors are building a compact device that could be used widely to treat surfaces for the coronavirus with plasma. It is a safer, healthier option than chemicals or other treatments, he said. “Everything we use comes from the air,” he said. “Air and electricity: It’s a very healthy treatment with no side effects.” The researchers hope the benefits of plasma, like those shown in this study, can be made available to people around the world. The Latest Updates from Bing News & Google News Go deeper with Bing News on: Cold atmospheric plasma - Air Plasma Technology Applied to Surface Treatment of Plastics The cold plasma technique eliminates the need to use heat and ... where a team of scientists and engineers were the first to stabilize atmospheric plasma in a very dense, high-powered form for textile ... - Cold Plasma Market Growth by Key Players, Segmentation, Size, Share, Application and Forecast to 2029 On the basis of regime type, the cold plasma market is segmented into low pressure and atmospheric pressure. On the basis of technology, the cold plasma market is segmented into remote treatment ... - Global Cold Plasma Market Is Projected To Witness A Significant Growth Rate Of 16% By 2026 Due to the low heat capacity of cold plasma, it finds application in bioengineering, medicine, and therapeutics. Increasing Adoption of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) Therapy in Wound Healing Cold ... - Cold Plasma in Healthcare Market 2022, Worth USD 152.3 Mn by 2028 at CAGR of 11.8% – Report Spread across 100 Pages The Cold Plasma in Healthcare market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, ... - CE Mark Approval for The plasma care The plasma care® – which can now be marketed in the European Union – is a portable medical device for wound care using cold atmospheric plasma. As a professional device, the plasma care® can ... Go deeper with Google Headlines on: Cold atmospheric plasma Go deeper with Bing News on: Cold atmospheric plasma kills Covid-19 - Why you need an air purifier during a heat wave Related: Heat especially harms people with mental and behavioral health conditions, experts say The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ... stops microscopic particles and a plasma filter ... - NASA announces a challenging schedule for inaugural launch of its SLS moon rocket If all goes according to plan, NASA could launch its heavy-lift Space Launch System rocket on its first flight around the moon by as early as Aug. 29. That’s a big “if,” however: Workers at ... - Cold Plasma Market Analysis with Impact of COVID-19, Top Companies, Trends, Market Size, Growth, Share, Demand, Future Opportunity Outlook 2028 Global Cold Plasma Market [2022-2028] research report offers in-depth analysis on Market size, share, drivers, ... - Shanghai’s New Round of Covid Testing a Worry for the Oil Market Most Read from Bloomberg Natural Gas Soars 700%, Becoming Driving Force in the New Cold War Citi Says Oil May Collapse to $65 by the Year-End on Recession Oil Plummets Below $100 as Recession Risks ... - Wireless EV charging, biopods and carbon capture: Green Tech start-ups tackling the climate crisis The lasers compress the fuel to cause fusion, rather than using magnets to hold the plasma until a reaction occurs ... start-up is launching a pod that creates the ideal climatic and atmospheric ...

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CC-MAIN-2022-33

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The Alte Nationalgalerie is the original home of the Nationalgalerie, whose collections today are divided between the Neue Nationalgalerie, the Hamburger Bahnhof – Museum für Gegenwart – Berlin, the Friedrichswerdersche Kirche, Museum Berggruen and the Sammlung Scharf-Gerstenberg. The idea of establishing a cultural and educational centre across from the Berlin Palace dates back to the time of Friedrich Wilhelm IV, who dreamt of creating a "sanctuary for art and science" on the site. The basic architectural concept for the Alte Nationalgalerie – a temple-like building raised on a plinth decorated with motifs from antiquity – came from the king himself. The building was designed by Friedrich August Stüler, a student of Schinkel who also designed the Neues Museum. It was completed after Stüler’s death by another of Schinkel’s students, Johann Heinrich Strack. The initial impetus for the construction of the Nationalgalerie was a bequest to the Prussian state in 1861 from the banker and consul Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Wagener, whose collection featured works by Caspar David Friedrich, Karl Friedrich Schinkel, painters from the Düsseldorf school, and history painters from Belgium. The bequest came with the stipulation that the paintings were to be publicly displayed in a "suitable location". Just one year later Stüler received the commission to draw up plans for the building. After ten years of construction the Nationalgalerie ceremoniously opened on 21 March 1876 for the birthday of Kaiser Wilhelm I, becoming the third museum on the island in the Spree. The building suffered direct hits on several occasions during the aerial bombardment of the Second World War, sustaining heavy damage particularly after 1944. The collection itself had gradually been evacuated with the war’s onset. Among other places, it was stored in Berlin’s anti-aircraft towers near the zoo and in Friedrichshain, as well as in the salt and potash repositories in Merkers and Grasleben. After the war’s end the building was quickly though provisionally restored; parts of it were re-opened in 1949. The second floor was made accessible to visitors one year later. During the division of Germany, the 19th-century paintings that had survived the war in Western zones of occupation were housed in the Neue Nationalgalerie, starting in 1968, and in Schloss Charlottenburg’s Gallery of Romanticism from 1986. After the fall of the Berlin wall, the growing collections were united in their original building, now called the Alte Nationalgalerie, on Berlin’s Museumsinsel. Accommodating the collection meant repairing the damage the war had wrought to the building as well as adding new rooms. The architectural firm HG Merz Berlin was entrusted with this work in 1992. In March of 1998 the Alte Nationalgalerie was closed for renovations. The museum was finally re-opened in December 2001, marking its 125th anniversary. U-Bahn U6 (Friedrichstraße) S-Bahn S1, S2, S25 (Friedrichstraße); S5, S7, S75 (Hackescher Markt) Tram M1, 12 (Am Kupfergraben); M4, M5, M6 (Hackescher Markt) Bus TXL (Staatsoper); 100, 200 (Lustgarten); 147 (Friedrichstraße) Low-carbon public transport connections Tue 10:00 - 18:00 o'clock Wed 10:00 - 18:00 o'clock Thu 10:00 - 20:00 o'clock Fri 10:00 - 18:00 o'clock Sat 10:00 - 18:00 o'clock Sun 10:00 - 18:00 o'clock Opening times on public holidays Plan your visit Last admission and ticket sales 30 minutes before closing time. Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 266424242 (Mon - Fri 9 am - 4 pm) Fax: +49 (0)30 / 266422290 Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 266424401 Fax: +49 (0)30 / 266424402 Director of the Nationalgalerie: Udo Kittelmann Head of the Alte Nationalgalerie: Dr. Philipp Demandt Buchhandlung Walther König Tel.: +49 (0)30 / 20621418

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Mantua is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name. In 2007, Mantua’s centro storico (old town) and Sabbioneta were declared by UNESCO to be a World Heritage Site. Mantua’s historic power and influence under the Gonzaga family has made it one of the main artistic, cultural, and especially musical hubs of Northern Italy and the country as a whole. Mantua is noted for its significant role in the history of opera; the city is also known for its architectural treasures and artifacts, elegant palaces, and the medieval and Renaissance cityscape. It is the place where the composer Monteverdi premiered his opera L’Orfeo and where Romeo was banished in Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet. It is the nearest town to the birthplace of the Roman poet Virgil, who was commemorated by a statue at the lakeside park “Piazza Virgilio”. Mantua is surrounded on three sides by artificial lakes, created during the 12th century, as the city’s defence system. These lakes receive the water of River Mincio, a tributary of the Po which descends from Lake Garda. The three lakes are called Lago Superiore, Lago di Mezzo, and Lago Inferiore (“Upper”, “Middle”, and “Lower” Lakes, respectively). A fourth lake, Lake Pajolo, which once completed a defensive water ring of the city, was dried up at the end of the 18th century. The area and its environs are important not only in naturalistic terms, but also anthropologically and historically; research has highlighted a number of human settlements scattered between Barche di Solferino and Bande di Cavriana, Castellaro and Isolone del Mincio. These dated, without interruption, from Neolithic times (5th–4th millennium BC) to the Bronze Age (2nd–1st millennium BC) and the Gallic phases (2nd–1st centuries BC), and ended with Roman residential settlements, which could be traced to the 3rd century AD.

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Coding and programming are no longer the sole realms of computer scientists and people with complicated university degrees behind them. A lot of people teach themselves how to code from the comfort of their living room by using interactive online courses and tutorials. While this type of learning is effective, it is important to identify the best way to learn coding before you start, otherwise, you won’t be getting the most out of your time. There are a lot of different ways to learn coding, depending on your end goals and the language you choose to learn. While some people still attend courses at their local university or another teaching institute, online courses are becoming a lot more popular. Many of these courses are interactive, which means that you can write your code while you are learning, fast-tracking your progress and increasing your chances of becoming a gun programmer. Some people still use textbooks as the basis for their learning, while others learn by watching video courses or using coding apps. This article will begin by identifying some common reasons why you should learn to code. It will explore coding for beginners while looking at a few contenders for the best way to learn coding. Finally, some of our top tips for learning coding will be presented to help you along on your coding journey. Enjoy! Table of Contents - 1 Why Should I Learn How To Code? - 2 What Is The Best Way To Learn Coding? - 3 7 Tips To Help You Learn Coding Faster - 4 Getting Started - 5 Conclusion Why Should I Learn How To Code? As noted above, learning to code is becoming a very popular pastime, especially among younger people. Programming and coding are everywhere in the modern world. Pretty much every electronic device or other object containing a computer system – including things like cars and machinery – has to be programmed before it can be used, resulting in huge demand for experienced programmers. However, a lot of people look at coding for beginners and ask themselves the question ‘Why should I learn how to code?’. The reality is, coding is the way of the future. If you can effectively learn coding, you will experience some of the following benefits: - Learning to code will make you much more employable. Even if coding and programming aren’t a requirement for your job, knowing them will make you a lot more valuable to your employer – see point 1 above. This can lead to increased job security, pay raises, and other benefits. - Coding could lead to a new career path. If you decide to learn how to code, you could find yourself working as a freelance or contract programmer in no time at all. This will allow you to spend more time doing the things you enjoy and less time working – something we all dream of! As you can see, there are many, many reasons why you should try and teach yourself how to code. Who knows – you might even find that it’s your real calling in life! Now that we’ve covered why you should learn coding, let’s move on to a debate about the best way to learn coding. What Is The Best Way To Learn Coding? Before we start here, it is important to note one key point which everyone should be aware of: There is no single ‘best way to learn coding’. That’s right, there isn’t anyone best way to learn coding. Since everyone is different and everyone learns differently, the best way to learn coding for one person will be completely different from the best way for another. With this in mind, we have explored some of the most common ways to learn coding for beginners. We have looked at modern ways to learn, along with more traditional computer science methods. An Online Course In the modern world, online courses are probably the most favored way to learn programming basics, especially if you are trying to teach yourself in your spare time. Online courses are flexible, they usually cover a decent amount of material, and they are usually designed for people with little to no experience with coding. Online courses come in a wide range of shapes and sizes. Some of the more popular types include: Video courses, which usually contain lecture series with worksheets or exercises that allow you to practice coding. Although simple, a lot of these courses run side by side with a code editor, allowing you to write your code as you watch the videos. This can provide huge learning benefits, as it ensures that you remember the maximum amount possible and that you get the most out of your course. You can try it yourself by enrolling in some coding video courses offered by BitDegree. By using BitDegree coupons you can even get these courses for free, so it’s worth it to check out. Learning paths is a learning method that is especially effective when there’s a lot of information to absorb. It focuses on dividing complex or/and vast topics into smaller chunks. It’s a perfect learning method for those who are determined about their careers and want all of the information in one place. Already have a career you want to pursue? Check the learning paths hand-picked and crafted by us. The roadmaps we created include courses from some of the best instructors in their area and are focused on practicality instead of theory. Interactive online courses, which are something of a new invention. Interactive courses will lead you through a predefined scenario, guiding you towards an end goal. They are fun, exciting, and especially effective for young learners who may have trouble concentrating on basic video or text tutorials. Text-based courses, which are usually cheap and effective. If you don’t have a lot of time or money to put towards your new coding endeavors, you should consider taking a simple text-based course. Many text-based programming courses run alongside a code editor, allowing you to write your code and see it in action as you learn. Many people will argue that the best way to learn coding is through structured online courses. While we won’t argue with that, we will point out that there are other ways to learn, including: By Watching Video Tutorials A lot of people prefer not to follow a structured approach to learning things like how to code and programming basics. Instead, they like to teach themselves by doing things like watching videos online, reading stand-alone articles, and doing a lot of independent research and learning. Popular video-sharing platforms like YouTube are great places to start if you would like to teach yourself how to code by watching video tutorials. Simply decide which language you want to learn and type it into the search bar. Filter through the results until you find a couple of decent channels that offer engaging, high-quality content, and bookmark them for future reference. There are two main benefits to taking this approach. First, learning like this allows you to learn as fast or slow as you want. If you are having trouble getting your mind around a concept, you can simply spend more time on it. Likewise, if you are finding things easy, you can skip ahead rapidly, learning how to code in the shortest amount of time possible. The second benefit to learning like this is the cost. While a lot of online courses and tutorials will cost you money, learning by watching videos will not! This is good for people who don’t have a lot of money to spend, who want to learn coding in their spare time, or who plan on learning for fun as much as anything. Using Textbooks And Practicing Although this probably isn’t the best way to learn coding, since it is a discipline that will inevitably involve computers and other technologies, a lot of people choose to start their coding journey with textbooks and other offline resources. Textbooks and other offline resources can offer a lot of good information which is easy to access and simple to understand. However, we believe that they should be used in conjunction with decent online courses – such as those offered on the BitDegree platform. Using Gamified Apps There is an increasing focus on teaching children how to code from a very young age. This has lead to the development of a large number of apps that are designed to teach coding in a fun, engaging manner. Although a lot of adults may find coding games simple and boring, this is arguably the best way to learn coding for children. While we probably wouldn’t recommend using coding apps exclusively, they can offer a great way to practice writing code. In an ideal world, you should use them alongside other resources like online courses. When used right, coding apps can help fast track your progress, allowing you to enter the coding world and start developing your meaningful programs in next to no time. 7 Tips To Help You Learn Coding Faster Now that we have covered some of the best ways to learn coding, it’s time to look at the learning process itself. A lot of people start teaching themselves how to code but give up quickly due to a lack of drive, direction, or motivation. When it comes to something like learning programming, you should be writing your code within a few weeks if you commit a decent amount of time to it. Unfortunately, a lot of people get lost, meaning that their progress slows and that it takes a lot of time and effort for them to move forward. this in mind, we have put together a shortlist of a few of our top tips to help you learn to programme faster: - Don’t Neglect Books Sure, books and other offline resources may seem a little obsolete in the modern world of computer programming – after all, programming is something that is done with computers, on computers, and for computers. However, it is important to realize that books are still a very good resource, especially while you are still getting your head around your code and the best way to write it. Once you have chosen a language or two, buy yourself a couple of reference books for those languages. Choose ones which have a full list of the syntax and functions of the language, as well as explanations of the most common functions. Having this to refer to while learning and practicing will help you learn faster and more efficiently. Teach Someone Else While this may seem like a strange thing to do while you’re learning yourself, teaching and mentoring someone else can help you retain information better and learn faster. Spend a few weeks or months learning the basics of your chosen language, and then start searching for someone to mentor. Websites like Hack.pledge are designed for exactly this, and you will be able to find someone who you can help here. When you are just starting, you might even choose to find a mentor here to help you get past difficult concepts or things that you’re having trouble with. Remember when you were in school, and you used to play maths, spelling, and typing games? Although you probably didn’t realize it, these games would have been carefully designed to complement your learning and to help you overcome difficult concepts. In the same way, playing coding games can help you learn faster. When used right, they will help you revise difficult concepts that you might have learned in the past, reinforcing them so that they stay in your brain. Although they are probably aimed more at children and younger learners, people of all ages will benefit from playing coding games. Explore Someone Else’s Code Since a lot of coding and programming is open source, it’s very easy to find a piece of code somewhere to explore yourself. Try and find something which isn’t too complex if you’re a beginner, and then look at it closely, noting the following: - Consider the function of each line of code. Are the most efficient methods being used, or are there better ways to do some things? - Think about ways you could change to the code to add more functionality or to make it do different things. - Are there any mistakes in the code? If so, where? You should be able to find good source code snippets on a website like GitHub, but remember to re-share your code if you manage to make improvements to it! Take A Free Course Free online courses are a great way to get started when it comes to learning the basics of coding. Some people would even argue that free online courses are the best way to learn to code, especially for beginners. Unfortunately, most free courses – including those offered by BitDegree – are not comprehensive enough to teach you everything that you need to know. Sure, they are a good starting point, but you will need to take the initiative and move onto a better course once you have completed your free learning. For example, you might decide that you want to learn HTML, CSS, and other front-end programming techniques. You could start with BitDegree’s free Interactive HTML, CSS & Web Development course. However, you will complete this in a couple of hours if you put your mind to it, after which you will need to move onto something like the Comprehensive HTML5 Tutorial. Identify Why You Want To Code Now, arguably the most important thing to do before you start your coding journey is to identify your reasons for learning how to code. Different people want to learn programming for different reasons, and the courses you take and the direction you go in will depend on your reasons for learning. Consider the following: - What do you hope to get out of programming? - Do you want to become a career programmer, or is it simply a hobby for you? - Are you interested in building games, websites, apps, or something else? There are plenty of different types of coders and programmers out there, each of which needs a different skill set. If you want to do a certain job with your coding knowledge, make sure that you learn the right languages. Focus On One Language & Be Patient! The exception to this rule would be when you are planning on becoming a front-end web developer. In this case, you would start by learning both HTML and CSS together. Neither of these languages is very useful on their own, so in most cases, you will be using them both at the same time anyway. So you’ve done a bit of research, have been thinking about it for a while, and have decided that you want to become a coder. But now what? How do you go about getting started on your journey? Well, the first thing to do is to identify the best way to learn coding for you. For most people, the best way to start learning will be using an interactive coding course like those offered by BitDegree. The following steps should guide you as you look for coding courses, decide on a language, and think about the best resources to use. - Start by choosing a language. Think about what you hope to get out of your coding course, what kind of work you hope to do with your new programming knowledge in the future, and how much time you have to commit to coding. Most people choose simple languages like Python, Java, or HTML/CSS when they are starting, but this is by no means a must. - Find a course. Once you have chosen your language, it’s time to think about what course you’re going to take. There are plenty of options out there for real beginners, especially if you’re happy to pay for them. For example, if you choose to learn Python on the BitDegree platform, you will have a choice of four different courses – a Python Tutorial, a Python Basics course, a Python Imaging course, and Learn to Make Python Data Structures. - Start learning! Now, all that you have to do is start learning your new language. Make sure that you practice regularly, try writing your programs once you have developed a little knowledge, and take notes about difficult concepts. The best way to learn coding is something that programmers, developers, and computer scientists throughout the world have been arguing about for the last decade or so. While there is no clear ‘best way to learn coding’ that applies to everyone, interactive online courses are becoming increasingly popular. They allow people to learn from home in their spare time, they offer increasingly efficient learning pathways, and they are fun at the same time! If you are thinking about learning how to program, you will need to start by choosing a language to learn. Base your choice on the type of programming work you hope to do in the future, and take a look at the wide range of courses offered on the BitDegree platform. Remember, progress does take time, so don’t expect to become a master programmer overnight. Stick to it and practice regularly, and you will improve rapidly. Good luck, and most importantly, remember to have fun on your journey towards becoming the world’s next super hacker!

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any of several finches of the genus Leucosticte, of Asia and western North America, having dark brown plumage with a pinkish wash on the wings and rump. What does 🤶- Mrs. Claus Emoji mean?Read more in this article about some frequently asked questions and fun facts related to our definitions. Origin of rosy finch First recorded in 1795–1805 Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2019 British Dictionary definitions for rosy finch any of several finches of the genus Leucosticte, occurring in mountainous regions of North America and Asia. They have brown or grey plumage with pink patches on the wings, rump, and tail Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012

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Breast feeding after the first year is called extended breast feeding. Benefits of Breastfeeding After the First Year - Breast milk composition changes to suit your child’s needs. - Breast milk continue to protect your child from infection as it is still rich in antibodies. - Breast fed children tend to have shorter illnesses. - Breastfeeding protects child from many illnesses later in life. - Extended breastfeeding protects your child from developing allergy. - Extended breastfeeding contributes to increased mental and intellectual development. - Creates a strong bond with baby - Protection against breast and ovarian cancer - Protection against cardiovascular diseases - Protection against diabetes - Protection against osteoporosis - Protection against rheumatoid arthritis - Contraception (but to a lesser extent than before) - Aids in weight loss Changes You Will Notice When Breastfeeding At This Age: - Shorter breastfeeding session (around 2 minutes only). Your child is breastfeeding more efficiently. - Your child is easily distracted at this age. - Less nursing sessions during day and night (usually twice a day). - Your child might want to nurse for comfort It is when an infant or toddler stops breastfeeding and becomes fully dependent external sources (other than breast milk) when it comes to nutrition. When Should I Wean My Baby It is recommended to let your baby start the weaning process or when your milk supply comes to an end. Consult your doctor if you decide to wean your child.

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The greatest and most famous Croatian philosopher and scientist Rudjer Boskovic (Boscovich, 1711-1787), was born in Dubrovnik, where he was educated in the Jesuit Collegium. He was a member of the Royal Society of London, a member of St.Petersbug Academy, "membre correspondant" of the French Academie Royale des Sciences, a member of the Accademia dell'Arcadia, a professor at many European universities. Very delicate work on repairing the cupola of St. Peter's church in the Vatican (diameter: 42m) was entrusted to R. Boskovic, a proof that he was a leading European authority for static computations and civil engineering of that time. Upon the request of Austrian Empress Maria Theresia, Boskovic was solving the problem of stability of Royal Library (now National Library) in Vienna. Portrait of Boskovic by the English painter Edge Pine (London, 1760). He was also the founder of the astronomical observatory in Brera near Milan. In 1773 a charter granted by Louis XV made him a French subject. Soon he was appointed by Louis XV to a very prestigious position and became the Director of Naval Optics of the French Navy in Paris (Optique Militaire de la Marine Royale de France). He left to his adoptive country an achromatic telescope and micrometer. Boskovic spent nine years in France, and became a good friend to many outstanding scientist, like the mathematician Clairaut, Lalande, Buffon. When D'Alembert took him for Italian, he hastened to correct him. Boskovic stayed 7 months in England and met many famous scientists there: James Bradley (famous astronomer), George Parker (president of the Royal Academy), Samuel Johnson (Lexicographer), Edmund Burke (philosopher and political writer), Joshua Reynolds (the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts), and others. It is interesting that in England he designed a telescope filled with water in all its components, which was implemented at the Greenwich observatory in 1871, that is, 84 years after his death. He also met Benjmanin Franklin, who showed him some of his electrical experiments, see an article by Branko Franolic. A detail from the Jesuit Collegium where R. Boskovic was educated, 17th century, representing coat of arms of the Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, Boskovic was also a brilliant Croatian Latinist poet. He wrote an extensive scientific epic De solis et lunae defectibus (On Solar and Lunar Eclipse) published in London in 1760. It contains 5570 Latin verses, and was dedicated to the Royal Society of England whose member he was. In the title one can read "Father r. Boskovic, of the Jesuit Order", although at that time it was forbidden for Jesuits to live and work in England. The epic was written in the manner of Roman classics, in dactilus hexameter. For more information see Latin as literary language among the Croats When Charles Burney, a well known English musicologist, met Boskovic in Milan, he wrote: ...if all Jesuits were like this father, who uses the higher science and the work of mind to advance science for the happiness of mankind, then it were to be wished that this society were as durable as is this world. Boskovic was buried in the church of S. Maria Podone in Milano. French astronomer Joseph-Jerome de Lalande wrote the following lines in his book Voyage en Italie: Le plus grand mathématicen que l'aie connu à Rome est M. Boscovich, alors jésuite: il est né à Raguse en 1711, mais il vint à Rome étant encore fort jeune, et après avoir longtemps professé les mathématiques au collège romain il fut fait professeur à Milan et ensuite à Pavie; mais l'on voyait avec peine des talents supérieurs comme les siens, concentrés dans cette derniére ville; non seulement il n'y a personne en Italie dont les ouvrages soient aussi célàbres dans toute l'Europe que les siens, mais je ne connais pas de géomètre plus spirituel et plus profond que lui. Sa mesure de la terre, son beau traité sur la loi de la pesanteur, ses découvertes sur la lumière et sur diverses parties de la physisque, de l'astronomie, de la géométrie, son poème sur les éclipses, imprimé à Londres, à Venise et à Paris, peuvent doner une idée du nombre et de l'étendue de ses talents; mais il faut l'avoir connu particulérement, pour savoir combien il a de génie, combien son caractère est aimable, sa conversation intéressante, et ses idées sublimes dans tout les genres. En 1773, il a été appelé en France et naturalisé Français. Il est actuellement à Bassano, occupé à faire imprimer ses nouveaux ouvrages, en cinq volumes. William Thompson-Kelvin, the English physicist (19/20 centuries), once expressed his opinion that his atomic theory is a pure "Boskovicianism." Still earlier, Sir Humphry Davy, professor of physics and chemistry at the Royal Institution in London from 1802 till 1827, mentioned the name of Boskovic on several occasions in his Diary (Commonplace Book), accepting his atomistic theory. The diary is kept in the archives of the Royal Institution in London. Also a famous Irish mathematician and physicist R.W. Hamilton wrote extensively about Boskovic's theory of forces. With his theory of forces R. Boskovic was a forerunner of modern physics for almost two centuries. It was described in his most important book Theoria Philosophiae naturalis (Vienna 1758, Venice 1763, London 1922, American edition in 1966). Werner Heisenberg (Nobel prize for physics in 1932) wrote the following: Among scientists from the 18th century Boskovic occupies outstanding place as a theologian, philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer. His "Theoria philosophiae naturalis" announced hypotheses which were confirmed only in the course of last fifty years. Indeed, see his graph of regions of attractive and repelling forces between material points (elementary particles), the closest region being repelling, tending to infinity (nuclear force!; see here; published in his Dissertationes de lumine pars secunda, 1748), and the farthest region is repelling, corresponding to gravitational force: This graph was since 1763 called the Boskovic curve (curva Boscovichiana). Robert Marsh, the author of Physics and Poets, credits Boskovic with the idea of FIELD. Faraday and others took the idea from him, see here. He was the first to apply probability to the theory of errors. Laplace and Gauss acknowledged their indebtedness to his work which led to the Legendre principle of least squares in statistics (stating that the best fitting line is the one with the smallest sum of squared residuals). He was also very active in astronomy and diplomacy. A great many letters sent to his sister and two brothers written in Croatian witness that he did not neglect his mother tongue. So in one of his letters he wrote that in one of European cities he saw soldiers - "our Croats" (nase Hrvate). He also wrote poetry. Most of his manuscripts are kept in the special Boskovic Archives in the Rare Books library in Berkeley, University of California, USA: - altogether 180 items and including 66 scientific treatises, plus - rich correspondence comprising over 2,000 letters, among others with Euler, D'Alambert, Lagrange, Laplace, Jacobi and Bernoulli; he had intense correspondence with his friend Voltaire. A portrait of Boskovic, published in Milano in 1818 in a collection of famous people living between 18th century the beginning of the 19th. (many thanks to Dr Luca Leoni, Italy, for the photo) Some of his books, articles and letters, together with other documents, are kept in the famous Franciscan monastery (Samostan Male Brace) in Dubrovnik. Its library possesses 30,000 volumes, 22 incunabula, 1,500 valuable handwritten documents. It was severely damaged in the aggression in 1991/92 (shelled by the Serbian Army - 37 direct hits). The names of Rudjer Boskovic and Marin Getaldic (Ghetaldus) appear on an extensive list of the Chronology of Mathematics, where you can find additional biographical sources related to Boskovic held in the USA and UK. One of the greatest English 20th century novelists Aldous Huxley, in Antic Hay (1923) mentions Boskovic, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Händel. Rudjer Boskovic, Gelehrter und Diplomat, by Kresimir Veselic, Hagen, Germany Rudjer Boskovic, numerous links Cornelia Wright (1757-1837), an English writer, in her "Autobiography'' left us important information about Raymund Kunic (Croatian latinist and grecist), whom she met in Rome. She also met Rugjer Boskovic in Paris, whom she admired as a "mathematician and astronomer and as a good Latin poet who like many of his countrymen had the gift of composing Latin verse with facility''. It is very likely due to her acquaintance with Kunic that the first translation of a Croatian poem into English arose (a poem by Ignjat Gjurgjevic, translated into English from its Latin translation). Source www.croatianhistory.net

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A limited number of state and federal programs offer grants to purchase farm land. The majority of grant programs for land purchases only provide funding to government agencies and private entities, such as colleges or universities. However, certain grant programs allow grantees to make subgrants to ranchers and farmers. To purchase new farms, or expand existing land holdings, farmers might also receive funding through loan programs offered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. National Institute of Food and Agriculture The USDA's National Institute of Food and Agriculture sponsors multiple grant programs to fund initiatives related to food security, pest management, biotechnology and nutrition. The NIFA's Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program helps support beginning ranchers and farmers through a competitive grant program. The program extends eligibility to postsecondary educational institutions, state and local governments and Indian tribes. Grantees can use funds to help beginning ranchers and farmers purchase land, plan farms or meet environmental compliance. As of 2011, the NIFA has a budget of $19 million and does not provide information about the range of award amounts. Natural Resources Conservation Service The Natural Resources Conservation Service, an agency of the USDA, administers the Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program, which offers grants to help purchase the development rights of ranch and farm properties to ensure they continued to be used for agricultural purposes. The USDA makes FRPP funds available to states, local governments, Indian tribes and non-governmental organizations to help purchase easements. Land eligible for FRPP funding includes privately owned farmland that has sufficient support services to sustain agricultural production. Land must also be situated near markets to sell products produced. Grantees can use FRPP funding to pay for up to half of the fair market values of conservation easements and must provide matching money to pay the remainder of purchase costs. Farm Service Agency The USDA's Farm Service Agency offers direct and guaranteed loans for family owned ranches and farms. The FSA Farm Ownership Loan program makes direct loans up to $300,000 and guarantees loans up to $1,119,000, with loan terms up to 40 years. Ranchers and farmers can obtain Farm Ownership Loans to buy a farm, construct farm buildings, enlarge a farm or pay for water protection or conservation projects. The FSA also helps beginning and minority farmers make down payments to purchase farms. The down payment loan program requires participants to pay a minimum of 5 percent of the property purchase price from their own funds and offers repayment terms of 20 years. Certain states offer grants to purchase farm property, typically to protect farmlands from development. For instance, the New York Department of Agriculture and Markets sponsors the Purchase of Development Rights Grants program. The program extends funding eligibility to local and county governments to help pay for development rights on farmland. According to the State of New York, the program has helped to protect more than 35,000 acres of farmland since it was created in 1996. Grantees can use Purchase of Development Rights funding to pay up to 75 percent of costs related to farmland development rights purchases. - National Institute of Food and Agriculture: Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program - CFDA: Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program - USDA: Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program - Natural Resources Conservation Service: Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program - Farm Service Agency: Farm Loans - New York Department of Agriculture and Markets: Farmland Protection Program - Photos.com/Photos.com/Getty Images

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According to reporting from Reuters, OpenAI’s ChatGPT is now the fastest-growing app in human history, reaching an estimated 100 million monthly users in just two months since its November release. Analysts believe that the viral launch of ChatGPT will give OpenAI a first-mover advantage against other AI companies. The growing usage has also provided valuable feedback to help train and improve the chatbot’s responses. However, there are growing concerns among AI researchers that the current hype overstates its capability. At the same time, there is also agreement that ChatGPT can be quite useful if its output is reviewed or edited. 1. From Therapy Bots to College Essays ChatGPT is based on a Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) language model that uses deep learning to generate human-like text. These models are called ‘generative’ because they generate new text based on their input. Transformer-based generative AI is also considered a stepping-stone to new applications way beyond typical natural language processing tasks such as translation, text summarization and text generation. The types of usage currently discussed include new architectures of search engines, explaining complex algorithms, creating personalized therapy bots, helping to build apps from scratch, explaining scientific concepts or writing college essays, to name just a few. A Human’s Guide to Machine IntelligenceViking Realizing the concept of a new method in human-machine-based cooperation, some researchers claim that generative AI will also support the creative process of artists and designers. Existing tasks will be augmented by generative AI systems, speeding up the ideation and creation phase. Beyond this new functionality, generative AI models can also support transformative capabilities required for solving complex problems in computer engineering. Microsoft-owned GitHub suggests code and assists developers in autocompleting their programming tasks. The system has been quoted as autocompleting up to 40% of developers’ code, thereby improving the workflow and reducing the associated cost of coding. 2. The battle of two Tech-Giants ChatGPT is a potential threat to Google’s search-engine business as it impacts its primary revenue stream. According to the Analytics company StatCounter, Google’s current worldwide market share of search is 92.5% compared to Microsoft Bing’s 3%. The New York Times reported that ChatGPT’s release prompted a ‘code red’ from Google’s management because of its potential to upend the decades-old, ad-sponsored search engine business. As result, a flood of new transformer-enabled tools is anticipated. What ChatGPT Reveals About the Urgent Need for Responsible AIThe Boston Consulting Group For example, Google is expected to announce a new text-to-image tool called ‘Muse.’ “We consider Muse’s decoding process analogous to the process of painting – the artist starts with a sketch of the key region, then progressively fills the color, and refines the results by tweaking the details,” a research scientist at Google said. Muse will compete heads-on against OpenAI’s highly successful DALL·E 12-billion parameter version of GPT-3, trained to generate images from text. In addition, Google is working on a ChatGPT competitor called ‘Bard,’ to be released soon, according to a blog post published by CEO Sundar Pichai. In late January 2023, Microsoft announced a new multiyear, multibillion-dollar investment in OpenAI. The acquisition is the third phase of the partnership, following Microsoft’s previous investments in 2019 and 2021. Microsoft declined to provide a specific dollar amount, but the Analytics company Semafor reported earlier this month that Microsoft was in talks to invest as much as $10 billion. In a press release, Microsoft said the renewed partnership will accelerate breakthroughs in AI and help both companies commercialize advanced technologies. Moreover, OpenAI announced a $20 monthly service subscription, initially for users in the United States only. A spokesman said this should provide a faster and more stable service and the opportunity to try new features first. At the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos, Microsoft’s CEO Satya Nadella made the point that a new generation of AI platforms with enormous business potential is emerging, providing services for search engines, social networks, and digital clouds. The wealth generated by businesses that know how to make the most of these technologies will have a cascading effect. Enforcing this statement, Nicole Sahin, CEO of a global recruitment company, made the point that instead of employing five software engineers to write code, soon it might only take one sound engineer to review what an AI tool suggests. Other consequences are likely, yet the effects are still unpredictable. Transformer technology is accelerating exponentially while competition among tech giants is intensifying with no end in sight. 4. Is ChatGPT Overhyped? In a recent article on ZDNET, Yann LeCun, Meta’s chief AI scientist, stated that half a dozen startups have very similar technologies. GPT-3 is composed of multiple pieces of technology developed over many years by many parties. ChatGPT uses transformer-architectures that are pre-trained in a self-supervised manner. But self-supervised learning is something I have been advocating for a long time, even before OpenAI existed.Yann Le Cun LeCun also remarked that transformers are a Google invention, referring to the language neural net model unveiled by Google in 2017. The model has become the basis for many language programs, including GPT-3, and the work on these programs goes back decades. The first neural net language model – at that time, it was large, but by today’s standards, it is tiny – was developed by Yoshua Bengio, head of Canada’s MILA institute for AI, about 20 years ago. Bengio’s work on the concept of ‘attention’ was later picked up by Google and became a pivotal element in all language models. According to LeCun, ChatGPT makes extensive use of a technique called ‘reinforcement learning through human feedback,’ where humans rank the output of the machine, thereby improving it, much like Google’s Page Rank for the web. “That approach was pioneered not at OpenAI but at Google’s DeepMind unit,” he said. In LeCun’s view, ChatGPT is less a case of scientific breakthroughs than an example of decent engineering. “It is well put together, but it is not revolutionary, although that is the way it is perceived in the public,” LeCun said. He is not the only one to point out that the current hype is due in no small part to the fact that the general public – and many companies as well – had previously viewed AI as purely a future scenario and did not believe they would be able to use the technology themselves this month or next. OpenAI has attracted enormous attention with a well-controlled marketing campaign by simply “catching end-users off guard.” Next to LeCun’s view, one should keep in mind that ‘Knowledge’ and ‘Meaning’ are two different concepts and are part of a hierarchy that starts with data from which information is extracted, thereby creating knowledge and wisdom at the highest level of the order. Transformer-based tools like ChatGPT still have a long way to go, and it is questionable that they ever achieve real understanding – or: wisdom, the highest form of human intelligence. 5. Problems Ahead ChatGPT’s ability to imitate how real people talk and write has sparked concern about its potential to replace professional writers or do students’ homework. Moreover, as generative AI has sparked a new wave of artificial creativity, there are rising concerns about its impact on society. Well-known artist Carson Grubaugh shares this concern and predicts that large parts of the creative workforce, including commercial artists working in entertainment, video games, advertising, and publishing, could lose their jobs because of generative AI. Artificial Intelligence RiskKnowledge@Wharton Besides profound effects on tasks and jobs, generative AI models have raised the alarm in the AI governance community. One of the problems with large language models is their ability to generate false and misleading content. Researchers from Meta trained a generative transformer with 48 million articles to summarize academic papers, solve math problems, and write scientific code. The system was taken down after less than three days of being online. The users realized that the system was producing incorrect results, misconstruing scientific facts and knowledge. More alarming are systems with advanced capabilities to render obsolete The Turing Test, which tests a machine’s ability to exhibit intelligent behavior similar to or indistinguishable from a human. This test was once considered the ‘holy grail’ of behavioral research when the internet did not exist. Today’s capabilities of ChatGPT can be misused to generate fake news and disinformation across internet-connected global platforms and ecosystems. Biased AI Is Another Sign We Need to Solve the Cybersecurity Diversity ProblemSecurity Intelligence Because large language models need to be trained on massive datasets represented by books, articles and websites, these sources of knowledge may be biased – and since at least the current version of ChatGPT does not automatically provide the references (or proofs) for its generated information, whereupon it could be easily checked in a structured way, this only makes things more problematic. Despite substantial reductions in harmful and untruthful outputs with human analysis and feedback support, OpenAI acknowledges that their models can still generate toxic, outdated, biased and factually incorrect results. While generative AI is a game-changer in numerous areas and tasks, there is a solid need to govern the diffusion of these models and their impact on society and the economy. The discussion between centralized and controlled adoption with firm ethical boundaries, on one hand, versus faster innovation and decentralized distribution, on the other, will be necessary for developing a generative AI community in the coming years. Is AI Good for the Planet?Polity Press The issues to be solved include disruption of labor markets, legitimacy of scraped data, licensing, copyright, and potential for biased or otherwise harmful content, and misinformation, to name just a few. A thoughtful and beneficial expansion of generative AI technologies can be achieved only when solid checks and balances are in place. Therefore, the current ChatGPT-hype will likely cool down as unfavorable media coverage erodes the trust needed to advance the technology. Only sustainable user acceptance will prove that humanity has reached a revolutionary level of a new industrial age.

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Friday, August 5, 2011 Chapter 1: Mother Teresa (Introduction) Mother Teresa said in 1981, “I think it is very beautiful for the poor to accept their lot, to share it with the passion of Christ. I think the world is being much helped by the suffering of the poor people.” This quote was printed in The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, a 1995 book by English author, public intellectual, and prominent atheist Christopher Hitchens. In The Missionary Position, Hitchens portrays Mother Teresa’s organization – the Missionaries of Charity – as a cult which has promoted the suffering of the poor in order to further its own financial ends. Being that most of the money donated to Mother Teresa actually ended up in the hands of the Vatican, and that Mother Teresa accepted money from Eastern European dictators, the facts at hand – in addition to the quote which I just read – (aside from causing us to question Mother Teresa’s motives) lay bare two important questions: “How – if at all – does the suffering of the poor help the world?” and “Is it beneficial for mankind to teach the world’s poor to bear, endure, and tolerate their own suffering?” These are the questions which I intend to answer in this piece. Chapter 2: World Hunger Let us begin by engaging in a thought experiment; one which is universally understandable, identifiable, and relatable. It is a problem which is both pressing and immediate, and a problem which pertains directly to the topic at hand, the suffering of the poor. That problem is world hunger. Nearly a billion people on Earth are close to starvation – more precisely, about nine hundred twenty-five million – while the other six billion people on the planet eat more or less adequately. So how do we solve this problem? I’ll provide three choices. The first choice is to allow those nine hundred twenty-five million to starve to death, so that the other six billion of us may eat even more adequately, and so that the risk of starvation among the well-fed six billion may become even more remote. The second choice is to somehow resolve to cut the food consumption levels of the six billion who eat adequately by 13.4 percent, and distribute the unused and left-over food so that the whole world population may eat adequately, saving nearly a billion lives. The third and final choice is to cut the food consumption levels of the six billion who eat adequately by 6.7 percent in order to save the lives of some four hundred sixty million starving people, although still allowing another four hundred sixty million to die of starvation. I would imagine that there are very few people who do not find it unconscionable to simply throw up our hands, give up on the poor of the world, continue to do nothing, and to allow all the starving people to die so that the rest of us may live, the prospect of starvation thereby becoming all the more unlikely and remote for the relatively rich and prosperous. So which of the other two choices seems more compassionate; more reasonable? Do we cut the consumption of the relatively prosperous by 13.4 percent to save everyone on the planet, or do we cut their consumption by 6.7 percent and allow nearly half a billion people to starve to death? At this point, I imagine that you’re probably thinking: “Certainly you wouldn’t purport that the solution to all of the human suffering on the planet can be found through a cold, amoral, mathematical calculation. Certainly you wouldn’t allow for the possibility that half a billion men die unnecessarily simply to minimize the sacrifice of those who are the best-off. Certainly you aren’t proposing that human lives are worth nothing but the amount of resources which human beings consume.” Chapter 3: Nozick’s “Utility Monster” From the standpoint of classicist utilitarian population-economics – the likes of Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham, et cetera – it is to be understood – for the purpose of making socioeconomic calculations – a simple mathematical principle: it is impossible to maximize for two variables at once. While it is only natural and rational to desire for humanity “the greatest good for the greatest number”, this is simply not possible due to the mathematical principle which I have just explained. That is to say, something must be sacrificed; either some good, some number, or both. Philosopher Robert Nozick criticized utilitarianism with a thought experiment called “The Utility Monster”. A Utility Monster is a person whom is not subject to the Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns, meaning that the amount of utility (or usefulness, happiness, or good) which such a person acquires through the consumption of resources either stays constant or increases as compared to previous acquisitions of utility. Nozick posits that if there exist such people, then it is most efficient and most just to sacrifice the needs of all others to them, because such people would be able to extract more happiness from the resources given to them, meaning a net increase and a net production of good in the world. Assume for a moment that the amount of utility acquired through consumption never increases or decreases, but that it instead stays constant. If we were to attempt to implement a system which brings about the greatest good for the greatest number in such a situation; then it would be just as moral to defend an outcome in which tens of billions of people lived on the planet at the bare minimum level of subsistence; as it would be to defend an outcome in which only one person were left alive, controlling all of the wealth and resources existing on the planet; as it would be to defend any other outcome in between. But does the amount of utility which is acquired through the consumption of resources stay constant? Does it increase? Decrease? Could it be that the amount of utility which is acquired through the consumption of resources varies depending on the person, the time, and the structures of the social systems and economic systems of production? Chapter 4: Rights Under Scarcity In any situation in which there is scarcity – be it artificial (as in hoarding) or natural – either some quantity of good or utility must be sacrificed, some quantity of the population must be sacrificed, or some quantity of both must be sacrificed. Once we accept this principle, the question no longer remains which percentage cut in consumption is more compassionate or reasonable, but which percentage cut is more realistic and likely; more realistic and likely both to be acceptable and to come about. Assume for a moment that you have an answer to the question which I posed earlier. Assume that you are perfectly well-prepared to answer and defend whether either a 13.4 percent cut should be made in the consumption of the relatively well-off in order to end starvation; or a 6.7 percent cut should be made, causing only nearly half a billion to die instead of nearly a billion. Putting aside – for a moment – the questions of “Which proposal is more compassionate?” and “Which proposal is more likely to actually go into effect?”, once you can explain why one of these alternatives should be chosen, then how, precisely, do you plan to implement such a proposal? How realistic is the alternative which you have chosen? How much control must be exercised on the populace in order to realize this proposal? How many would agree that food, water, and clean air are basic human rights?... How many believe that shelter is a basic human right?... Medicine, medical treatment, health care?... Suppose that thirty people live together, each of them claiming the right to eat three meals a day. That’s a total of ninety meals a day for the household. Now say that the household’s income is only sufficient to support the procurement and preparation of seventy-eight meals a day. That works out to an average of 2.6 meals per person per day. How may this problem best be remedied? Do we draw lots in order to choose which twelve members of the household only get to eat two meals on any given day? Do we get everyone in the household to reduce their consumption by an equal amount? How would we accomplish that; do we monitor everyone’s food intake? Do we recommend that twelve people voluntarily give up a meal each day? What do we do if an insufficient number of people voluntarily give up a meal; do we put into place a back-up plan which allows us to compel people to give up meals if such a situation occurs? Could such a system still be rightfully called a voluntary system? Put even these questions aside. Never mind how to implement systems, and the moral questions concerning free will; these are red herrings. There remains an important question which we’re avoiding; namely, “What happened to our rights?... If we agree that everyone is entitled to three meals a day, and not everyone gets to eat three meals a day, where did our so-called rights go?” Chapter 5: Quantity, Quality, and Standards The simple answer is that the mere fact that we agree on something does not always make it so. That is to say; believing that we have the right to something does not automatically guarantee us that thing. The complicated answer is that belief in equal rights and equal entitlement under conditions of scarcity inevitably leads to the rationing of resources. That is to say; our rights are very often conditional because they always depend on the realities of the external environment. This is why there may be politicians who desire to implement laws which guarantee free health care as a right rather than as a privilege, while the effect is the rationing of medical care. This is why we may experience long waiting periods for medical treatment as distributed by national public health systems. This is why societies may claim the right to be inoculated against diseases, while the effect is a population some of whom have not been vaccinated. Medical treatment, shelter, food, clean air and water, et cetera, it’s all the same: deciding en masse that everybody has the right to some thing does not necessarily make that thing available in sufficient amounts to bring about the distribution of resources which is desired and which is necessary to sustain a population. Making something free does not necessarily make it available. And that’s not even taking into account the relationship between quantity and quality under scarcity. Using the provision of health care services as an example; under scarcity, an attempt to equitably distribute the services which are available inevitably causes any number of combinations of the following problems as experienced by the individual: a decrease in the frequency of treatment, a decrease in the effectiveness and / or quality of treatment and technology, and a decrease in the quantity of treatment and technology, And that’s not even taking into account the relationship between quantity, quality, and standards thereof under scarcity. Under scarcity, higher standards in medical technology, safety, and treatment means fewer people who are sufficiently healthy and cared-for. Higher standards in architectural technology and safety means fewer people who are sufficiently sheltered. Higher standards in clean food, water, and air means fewer people who are eating, drinking, and breathing in a way that is safe, healthy, and sufficient. And so, rationing may not solely occur as a decrease in the quantity of available resources, but it may also occur as a decline in the quality – and / or the standards of quantity and / or quality – of available resources. The result of this is that – being that quantity, quality, and standards thereof are interdependent (as in the original thought experiment about world hunger) – in situations in which nobody starves, we may witness such a decline in quality taking place as the quality of life and as the degrees of satisfaction and fulfillment decline among those who see their consumption cut. In summary, where standards of quality are imposed, quantity decreases; where standards of quantity are imposed, quality decreases. Chapter 6: Economic Tactics Let’s return to that second thought experiment; the one about the household. You have seventy-eight meals to feed thirty people per day. Undoubtedly, there are many ways this problem may be solved, given a household of such a low population. But suppose for a moment that seven of these thirty people are obese. Suppose that fourteen of these thirty people have friends who own and maintain considerable stockpiles of weapons. Suppose that – rather than thirty people – your household contains nearly seven billion people. What then? You could pass laws that penalize hoarding; i.e., the creation of artificial scarcity. You could even decide to push aside the legal and other traditional institutional methods of problem-solving, and simply steal this wealth back (if such action could even rightfully be called stealing). But how do you ensure that these resources end up in the hands of the people who need them the most, rather than concentrated in the hands of those who expropriated them from the hoarders on behalf of others? Do you only then resolve to institute legalistic methods of monitoring distribution? How do you ascertain whom is doing the hoarding? Who do you punish? Wealthy benefactors of familial inheritances whose earnings are derived through no actual labor of their own? Whichever producers you think have thus far been among the least effective in bringing about a timely, efficient, and equitable production and distribution of resources? Farmers, doctors, mortgage lenders; the owners of the hospitals, the agribusinesses, the pharmaceutical plants and research facilities, and the construction companies? Do you simply declare them to be the hoarders, due to the fact that they have thus far failed to hand over the resources and the management of the means of production to the masses and to the workers in a satisfactorily timely, efficient, and equitable fashion? And who will manage production, the workers? How can you be certain that the workers will adequately manage production? How can you be certain that management by workers will not lead to the subjugation of an exploited class of better-qualified former managers, their important advice on responsible management beaten, tortured, and deprived out of them on a routine, systematic basis? Chapter 7: The United States as an Example With the United States’ debt-to-G.D.P. ratio currently hovering around one hundred percent (about fifteen trillion dollars), with a Major Fiscal Exposure of an additional sixty trillion dollars, with more than forty-three cents out of every dollar in the federal budget being borrowed, and with the deficit currently increasing at a rate of approximately twelve percent per year, the country is clearly on a path to fiscal ruin. Being that the president could at any moment decide to declare a national fiscal emergency and impose martial law; suspend all federal, state, and municipal government spending; force all citizens to live on whatever savings they may have stored away; and confiscate all funds earned within the country’s borders; the national debt could be paid off in a single year (five years including all Major Fiscal Exposure). Documentary filmmaker Michael Moore has recently been heard to say that “America is not broke”. Given the facts which I have just stated, he is correct. But he is only correct if one assumes that all of the wealth and resources which are possessed by Americans are really not private property, but rather public property, a certain percentage of which governmental entities deign to permit their subject individuals to keep. Now, I’ll admit that Moore would like to see military spending cut drastically, an idea with which I strongly agree. I’ll also admit that Moore would like to see individual tax loopholes closed, and – assuming that Statist taxation as a whole is desirable at all – I agree with this notion as well. But Michael Moore would also like to see the top marginal personal income tax rate increased to upwards of seventy percent (from its current rate of thirty-five percent), and many on the left would like to see the national corporate tax rate increased in order to help solve the budgetary crisis. I – on the other hand – would challenge these notions. I’ll admit that the top marginal personal income tax rate is lower than it has been on average for the past century, and so, it could obviously stand to be higher. But to address the issue of the national corporate tax rate, the United States currently has the second-highest such rate in the world, second only to Japan by less than half a percentage point. Each of these two countries’ corporate tax rates is just below forty percent. So what happens if the U.S. raises the corporate tax rate by half a percentage point, to become the country with the highest corporate tax rate in the world? Are we so naïve as so think this will accomplish anything, other than to perhaps allow our debt-to-G.D.P. ratio to eventually increase another hundred twenty-five percent, putting us on par with Japan? Are we so naïve to think that we should not risk sacrificing some temporary, immediate corporate tax revenues, and decide to lower our corporate tax rate, if even for just long enough a time period so as to incentivize a new wave of domestic capital investment, so that we may later allow the national corporate tax rate to fluctuate naturally, contingent upon the state of our economy as it pertains to prevailing trends in international trade? Chapter 8: To Whom Belongs Property? To whom does all the corporate money which is earned within the borders of a given country belong? Does it belong to the people who earn, possess, and defend it? Or is their ownership invalid and illegitimate due to the fact that it was earned through a type of expropriation which was affected through the disproportionate exploitation of and predation upon the corporations’ employees and investors? If the latter, does that money belong to the workers, and / or to the collective, and / or to the public, and / or to the government, which – often through the use of force and coercion – wield the power and authority to determine what percentage those who claim to have earned it should be permitted to keep of it? Does the government – as representative of the people as the public and as the masses – have the authority to right wrongs which were perpetrated hundreds of years ago – and, at times, oceans away – by wealthy land-owners, aristocrats, and kings who kicked the peasants off of the communal agricultural plots which were their homes by right of birth, causing them to be driven to the city centers in order to compete for scarce employment, thereby causing the devaluation of such labor? Should these past socioeconomic conditions – taken as a whole – be ignored as a significant and preponderant factor contributing to the current states of society and of the market? Certainly such conditions – often so temporally and geographically remote and far-removed from modern American industrial society – can be ignored; may be ignored; but what would that solve, if anything? Why shouldn’t modern people discover whom are the benefactors of the inheritances bequeathed by such feudal-era land-owners, aristocrats, and kings; and simply kill them; steal the resources which they wrongfully claim as their property; and distribute such resources equitably amongst the poor of the world according to their needs? Why shouldn’t modern people determine which producers have thus far been among the least effective in bringing about a timely, efficient, and equitable production and distribution of resources; declare them hoarders; kill them; steal their resources; and distribute them amongst the poor? Chapter 9: Stealing and Sweat-Shops Certainly there are many among you today whom would maintain that it is not wrong to steal, as long as it is exploitive, consumerist, multinational corporate chain retailers from which you are stealing, rather than from local distributors, small-business entrepreneurs, and mom-and-pop stores, no? Certainly your god would not punish you for declining to repent for tipping the playing field away from these exploitive chain retailers and towards the poverty-stricken, a class which undoubtedly includes the thousands of foreign nationals toiling away in sweat-shops and making mere dollars per day as well as yourself, no? But alas, I say to you today that your god will punish you, so repent! Not only repent, but apologize and make right! What playing field are you so self-deluded as to pretend that you are tipping? Don’t you understand that whatever you take from businesses through shoplifting will by no means come out of corporate’s pockets? C.E.O.s do not lose money when you steal; those losses come out of profits! And what happens when profits decline? Management raises prices, and so your friends and family whom do not steal pay the price! Customers and investors pay the price! Management passes down these losses to workers, and so sweat-shop workers’ wages decline! Sweat-shops lose jobs! Poor nations’ economies lose income! Poor societies’ economies lose job markets! Under-developed cultures falter! Are you so blind as to believe that thousands of years of development of humanistic moral philosophy overrides and invalidates that single objective moral principle proscribing coercion? What part of “thou shalt not steal” don’t you understand!? “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you”; is there not a statement like it in the tenets of nearly every major and minor religion!? Put yourself in the other man’s shoes. When have you ever worked in a sweat shop? When have you ever earned mere dollars a day? When have you ever had to choose between earning nothing and earning less than is necessary for you to subsist!? But I say to you now, ignore these questions; and steal! Rob! Take! Take to your heart’s content! Take because it’s there! Take because it’s yours! Take because it was stolen from your ancestors! Take because it was systematically expropriated through exploitation from your far-off, sweat-shop-toiling class-war compatriots! Steal because it was stolen, and because two wrongs make a right! Steal because you have empathy! Steal because you are cultured! Steal because you are learnéd! Steal… because entitlement is your birth-right, regardless of availability, regardless of natural scarcity, regardless of the efficiency which systems of distribution lack, regardless of the fact that such progress is always ongoing and imperfect, regardless of how value varies over time and from person to person! Steal, rob, and take; do not repent; and discover all too late whether it will cause you to burn in Hell! Chapter 10: The Consumerization of Leftism Now, I don’t need to tell you folks that communism, socialism, and left-wing ethics have become commercialized and consumerized. Hell, we’re all guilty of this; I own more than my fair share of ‘60’s-era classic-rock T-shirts. But no symbol of leftism has become more commercialized than the image of Che Guevara. Clothing, bags, banners, flags, Guevara’s image is everywhere. Now, how do you think Guevara would feel about his face being plastered in proximity to – and, seemingly, inevitably, in justification of – whatever causes liberals perceive to be remotely left-wing, and for the profit of whatever corporate chain retailers they deem to be the same? Well, that all depends. It depends on how Guevara felt about the exploitation of workers. As I recall, he was against it. But what is it to exploit? What is it to take advantage? What is it to use? Certainly one cannot be blamed or faulted for taking advantage of an opportunity, nor for using and exploiting what is available. But using a person? Exploiting a person? Taking advantage of a person? Perish the thoughts! I’ll ask you again: When have you ever had to choose between making nothing and making almost nothing? Say I put you in that position; say I give you three choices. Do you make five dollars a day earning your shelter and nourishment? Do you scavenge for food and build your shelter yourself rather than earning any money at all? Or do you decline to choose and be forced to work against your will for the benefit of somebody else? Unfortunately, this is the state which modern industry and Western globalization have forced upon the non-industrialized and industrializing worlds. The desires for fair and equitable wages and for reasonable minimum standards of living and of income have rendered the collective body of the labor movement that of a shiftless, entitled, self-important, nationalistic, sniveling slug, of which I myself am deeply ashamed and humiliated. So China, other industrializing countries, and non-industrialized countries have terrible records of human and labor rights abuses. So many sectors of the under-industrialized world cannot afford to pay their workers a wage or an income which is deemed by modern American liberals to be up to reasonable and equitable standards. So many societies do not have free, active, and thriving labor movements. But does that really merit and justify the boycotting of goods produced in sweat-shops? Does that really merit and justify depriving of profit those companies which contract with sweat-shops, thereby causing those profit-losses to be passed down the chain from management to investors, consumers, and laborers? Is such an all-or-nothing mentality really tolerable or practical in a rational system of international trade? Should we allow pity of and sympathy for those nations which tolerate lower standards of compensation and conditions to justify the collective punishment of entire foreign markets and of the people who comprise them? For – make no mistake – this is the very same sentiment which causes the resentment of illegal Mexican and Central-American immigrants for taking American jobs. So is it really sympathy which the labor movement has for foreign workers, or is it mere envy? Do we have pity of those who work for those low wages which would be considered illegal by American governments, or do we fear that their toleration of lower standards of compensation and conditions will obligate us to lower our own standards of compensation and conditions in the interest of staying competitive? Is it reasonable that these foreign workers should tolerate some temporary, immediate sacrifice in exchange for some future benefit which could ultimately prove to be conducive to the economic growth and industrialization of their home countries, to which they often send remittances? Keeping in mind that quality, quantity, and standards thereof condition one another whenever and wherever there is scarcity, wouldn’t an attempt to impose a higher standard of human and labor rights and conditions in an international trade agreement tend to make it more difficult to keep wages adequate? Wouldn’t an attempt to keep wages adequate tend to make it more difficult to keep human and labor rights and conditions adequate? Furthermore, who are you to purport to be qualified to even attempt to answer such a question? What do you know about suffering? Are we to take your word for it – because you live in a building with adequate heating and insulation, ventilation, and plumbing; but eat at least one serving of Ramen most days out of the month, poison yourself with drugs and liquor, and cut yourself sometimes – that you are qualified to make judgments about international trade, and to lambast politicians for failing to adequately guarantee you and your sweat-shop-toiling class-war compatriots those temporary and tentative privileges which you errantly believe to be your rights? Chapter 11: Rights versus Privileges If people – by virtue of birth – had the right to clean air, clean water, food, shelter, and medical treatment, then they would already have those things, or at least the ability to access them. The only things to which people have rights are those things which they either already have or are able to achieve if and when they attempt to do so. As long as there is death, life may be a privilege, but it is never a right. As long as there are scarcities, shortages, and inefficiencies in the production and distribution of water, food, medicine, shelter, or whatever else, those things are privileges and not rights. Although there is artificial scarcity, men do not ultimately lack such resources because of kings or politicians; nor because of the exploitation of land, labor, and capital through rent and the charging of interest; men lack such resources because levels of production fluctuate, and because the development of systems of distribution is still ongoing and struggling to keep up with changes in population, geography, and human needs on the collective and individual levels. As whether we have the ability and the means to distribute that which is necessary to sustain human survival conditions, subsumes, and may override whether we have the privilege or the right to be provided such resources, might truly does make right. To put it another way, right cannot exist without might; i.e., without ability. Ability – then – is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of right. That is, might alone does not make right; might and ability are both tentative and conditional, because both the availability of resources and whether a person is willing to attempt to seize the resources may vary. Thus, it is not only might, but willingness and availability in addition to might which together make right. But rights – as they are perceived in the modern political context – are legalistically-codified promises that access to some resource will be procured. What political rights really are – then – are, in fact, privileges; privileges which may be taken away whenever environmental circumstances limit the distribution of the promised resource. If something is a privilege, you will be promised that it will be afforded you and distributed to you; if it is a right, you are able not only to attempt to reach out and take it, but also to do so with success. Rights, then, do not require legalistic codification. Under scarcity, privilege – in ignorance of the independent external environmental circumstances which condition and often limit political institutions’ ability to procure access to some resource – is hindered, decreased, damaged, rendered irrelevant, and effectively destroyed. Chapter 12: Arendt, Stirner, and Governments In her 1958 work The Human Condition, socialist philosopher Hannah Arendt differentiates labor, work and action. She describes labor as the tasks which men must undertake in order to procure their own temporary, immediate, personal, private necessities of animal survival, and work as the tasks which men undertake in order to create and to innovate for the greater good of mankind. Arendt contends that “all the values characteristic of the world of fabrication – permanence, stability, durability… are sacrificed in favor of the values of life, productivity, and abundance.” She believes that the means of mere animal necessity have been subordinated to the public realm, a subordination which she calls “the rise of the social”. Given the pervasiveness of planned obsolescence, mass production, and industrial farming; the widespread existence of food-stamp and supplemental nutrition assistance programs; and the transformation of the American Social Security system from one which intended to function as a safety net to complement the private savings of those past the age of the average life expectancy into one which is relied upon so as to de-necessitate private savings by individuals retiring well before the age of the average life expectancy; we can plainly see that the public realm has become consumed in and burdened by the need to procure, manage, and distribute the funds and other resources which sustain the lives of low- and middle-income consumers of industrially-manufactured goods alike. As Hannah Arendt said – in describing action, as it stands in contrast with labor and work – “Men are free… as long as they act… for to be free and to act are the same.” This statement by Arendt may be thought of as an echo of egoist materialist philosopher Max Stirner, who said, “Whoever knows how to take, to defend, the thing, to him belongs property”. Stirner also said, “If the commune does not do what suits me, I rise against it and defend my property… society gives me what I require – then… I take what I require.” To paraphrase Stirner, if the commune – or the collective, or society as a whole – claims that it gives each of its members what he needs, then if an individual feels that he is being provided for inadequately, he will take what he feels belongs to him according to his assessment of his own needs. Stirner also said, “The tiger that assails me is in the right. And I – in striking him down – am also in the right.” Thus, Stirner expresses a belief in the inherent right of every living thing to attempt to sustain itself, even to the detriment of other living things. This is not to be taken as an endorsement of the “kill-or-be-killed”, “dog-eat-dog” mentality enshrined in such concepts as Social Darwinism, however; it is merely intended as an observation. There is no prescription; only description. There is nothing inherently moralistic about Stirner’s statements. Under scarcity, it is often true that something must die so that something else may live. No promise or guarantee of right or privilege – no matter how strong, coercive, authoritative, or legitimate the entity making the promise – ever negates that essential fact of life. The only thing that makes a difference is which living things are most consistently able and willing to reach out and take that which sustains them. Thus, we see that the ability and the willingness to give and to receive resources – as well as scarcity and availability thereof – conditions both rights and privileges. But what if the abilities to freely give and to freely receive are infringed upon by some coercive entity? What if there are laws in place limiting the ability of people to feed the poor and homeless? What if the broad interpretation of what constitutes aggressive and menacing panhandling causes an individual to be ticketed for asking his own friend for a cigarette on a public thoroughfare? What if governments have the ability to levy duplicative taxes on gifts and inheritances, which were already taxed when the money was originally being earned? What if governments have the ability to change the levels of tax breaks on charitable contributions at any time they please, effectively reducing the incentive to give charitably, while a person could already be punished for giving too generously through untaxed means in the first place? What if governments have the ability to mandate that an individual may not determine for his own subjective purposes and compensation that which he believes to be the rightful product of his labor? What if governments decide that a man’s labor is worth some certain minimum value, and that he is cheating and competing unfairly if he decides to expend some extra effort as a gesture of kindness to his employer who capitalizes on his labor, and / or to his labor union which extracts from him his dues, and / or to his government which taxes him based on his income and his property value? Chapter 13: The Labor Movement We were all witness to the public-sector labor unions controversy which occurred in Wisconsin’s capital in early 2011; as well as to the vague, half-assed resurgence of the labor movement which accompanied the controversy in the forms of protests and sporadic, minute, insignificant, ineffective general strikes and boycotts. Undoubtedly, too, some of us were witness to the mindless, automatic, self-deluded yammering amongst wage-laborers expressing solidarity with the teachers and health-care workers upon whose rights were modestly trampled (I, for the record, do not – by any stretch of the imagination – find Noodles & Company to be any figurative form of fascist dictatorship, much less in the strict, literal sense). But I’ll admit that I do understand why teachers, health-care workers, and wage-laborers do not appreciate being used as political pawns. However, I would contend that such workers are not entirely blameless for that situation. Before continuing, I’d like to tell a joke: “What do you call someone who doesn’t give a damn whether labor unions have legal rights?... You call them an anarcho-syndicalist.” If you don’t want to be used as a political pawn in some larger, broader class war, there is a simple solution: stop perceiving your problem as inherently political; i.e., in the formal, institutionalized, legalistic, governmental, Statist sense of how we traditionally conceive of politics. There was a time in America – a little less than a century ago – when the majority of the labor movement did not have any hope that the government would ever see things their way, nor did they even have a desire that the government take up their causes and enfranchise their struggles. Regardless of whether the political off-shoots of the early-twentieth-century labor movement were successful – and, to some degree (depending on whom you ask and what their goals were), they were – why should any reasonable member of the modern labor movement expect there to be any further hope of advancing the degree and distribution of workers’ privilege? Regardless even of this question, why should the modern labor movement trust the same government which passes and enforces any and all laws which restrict the liberty of the individual (be it the liberty to indulge in petty vices or the liberty to feed his fellow human beings), and which rapes, pillages, and destroys foreign nationals and their property around the world only to spend borrowed money rebuilding those sites of destruction when there is plenty of progress in such areas which has yet to be made right here at home to further the goals of organized labor? Furthermore, how can the modern labor movement morally trust that same government to protect our freedoms, liberties, privileges, rights, and the very bodies in which our souls dwell? Are we not qualified to protect these freedoms ourselves, or are we merely not willing to do so, preferring instead to delegate our rights to political bodies which claim authority to perform functions which we ourselves are not permitted to do while at the same time claiming that all of their authority is derived from the consent of the governed from whom the authority to perform such functions originate? Suppose that our nation plummets deeper into debt and fiscal ruin at an even more accelerated rate, and that – to solve the problem – the budgets of most government departments would have to be cut significantly, even in a way that increases personal and localistic liberty (but also responsibility) at the expense of the control of the centralized federal government. Suppose further that this would require that the privileges of private- and public-sector unions be curtailed slightly in order to temporarily repair the economy so that the markets of the country may eventually rebound and continue to have a future. Would you desire that the police who remain faithful to the labor unions murder the comptrollers, bureaucrats, politicians, and the police faithful to them – all of whom have a genuine desire to affect a resurgence in market stability in exchange for what they perceive to be a modest and reasonable sacrifice – in the event that such a situation brings about strikes, boycotts, protests, or even riots? Why must the labor movement be an inherently political one? Why must people lose their liberties and their lives so that the ideals of the labor movement may survive? Is it so lazy and naïve as a movement to entrust a secret band of irresponsible, unaccountable liars, robbers, murderers, and war-profiteers to use manipulation, threats, coercion, and force to do their bidding on their behalves? Why may the improvement of wages, conditions, and standards of living not be pursued through boycotts, strikes, bargaining, and negotiation without necessitating the involvement of those violent, treasonous goons who constitute such an illegitimate federal government; taking our children away from us if and when we fail to adequately provide them some bogus, bureaucratically-defined, centrally-recommended minimum standards of technologically- and industrially-modernized care and of socially-progressive, dogmatic, indoctrinating education; stealing our money, property, and resources; and leading us into wars haphazardly and without any semblance of legitimacy or justification? Why should the labor movement trust such a government? Why must anyone who desires that the labor movement become responsible, independent, and mindful of its own claimed rights be tossed by the wayside and dismissed as a member of a discredited fringe element of the right wing? Must the success of the goals of the labor movement hinge on the viability of the State? Or, could an embrace of capitalism – or, at least, of certain aspects thereof – help secure the improvement of the quality of life, the quality of working conditions, and the adequacy in wages which are so sorely needed in our modern, industrialized society? Could it be that the labor movement and those desiring the absolute liberty of the individual may actually be conducive to one another’s goals after all? Could it even be that not only can they complement one another, but even that they may act as checks against one another in a manner that could potentially eliminate the need for centralized government in the first place? Chapter 14: The Division of Labor Towards the beginning of this piece, I introduced Robert Nozick’s concept of the “Utility Monster”. As I explained, the Utility Monster is some person or entity which experiences a greater degree of happiness or usefulness the more it consumes. Nozick theorized that if such a person or entity existed, it would be most efficient and just to sacrifice the resources possessed by – and the needs of – all others to them, because a Utility Monster would be able to extract more good from such resources, causing a net increase in the amount of good which exists in the world. In my treatment of this idea, I suggested that these Utility Monsters do exist, and that the prevalence of their existence in any given society is conditioned by the type of systems of social organization and of economic production which are in place in those societies. I contend that such Utility Monsters exist most prevalently and thrive best in those societies which endorse and maintain the most widespread and efficient specialization and division of labor possible and practical. Suppose that a stone pyramid needs to be built, each stone weighing some hundreds of tons. It is quite obvious that one man – no matter how much time he is given to complete the task – can move even one stone on his own. It is also quite obvious that many men working independently of one another – even if all of them take turns and frequent breaks, and are well-rested, adequately nourished, and in prime physical condition – will also not accomplish the task of moving a single stone. However, for those same men to coordinate their operations – i.e., their lifting and pulling – in the most organized, systematized, and maximally-efficient manner feasible, such a task may be accomplished, and with much less difficulty and struggle than if any man or any number of men were to attempt to move the stone or stones independently. The lesson of this is simple; coordinated, cooperative, and organized labor efforts bring about a more efficient utilization of resources and resource-wealth. But utilization may also be regarded as exploitation. That is; a resource is more efficiently consumed and exploited if and when labor is properly coordinated, and when each component of the divided-labor process is selected based on his specialized ability to perform his task most efficiently and effectively. The master of the cooperative, coordinated, organized labor effort is the corporation. But it is important to distinguish the corporate entity from the capitalist entity. While they are often one and the same – because a capitalist may often sponsor and finance cooperative corporate labor – a capitalist may also choose to sponsor and finance independent venture-capital projects – including his own – which require no coordination, cooperation, or organization whatsoever. Specialization and the division of labor are not strictly capitalist or corporatist concepts; as the only specialization and division of labor which is required for an independent capitalist venture is that which reduces the specialization down to the single atomistic unit which is expending the labor; i.e., the individual worker. Therefore, it is not capitalism alone which makes the corporation; but the capitalism which endorses, supports, and finances cooperative, coordinated, organized labor. Chapter 15: Social-Corporativism As capitalism may express itself in either independent or cooperative forms, so too may socialism express itself in either independent or cooperative forms. The cooperative expression of socialism is obvious; words like “society”, “public”, “collective”, and “commune” never fail to evoke images of inclusiveness, universality, commonality, and sharing. But within certain contexts, such societies may cease to embrace inclusiveness, and instead ensure only the protection of those rights and privileges which are afforded to groups and to the members thereof, often to the detriment of other groups and / or individuals not associating with the societies in question. What results is something of a third tier of socialism which rejects both inclusiveness and independence; what results is social-corporatism, or social-corporativism. It is an obvious understatement to note that capitalism is not particularly well-known for its affinity towards the under-privileged and less-fortunate. Noted “libertarian conservatives” such as Ayn Rand, John Stossel – as well as Steven Malanga and Heather MacDonald of the Manhattan Institute – have even been known to actively discourage giving charitably to beggars. But libertarians are not the only self-described anti-authoritarians many of whom are guilty of willfully neglecting the poor. What was once a network of progressive, open-minded, inclusive, and tolerant Madison co-ops has become an ambivalent, pretentious, two-faced, ivory-tower, armchair-liberal, self-appointed cultural vanguard which dictates the boundaries of the realm of acceptable, politically-correct social mores, excluding individuals based on the level of their deficits in expressing willing enthusiasm to accept and embrace any and all potential tenets of such a cultish system. Why, you can’t live at a co-op in Madison unless you’re a vegetarian who’s tried veganism, or have at least considered trying it. Nevermind your ability to pay rent consistently (rent… now, how are you going to have a bunch of social anarchists embracing the practice of the charging of rent?); you can’t live at a co-op in Madison unless you’re ready and able to spout off some rant about what feminism means to you at a moment’s notice at a membership meeting. Exclusion by a group… forget opposition to feminism; exclusion by a group is the true meaning of chauvinism. But forget living at a co-op in Madison not being enough of a vegan or a feminist; you can’t even stay at a co-op in Madison if you’re homeless. Not enough of the members know you, and you haven’t yet proven yourself trustworthy given little to no opportunity to do so. Nobody sleeps at a co-op in Madison unless they’ve been introduced to everyone who lives there, and there remain no lingering doubts about their upstanding, good, progressive nature. If you intend to live at and pay rent to a co-op, they put you through a membership meeting. In such cases – and even if you only intend to stay there temporarily – they try to make sure you’re introduced to everyone, so that each member may make a judgment about whether he would be comfortable having you live with and around him. The co-op has got to make the decision promptly, right? But not everybody happens to be there at that precise moment. So what’s the default position? Everyone votes in agreement with the vote of the house. But there is no house decision, because nobody is willing to stick his neck out and give either an up or down vote. Therefore, no unanimity – affirmative or negative – exists. Such lack of unanimity is interpreted as a lack of consensus, and so the majoritarian ambivalence which results is taken to be a universal, resounding vote of “we don’t care, so you’re out; good luck on the street”. It is in this way that the cooperative may exclude, neglect, and discriminate against the disadvantaged; those who have already been made members are given preferential treatment over all others. Thus, power, wealth, and social hierarchy entrench themselves, and passive ambivalence causes prolonged detriment to the poor in the name of inclusiveness, universality, community, liberalism, and social progress. But terms such as “universality” and “community” are themselves distortions of the idealized anti-discriminatory nature of the public realm. The ideal social paradigm would be inclusive of all people, whereas universality and community connote not total inclusiveness, but the perception of the members of the group as belonging to a single body possessing a oneness, as evident in the “uni-” in “universality”, and in the “unity” in “community”. This corporeity which many groups and social organizations possess is the “corporatist” or “corporativist” aspect of social-corporativism. There is no willingness to accept any and all potential members willing to associate themselves with the group. It is in this way that the term “chauvinism” – a word which is typically only used in the context of gender discrimination – has become the normative system of leftist social organization. Chauvinism connotes the tendency of a group to be exclusive, as opposed to inclusive. So what is the significance of the fact that socialism and capitalism alike both embrace independent and coordinated socioeconomic organization under various circumstances? The significance is that independence – and not cooperative, corporate, organized labor – is the true rival of chauvinistic socialism. Being that the labor unions would not exist were it not for cooperative labor efforts – and being that very little would ever be accomplished in a society which only permitted independent labor efforts – unions and corporations – simply – need one another and rely on each other. It is in this way that there is something of an interdependent relationship between corporations and labor unions. This is especially evident considering the fact that corporations and their affiliated labor unions often share interests in preventing the rise of competing unions, and in colluding to compel prospective or recent employees to become members of – and pay exclusive dues to – the predominant, well-established labor union which holds the most clout and has the longest history of dealing successfully with management (and – inevitably – of making essential concessions to it now and again). Aside from corporations and labor unions being interdependent on one another, they may also be jointly dependent on government (which is – in turn – dependent on both for revenue). This is especially evident considering the American federal government’s recent simultaneous bailouts of companies which manufacture automobiles and of the United Auto Workers’ union. But I digress; it is this interdependence which is distinct from independence; the independence resulting from the “right-to-work” laws – which permit laborers the liberty to choose not to join or pay dues to unions – which such unions abhor; and the independence of workers, unions, and corporations from the constraints imposed by governments which take various forms. I submit that perhaps the solution to socioeconomic organization is not to encourage and / or compel independent and / or interdependent social and labor systems, but to permit each system to exist and to largely govern itself – save for the direct action brought about through the free, willful exercise of the prerogatives of consumers – and to permit each to operate without attempting to subjugate those who would choose to associate with one and not the other. Chapter 16: Against Anarcho-Syncretic Solutions While some may be keen on permitting, emphasizing, and encouraging compromise between socioeconomic systems, it appears – being that there is simply no consensus among the various ideologies about whether institutions such as interest, rent, and property are hierarchical, coercive, or morally acceptable – that it will be necessary – as well as most conducive to both individual and group rights – to not only allow but also to recommend independence, autonomy, and self-determination – in other words, segregation – of those who would choose to belong to the various systems of socioeconomic organization. Being that no compromise should – or can – be made between those organizational systems (because they have ideological differences with regards to interest, rent, and property), any proposed systems contending that some sort of syncretic system which would combine the best aspects of capitalism and socialism is possible and / or appropriate would – unfortunately – necessitate that some concessions be made by proponents of each idealized socioeconomic system; concessions which could only serve to destroy the idealization of each system involved. Rather than to attempt to combine, unite, and syncretize aspects of each system – which would inevitably entail such mutually self-defeating concessions – what we should instead seek is that each system tolerate others, but also tolerate the free choice of individual members to associate with and submit to whichever system they feel appropriate, for whatever time period they feel appropriate to do so. This would allow prospective self-governing autarchs, potentially inclusive communes, and both leftist- and rightist-oriented social-corporative institutions to coexist – often separately – in full knowledge of one another’s preferred system of socioeconomic organization, hopefully preventing each from attempting to impose its respective ideology on others. It is in this way that socialism and capitalism – properly balanced, self-governing, and guarding against the excesses of one another by way of protection of freedom of association between systems – have the potential to de-necessitate monolithic, centralized governantial organizations. Real-world application of this principle would entail the institution of social-libertarian mechanisms which would provide for the upholding of the types of individual liberties – at the very least, those types which would enable freedom of and from association – within any and all governantial systems and bodies caring to declare themselves capable and reputable enough to govern and provide for the prerogatives of whatever given societies or communities which would choose to abide by the execution of their decisions and legislative processes. That is, the freedom of and from association must become a province not only of autarchism, egoism, libertarianism, and other similar systems of social organization which are already predisposed towards the protection of such individual liberties, but also of any and all leftist socioeconomic organizational institutions which would care to come into existence. Ideally, this would permit only those leftist institutions which are most conducive to and permissive of individual liberty and freedom of association to come to the forefront (in addition to those rightist systems which already embrace such concepts, and – at that, enthusiastically so), and the organizational tenets of such socialist, communalist, and collectivist systems could then be compared and contrasted without requiring people to contend with consideration of the bothersome specter of totalitarian and chauvinistic socialisms. The application of this principle to such leftist socioeconomic organizational institutions – to the chagrin of those leftists who would endorse the conditional upholding of individual property and liberties according to the consent of some democratic, representatively-democratic, participatorily-democratic, or otherwise majoritarian social organizations (i.e., the potential entailment of the practice of expropriation) – would not permit communities or regional governments to compel any person or corporate body to exercise their freedoms in a way that is perceived to cause detriment to the members of such communities, unless such persons or corporate bodies have already consented to submit to such governance for a given period of time. That is – whenever they do not deign to be subjected to the execution of such communal decisions – persons and corporate bodies would be permitted to travel and to re-locate whenever – and to wherever – they feel it appropriate to evade that which they perceive to be a threat against the exercise of those processes and practices which they feel are their rights (except those practices which are obvious violations of liberty). This would necessitate tentative – and, often, temporary – partnerships between regional governantial organizations – and between the members thereof – when such members and organizations deem it appropriate to work together in order to disbar any individuals or corporate entities whose presence they feel causes detriment to the conditions of life and labor which they wish to bring about in the territories (or amongst the associated populaces) over which they practice jurisdiction. What I am describing and proposing is essentially confederacy. In the context of the already-extant American federal government, while states would have sovereignty and independence from larger federated associations between such states, communities would have sovereignty and independence from the ties between such communities which comprise those states. Furthermore, individuals and corporate entities would have sovereignty and independence from communities. But for those who do not lend credence to the legitimacy of American states, the non-Statist conception of confederacy may prove itself useful. The non-Statist conception of confederacy is functionally more or less the same as the Statist conception; all persons, corporate entities, labor unions, and governantial organizations of whatever size, territoriality, or non-territorial association have sovereignty and independence from one another, and are free to form associations, but also to revoke their consent to the proceedings of such associations whenever they feel it necessary (unless they have waived the right to do so for a given period of time). All in all, confederacy is a system which respects the liberties of each atomistic unit within the greater association to which it belongs. Practiced correctly, it does not require either slavery or subjugation (as understood by those who embrace individual liberty). Chapter 17: Austerity and Independence Implemented effectively, confederacy is conducive to any and all attempts of constituent persons, corporate entities, and governantial agencies to secede, to gain independence, and to assert sovereignty. Confederacy (i.e., freely-instituted independence and isolation) stands in stark contrast to both compulsory independence (i.e., coerced isolation) and compulsory interdependence (i.e., federation and globalization), while at the same time permitting freely-instituted interdependence. A discussion of compulsory interdependence and of its causes and enforcers is essential now, during a time when social-corporativistic institutions are attempting to consolidate their powers and abilities to impose austerity measures on the governments and banks of indebted nations, and to tether the least indebted nations to the most through the redistribution of debt. When the imposition of such austerity occurs, it is not always a cop-out or a lending of credence or of legitimacy to the forces which have caused the pertinent crises and have socialized the resulting losses to the public to become austere; on the contrary, it undoubtedly proves beneficial to the members of the public to impose austerity upon themselves; i.e., to save and to spend wisely, and to make sacrifices and to conserve. The goal of the promotion, encouragement, and recommendation of the free institution and instatement of independence is that coercive governments and predatory lenders will not have to be relied upon – and that the most efficient governantial agencies and systems of production will come to the forefront – in the future. The hope is that this would permit at least a temporary trend in experimentation in governantial administration and socioeconomic production, for at least a time period long enough for an attentive public to determine which governantial and production systems are most beneficial for themselves, and that less-successful systems may seek to emulate such systems. The right to free association between systems agreeing with one another against the main current of governantial and economic institutional trends – however – would not be infringed upon, nor would the right to free debate and free choice between such associations. Chapter 18: Trade or War? When two countries do not trade with one another, they will inevitably be engaged in either a state of war, or a state of cold war and of hostility. Applied to the realm of interpersonal associations, this principle dictates that both of two parties to exchange – whether they are engaging in a transaction involving the exchange of labor for wages, or in a simple market transaction involving the exchange of goods for services – will tend to be apprehensive about one another’s desires and values. When laborer and employer freely contract with one another, each may become aware that the values of each of them are subjective; that is, the laborer values his potential employer’s money more than he values his own labor, while the employer values his potential laborer’s labor more than he values his own money. Extrapolated and applied to the relationship of parties to simple market exchanges, the seller values his buyer’s money more than he values his own goods and / or services, while the buyer values his seller’s goods and / or services more than he values his own money. Once one of the parties becomes aware that the other party believes himself to be in a position of benefit (or advantage), he may conclude that he himself must be in a position of detriment (being taken advantage of). But he may fail to take account of his own subjective desires, i.e., that he would likely attempt to take self-perceived advantage of the other party were the opportunity presented to him (and indeed it is presented to him whenever an employment interview – or an offer to purchase some good or service – takes place). That is, the desire for maximum efficiency dictates that it is the goal of the laborer to procure for himself the highest wage and the best conditions, while it is the goal of the employer to obtain the highest profit and the poorest conditions acceptable to potential laborers. Likewise, it is the goal of the buyer to procure for himself the lowest price, while it is the goal of the seller to procure for himself the highest profit. Each buyer, seller, laborer, and employer has his own self-interest at heart and in mind; therefore, none may accuse another of attempting to take advantage any more than himself. It is the duty and the province of each party to labor and market exchanges to simply choose for his own purposes whether mutual aid, mutual harm, unilateral benefit, or unilateral detriment is occurring. To assume that the other party is trying to harm and cause detriment is an act of apprehension on the part of whichever party would care to make such an accusation; to do so neglects the possibility of mutual aid based on the subjective values of each party involved. But to ignore this apprehension and to proceed with the contract or exchange is an act of good faith; it is an act of charity in which at least one party ceases to concern himself with extracting a profit from the agreement, and resigns himself to rejoicing in the opportunity to help and to serve another human being. It is in this cessation to attempt to procure the furthering of one’s self-interest in exchange for being perceived as fair and reasonable and as desiring of mutual aid that one sacrifices. It is in this act of freely-self-imposed charitable sacrifice that we waive our right to dwell on the past, and to lend import to the history of the systematic exploitation of the feudal-era serfs; we consent to live in the present, to serve our own self-interest, and to acquire property, property which is never required to be used by us in order to serve solely our own interests in the future. It is this freely-imposed charitable sacrifice which is the key to both our personal salvation and our socioeconomic crises. Chapter 19: Asceticism and Sacrifice (Conclusion) Crucial to the discussion of political, social, and economic sacrifice is the role of clerical (i.e., religious) sacrifice, and that of asceticism. Religions such as Catholicism and Hinduism urge that members willingly deprive themselves of and deny themselves indulgence in material temptations. This is evident in Christian self-flagellation and mortification of the flesh, and in the holiday of Lent; in both of which such self-deprivation and self-denial are exercised in order to teach oneself to identify with the suffering of Christ. Such actions may additionally be purported to serve as an act conducive to self-identification with the poor and with those suffering. It is this tenet of various religions – self-imposed sacrifice, self-denial, and self-deprivation – which – in addition to charitable giving – are – as I stated previously – the key to both our individual salvation and socioeconomic crises. To paraphrase and summarize the conclusions of socialist philosopher Hannah Arendt, men are slaves to their own desires and needs. The Buddha would likely agree. Naturally, the solution to this problem is for men to freely resolve to moderate their own desires, and to fight and to give in to their urges and temptations to whatever degree and in whatever sequence they believe to be most conducive to making most efficient and practical their consumption and production. To further paraphrase and summarize Arendt, the enslavement of men to the administration of laws and to the execution of the functions of governance – and to socioeconomic systems of production – is trivial as compared to the enslavement of men to their own desires and needs. It is for this reason that we must relegate the import which we lend to the exploitive tendencies of governments and of socioeconomic systems of production to the realm of relative insignificance in our own minds and hearts, and replace them as our primary concern with the exploitive tendencies of temptation, and of desires which we perceive as necessities. The natural extrapolation of this clerical or religious principle to the socioeconomic and political realms is that we as individuals must – more often than not – accustom ourselves with putting up with temporary and moderate socioeconomic and political injustices and denials for our own actual – as opposed to perceived – benefit, so that we may eventually use the utility which we extract from what little we manage to gain in the process in order to help others and to encourage others to emulate whatever governantial institutions and socioeconomic systems of production which we find it in our best interest to practice. This is not to say – however – that such endurance of injustices, denials, and inconveniences should be imposed or enforced by external forces. Socioeconomic conservatism and the tendencies to oppose social welfare are like religious asceticism in that they purport to attempt to teach the poor to endure their own suffering. However, these tendencies – as well as liberalism, which, from time to time, embraces the same principles – often ignore the role of religion, which is to encourage private charity additionally, and as a complement to the accustomization to endurance. Instead, conservatism and liberalism at times embrace charitable giving through the coerced extraction of taxes. Such a system relieves the taxpayers’ burden of having to bother to contemplate how to act morally of their own volition, instead delegating the duty of determining morality to government and to the institutionalized mediocrity resulting from the decision-making of the majoritarian will. This is a perversion of consequentialist morality. As in the statements of the priest regarding the programming of the Alex character in A Clockwork Orange against his own violent tendencies, not being able to do evil does not make us good, so long as we still wish to do evil. I see political, social, economic, and clerical systems which place emphasis on the role of charity and other giving as exercised by parties to free and voluntary exchanges within the private sphere as inherently more moral than those which do not. To paraphrase Rabbi Eleazar, the only form of giving which is more holy than anonymous giving to anonymous recipients is to take a man off the street, provide for his most urgent needs, give him a job, and teach him to provide for himself. While the Lord does indeed help those who help themselves, the Lord punishes none for helping others. Mother Teresa said, “I think it is very beautiful for the poor to accept their lot, to share it with the passion of Christ. I think the world is being much helped by the suffering of the poor people.” In the context of this statement, I asked, “How – if at all – does the suffering of the poor help the world?” and “Is it beneficial for mankind to teach the world’s poor to bear, endure, and tolerate their own suffering?” I conclude that it is indeed beneficial for mankind to teach the world’s poor to bear, endure, and tolerate their own suffering, and that it is indeed very beautiful for the poor to accept their lot. This is not to say – however – that it is not very beautiful for the rich to bear, endure, and tolerate suffering. Can that statement be used to justify expropriation from the most advantaged? Of course it can. But should it? To quote George Harrison, “It’s all up to what you value in your motorcar; it all rests on what it’s cost you getting where you are”. To quote Napoleon, “Religion is what keeps the poor from murdering the rich”. So either get religion, or get your machete. For more entries on philosophy, please visit: For more entries on theory of government, please visit: For more entries on free trade, fair trade, the balance of trade, and protectionism, please visit:

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Pollen cones and young needles in late June This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) |Eastern white pine| |Group of Pinus strobus trees| |Subgenus:||P. subg. Strobus| |Section:||P. sect. Quinquefoliae| |Subsection:||P. subsect. Strobus| Pinus strobus, commonly denominated the eastern white pine, northern white pine, white pine, Weymouth pine (British), and soft pine is a large pine native to eastern North America. It occurs from Newfoundland, Canada west through the Great Lakes region to southeastern Manitoba and Minnesota, United States, and south along the Appalachian Mountains and upper Piedmont to northernmost Georgia and perhaps very rarely in some of the higher elevations in northeastern Alabama. It is considered rare in Indiana. The Native American Haudenosaunee denominated it the "Tree of Peace". It is known as the "Weymouth pine" in the United Kingdom, after Captain George Weymouth of the British Royal Navy, who brought its seeds to England from Maine in 1605. Pinus strobus is found in the nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome of eastern North America. It prefers well-drained or sandy soils and humid climates, but can also grow in boggy areas and rocky highlands. In mixed forests, this dominant tree towers over many others, including some of the large broadleaf hardwoods. It provides food and shelter for numerous forest birds, such as the red crossbill, and small mammals such as squirrels. Eastern white pine forests originally covered much of north-central and north-eastern North America. Only one percent of the old-growth forests remain after the extensive logging operations of the 18th century to early 20th century. Old growth forests, or virgin stands, are protected in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Other protected areas with known virgin forests, as confirmed by the Eastern Native Tree Society, include Algonquin Provincial Park, Quetico Provincial Park, Algoma Highlands in Ontario, and Sainte-Marguerite River Old Forest in Quebec, Canada; Estivant Pines, Huron Mountains, Porcupine Mountains State Park, and Sylvania Wilderness Area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, United States; Hartwick Pines State Park in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; Menominee Indian Reservation in Wisconsin; Lost 40 Scientific and Natural Area (SNA) and Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness in Minnesota; White Pines State Park, Illinois; Cook Forest State Park, Hearts Content Scenic Area, and Anders Run Natural Area in Pennsylvania; and the Linville Gorge Wilderness in North Carolina, United States. Small groves or individual specimens of old growth eastern white pines are found across the range of the species in the USA, including in Ordway Pines, Maine; Ice Glen, Massachusetts; and Adirondack Park, New York. Many sites with conspicuously large specimens represent advanced old field ecological succession. The tall stands in Mohawk Trail State Forest and William Cullen Bryant Homestead in Massachusetts are examples. As an introduced species, Pinus strobus is now naturalizing in the Outer Western Carpathians subdivision of the Carpathian Mountains in Czech Republic and southern Poland. It has spread from specimens planted as ornamental trees. Like most members of the white pine group, Pinus subgenus Strobus, the leaves ("needles") are coniferous, occurring in fascicles (bundles) of 5, or rarely 3 or 4, with a deciduous sheath. The leaves are flexible, bluish-green, finely serrated, and 5-13 cm (2-5 in) long. The fascicle sheaths persist for 18 months, i.e., from the spring of one season until autumn of the next, when they abscise. The seed cones are slender, 8-16 cm (- in) long (rarely longer than that) and 4-5 cm (-2 in) broad when open, and have scales with a rounded apex and slightly reflexed tip, often resinous. The seeds are 4-5 mm (- in) long, with a slender 15-20 mm (- in) wing, and are dispersed by wind. Cone production peaks every 3 to 5 years. The branches are spaced about every 18 inches on the trunk with 5-6 branches appearing like spokes on a wagon wheel. Eastern white pine is self-fertile, but seeds produced this way tend to result in weak, stunted, and malformed seedlings. Mature trees are often 200-250 years old, and some live to over 400 years. A tree growing near Syracuse, New York was dated to 458 years old in the late 1980s and trees in Michigan and Wisconsin were dated to approximately 500 years old. Pollen cones and young needles in late June The eastern white pine has the distinction of being the tallest tree in eastern North America. In natural pre-colonial stands it is reported to have grown as tall as 70 m (230 ft). There is no means of accurately documenting the height of trees from these times, but eastern white pine may have reached this height on rare occasions. Even greater heights have been reported in popular, but unverifiable, accounts such as Robert Pike's "Tall Trees, Tough Men". Total trunk volumes of the largest specimens are approximately 28 m3 (990 cu ft), with some past giants possibly reaching 37 or 40 m3 (1,300 or 1,400 cu ft). Photographic analysis of giants suggests volumes closer to 34 m3 (1,200 cu ft). Pinus strobus grows approximately 1 m (3.3 ft) annually between the ages of 15 and 45 years, with slower height increments before and after that age range. The tallest presently living specimens are 50-57.55 m (164 ft 1 in-188 ft 10 in) tall, as determined by the Native Tree Society (NTS). Prior to their exploitation, it was common for white pines in northern Wisconsin to reach heights of over 200 ft (61 m). Three locations in southeastern United States and one site in northeastern United States have trees that are 55 m (180 ft) tall. The southern Appalachian Mountains have the most locations and the tallest trees in the present range of Pinus strobus. One survivor is a specimen known as the "Boogerman Pine" in the Cataloochee Valley of Great Smoky Mountains National Park. At 57.55 m (188 ft 10 in) tall, it is the tallest accurately measured tree in North America east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been climbed and measured by tape drop by the Native Tree Society. Before Hurricane Opal broke its top in October 1995, Boogerman Pine was 63 m (207 ft) tall, as determined by Will Blozan and Robert Leverett using ground-based measurements. In northeastern USA, 8 sites in 4 states currently have trees over 48 m (157 ft) tall, as confirmed by the Native Tree Society. The Cook Forest State Park of Pennsylvania has the most numerous collection of 45 m (148 ft) eastern white pines in the Northeast, with 110 trees measuring that height or more. The Park's "Longfellow Pine" is the tallest presently living eastern white pine in the Northeast, at 55.96 m (183 ft 7 in) tall, as determined by being climbed and measured by tape drop. The Mohawk Trail State Forest of Massachusetts has 83 trees measuring 45 m (148 ft) or more tall, of which 6 exceed 48.8 m (160 ft). The "Jake Swamp Tree" located there is 51.54 m (169 ft 1 in) tall. The Native Tree Society maintains precise measurements of it. A private property in Claremont, New Hampshire has approximately 60 specimens that are 45 m (148 ft) tall. Diameters of the larger pines range from 1.0-1.6 m (3 ft 3 in-5 ft 3 in), which translates to a circumference (girth) range of 3.1-5.0 m (10 ft 2 in-16 ft 5 in). However, single-trunked white pines in both the Northeast and Southeast with diameters over 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) are exceedingly rare. Notable big pine sites of 40 ha (99 acres) or less will often have no more than 2 or 3 trees in the 1.2 to 1.4 m (3 ft 11 in to 4 ft 7 in) diameter class. Unconfirmed reports from the colonial era gave diameters of virgin white pines of up to 2.4 m (8 ft). Because the eastern white pine tree is somewhat resistant to fire, mature survivors are able to re-seed burned areas. In pure stands mature trees usually have no branches on the lower half of the trunk. The white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) and white pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola), an introduced fungus, can damage or kill these trees. Mortality from white pine blister rust in mature pine groves was often 50-80% during the early 20th century. The fungus must spend part of its life cycle on alternate hosts of the genus Ribes, the native gooseberry or wild currant. Foresters proposed that if all the alternate host plants were removed that white pine blister rust might be eliminated. A very determined campaign was mounted and all land owners in commercial pine growing regions were encouraged to uproot and kill all native gooseberry and wild currant plants. The ramifications for wildlife and habitat ecology were of less concern at the time than timber industry protection. Today native wild currants are relatively rare plants in New England, and planting wild currants or wild gooseberries is strongly discouraged, or even illegal in some jurisdictions. As an alternative, new strains of commercial currants have been developed which are highly resistant to white pine blister rust. Mortality in white pines from rust is only about 3% today. Old white pines are treasured in the United States. An American National Natural Landmark, Cook Forest State Park, contains the tallest known tree in the northeastern United States, a white pine named Longfellow Pine. Some white pines in Wisconsin are over 200 years old. Although widely planted as a landscape tree in the Midwestern states, native White pine is listed as "rare or uncommon" in Indiana. In the 19th century, the harvesting of Midwestern white pine forests played a major role in America's westward expansion through the Great Plains. A quarter million white pines were harvested and sent to lumber yards in Chicago in a single year. The white pine had aesthetic appeal to contemporary naturalists such as Henry David Thoreau ("There is no finer tree.") Beyond that, it had commercial applications. It was considered "the most sought and most widely utilized of the various forest growths of the northwest." Descriptions of its uses are quoted below from a 19th century source: The species was imported in 1620 to England by Captain George Weymouth, who planted it for a timber crop, but had little success because of white pine blister rust disease. Old growth pine in the Americas, of various Pinus species, was a highly desired wood since huge, knot-free boards were the rule rather than the exception. Pine was common and easy to cut, thus many colonial homes used pine for paneling, floors and furniture. Pine was also a favorite tree of loggers since pine logs can still be processed in a lumber mill a year or more after being cut down. In contrast, most hardwood trees such as cherry, maple, oak, and ash must be cut into 1" thick boards immediately after felling or large cracks will develop in the trunk which can render the wood worthless. Although eastern white pine was frequently used for flooring in buildings constructed before the U.S. Civil War, the wood is soft and will tend to cup over time with wear. George Washington opted for the much harder southern yellow pine at Mount Vernon instead. During the age of square riggers, tall white pines with high quality wood in the Thirteen Colonies were known as mast pines. Marked by agents of the Crown with the broad arrow, these "mast pines" were reserved for the British Royal Navy. Special barge-like vessels were built to ship up to 50 pine trunks destined to become masts. The wood was often squared immediately after felling to fit in the holds of ships better. A 30 m (100 ft) mast was about 91 cm × 91 cm (3 ft × 3 ft) at the butt and 61 cm × 61 cm (2 ft × 2 ft) at the top, while a 37 m (120 ft) mast was 1.2 m × 1.2 m (4 ft × 4 ft) by 76 cm (30 in) on its ends. Marking of large specimens by the Crown was very controversial in the colonies, leading to the Pine Tree Riot in 1772; its act of rebellion played a significant role in the events leading to the American Revolution. During that conflict colonists cut down and hauled off many mast pines. The original masts on the USS Constitution were single trees but were later replaced by laminated spars to better withstand cannonballs. An unusual large, lone, white pine was found in colonial times in coastal South Carolina along the Black River, far east of its southernmost normal range. The king's mark was carved into it, giving rise to the town of Kingstree. Freshly cut eastern white pine is yellowish white or a pale straw color but pine wood which has aged many years tends to darken to a deep rich golden tan. Occasionally one can find light brown pine boards with unusual yellowish-golden or reddish-brown hues. This is the famous "pumpkin pine". It is generally thought that slow growing pines in old-growth forests accumulate colored products in the heartwood, but genetic factors and soil conditions may also play a role in rich color development. This wood is also favored by pattern makers for its easy working. Eastern white pine needles exceed the amount of vitamin C of lemons and oranges and make an excellent herbal tea. The cambium is edible. It is also a source of resveratrol. Linnaeus noted in the 18th century that cattle and pigs fed pine bark bread grew well, but he personally did not like the taste. Caterpillars of Lusk's pinemoth (Coloradia luski) have been found to feed only on Pinus strobus. Pine tar is produced by slowly burning pine roots, branches, or small trunks in a partially smothered flame. Pine tar mixed with beer can be used to remove tapeworms (flat worms) or nematodes (round worms). Pine tar mixed with sulfur is useful to treat dandruff, and marketed in present-day products. Pine tar can also be processed to make turpentine. The name "Adirondack" is an Iroquois word which means tree-eater and referred to their neighbors (more commonly known as the Algonquians) who collected the inner bark of Pinus strobus, Picea rubens, and others during times of winter starvation. The white soft inner bark (cambial layer) was carefully separated from the hard, dark brown bark and dried. When pounded this product can be used as flour or added to stretch other starchy products. The young staminate cones were stewed by the Ojibwe Indians with meat and were said to be sweet and not pitchy. In addition, the seeds are sweet and nutritious, but not as tasty as those of some of the western nut pines. Pine resin (sap) has been used by various tribes to waterproof baskets, pails, and boats. The Chippewa also used pine resin to successfully treat infections and even gangrenous wounds. This is because pine resin apparently has a number of quite efficient antimicrobials. Generally a wet pulp from the inner bark, or pine tar mixed with beeswax or butter was applied to wounds and used as a salve to prevent infection. Pinus strobus is cultivated by plant nurseries as an ornamental tree, for planting in gardens and parks. The species is low-maintenance and rapid growing as a specimen tree. With regular shearing it can also be trained as a hedge. Some cultivars are used in bonsai. Smaller specimens are popular as live Christmas trees. Eastern white pines are noted for holding their needles well, even long after being harvested. They also are well suited for people with allergies, as they give little to no aroma. A standard 1.8-meter (6 ft) tree takes approximately 6 to 8 years to grow in ideal conditions. Sheared varieties are usually desired because of their stereotypical Christmas tree conical shape, as naturally grown ones can become too thick for larger ornaments, or grow bushy in texture. The branches of the eastern white pine are also widely used in making holiday wreaths and garland because of their soft, feathery needles. In the United States it is the State Tree of Maine (as of 1945) and Michigan (as of 1955). Its "pine cone and tassel" is also the State Flower of Maine, and is prominently featured on the state's license plates. Sprigs of eastern white pine were worn as badges as a symbol of Vermont identity during the Vermont Republic and are depicted in a stained glass window in the Vermont State House, on the Flag of Vermont, and on the naval ensign of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the state of Maine. The 1901 Maine Flag prominently featured the tree during its brief tenure as Maine's state flag. The Maine State Guard also use the tree in their uniform badges. Media related to Pinus strobus at Wikimedia Commons

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The Weapons of Norman Knights and Saxons at the time of the Conquest by Regan Walker We know from the Bayeux Tapestry that the Norman knights who sailed for England in September 1066 wore knee-length chain mail hauberks with elbow length sleeves, much lighter in weight than the heavy ones that followed many years later. On their heads, they wore conical helmets with a nasal bar. Under their mail, they wore a tunic to their knees with hosen and leather shoes to which they affixed simple spurs. They carried long, kite shaped shields, often decorated. For offensive weapons, the Normans carried a sword (longer than those the Saxons used) and a lance. They had archers, too, which became important in the Battle of Hastings. And they rode warhorses, the powerful destriers they reserved for battle, trained to kick and bite, weapons in themselves. The Saxons, on the other hand, wielded shorter swords (about 3 feet in length), and carried spears, and battle-axes. They also carried smaller, round shields. They wore a woolen tunic and linen braies (reaching to the ankle) along with woolen hosen. Over their tunic, they might have worn a chain-mail hauberk (though none is pictured here). And they wore a cloak fastened at the neck with a brooch. Of course, the wealth of the Saxon would determine what they wore, too. The Saxons/English were famous throughout the dark ages for the quality of their metal work, and nowhere is this more apparent than in their swords. Both edges were sharpened down at least two-thirds of the blade, giving it a tapered ultra sharp point. The finished sword would be light but strong with the flexibility to bend the blade past 60 degrees. The Normans’ longer swords were necessary because of the way they fought. Unlike the Saxons who rode their horses to battle and then fought on foot, the Normans were primarily a mounted force. They introduced a slightly longer sword with a heavier, less flexible blade to allow them to fight from horseback. The most common sword stroke of a mounted man is the over arm downward slash onto the head and shoulders of an opponent. Hence, they needed a heavier blade and longer lighter handle. The Saxons being a foot force and fighting in a shield wall (a densely packed battle tactic) with no space for swinging, needed a blade capable of delivering a thrust from the elbow over the rim of the shield directly into the face of their enemy. In my new medieval romance, The Red Wolf’s Prize, there is an exchange of swords in the wedding scene: He turned and, with his palms outstretched, accepted from Mathieu the long Norman sword of his family, the hilt carved with intricate designs and decorated with rubies, emeralds and sapphires. Looking into Serena’s eyes, more violet because of the cloak she wore, he said, “I give you this sword to hold for our sons.” She solemnly thanked him and accepted the sword onto her own palms and handed it to the tall blond Theodric, who now served Renaud. Since Exeter the English guard had cut his hair in the Norman style and now looked like one of them. Serena faced Jamie who held in his palms the same sword Renaud had seen him holding earlier, a shorter Saxon weapon. Laying it carefully across Renaud’s welcoming palms, with tear filled eyes, Serena said, “This was the sword of my father. It represents the honor of the thegn and that of the people he loved. With this sword, keep our home safe.” Meeting her gaze, he promised, “I will.” With the words spoken, Renaud handed the sword she had given him to Geoff. Then he took her hand and led her from the church back to the manor. Along the way, they were greeted by the smiles of the people of Talisand who were pleased with the marriage. He snatched glimpses of her smiling at the villagers and his men and rejoiced that his beautiful bride loved the people of Talisand, now his people. If he could only trust her, she would be a worthy helpmate. You can see the Norman and Saxon weapons employed in this re-enactment scene from the Battle of Hastings: While my story is set in 1068, two years after the Conquest, it does include two significant battles that occurred that year: the Siege of Exeter and the Battle of York. And, of course, my hero, Sir Renaud (“the Red Wolf”) is at both. His reluctant English bride, a famed archer, shows up in York for an exciting scene near the end. Here's more about Regan's novel... Here's more about Regan's novel... Sir Renaud de Pierrepont, the Norman knight known as the Red Wolf for the beast he slayed with his bare hands, hoped to gain lands with his sword. A year after the Conquest, King William rewards his favored knight with Talisand, the lands of an English thegn slain at Hastings, and orders him to wed Lady Serena, the heiress that goes with them. SHE WOULD LOVE HIM AGAINST HER WILL Serena wants nothing to do with the fierce warrior to whom she has been unwillingly given, the knight who may have killed her father. When she learns the Red Wolf is coming to claim her, she dyes her flaxen hair brown and flees, disguised as a servant, determined to one day regain her lands. But her escape goes awry and she is brought back to live among her people, though not unnoticed by the new Norman lord. Deprived of his promised bride, the Red Wolf turns his attention to the comely servant girl hoping to woo her to his bed. But the wench resists, claiming she hates all Normans. As the passion between them rises, Serena wonders, can she deny the Norman her body? Or her heart? Regan’s website: http://www.reganwalkerauthor.com/ Regan’s blog: http://reganromancereview.blogspot.com/ Twitter: @RegansReview (https://twitter.com/RegansReview) As a child Regan Walker loved to write stories, particularly about adventure-loving girls, but by the time she got to college more serious pursuits took priority. One of her professors encouraged her to pursue the profession of law, which she did. Years of serving clients in private practice and several stints in high levels of government gave her a love of international travel and a feel for the demands of the “Crown” on its subjects. Hence her romance novels often involve a demanding sovereign who thinks of his subjects as his private talent pool. Regan lives in San Diego with her golden retriever, Link, whom she says inspires her every day to relax and smell the roses. Saxon - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Hastings_5.JPG?uselang=en-gb Norman - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NormanKnight_Best.jpg?uselang=en-gb Thank you, Regan, for sharing such an interesting post with us - the time of the Norman Conquest is such a great era to write about. I wish you the very best with 'The Red Wolf's Prize. Look out for more posts on 'Weapons through the Ages'...coming very soon.

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Adopting a plant-based (vegan) diet not only makes sense for both our health and the environment, many yogis interpret Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras (one of yoga’s primary texts), as indicating veganism as a practice that leads to self-realization. These yogis believe that diet is one of the primary keys to the practice of Ahimsa, one of the principles outlined in the Yoga Sutras. Ahimsa, or non-harming is the first of five yamas, or guidelines for self-restraint. To these practitioners, veganism is looked upon as Ahimsa in practice. Ahimsa is all about being kind to others (including animals and other sentient beings), to the planet, and to oneself. Veganism is not simply about restriction, it’s a way of eating and living that can generate happiness and joy. From a yogic perspective, the purpose of foods is to assist your body to cleanse, revitalize, repair and strengthen your immune system. A traditional yoga diet consists of mainly plant-based foods which are eaten in as close to their natural state as possible and which cause the least amount of harm to the environment. Yoga Journal’s latest “Yoga in America” survey, conducted by Sports Marketing Surveys, shows that 8.7 percent of Americans are practicing yoga (that’s 20.4 million Americans). Sadly, in spite of these impressive numbers, it is estimated that only about 1.3% of the United States population follows a vegan diet. The average American consumes a minimum of 31 animals per year, contributing to and supporting the financial success of the cruel and violent meat and dairy industries. This contrast between the percentage of yoga practitioners and vegans in America clearly reveals how many people attempt to reap the physical benefits of asana while hypocritically ignoring yoga's peaceful philosophy. Hopefully, by reviewing the important connection between yoga and veganism throughout history, meat-eating yogis will be encouraged to reflect on their ethics and give a plant-based diet a try. Yoga is not just about losing weight and toning up. The practice of yoga is thousands of years old, originating in India. Furthermore, Patanjali is believed to have compiled the Yoga Sutras around 200 B.C. to serve as a framework for integrating Yoga into the practitioner’s daily routine while living an ethical lifestyle. Realizing the true value and benefits of Yoga practice serves as a means of attaining enlightenment. So, the question arises, why is it that so many yoga practitioners tend to turn a blind eye to Patanjali's peaceful philosophy? Well it seems that most people dismiss veganism as a lifestyle/dietary option because they believe it will be too much of a hassle and/or because they lack the discipline to alter deep-seated eating habits. The unwillingness to adopt a vegan diet/lifestyle is a mistake that results in people missing out on the awesome philosophical and spiritual benefits of practicing yoga. When people only observe the practice of asana (physical postures); then they are not truly experiencing yoga and their practice will remain partial and incomplete. In summary: Our yoga practice will be enhanced by selecting and eating food that promotes health, happiness and overall wellbeing for both ourselves and our environment, plus we’ll discover a better quality of life and insure the sustainability of the planet. Whenever we see that our food choices are causing suffering and disease (to ourselves and/or others), we ultimately contribute to our own demise. If this is the case, perhaps it’s time to re-evaluate what we are eating. Stay tuned…Coming soon, “Athletes and Veganism” Rae Indigo is ERYT 500

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HEALTH chiefs have warned that a feared obesity epidemic would dramatically increase the number of Wiganers with kidney disease. One in four adults in Wigan are currently classed as clinically obese, with that figure predicted to jump to around half the population by the year 2050. Around 100 Wiganers currently require dialysis - an artificial replacement for lost kidney function, a figure which, health professionals say, will soar should obesity continue to rise at its current rate. Now Prof Kate Arden, director of public health for Wigan, is urging local people to make themselves aware of the risks associated with being very overweight. She said: “We have a significant obesity issue here in Wigan borough with one in four adults classed as clinically obese. “That’s down slightly but still high. Obesity can have a huge health impact and is associated with many serious medical conditions. “We’re working hard to encourage people to take action if they are obese and support them in losing weight. “There are many weight loss schemes available and I’d encourage people to sign up if they are worried about their weight. They can find out more from their GP. “Eating a variety of foods can help you manage your weight, improve general wellbeing and reduce the risk of conditions including heart disease, stroke, some cancers, diabetes and osteoporosis (thin bones). All you need to do is eat sensibly, choosing a range of foods in the correct proportions. Locally levels of healthy eating have improved over the last few years but rates are still well below the national average.” As part of National Obesity Week which runs all this week, experts have warned that by 2050 up to half the UK population could be obese which could leave the country in the grip of a kidney health crisis. Although kidney disease can affect anyone, its leading causes are high blood pressure and diabetes. The chances of developing high blood pressure and type two diabetes increase if somebody is overweight or obese. As a result, 10 per cent to 40 per cent of people with type two diabetes will eventually suffer kidney failure. The NHS spends £1.45bn treating kidney disease in England, the equivalent of £1 in every £77 spent.

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In my Cinderella article and in the comments that followed we have referred to these two ideas, so here are a few notes on what I mean by these terms, and some practical activities. Your comments welcome, as ever. 1.. Chart as Mental Map What does this mean? For me a mental map is something that: - Gives a cognitive/mental understanding of the territory (what the subject matter consists of) and the journey (what has to got to be done). - Presents it all in one gestalt, showing the relationship of the parts to each other and to the whole. -Offers a worktable, an experimenters bench on which sounds can be worked out, exercised, compared, played with, recognised, confused, put into sequences and words, taken apart again, during a lesson. -Makes pronunciation concrete rather than ethereal or elusive. - Can be used in every lesson whenever the link to pronunciation helps the learning (and I maintain that almost every aspect of language is linked to pronunciation, we can’t even think without evoking pronunciation, and if we don’t also study it, then we simply think in our mother tongue (default) pronunciation. - Has a geography, a layout that is meaningful and actually tells you HOW and WHERE the sounds are made. Most pronunciation charts are lists, in that they have no geography. The only chart I know that provides a map is the Sound Foundations chart used on this website. And what can I do? - Learn how the layout relates to HOW and WHERE sounds are made. There are thee main zones: Vowels in the top left, laid out to show approximate tongue/mouth positions (left is front of mouth, right is back, top is top and bottom is bottom of the mouth); Diphthongs top right, in three columns according to the second element of each; Consonants in the bottom half, with the first row (stop sounds) laid out from front of mouth (at left) to back of the mouth at right, fricatives arranged in similar manner, then the three nasals bottom left, again laid out from front to back. The remaining 5 sounds also have a logic which I won’t discuss right here. Visit my guided tour of the chart video at the link below. -incorporate this layout into your teaching, first just to help yourself, and gradually reveal it to your learners as they become ready for it. 2.. The Physicality of Pronunciation What does this mean? Pronunciation (I include stress and intonation) is the physical aspect of language. Attending to physicality means connecting with the muscles that make the differences we want. Once teacher or student has insight into this the mist lifts and it becomes clear precisely what has to be done to say the new sounds and to connect them together in acceptable ways. Physicality means teaching this movement, just as a dance teacher works with movement. In fact learning dance is a rather useful, larger size, illustration of learning pronunciation. And the dance teacher may have studied dance theory but her main source of immediate inspiration is the movement she herself makes, and when she sees this she can even help her students to be better then her. The other more subtle aspect of physicality is that it is not just for speaking. Deaf people watch it in their ‘listening’. We may feel it internally when we hear language internally in the ‘mind’s ear’, or when we rehearse internally something we want to say, or perhaps when we just think language. And what can I do? As I said in the Cinderella article, my first task with my new learners is to help them to connect with the muscles that make the pronunciation difference, to locate the internal buttons that trigger the muscle movements. At the beginning I help them find FOUR buttons which enable them to get around the mouth and find new positions of articulation. These are: - Tongue (forward and back) - Lips (spread/back and rounded/forward) - Jaw + tongue (up and down) - Voice (on or off) Here is how I do this. Again, the video links below may help you. When working with monophthong vowels I ask them to glide between front vowel /i:/ and back vowel /u:/ like this /i: i: i: i: ...... u: u: u: u: ...... i: i: i: i: ...... u: u: u: u:/. Then I ask them to put the tip of the thumb on one corner of the mouth and the tip of the forefinger on the other corner. And again they make this glide back and forth. This gives them tactile feedback on the movement of the lips between the spread and the rounded position. Then I ask them to touch the forefinger to the front of the lips, and again make the glide. This time they get the sensation of the lips moving back (spread) and forward (rounded). Then, still with the same pair of sounds I ask them to touch the tip of the tongue (with finger or pen) while in the / i: / position and then to slide to the /u:/ position but without losing contact with the tongue. In addition to the laughter this causes, this gives them the sensation of the tongue moving forward and backwards in the mouth. Later I establish the pair of front high-low sounds /i:/ and /a/ and in the same way help them to slide between the two. This time I ask them to place the forefinger on the bridge of the nose and the thumb on the point of the chin. As they slide between these sounds they get tactile confirmation that the jaw opens and closes, and that this movement is sufficient to produce a range of perceptibly different sounds. From these first exercises they begin to discover for themselves that movement of tongue, lips and jaw enables them to make a whole range of perceptibly different sounds. These simple awarenesses form the basis of the toolkit that will enable them to make all the sounds of the new language, as well as the characteristic simplifications, reductions and energy distributions of connected speech. While doing this I find it helpful to distinguish mime, making visible what I do to make a sound from gesture, other movements usually with the hands which show the place, or indicate the length or the amount of energy, or whether the sound is nasal, or whether the voice is ‘on’ or off’ etc. In my next article I will describe a range of activities for giving models of sounds, and some ways of using the chart while teaching vocabulary. Meanwhile, please if you can visit these demonstrations.

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Poverty in rural Pakistan AbstractThe major aim of this chapter is to extend the poverty studies of the sixties into the seventies, it also re-examines the evidence on rural poverty for the sixties, supplementing the results with new evidence where available, mainly to see whether the conclusions reached by earlier authors were in fact justified. An examination of the trends in rural poverty into the seventies has gained additional importance for a number of reasons. It could be argued, with some merit, that since the major increases in agricultural production took place in the latter half of the sixties (mainly after 1966) the time period covered by the earlier studies, i.e. till 1971/72 was not long enough to evaluate its "spill over" effect on rural poverty. The early seventies also saw the introduction of structural changes mainly in the form of land and tenancy reforms by the then government. As compared to the sixties agricultural growth drastically slowed down although there was a sharp recovery toward the end of the seventies. In the second half of the seventies there took place the phenomenon of overseas migration leading to a significant outflow of the labour force and large inflows of foreign remittances. These factors could have had an important impact on the extent and trend in rural poverty in the seventies. Download InfoIf you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help page. Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large. Bibliographic InfoPaper provided by University Library of Munich, Germany in its series MPRA Paper with number 38335. Date of creation: 1994 Date of revision: Rural; Poverty; Pakistan; Asia; Find related papers by JEL classification: - P36 - Economic Systems - - Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions - - - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty - O18 - Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure - R51 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies - P46 - Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - Consumer Economics; Health; Education and Training; Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty - I32 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - Measurement and Analysis of Poverty Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.: - S.M. Naseem, 1973. "Mass Poverty in Pakistan. Some Preliminary Findings," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 12(4), pages 317-360. This item has more than 25 citations. To prevent cluttering this page, these citations are listed on a separate page. reading list or among the top items on IDEAS.Access and download statisticsgeneral information about how to correct material in RePEc. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: (Ekkehart Schlicht). If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.

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Summer is here, and while the sun is high in the sky and more time is being spent outdoors, it’s essential to remember the importance of staying hydrated. Dehydration happens when your body doesn’t have enough water to function properly and symptoms of dehydration can be scary and can include extreme thirst, dry mouth, headache, little or no urine, confusion, dizziness or lightheadedness. Recognizing these symptoms is important to preventing major complications. Providing your body with the proper water intake is essential to maintaining your health. Water serves multiple purposes to assist the body in functioning properly. It is the primary building block of cells and it acts as a shock absorber, insulating the brain, spinal cord, and organs. Water is used to flush waste and toxins from the body and lubricates joints, as well as numerous other purposes. It’s important to make sure that you are consuming enough water, and the recommended amount of ounces to drink daily is your body weight divided in half. On average, this is usually eight glasses of water per day and remembering to drink water on an empty stomach is important for proper absorption and making sure you have the purest water available is essential. The human body consists of about 60% water, and drinking enough pure water throughout the day is important, but you can also receive part of your daily water intake by consuming hydrating fresh fruits and vegetables. It’s natural to start desiring more hydrating fruits and vegetables this time of year as they are being harvested fresh from the garden. Eating foods with a high water content can help you stay hydrated as well as provide your body with nutrients. Here are 10 hydrating foods to consider incorporating: - Chinese Cabbage - Zucchini & Squash - Bell Pepper Remember to make buying organic fruits and vegetables a priority. Organic foods have more beneficial nutrients and antioxidant properties compared to non-organic foods and organic farming is better for the environment. One of the easiest ways to buy the freshest fruits and vegetables that are in season is to visit your local farmers market. Get to know the farmers who are growing your food and ask them questions. Many farmers often grow their produce with organic farming methods, but have not been officially “labeled” organic. Making the connection between the foods that you are eating and who is growing them helps people develop a healthy relationship with food, allowing them to appreciate and respect that food is not indispensable and this can improve the way people eat as well as their overall health. Article by Andrea Nison

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What is content filtering? Web content filtering is the practice of blocking access to web content that may be deemed offensive, inappropriate, or even dangerous. Families will be well aware of the need to apply internet content filters to material not suitable for young children, but content filtering has its place in the business world, too. How does content filtering work? Content filtering works by using hardware or software-based solutions to establish rules about the types of sites that may be visited. Using keywords or other commonalities between sites, content is grouped into categories—such as sports, gambling, adult, streaming, and so on—and those sites in undesirable categories are blocked on the network. Keeping objectionable content away from children is one of the more obvious use cases for web content filtering. But DNS filtering—a specific type of content filtering that uses the DNS layer to filter based on IP addresses—is increasingly being adopted by businesses as a means of controlling web use and reducing infections. When content is filtered according to sites known to pose a high risk of malware, those sites can be blocked before they have the chance to drop malicious payloads. When known distractions like social media and streaming video sites are blocked, productivity increases. For more on DNS protection, including more background on what it is and why it matters, visit the Webroot® DNS Protection page.

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This week, children in Year 5 learned about street art and graffiti as part of our topic, Walls and Barricades. The children practised some graffiti techniques before watching a collection of Banksy art work. The children had to describe what messages they thought Banksy was portraying and why people feel they need to express their ideas through street art. We then explored what types of messages were painted on to walls around the world and if there was a theme… We looked, in detail, at the Berlin Wall and discovered that there were lots of messages based around love, freedom and peace. After that, we researched protest and inspirational quotes. The children then created a ‘Wall of Love’ to show what they had learned. Check out the video we took of the whole wall here: twitter.com/stjhighgate?lang=en-gb

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affiliated to the International Association of Constitutional Law The results of the third nation-wide referendum in the United Kingdom are still sinking in at home and around the world. Just below 52% voted to leave the European Union, just over 48% voted to remain. The widespread conclusion is that the UK must leave the EU. But there is another way of reading the result. The United Kingdom is not a centralised state. It is a ‘family of nations’. There is a strong case for arguing that the referendum carries only if a majority of voters in all four nations respectively give their backing. England and Wales voted to leave, but Scotland and Northern Ireland voted to remain. Recognising that split is not a matter of shifting the goalposts after the fact. It is about respecting an established, indeed a compelling constitutional order. Before Westminster politicians think about the practicalities of withdrawing from the EU, they urgently need to address the constitutional consequences. What is the overriding objective? To give legal effect to the will of the UK electorate as expressed in an advisory referendum? Or to preserve the United Kingdom, which is split 2:2? The strongest case against EU withdrawal is that it is not in the UK’s interest. On that view, an overriding state interest is invoked not to disregard the will of the people, but to recognise that the result divides the constituent parts of the United Kingdom. Abrogation of the Scottish and Northern Irish results would violate the principle of formal co-equality among the four British nations. That stance almost eagerly invites Irish republicans to re-unify Ireland and Scottish nationalists to launch a second independence referendum. Of course, if the overriding objective is to give legal effect to the overall numerical tally and withdraw from the EU, then the Westminster Parliament must first overcome several obstacles before it can dedicate itself completely to the Brexit negotiations. It must repeal the European Communities Act 1972 by which it became a member state. It must also amend the devolution legislation for Scotland and Northern Ireland. EU law is incorporated directly into the devolution statutes in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Section 29(2)(d) of the Scotland Act 1998, for example, provides that acts of the Scottish Parliament that are incompatible with EU law are ‘not law’. A similar provision, section 6(2)(d), appears in the Northern Ireland Act 1998. Indeed, the status of the UK and Ireland as EU member states and signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights was fundamental to the negotiation of the Belfast or ‘Good Friday’ Agreement. Amending the devolution legislation would be technically easy, but politically hazardous. It would add fuel to the fire stoked up by Scottish demands for independence. It would place ‘a bomb under the Irish peace process’. If Westminster is serious about Brexit it will have to terminate the devolution settlement it has so carefully crafted since before 1997. There is no way for Westminster to avoid negotiating with Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast in addition to Brussels, and there is no way for the UK as a whole to survive this process intact. The integration of the devolved nations within the UK’s constitutional framework means that their consent needs to be sought. The 62% of voters in Scotland, and the 55.8% in Northern Ireland, who voted to remain EU members have turned their nations into veto powers. If either declines, the UK as a whole cannot proceed with Brexit negotiations in any constitutionally plausible way. The United Kingdom is no longer a centralised state, if it ever was. The devolution arrangements have changed the UK’s constitutional settlement. The old Westminster axis of power has become diffuse through power-sharing agreements with Edinburgh, Cardiff, and Belfast. People who voted Leave may ‘want their country back’, but their country has transformed over the last twenty years. Under the current arrangements it would be perfectly possible for the family of four nations, acting collectively, to withdraw from the European Union. However, in the absence of unanimity and with awareness of a very delicate situation in Scotland and Northern Ireland, the next Prime Minister and the Westminster Parliament should not divert all political resources to make this purely advisory referendum legally binding. They must channel all resources to keep the Kingdom whole. Jo Eric Khushal Murkens is an Associate Professor at the Department of Law of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). (Suggested citation: J. Murkens, ‘Brexit: The Devolution Dimension’, U.K. Const. L. Blog (28th Jun 2016) (available at https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/))

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Be the first to like this The Learning Route on Natural Resource Management and Climate Change Adaptation best practices, the experience in Kenya; took place between the 6-13 July 2014 in several counties in Kenya. The objective of this learning route is to scale up through peer to peer learning the Kenyan best multi stakeholders' strategies, tools and practices to fight environmental degradation and to adapt to climate change with the aim of improving the livelihoods of people living in affected communities. The learning Route has been developed by International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) CARE (relief agency) in Kenya and the Cgiar Research Program on Climate Change & Food Security, in partnership with Procasur Africa. Here we have the introduction presentation on the challenges and priorities for Climate Change Adaptation in East and Southern Africa (ESA region) by Dr. Stephen Twomlow who is IFAD's Climate and Environment Specialist for East and Southern Africa ( ESA)

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ARE YOU TIRED? Fatigue can be the result of several factors in the body. As you get older, the body takes on many different stresses and burdens: · Adrenal stress (literally “fighting the tiger”) When your body is stressed, it may require up to 4 times the nutrients compared to an “un-stressed” body – if there is such a thing in this very busy world. A lack of B group vitamins will prevent the energy processing structures in the body from functioning at optimal levels. · Inflammatory processes in the body will also require many nutrients that a deficiency of, may lead to fatigue. · Physical stress from nutrient deficiencies. Such as B and C vitamins, magnesium, Coenzyme Q 10 and lipoic acid. · Leaky gut Intestinal dysbiosis as leaky gut is more correctly called will contribute to fatigue as it prevents adequate absorption of nutrients and also decreases the vital nutrients produced by beneficial bacterial in the intestine. An integrated gut wellness program is essential for the body to fully recover. · Toxic burdens Many substances can cause a toxic burden on the body: heavy metals, xeno-oestrogens, pesticides and chemicals form personal care products to name a few Such as glandular fever (Epstein Barr or EBV) can also cause unrelenting fatigue in the body Allergies to foods or environmental factors will result in a histamine production in the body – these chemical messengers can also contribute to feelings of fatigue. Coincidentally – many allergies can be due to long term intestinal dysbiosis. This may seem obvious but unfortunately there is so much actual nutrition lacking in our foods that despite being “over-colorized”, vitamins and minerals are diminished. This leads to suboptimal functioning of every cell in the body, causing poor energy production and fatigue. Whilst pregnancy itself often causes fatigue in the mother-to-be due to increased energy and nutrient demands on the body, ensuring optimal nutrient intake will help give the bounce back to your step! Again, an obvious cause of fatigue, but getting to the cause of why you are suffering insomnia will result in a good night’s sleep! The above of course aren’t single, isolated causes, many are linked: When you have chronic stress in your body, the adrenal glands literally wear out – they run low on nutrients such as B and C vitamins, which then cause different stresses on the body from other organs responding to the chemical signals that the adrenals release. This in turn may cause an imbalance of other hormones such as cortisol, insulin, oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone. All of these scenarios may cause unrelenting fatigue, often unrelieved by sleep. Many health professionals may tell you that fatigue is an inevitable part of ageing. NOT SO! Your body has the right to good health well into mature old age and an adequate detoxification program, supported by nutrients and herbs to nourish the adrenal gland will have you bouncing out of bed again in no time!

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Stephen Haw sets out the history of the city of Beijing, charting the course of its development from its early roots before 2000 BC to its contemporary position as capital of the People’s Republic of China. Stephen Haw, a well-established author on China, outlines the establishment of the earliest cities in the years before 1000 BC, its status as regional capital during most of the long Zhou dynasty, and its emergence as capital of the whole of China after the conquest of the Mongol invaders under Chenghiz Khan and his successors. He considers the city’s assumption of its modern name ‘Beijing’ under the Ming dynasty, conquest by the Manchus and the turbulent years of civil war that followed the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911, culminating in the communist revolution and Beijing’s resumption of the role of capital of China in 1949. Overall, Stephen Haw gives an impressive account of the long and fascinating history of a city that is growing in prominence as an urban centre of global significance. Table of Contents Introduction: The Northern Capital 1. At the Edge of the North China Plain: The Location and Prehistory of the Beijing Area 2. Chinese or Barbarian?: c. 2000 BC to AD 581 3. Regained and Lost: The Sui, Tang, Liao and Jin Dynasties, AD 581 to 1215 4. Destroyed and Rebuilt: The Mongol Conquest and the New City of Dadu, 1215 to 1368 5. Chinese Capital: The Ming Dynasty, 1368 to 1644 6. Change of Mandate: The Manchu Conquest, 1644 to 1860 7. Besieged: The Late Qing Dynasty, 1860 to 1911 8. Northern Peace?: The Republic, the Warlords and Communist Revolution, 1911 to 1949 9. Pride Restored: The People’s Republic of China, 1949 to 1976 10. The Modern City: 1976 to the Present. Appendix A: Government and Control of the Beijing Area. Appendix B: Chronology of Major Events. Appendix C: Tian’anmen Square. Appendix D: The Forbidden City. Appendix E: The Summer Palaces and Imperial Parks. Appendix F: The Temple of Heaven and the Altars of the Earth, Sun and Moon. Appendix G: Other Temples and Religious Sites in Beijing. Appendix H: Museums in Beijing. Appendix I: The Great Wall. Appendix J: Imperial Tombs. Appendix K: Other Sites Outside Beijing City. Appendix L: Food in Beijing. Appendix M: The ‘Northern Barbarians’ and Beijing. Appendix N: Further Reading Stephen G Haw read Chinese at the University of Oxford and has an MA degree from the University of London. He first visited China in 1980 and lived in the country for two years as a student and teacher at the University of Shandong. He has since travelled extensively around the country. He is the author of numerous articles and several books.

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Billions of years ago, Mars suffered from numerous big impacts, and the resulting backwash ultimately scarred the surface of Phobos, one of the Red Planet's two tiny moons, researchers say. In 1976, images from NASA's Viking orbiter revealed that the surface of Phobos is covered in numerous parallel, channel-like grooves. Over the years, researchers have come up with many hypotheses to explain the odd features, but the origin of the satellite's grooves are still heavily debated today. In the new study, a pair of researchers reviewed the evidence for the major hypotheses and concluded that only one holds water: The grooves are chains of secondary impacts, the landing sites of material blasted to the Mars moon by impacts on the Red Planet. [Moons of Mars: Amazing Photos of Phobos and Deimos] Using new data and images from the European Space Agency's Mars Express orbiter, the scientists also mapped the grooves in much greater detail than ever before, and calculated that the amount of Mars material needed to form all of Phobos' grooves is about two orders of magnitude lower than the total ejecta from Mars' craters. "Everything fits in with this hypothesis," said John Murray, a planetary scientist at Open University in the U.K., and lead author of the new study, which was published in April in the journal Planetary and Space Science. "We can even trace the ejecta that produced the grooves back to [source areas] on Mars." Most scientists think Phobos and Deimos, Mars' two minuscule moons, are former asteroids captured by the Red Planet's gravity long ago. Phobos is 14 miles (22 kilometers) wide, while Deimos has a diameter of just 7.7 miles (12.4 km). The 3-billion-year-old grooves on Phoboscan be divided into different "families," with each groove plane running parallel to the other grooves within the same family, Murray told Space.com. The widths of the grooves vary greatly, from 76 feet (23 meters) to 1,558 feet (475 m). Similarly, they come in a large range of lengths — at least one groove stretches for 18.5 miles (30 km) without any breaks, while others are only a little more than 1 mile (1.6 km) long. The channels cover almost the entire surface of the moon, except for a relatively small area on the hemisphere facing away from Mars, Murray said. (Phobos is tidally locked with Mars, meaning that one side of the moon faces the planet at all times.) Some scientists have previously speculated that the grooves are fractures resulting from tidal forces, the impact that created Phobos' prominent Stickney Crater or other sources. "It hasn't really been a generally accepted idea, or one that has gained universal approval," Murray said, adding that there are several issues with all fracture hypotheses for the origin of the grooves. For instance, the near-perfect alignment of the grooves within each family doesn't fit with other fracture fields throughout the solar system. [7 Biggest Mysteries of Mars] Other hypotheses posit that the grooves on Phobos are the result of local impacts. According to one idea, the meteor that created Stickney Crater kicked up ejecta that showered Phobos, creating the grooves; a related hypothesis proposes that rolling boulders from the crater scarred Phobos. Or, the grooves may have developed when Phobos was hammered by orbiting debris, according to some researchers. But none of these ideas can explain all of the observed characteristics and patterns of the grooves, Murray said. Murray and his colleague Douglas Heggie of the University of Edinburgh believe that Phobos' grooves formed in the distant past when space rocks struck Mars. The impacts ejected jets of liquefied material, which quickly broke up into droplets. The droplets froze in space and became solid particles before striking the surface of Phobos, the idea goes. "I suppose it's like firing a machine gun at a moving target," Murray said. According to the hypothesis, ejecta from one jet traced out a chain of impact craters (a groove) on the surface of Phobos. Other strings of ejecta from the same impact then traced out other chains that are virtually parallel to each other, creating a family of grooves. Murray and Heggie calculate that only about 10 large impacts on Mars would have been enough to create all of the groove families on Phobos. When Murrary first proposed this hypothesis about 20 years ago, it didn't receive much attention. "It just took its place with the other seven or eight major ideas out there at the time," he said. But new images from Mars Expressallowed Murray and Heggie to map virtually the entire surface of Phobos in high detail, and take a close look at the grooves' features. With the new data and models, the researchers argue that this hypothesis can explain all of the grooves' morphological characteristics, unlike other hypotheses. What's more, the pair was able to pinpoint launch latitudes on Mars from which the groove-forming ejecta could have come. Murray is now working to determine specific source craters on Mars. An ongoing debate But not everyone agrees that the hypothesis advanced by Murray and Heggie makes sense. Last year, Kenneth Ramsley and James Head, researchers at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, tested the hypothesis and found it wanting for numerous reasons. For example, they argue that if the grooves were produced by Mars ejecta, then the so-called zone of avoidance — the region of Phobos where grooves are absent — shouldn't exist, because it's an area where Mars ejecta could actually strike, according to their calculations. In the new study, Murray and Heggie refute each of the points made by Ramsley and Head. On the issue of the avoidance zone, they claim that even though Mars ejecta with high velocities could probably impact the region, there's only a very low chance that there would be a sufficient amount of material to produce grooves there. However, even with the new data and arguments, Ramsley and Head still think Murray's hypothesis is implausible. "Although the Murray hypothesis is notionally appealing, in fact the required precision and complexity is essentially identical to painting a bar code on a golf ball from across the length of a typical classroom using a hand-held ink jet cartridge," they wrote in an email to Space.com. It's more likely, they said, that there is no single explanation for Phobos' grooves. "Our modeling of ejecta from impacts on Phobos suggests that grooves may instead be produced in more than one process," they said. Follow Joseph Castro on Twitter. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.

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This is a free printable weather chart for children to practice tracking and graphing the daily weather. Children write the name of the month at the top, then for each day they place a check mark or sticker in the appropriate box. There is a special tracking box for rainbows. After each month encourage children to count up their totals to see what the weather was like for the majority of that month. This is a game for children who are learning all about the weather. There are question cards to help children recall ideas and vocabulary they’ve learned in their weather lessons. These questions focus on the four seasons, weather prediction, cloud formations, weather preparedness and preparation, and the water cycle. This is a file folder game for children working on consonant blends and diagrah recognition. Each umbrella holds ch-, sh-, bl-, and pl- words. The raindrops have pictures of various objects for children to sound out. This would be a great game to keep at your learning centerduring your weather unit. Children match the uppercase letter to the lowercase letter. Young children can start with knowledge. Find this game and tons more on PreschoolMom.com

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While the phrase "an apple a day" is a popular saying, a new study suggests that pears as part of a healthy diet could play a role in helping to manage type 2 diabetes and diabetes-induced hypertension. The results of research published in Food Research International show potential health benefits of Bartlett and Starkrimson pears. Building on their previous studies, the research team from North Dakota State University, Fargo, and the University of Massachusetts studied whether the peel, pulp and juice of pears could impact the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes, hypertension and the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which plays a role in intestinal ulcers. The research team includes: Kalidas Shetty and Dipayan Sarkar, now at North Dakota State University, Fargo, previously at the University of Massachusetts with co-authors Chandrakant Ankolekar and Marcia Pinto. Shetty, professor of Plant Sciences at NDSU, serves as the director of the Global Institute of Food Security and International Agriculture (GIFSIA), as well as associate vice president for International Partnerships and Collaborations. The in vitro (test tube) lab experiments by researchers in the study provided metabolic insights into how two varieties of pears could play a role to better manage early stage diabetes and associated hypertension, commonly called high blood pressure. More research would be needed to determine if the results of the in vitro studies can be replicated in humans. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in fruits may provide a variety of health benefits, as this study shows. More varied and higher phenolic content is found in the skin of the pear than in its flesh or pulp. The study showed that Starkrimson peel had the highest total phenolic content, and that peel extracts had significantly higher total phenolic content than pulp. The pulp extracts of the Bartlett cultivar had higher total phenolics when compared with Starkrimson. "Our results from in vitro assays suggest that if we consume Bartlett and Starkrimson pears as a whole fruit (peel and pulp) it may potentially provide better control of early stage diabetes as part of an overall healthier diet," said Shetty. "Such dietary strategy involving fruits, including pears, not only potentially could help better control blood glucose levels, but also reduce over dependence on drugs for prediabetes stages, or complement a reduced pharmacological dose of drugs with side effects to combat very early stages of type 2 diabetes," said the study authors in their article. World Health Organization statistics show that diabetes affects approximately 387 million adults worldwide, with the number expected to jump to 592 million by 2035. Some references consider type 2 diabetes a rapidly emerging epidemic in children due to unhealthy diets. Effects on blood pressure Researchers also examined whether the pears studied might provide benefits to controlling high blood pressure. ACE (angiotensin-I-converting enzyme) inhibitors are medications that are sometimes used to help treat elevated blood pressure. The study showed that the watery extract of Bartlett pulp had low to moderate ACE inhibitory activity. The pear peel and pulp did not show any ACE inhibitory activity in this study. "Our results suggested that Bartlett pulp could be utilized as a potential mild ACE inhibitor following further evaluation with different concentrations and extraction processes," said the study authors. Pears and gut bacteria Researchers also studied whether fermented whole pear juice of Bartlett and Starkrimson pear extracts could inhibit the bacteria H. pylori. This bacteria found in the gut often is associated with gastritis and stomach ulcers. No pH adjusted samples after fermentation inhibited H. pylori. Starkrimson pear without pH adjustment inhibited H. pylori after 24, 48 and 72 hours of fermentation. Fermented samples of Bartlett pear inhibited H. pylori only after 48 and 72 hours, when pH was adjusted before fermentation. Results suggest that fermented pear extract can inhibit H. pylori without affecting the growth or function of probiotic bacteria and has the potential to sustain probiotic function of beneficial bacteria. More studies are needed, said Shetty, to further investigate the bioactive compounds in the peel and pulp of these pear varieties. Study of other properties such as fiber content, amino acids, and vitamin C could provide additional insight on the role of pears in a healthy food system. Results show opportunity for agriculture Shetty said results of this study and others point to the use of foods that can help combat disease, which in turn, can impact agriculture around the world. "This research helps make the case to build better 'food crops for health,'" he said. He sees additional opportunity for agriculture, particularly in North Dakota. "We now can develop a wide diversity of crops in North Dakota that not only meet global food security and nutritional security, but also are wholesome to counter chronic diseases from poor diets," he said. Funding for early work on the study was provided by USA Pears, with support for studies on probiotic and antimicrobial benefits supported by the University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station and by student Marcia Pinto on a Brazilian government scholarship. Research on health benefits is continuing at North Dakota State University since 2013, with support from the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

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Henri Nestle was born in 1814 in Frankfurt-am-Main, then a free city, was apprenticed as a pharmacist, and practised his profession after fleeing riots in 1833 to settle in Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva in Switzerland. He had an enquiring mind and carried out research in such subjects as gas lighting and fertilisers. Henri Nestle was born in 1814 in Frankfurt-am-Main, then a free city was apprenticed as a pharmacist, and practiced his profession after fleeing riots in 1833 to settle in Vevey on the shores of Lake Geneva in Switzerland. He had an enquiring mind and carried out research in such subjects as gaslighting and fertilizers. Though it is not known when Nestlé started working on his infant formula project, by 1867, Nestlé had produced a viable powdered milk product. His interest is known to have been spurred by several factors. Although Nestlé and his wife were childless, they were aware of the high death rate among infants. In addition, fresh milk was not always available in large towns, and women in higher society were starting to view breastfeeding as an “unfashionable” option. Nestlé combined cow’s milk with grain and sugar to produce a substitute for breast milk. Moreover, he and his friend Jean Balthasar Schnetzler, a scientist in human nutrition, removed the acid and the starch in wheat flour because they were difficult for babies to digest Initially called “kindermehl,” or “children flour,” his product had an advantage over Liebig’s “soup for infants” in that it was much easier to prepare, needing only to be boiled prior to feeding, and it soon proved to be a viable option for infants who were unable to breastfeed. People quickly recognized the value of the new product, and soon Henri Nestlé’s Milk Flour was being sold in much of Europe. By 1874, just seven years after the launch, 18 countries had their own distribution network and local Nestlé agents. In just a few years, Henri Nestlé managed to create a global brand together with its own logo. The idea for the bird’s nest trademark came from the Nestle family coat of arms (meaning ‘little nest’ in the Swabian dialect). Creating a somewhat emotional link to his infant formula, Nestlé filled the nest with three open-beaked chicks being fed by their mother. Nestlé sold his company in 1875 to his business associates and then lived with his family alternately in Montreux and Glion, where they helped people with small loans and publicly contributed towards improving the local infrastructure. In Glion he moved into a house later known as Villa Nestlé. According to en.wikipedia; erih.net and houseofswitzerland.org

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First Time User? Sign Up Now First Time User? Enroll now. Home > Health Library > Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is the name given to several problems with jaw movement and pain in and around the jaw joints. You may also hear TMD called TMJ or TM problems. The jaw joints, or temporomandibular (TM) joints, connect the lower jawbone (mandible) to the skull. These flexible joints are used more than any other joint in the body. They allow the jaw to open and close for talking, chewing, swallowing, yawning, and other movements. Many people have problems with jaw movement and pain in and around the jaw joints at some time during their lives. These joint and muscle problems are complex. So finding the right diagnosis and treatment of TMD may take some time. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can affect the jaw and jaw joint as well as muscles in the face, shoulder, head, and neck. Common symptoms include joint pain, muscle pain, headaches, joint sounds, trouble with fully opening the mouth, and jaw locking. In most cases, symptoms of TMD are mild and don't last long. They tend to come and go without getting worse and usually go away without a doctor's care. Some people who have TMD develop long-lasting (chronic) symptoms. Chronic pain or difficulty moving the jaw may affect talking, eating, and swallowing. This may affect a person's overall sense of well-being. The most common cause of TMD symptoms is muscle tension, often triggered by stress. When you are under stress, you may be in the habit of clenching or grinding your teeth. These habits can tire the jaw muscles and lead to a cycle of muscle spasm, tissue damage, pain, sore muscles, and more spasm. TMD can start when there is a problem with the joint itself, such as: Although there is no one way to identify a TMD, your doctor can most likely check your condition with a physical exam and by asking questions about your past health. In some cases, an X-ray, CT scan, or MRI is also used to check for bone or soft tissue problems related to symptoms of TMD. TMD symptoms usually go away without treatment. Simple home treatment can often relieve mild jaw pain. There are things you can do at first to reduce pain. Getting physical therapy and learning ways to reduce stress may also help to reduce pain and TM joint problems. Continue to use some of these methods over time to prevent and manage symptoms that might come back. If your pain is chronic or severe or is caused by problems with how the joint is shaped, your doctor may recommend other treatments. Splints, also called bite plates, are a common dental treatment for TMDs. Splints are usually clear pieces of plastic that fit between the upper and lower teeth. They help reduce grinding and clenching. Splints are used for a short time so that they do not cause permanent changes in the teeth or jaw. Before you try treatments such as surgery or reshaping or shaving down the teeth, think it over. These treatments cannot be reversed and can even damage the TM joint. For most people, surgery is not used to treat TMDs. Surgery has few benefits, and there is the chance of causing more serious problems. You and your doctor can carefully weigh a decision to have surgery. Talking with another doctor to get a second opinion can also help you make your decision. Chronic pain can lead to depression, anxiety, and other problems. If you have chronic pain, talk to your doctor about medicine and mental exercises to manage the pain. Give special attention to treating any related anxiety or depression. Health Tools help you make wise health decisions or take action to improve your health. Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can result from a single cause or, more commonly, a combination of causes. The main causes of TMDs include: In many cases, TMD symptoms appear to be caused by both muscle tension (tightness) and joint dysfunction. It is not always clear which came first. For example, osteoarthritis can cause changes in the joint, which may then bring on muscle spasms. Conversely, muscle spasms over time hinder jaw function and can eventually cause osteoarthritis in the jaw joint. A similar relationship appears to exist between muscle tension and disc displacement within the joint. Orthodontic treatment and malocclusion do not seem to trigger TMDs or make them worse. When jaw joint problems are caused by diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, treatment for that condition is important. Many other conditions cause symptoms similar to those of TMDs, such as migraine headaches and infections. Symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are usually mild and temporary and typically do not get worse with time. Common symptoms include: Sometimes pain around the ear, with pressure or ringing in the ears (tinnitus), develops with TMDs. Some people with these symptoms report that they also have hearing loss, although test results show that their hearing is normal. Symptoms often go away on their own. And they may recur over time without getting much better or worse. Occasional discomfort in the jaw joint or chewing muscles is quite common and usually is not a cause for concern. But for some people symptoms can be very painful, disabling, and last a long time. The course of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) caused by muscle tension varies depending on the cause of the muscle tension. TMDs caused by problems in the structure of the jaw joint may: In some cases, TMDs can be extremely painful and disabling and last a long time. Such chronic pain can affect a person's overall quality of life by increasing stress, making it hard to do a job, and interfering with personal life. Depression and anxiety are common results of chronic pain. Treatments may not relieve pain due to the lasting psychological and biological impact of chronic pain. These biological effects can lead to a sense of helplessness and biochemical changes in the body that perpetuate pain. In these cases, it is especially important to seek treatment for TMD pain and for related depression and anxiety. Risk factors for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) include: Call your dentist or doctor immediately if you have had an injury to your jaw or face and: Call your dentist or doctor if you: Your treatment for temporomandibular disorder (TMD) may involve several different health professionals. Initial evaluation can be done by a: Further diagnosis and treatment may be done by a: Additional treatment may be provided by: If a doctor suggests that you try a treatment that might make permanent changes to your jaw, be sure to get a second opinion. Health and dental insurance plans might not cover diagnosis and treatment. Because some tests and treatments are quite expensive, you may want to check your coverage before incurring expenses. Currently there is no widely accepted standard test for identifying the cause of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). But your dentist or doctor will most likely be able to accurately diagnose your condition with information from a medical history and physical exam. Most TMDs are caused or made worse by muscle tension (tightness). Expect your doctor to suggest treatment that does not involve surgery or permanent changes to the jaw (conservative treatment) to relieve your jaw pain, muscle tension, and TM joint problems. If you have sudden pain after a facial or jaw injury, your doctor is likely to order some type of imaging test, such as an X-ray, a CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). If conservative treatment has not worked and your jaw is locking in place (a sign of disc displacement), your pain is severe or chronic, or you have other medical problems, such as rheumatoid arthritis, other tests may be needed. These tests are usually done only if knowing their results could change your recommended treatment plan. If you still have symptoms after the first period of treatment, your doctor may begin to look for problems in the jaw joint structure. Other tests may include: The goal of treatment for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) is to relieve pain in the jaw and restore normal jaw movement and function. Several treatment approaches are effective. The first treatments that are tried for TMDs are called conservative, because they are simple and temporary. They are not invasive or permanent. They can be stopped or reversed. They include over-the-counter pain medicine and self-care that you can do at home. Often, simple home treatment measures can successfully relieve jaw pain. Less than 1 out of 10 adults have jaw problems or pain that is so severe that they need medical or dental treatment.footnote 1 For chronic, muscle-related TMDs, standard medical care can include muscle relaxation measures, biofeedback, stress management, or cognitive-behavioral therapy. For chronic pain caused by a TMD, it is important to seek treatment for pain and for related depression and anxiety. Dental splints are the most common dental treatment for TMDs. These splints or bite plates are typically used for a short period of time. They can help relieve muscle tension and pain. Most people do not need permanent dental work or surgery. Permanent dental work might include orthodontic treatments involving permanent changes to the jaw. At best, permanent treatments or surgery may not work any better than physical therapy and temporary treatments. At worst, they can cause irreversible damage. If your doctor recommends surgery or other treatment that involves permanent changes, be sure to get a second opinion before you start treatment. Often, structural problems in the jaw, such as disc displacement, can be improved with conservative (nonsurgical) treatment, especially when they are treated early. To prevent temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), try to reduce muscle tension in your jaw. You can reduce muscle tension in these ways: In the past, various procedures such as dental restoration and orthodontic treatment were used to prevent joint sounds from developing into TMDs. Such measures are not only unneeded but also potentially damaging to a joint that may never become painful on its own. See Home Treatment for other ways to prevent or reduce muscle tension in your jaw. If your temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms are mild, try home treatment for at least 2 weeks. If your symptoms don't get better or if they get worse during this time, call your doctor or dentist. Home treatment involves reducing your stress, resting your jaw (by eating only soft or pureed foods), taking steps to reduce pain, and exercising your jaw. To help relieve pain and restore jaw function: If you have been diagnosed with a TMD, these home treatment measures will optimize the treatments prescribed by your doctor or dentist, such as a splint therapy or physical therapy. You can use medicine to relieve the pain of a temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Short-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, muscle relaxants, or antidepressant medicines can relieve or reduce inflammation, control pain, and relax the jaw muscles. Be safe with medicines. Read and follow all instructions on the label. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) do not cure TMDs. But they may reduce pain and inflammation, which allows you to do prescribed jaw exercises that can start the healing process. NSAIDs may be prescribed on a regular basis for 1 to 2 weeks to help reduce inflammation even though the pain has subsided. Your doctor may prescribe an antidepressant, not necessarily because you suffer from depression but to help treat chronic pain or nighttime bruxism. Surgery is rarely used to treat temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Surgical treatment does not guarantee a cure and can further damage the temporomandibular joint. Because most TMDs can be treated nonsurgically, most doctors believe that surgery should be the last option tried and should be avoided if possible. Surgery may be a treatment option for you if both of the following apply: The goals of surgery for TMDs are to: Surgery may include: Another type of surgery, called total joint replacement, is rarely done. It has sometimes resulted in permanent jaw damage. Total joint replacement replaces the jaw joint with artificial parts. In some cases the artificial parts have not worked correctly or have broken. The available technology for this surgery is still considered to be experimental and risky. Further pain complications or joint dysfunction can result from temporomandibular joint surgery. Surgery is not needed in most cases of disc displacement.footnote 2 Splint therapy (a dental treatment), jaw rest, and physical therapy, including moist heat and jaw exercises followed by an ice pack, can work very well for treating this condition. If this and other nonsurgical treatment to relax the muscles are not successful, arthrocentesis may effectively treat your condition. If you are thinking about surgery, get a second opinion on your condition and treatment. Many types of treatment can successfully relieve temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms. Different doctors will suggest different treatments, any of which may work to relieve jaw and facial pain. If a doctor recommends that you try a treatment that might make permanent changes to your jaw or teeth, get a second opinion. Depending on your condition, one of the following choices may be more effective than another. Safe options for treatment of TMD include: Treatments considered safe and effective for some people include: Many different types of treatment for temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have potential for successfully relieving your condition. If your problem is linked to muscle tension, any treatment that helps you relax your jaw muscles with no adverse effects is likely to be helpful. Different treatments work for different people. Treatments vary greatly in safety, cost, and how well they work. Scrivani SJ, et al. (2008). Temporomandibular disorders. New England Journal of Medicine, 359(25): 2693–2705. Tucker MR, et al. (2008). Management of temporomandibular disorders. In JR Hupp et al., eds., Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 5th ed., pp. 629–649. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. Other Works Consulted American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (2010). Guideline on acquired temporomandibular disorders in infants, children, and adolescents. American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry Clinical Guidelines Reference Manual, 32(6): 232–237. Also available online: http://www.aapd.org/media/policies.asp. American Association for Dental Research (2010). Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD). Available online: http://www.aadronline.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3465#TMD. American Society of Temporomandibular Joint Surgeons (2003). Guidelines for diagnosis and management of disorders involving temporomandibular joint and related musculoskeletal structures. Cranio, 21(1): 68–76. Goddard G (2008). Temporomandibular disorders. In AK Lalwani, ed., Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, 2nd ed., pp. 389–396. New York: McGraw-Hill. Okeson JP (2011). Temporomandibular disorders. In ET Bope et al., eds., Conn's Current Therapy 2011, pp. 1008–1011. Philadelphia: Saunders. Current as ofMarch 27, 2018 Author: Healthwise StaffMedical Review: Adam Husney, MD - Family MedicineMartin J. Gabica, MD - Family MedicineKathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine Current as of: March 27, 2018 Medical Review:Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Martin J. Gabica, MD - Family Medicine & Kathleen Romito, MD - Family Medicine To learn more about Healthwise, visit Healthwise.org. © 1995-2018 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated. 475 Progress Blvd. Siler City, NC 27344 UNC Health Care Citrix Chatham Hospital Intranet Copyright 2019 UNC Health Care. All rights reserved.

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Rukminiharana, Rukmiṇīharaṇa: 2 definitions Rukminiharana means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article. Languages of India and abroad Rukmiṇīharaṇa (रुक्मिणीहरण) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—nāṭaka, by Śeṣacintāmaṇi. Kh. 66. B. 2, 122. Br. M. (add. 26, 359).Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary Rukmiṇīharaṇa (रुक्मिणीहरण):—[=rukmiṇī-haraṇa] [from rukmiṇī > ruc] n. Name of [work] Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin. See also (Relevant definitions) Search found 2 books and stories containing Rukminiharana, Rukmiṇīharaṇa, Rukmini-harana, Rukmiṇī-haraṇa; (plurals include: Rukminiharanas, Rukmiṇīharaṇas, haranas, haraṇas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles: Dasarupaka (critical study) (by Anuru Ranjan Mishra) Part 14 - Conclusion < [Chapter 9 - Īhāmṛga (critical study)] Part 13 - Status of Women in the Rukmiṇīharaṇa < [Chapter 9 - Īhāmṛga (critical study)] Part 12 - Society in the Rukmiṇīharaṇa < [Chapter 9 - Īhāmṛga (critical study)] Natyashastra (English) (by Bharata-muni)

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Importance of personal evaluation There is little point in developing plans and looking at the strategies that are necessary to bring them about if we do not evaluate how effective they have been. These strategies mean that we are developing healthier behaviour patterns, healthier thinking and healthier relationships. It also means that we are increasing our ability to overcome limitations in our lives. a. How well are we doing? Many of us do not find easy to answer this question honestly. We can be too harsh on ourselves and therefore expect higher standards from ourselves than other people would. We can be too lax on ourselves and allow ourselves to get away with a lower standard than we would expect from others. This is where having a coach or mentor or even a friend to be accountable to can be very useful. They become a third party who can assess our progress. Another way of assessing the situation is to keep a record of our progress. Some of the things we are trying to achieve are easier to measure and therefore record than others. For example, someone wanting to lose weight can weigh themselves and keep a record of how much weight they are losing. Other things are less tangible and therefore harder to measure. However in a situation like this keeping a journal or diary can be a useful way of recording the progress that is being made. Sometimes it can be quite shocking to see the difference in the way that we were thinking, months or years earlier. b. Maintaining accountability One of the reasons why people like slimming clubs is that there is a sense of common purpose but also a sense of being accountable to someone. The idea is that someone else is keeping a record of your progress and therefore providing encouragement. Of course, they do not suit everyone. Maintaining accountability can mean taking action before trouble hits. This could be asking someone else to set the parental controls on your TV or computer so that you cannot alter them yourself and therefore watch the programs that you have decided are not helpful for you to watch. One of the features of the traditional twelve step process is that you have someone that you can turn to for support if you need it. There are dramas on TV where people, often men with an alcohol problem, fear that their resolve is about to break and contacts their sponsor or accountability partner.

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Cameron, Louisiana was devastated for the third time in 15 years when Hurricane Laura came ashore. In 2005, Hurricane Rita pushed 12 to18 feet of water through this town. In 2008 Hurricane Ike sent 10 feet of surge before making landfall in Galveston, Texas. In so many ways, this area has been recovering from disasters for the past fifteen years. Climate change guarantees that it won’t be the last one. Now this community, and many others stretching from Port Arthur, Texas to Lake Charles, Louisiana and beyond are reeling from the 10 feet of storm surge, torrential rains, and record-breaking winds that Laura brought. “There ain’t nothing to come back to,” Cameron resident Adley Dyson Jr. told the Washington Post. “I’m 47 years old. I had to start over in my late 20s. I had to start over in my 30s. This is my fourth time starting over. I don’t want to have to start over again.” Hurricane Laura is yet another reminder of how low-income communities and communities of color are most vulnerable to climate-fueled disasters. The parishes in southwest Louisiana have an 18 percent poverty rate and 20 percent of residents are Black or Hispanic. Across the country, communities of color and low-income communities are more likely to reside in vulnerable areas. This is due, in part, to redlining and other discriminatory housing policies and practices. They are less likely to have the financial resources or access to credit to make their home safer before a disaster strikes (e.g., by raising a home on pilings to avoid flood waters). And they are less likely to be able to afford things like flood insurance coverage, which would give them more financial capacity to rebuild after a flood, something my colleague Joel Scata writes about. Not that flood insurance is a panacea. It doesn’t stop floods from happening. It helps with the cost of rebuilding, but that may not be the best option if your home’s flooded multiple times in 15 years. After rebuilding so many times, you might prefer to relocate. Flood insurance won’t help you do that, a problem that I looked at in-depth in the report Seeking Higher Ground. Post-disaster assistance is not as easy to secure as it should be One might reasonably expect that this is where federal disaster aid comes in, to ensure that people who most need assistance can quickly get back on their feet and resume life, or perhaps get assistance to make their home safer in the future. But that’s not everyone’s experience. FEMA, and many other federal agencies, distribute much-needed aid to disaster survivors. However, the process for applying and the documentation requirements can leave many frustrated in their attempts to secure the assistance they desperately need. Unfortunately, federal disaster aid tends to flow to the communities and individuals that get to the front of the line first, rather than who needs assistance the most. That’s not the intention, but it’s a consequence of the nation’s disaster policies and the byzantine procedures disaster survivors must navigate to seek assistance. Groups like the Disaster Housing Coalition and The Urban Institute have documented the difficulties people face in securing a lifeline in the aftermath of a disaster like Hurricane Laura. Some survivors of Hurricane Laura could face similar problems as those in Texas and Puerto Rico after Hurricanes Harvey and Maria. In Texas, low income applicants for aid were denied FEMA Individual Assistance at rates almost twice as high as higher income applicants. After Maria, tens of thousands were denied FEMA assistance due to lack of documentation, because they didn’t have traditional titles to the homes they owned and lived in. FEMA worked to address this problem in Puerto Rico, but similar issues could arise in areas hit by Laura, where properties have been passed down over the generations without titles being documented. During the recovery, it doesn’t get easier for these communities How post-disaster recovery and disaster mitigation dollars are allocated contribute to the pre-existing equity gap and a resilience gap. The way these dollars are distributed is probably putting further distance between the haves and the have-nots. Large portions of federal recovery dollars are administered directly by the states, who have a big say in where dollars are spent and which communities get resources. That can introduce additional biases to who gets the dollars and the technical assistance needed for long-term recovery. Two years after Hurricane Harvey, people in Port Arthur filed a lawsuit to get their fair share of recovery funding from the State of Texas. In the aftermath of that storm, the state gave whiter, more affluent communities a larger share of funding, compared to places like Port Arthur, where damages were arguably much more severe. Similar issues can arise when communities looks at ways to decrease their vulnerability to future disasters. Depending on where you live, all options may not be equally available to all communities. The more expensive a project is, the more likely an urban or affluent area will benefit. That bias can be driven by the requisite benefit-cost analysis. Benefits, such as avoided damages, will be higher for projects that protect higher value homes. As a result, expensive engineered solutions like seawalls or beach replenishment projects tend to be built in more affluent communities. Think of it this way. If a seawall costs $20 million to build and could either protect 100 homes worth $100,000 each (total value of $10 million) or 50 homes worth $500,000 each (total value of $25 million), where would it be built? If you answered, “the location with fewer homes worth more money,” then you have a basic understanding of how benefit-cost analysis works. A study last year by Jesse Keenan and A.R. Siders looked at disaster mitigation projects in North Carolina and found that this is essentially what happens. More affluent communities tended to benefit from expensive engineered solutions. These communities are also probably better situated to pay the non-federal cost share requirements typical of such projects. The bias we bring with the disaster data we choose We have a tendency to measure and compare storms by the dollars of damage….not the human misery inflicted, which is more difficult to quantify. We track the number of “billion dollar storms”, tally the properties damaged or destroyed, report the dollar value of flood insurance damage claims, etc. We focus on the properties, rather than the people. We focus on the financial cost, rather than the human cost. I’m as guilty of that as anybody. These numbers are readily available and convenient to use. But they only tell only part of the story. Flood insurance statistics are biased by how many people actually have flood insurance. In the areas affected by Hurricane Laura, only about 17 percent of households appear to have coverage and only 11 percent have coverage in predominantly Black census tracts. When fewer people have insurance, the reported claims and damages paid will be lower than the actual damage that occurred. Data on flood insurance damage claims are similarly biased by the value of the insured property. Among homes that have been repeatedly damaged by floods, NRDC found that lower value homes incur higher damage relative to property value. On average, single-family homes worth less than $250,000 suffered flood damages that are 122 percent of the property’s value, while the damage to homes worth more than $250,000 was 53 percent of the property value. Those numbers indicate that a less affluent family living in a lower value home is likely to suffer relatively more extensive damage, perhaps making it more likely the home is uninhabitable or requires more time consuming repairs. While the dollar value of damage claims may be higher for larger, more expensive homes, the damage relative to value of the home may be less. All of the common metrics discussed above have one thing in common: they tend to diminish suffering and the severity of damage done to poorer people or communities of color. That may be part of the reason Hurricane Laura, and the hundreds of thousands of people impacted by this terrible storm, have fallen out of the national spotlight so quickly. Laura didn’t hit a major city and the numbers we often rely upon to signal how terrible a storm was (damages, economic losses, etc.) aren’t of the same scale as a Hurricanes Harvey, Sandy, or Katrina. Or perhaps the now relentless pace of disasters has numbed us to these events (2020 is certainly pushing the boundaries on that argument). But for those who have had their lives turned upside down by Hurricane Laura, they face yet another difficult recovery—their third in 15 years. Other Resources on Equity and Disasters 7 Principles of Disaster Recovery, Disaster Housing Coalition-National Low-Income Housing Coalition. In the Eye of the Storm: A People’s Guide to Transforming Crisis and Advancing Equity in the Disaster Continuum Toolkit, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Damages Done: The Longitudinal Impacts of Natural Hazards on Wealth Inequality in the United States, Social Problems, August 2018. The Effect of Natural Disasters on Economic Activity in US Counties: A Century of Data, National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017. Insult to Injury: Natural Disasters and Residents’ Financial Health, Urban Institute, April 2019. Louisiana’s population is already moving to escape climate catastrophe, Quartz, September 2020. Related Blog Posts When it comes to health and environmental disasters, we are failing to turn mistakes into lessons and lessons into action. Hurricane Laura—one of the strongest storms on record to hit the United States—brought strong winds, heavy rain, and 12 to 18 feet of storm surge to parts of the Louisiana and Texas coasts. Many people in the five coastal parishes directly surrounding the landfall area (Acadia, Cameron, Calcasieu, Jefferson Davis, and Vermillion) lack flood insurance. In those parishes, only about 29 percent of households in the 100-year floodplain are insured under the NFIP and in predominantly Black areas only 20 percent of households had coverage.

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Scotland has led the world in a commitment to excellence in education for centuries. We were the first country in the world to provide universal education open to both boys and girls, as early as the 17th century. Education is a vitally important aspect of society, and Scotland is a nation where a first-class, world-leading education is accessible to all. We are home to an education sector with a long and proud history and a future focused on innovation. Not only are we home to world-class learning facilities, but we're also renowned for the quality of our teaching and are a world-leader in many different research sectors. Curriculum for Excellence: In Scotland, the Curriculum for Excellence (CfE) is the national curriculum used from nursery school all the way through to secondary school. CfE comprises a broad general education up to the end of S3 (third year in secondary school) followed by a senior phase of learning in the final three years of secondary school. Emphasis of CfE is placed on inter-disciplinary learning, skills development and encouraging personal achievement and it is intended to foster four capacities in all young people: Children are able to go public nursery schools in Scotland from the age of three, but private nurseries will accept children earlier than this. At the moment, Scotland currently funds up to 600 hours per year of free provision of early learning and childcare - which equates to roughly 16 hours per week in term time. However, new legislation has meant that this is due to increase up to 1,140 hours by the year 2020. Dependant on when in the year a child's birthday falls, children will attend primary school for seven years between the ages of five and 12. Dependant on when in the year a child's birthday falls, children will attend primary school for up to six years between the ages of 12 and 18. Throughout out the length and breadth of Scotland, there is a wide range of private/independent or boarding schools. These schools cover all stages of education, from nursery through to secondary school. Colleges in Scotland are distinct from universities and provide a range of courses varying from vocational to fast-track degree entry from the age of 16 upwards. Scotland’s colleges also provide school-level qualifications for people of all ages. Scotland is home to more world-class universities per capita than almost anywhere else in the world and has the highest concentration of universities in Europe. Four Scottish universities are in the Times Higher Education Top 200 World Universities and more than 94% of international students studying here think that Scotland is a good place to be.

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9 Equal Rights Amendment Hearing Quotes That Explain Why It’s Time To Ratify On Tuesday, the House Judiciary Committee held a hearing to discuss the Equal Rights Amendment, which aims to confirm something you probably thought was already established: the legal equality between men and women. Actresses and politicians alike appeared before the committee to point out just how unbelievable it is that this conversation is still taking place, centuries after the Constitution was first written. The Equal Rights Amendment hearing quotes from these activists serve as a critical reminder that, shockingly, women still don’t have equal protection under the law in 2019. The Equal Rights Amendment, also known as the ERA, was first proposed in 1923, but it didn’t officially pass into law until 1972. Unfortunately, the bill was never ratified because it didn’t receive the support of at least 38 states at the time. Ratification is a required process for any proposed change or amendment to the Constitution; at least 75% of states have to approve the change within a certain amount of time, otherwise the change is rendered inactive. That initial deadline passed in 1978. o lawmakers face some central challenges in the push to ratify the ERA, once and for all. First, the House will have to pass H.J. Res. 35, which would restart the ratification process. Second, lawmakers will likely have to deal with a number of legal battles opponents might raise, including issues related to the ratification deadline, the impact of Supreme Court precedent through the years, and more. It’s worth noting that there are pair of resolutions already introduced in the House and Senate which aim to remove the ratification deadline and renew consideration of the ERA, called H.J. Res 38 and S.J. Res. 6, respectively. According to CBS News, Rep. Carolyn Maloney introduced H.J. Res 35 in January. On Tuesday, Maloney said that the ERA Hearing, which was the first of its kind in 36 years, is proof of the power of a Democratic majority in Congress. Per CBS News, she argued, This hearing is long overdue. It’s an example of what a Democratic majority in Congress means today. We have an extraordinary responsibility and opportunity to seize this moment. Though Maloney is the sponsor of the ERA legislation in the House, there’s sponsorship for a similar effort in the Senate, as well: Sen. Bob Menendez introduced S.J. Res. 15 on March 27. The resolution has the same goal of restarting the ratification process for the amendment. Here are some of the key quotes from the ERA hearing, which highlight why the government needs to ratify the amendment: “Women Have Waited 232 Years To Be Enshrined As Full And Equal Citizens.” Actress Patricia Arquette gave the opening statement at the hearing on Tuesday. According to The Hill, Arquette has made several visits to D.C. in recent years to push for the ratification of the ERA. On Tuesday, she said in part, “Women have waited 232 years to be enshrined as full and equal citizens. Why? Because, in 1787, women were left out of the Constitution intentionally.” You can watch her opening statement in full above. “Discrimination Is Not Prevented Against Women In The U.S. Constitution.” While speaking at the ERA hearing, Rep. Jackie Speier (D-CA) said in part, Nations around the world have looked to the us to model their constitutions & have recognized the need for women’s equality, yet we fail to do the same. It is frankly an embarrassment…Discrimination is not prevented against women in the US Constitution. “Equality Is Not Debatable, We Are Born With It.” During the hearing, Sen. Pat Spearman (D-NV) was one of many individuals to speak on behalf of the ERA. She said in part, “Equality is not debatable, we are born with it. All we are asking is for it to be recognized.” “Not Having The ERA Has Real Consequences For Real Women.” While speaking at the hearing, Maloney said at one point, “Women need respect. We need fairness. And we need to be in the constitution. Not having the ERA has real consequences for real women.” ” … More Women Retire Below The National Poverty Level Than Men.” At another point during Sen. Spearman’s speech at the hearing, she said, “Pay inequity often means women, who are the income earners, work more than one job, have less time to spend helping their children have academic success, and more women retire below the national poverty level than men.” It’s true. According to the Economic Policy Institute, women over 65 years old are much more likely to live in poverty than men. For example, the institute reports that 17% of women between the ages of 70–79 are in poverty, while men in this age groups have a poverty rate of 11%, respectively. “I Would Like My Granddaughters, When They Pick Up The Constitution, To See That Notion … “ When Rep. Steve Cohen spoke at the hearing, he called to mind the words of one particularly well-known feminist icon: Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Ginsburg has spoken out in favor of the ERA on a number of occasions in the past. On Tuesday, Cohen cited a particular quote of Ginsburg’s from 2014: “…I would like my granddaughters, when they pick up the Constitution, to see that notion – that women and men are persons of equal stature – I’d like them to see that is a basic principle of our society.” ” … 96 Years Later, The United States Constitution Still Does Not Explicitly Declare That Women Have Equal Rights.” During his speech, Rep. Jerry Nadler cited the original writer of the Equal Rights Amendment, suffragist Alice Paul. Nadler said, “Alice Paul’s #EqualRightsAmendment was introduced in both houses of Congress in 1923… [but] the United States Constitution still does not explicitly declare that women have equal rights under the law.” Nadler continued, “If women were to achieve true equality, our nation’s founding document needed to be amended to reflect that core principle.” “Although Women Have Achieved Some … Equal Status Under The 14th Amendment, That Progress Is Fragile.” During his speech, Cohen also acknowledged the partial protection that women receive through the 14th Amendment. Though the amendment does say that all people born in the U.S. are “citizens of the United States” and deserve equal protections under the law, it makes no mention of women, specifically. As a result, it’s often been left up to interpretation, to the direct detriment of the women’s rights movement. Cohen said in part, Although women have achieved some … equal status under the 14th amendment, that progress is fragile. As the @USSupremeCourt has moved to the right, it could backtrack some fundamental decisions … and jeopardize the many strides that women have made….There are dark currents in our politics and culture seeking to undermine women’s status in our society, whether it is by threatening their healthcare, objectifying women in the workplace, or ignoring or even condoning gender-based violence. “We Will No Longer Allow Ourselves To Be An Afterthought.” At another point during her speech at the hearing, Speier said, “We will no longer allow ourselves to be an afterthought. We need the #ERANow.” Though the hearing represents a step in the right direction, the ERA still has a long way to go before ratification. Both the House and the Senate will first have to pass that bill, then the ratification process for the states (along with any potential legal battles) will start again in earnest. To show your support for ratification, you can contact your representatives in the House and the Senate and encourage them to support the bill. Specifically, you can remind them that the Constitution still does not expressly guarantee gender equality — and until that happens, the push for women’s equality will remain incomplete. Correction: A previous version of this story mischaracterized House legislation concerning the ERA. It has been updated to accurately reflect the legislation.

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The Invention of Paramount Pictures The Media History Digital Library is a goldmine of information about early cinema, the sorts of magazines, journals, and trade publications that, in the pre-digital era, had only been available to those able to travel to research libraries. At over 800,000 scanned pages and growing, the collection is daunting, and what I plan to do in Time Frames, a five-part series, is cull through and select a series of images and text from the collection to highlight key transformative moments in the film culture and industry, as well as other oddities and obscure artifacts. It’s perhaps impossible for us not to impose a sense of foregoness to history; since we know the outcome, we see it coming in the sources. And when writing about the past, we can’t help but impose our knowledge of what happened. We know, for instance, that the nickelodeon gradually gave way to the movie house, and that the small, local film production companies of the 1910’s merged or disappeared as Hollywood emerged. Yet that path was not straight, and our hindsight knowledge of what happened, of how things played out, tends to obscure or gloss over the rough spots, the detours, the eruptions, the digressions, the upstarts of randomness and chaos that are always part of the fabric of history. So, rather than a linear “history of” column, Time Frames will be more akin to linked snapshots, focusing less on the overall historical narrative at hand, and more on the texture of the images, the voice of the text, once obscured in archives but now made available to us, in all their raw, real-time glory. This first installment explores some early promotional material from Paramount Pictures, dating back to 1914, when Adolph Zukor’s The Famous Players Film Company and The Lasky Feature Play Company released their films through Paramount, which had been founded by William Wadsworth Hodkinson earlier that year. Hodkinson hoped to move the fragmented film industry away from the decentralized nickelodeon experience to a national production and distribution model that would give producers more power and profits through strategies such as block-booking, which forced exhibitors to buy multiple films packaged together from the numerous companies that had exclusive agreements with Paramount. We see this in early promotional material (from Moving Picture World, an early trade paper) for the company from January 1915. (Note: click on images to enlarge and see the full view.) The old, small, decrepit nickelodeon on the left gives way to the newborn future: a palatial Paramount Pictures bidding farewell to “Cheap Houses, Destructive Competition, and Chaotic Conditions.” (It’s interesting that in 1915 competition could be called “destructive;” in 1948 the Supreme Court would issue an anti-trust ruling that would break up the oligarchy that was Paramount and other studios.) The ad wishes away (as the old year) the chaos of the nickelodeon as well as its “daily change” (the fact that what was shown often changed from day to day) during the same era that continuity editing emerged as the basic grammar of what was to become the “classical” Hollywood style of narrative. It’s maybe worth considering how the emergence of continuity editing as the standard mode of visual storytelling through editing (pioneered by D. W. Griffith and others) was not simply borne out of a desire to find the most efficient ways to tell a story, but was rather part of a larger cultural drift and business model that, in the interests of consolidation and profit, labeled as “chaos” methods that were not smooth, uniform, and standardized. A promotional page from a few months later (March 1915) also from Moving Picture World stresses efficiency and regularization. Although a future column will explore links between Fordism (described by Steven Tolliday and Jonathan Zeitlin as “a model of economic expansion and technological progress based on mass production: the manufacture of standardized products in huge volumes”) and the emerging movie industry, it’s interesting how these early, inter-industry Paramount advertisements prepared the groundwork for the studio system business model. The ad also features an early Paramount logo, the first iteration of the mountain peak design (reportedly created as a doodle by Hodkinson himself), a logo that by 1917 would be modified to include billowing clouds at the base of the mountain rather than mist. In this and a few other illustrations from 1915, the finished logo appears in a film-strip like format, emerging out of sketches. It’s a small detail, this filmstrip/border design, a sort of rough draft of Paramount working out, in public, its identity and image as a major distributor and, eventually, studio. One of the more fascinating Paramount advertisements from its formative years is this map (from the July 1914 issue of Moving Picture World) of the United States segmented into distributor “territories.” The ad features the very first, pre-mountain logo: a royal crown bearing the Latin phrase for “in the highest.” The totalizing scope and vision of the company — in which no corner of the U.S. is not claimed — suggests the grand designs of the company, as if there was no space beyond Paramount’s reach. There is also an advertisement for the first film released by Paramount, The Lost Paradise, by Henry Churchill de Mille, Cecil B. de Mille’s father, adapted from the German drama by Ludwig Fulda. An August 1891 New York Times review of the de Mille’s American stage version (upon which the Paramount Pictures film, released in the late summer of 1914, was based) describes it as a drama about “the war of classes against masses.” The drama contains this exchange, between Standish, whose family owns an iron works factory, and Hyatt and Schwartz, workers threatening to go on strike: HYATT: Capital can’t do without labor. STANDISH: What can labor do without capital? SCHWARTZ: Which comes to any country first? What built your factories and your railroads, and your fine houses? Your sleepless nights didn’t. ‘Twas this–and this. (slapping first the muscle of one arm, then the other, extending both) Your brains are used to make machines of us. We’re tryin’ hard to be patient and fight you brain to brain. STANDISH: For what? SCHWARTZ: Some of the benefits from the capital, that our own labor has made. Although contemporary reviews of the film are difficult to find, an article in the October 1914 Lake Shore News (out of Wilmette, Illinois) notes that “The Lost Paradise is a powerful pictorial argument in behalf of the oppressed laborers, whose lives build the wealth of nations, whose tears are crystallized in the jewels of the rich.” So it turns out that the very first release by the motion picture company that would become a symbol of unfair trade practices was one that dealt in complex and sympathetic ways with the plight of workers. It’s also a sign of the times that Edwin S. Porter — a pioneer of early cinema whose films The Great Train Robbery and Life of an American Fireman (both 1903) had experimented with cross-cutting and other then experimental editing techniques — is listed near the bottom of the advertisement as a “technical director.” In these and other early promotions, the film’s director was often not listed, as distinctions between cameraman, writer, director, and editor were often blurred, overlapping, and collaborative. The concept of the director as author of a film, responsible for its total vision, had not yet fully emerged. Porter is an interesting example. Having failed to establish consistency and uniformity of method — which was precisely the business and artistic model that Paramount was striving for — Porter’s star faded. By 1916 he had abandoned filmmaking. Next installment: Film “vamps” in the teens.

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Can liver cancer be found early? It is often hard to find liver cancer early because signs and symptoms often do not appear until it is in its later stages. Small liver tumors are hard to detect on a physical exam because most of the liver is covered by the right rib cage. By the time a tumor can be felt, it might already be quite large. There are no widely recommended screening tests for liver cancer in people who are not at increased risk. (Screening is testing for cancer in people without any symptoms.) But testing might be recommended for some people at higher risk. Many patients who develop liver cancer have long-standing cirrhosis (scar tissue formation from liver cell damage). Doctors may do tests to look for liver cancer if a patient with cirrhosis gets worse for no apparent reason. For people at higher risk of liver cancer due to cirrhosis (from any cause) or chronic hepatitis B infection (even without cirrhosis), some experts recommend screening for liver cancer with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) blood tests and ultrasound exams every 6 to 12 months. In some studies, screening was linked to improved survival from liver cancer. Ultrasound uses sound waves to take pictures of internal organs. AFP is a protein that can be present at increased levels in patients with liver cancer. But looking at AFP levels isn’t a perfect test for liver cancer. Many patients with early liver cancer have normal AFP levels. Also, AFP levels can be increased from other kinds of cancer as well as some non-cancerous liver conditions. The American Cancer Society does not have recommendations for liver cancer screening. Last Medical Review: 11/18/2014 Last Revised: 01/13/2015

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Nuclear Forensics - the state of the art The importance of rapid attribution Until recently, it had always been assumed that the initial focus in dealing with an instance of nuclear or radiological terrorism would be on limiting the damage caused by the material. This sort of work is the responsibility of experts from nuclear laboratories. There are relatively few of these specialised laboratories worldwide. However, it is equally important to trace the source of the material, asking questions such as ‘Where did it come from?’, ‘How did it get here?’ and ‘Who brought it here?’ In fact, finding answers to these questions – and making a rapid attribution – may be even more important than understanding exactly what happened. This is because the terrorists may well be planning to stage additional attacks. Finding them before they can do so is therefore a matter of the greatest urgency. Even if no attack has taken place, being able to quickly locate the origin of even the smallest traces of radioactive material can lead to a potential terrorist or the source of a leak – before a serious incident can occur. To meet this challenge, we need to bring together specialists from both nuclear science and forensic science, extending forensic skills into the field of nuclear and radiological threats.

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Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat |Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat| Carleton & Goodman, 1998 Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat (Eliurus grandidieri) is a species of rodent from the family Nesomyidae. Morphological evidence suggests that Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is most closely related to Petter's tufted-tailed rat, E. petteri. However, Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is the smaller of the two species. Distribution and range Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is endemic to Madagascar. It normally lives in middle to upper montane forests between the heights of 1,250 and 1,875 m (4,101 and 6,152 ft). It resides in both the Northern Highlands and the northern part of the Central Highlands in eastern Madagascar. Habitat and ecology Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is present in sclerophyllous forest and is presumed to be a partly scansorial species. The species is forest depended and has not been captured outside of forest or in alpine grasslands, though it may occur just below the tree line. Female Grandidier's tufted-tailed rats are believed to give birth to up to three young. Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List due to its widely dispersed localities. The population trend of the species, however, is unknown. There is deforestation in the habitat of the Grandidier's tufted-tailed rat for conversion to cultivated land, but there is not enough population loss from this deforestation for the species to be listed as more threatened. There is sufficient evidence that all species from the family Nesomyidae, especially those that commonly live upwards of 800 m (2,600 ft), are susceptible to a 100 percent mortality rate from plagues carried by introduced rodents, and these seem to be localized events. The species is located in three protected areas: the Anjanaharibe-Sud and Manongarivo Special Reserves and the Marojejy National Park. - Goodman, S. & Rakotondravony, D. (2008). "Eliurus grandidieri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 25 April 2013. - Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 949. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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Mine action is a broad set of efforts both to prevent and to address the problems caused by mines, cluster munitions and other explosive remnants of war. The International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) refer to mine action as ‘activities which aim to reduce the social, economic and environmental impact of mines and (other) ERW including cluster munitions.' According to the United Nations, mine action comprises five complementary groups of activities or ‘pillars’: - Mine/ERW risk education - Demining, ie. mine/ERW survey, mapping, marking and clearance - Victim assistance, including rehabilitation and reintegration - Stockpile destruction - Advocacy against the use of anti-personnel mines and cluster munitions Mine action activities are designed to: - Reduce real and perceived risks to affected populations of landmines, cluster munitions, ammunition stockpiles and ERW - Address consequences of accidents upon victims - Reduce economic, social and developmental consequences of contamination - Advocate developing, adopting and complying with appropriate instruments of international humanitarian law (IHL)

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Huauzontle is an annually grown vegetable herb native to Mexico. It is closely related to plants like goosefoot and lambsquarters having similar growth patterns and look. The seed heads of this plant are used in many traditional recipes. It is also known as the Aztec Red Spinach. Table Of Content Scientific Name for Huauzontle The scientific name for this plant is “Chenopodium nuttalliae”. Below is a brief description of the Huauzontle plant: - Height: It grows up to a height of 2 to 4 feet. - Flowers: The flowers are arranged in clusters having both the male and female parts. They are green in color. - Leaves: The green leaves come out of the main stem and are oval in shape. - Stems: They have a thick main stem which holds the flowers and thinner stems. The thinner stems hold the edible green flowers. - Seeds: The seeds are small and have a mild flavor. - Roots: The roots are fibrous in nature. - Smell: The plant has a strong, clean and astringent smell. Huauzontle Range and Distribution The plant is mostly grown in Mexico as well as in the Northeastern parts of United States. Cultivation of Huauzontle Huauzontle is an annual plant. It requires moist soil to grow and can grow well in sandy, loamy and clay soils. The soil may be acidic, alkaline or neutral. The seeds germinate very quickly. They need proper sunlight as they are unable to grow well in shady conditions. The plant flowers from July to October. The ripening of the seeds starts from August and continues till October. The flowers are pollinated by wind. The seeds are small in size and it is relatively easy to harvest them. The plants can be harvested within 7 to 8 weeks. When growing them in temperate zones, they should be sown after the frost. In subtropical regions, they can be grown all round the year. The various uses of this plant are discussed below: The leaves, flowers and seeds of this plant are edible and highly nutritious. The leaves and seeds have mild flavors. They are a good substitute for spinach. Although many individuals eat the raw leaves, it is better to cook them before consumption as they contain toxic substances called saponins. The flower clusters and seeds are eaten after they are cooked. The flowers are prepared like broccoli. These preparations are considered to be gourmet food. Like rice, the seeds are eaten as staple food. The seeds can also be grinded and used as flour or mixed with flour for preparing bread and gruel. The plant is also used to produce gold and green colored dyes. How to Cook Huauzontle Huauzontle is grown especially for its seeds heads. The seed heads are often fried after they are dipped in batter. The leaves and flowers of the plant are also edible. The plant should be cooked well before consumption as it minimizes the impact of the toxic saponins. Before the seeds are consumed, they should be water-soaked overnight and rinsed thoroughly to get rid of the bitter tasting saponins. While cleaning and preparing the plant for cooking, the yellow buds should be removed to avoid the bitter flavor. The soft flowery portions of the plant are good for edible consumption. The buds should be well cleaned to get rid of any dirt and grit. The flower buds should then be boiled for around 10 minutes until they reach a tender yet bright shade of green. The flower buds can then be refrigerated to be cooked later. These plants are available in many international and Latino stores. The seeds can be bought from heritage seed suppliers. The most well known recipe of Huauzontle is the Tortas de Huauzontle. In this preparation, the plant is boiled and drained in hot water. It is then bathed in different kinds of sauces. Alternatively, they can also be encased in egg batter and then deeply fried with Mexican cheese. Other popular recipes of this plant include Huauzontles in Chile Pasilla, Huauzontles capeados and Huauzontle con Cebollas y Comino. The Huauzontles in Chile Pasilla and Huauzontles capeados are pancake-like preparations. In Huauzontle con Cebollas y Comino, the Huauzontle flowers are sautéed with garlic, cumin, onion and vinegar. Huauzontle Side Effects Huauzontle is considered to be a nutritious plant. However, it has got small amounts of toxic substances called saponins and some oxalic acids. It is thus important to consume these plants in moderate quantities. Consumption of this plant can aggravate health problems like arthritis, rheumatism, hyperacidity, gout and kidney stones. So patients affected by such problems should be more careful while including this plant in their regular diet. Here are some images showing the Huauzontle plant. Huauzontle is a good substitute of spinach and broccoli with strong nutritional value. When consumed in reasonable quantities, they are a valuable asset to one’s diet. - by Prasenjit Banerjee - October 12th 2011

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Suppose you have a problem like: The first thing you do is find out what the solution can't be so that you don't end up dividing by zero. In this example, that means neither (3x-2) nor (x+2) can be zero. So, x cannot be either 2/3 or -2 for a solution. Once you've taken care of that, you to get (2x-5)(x+2) = (-4x-3)(3x-2) and proceed with the strategy for solving quadratics

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fewer child hospitalizations as a result of better access to school meals during the summer of the students that participated in United Way's Summer Learning Collaborative now think reading is more fun of learning loss for low-income children who don't get academic enrichment during the summer Kids who don’t get academic enrichment during the summer forget what they learned during the school year, experiencing what’s known as the “summer slide.” Children from low-wage families slide a lot further. They start school with a two-month lag in math and a 3-month delay in reading. By middle school, they’ve lost two full years of learning. Middle-income kids don’t suffer the slide as much, because their families can afford summer camps and academic enrichments, and their homes are usually filled with books. In fact, sometimes their reading skills even increases over the summer. It all adds up, making it very hard for low-income youth to catch up. Experts say more than half of the achievement gap between lower- and higher-income youth can be explained by unequal access to summer learning opportunities. United Way’s Summer Learning Collaborative in Boston is turning summer time into learning time for over 3,000 elementary schoolers every year. Almost 90% of those kids are starting school without any summer learning loss; 82% think reading is more fun. For example, United Way of United Way of Central and Northeastern Connecticut is hosting a block party for Day of Action to connect Hartford, CT families to summer food resources, and to books so kids can keep reading all summer. And United Way Toronto is working with partners to bring fresh and affordable foods to low-income neighborhoods through the Mobile Good Food Market, a retrofitted bus stocked with fresh and affordable fruit and vegetables. See how communities near you and around the world are celebrating this year's Day of Action Watch how volunteers have already made their communities better places through Day of Action

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