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Every 20 seconds 40 224 pounds of edible food is thrown away in the United States. Every 20 seconds 1200 new Instagram pictures are uploaded. Every 20 seconds about 68 million emails are sent. Every 20 seconds, about 40 babies are born into poverty. Every 20 seconds the world has a net gain of about 52 people. Every 20 seconds about 6 people die of starvation in the world. Every 20 seconds about 4 children in the world die of starvation. Every 20 seconds about 2000 lightening strikes have struck the ground. Every 20 seconds the sound of thunder travels 4 miles. Every 20 seconds 63200 tons of water flow over the Niagra Falls. Every 20 seconds light will travel 5 995 849,160 meters. Every 20 seconds, 320 million tons of water has evaporated from there earth surface. Every 20 seconds the sun flings 20 million tons of matter out into space. Every 20 seconds the universe has expanded about 184 miles. Every 20 seconds 2,000 000 chemical reaction have taken place in every single cell in your body. Every 20 seconds 89 babies are born in the world. We at Snuza understand the importance of 20 seconds and is a concept that our Baby Movement Monitors technology is based on. The World Health Organisation recommends the warning of an apnea event in 20 seconds. Our Snuza Hero Baby Wearable Abdominal Movement Monitor is designed to measure your baby's abdominal movements and will vibrate after 15 seconds if no movement is detected and will alarm if no movement is detected after a further 5 seconds, reaching the 20 seconds mark. Since baby's tummy movements can be measured, movement monitors are the fastest and most reliable method of monitoring and alerting you when an apnea event has occurred." Our baby monitors are more than just baby monitors, they act as a voice for babies when they need it the most. No matter how amazing you are as a parent, the one thing that you have no say over is the inevitable ticking of time. It's that one thing that plays on the minds of parents and is dreaded by many. It affects us all and yet we have no control over it. For some reason, being a parent makes this reality even more apparent. Clocks seem to go much faster with children on the scene. We look back on the last week only to realise it was 3 years ago. Clocks seem to tick a different tock with every child added into the mix. There is nothing quite like the bitter sweet passing of another birthday to mark the passing of time. As a parent you look back as if it was yesterday when you were in hospital with your first baby. The overwhelming emotions of being a parent for the first time. The immense amount of love you have for your little bundle you have to now take home and look after. The perfect baby smell, the tiny fingers and toes, the countless sleepless nights, the frustration and the tiredness. Fast-forward to today and you are watching your little bundle starting their first day of school, heading to college and packing their bags to venture out into the big world on their own. The years go by in a blink of an eye. A lifetime of memories seem to be made up in a single moment. What ended up being years felt like just a few seconds. We all need more time and every 20 second stint we can get our hands on. "Nothing makes this more apparent than caring for a child and realising that 20 seconds is all it takes."

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CC-MAIN-2020-34

https://www.snuza.com/blog/every-second-counts/

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1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Two narrow beams of electrons with velocities v and -v are injected into an evacuated chamber along the length l. Each beam moves with constant speed and carries a current I. The tendency for the beams to deflect each other through their mutual interaction is compensated by a magnetic flux density B perpendicular to the plane containing the two electron beams so that they travel in parallel straight lines a distance d apart (d << l). Show that the ratio f of the magnetic to the electric force on each of the beams due to their mutual interaction is vε0μ0 2. Relevant equations For two parallel currents I1 and I2 the force on a length l of I2 is: F= (μ0*I1*I2*l)/2πd 3. The attempt at a solution Using the above equation and substituting I1 = I and I2 = -I: F= -(μ0*I^2*l)/2πd I don't know what to do now, what is the electric force? All I know is Coloumb's law but I thought that only applied to static charges?

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CC-MAIN-2017-04

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/forces-between-parallel-currents.164174/

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If you’ve ever set foot in a nail salon, you’ve probably smelled volatile organic compounds, chemicals that dissipate rapidly into the surrounding air like acetone and formaldehyde. Some have been linked to a number of health issues. Now, researchers have found a nearly effortless way to filter them from the air: potted house plants, The Washington Post reports. Using just one tropical plant called a bromeliad, scientists were able to remove 80% of six different compounds from the air in a small, sealed container, they reported today at the American Chemical Society’s annual meeting. Another plant, the shrublike dracaena, was able to remove nearly 94% of acetone from the same container. Next, the researchers plan to test which plants are effective at purifying whole rooms, including nail salons.

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CC-MAIN-2018-30

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THE IMPROBABLE VICTORY The American Revolution reshaped the political map of the world, and led to the birth of the United States of America. Yet these outcomes could have scarcely been predicted when the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord. The Improbable Victory is a revealing and comprehensive guide to this seminal conflict, from the opening skirmishes, through the major pitched battles, up to the Treaty of Paris in 1783. Hardcover, 260 pages.

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For electronics students and hobbyist tinkerers, laying out a new electronic circuit can be a cumbersome task requiring ugly wires and breadboards. A new Kickstarter project called Circuit Scribe seems to have made it elegant and easy – instead of fiddling with those components, why not just draw a circuit on paper, hook up a battery to it, and go on your way? Circuit Scribe is a standard-looking pen that writes in conductive magnetic ink. Wherever you can write with a ballpoint Bic, you can now lay out an electronic circuit as easy or complex as you like. Check out the pitch video below, and if you like what you see, head over to Kickstarter to throw some money towards bringing the product to marker! See Also:Here's Why 'The Internet Of Things' Will Be Huge, And Drive Tremendous Value For People And Businesses29 Dumb Things Finance People SayHere's Why Maria Bartiromo Is Leaving CNBC For FOX Business

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CC-MAIN-2020-24

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At a recent presentation at Data Centers Europe, Google’s Joe Kava announced that the company had begun using a neural network to analyze oceans of data it collects about its server farms and to recommend ways to improve them (datacenterknowledge.com). Google engineer Jim Gao is largely credited for creating the neural network. Gao is well-acquainted with large projects like this; for years he’s been working on cooling analysis using computational fluid dynamics, which uses monitoring data to create a 3D model within a server room. He believed that not only was it possible to create a model that tracks a broader set of variables – including IT load, weather conditions, and the operations of the cooling towers, water pumps, and heat exchangers that keep Google’s servers cool – but also that Google as a whole could be doing so much more with that data. He was so fascinated by the possibility of using this type of artificial intelligence, that he took a course in machine learning from Stanford University Professor Andrew Ng. The mechanical plant at a Google facility in Oregon. The data center team constantly monitors the performance of heat exchangers as well as other mechanical equipment here (googleblog.blogspot.ca). Putting The “Machine” To Work What Gao designed works a lot like other examples of machine learning, such as speech recognition: a computer analyzes large amounts of data to recognize patterns and “learn” from them. In a dynamic environment like a data center, it can be difficult for humans to see how all of the variables (IT load, outside air temperature, etc.) interact with each other. One thing computers are good at is seeing the underlying story in the data, so Jim took the information that is gathered during the course of Google’s daily operations and ran it through a model to help make sense of complex interactions that his team may not have otherwise noticed (googleblog.blogspot.ca). Neural networks mimic how the human brain works and allow computers to adapt and learn tasks without being explicitly programmed for them. Google’s search engine is often cited as an example of this type of machine learning, which is also a key research focus at the company (datacenterknowledge.com). In this particular case, computers crunch all available data (IT load, temperature, etc.) while analyzing the interplay that may, in fact, be impossible for a human mind to grasp, finally predicting Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) or how to use available power most efficiently for maximum computing return. A simplified version of what the machine models do: analyze data, find the hidden interactions, and provide recommendations that optimize energy efficiency (googleblog.blogspot.ca). After some trial and error, Jim’s models are now 99.6 percent accurate in predicting PUE. What this means is that he can use the models to come up with new ways to squeeze more efficiency out of Google’s operations. For example, a couple months ago Google was forced to take some servers offline for a few days, which would normally make that data center less energy efficient. However, they were able to use Jim’s models to change the cooling setup temporarily, which reduced the impact of the change on Google’s PUE for that specific time period. Small tweaks like this, on an ongoing basis, allow for the maintaining of high levels of output, while saving time, energy, and money (techcrunch.com, googleblog.blogspot.ca). The Rise Of The Machines? Kava said that the tool may help Google run simulations and refine future designs. But not to worry, Google’s data centers won’t become self-aware anytime soon. While the company is keen on automation, and has recently been acquiring robotics firms, the new machine learning tools won’t be taking over the management of any of its data centers. “You still need humans to make good judgments about these things,” said Kava. “I still want our engineers to review the recommendations.” The neural networks’ biggest benefits may be seen in the way Google builds its server farms in years to come. “I can envision using this during the data center design cycle,” said Kava. “You can use it as a forward-looking tool to test design changes and innovations. I know that we’re going to find more use cases” (datacenterknowledge.com)

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CC-MAIN-2017-13

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Mexico is one of the most misunderstood and misrepresented countries in the world. From the stereotype of the lazy panzón taking a siesta under a nopal to big misconceptions about our traditional food (repeat after me: we-do-not-really-eat-burritos) to racist representations in popular media (see Speedy Gonzalez above!), Mexico just doesn’t get a fair shake. In order to set the record straight and to help you look super smart at fiestas, here’s 21 cool historical facts about the land South of the Rio Bravo. 1. The ancient Mayans were among the only three ancient cultures that had a notion of zero. This might seem not like a big deal, but it actually is. Alongside the Mesopotamians and Indians, the Mayans reached such a level of mathematical abstraction that they could conceptualize non-existence. Smart cookies, the Mayans! They represented the zero as a shell that sort of looks like a football. 2. The war for independence was started by a priest! Talk about feisty men of the Church. Miguel Hidalgo, known as the father of the Independence, was a criollo priest who rebelled against the rule of the Spanish Crown. Now, even though the independence was a turning point in the formation of modern Mexico, it didn’t really translate into a better situation for the disadvantaged, among them the indigenous population that had been colonized. 3. 5 de Mayo is not a big deal in Mexico Seriously: all those fiesta inspired outfits and festive drinks are fun, but the big Mexican day in the US is sort of whatever in Mexico. The date commemorates the Battle of Puebla during the Mexican-French war. The actual Independence Day is September 15. Cinco de Mayo seems to be just a pretext for some to get wasted and insultingly dress up as Mexicans (cue the poncho, sombrero and maracas). 4. Mexico used to own most of what is currently the Southern United States That’s right: Trump would have had to build his wall much farther up if General Santa Anna hadn’t sold a big portion of the Mexican territory back in 1848. Just look at this map… history would be so different if things had remained like that, eh? Texas and California, two states with vast natural resources, would have been the drivers of the Mexican economy in a parallel universe. 5. A Mexican engineer invented color TV (thank him for your sessions of Netflix and chill…) That’s right, a Mexican engineer is responsible for one of the greatest inventions of all time: color TV! Guillermo González Camarena invented the “Chromoscopic a for television equipment” when he was only 23! Talk about an over achiever. Bien, compa! 6. A Mayan carving seems to show an ancient astronaut! This archeological artifact has puzzled researchers and conspiracy theorists for years. It was found in Palenque and seems to depict king Pakal. It does look like he is driving some sort of rocket, right? We don’t know for sure, but it is really puzzling! It does look like Pakal is holding some sort of steering wheel and the bottom of the image sure looks like rocket engines ready to fire up. 7. Chocolate comes from Mexico: you are welcome. Various indigenous civilizations from today’s Mexico ate chocolate (the word comes from the Aztec chokolatl) and considered it to be a source of vigor, sexual and otherwise. Chili and corn also come from Mexico. 8. What does the Mexican flag mean? Aztec legend has it that in 1323 they saw a vision of an eagle perched on a cactus eating a snake. This meant that if they found this they were to make their home at that spot. Recent research points out that the animals are symbolic: the snake is a comet, the eagle is the Sun and the cactus is a mountain. 9. Talking about the Aztecs: they buried their dead under their houses. Death has a different meaning in Mexican culture. The departed have a strong presence in everyday life, as evidenced by Day of the Death celebrations even today. The Aztecs used to keep their loved ones close by, literally under the house. Pictures is the great Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztex empire. 10. During colonial times society was divided by a caste system It was as horrible as it sounds. Society in colonial New Spain was divided racially, with pure Spaniards at the top and mixed races at the bottom. Horrible. 11. Kites were prohibited in New Spain in 1774 This simple and amazing toy caused too many accidents, so the viceroy decided to ban them to avoid kids falling from roofs. 12. Pancho Villa hated alcohol The Mexican revolutionary leader really despised booze. He thought that it was the source of all evil and destroyed many cantinas in his lifetime. 13. Women had a crucial role in the battlefield during the Mexican Revolution Known as soldaderas, female revolutionary fighters not only cured and fed the men, but also fought and worked as spies, often arranging arms trafficking with the United States. 14. Mexico’s official name is not actually Mexico According to the 1917 Constitution, the country’s official name is Estados Unidos Mexicanos. Go figure! 15. Mexico’s National University is the oldest in America It was founded in 1551, which makes it the oldest higher education institution in the continent and one of the oldest in the world. 16. Mexico has 37,266 registered archeological sites! What is now Mexico was populated with numerous indigenous civilizations that left behind amazing ruins that little by little reveal the richness of their culture. 17. Smallpox defeated the Aztecs Sure, the Spanish conquistadores had superior weaponry but the Aztec Empire put up a good fight. However, the Aztecs were not prepared for their toughest enemy: smallpox. This virus killed hundreds of thousands as the Aztecs did not have the antibodies to fight it. 18. During the US-Mexico war in the 19th century an Irish-American battalion switched sides and joined the Mexicans! Known as Saint Patrick’s Battalion, a group of Irishmen soldiers realized that they identified with the Mexicans and joined the fight against the US. Something similar happened in Haiti, where Polish soldiers rebelled against the French Army and fought oppression alongside the Haitians. 19. The first printing press in North America was brought to Mexico That’s right, printed world culture in North America wasn’t born in the United States, but in 1539 New Spain. The printing press became a key component for evangelization in the new continent. 20. Hollywood actor Anthony Quinn was Mexican! Even though most think that the epitome of Hollywood rough masculinity was American, he was in fact born in Chihuahua and his full name was Antonio Rodolfo Quinn Oaxaca. 21. And so is absolute bombshell Lupita Nyong’o The amazing Oscar winner has dual Kenyan-Mexican nationality. She was born in Mexico City during her father’s tenure at a Mexican university. She proudly wears her double nationality wherever she goes. Lupita, hermana, eres mexicana! The Mazatlan Post - Cruise tourists and their obligatory stop, The Cathedral of Mazatlan - Journalist says the AMLO government is paying millions of pesos a month to a company linked to the Sinaloa Cartel - Several Sinaloa cartel operatives sentenced in California, USA - How Mexican actress Kate del Castillo was investigated over ‘El Chapo’

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CC-MAIN-2022-05

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The secondary spring system of the original electric locomotive consists of 4 sets of the same ordinary cylindrical compression springs. Its parameters are: spring material diameter d=48mm, maximum working circle diameter D=230mm, effective working circle number n=6.6, free height H0= 528mm, working height H=431mm. The characteristic curve of the spring is approximately straight, with stable stiffness and simple structure. However, the spring stiffness is mainly along the axial direction, and its transverse shear and bending stiffness is very poor, and its anti-resonance ability is poor. After the train speeds up, its snake-like movement and shaking phenomenon intensify. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the spring system of electric locomotives. Improvement of the spring system. The improved spring parameters and characteristics take into account the special position of the secondary spring (between the bogie and the car body) and specific functions (supporting the car body and damping), under the premise of ensuring equal free height , The cylindrical spiral compression spring is improved into a conical compression spring with equal pitch. The distance t can be calculated by the following formula: H0=6.6t+1.5dT=(528mm-1.548mm)/6.6=69.09mm*large working radius R2=115mm, *smallest working radius R1=101.8mm, and the pressing time distance d=d1 -R2-R1nd2=47.96mm The stiffness of the improved conical compression spring is increased, the characteristic curve is gradually increasing, and the anti-resonance ability is enhanced. The effect of the bending moment at the end of the spring on any section A indicates the effect of the unit transverse force on any section A. The improved spring bending stiffness and transverse stiffness. The bending stiffness of the spring is set as the distance from any section A of the conical spring to the end of the spring, then = R1 +R2-R12ntan In the formula, is the polar angle of the helix; is the helix angle. The effect of the spring end bending moment on any section A is as shown. The torque generated by the bending moment M of the spring force end on the section A and the bending moments in the two directions are respectively Tt=McoscosMb=-McossinMn=Msinds=R1+R2-R12ncosd where Tt is the torque on the section of the spring material; Mb, Mn is the bending moment on the section of the spring material; ds is the length of the tiny section of the spring material. The effect of unit lateral force on any section A is shown in the figure. When Pr=1, the torque and bending moment produced by the unit force on the section A respectively, Ip is the polar moment of inertia; Ib and In are the moments of inertia; E is the elastic modulus of the material; is the Poisson’s ratio. Substitute the reference value R1=101.8mm, R2=115mm, n=6.6, d=48mm, E=2G(1+) (=0.25, G=80109Pa), Ip=2Ib=2In=d4/32 into the formula, after integration Get Fr=(544011.7/(EIn))MM=(EIn/544011.7)Fr=95798N, so the bending stiffness is 95798N. The bending stiffness of the original cylindrical spring can be calculated according to the formula (7-42) in the literature <1>. M=Ed416D2nH(2+)Fr=42604.5N. Therefore, the bending stiffness of the original cylindrical spring is 42604.5N. This shows that the bending stiffness of the conical spring is Improved. The lateral stiffness is as shown, the torque and the bending moment of the A section caused by the lateral force Pr are respectively (because it is very small, sin=0, cos=1) Tt=PrR1+R2-R12ntancos3 From the literature <1> formula (7-51), the transverse stiffness of the original cylindrical spring is obviously, the transverse stiffness of the conical spring is higher than that of the cylindrical spring. Conclusion At present, the spring system of most foreign locomotives is still cylindrical spring, but the railway quality is higher than that of our country. The cost of the same transformation of the railway system in our country will be very high. Therefore, in our country, the key to improving the stability and safety of vehicle operation is to improve the spring system of the locomotive. Through the theoretical derivation and quantitative calculation of the new design scheme in the article, it is proved that the transverse stiffness and bending stiffness of the improved spring system are significantly increased, thus realizing the active control of the resonance of the locomotive during high-speed operation, and greatly improving the high-speed operation of the locomotive. Safety and stability. This design has been used by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Factory in the manufacture of the new Shaoshan SS9 train. The automotive parts and parts machining, PTJ Shop offers the highest degree of OEM service with a basis of 10+ years experience serving the automotive industry. Our automotive precision shop and experts deliver confidence. We have perfected the art of producing large component volumes with complete JIT reliability, backed by the quality and long-term reliability our customers expect. Link to this article：Drive the preferential presetting of the spring frame of the vehicle Reprint Statement: If there are no special instructions, all articles on this site are original. Please indicate the source for reprinting.：Cnc Machining，Thank！^^

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Table of Contents: - What are the two goals of theory? - What are the key principles of goal setting theory? - How do I write down my goals? - What are examples of goals? - What are your top 3 personal goals? What are the two goals of theory? The two important constructs in goal systems theory are goals (representations of desired end-states) and goal-means (behaviors that can help one accomplish a goal). For example, the performance goal of “do better than others” is a goal in goal systems theory, whereas the behavior of “study for exams” is a goal-means. What are the key principles of goal setting theory? The 5 Principles of Goal Setting Theory - Clarity. Your goal should be clear and well-defined. ... - A Sense of Challenge. Your goal should be achievable but it should also stretch you. ... - Commitment. It seems obvious, but to successfully achieve your goals you need to be fully committed to them. ... - Getting Feedback. ... - Managing Complexity. How do I write down my goals? How To Set Goals (And Why You Should Write Them Down) - Make Them Visible. Once you have your goals articulated, take some time to turn them into a creative and artistic visual. ... - Feel Them. Rather than just write out your goals in a topline way, write at least a paragraph on how it feels to achieve your goal. ... - Understand Them. ... - Take Action. ... - Share Them. What are examples of goals? 20 Personal SMART Goals Examples - Walk 30 Minutes a Day, 5 Days a Week. ... - Improve Your Listening Skills. ... - Speak up to Increase Visibility. ... - Improve Presentation / Public Speaking Skills. ... - Improve Your Emotional Intelligence. ... - Start Networking. ... - Volunteer Regularly. ... - Improve Your Time Management Skills. What are your top 3 personal goals? Personal Growth Goals - Learn more. - Be a great listener. - Wake up early. - Let go of the past. - Be more creative. - Travel whenever you can. - Take care of your health. - Practice compassion. - Can a trust be registered as a society? - What is the meaning of transmissibility? - What is Kelsen theory of law? - Is feeling left out normal? - How long does it take to 100% the outer worlds? - What is the most unsafe place in the world? - What city has the highest crime rate 2020? - What is bund English? - Does Preston hate you after Nuka world? - Can you join factions in outer worlds? - Why is humanistic theory important? - What are the weaknesses of the humanistic approach? - What is the best definition of humanism? - What exactly is game theory? - How do I check my outer world reputation? - Did Marxism come before humanist Marxism? - What is the meaning of Def? - What does Hostile mean in history? - What is the definition of humanistic perspective in psychology? - Who is considered hostile in a hostile takeover?

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CC-MAIN-2023-23

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While everyone is familiar at this stage with the World Wide Web and mobile applications, people rarely consider the networks upon which they operate. A network is the infrastructure that connects computers and devices and allows the Internet to operate; while code is how we create fun and interesting things online. A network engineer is responsible for the implementation and maintenance of computer networks. Strong technical skills, ability to define network architectures and design methodologies are part of the skillset of a good network engineer. Beyond technical skills-, a network engineer is a person with great attention to detail, creative thinking and attitude to master technologies in fast and efficient way. To get a better understanding of the work of a network engineer, we can look at the story of Elle, a network engineering specialist who holds a Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Switch certification. "I believed that a career in networking would suit me because I was computer savvy, I was actually interested in technology from the standpoint of how it worked and I believed that I could be good at working with computers in general." "In general, my team takes designs created by architects, planners and salespeople and makes changes to the network topology based on issues like traffic congestion, preventative maintenance, necessary infrastructure upgrades, customer issues, new product offerings, etc." "There are a ton of things to learn on my job. There are several different teams and projects always ongoing. I find it very interesting that my company is really moving into SDN (Software-Defined Networking). There is a team working on that and we are starting to use scripts more and more. I have started learning Python". If you are interested in a career in network engineering, the CompTIA A+ is a widely-recognised entry-level certification; course materials, sample questions and exam objectives can be found on CompTIA's website.

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Multiplication art project ideas to help children learn Drawing and colouring are not just for art lessons it is a great multiplication project idea. These creative skills can be used to help and aid in learning the multiplication tables. These cross-curriculum activities are a powerful method for children to learn multiplication tables. Children will be less stressed, free, and relaxed. I love the idea of combining art with maths. For example, colouring and maths go wonderfully together. This is particularly true for children that enjoy art but not maths. Children find renewed energy and enthusiasm when faced with a drawing or colouring exercise which is related to the times table. Here are the reasons I believe art should be used to help with learning the multiplication tables: 1: As I have stated above, drawing and colouring do not have to be the seclusion of art lessons only. Children can use drawing and colouring to aid with helping to learn maths and indeed in many other lessons. 2: Using art to help is good for children’s mental health. It helps children to be relaxed and calm and not think of the pressures of learning the multiplication tables. 3: Children have a great sense of achievement when participating in art activities. However, children are still learning the multiplication tables. Additionally, children also love the idea that at the end of the activity they have something concrete to show. A physical picture that can be represented on the wall of the classroom or in the home. Get more inspirations for teaching the multiplication tables. More reasons why art helps 4: Art activities can help with problem solving and memory. Children must decide and make decisions about which colours to select and which numbers are appropriate for each colour. This reinforces the multiplication tables in a positive way rather than in a negative way. 5: Art activities in maths, also teaches an eye for detail and patience. It takes a great deal of patience to learn the multiplication tables. Art and maths activities encourage children to be patient and thoughtful. 6: It distracts the child from the idea that they are learning the times tables. It focuses their concentration on alternative aspects of work such as colouring and drawing, but at the same time the child is learning the multiplication tables. Finally, multiplication project ideas can include drawing and colouring can be an effective tool to help children learn and stay positive about the times table. It is especially great for those who have a creative side and love art. As I always say, ‘Happy, smiley children learn more.’

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CC-MAIN-2022-49

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With this lesson, we shift our focus from the Lord’s teaching to his miracles. There are 104 accounts of Jesus performing 37 miracles in the four gospels. This represents only a fraction of the total (John 20:30-31; 21:25). Before we consider some of the miracles individually, let us consider some general information. THE NATURE OF THE LORD’S MIRACLES - There are four words in the New Testament that denote the miraculous work of Jesus. These words overlap in usage, but they also carry some nuance, too. - Teras – translated “wonder” (Acts 2:22), refers to something outside the usual course of events. - Dunamis – translated “mighty works” or “powers” (Luke 4:36), stresses the power that accomplishes the deed. - Paradoxos – translated “strange thing” (Luke 5:26), stresses the contradictory nature of the act. - Semeion – translated “sign” (John 20:30), refers to a miracle that points to an underlying spiritual truth. - A miraculous act is the “divine, direct affecting of either mind or matter in a way that is obvious to men upon observation, reflection, or revelation” (Weylan Deaver, “Nature and Supernature”). CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LORD’S MIRACLES - The gospel writers relate 17 miracles that proved that Jesus had power over physical illness (Matt. 9:35; 15:30-31). - The gospel writers relate 9 miracles over the forces of nature (Matt. 8:26-27; 14:25; John 2:1-11). - The gospel writers relate 6 cures of demon possession (Mark 5:1-17; Luke 9:38-42) - The gospel writers relate 3 resurrections from the dead (Matt. 9:18-26; Luke 7:11-16; John 11:10-46). - Often overlooked are the accounts of Jesus performing miracles of insight or knowledge (John 2:24-25; 4:17-19; Luke 19:29-44; 22:7-13). - The miracles of Jesus had many witnesses (John 2:1-11; Mark 2:1-12; Matt. 14:21). - Jesus’ miracles were undeniable (Matt. 12:24; Mark 3:1-5; 9:43). PURPOSES OF THE LORD’S MIRACLES - To prove his identity (John 3:2; 7:31; 20:30-31) - To prove his authority (Mark 2:10-11) - To show compassion (Matt. 14:14) - To produce faith (John 11:41-45)

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The flashcards below were created by user on FreezingBlue Flashcards. Look at interviews, space, questions, we should be asking. - 1. To Establish a relationship between clinician and patient. - 2. To obtain essential diagnostic information. - 3. To help monitor changes in the patients symptoms and response to therapy. Introduce yourself in what spaces? - Social space: 4-12 feet - Personal space: 2-4 Feet Common questions to ask for each symptom? - WHen did it start? - How severe is it? - Where on the body is it? - What seems to make it better or worse? - Has it occured before? Vitals. Normal Rates. - Temperature: 98.6 - Heart Rate: 60-100 - Respiratory Rate: 12-20 - Systolic Blood pressure: 120 mmhg - Diastolic Blood pressure: 80 mmhg Vitals. Lowest normal - Temperature: 97F (Hypothermia) - Heart Rate: <60 Bradycardia - Respiratory Rate: <10 Bradypnea - Systolic Blood Pressure: 90 mmhg <Hypotension - Diastolic Blood Pressure: 80 mmhg <Hypotension Vitals. Highest Normal - Temperature: 99.6 Hyperthermia - Heart Rate: >100 Tachycardia - Respiratory Rate: >20 Tachypnea - Systolic Blood Pressure: 140 mmhg >Hypertension - Diastolic Blood Pressure: 90 mmhg > Hypertension Where to palpate pulse? The radial artery is the most common site used to palpate the pulse. Also can palpate teh carotid, brachial, femorl, temporal, popiteal, posterier tibal, and dorsal pedis pulses. Is the art of tapping on surface to evaluate what's underneath Percussion (Decreased resonance) Causes: Pneumonia, or pleural effusion Percussion (Increased resonance) Causes: Eymphysema, Pneumothorax Different breathing patterns. - Biots Respiration: Irregulatr breathing w/ long period of apnea. Causes Intercranial pressure (head injuries) - Cheyne Stokes respiration: Irregular; breath increased and decreased in depth and rate w/ period of apnea. Diseases of Central Nervous System; C.H.F. - Kussmaul's Respiration: Deep and Fast Respirations. Causes Metabolic acidosis Sputum samples, what should you be evaulating? Colors, Consistency, Amount. Level of Conciousness If Patient appears concious, assess the patient to time, place, and person (sensorium) an alert patient who is well oriented to time, place, and person is said to be "oriented x3" and sensorium is considered normal. Common cause of fever? Fever: an elevated body temp due to disease. May occur as something as viral infection of the upper airway or as serious as bacteria pneumonia or TB. Patient w/ fever will have an increased metabolic rate and thus increase O2 consumption, CO2 production. May cause tachypnea if increase O2 consumpion and Co2 removal occurs. A signifiicant decrease in pulse strength during spontaneous inhalation. They are associated with acute obstructive pulmonary disease, who experience asthma attack. Alternating succession of strong and weak pulses. As sociated with left sided heart failture, not related to respiratory disease. Dyspnea in the reclining position. Associated with CHF. Appears to be caused by sudden increase in Venous return that occurs in reclining. Dyspnea moved to upright position Different terms for Sputum - Phlegm: Mucus from tracheo broncial tree that has not been comtaminated by oral secretions. - Sputum: Mucus that comes from the lungs but passes through teh mouth and exits. - Purulent: Puss cells suggesting bacteira infection. Appears thick, colored and sticky. Yellow - Active. Green - Old. - Fetid: Foul smelling sputum. - Mucoid: Clear and thick, common in airway disease (Asthma.) - Hemoptysis: Blood streaked sputum.(Massive or non massive) - Hematemisis: Vomitting blodo from GI tract. Pleuretic chest pain Located laterally or posteriouly. Is sharp in nature, and increases deep breathing. Nonpleuritic chest pain Located in the center of the chest and may radiate to shoulder or arm; caused by coronary artery disease, known as angina. Sitting upright while bracing his or her elbows on a table. Helps the accessory muscles gain a mechanical advantage for breathing. Patient w/ severe pulmonary hyperinflation. Results of poor blood flow, in the extremedies or fingers. Occurs b/c blood changes color in the presence or absence of oxygen. Refers to the present of Cyanosis on "central parts of the body" - including lips, mouth, head, and torso. Common signs of Cor Pulmonale patients Pedal Adema: swelling of the lower extremedies. Occurs w/ herat failture which causes an increase in teh hydrostatic pressure of the blood veseels in teh lower extremedies. Causes fluid to leak into the interstital spaces, lead to pedal edema. Jugular Venous Distention: Present when jugular vein is enlarged. Tactile Fremitus (Feeling Vibrations through fingers), what will cause an increase? Is increased w/ pneumonia and atelectasis. Wheezes and Stridor Rapid airflow through obstructed airways. High pitched, usually expiratory. (Causes: Asthma, CHF) Rapid airflow through obstructed upperairway, high pitched, monophonic (Causes CROUP, epiglottitis) Excess airway secretions moving through airway. Inspiratory and expiratory. (Causes severe pneumonia, bronchitis) Sudden opening of peripheral aiways, late inspiratory. Sudden opening of small airway w/ deep breathing. (Causes atelectasis, fibrosis, pulmonary edema.) Point of maximal impulse. Where you see teh heart beat. Usually in COPD, cor polmonal, seen right side. S1 and S2 - S1 - Created by closure of AV valves. - S2 - Created by closure of semilunar valves. What causes mumurs for adults? What is cap refil? What will cause it? indicative? when cardiac output is reduced and digital perfusion is poor, capillary refill is slow, taking several seconds to complete. In healthy people, takes 3 sec. Abnormal refill may also indicate poor vasuclar supply.

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Sentence segmentation is the first step in phonological awareness. It is important that we really teach our students how to hear individual words in a whole sentence because they will need to be fluent at that before they can move on to hearing syllables. If we want our students to be able to read and write by recognizing chunks, this is the first thing we have to teach them! Teaching students to hear words is the first step in their phonological awareness development. The steps in phonological awareness, in order, are: word recognition (sentences) The students who will need practice with sentence segmentation are those who come to you with little to no experience reading and who are on an approaching or low level in your reading groups. Some students will come to you knowing that sentences are made up of multiple words, that you read from left to right to make one complete thought. Those students, who come to you tracking print, will not need to practice this routine with you. "baggie packets" with either all materials, or just those for syllables Click here to see how to make the packets! I would do this in small groups, as it only really serves some of your (approaching) students. This is a brief, easy way to differentiate your phonological awareness time in your reading groups! For those students who aren't quite ready for phoneme segmenting and blending, you can instill the process in their brains by teaching them sentence segmentation! Your students' brains work like this with sentence segmentation: three word sentences, four word sentences, and so on... The process goes like this: Your will need manipulatives for each student in your small group (see the "baggie packets" page to find what you need)! In the beginning, you will also need some for yourself so you can model. Once all of the students have their materials, you can begin your instruction. "Today, we are going to work on segmenting sentences. We are going to break the sentence down to hear individual words. We will listen, count the words, map the words, touch the words and re-read the sentence to make sure we hear every piece! Let's begin. Listen: Our sentence is, 'I can run.' (Students will say, "I can run.") "Count the words." (Students will count the words on their fingers as they say I... can... run.) "Map the words." (Students will map the words, one rectangle manipulative per word, as they say each word. I (move a shape)... can (move a shape)... run (move a shape).) "Touch the words." (Students will touch each rectangle, moving from left to right, saying "I (touch)... can (touch)... run (touch).") "Read the sentence." (Students will say, "I... can... run" while touching the rectangles again.) "Read the sentence fluently." (Students will repeat the sentence, without touching the rectangles, with correctness.) Once you've done this, repeat it with more words. After you've done this practice with 3-5 words once, they will have the routine down. You will easily and quickly be able to practice this with your small group(s) daily! *Attached is a video of Sentence Segmenting in small groups (Day 2)! Once my students really have sentence segmentation down, they are ready for syllable segmentation! However, it is important that students who need to will still be able to work with sentence segmentation every once in a while. Also, if students are unable to successfully segment syllables, it is important that they continually have repeated practice with sentence segmentation because that will provide the needed foundation! Repeated practice of sentence segmentation can be done in the whole group setting, with small groups or even in pairs at center time! Once students have all mastered sentence segmenting, I like to put a sentence ordering activity in centers. I like allowing students to explore word order while also recognizing (as this lesson has established) that words need to be put together to tell a complete thought! Attached here is an example of a Sentence Scramble Ordering Activity!

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CC-MAIN-2021-39

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Filoselle, when of good quality, is not, as some people suppose, a mixture of silk and cotton. It is pure silk, but of an inferior quality; and therefore cheaper. It answers many of the purposes of bobbin silk, but is not suitable for fine embroidery on silk or satin fabrics. It should be used also in strands, and the same remarks hold good with regard to its not being doubled, but cut in equal lengths. Embroidery is the handicraft of decorating fabric and/or materials with designs stitched with thread using a needle. Embroidery may also use other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Today sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery. Needlework is is a broad term for the handicrafts of decorative sewing and textile arts. Anything that uses a needle for construction can be called needlework. The definition may expand to include related textile crafts such as a crochet hook or tatting shuttles. Find information on Quilting, Applique, Embroidery, Crochet, Knitting, Tatting, Lucet, Braiding and Tassel making and Tapestry

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Inequality as a Systemic Risk — The threat, its causes and potential solutions Time and again, history has demonstrated that extreme levels of inequality can undermine a civilization’s ability to thrive—even shattering society itself. Today, the United States faces extreme levels of inequality that pose clear threats to its society and economy. Yet, alternatives to violent upheaval exist. A far more sustainable and equitable society is not only possible—it presents enormous opportunity. Present day civilization has the tools to create its own five centuries of prosperity. ‘It will never work’ is not an excuse. - Societies of the past illustrate risks posed by extreme inequality. Civilizations across history demonstrate that wealth and income inequalities can and do rise to the level of ‘dangerous risk,’ most often manifesting in the form of eroding social cohesion and even civil strife. - Inequality in the U.S. is reaching an extreme. As both the richest and one of the most unequal countries in the world, the United States may be particularly fertile ground for the destructive outcomes of this rising risk. According to Pew Research Center, U.S. income inequality has been increasing steadily since the 1970s, and now has reached levels not seen since 1928. - Solutions to inequality present opportunities economy-wide. Some possible means of mitigating inequality: prepare people for jobs that add value in a digital age, create human-empowering tech and distribute ownership, invest in a diverse workforce and leadership, and develop protective and equitable policies.

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To put it simply (and this may even be an oversimplification) a set of hands carved and placed over a tombstone in a Jewish cemetery are called Kohen (or Kohain, or Kohanim) hands, and represent a priestly blessing. The staff at MyJewishLearning.com explain that a kohen "is a descendant of the sons of Aaron who served as priests in the Temple in Jerusalem." Lorne Rozovsky at Chabad.org delves further: According to the Torah, Jacob had twelve sons. Each son was the founder of one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Each tribe had a separate territory, with the exception of the tribe of Levi. During the Exodus, when the Israelites made the Golden Calf, only the Levites refused to worship it. As a result, they were appointed servants to G‑d. Of the members of this tribe, those who were descended from Aaron, brother of Moses, became the kohanim. Aaron was the first kohen, and also the first high priest. The priestly blessing is a ceremonial prayer recited by the kohanim, wherein their hands are formed in the fashion seen in the image at right. Words of the prayer are found in the Biblical text of Numbers 6:23-27, and read as follows: May the Lord bless thee and keep thee; May the Lord make His face to shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee; May the Lord life up His countenance upon thee, and give thee peace. About the Hebrew Letters Peh Nun (פנ) The Hebrew letters Peh Nun (פנ) – as seen under the Star of David in the image immediately below – are often found at the beginning of any engraved script on a tombstone in a Jewish cemetery. These letters are an acronym for the phrase Po Nikbar or Po Nitman, and translates to "Here Lies."

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The Sierra juniper, Juniperus occidentalis, is found in pockets throughout the Sierra Nevada. When exposed to particularly harsh conditions like those found at tree line – the elevation above which no trees can grow – junipers can display krummholz. Krummholz is the phenomenon whereby trees are dwarfed or contorted by the elements. Among the many varieties prone to the formation of krummholz, junipers can take on some of the most sinuous of forms. The best specimens I’m aware of can be found near Meiss Meadow in the vicinity of Carson Pass, California. I first visited these trees years ago with Daisaku Nomoto and Boon Manakitivipart. Boon periodically leads groups to the site and for this I’m thankful as it’s one of my favorite alpine hangouts – thanks Boon! A short walk from the parking lot puts one just above a lush forest of lodge pole pine. The view to the South – near Carson Pass, California To the North lies Red Lake Peak. Scattered juniper and lodge pole pine on Red Lake Peak At this elevation, around 8,750′, Sierra junipers and a handful of lodge pole pines struggle against the elements. Unbelievably, even young trees can find support in the granite outcroppings. Young lodge pole pine Baby Sierra juniper Given time, some of these specimens will grow a bit larger. Young Sierra juniper If the conditions are right, these junipers can grow tall and straight like so many other forest trees. Here’s a juniper growing in good soil that enjoys some protection from the elements. Vigorous juniper – no evidence of krummholz About 300 yards away, a juniper hugged the ground against which it grew, unable to grow any higher. Low profile juniper The same tree from above Looking up the mountainside from this point revealed a barren landscape – a shocking contrast to the pine-filled valley below. A high desert of sorts It is at this spot – right along tree line – where the interesting junipers grow. Sprawling juniper with deadwood These trees can grow in clumps or on their own. Scattered juniper and pine The most exciting ones – those that have lived the longest – hugged a granite ridge offering shelter from the wind. Junipers growing out of the granite We’ll take a closer look at these next week.

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10 Things You Never Knew About the Amazon Rainforest The Amazon Rainforest covers the majority of the Amazon basin of South America. It represents over half of the world’s remaining rainforests and is comprised of the largest and most biodiverse tract of tropical rainforest in the world. There are over 2,000 species of animals living in the Amazon Rainforest, according to worldatlas.com. It is the largest rainforest on earth, and is home to 427 mammals, 1,300 birds, 378 reptiles and more than 400 amphibians. Some of the most dangerous creatures on the planet live in the Amazon – jaguars, anacondas and bull sharks, just to name a few. Other than its stunning beauty, there are tons of reasons why you should visit the Amazon - sail down the Amazon River, go bird watching, watch the beautiful sunrise, and visit some of the world’s most incredible cultural sites. If the Amazon Rainforest were its own country, it would be the 8th largest on the planet.

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International Mother Language Day International Mother Language Day is an annual celebration observed on 21 February to promote linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. The day was first announced by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1999 and has since been celebrated worldwide. The idea behind International Mother Language Day is to raise awareness about the importance of preserving and promoting mother languages, which are often at risk of disappearing due to globalization and other cultural influences. UNESCO encourages people to celebrate their linguistic and cultural heritage, to learn and use more than one language, and to promote respect for all languages and cultures. The choice of 21 February as the date for International Mother Language Day is significant, as it marks the anniversary of the day in 1952 when students in Bangladesh demonstrated for the recognition of their language, Bengali, which was then one of the two official languages. was one of the -Pakistan. The protest turned violent, and several students were killed in clashes with the police. The language movement eventually led to the recognition of Bengali as the official language of Pakistan in 1956 and later the creation of Bangladesh in 1971. Every time UNESCO chooses a theme for International Mother Language Day. These themes are designed to highlight specific aspects of language and cultural diversity and inspire action. Some of the themes chosen in the past include “Languages of Quality Education, Instruction and Learning Outcomes,” “Indigenous Languages for Development, Peacebuilding and Reconciliation,” and “Inclusion in and Through Education”: Language Matters Is.” Celebrations of International Mother Language Day take many forms depending on the country and community. In some places people gather to read poetry or literature in their mother tongue, while in other places cultural programs and language-based competitions are organized. The day is also an opportunity for people to reflect on the importance of preserving their cultural heritage and to advocate for language rights and linguistic diversity. International Mother Language Day is an important annual celebration that promotes linguistic and cultural diversity and multilingualism. It is an occasion for people around the world to celebrate their linguistic and cultural heritage and to raise awareness of the importance of preserving and promoting mother languages. Why is it called mother tongue? The term “mother tongue” refers to the language a person first learns and uses most frequently in their early life. It is the language they are most comfortable with and is often the language used in their family, community and cultural environment. The term “mother tongue” has been used throughout history in a variety of cultures and languages, and refers to the idea that a person’s first language is that of a nurturing parent or mother, who teaches them Provides the foundation for identity and cultural heritage. In some contexts, the term “mother tongue” is also used interchangeably with “mother tongue” and has a similar meaning. The term “tongue” refers to the way language is physically produced in the mouth, and it emphasizes the importance of speech and communication in the development of an individual’s language skills. The use of the term “mother tongue” or “mother tongue” highlights the importance of linguistic and cultural heritage and the need to preserve and promote the diversity of languages spoken around the world. It is a reminder that language is not just a means of communication, but also an important part of our cultural identity and heritage.

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The Canadian journalist R.M. Crockford is currently in Prague investigating LSD testing in communist Czechoslovakia. The tests are little known today, but they were extensive: up to 30 doctors carried out thousands of experiments over two decades. Mr Crockford is doing this research for the Multidisciplinary Association of Psychedelic Studies, an American non-profit group with an unusual agenda: MAPS aims to help scientists investigate the "healing and spiritual" potentials of psychedelic drugs and marijuana. When I spoke to R.M. Crockford, I first asked him: why was Czechoslovakia testing LSD? "LSD was discovered in 1943, in Switzerland. After the war was over there was this widespread belief that chemistry was a...miracle that would save the planet - food production, everything would be revolutionized by chemistry. Psychiatry was one more aspect of that. "In Czechoslovakia there were scientists who were regularly experimenting with new substances that had come on the market. And Sandoz laboratories in Switzerland, which had patented LSD at the time, sent some here. "One of the doctors, a man named Jiri Rubicek, was interested in the possible effects it could have. But no-one really knew - not even Sandoz knew at the time - what it was really good for. They knew it was really powerful, but they didn't really know how it would be useful. They asked doctors, if you can find some use for this - great. "So there were many different projects, there were some where they created so-called model psychosis, to try to understand schizophrenia. There was this belief at the time that schizophrenic patients were undergoing a kind of permanent acid trip. They thought if psychologists, psychiatrists, medical students could experience the same thing then they would understand schizophrenia better." "There were a variety of projects, treating alcoholics, neurotics, depressives, psychotics with LSD." You were telling me earlier they also wanted to experiment on artists. "Yes, there were some projects as well to find out how artists would respond, and how it would unlock their creativity. Several well-known painters in this country...the film-maker Jan Svankmajer participated in one of these experiments and wrote an essay about it for the Guardian newspaper a couple of years ago. "In some cases it really showed them something different. But in Svankmajer's case he was actually really traumatised - it was not a very pleasant experience for him at all." Were the communist authorities aware of what was going on, that people were being given LSD in Czechoslovakia? "The communists certainly were aware of it, because it was manufactured by the state pharmaceutical company Spofa from about 1963 to 1974. "Also the Czech army used it in some experiments in the late 1960s, because they were afraid that it was actually going to be used as a chemical weapon by the United States. So they performed some experiments on soldiers, and there are films of that. "They didn't have any problem with this research, because the doctors were very careful to frame it in very mechanistic terms - you had a problem, you applied a chemical to it and then the problem was solved. "As long as it was phrased that way it was fine. The drug never leaked out onto the street, so there was no social problem they had to deal with like they did in the West." "The only thing that the doctors had to keep concealed was the mystical or religious implications of this kind of work." I know you're still doing your research and still looking for people who took LSD in these tests. But from what you know so far, what kind of impact did the drug have on these guinea pigs? "For everybody who took it, it was an overwhelming experience. The big question is whether it was overwhelming positive or overwhelmingly negative. "For the people for whom it was overwhelmingly positive, they are generally willing to talk about it. But the people who were really traumatised by it, who had a bad circumstances, because of what their own frame of mind was or the kind of circumstances that they had it in, it's still a sort of sensitive, private matter. "This is why trying to find such people and being able to talk to them is a complicated and long-term process." Are you aware of anybody going mad from being given LSD? "There is one story, that I don't know all the details of, that there was a suicide at the Sadska hospital, 20 miles east of Prague. There from about 1965 to the early 1970s there was the largest...battery of treatment. There were three or four thousand LSD sessions. "The story is that there was somebody there who actually committed jumped out of a window. The classic story of an LSD overdose is someone who thinks they can fly and jumps out of a window - and that actually happed in Sadska." The testing came to an end in the mid 1970s - why did they stop? "The principal reason is that it was demanded by international bodies. By that time the world was sufficiently organised that it had planet-wide treaties in place to stop perceived dangerous drugs, and LSD was one of them. "LSD was actually banned in the United States much earlier. It started to be severely restricted by '65, '66 and by '68, '69 it was outlawed. So it continued here for another couple of years." Have you in your research so far made any particularly interesting or surprising discoveries? "Today as a matter of fact I saw several films that were made in the late 1960s. The thing that was surprising to me was how open the discussion could be, at that time. "In the late 1960s...psychotherapy, where you actually lie on the couch and talk to your therapist, and the belief that you were full of unconscious symbols that could be unlocked and that would solve your problem...that was completely common here. "In a way now, in this country and all over the world, we live in a different sort of paradigm, which is that symptoms are simply to be controlled, that you have to take drugs that will repress them and manage them." What is MAPS, the organisation which has employed you to do this research, hoping to do with the information you gather here? "Well, MAPS is interested in this information for historical purposes...but ultimately there hope is that if I find patients that were positive about it and doctors that were positive about it, they can use that to assist a new generation of doctors that might be interested in doing research with human subjects again, with LSD. "Because it was never a social problem here, they think the Czech Republic actually has a good chance of being one of the countries where maybe it could be reintroduced, medically. "In the United States it would be far more difficult because it has a kind of a social stigma, or kind of hysteria around it, because of the 1960s." I think in many countries LSD is seen as a dangerous drug, and everybody knows stories about acid casualties. Is MAPS's view that LSD can be useful in any way mainstream? Or is it on the margins of medical thinking, so to speak? "It is unusual, because the current psychiatric model around the world is really to control symptoms, patient management. It's not about getting to the root of what people's problems are and trying to figure them out. "MAPS are pointing out the fact that these drugs like LSD or Ecstasy are available on the street, in completely uncontrolled, strange circumstances, where all sorts of strange things can happen. "And yet they're not available for use in controlled settings, under the supervision of medical doctors. They just point out that that's bizarre." Do you personally think we will ever see LSD tested again by reputable doctors? "Well, I don't know...human history is long. It's known that the substance exists. It's certainly out there. And maybe someday some place in the world - and this might be one of those places - somebody may come up with a project and...a government that is sympathetic to the idea that it could actually be useful. So it might come back." If you took part in these tests or know anybody who participated, R.M. Crockford can be contacted via www.ceskelsd.com .

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Emissions from outdoor wood burning stoves drift across property lines raising health concerns for neighbors who inadvertently breathe the smoke filled air. In a bid to avoid rising fuel costs home owners are turning to wood for their domestic heating needs. Along with this increase in wood burning, there is also an increase in wood burning related pollution. Wood smoke contains dust and soot (particulates) and other hazardous air pollutants that include some carcinogens. This pollution has both short-term and long-term negative human health effects. To exuberate the problem further outdoor wood boilers/furnaces presently do not have performance or safety standards to curtail this pollution. It is with this knowledge that outdoor wood boilers/furnaces (OWBs) are getting heat from the public and attention from regulators alike. Outdoor wood boilers also known as outdoor water stoves and outdoor wood furnaces are generally composed of a wood burning firebox surrounded by a water jacket or reservoir vented by a chimney stack. The water jacket is enclosed in an insulated water-resistant enclosure that resembles a small shed. The combustion of the wood in the firebox heats the water in the surrounding jacket. The heated water is then pumped via insulated underground pipes into the residence. Once in the residence, the heated water heats the home via radiators or a heat exchanger duct system. The OWBs can also supply residential hot water. When compared with other heating units (indoor woodstove, natural gas or fuel oil), there are some advantages associated with using an OWB. The OWB removes the risk of fire and indoor pollution by taking the heat source outside. The large size of the firebox allows for larger wood loads requiring less attention and longer burn times. The wood fed into the firebox does not require to be split, saving time and money. OWBs require an immense amount of work and are inconvenient for some to use, loading your burner outside in the cold of winter, daily monitoring and adjusting, finding an ample and consistent source of wood, and a large dry storage area is required for the wood. Unlike the indoor woodstove, during a power outage you do not have heat. The OWBs are expensive, costing between $3,000 to $10,000 to purchase and install the unit. Another disadvantage of the OWBs is the amount of wood smoke released from the combustion. This is the source of most complaints against the stoves. The design of the fireboxes encourages a slow burning cooler fire, which is supposed to maximize the amount of heat transfer. However, slower cooler fires are inefficient and create more smoke and creosote. The unit's excessive smoke can also be attributed to the incomplete combustion of the wood, wood choice (soft versus hardwood) and the moisture content in the wood. OWB owners sometimes burn trash, household garbage, tires, cardboard and garden refuse, which leads to elevated smoke level and unpleasant odors. Wood smoke is a complex mixture of chemicals and particulates. It contains carbon monoxide and other organic gases, particulate matter, chemicals, and some inorganic gases. Some of these compounds are toxic, aldehydes and phenols, and some are known carcinogens, benzoprene and cresols. The particulate matter is mostly made up of elemental carbon, soot and inorganic ash. Exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) gas at low levels to individuals with compromised heart and circulatory conditions can lead to hospitalization. CO is also known to lower birth weights and increase mortality of newborns. Particulate matter in wood smoke that is less than 10 microns in diameter finds its way into the alveoli in the lung. Once in the alveoli the particulate matter can cause structural and chemical changes which interfere with oxygen uptake. The toxic compounds and carcinogens also enter into the bloodstream via the alveoli. These chemicals act as irritants and interfere with normal lung function leading to lung inflammation and pulmonary edema. The proper use of OWBs can reduce emissions significantly. Some OWB owners are modifying their furnaces retroactively to address the emission dilemma. Manufacturers of OWBs are also working with owners and regulators to solve the emission problem. Some of the recommendations include: The Clean Air Act of 1970 charges the USEPA to identify and set standards for all air pollutants. In 1988 the USEPA established limits on emissions for a limited number of indoor residential wood heaters. OWBs are relatively new, therefore there are no regulations in place. As a result, New York, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Vermont are some of the states that have petitioned the USEPA seeking regulation at the federal level of the outdoor furnaces. In 2005 USEPA initiated a review of the petition and results from the review are expected in spring 2006. In response to the National Research Council Report on Air Quality Management in the United States, an Air Quality Management (AQM) Work Group was established. The AQM Work Group met in October and on their agenda was the High Priority issue of Residential Wood Smoke. The following were some recommendations made by the AQM Work Group: In October 2005 the US Government's Department of Energy (DOE) announced a national "Easy Ways to Save Energy" campaign. This campaign was initiated in light of the rising energy cost and focuses on the Government and public alike. It calls for the government and public to turn to renewable energy sources and calls for a need to increase the efficient use of our available energy sources. Wood burning as a fuel source will therefore continue to be on the rise. The solution to the wood burning dilemma depends on the ability of the public, the regulators and the manufacturers of the stoves to come up with agreeable regulations that promote public health and stay in line with the DOE's energy campaign. Bibliography is below If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text: Uni Blake. Outdoor Wood Furnace and Boiler Pollution. EnvironmentalChemistry.com. Feb. 14, 2006. Accessed on-line: 10/21/2017

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Sea survey measures acid increase Oceanic carbon sinks herald bad news for wildlife. By the end of the century, rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could halve the rate at which marine creatures such as coral and plankton build their calcareous skeletons - with potentially catastrophic effects on the rest of the ocean's wildlife. That is the conclusion scientists are drawing from a global survey of how much of the carbon dioxide produced by human activity is being absorbed by the oceans. Now, after ten years of collecting over 72,000 samples of water from all over the oceans, and another five years of analysing the data, a team has finally come up with an answer: nearly half of the extra carbon released into the atmosphere since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution has ended up in the sea. That is good news from one point of view, because it means that, in the long term, the oceans are helping to buffer the effects of global warming by absorbing a lot of carbon dioxide that would otherwise end up in the atmosphere. But it could one day be catastrophic for oceanic ecosystems, as increasingly acidic waters dissolve the calcium carbonate that many marine creatures use to make their skeletons and shells. The advantages of this ocean buffer will take thousands of years to have an effect, says Chris Sabine, an oceanographer from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Seattle, who is a lead author on the study published in Science1 this week. Whereas, he warns, "the ecosystem response will happen almost immediately and will get worse over time." In a related study, also published in Science2, the team used the global survey results to calculate exactly how severe the increase in acidity is likely to be. If carbon dioxide emissions continue to rise at the levels projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, surface waters will become acidic enough to cut the growth rates of organisms such as corals, plankton, calcareous plants and bivalves by between 20% and 50 %, the researchers predict. Nobody knows how that will affect other marine species, but the consequences are likely to be significant, because so many animals rely on plankton, either directly or indirectly, for food. "These organisms make up the base of the food web," explains Sabine. "How the impact will ripple through the ecosystem is not clear." Despite the gloomy outlook, finally having an exact figure for the amount of extra carbon in the sea will, at least, allow scientists to make more accurate predictions and to inform policies on limiting greenhouse-gas emissions. "When I started working in this field, any time we dealt with carbon, everything was speculative," says Jorge Sarmiento, a biogeochemist from Princeton University, New Jersey, who has done much of the foundation research on global carbon cycling. "Being able to pin down the size of these sources and sinks is critical to any policy about reducing emissions in the future: you need to know by how much you should reduce them." - Sabine C., et al. Science, 305. 367 - 371 (2004). - Feely R., et al. Science, 305. 362 - 366 (2004).

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Here’s a picture of the ornamental pond we have in our back yard, showing the fountain that we run to keep the water circulating so it’s not just a mosquito ranch: You can see the brick that we have sitting on top of the pump housing to keep it submerged (it tends to tip over otherwise– the filter box is a little top-heavy), and also the spray of water shooting up into the air. You can’t tell without some reference, but the pond level is actually a little lower than I like it at the moment. The lining leaks slowly, and every so often I need to put more water in. How do I judge the level, you ask? By the height of the fountain. As the level drops, the water shoots up higher. Here’s the pond after I re-filled it this morning: These were taken using a tripod, and cropped to the same size and position in GIMP, so as to enable an accurate comparison. So, what physics can we get from this? Well, from looking at a picture with the pump off, we can estimate the scale: Using a tape measure, I get the height of the brick above the water to be about half an inch (it’s an American tape measure– that’s 1.27 cm in furrin units). Looking at the picture, the exposed brick extends about 10 pixels vertically, which gives us a scale of 20 pixels to the inch. Counting pixels in GIMP, the height of the before-filling water spray is about 210 pixels, or 10.5 inches (27 cm). We can then ask what the speed of the water leaving the surface is to reach that height. If we assume that the water is launched straight up (not a great assumption here, but no worse than the estimate of the vertical scale), and use a little introductory mechanics, we find that the speed of launch in terms of the height h is: where g=9.8m/s2 is the acceleration due to gravity. Using 27cm as the height above the surface of the water, we get a speed of 2.3 m/s, about the speed of a brisk walk. What about the after picture? Using the same vertical scaling, we get the speed to be 1.9 m/s, a reduction of about 17%. How do we explain this? Well, the most naive model would be to attribute the change in height to the fact that the pump needs to move a larger amount of water in the “after” picture than in the “before” picture– there’s now all this extra water sitting on top of the opening that has to be moved. So how much extra water do we need to cause this effect? Well, we can think about this in terms of energy. The energy to lift a given mass of water m into the air has to come from work done by the pump. If we make the tremendously simpleminded assumption that the pump does the same amount of work in both cases, just acting on more mass in the “after” case, we can write down two related equations for the energy involved in the two cases: The first equation relates the “before” height h1 reached by a mass m of water to the work done by the pump; the second adds an extra mass mextra and reaches a new height h2. We don’t know what the work done is, but we also don’t care– we’re assuming this is the same in both cases. As a result, we can set the left-hand sides of these two equations equal to one another (since they’re both equal to the same right-hand side), and find the relationship between mextra and the original mass m: The measured heights are roughly 27 cm and 18 cm, making the right side of this a convenient 9/18 = 1/2 = 0.5. So, the extra mass is half the initial mass of water launched. So, if we knew the initial mass of water launched into the air, we’d be golden. But, of course, we don’t know that, either. We can make another incredibly naive assumption, though, and say that the mass of water launched into the air is just the mass of the water that happens to be sitting on top of the pump opening, which is just the area of the nozzle multiplied by the height of the water. We don’t change the nozzle size in going from one case to the other, so it all comes down to the height of the water above the nozzle. If we increase the mass moved by the pump by 50% (adding a mextra that is half what we started with), then, we would expect the depth of the water above the pump to increase by 50%. And that’s something we can measure. So how did we do? Well, the brick is a 2-inch brick, and half an inch was originally exposed, so we started with a depth of 1.5 inches above the nozzle of the pump. After filling the pond, the brick was covered by something less than half an inch of water (it’s really difficult to estimate. A 50% increase in depth would imply an additional 0.75 in of water, namely the half inch that was exposed, plus another quarter-inch. Which is right in the range of what we see. That’s… shockingly good, given that the assumptions I made in the process were all pretty naive. I suspect the surprisingly good agreement may be wholly or partly accidental, with some of my silly simplifying assumptions canceling each other out. That, or I’m better at this physics stuff than I realized, but I think “accidental cancellation” is the way to bet. (A real test would require me to set up a better distance calibration, and make better measurements of the heights involved. Also, I could let the pond drain down farther, so as to get more data points. But there is a limit to how much effort I’m willing to put into silly physics models for the blog.) Anyway, there’s your latest peek into the world of a physics professor. If you look for it, you can find physics in all sorts of simple situations, even the splashing of a backyard fountain. For those whose heads are hurting because of the math above, I’ll close with a sequence of pictures from before, during, and after the topping-off of the pond. Because splashing water is pretty cool even if you don’t think about the physics involved. (I realize I’m kind of trespassing on Rhett’s territory, here, and I half expect him to show up with better image analysis tools and a better model. But that’s what blogs are for…)

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Changes in land use – such as from forestry to agriculture – are at the heart of global challenges of sustainable development. Tropical forest regions are particularly affected. They are the focus of investors pursuing commercial production of rubber, palm oil, soya, cacao, and other cash crops. This results in far-reaching changes to vegetation and industrial production methods that contribute to climate change, species loss, and diminished ecoystem services. With the help of satellite images, geographic information systems, and participatory mapping, CDE develops methods to evaluate changes in land use – from the village to the regional level. In addition, its researchers analyse the decision-making of diverse stakeholders to find out what drives changes in land use. Further, they examine the quantitative and qualitative impacts of land use change on ecosystem services and human well-being. The knowledge gained in this way is used to steer land use change towards sustainability.

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The UK's heatwave has been attracting some rather unusual fans - giant ocean sunfish, so called because of their habit of 'sunbathing' on the surface of the ocean. It emerged today that marine researchers spotted 19 of the species - the world's largest bony fish - during a two hour survey off the south-west tip of Cornwall last week. Sunfish are curious, oval-shaped creatures that can grow up to 11 feet in length and have a penchant for lying on the sea surface on their sides, as if sunbathing. They can weigh more than two tonnes and have unusual short tail fins. The fish are generally thought to prefer warm and temperate waters in the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic. The increasing number of sightings of sunfish, or Mola mola, in the UK in recent years has been interpreted by some as further evidence of the rising temperatures of British waters. Sunfish are believed to be mostly solitary and feed mainly on jellyfish, so scientists were interested to find so many together. Younger sunfish are more likely to form groups. Researchers from the University of Exeter's School of Biosciences, the Marine Conservation Society and Cornwall Wildlife Trust spotted the sunfish while surveying the Cornish coast. "This sudden influx of these beautiful, giant fish was a fantastic surprise," Dr Brendan Godley, senior lecturer at the University of Exeter Cornwall Campus, told the Press Association. "We only spotted the sunfish lying on their side at the surface so there may have been more below the waves. "This is the first time we have spotted them during our surveys, and we think they have arrived here in order to take advantage of anticipated jellyfish blooms as the summer sea temperatures rise." It is not completely understood why the sunfish appear to sunbathe but one explanation is that they come to the surface to allow birds, such as gulls, to pick parasites from their rough skin. The sunfish can leap out of the water, like sharks, which they are sometimes confused with because of their dorsal fins. A four-year-old boy was flattened by a sunfish in August last year, off the coast of Little Haven, Pembrokeshire, when it leapt from the sea into his dad's boat. The boy and his brother managed to roll the creature off and back into the sea. Last Thursday's survey off the Cornish coast also detected basking sharks, porpoises, seals and jellyfish. Previous surveys have also recorded bottlenose and common dolphins. The monthly aerial surveys, which are funded by the European Social Fund with additional support from the MCS, began in January. They aim to monitor the different species of marine wildlife visiting Cornwall's waters.

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§17C-3-7. Flashing signals. Whenever an illuminated flashing red or yellow signal is used in a traffic sign or signal it requires obedience by vehicular traffic as follows: (1) Flashing red (stop signal). — When a red lens is illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles shall stop before entering the nearest crosswalk at an intersection or at a limit line when marked, or, if none, then before entering the intersection, and the right to proceed is subject to the rules applicable after making a stop at a stop sign. (2) Flashing yellow (caution signal). — When a yellow lens is illuminated with rapid intermittent flashes, drivers of vehicles may proceed through the intersection or past the signal only with caution. (3) Local authorities, in areas that experience low traffic times, may permit flashing signals between the hours of eleven o’clock p.m. and six o’clock a.m.

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Can we relate a bit to this, fellow teachers? I know I struggle at times to read and understand what my students are trying to communicate through their writing. I think our student writers can get a bit frustrated too. They have stories in their heads that they sometimes struggle to get down on paper in a clear way. Here is where taking a week to teach how to write a personal narrative can be time well spent. I like teaching this type of writing early in the year so that they are familiar with how to write a small moment story. My students are then inspired to write more and more of these. I think this time of the year is also a great time because many children are experiencing great moments: trick or treating, fall festivals, Thanksgiving, etc. Writing a personal narrative is a super starting point for all levels of writers. Everyone has a story they can tell about something that has happened to them. I always start a new writing unit with a mentor text of some sort. I think reading a story like one of the stories inside the book, The Stories Julian Tells is a great way to begin the process. Reading some of these stories gives students a feel for what a personal narrative should sound like. After reading this one we spend some time just telling stories orally. I then introduce the idea of a small moment seed story. I used the pumpkin and pumpkin seeds to illustrate this point because it is fall time but others have used the watermelon and watermelon seeds. All the same idea, and that key idea is this... The best written personal narratives zoom into a short moment in time. They are told with such specific sensory details that the reader feels like he/she is living the moment themselves. Other excellent mentor texts that are examples of the small moment story are: LOVE ALL THESE BOOKS! After reading these books and telling stories orally, we record some ideas for stories onto a small moment seed story paper. Each seed is an idea for a different story. We will grow these seeds into personal narratives throughout the year. You could even compile them into a class book titled: The Stories Third Graders Tell...A spin off from Ann Cameron's book. After students picked one to start with, we used a prewriting graphic organizer to help us think through our story and record some good sensory details to include. With that done, the rough draft is much easier to accomplish. For me, it makes sense to teach my writing skills within the framework of a writer's workshop. The use of the quotation marks and similes are two skills that I teach through minilessons connected with this unit of writing. Then students work to apply those skills through the context of true writing. I am offering my whole personal narrative unit bundle on TPT. I include all the student printables, minilesson note sheets to glue into the writers folders, rubric for grading and a three page outline on the procedures I use to teach this unit. For me it takes about a week or sometimes longer to take them through their first narrative. But then the expectation is that they can compose others all year long! And we all know that our students writers will not improve their skill unless they have many opportunities to engage in real writing. Filling out worksheets does not count! Interested in this one? Check here: Do you have other ideas for the writing of the personal narrative? Email me...I would love to hear! Do you have questions about the process I use? Email me...I would love to help!

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Non-Fungible Tokens, better known as NFT, is the latest crypto industry buzzword. With blockchain as the underpinning technology, NFTs can bring joy to many lives–especially the artist community. Let’s decipher NFTs into simple terms and know their vast (from gifs to real estate) applications. What are NFTs? In simple words, an NFT represents ownership of any asset–digital or physical. The wording–NON-FUNGIBLE–indicates that no two NFTs are equal, unlike, say, a US dollar, which is equivalent to any other US dollar. This makes each non-fungible token unique. NFTs are as valuable as the market makes them. Ownership credentials of NFTs are kept on blockchains. So, it cannot be tampered with. For instance, if you own an NFT that represents a piece of land, it means nobody can change that by foul play. You can sell the plot of land, but even that transaction will always be available for public verification. Twitter’s Founder, Jack Dorsey, sold his first-ever tweet–“just setting up my twttr”– as an NFT for USD 2.9 million on 22nd March 2021. The buyer, Mr. Sina Estavi from Malaysia, is a chief executive of a crypto firm, Bridge Oracle. It’s a piece of human history in the form of a digital asset. Who knows what will be the price of the first tweet of human history 50 years from now. He compares his purchase with the best known painting–Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci. Some people may be ridiculing his decision, but experts agree that the Twitter founder’s first tweet on that very platform is indeed a valuable asset. So, it might pay him over time. NFTs are way more than just a fancy tweet or painting. Regardless, let’s see how you can create an NFT for free right from your personal computer. How to Create an NFT? The first step is to decide on the blockchain to host your NFT. Each blockchain has its own sets of protocols, supported wallets, and marketplace for NFTs. There are numerous blockchains like Ethereum, Free TON, Polkadot, Cosmos, etc. At present, Ethereum is the most powerful of them all. So, I’ll explain an easy way to create an NFT on the Ethereum blockchain and make it available for purchase. #1. Creating an Ethereum Wallet A wallet is your personal space where you keep your blockchain-related items: currencies, tokens, etc. There are tons of available options to create your Ethereum wallet. I’ll illustrate with Metamask, a hot wallet for storing your crypto tokens. A hot wallet remains connected to the internet. Almost all the crypto hacks you hear about involve hot wallets. A cold wallet doesn’t stay connected to the internet all time time. They connect to the internet (become hot) only during a transaction. The rest of the time, they remain hidden from the prying eyes of cybercriminals. I won’t suggest spending on cold wallets if you’re a newbie. Instead, make a hot wallet–it’s free. And the fastest way to get started is to download Metamask as a browser extension. So, install the browser extension and go through the registration process. It’ll hardly take five minutes. You can also check this tutorial if you’ve any problem with this step: Now that you have your wallet, we should see how to mint (create) your very first NFT. #2. Minting NFT Just like you picked Ethereum among different blockchains, now you must put your finger on a platform to create and sell your first non-fungible token. Your best options for an NFT marketplace are Opensea, Mintable, Nifty Gateway, Rarible, Mintbase, etc. Or let me make it easy (and free) for you. I’ll illustrate about putting your NFT in the Mintable marketplace without paying anything upfront. Let’s do it sequentially. Signing-Up at Mintable First, open the Mintable marketplace and click Create Account. Linking Your Wallet Now login and click Connect a Wallet. Afterward, click Connect a Wallet in the pop-up to connect the Metamask wallet. This step will only be possible after the Metamask registration and enabling it as a browser extension. Click Next and confirm to all pop-ups to complete the linking process. Now we’ll start the actual Minting process. Select Mint an item next to NFT university. Click Create a new item. Next, select Advanced in the top left button. With this option, you can have both–Gasless or Traditional–options. Gasless transactions are free but won’t show your NFT in your wallet just yet. Instead, they will be held on Ethereum–somewhat similar to a stealth mode–until a sale (transfer). After a transfer, its history will be shown in your wallet, with you as the original creator. Click here to read more about this. Interestingly, you’ll be paying a greater transaction fee (5%) with the gasless than if you’ve gone with the traditional way (2.5%). But with the traditional method, you pay the transaction fee upfront to show it in your wallet, even if your NFT sits on the blockchain without any sales forever. So, choose Gasless if you’re only trying this out for the first time. But, Traditional is the way to go if you’re a professional artist. Since I’m not a big-time artist and this is for illustration only, so we’ll proceed with the gasless option. |This is a pretty much useless GIF that I created for this demonstration. But you might wonder if one can download it with a simple right-click, then why purchase it at all? Well, that’s the thing with NFTs. They can be copied, like a duplicate of any precious art form. But, there can be only ONE proud owner of the original. This fact primarily commands the price.| So the next step is to list the item. Enter the Listing title, Listing subtitle, upload your file, enter Item description, fix the price, set the sales method (Fixed, Auction, and Auction with Buy Now), and hit LIST THIS ITEM. Confirm this by selecting Proceed from the next screen. Click Sign on the Metamask pop-up. And Yay! Your creation is live on Ethereum. You can check out your token by clicking View your item. I’ve priced my gif at just 50 ETH (short for Ether, a cryptocurrency) or 180,617 USD at the time of this writing. Check it out and purchase it 😅 if you feel like parting your fortune with me. How do NFTs Work? NFTs are managed with the ERC-721 token standard. It is a set of protocols that govern NFT ownership credentials to avoid duplicity. This ensures unique ID and metadata to every non-fungible token, even if they get minted from the same smart contract. In a nutshell, smart contracts are Ethereum wallets controlled by code. Just like with a regular wallet, every transaction with them is immutable and transparent. For a simple analogy, assume smart contracts as your partners in a computer game, like counterstrike or chess. They can play with (or against) you, but they can’t play on their own. So when you mint a non-fungible token, a unique ID and metadata get created. It helps in authenticating the original NFT and its maker. As for the Mintable NFT marketplace, you can find the metadata with each item by simply scrolling down the item page. For instance, the NFT I just minted has this metadata: It clearly shows the original creator and the token ID. So, let’s say I transfer (sell) this to you. Then, you will have this in your wallet, and the token ID will vouch for its authenticity as an original. Any copy created by foul play will have a different ID–identifying the fraud. Though the artist can decide to make other copies as well, it can’t be duplicated if you purchased it with copyright transfer. That said, this is valid for a single blockchain at a time. However, if the artist is a fraudster, then you may find copies of any particular art on other blockchains. But a legit artist would stick to one blockchain or at least wouldn’t sell the same NFT on different blockchains. This unique token has many use cases. Arts is a well-known application at present. But, as the industry matures, you would be able to use NFTs in numerous other streams as well. This section will discuss some of the lesser-known fields which can use them for a better consumer experience. #1. Application of NFT in Art and Digital Creatives It is the de-facto application area where everyone is trying to sell a token in millions. Not just GIFs and images, you can also mint music and videos into NFTs. And just like with images, music and videos can be copied all over the internet. But the bragging rights to own the original remains with the legit buyer. For instance, this short video of Gucci Ghost last sold for USD 3,600 seven months back. Back then, its creator–Trevor Andrew–listed it for USD 200. Then it changed several hands, and presently it is listed for USD 16,300 by its now-owner Danny. You can check the complete purchase history by visiting the item page on Nifty Gateway. Similarly, a person named Rabono purchased Cryptokitty #896775 for a staggering USD 172,000. This Cryptokitty goes by the name Dragon. Her latest price is 600 ETH which is equivalent to USD 2,068,794.00 at present. You can buy the kitty here. There she is (a copy): #2. Other Applications of NFTs Don’t mock NFTs already. They have plenty of use cases other than digital arts. Some of them are: a) Tickets for an event (movie, live performance, soccer match, etc.) can be tokenized as NFTs. As every seat location is unique and no two can be the same. b) Legal Docs, Invoices, Signatures, etc. You can convert any legal property document into an NFT. It can help in identifying the actual owner. This will reduce the scams in real estate and ease the selling process. Additionally, it will reduce the necessity of middlemen (local administration). So, the transfer will be economical and quick for both the seller and the buyer. Similarly, you can tokenize invoices and signatures. It’ll end the misuse and will hold a permanent record of every transaction. c) Supply Chain Management using NFTs can provide evidence about the originality of any product. For instance, you can check any medicine for its authenticity by tracking it to its genuine manufacturer. d) Anything distinctive can be converted into a non-fungible token to ensure fair use. For example, your college degree, driver’s license, personal ID, passport, etc., can be issued as an NFT to prevent forgery. Wrapping Up 😎 You can apply NFTs everywhere you see something unique, be it art, legal documents, personal identification cards, or any branded product. It assists in discerning the originals and puts an end to counterfeiting. On a side note, if you’re a serious artist willing to pay an upfront fee for minting your NFT, then try Opensea. It’s the biggest NFT marketplace at present. - Tagged in: More great readings on Fintech 8 Best NFT Creators to Convert your ArtworksAbhijith G on November 3, 2022 Manage Your Wealth Efficiently With Personal CapitalBipasha Nath on October 31, 2022 Payroll Processing Is Easier Than You Think With RipplingBipasha Nath on November 15, 2022 10 Cardano NFT (CNFT) Marketplaces to Buy and Sell FromAbhijith G on October 20, 2022 12 Tezos NFT Marketplaces to Buy and Sell FromTom Nyarunda on October 19, 2022 3 Eco Friendly/Green NFT Platforms to Create and Buy FromHitesh Sant on October 14, 2022

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Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. In line with this definition, the widely used MLQ (Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006) was developed to help people understand perceptions about their lives pertaining to happiness and fulfillment. The accurate assessment of psychological symptoms is an essential component of developing a helpful formulation regarding a client's difficulties. Allows you to search by topic of measure. Help investigate the psychology of pressure and get your performance analysed by Michael Johnson. Beginning with attitudes and beliefs, weâll start with the Adult Hope Scale (Snyder et al., 1991) by considering the attitude of hope. Given that humor is a complex topic with many sub facets, the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale is made up of four subscales. For example, memory is a ⦠Psychology survey questions are survey questions asked to evaluate the mental state of an individual. The majority of the psychology sub-fields are quite broad, which makes researching on it extremely problematic. Lengelle, R., Luken, T., & Meijers, F. (2016). 3. Respondents took a 15-minute online survey about their attitudes toward mental health disorders and mental health treatment. You would need to read a lot of content for writing your psychology research paper, which is why you should choose a topic that excites you. Sometimes I find Iâm talking to myself (out loud or in my head) to help me deal with difficult problems I face. (1991). Every respondent should be presented with the same questions and in the same order as other respondents. Some examples of psychology surveys are anxiety surveys, Depression questionnaires, happiness surveys, personality surveys, quality of life survey, life attitudes survey and many more. Find the answers to these questions and more with Psychology Today. Social-Personality Psychology Questionnaire Instrument Compendium: This website allows you access to research methods and questionnaires relating to Social Psychology. This section has information about some questionnaires that might be useful for researchers. Social-Personality Psychology Questionnaire Instrument Compendium: The Balanced Affective Word List Project. But again, this is a little far-fetched. I focus my thinking on the pleasant rather than the unpleasant aspects of my job (school) activities. Social Sciences Building Room 109 Second, considerable attention is paid to the issue of sampling. Self-monitoring of expressive behavior. When I do an assignment especially well, I like to treat myself to something or an activity I especially enjoy. When it comes to assessing peopleâs psychological experiences, scientists primarily get their information by asking questions administered through surveys. First, check the scale for any reverse-scored items. Research-based Psychological Tests The following questionnaires have been developed through research and shown to be able to categorize different behaviors, traits, or conditions. 6229HN Maastricht Such questionnaires are used by medical professionals such as doctors, psychiatrists or mental health specialists. in survey research) to report directly on their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. For instance, after performing the above calculations, you may end up with a final score of 4.5 for the subjective happiness measure, suggesting that you are substantially above the midpoint (3) and probably a very happy person. Sussman, S. W., & Sproull, L. (1999). Next, sum all the scores and divide the result by the total number of items in the scale. You should then be left with a single value that falls within the minimum and maximum anchor points of the scale. While some psychological experiences do have physiological parallels, such as when anxiety is assessed via cortisol, many do not (Bohnen, Nicolson, Sulon, & Jolles, 1991). This scale comprises nine subscales, which can be further aggregated up to three dimensions that tap into the various dimensions of self-leadership. On Campus Resources: Includes a list of reference materials that are available for your use to look for measures .. Social-Personality Psychology Questionnaire Instrument Compendium: This website allows you access to research methods and questionnaires relating to Social Psychology. The structure is intended to reduce bias (see questionnaire construction). Self-initiated actions and perceptions that serve to maintain or enhance the level of wellness, self-actualization, and fulfillment of the individual’s spiritual growth. 2. Also, keep in mind that some of the scales included here are made up of subscales. I am kind to contribute to progress and improvement. In these instances, you must calculate scores separately for each subscale, sum the totals for the subscales, and divide by the total number of subscales for a final score on the overall construct. A copy of the full scale can be found in the original article, published in the Journal of Clinical Psychology. I can think of many ways to get out of a jam. That is, if you were responding to items on a scale ranging from 1-5, your final total should not be less than 1 or exceed 5. As you can imagine, doing these calculations separately for each subscale before arriving at a total for the composite construct is particularly important when subscales contain unequal numbers of items. Other people tell me that I say funny things. Psychology Test Library Inventory (Social Sciences Rooms 140 & 5). The full scale is freely available for educational, therapeutic, and research purposes in English. 1. Hereâs some of our thoughts about peopleâs motivations for responding to surveys. Before you continue, we thought you might like to download three Positive Psychology Exercises for free. I love to meditate on the nature and meaning of things. I am the only person conducting this survey, all data will be seen only by me, the survey should take about 3-5 minutes at the most. You Just Get Me is a social psychology experiment about personality impressions. I guess I put on a show to entertain other people. The Netherlands This measure consists of six subscales assessing the degree to which adults engage in health-promoting behaviors, and one of the subscales pertains to spiritual growth. People who tell jokes are a pain in the neck. (Lengelle, Luken, & Meijers, 2016, p. 100). In such a case, it might be appropriate to use a grounded theory approach, whereby you interview a small number of participants to obtain rich, qualitative information. If you respond to 2 (disagree) for scoring, change this to a value of 4. Do you have a high traditional IQ or emotional IQ? Your email address will not be published. Finally, you might be able to hook your participants up to an expensive machine in a laboratory and pin life satisfaction down to a single physiological indicator, such as cortisol or sweat conductivity. Required fields are marked *, About For more on that, read our article on the Mind-Body Connection. This scale, which is thirty items in total, comprises three subscales, assessing adolescentsâ self-esteem in relation to school, peers, and the home environment. Both members of a couple must agree to participate in order to join the study. Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., … & Harney, P. (1991). Before looking at specific principles of survey construction, it will help to consider survey responding as a psychological process. â¦a process through which people influence themselves to achieve the self-direction and self-motivation necessary to behave and perform in desirable ways. The number you will be left with represents your score on that construct. I know how to be properly courteous with others. Psychology Tests Online (Free and Paid) Psychological tests are part of the field of psychology known as psychometrics. The Yale Happiness Test. Surveys allow researchers to collect a large amount of data in a relatively short period. We hope you enjoyed reading this article. I make a point to keep track of how well Iâm doing at work (school). You can take the assessment every so often and see how your scores fluctuate on a weekly basis. How would you go about getting this information? I think about my own beliefs and assumptions whenever I encounter a difficult situation. Some companies use surveys in the sales process to gather and share insights with prospects. Heintzman, P., & Mannell, R. C. (2003). Each of these scales contains 10 items. This scale is commonly used in practice among healthcare workers. I find it hard to imitate the behavior of other people (reverse-scored). That way, you could code the participantsâ responses for themes. For example, imagine you are responding to a scale assessing subjective happiness, and one of the items asks you to rate your agreement to the following statement on a 1-5 scale (where 1 equals strongly disagree and 5 equals strongly agree): Obviously, this item is measuring the reverse of happiness. Questions about this web site should be sent to [email protected] I am a student doing research for a school project on how gender influences your shopping perceptions and motivations. A popular measure for assessing a personâs tendency toward self-reflection is Trapnell and Campbellâs (1999) Private Self-consciousness Scale, which features self-reflection as a twelve-item subscale. Hawks, S. (1994). Do you have what it takes to be an entrepreneur? This is why it is best to choose a concise and narrow topic, so you can conveniently research on it. The College of New Jersey [email protected]. â Responsive customer support includes PhD on staff. It would be impossible to link a construct as broad and multi-faceted as life satisfaction to a single physiological indicator. I tend to get down on myself in my mind when I have performed poorly. Ewing, NJ 08628 Likewise, when administering the scale, it is often referred to as âThe Future Scaleâ to help disguise hope’s critical theme. Each subscale contains four items, and there are four distractor items. Thorson, J. Uses of wit or humor help me master difficult situations. Psychological Tests and Surveys. Turning to behaviors now, we can consider the useful practice of self-reflection, which is defined as: â¦an active and intentional process of becoming conscious of and understanding experiences in order to learn from them for the future. While there are too many different types of reliability and validity to cover here, here are some useful resources to help you gain a basic understanding of scale psychometrics. To capture this, Houghton and Neck (2002) developed and validated the RSLQ. One of the big benefits of using surveys in psychological research is that they allow researchers to gather a large quantity of data relatively quickly and cheaply. Thorson and Powell (1993) define a sense of humor as: …a way of looking at the world; it is a style, a means of self-protection and getting along. [FREE] 3 Hand-Picked Tools From the Positive Psychology Toolkit©! This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Download 3 Positive Psychology Tools (PDF), three Positive Psychology Exercises for free, 5 Measures of Positive Attitudes and Beliefs, download our three Positive Psychology Exercises. Development and validation of a multidimensional sense of humor scale. This page contains links to 181 web-based experiments, surveys, and other social psychology studies. I have a good sense of what makes my life meaningful. The survey will take approximately 20-30 minutes to complete. I use written notes to remind myself of what I need to accomplish. Obviously, this would be an imprecise approach (not to mention time-consuming), as you cannot accurately quantify life satisfaction based on the amount of time a person spends smiling. Spiritual health: Definition and theory. A survey can be administered as a structured interview or as a self-report measure, and data can be collected in person, over the phone, or on a computer. Imagine you are a scientist who wants to understand and quantify a personâs overall life satisfaction. 2000 Pennington Rd. Feel I am growing and changing in positive ways. Quick Personality Test A quick 10-item quiz that scores your big five personality traits â extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experiences. While selecting a particular topic from amongst the different research topics, you need to find out your area of specialization and interest. The Psychological Impact of Surveys The power of Consistency in surveys is really interesting. Comunianâs 20-item scale (Comunian, 1998) captures attitudes toward kindness throughout these four stages using four subscales comprising five items each. Registration Number: 64733564 An alternative approach would be to administer some kind of test in the same way that one might administer a test to assess mathematical ability, perhaps on a fancy high-powered computer. It is simply a list of questions or statements (otherwise known as âitemsâ) designed to assess a particular psychological concept (sometimes referred to as a âconstructâ). With these, you can make the best choice about which scale suits your needs: Whether it be to compare peopleâs propensities for cracking jokes or identify the sense of meaning in someoneâs life, one thing is clear. Duration: 20 minutes: Various surveys and measures have been developed to gain insight into these experiences, such as life satisfaction scales, gratitude scales, and ways to measure flow, just to name a few. To do this, I have created a survey investigating various aspects of play, including motivations for playing MMOs and gaming habits. These assess (a) the presence of meaning in oneâs life and (b) the search for meaning in life. Bannigan, K., & Watson, R. (2009). Example items from the scale are as follows: All items are presented on 7-point scales, where 1 equals âabsolutely untrueâ and 7 equals âabsolutely true.â. Iâm not always the person I appear to be. A copy of the full scale can be found in the original article, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. These science-based exercises will explore fundamental aspects of positive psychology, including strengths, values, and self-compassion, and will give you the tools to enhance the wellbeing of your clients, students, or employees. ... Journal of Survey ⦠Psychology Tests and Surveys . One option would be to follow your participants around for a few days, jotting down observations about their daily interactions, behaviors, and the amount of time they spend with a smile on their face. To help reach a wide audience, study links posted here are also publicized via Twitter and an RSS feed (a combined subscriber base of over 35,000 people). Then, you would sum the total score for the three subscales and divide by 3. The respondent responds âtrueâ or âfalseâ for each item, which is then compared against a scoring key where every response that matches the key is assigned a score of 1. Finding Psychological Measures: An index or articles, books, and websites that contain free or non-copyrighted measures. A copy of the full scale can be accessed from the Penn State Positive Psychology Centerâs website. Finding psychology experiment ideas is not necessarily difficult, but finding a good experimental or study topic that is right for your needs can be a little tough. According to this theory, values and ethics are developed throughout interactions between people and their environment, so too do attitudes regarding the necessity of kindness. Try some for yourself to see if any would be useful for your applications in practice. The scale is related to a range of positive outcomes, including optimism, self-efficacy, and self-esteem (Snyder et al., 1991). Straight talk: Delivering bad news through electronic communication. …a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful (a) agency (goal-directed energy), and (b) pathways (planning to meet goals). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. I often love to look at my life in philosophical ways. For example, questions should be ordered in such a way that a question does not influence the response to subsequent questions. Pinar, R., Celik, R., & Bahcecik, N. (2009). Coping style, trait anxiety and cortisol reactivity during mental stress. All items are presented on 5-point scales, where 1 equals âstrongly disagree,â and 5 equals âstrongly agree.â. A copy of the full scale can be found in the original article, published in the journal Psychological Reports. These subscales assess general humor (humor production), coping and adaptive humor, humor appreciation, and attitudes toward humor, totaling 29 items (with a shorter 24-item version also available). In total, the scale is made up of 35 items. Chamber of Commerce (KvK) William James Hall 33 Kirkland Street Cambridge, MA 02138 p: 617 495 3800 Lovely software ⦠Donât forget to download our three Positive Psychology Exercises. Reliability and validity in a nutshell. Example items from each of the subscales and dimensions are as follows: Finally, weâll look at self-monitoring, which is defined as: …the extent to which you consciously employ impression management strategies in social interactions. For example, someone effective at self-monitoring may be better at knowing when to laugh or appear somber in social interactions based on the behavior and nonverbal cues of those around them. I'm looking for a cost-effective website to put up a set a psychology surveys (very basic pilot testing, each measure uses likert scales). One widely used scale measuring spiritual growth comes from the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLPII). Bohnen, N., Nicolson, N., Sulon, J., & Jolles, J. â Over 350 colleges and universities across 4 continents proudly use PsychData. A deeper level of perspective-taking develops, whereby kindness is understood within the context of a broader social system. Norm Of Reciprocity: Create An Exchange. This article presents a collection of useful positive psychology surveys that deviate from some of the scales covered in our other articles. Hinkin, T. R. (1995). Evaluating the mental state and understanding the psyche of an individual can help you to assess the personâs behavior, traits, and conditions. Most records include the actual test instrument. The individual believes people need to be liked and understands the role of kindness in demonstrating liking. I am always looking to find my lifeâs purpose. The AHS is designed to measure hope according to the various sub facets of goal-directed behavior. Self-leadership combines self-regulation, self-control, and self-management with cognitive strategies, allowing people to lead themselves to desired outcomes. But before we dive in, a quick note on terminology: Whether a set of questions is referred to as an âinstrument,â âmeasure,â âscale,â âinventory,â âquestionnaire,â or âsurvey,â all of these terms ultimately mean the same thing. To assess self-monitoring, Snyder (1974) developed the Self-Monitoring Scale, which comprises 25 statements. The 10-item measure comprises two subscales. Example items from the scale, and definitions for each of the corresponding stages in Kohlbergâs theory, are as follows: All items are presented on 4-point scales, where 1 equals âdefinitely falseâ and 4 equals âdefinitely true.â. The results were weighted by education, age, gender, race, ethnicity, geography, household income, household size and marital status to ⦠Comunian, A. L. (1998). The Balanced Affective Word List Project: A normed corpus of 2000+ words rated as positive, negative, or neutral. Usually, researchers developing scales such as these above will subject the scales to evidence reliability and validity, including these results in their papers or websites. Other surveys have also found that Black Americans are more cynical about Covid-19 vaccination than other groups and report lower intentions to take ⦠[email protected], Copyright ©2020 Contact Employment Consumer Info Privacy 2000 Pennington Road Ewing, NJ 08628-0718, Industrial / Organizational Psychology Careers, TCNJ Psychology Department Current Newsletters. Snyder, M. (1974). Andrew Proulx MD, Your email address will not be published. Laurie Santos, a psychology professor at Yale University, opened her Psychology and The Good Life class in January 2018. Allows you to search by topic of measure. Kindness can be defined in line with Kohlbergâs (1984) four stages of moral development. Surveys are standardized to ensure reliability, generalizability, and validity (see quantitative marketing research). A., & Powell, F. C. (1993). 269 IPIP Scales: An index of 269 IPIP scales listed in alphabetical order by topic of the measure. As an example, we can consider the Hare Self-Esteem Scale (Hare, 1975). Surveys are less expensive than many other data collection techniques. Can you compete under pressure? Excellent overview, thanks very much for taking the time to write this! Are you outgoing or introverted? Social psychology is the basis for much of the research conducted by SRC researchers, as they seek to inform the public and policy makers not only on the results of their research, but also on the behaviors and social interactions behind those results. The exception might be if you wanted to identify life satisfaction drivers without any pre-existing theory to drive your hypothesizing. Unlike the other scales discussed above, this one is scored using a true-or-false format. What kind of âtestâ could assess something as subjective as life satisfaction? PsychData was founded in 2001 with a single mission: empower the social science community to conduct Internet-based research with confidence and ease. I use my imagination to picture myself performing well on important tasks. Iâm uncomfortable when everyone is cracking jokes. Take The ACE Quiz â And Learn What It Does And Doesn't Mean : Shots - Health News First developed in the 1990s, the 10 questions of the Adverse Childhood Experiences test are designed to take ⦠All measures can be downloaded into a PDF file. As Scott Smith wrote in his article âWhy do People Participate as Respondents in a Survey?â there are several behavioural theories that underlie peopleâs decisions to respond to surveys. APA Science Directorate: FAQ: Finding Information About Psychological Tests Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: distinguishing rumination from reflection. Each member of a participating couple will take an online survey (20-30 minutes) about their relationship experiences and well-being; they will then complete a similar survey 6 months later. Reliability and construct validity of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II in an adult Turkish population. Calculating your score for any of the scales included in this article is simple. The self and other perspectives are considered and coordinated equally. I am looking for something that makes my life feel meaningful. In organizational development (O⦠(Steger, Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006, p. 81). Apply Visit Give | Alumni Parents Offices TCNJ Today, Psychology Test Library Inventory (Social Sciences Rooms 140 & 5). Gandhiplein 16 If you wish for more, our Positive Psychology Toolkit© contains over 300 science-based positive psychology exercises, interventions, questionnaires, and assessments for practitioners to use in their therapy, coaching, or workplace. It is also available from Prof. Michael Stegerâs website in a range of additional languages. Surveys can introduce new ways of thinking about a subject by way of phrasing the questions and then activate consistency on that new way of thinking. Full-text access to unpublished psychological tests, measures, scales, surveys, and other assessments. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SwLS) The SwLS scale has five items alongside seven-point ⦠Interpersonal connections center around the focal individualâs subjective perspective in relationships. This measure has 12 items assessing agency and pathways to goal achievement. I am kind because it gives me personal satisfaction. The 37 measures in this mental health inventory are part of the 116 core measures of function and well-being from the RAND Health Care Medical Outcomes Study, a two-year study of ⦠Psychology Department Psychologists (and scholars, and practitionersâ¦) would be lost without their surveys and questionnaires. Be impossible to link a construct as broad and multi-faceted as life satisfaction scores different... 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The Six Kingdoms, formerly known as the Seven Kingdoms, is the name given to the realm that controls most of the continent of Westeros and its numerous offshore islands, ruled by the King of the Andals and the First Men from the Red Keep in the city of King's Landing. The name of the realm dates back to the time prior to the War of Conquest, during which seven independent kingdoms existed on the continent. The realm actually consists of nine distinct regions, the remaining two being formally established after the Targaryen conquest, and thus they are not actually considered to be "kingdoms." Regardless, all nine provinces are subject to the rule of the Iron Throne. The realm has several times became fractured from years of civil warfare with the most recent resulting in the the Kingdom of the North and the Kingdom of the Iron Islands attempting secession. However, the North under Jon Snow had pledged to Daenerys of House Targaryen while the Iron Islands under Euron Greyjoy had allied with House Lannister. Both sides agreed to an armistice to deal with the Great War in the North, though Cersei Lannister and Euron Greyjoy betrayed the Starks and Targaryens. After the Great War was won, the war for Westeros resumed, and Daenerys and her forces took King's Landing at the Battle of King's Landing, though much of the population and structures were destroyed when she laid waste to the city. Daenerys was subsequently assassinated by Jon Snow to prevent more destruction. A great council elected a new king, Bran I the Broken, who allowed for the North under Sansa Stark to secede, resulting in the current Six Kingdoms under the control of King Brandon Stark and the independent North under Queen Sansa Stark. When Aegon I Targaryen embarked on the conquest of the continent of Westeros from his seat on Dragonstone he had to contend with seven independent realms formed by the First Men thousands of years ago and later taken over by the Andals during their invasion thousands of years later (with the exception of the North and the Iron Islands; Dorne also later adopted the practices of the Rhoynar when they migrated to Westeros). These were: - Kingdom of the North, ruled by House Stark of Winterfell, the Kings in the North. Now independent and active again. - Kingdom of the Mountain and the Vale, ruled by House Arryn of the Eyrie, the Kings of the Mountain and the Vale. - Kingdom of the Isles and Rivers, ruled by House Hoare of Harrenhal, the Kings of the Isles and the Rivers. - Principality of Dorne, ruled by House Martell of Sunspear, the Princes of Dorne. Note that being referred to as a principality was purely stylistic; Dorne was an independent kingdom in all but name. With the aid of his dragons, Aegon managed to conquer all of the kingdoms, except Dorne, which would join with his dynasty through marriage a century later. Houses Stark, Lannister, and Arryn, which bent the knee to Aegon, were allowed to maintain their domains, no longer as kings but as Lords Paramount of their respective regions - the North, the Westerlands and the Vale - and Wardens, subject to the authority of the King of the Andals and the First Men. With House Hoare eliminated, the kingdom ruled by Harren the Black was divided, with the people of the Iron Islands choosing House Greyjoy as their rulers, lands surrounding the Trident awarded to House Tully as lords of the Riverlands, and the lords of lands surrounding the new capital of King's Landing as direct vassals to the Iron Throne. House Gardener was also obliterated when King Mern IX perished at the Field of Fire. Mern's steward, Harlen Tyrell, surrendered Highgarden and the Reach to the Targaryen conqueror and was thus appointed Lord of Highgarden, Lord Paramount of the Reach, and Warden of the South. House Durrandon was extinguished in the male line when King Argilac was killed by Orys Baratheon in battle. As a reward for his loyalty, Orys was granted Argilac's domain, as well as his daughter. Thus House Baratheon, the Lords Paramount of the Stormlands and new Lords of Storm's End, was created. The only one of the Seven Kingdoms not conquered was Dorne in the far south, whose lords learned from the mistakes of the other kings and refused to meet Aegon and his dragons in open battle. Dorne retained their independence for almost two more centuries before joining the realm through a dual marriage with the Targaryens. Because they entered the realm through a marital alliance and not conquest, the Dornish rulers of House Martell have been allowed to continue to style themselves as princes and princesses rather than Lords Paramount, though they are still subject to the authority of the Iron Throne and are not considered to be royalty. Despite numerous civil wars, rebellions, and the death of the last of the dragons, the Targaryens ruled over the unified Seven Kingdoms for over 280 years, some of which saw peace and prosperity, until the actions of the Mad King, Aerys II, triggered the rebellion known as Robert's Rebellion. At the end of this civil war, King Aerys II and most of his family were slain and his surviving children fled into exile in the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea on the continent of Essos. Robert Baratheon took the throne and ruled for seventeen years, beginning a new dynasty whose rule became challenged after his death. Cersei Lannister, the widow and murderer of Robert, took the throne after the civil war, beginning the Lannister dynasty. However, her rule is quickly contested by the last known Targaryen: Daenerys Targaryen, who brings with her the three dragons like Aegon had, the first dragons born in over a century. Jon Snow, the new King in the North, sought to unite the fractured kingdoms against a common enemy: the White Walkers, who have been gone for 8,000 years since the first Long Night. He struggles to do so as most of the realm believes the White Walkers to be fairy tales, and, as a result, went on an expedition beyond the Wall with allies to gather proof of their reawakening. House Targaryen and House Stark united in the Great War, which House Lannister sat out of despite promising to contribute, and defeated the White Walkers in the Battle of Winterfell. Afterwards, they defeated House Lannister at the Battle of King's Landing, though King's Landing was left in ruins. Daenerys Targaryen is later assassinated by Jon Snow. The Unsullied thus leave the lords of the great noble houses to elect a new ruler. The remaining houses unanimously vote for Bran Stark to be the new king and they agree that future monarchs would be elected the same manner. However, House Stark declares the independence of the Kingdom of the North, which is uncontested and accepted by Bran. As the new Hand of the King, Tyrion Lannister leads the small council in the reconstruction of King's Landing. - See also: Lordship The Seven Kingdoms were originally ruled as an absolute monarchy, but have since been reorganized to be ruled as an elective monarchy ruled by a King or Queen, who bears the titles of "King of the Andals and the First Men", "Lord of the Seven Kingdoms", and "Protector of the Realm". The second most powerful position is that of the Hand of the King, an appointed Lord who serves as the monarch's topmost advisor and, in his absence, holds court and may even sit on the Iron Throne. If the King is a minor and, thus, unfit to properly rule, the government falls in the hands of a Regent, who may be the Hand, the Queen Dowager or another Lord selected for the task. Aiding the King and the Hand in the capital is the small council, a chamber of Lords that advise the King and/or the Hand in matters such as economy, intelligence or law. The permanent small council positions are: - The Master of Laws - The Master of Coin - The Master of Ships - The Master of War - The Master of Whisperers - The Grand Maester - The Lord Commander of the Kingsguard The King may appoint other advisors to the council at his discretion, but they hold no official office (they operate "without portfolio"). Beneath the King of the Andals and the First Men, the Hand of the King, and the Small Council, but still enjoying a great degree of autonomy, are the rulers of each region. They are almost all referred to as Lords Paramount of their respective region, with the only two exceptions being Dorne, the ruler being referred to as the Prince of Dorne, and the Iron Islands, the ruler being referred to as the Lord of the Iron Islands. The Lords Paramount are the paternal heads of the Great Houses; each Great House rules a region. Additionally, some Lords Paramount bear the title of Warden, who are regional commanders sworn to defend the realm from threats posed in and around their region. The four Wardens are the Wardens of the North, the Wardens of the West, the Wardens of the East, and the Wardens of the South. Below the rulers of each constituent region lie their vassals: lords and landed knights, who rule in the name of their liege lords and are sworn to answer their summons when the need arises. These lords may have, in turn, their own lords and sworn knights ruling over portions of their own lands. The lowest in the social ladder are the smallfolk, or commoners, who make up the majority of the population. As of the War of the Five Kings and the conflicts that followed, the Seven Kingdoms are currently fractured. The civil war left House Baratheon extinct, leaving the Stormlands without ruler. It also led to the extinction of House Frey in the male line, which had usurped power from House Tully, leaving the Riverlands in anarchy. The North, the Vale, and the Iron Islands are in open rebellion against the Iron Throne, while in Dorne, the Sand Snakes have seized power after staging a coup d'etat against House Martell. Additionally, Dorne, the Reach, and part of the Iron Islands have declared for a rival claimant to the Iron Throne, which is currently occupied by House Lannister after the extinction of House Baratheon: the sole survivor of the ousted House Targaryen. However, Daenerys Targaryen's war for Westeros has further seen the extinction of House Tyrell and the imprisonment or deaths of the leading Sand Snakes, leaving the Reach and Dorne without ruler. The following table goes in descending order from north to south of Westeros. |The Vale of Arryn||House Arryn||The Eyrie||1 AC||Kingdom of the Mountain and the Vale||Ruled by Lord Robin Arryn| |The Riverlands||House Tully||Riverrun||1 AC||Kingdom of the Isles and Rivers||Ruled by Lord Edmure Tully| |Iron Islands||House Greyjoy||Pyke||1 AC||Kingdom of the Isles and Rivers||Ruled by Lady Yara Greyjoy| |The Westerlands||House Lannister||Casterly Rock||1 AC||Kingdom of the Rock||Ruled by Lord Tyrion Lannister| |The Crownlands||King of the Andals and the First Men||King's Landing||1 AC||Kingdom of the Isles and Rivers| Kingdom of the Stormlands |Ruled directly by the monarch, Brandon I| Some noble houses sworn directly to Dragonstone |The Stormlands||House Baratheon||Storm's End||1 AC||Kingdom of the Stormlands||Ruled by Lord Gendry Baratheon| |The Reach||Bronn's house||Highgarden||1 AC||Kingdom of the Reach||Ruled by Lord Bronn| |Dorne||House Martell||Sunspear||159 AC||Principality of Dorne||Ruled by Prince Martell| Additionally, in the North, the Wall and the Gift are directly controlled by the Night's Watch and its Lord Commander. The Night's Watch is sworn to remain neutral in the conflicts involving the realm. Ironically, despite retaining the moniker of "Seven Kingdoms", there are actually nine distinct regions in the area controlled by the Iron Throne - the Riverlands and Crownlands were never their own kingdoms. Former administrative regions |The North||House Stark||Winterfell||1 AC||Kingdom of the North||Independent under Queen Sansa Stark since 305 AC. Previously independent under Kings Robb Stark 298–300 AC and Jon Snow 303–304 AC, as well as prior to the War of Conquest.| - See also: Laws and Customs In the Seven Kingdoms, justice is administered by the King and/or lords. Penalties for crimes may include scourging, mutilation, castration, excessive tickling, or imprisonment. South of the Neck, where Andal culture is prevalent, punishments are carried out by headsmen, executioners - like the King's Justice in the capital - or knights carrying out the will of their lords. In the North, however, where the ways of the First Men are prevalent, it is expected for lords to carry out sentences personally. Treason and rebellion may be punished in several ways, such as hanging or beheading, but also by exile or being stripped of lands and titles - which may also extend to the entire family of the one attainted. In the case of nobles, the taking of a close family member, such as a son or daughter, as hostage for the noble's good behavior is also commonplace. Slavery or slave trading is also forbidden, and punishable by death. Thieving and smuggling are usually punished by mutilation through amputating a hand, while rapists are subject to castration. Bearing arms against a liege lord or refusing to answer a liege lord's summons is also considered a capital offense. Suspects of crimes are judged by lords or by the King himself. Parties may invoke a trial by combat to prove the justice of their positions. Both parties may fight themselves or name a champion to represent them. The victorious party is held to have been judged to be right by the Seven. Any criminal, however, may join the Night's Watch to avoid punishment. Those who choose to "take the black" are beyond the reach of law, even a King's edict, as long as they swear the oath to serve the Watch until death. The punishment for desertion, just as in the case of treason, is death. Economy and currency - See also: Currency - "Under the Targaryen dynasty, Westeros prospered. Gone were the petty wars of Seven Kingdoms, and the endless thirst for minor glories that drove them. The Westerlands enriched the realm, the North guarded it, and the Reach and Riverlands fed it." - ―Margaery Tyrell Monetary transactions in the Seven Kingdoms use a form of minted coin currency known as the Gold Dragon, and its various denominations, such as the Silver Stag and Copper Penny. The feudal society of the Seven Kingdoms has a primarily agrarian economy. Surplus food supports the populations of the five major cities and the various large towns. The five major cities are, in decreasing order of size: King's Landing, Oldtown, Lannisport, Gulltown, and White Harbor. The Reach and the Riverlands are the two main breadbasket regions, which have such fertile and productive farmland that they not only meet their local needs but can export foodstuffs to the other kingdoms. The Reach is also a major wine-producing region, and in particular, contains the Arbor, a large island off the southern coast of Westeros which is the main wine-producing hub for the entire realm. The Crownlands are more or less lumped in with the Riverlands in this regard, as they were created only three centuries ago when Aegon I Targaryen carved them out from disputed regions of the eastern Riverlands which neighboring kingdoms were fighting over. The Crownlands are not explicitly said to export food, but rather, are needed to deal with the large food demands of the capital city, as King's Landing is the largest city on the continent. The Reach and the Riverlands feed the realm, but the Westerlands enrich it. The largest goldmines in Westeros are located in the Westerlands, and indeed, most of the precious metal mines in the Seven Kingdoms are concentrated there. Conversely, the mountainous but metal-rich Westerlands are not as fertile as other regions, so they trade gold and precious metals to more fertile regions such as the Reach and the Riverlands in exchange for their surplus food. Although agriculturally self-sufficient, the North has few exports and a smaller population, but its main contribution to the overall economy of the realm is considered to be security. The North is a vast geographical buffer that stands between the southern kingdoms and raiding wildling bands which might try to invade the rich lands of southern Westeros from Beyond the Wall. As a cold region, it also possesses animals with heavy furs which are not present in warmer regions to the south, and shepherds produce heavy wools. Dorne remained independent for a full two centuries after the Targaryen Conquest, and only came under the authority of the Iron Throne one hundred years ago through peaceful marriage-alliance. Thus it is not quite as interconnected through trade as the other kingdoms are. Moreover, due to the imposing Red Mountains at the base of the Dorne peninsula, and the forbidding deserts of central Dorne, overland transport to and from Dorne is fairly difficult, so there are no major roads linking it to the other kingdoms. However, a considerable amount of trade still occurs by sea, as well as some land-based trade using caravans across the desert. The dry deserts of Dorne might not produce large quantities of food to export, however, the irrigated river-valleys allow for a fair amount of agriculture. Because Dorne is so climatically and ecologically different from the rest of Westeros, exotic crops grow there which don't grow in the rest of the continent, particularly citrus fruits and olives, as well as spices (both grown locally and obtained from the nearby Free Cities). The lemons for Sansa Stark's prized lemon cakes originate in Dorne. Because so many exotic foodstuffs are available, Dornish wine is very flavorful and different from the wines of the Reach. Noblemen across the Seven Kingdoms who claim a refined palate enjoy the exotic taste of sour Dornish red wine. Thus while Dorne doesn't produce much in the way of basic foodstuffs, it does produce many exotic luxury foods (i.e. citrus fruits) which are not produced anywhere else in the realm - which means that Dorne still conducts brisk trade with the rest of the Seven Kingdoms in exchange for its unique products. Not much has been said about the economic capacities of the Stormlands and the Vale of Arryn. Parts of the Stormlands are fertile enough, such as the coastal regions and the northern half around Storm's End. Otherwise, the Stormlands are the most heavily forested region in southern Westeros, containing two of the three major forests in the realm, the Rainwood and the Kingswood (the Kingswood spills over into the Crownlands). The third major forest is the Wolfswood in the North, but even the North cannot claim such a dense concentration of forests as the Stormlands. It stands to reason that the Stormlands can produce a fairly large amount of timber (compared to the deserts of Dorne), but otherwise, it is not one of the wealthier kingdoms. The Vale, while fairly mountainous, does not possess the precious metal reserves that the Westerlands have. However, many of the well-watered valleys of the mountains are actually quite fertile, and the Vale can produce a sufficient amount of food to support its population, without having to heavily rely on imported food. This contributes to the Vale's frequent tactic of choosing isolationism in times of political turmoil, closing the mountain passes that connect it to the rest of the realm. While the Westerlands might find it difficult to feed its population if cut off from food imports, the Vale can survive reasonably well without imports. Last and least, the Iron Islands are a dead weight carried by the other kingdoms. Lightly populated, infertile rocks, it is no wonder why their population turned to a lifestyle of piracy and raiding. They are swept by fierce, cold storm winds from the seas, with poor soil and hardly any natural resources. The few poor crop fields that are present have their rocky soil plowed by thralls, men captured in raids and forced into servitude, as they usually cannot even afford draft animals. The one natural resource the Iron Islands actually possess are, of course, iron mines - but they do not produce precious metals. The seas around the islands, however, are abundant with fish, thus most of their local economy is based on subsistence fishing. The Targaryen kings forbade the ironborn to raid in the Seven Kingdoms themselves anymore, but they continued to raid foreign merchant vessels and shores, which provides at least some influx of wealth and thralls. The Seven Kingdoms also conduct vigorous foreign trade, particularly with the nearby Free Cities across the Narrow Sea in Essos. Trade products from the Seven Kingdoms can find their way even further east, and wine merchants as far east as the markets of the Dothraki city of Vaes Dothrak can be seen selling Arbor gold wine from the Reach. The trade networks the Seven Kingdoms are part of extend even to Qarth in the distant east: House Lannister of the Westerlands is noted as being one of the largest customers of the silk merchants' guild in Qarth. Spices and various other exotic products also find their way to the Seven Kingdoms through the international trade network. Because slavery is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms, however, and abhorred by every major religion in Westeros, they do not take part in the international slave trade. - See also: Armament The Seven Kingdoms does not possess a large standing military force, as do some of the Free Cities. Instead, each lord permanently maintains only a relatively small retinue of well-trained and well-equipped personal knights and warriors. In wartime they function on the principle of feudal levies, with each lord raising his own armies from the commoners who live on his lands. Sometimes they can provide these levies with reasonably standardized and good quality armor and weapons - though sometimes, they are little more than peasants wielding sharpened farming tools, clubs and staves, or a board with a nail in it. These are usually supported by archers, or even crossbowmen. Each lord raises a military force from his vassals on behalf of his or her own superior lord. These "bannermen" march under the war banners of their overlord, combining their strength with his own. For example, House Stark draws soldiers from the lands immediately around Winterfell, but then adds to these knights and footsoldiers from the lands of House Umber, who in turn have their own minor bannermen. This hierarchy extends up to the King on the Iron Throne. The regions of Westeros vary considerably in population and wealth, dramatically affecting the number and quality of the soldiers that can be raised. The King on the Iron Throne does appoint four "Wardens" who are meant to command and coordinate regional armies when in times of crisis, when bannermen and levies are called up. The regional lords in that quarter of the realm are expected to put their armies at the overall command of the Warden in their quarter of the realm. The Warden of the North guards against wildling attacks from beyond the Wall, the Warden of the East guards against attack from across the Narrow Sea, and so on. The Seven Kingdoms also employ a large number of naval forces. The three main fleets are the Royal Fleet (stationed in the east at King's Landing and Dragonstone island), the Redwyne Fleet (at the Arbor in the southwest), and the Iron Fleet of the ironborn (in the west). - See also: Laws and Customs The culture and customs of the Seven Kingdoms are heavily influenced by the dominant ethnicity in each of its constituent regions. Four major cultural groups or regions can be distinguished. The influence of the Andal culture is stronger in "the south", namely in the Vale, Riverlands, Westerlands, the Reach, the Stormlands, the Crownlands, and some parts of Dorne. It is in these regions where the tradition of knighthood is more prevalent. The Northmen, meanwhile, continue to practice the customs and culture of the First Men. For example, whereas in the south the execution of criminals is carried out by headsmen and executioners, in the North tradition holds that "he who passes the sentence should swing the sword". Despite being blood of both the Andals and the First Men, the people of the Iron Islands developed their own cultural identity. With strong ties to the sea, the Ironborn culture is centered around activities such as piracy and raiding. They believe they have the right to seize by force what they consider necessary - "paying the 'iron price'". The Dornishmen, for their part, also retain their own cultural identity, heavily influenced by their intermingling with the Rhoynar people of Essos. Dornishmen practice equal primogeniture and have a reputation for sexual licentiousness. - See also: Religion Three major religions are followed by large numbers of people in the Seven Kingdoms. By far the most dominant is the Faith of the Seven, after the Andal invaders brought it to the continent 6,000 years ago, pushing out worship of the Old Gods of the Forest. The North remained independent from the Andals so the worship of the Old Gods remained strong there, with only a few pockets of followers in the rest of the kingdoms. The Iron Islands have followed their local religion of the Drowned God since before recorded history, and though some Andals settled there the Faith of the Seven never gained a significant foothold in the isles. The relations between the different religions in Westeros settled into a grudging co-existence many centuries ago. The old nature gods worshiped by the Children of the Forest and later the First Men. Still worshiped by the people of the North and a few isolated others, particularly ancient noble houses, in the south of Westeros. The old gods are numerous and nameless. Prayers and offerings are made to the old gods in front of heart trees; great weirwood trees with faces carved into the bark. Its followers believe that the Old Gods can see through the heart trees, which caused the Andals to cut down most heart trees in southern Westeros. The Faith of the Seven was brought to Westeros by the Andals. The Faith contends there is one god consisting of seven separate aspects: the Mother, the Father, the Warrior, the Smith, the Maiden, the Crone, and the Stranger. People worship the Seven in seven-sided churches called septs and are led in worship by priests and priestesses known as "septons" and "septas". The Faith is not only a belief system but also an institution led by the High Septon from the Great Sept of Baelor in King's Landing. The Faith has traditionally not been very tolerant of other religions but this was relaxed somewhat after centuries of coexistence with the remaining followers of the Old Gods and the Drowned God. When the Rhoynar migrated to Dorne a thousand years ago they converted to the Faith of the Seven, but often simply ignored rules they didn't like. The modern Dornishmen have somewhat relaxed sexual mores, attaching no stigma to bastard children, homosexuality, or formal mistresses. While they follow some of the rules of the Faith of the Seven more loosely, however, the Dornishmen are no less devout. The Drowned God The Iron Islands, separated from the mainland, possesses its own local religion which is not practiced anywhere else in Westeros. The ironborn worship a harsh deity known as the Drowned God, a deity which favors and allegedly rewards those who undertake reaving, war, and plunder in his name, and whose enemy is the Storm God. The most fanatical worshipers of the Drowned God are "drowned" in salt water and, if worthy, are then revived by the Drowned God's priests. Both in number of adherents and range, the local worship of the Drowned God is much smaller than either the Old Gods or the Faith of the Seven, to the point that when people on the mainland take oaths, they often swear "by the Old Gods [of the Forest] and the New [the Seven]" without mention of the Drowned God. The Lord of Light The Lord of Light is a god popular in Essos who is little-known in Westeros. According to its clergy, the red priests, the Lord of Light is the guardian of humanity against darkness, cold and death. He is a merciless god who often demands harsh sacrifices of his followers, but also rewards his true followers with power and life. The Lord of Light has failed to gain a foothold in Westeros in the past thousands of years, and is considered a "foreign religion" from the eastern continent. Still, travelers and migrants from the eastern continent who are currently living in Westeros, often in the major cities like King's Landing, may be encountered in Westeros who worship the Lord of Light. Due to Stannis Baratheon's recent conversion to the Lord of Light religion, many of his followers from Dragonstone island and other islands of the Crownlands lying in Blackwater Bay have also converted to the worship of the Lord of Light.

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For power designers, power converter design usually ends with the verification of performance in the development lab when the final prototype is tested. From that point on, the task of finalizing this design into a building block for a larger system usually rests with the printed circuit board (PCB) artist. Depending on the final system, dc-dc converters may be left until the end of the design after all the “important” parts of the system have been given the proper attention by assigning the appropriate PCB footprints to them. At the end of this process, which has some justification, whatever PCB space is left gets assigned to the various power converters needed to run the system. This methodology can and has been made to work in most cases with marginal to acceptable results clearly leading to a working system. But does this approach deliver the best performance? Should the completion of the circuit design be the end of the road for power designers? After all, once the circuit is verified they have met their design goals, it is time to move on to the next project—right? I say no. Don’t walk away from the project until the same attention to detail and optimization given to the circuit design has also been given to the PCB layout. The PCB layout of a power converter may be looked at as the environment in which the converter thrives or struggles. There are several reasons why this is so. Obviously, the layout must include acceptable trace widths for different current levels. It must also account for the proximity effects of traces and ground planes carrying switching currents to sensitive components like error amplifiers. But the PCB design should also consider less obvious factors such as the parasitic inductance and resistance that the PCB traces introduce to the final circuit. A general rule that most experienced designers embrace is that the design can only be released after testing and/or simulation of the design at corner values of the components. This step guarantees the design’s performance at all combinations of tolerances likely to be encountered in mass production. However, parasitic resistances may degrade the converter efficiency by as much as 1% to 3% causing extra heating and shorter battery life in portable designs. This degradation will be discovered only if you look carefully at the PCB traces carrying high switching and dc currents and do some calculation of the parasitic resistance of these traces. Or, if you don’t want to do calculations, the impact of parasitics can be determined by building different versions of the PCB, though that may be impossible given tight budgets and timelines. Another consideration concerning parasitic resistance is that the higher the frequency of the switched current, the higher the resistance. If we take into consideration switching frequencies of say 1 MHz, this means that the current’s fundamental frequency is 1 MHz, while the rest of the harmonics are at multiples of this frequency. When the duty cycle is low, these harmonics can extend into hundreds of megahertz and each harmonic has its respective parasitic resistance. Parasitic inductance is the twin of parasitic resistance when considering the influence of the layout on the performance of a given power converter and the entire system. The effects of parasitic inductance range from increases in EMI to excessive losses caused by shoot through in MOSFETs to catastrophic failure of the power switches. The last problem could result from inductance-induced ringing that causes the switches to exceed their maximum rating. In this last case, particularly with mass produced designs, if the parasitic inductance cannot be reduced to an obviously safe level, I would recommend using Extreme Value Analysis. This methodology can verify that, under no combination of tolerances, will the switches fail. The dependence of parasitic inductance on frequency is the opposite of parasitic resistance (i.e. the inductance decreases when the frequency is increased.) Several physics-based, finite-element software packages now available in the market can help with these calculations. Then too, there are the old reliable simple formulas that can give you a reasonable estimate of the size of the problem—or lack thereof.

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CC-MAIN-2018-39

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In the spring of 1998, some of the lambs frolicking on steep, grassy West Virginia hillsides wore diapers—toddler size. They wore them for only a few days, with frequent changes. But their unusual attire was part of ARS animal scientist Kenneth E. Turner's data collection method for comparing the nutritive value of various legume-grass combinations for grazing livestock. The lamb's "playpen" was a fenced-off pasture at ARS' Appalachian Farming Systems Research Center in Beaver, West Virginia. The research, which Turner also plans for beef cattle and goats, is designed to measure nitrogen lost from the sheep. Knowing how much is excreted by animals in urine and feces helps him and his colleagues recommend the best combinations of plants and livestock. The nitrogen measurements enable him to figure out how thoroughly the animals digest the plants and how much of the plant protein is used in making lean muscle for beef cattle, goats, and sheep. Another concern: Wasted protein, in nitrogen form, becomes a contaminant if it is converted to nitrate and winds up in groundwater. "We want to help farmers control nitrogen losses to the environment at the source—the animal's diet," says Turner. "In several years of research, we have so far found that livestock contribute significant amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients to pasture land through their urine and feces," Turner says. "This needs to be credited to the overall nutrient management plan for a farm before adding commercial fertilizer," he says. "By using more intensive grazing methods—such as dividing larger pastures into several smaller paddocks and moving livestock to new paddocks more often—we can more evenly distribute urine and feces in pastures as livestock graze. This prevents manure nutrients from being concentrated around watering troughs and trees used for shade by livestock." The diapers, which at first were placed over the genitalia of male lambs, were wrung out to collect urine. The animals also wore a canvas bag that collected feces. But the diapers didn't work as well as hoped; lambs apparently frolic more than toddlers. So, in spring 1999, Turner switched to female lambs fitted with a urinary catheter bag hooked to the fecal bag, which was strapped securely but comfortably to the lambs' hindquarters. "It's the same type of thing scientists do for animal nutrition studies where livestock are placed in a metabolism chamber for 24 to 72 hours to collect all the feces and urine and to control what the animal eats, " Turner says. "But we needed portable collection devices for animals on the run in a small pasture."—By Don Comis, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff. "Diapers for On-the-Run Livestock" was published in the September 1999 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.

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Catch of the day! This term, we have been learning about forces and magnets in Science. As part of this, we have created our very own magnetic fishing game! We began by making our own magnetic fish which involved drawing, cutting and sewing together lots of colourful fish (with a secret paper clip inside). Then, we constructed our own fishing rods by measuring and then carefully cutting doweling with hack saws. With a glue gun, we attached a small magnet to a piece of string and then glued that to the rod to complete it. To check that our fishing rods worked, we went fishing with them and caught a load of fish as you can see!

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CC-MAIN-2019-22

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AI has proved capable of correctly judging the outcome of the vast majority of a selection of cases put before the European Court of Human Rights, despite insistence to the contrary that artificial intelligence wouldn’t be any good in terms of making legal judgements. According to a study conducted by UCL in conjunction with Sheffield and Pennsylvania universities, which encompassed some 584 cases previously put before the European Court, artificial intelligence correctly predicted the verdict in 79% of these by analysing the case text. The cases pertained to articles three, six and eight of the European Convention on Human Rights, and a machine learning algorithm was used to look for patterns in the case text. The language used was cited as one of the most reliable indicators of the outcome of the case, as well as the topics and circumstances (including the factual background) mentioned in the text. UCL noted that the judgements made by the European Court largely correlated to ‘non-legal facts’ as opposed to the legal arguments made in court, suggesting that the judges are ‘realists’ when it comes to deciding the outcome of cases rather than ‘formalists’. No substitute for the real thing There's no suggestion that artificial intelligence should be replacing human judges, though, even if this crack at an AI algorithm was accurate in four out of five cases. Dr Nikolaos Aletras, research associate at UCL’s department of computer science, who headed up the study, commented: “We don’t see AI replacing judges or lawyers, but we think they’d find it useful for rapidly identifying patterns in cases that lead to certain outcomes. "It could also be a valuable tool for highlighting which cases are most likely to be violations of the European Convention on Human Rights.” Study co-author, Dr Vasileios Lampos, added: “We expect this sort of tool would improve efficiencies of high level, in demand courts, but to become a reality, we need to test it against more articles and the case data submitted to the court.” So while AI might not be banging the gavel, it could lead to more streamlined and smoother running upper-level courts.

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CC-MAIN-2018-22

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Not as much as you may think. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends two to three 8 oz. cups of milk per day, per toddler. Milk can be a nutritious beverage, and young, growing kids benefit from milk’s protein, calcium and vitamin D. The problem is that milk also contains calories, and, in some cases, fat — and some kids drink so much milk that they fail to eat other foods and nutrients. “Kids can overdo it with milk and get anemic,” says Michael Lee, MD, a pediatrician at Children’s Medical Center in Dallas. “In our population, we have a lot of kids with iron deficiency, and a lot of them are power milk drinkers.” So keep a close eye on the milk carton. Try serving water with meals and offering milk with snacks, or vice versa. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends toddlers between the ages of one and two drink breast milk, whole milk or 2 percent milk. (2 percent milk is recommended for toddlers who are at risk of becoming overweight.) After age two, transition your child to skim or 1 percent milk, which offers similar nutrition in fewer calories. Please note: The Bump and the materials and information it contains are not intended to, and do not constitute, medical or other health advice or diagnosis and should not be used as such. You should always consult with a qualified physician or health professional about your specific circumstances. Navigate forward to interact with the calendar and select a date. Press the question mark key to get the keyboard shortcuts for changing dates.

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Bioblitz turns up invasive snail in Grand Lake Meadows Lichen fungus, slug may be first discoveries in North America Scientists have once again discovered new species living in Grand Lake Meadows, during a two-week bioblitz. About 60 people from across the Maritimes, Canada, the United States and, for the first time, an international mollusk expert from France, scoured the protected natural area to document its various species of animals and plants. "We do have a number of things that we're kind of excited about," said Don McAlpine, research chair of zoology at the New Brunswick Museum. One is an invasive species called the Chinese mystery snail. It was previously known to be in two very small lakes near Sackville, McAlpine said, but this is the first discovery in the St. John River system. "So that will be one to watch," he said. The large gastropod is about the size of golf ball, he said, and has been a problem in the northeastern U.S. where it competes with some species of fish and clogs intake pipes. "It occupies a niche that's normally used by native species, so that's never a good thing," said McAlpine. Another discovery is a fungus that grows on lichens, which is new to North America, he said. It was previously only known to Colombia. A slug that was found may also be new to North America, said McAlpine, noting scientists are waiting for DNA barcoding to be done on it. He said most of the discoveries in past years involved fungi or insects, some of which were as yet undescribed. Last year, for example, they found a species of ground beetle not previously known to New Brunswick. McAlpine said the work is important because the area has been set aside to maintain biodiversity. Scientists need to know what's there in order to develop management plans. "Things seem healthy, but at same time the site's had lots of disturbance over the years," he said, noting there are only patches left of old growth forest. The data is also needed to monitor changes on the larger New Brunswick landscape, said McAlpine. He added that many of the discoveries won't be apparent for six months to a year, once the researchers have had a chance to work over the material collected. Most of the material will end up in the museum's collection, he said. The researchers have been staying at an old rented house in Gagetown, most in tents on the lawn. They have a laboratory set up at the local Queens County Heritage Courthouse. "It's very collegial. Many of us have known each other for quite some time. There are some people who have been involved in the bioblitz since the very first year in 2009 and we all look forward to getting together," McAlpine said. Three visual artists and a poet have also been part of the bioblitz, and McAlpine said their work will be incorporated into some of the exhibits the museum hopes to produce. An open house is set for Monday from 4 p.m. to 8 p.m. at the Queen's County Heritage Courthouse in Gagetown.

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CC-MAIN-2019-39

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By Andrea Stickley Widener University Political Science Student With President Obama blazing a campaign trail across the country, and the race between Romney and Gingrich boiling up, a new topic has become the focus of speeches. For awhile now, debate has arisen concerning the possible expansion of the Canadian Pipeline, Keystone. President Obama has refused to expand the pipeline down through America, while Gingrich has adamently stated that that would be one of the first legislation on his agenda if elected. President Obama has instead been talking about leasing out options for more drilling in the Gulf of Mexico. Something about these two scenarios don’t add up. Has President Obama not learned from past mistakes that drilling in the Gulf has severe consequences? The damages suffered after the April 2010 BP Oil spill is still affecting fishing industries and the people living by the Gulf of Mexico. Since this is the case, why is President Obama contemplating the idea of setting us up for another oil disaster. Oil spills have consequences far reaching than just the initial clean up. It impacts people for years and makes the economy suffer. The Keystone Pipeline idea isn’t any better. Expanding that pipeline down through central United States would cause problems for aquifers in that section of the country and the water that they supply to people. It also causes destruction to the environment which is never a benefit. Yes, it would create many jobs and boost the economy, but at what cost to the environment and people living in those areas? I don’t know if these nominees have forgotten, but this is the 21st century. It’s the era where we’re supposed to be concern about the environment and start using sustainable resources. We’re not supposed to continue relying on the old sources of oil because it’s not going to last forever and the impacts it has on the environment isn’t positive. So, why then have these issues about oil become a focus in campaigns if soon enough we’re going to have to find other sources of energy?

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Download a new song from ESL KidStuff: What Time Is It? Song Theme: Saying and asking for the time Target Vocab: What time is it?, Please could you tell me the time?, It’s _ o’clock Song Length: 1:09 A simple song which helps to practice the structures for telling the time. (Members can log in to download the full song) What time is it? What time is it? Please could you tell me the time? It’s one o’clock It’s two o’clock It’s three o’clock It’s four o’clock It’s five o’clock It’s six o’clock It’s seven o’clock It’s eight o’clock It’s nine o’clock It’s ten o’clock It’s eleven o’clock It’s twelve o’clock Gestures and activities to use with the “What Time Is It?” song For this song your students are going to be human clocks, using their arms to show the time. Have everybody stand up with plenty of room to move their arms around without hitting anyone. - For the question words sing along and hold your hands out, palms up, in the question gesture. - For the times, hold your arms straight out in the time position. So, for 1 o’clock, hold one arm straight up towards 12 and the other arm towards one. As the song continues, one arm will move around the clock counting off each hour. Using the “What Time Is It?” song in class This is a really good song for introducing your students to telling the time as it contains key vocab and structures. The gestures are easy and fun – your students will enjoy swinging their arms around with the times in the song. - Introduce a clock and review numbers 1 to 12. Start the lesson by bringing in a clock or alternatively make a craft clock using our clock shape craft sheet. Elicit and chorus the word “clock”. Then point to number 1 and elicit the number. Point to each number 1-12 in order and elicit the numbers (you can move the hour hand around as you do this). - Practice recognizing numbers 1-12. Before class prepare twelve A4 sheets of paper with a number (1-12) written on each piece. Place the numbers randomly around the walls of the classroom at a height where your student can reach them. In class, draw your students’ attention to the numbers and say “Point to number 1”. Everyone should point. Then go through all the numbers 1-12. - Play “Touch the numbers on the wall”. Get everyone standing in the middle of the classroom. Shout “Touch Number 7!”. Everyone should run and touch that number – it will be a mad scramble but good fun! Then go through the rest of the numbers. - Write the numbers on the board. Along the top of the board write the numbers in order 1-12. Divide the class into 4 teams and get each team to elect a representative to write on the board. Have the 4 students come to the board and tell them they are going to race to write the numbers 1-12. The winner will win a point for their team. Say “Ready – Steady – Go!” and the 4 students race to write the numbers. Then get another 4 students to have a go. At the end the team with the most points is the winner. - Teach the time vocab. Hold up your clock and set a time (e.g. 4 o’clock). Ask the class “What time is it?”. Elicit / teach “It’s 4 o’clock”. Move the hand to another time, and ask again (you can also ask “Please could you tell me the time?”). Go through the hours eliciting the times from the class until they have got the hang of the structures. - Practice the gestures of the song. Stand everyone in front of you. Say “Point you hands at 1 o’clock” and demonstrate how to do this (hold one arm straight up at 12 and the other at 1). Then say “Point you hands at 2 o’clock” … continue all the way round to 12 o’clock. - Sing the “What Time Is It?” song. Now that everyone has got the idea of the actions for the song they should be ready. The teacher should also do the actions of the song and sing along so to encourage everyone to follow. Play the song through the first time and just focus on getting the actions right. After that play the song a couple more times and encourage everyone to sing as well. - Do the Clock Craft Sheet. Before class print out the clock shape craft sheet – enough so that each student has one. You can either cut out the shapes before class or have your students cut out the shapes in class. You will also need fasteners for each clock to fasten the arms to the clock. After constructing the clocks, put students in pairs. First model the activity with a student. Student A sets a time on his/her clock and asks “What time is it?” or “Please could you tell me the time?”. Their partner answers. Each pair takes it in turn to ask each other. - Play “What time do you?”. Still using the clocks, your students are going to show you the time they usually do things. Ask the class questions, such as “What time do you usually wake up?” (if they are not sure you can use gestures to show what you mean). As you ask the questions, everyone should move the hands on their clock to the time they do these activities. Then select some students to orally tell you their time (e.g. “I wake up at 7 o’clock”). We are only concentrating on “o’clock” for this lesson, so if students have times on their clock such as 7.20 you can teach “About 7 o’clock”. Other routine questions you can ask the time for could be: eat breakfast / lunch / dinner, go to bed, go to school, leave school, take a bath, do homework, brush teeth, etc. - Set Homework: For homework, give out the “What time is it? It’s __ o’clock” worksheet. - Download all songs - The Hello Song and The Goodbye Song - The Numbers Song - The ABC Song - Head, Shoulders, Knees & Toes - The Rainbow Song - Old MacDonald - What Can You Do? - The Feelings Song - The Days of the Week Song - Months March song - How Did You Get Here Today? - Mr. Shape Head - Let’s Go to the Zoo - What Fruit do you Like? - Where are my Things? - The Morning Routines Song - If You’re Happy and You Know It - What’s Wrong? What’s the Matter?

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CC-MAIN-2017-09

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About Related Tulane Courses James Booker (1939 – 1983) is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished and inventive pianists to ever emerge from New Orleans during the city’s four-decade history. Known variously as the “Piano Prince of New Orleans,” the “Bayou Maharajah,” and the “Black Liberace,” Booker’s style suggests a uniquely Louisiana hybrid of Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Moreau Gottschalk, plus contemporary material from his own lifetime. Beyond his pianistic prowess, James Booker sang with sly, provocative wit on originals such as “Papa Was A Rascal,” and put his own deeply emotional stamp on standards such as “Let Them Talk.” Booker’s technically complex and ornate keyboard style combined expertise in two genres that are often considered mutually exclusive: classical music, in which he was formally trained, and Afro-Cuban tinged R&B from the streets of New Orleans. Since Booker divulged little of his personal history, his biography is somewhat difficult to construct. Although born in New Orleans, Booker spent much of his childhood on the nearby Mississippi Gulf Coast. He returned to New Orleans as an adolescent and attended Xavier Prep where, presumably, he acquired the classical technique and dexterity that set him apart from all of his estimable pianistic colleagues. On the R&B and jazz side Booker received some training from the respected New Orleans pianists Edward Frank and Isidore “Tuts” Washington. Booker’s student and protégé, Harry Connick Jr., gave the following paraphrased explanation of Booker’s unique piano technique to documentary film-maker Lily Keber: “Instead of just playing note-chord, note-chord,” Connick told Keber, “Booker would play one, two, and three… that’s a very Chopin-esque thing to do… that has a very French kind of sound. And then he would add the swing feel to it. That’s what he would do with his left hand. And with his right hand, instead of just playing a melody with single notes, he would put it in octaves, eight notes apart. But that wasn’t enough, he needed some more chords, so he would play the melody with block chords, and that still wasn’t enough. He would do grace notes: a quick note leading to a bigger note; you can do it with two fingers. But when you are doing it with octaves, you only have one finger, in addition to having other notes in the middle and he would roll those sometimes, and turn it into a whole different kind of deal.” At age 14, as a teen-prodigy colleague of fellow pianists Allen Toussaint and Dr. John, Booker began his recording career. Under name Little Booker, he recorded his first single, “Doin’ The Hambone” and “Thinkin’ About My Baby” for Imperial Records. A surge of creativity energized the New Orleans R&B scene during this time, resulting in an abundance of great records that led to fierce competition for the limelight. In this crowded marketplace Booker only saw one song – his instrumental “Gonzo,” released in 1960 – achieve any significant record sales. For the most part, he worked the low-paying Gulf Coast nightclub circuit, and accompanied more successful musicians on recording sessions. From the mid ’50s through the mid ’70s – working in New Orleans, Houston, and around the nation – Booker backed up the diverse likes of Amos Milburn, Joe Tex, Fats Domino, Smiley Lewis, Freddie King, Dave Bartholomew, Aretha Franklin, King Curtis, Earl King, Ringo Starr, Jerry Garcia, Maria Muldaur, John Mayall, T-Bone Walker, the Doobie Brothers, Shirley and Lee, and Junior Parker, among others. In addition he often played with Dr, John, who had ascended from local-level status to national renown. Booker grew increasingly frustrated in this behind-the-scenes/sideman role, with…

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CC-MAIN-2018-51

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In Douglasville, a city adorned with lush greenery, the presence of local tree cover significantly influences the health and functionality of gutters in residential and commercial properties. Trees, while beneficial for the environment and aesthetic appeal, can pose challenges for gutter systems. Leaves, twigs, and other natural debris falling from trees often accumulate in gutters, leading to clogs and reduced water flow. This scenario is particularly common in neighborhoods like Chapel Hill and Arbor Station, where dense tree canopies are a defining feature. The interaction between tree cover and gutters is not just about debris accumulation; it extends to the overall well-being of a property. Properly functioning gutters are crucial for directing rainwater away from the building’s foundation, thus preventing water damage. In areas like Stewart Mill and Fairplay, where rainfall can be heavy, the importance of clean and efficient gutters becomes even more pronounced. Gutters choked with tree debris cannot perform this essential function, leading to potential structural issues and costly repairs. Furthermore, the ecological balance in regions like Douglasville is delicately linked with urban planning and residential maintenance. Maintaining gutters not only preserves individual property integrity but also contributes to the broader environmental health of the community. Effective gutter maintenance, especially in tree-rich areas like Douglasville, is a vital practice that upholds both the natural beauty and the structural soundness of the locale. Why Does Tree Cover Matter for Your Gutters? Tree cover, a common feature in Douglasville’s neighborhoods like Lithia Springs and Winston, plays a significant role in the health of gutters. Trees, with their expansive canopies, drop various forms of debris such as leaves, seeds, and small branches. This natural litter, while part of the ecological cycle, becomes a matter of concern when it accumulates in gutters. The organic matter, particularly in the fall season, can fill gutters and downspouts, obstructing the flow of rainwater. This obstruction is not a trivial issue; it impacts the fundamental purpose of gutters – to channel water away from the building’s structure. When gutters are clogged, water can overflow, potentially damaging the siding, foundation, and landscaping. In Douglasville, where sudden rain storms are not uncommon, the risk of water damage escalates with poorly maintained gutters. This scenario underscores the importance of regular gutter maintenance in areas with substantial tree cover, ensuring the longevity and functionality of gutter systems. Moreover, the presence of trees near a property necessitates a proactive approach to gutter care. Homeowners in neighborhoods like Anneewakee Trails and Chapel Hills must remain vigilant, especially during seasons when tree debris is most prevalent. Regular cleaning and maintenance of gutters are not just a part of home upkeep; they are essential practices that safeguard the home against the adverse effects of nature’s elements. What Types of Debris from Tree Cover Affect Gutters the Most? In Douglasville, varied tree species contribute different types of debris, each affecting gutters in specific ways. Broadleaf trees, prevalent in areas like Tributary and Slater Mill, shed large leaves that can quickly fill and block gutters. These leaves, especially when wet, clump together, creating substantial blockages that impede water flow. Pine trees, another common sight in Douglasville, especially in neighborhoods like Bear Creek and Chapel Valley, drop needles and small cones. These smaller pieces of debris can slip into the gutter system more easily, accumulating over time and forming a dense mat that not only blocks water but also retains moisture. This moisture retention can lead to rust in metal gutters and rot in wooden areas attached to the gutters, causing structural damage. Additionally, during windy seasons, twigs and small branches from various tree types, including oaks and maples in Sweetwater and Kings Highway, can break off and land in gutters. These larger pieces of debris can cause immediate clogs and also act as a net, trapping smaller debris. This combination of various forms of tree litter underscores the necessity for homeowners to regularly inspect and clean their gutters, particularly after storms or high winds. How Do Seasons Impact Gutter Debris in Douglasville? In Douglasville, the impact of seasonal changes on gutter debris is pronounced. During autumn, as trees in neighborhoods like Whispering Woods and Biltmore Plantation shed their leaves, gutters experience a significant increase in leaf accumulation. This seasonal shedding can quickly lead to clogs if gutters are not cleaned regularly. Spring brings a different challenge; new growth and blossoming trees, particularly in areas like Prestley Mill and River Walk, result in an influx of seeds, buds, and small petals. These smaller debris types, though less noticeable than autumn leaves, can accumulate over time, leading to blockages that may go undetected until a heavy rain reveals the overflow problem. Summer and winter also have their unique impacts. In summer, thunderstorms can bring down twigs and branches, while winter, especially in areas like Douglas Ridge and Stewart Mill, may see less debris but an increased risk of gutter damage due to ice accumulation if the gutters are not clear. Thus, understanding and adapting to these seasonal dynamics is crucial for effective gutter maintenance in Douglasville. The Consequences of Neglected Gutters Under Dense Tree Cover In Douglasville, where neighborhoods like Reynolds Estate and Brookmont are adorned with lush tree cover, neglecting gutter maintenance can lead to a host of problems. Clogged gutters, burdened with leaves, twigs, and other tree debris, fail to perform their primary function of channeling water away from the property. This failure can result in several adverse effects, both immediately noticeable and gradually destructive over time. Overflowing gutters are a common consequence of neglect, especially in areas like Chapel Valley and Kings Highway. When gutters are blocked, water cannot flow through them efficiently, leading to overflow. This overflowing water can damage the exterior walls, erode the landscaping, and, most critically, compromise the foundation of the house. The constant exposure to water can weaken the foundation, leading to costly structural issues in the long run. Moreover, the damp environment created by clogged and overflowing gutters is ideal for the growth of mold and mildew. These not only pose a health risk but also damage the aesthetic appeal of the property. In addition, stagnant water in gutters can attract pests like mosquitoes and rodents, creating further health hazards for residents in neighborhoods like Timber Valley and The Fairways. What Are the Signs of Gutter Clogs Due to Tree Debris? Identifying signs of gutter clogs is crucial for homeowners in Douglasville, particularly in tree-dense areas like Annewakee Trails and Dorsett Shoals. One of the most visible signs is water spilling over the sides of the gutters during rain. This overflow indicates that water is not flowing smoothly through the gutter system due to a blockage. Another tell-tale sign is the presence of plants or weeds growing in the gutters, a common sight in areas like Stewart Mill and Chapel Hill. These plants take root in the accumulated soil and debris, further exacerbating the blockage. Additionally, homeowners might notice birds or pests near their gutters, attracted by the nesting potential in the accumulated debris. Sagging gutters are also a clear indicator of clogging. The weight of the trapped debris and water can cause the gutters to pull away from the roofline, potentially leading to damage to the roof and siding. In neighborhoods like Brookmont and Kings Highway, where trees are abundant, regular inspection for these signs is essential to prevent long-term damage. How Can Overflow and Water Damage Occur from Clogged Gutters? In Douglasville, especially in areas with extensive tree cover like Slater Mill and Chapel Valley, clogged gutters can lead to significant water damage. When gutters are blocked by debris, water cannot flow freely through them. This stagnant water overflows the gutter system, spilling down the sides of the house. This constant water exposure can damage the siding, windows, and doors, leading to costly repairs. Moreover, the overflow from clogged gutters can lead to basement flooding, a serious concern in neighborhoods like Bear Creek and Anneewakee Trails. Water seeping into the foundation can weaken the structural integrity of the house and create an ideal environment for mold and mildew growth. The dampness not only damages the property but also poses health risks to the residents. Additionally, the landscaping around the house can suffer from gutter overflow. In areas like Tributary and Fairplay, where landscaping is an integral part of property aesthetics, water from overflowing gutters can erode the soil, damage plants, and create unsightly waterlogged areas. Proper gutter maintenance is therefore not just a matter of property upkeep; it’s essential for preserving the overall appearance and health of the home environment. Proactive Gutter Maintenance in Tree-Rich Environments In Douglasville, where neighborhoods like Arbor Place and Chapel Hills boast significant tree cover, proactive gutter maintenance is essential. Regular gutter cleaning and inspection are vital to prevent the accumulation of leaves, twigs, and other debris that can lead to clogs and water damage. This is particularly important in areas like Stewart Mill, where dense foliage can contribute to rapid gutter blockages. For homeowners, this means scheduling gutter cleaning at least twice a year, preferably in late spring and early fall. This timing ensures that gutters are cleared of spring blossoms and seed pods, as well as autumn leaves. In addition, residents should consider more frequent checks after heavy storms, which can bring down additional debris onto roofs and gutters, especially in wooded areas like Bear Creek and Anneewakee Trails. Moreover, homeowners should not overlook the importance of proper downspout maintenance. Ensuring downspouts are clear of obstructions and directing water away from the foundation is crucial, particularly in flood-prone areas like Lithia Springs. This proactive approach to gutter maintenance not only protects the home from water damage but also preserves the longevity of the gutter system, saving homeowners in neighborhoods like Timber Valley and River Walk from costly repairs and replacements. Essential Gutter Cleaning Practices for Homes with Extensive Tree Cover For homes in Douglasville, especially in leafy suburbs like Prestley Mill and Brookmont, essential gutter cleaning practices are a cornerstone of property maintenance. Regular removal of tree debris, including leaves, pine needles, and small branches, is crucial. This task, ideally performed bi-annually, ensures that gutters and downspouts remain unobstructed, allowing for efficient water drainage. An effective method includes manually removing debris and then flushing the gutters with water to check for proper flow and identify any leaks. Homeowners in neighborhoods such as Fairplay and Whispering Woods can benefit from using specialized tools like gutter scoops and hoses to facilitate this process. It’s also important to securely fasten ladders and prioritize safety during these maintenance activities. In addition to cleaning, inspecting gutters for signs of wear and tear, such as rust or detachment from the roof, is essential. This is particularly relevant in older neighborhoods like Slater Mill and The Fairways, where gutter systems may be aging. Timely repairs and replacements can prevent more significant issues down the line, maintaining the home’s integrity and preventing water damage. Innovative Solutions for Gutter Protection Against Tree Debris To combat the challenges posed by tree cover in Douglasville areas like The Willows and Chapel Hill, innovative gutter protection solutions are available. Gutter guards, for instance, are effective in preventing leaves and larger debris from entering the gutter system. These devices, which come in various designs like mesh screens, foam filters, and surface tension units, can be a game changer for homes in heavily wooded areas like Kings Highway and Bear Creek. Another solution is installing gutter brushes, which are designed to keep leaves and twigs on top while allowing water to filter through. These are particularly useful in areas like Stewart Mill and Anneewakee Trails, where pine needles and small debris are prevalent. Additionally, downspout guards and strainers play a crucial role in keeping the lower part of the gutter system clear, essential for homes in neighborhoods like Tributary and Reynolds Estate. While these solutions require an initial investment, they offer long-term benefits by reducing the frequency and intensity of gutter cleanings. Homeowners in Douglasville, especially in tree-dense areas like Brookmont and Douglas Ridge, will find that these innovative gutter protection methods not only save time and effort but also enhance the overall functionality and longevity of their gutter systems. Understanding the Broader Impact: From Local to Global In Douglasville, the practice of gutter maintenance, especially in tree-rich areas like Slater Mill and River Walk, extends beyond individual property care to contribute to broader environmental health. Properly maintained gutters ensure efficient water management, crucial in maintaining local water quality. This is particularly relevant in neighborhoods like Chapel Valley and Lithia Springs, where runoff can impact local streams and watersheds. Effective gutter maintenance reduces the risk of soil erosion and water pollution. In areas like Kings Highway and Bear Creek, unchecked water spillage from clogged gutters can lead to soil erosion, negatively impacting local landscaping and potentially altering natural water paths. Additionally, by preventing stagnant water in gutters, homeowners in neighborhoods like Stewart Mill and Timber Valley help mitigate the breeding grounds for mosquitoes, contributing to community health. On a larger scale, good gutter practices in Douglasville reflect a commitment to sustainable urban living. By maintaining gutters, residents in areas like Arbor Station and Whispering Woods are playing a part in reducing water waste and promoting healthier urban ecosystems. This local action, when multiplied across numerous households, can have a significant positive impact on the broader environment, demonstrating the interconnectedness of local practices and global environmental health. How Does Effective Gutter Maintenance Contribute to Environmental Health? Effective gutter maintenance in Douglasville plays a crucial role in fostering environmental health, a fact often overlooked in the routine of home upkeep. Properly functioning gutters, especially in neighborhoods like Chapel Hills and Arbor Station, do more than just protect individual properties; they contribute significantly to the broader ecological balance. Firstly, well-maintained gutters prevent soil erosion. In areas like Stewart Mill and Kings Highway, unchecked water overflow from clogged gutters can wash away topsoil, disrupting the natural composition and fertility of the ground. This soil displacement not only affects residential landscaping but can also lead to sediment accumulation in local waterways, impacting water quality and aquatic habitats. Moreover, by efficiently channeling rainwater, clean gutters help in mitigating the risk of local flooding. In Douglasville, especially during heavy rainfalls, clogged gutters can contribute to water accumulation in low-lying areas like Lithia Springs and Bear Creek. This can overwhelm stormwater systems and lead to urban flooding, affecting the community’s infrastructure and natural watercourses. Additionally, effective gutter maintenance plays a part in controlling water pollution. In neighborhoods like Tributary and River Walk, gutters free from debris reduce the likelihood of pollutants being washed into storm drains and eventually into rivers and streams. This reduction in pollutant transport helps in maintaining the quality of the local water bodies, which is vital for the ecosystem’s health. Furthermore, clear gutters prevent the breeding of pests such as mosquitoes, which thrive in stagnant water. In areas like Anneewakee Trails and The Fairways, reducing such breeding grounds is crucial for public health and the well-being of the local environment. In essence, the routine task of gutter cleaning in Douglasville extends beyond the realm of property maintenance, playing a pivotal role in preserving environmental integrity. Through effective gutter maintenance, homeowners are not just safeguarding their property but are also actively participating in sustaining the health of the local ecosystem. Balancing Tree Cover and Gutter Health: A Sustainable Approach In Douglasville, a sustainable approach to balancing tree cover and gutter health is essential, especially in neighborhoods like Chapel Hills and Fairplay, where the beauty of lush greenery is juxtaposed with the practicalities of home maintenance. This balance involves not only regular gutter cleaning and maintenance but also thoughtful tree management. Homeowners in areas like Anneewakee Trails and The Fairways can engage in strategic tree trimming and pruning, especially during the dormant season. This practice not only promotes the health of the trees but also minimizes the amount of debris falling onto roofs and gutters. In addition, selecting tree species that are less prone to shedding, or planting trees at a safe distance from the house, can be effective strategies in neighborhoods like River Walk and Bear Creek. Moreover, incorporating rainwater harvesting systems can be a complementary approach for homes in areas like Tributary and Douglas Ridge. These systems, which can be integrated with gutter setups, allow homeowners to collect and reuse rainwater, thereby promoting water conservation and reducing runoff. Such practices demonstrate how homeowners in Douglasville can embrace both the environmental benefits of tree cover and the practical necessity of gutter health in a harmonious and sustainable manner. Contact Clean Pro Today! For residents of Douglasville, from the tree-lined streets of Arbor Place to the quaint neighborhoods of Chapel Hills, Clean Pro Gutter Cleaning is your trusted partner in maintaining impeccable gutter health. Embrace peace of mind with our “GutterBlast” cleaning process, designed to effectively clear your gutters of debris and ensure optimal performance. Contact us today to safeguard your home against the challenges of extensive tree cover and ensure your gutters are in perfect working order. Let Clean Pro be your ally in maintaining a beautiful, safe, and sustainable home environment.

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Tree-planting projects are sprouting up worldwide in an effort to sequester carbon. Acres of saplings are quick to plant but don’t necessarily have staying power: many die or are cut down before the trees grow to maturity. A recent study in World Development is among the first to empirically validate early predictors of long-term success for tree-planting projects. “We want to have accountability,” says coauthor Daniel Miller, an environmental social scientist at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. “Stakeholders want to know, is their money being well spent?” The new work focuses on northern India, where the authors identified several early indicators of long-term conservation success, including 1) the local community’s access to resources in the forest, and 2) local involvement in forest monitoring. Indeed, Forrest Fleischman, an environmental social scientist at the University of Minnesota’s St. Paul campus, who was not involved in the new work, says that the study’s clear takeaway is that the chances for success increase “when we work closely with local communities.” That notion is not new to forestry research, but there’s been little empirical work demonstrating its validity in tree-planting specifically, he says. In India, state forestry agencies have planted trees with government and international donor support for decades, despite uncertainties about seedling survival, says lead author Pushpendra Rana, chief conservator of forests for the Indian Forest Service in Shimla (See also News Feature: The best strategy for using trees to improve climate and ecosystems? Go natural). Rana and Miller scanned the literature for possible proxy indicators of long-term conservation success on tree plantations. They came up with four major categories, which they say may apply to other regions as well: the security of local community property rights, incentives for local communities to protect their trees, effective monitoring and enforcement, and early physical indicators of success such as high seedling survival rates. Next, the authors randomly selected 23 locations in northern India’s Kangra District where tree planting happened between 2002 and 2006. Rana revisited these communities in 2017 and surveyed townspeople to trace the historical progression of events: how were the tree species selected? Did local communities have a say? Did villagers have rights to harvest leaves and branches from the mature trees for livestock feed and firewood? What were the incentives for locals to preserve the forest long-term? From these interviews, Rana and Miller refined their four major categories into a list of localized indicators of success. For example, in the Himalayan foothills access to grass on tree plantations, generally for the purposes of animal feed, is a proxy for community property rights— specifically the right to use both current and future resources in the forest. To understand how this works, imagine a plantation of scrawny young saplings interspersed with grass, Rana says. The baby trees are initially too small to be useful to local people, but the grass is useful as fodder for livestock. Over time, as the trees mature and their thickening branches can be lopped off for firewood or their broad leaves become plentiful for livestock feed, the trees themselves become useful. But in the early days of the plantation, it’s the grass that’s the primary resource. Without something useful in the forest from the very beginning, in this case grass, villagers might convert the land to other uses. Finally, the authors tested which combinations of indicators correlated with changes in forest cover, recorded in satellite data from the Forest Survey of India between 2005 and 2017. The analysis showed that direct benefits to communities, and community-led monitoring, were among the best predictors of forest cover. Fleischman does point out, however, that the accuracy of the satellite data is somewhat questionable. “It’s the best easily available data,” he says, adding that future studies could redo the remote sensing work to verify it. Future work might also look at a larger sample size of locations across a more varied swath of India to see if these indicators apply to more places, he says. Another follow-up question for future studies: “What’s going on in these communities that have monitoring that works?” notes environmental social scientist J.T. Erbaugh, a postdoc at Dartmouth College in Hanover, NH. Ethical conservation will require community management for the environment and for people, he says. But not all communities in India and elsewhere in the Global South can exercise the kinds of land rights that the villages in this study do, notes Prakash Kashwan, a social scientist specializing in international environmental policy at the University of Connecticut in Storrs. Additional predictive indicators related to social and economic inequality would further strengthen the framework proposed by these authors, he says. While the factors highlighted in this paper might manifest in different ways depending on location, studies like this one “give you a template,” Kashwan notes. And this, he adds, can help conservationists “figure out if a particular area will have viable restoration potential.” Other recent papers recommended by Journal Club panelists:

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Kineshma, city, Ivanovo oblast (region), western Russia, on the Volga River. Founded in the 16th century, the city grew rapidly after the October Revolution in 1917 as a river port, handling cotton, petroleum, timber, and grain. The terminus of a railway from Ivanovo, Kineshma is also an important textile, chemical, and machine-building centre. Its satellite towns, Zavolzhsk, across the Volga, and Navoloki, make chemicals and cottons, respectively. Pop. (2006 est.) 93,448. Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Ivanovo, oblast(region), western Russia, northeast of Moscow astride the middle Volga River and centred on Ivanovo city. The surface is a rolling morainic plain, with forests of spruce, pine, and fir and much swamp; most soils are infertile, though the southwest, with better soils, is largely plowed. The climate… Russia, country that stretches over a vast expanse of eastern Europe and northern Asia. Once the preeminent republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.; commonly known as the Soviet Union), Russia became an independent country after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991.… Volga River, river of Europe, the continent’s longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the… Leaders of Muscovy, Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet UnionRussia is a federal multiparty republic with a bicameral legislative body; its head of state is the president, and the head of government is the prime minister. What is now the territory of Russia has been inhabited from ancient times by various peoples, and as such the country has gone through…

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Strategic Partnership for a Sustainable Fisheries Investment Fund in the Large Marine Ecosystems of Sub-Saharan Africa (Tranche 1, Installment 2) The 5 Large Marine Ecosystems(LMEs) of Sub-Saharan Africa are beginning to feel the cumulative effects of growing populations and overfishing. As such, these LMEs, and the living resources they support, are being threatened on two fronts: from the destruction of critical habitat that provides spawning and nursery grounds for many species of fish in the early stages of their life cycle, to over-harvesting of target fish stocks based on inadequate management of fishing effort (both local and distant fleets). For the protection of globally significant marine biodiversity and for the livelihoods for millions of people that depend on this biodiversity in the LMEs of Sub-Saharan Africa, there is an urgent need for improved fisheries resource management based on an ecosystem approach, which takes into account both the pressures on individual fish stocks as well as the threats to the habitat critical to their survival. In order to reverse the depletion of fisheries in the LMEs of Sub-Saharan Africa, and to assist the individual coastal countries bordering these LMEs to meet the fisheries targets set by the WSSD, a ten-year Strategic Partnership for a Sustainable Fisheries Investment Fund is being proposed. The rationale for a partnership is that the fisheries resources supported by the large marine ecosystems of Sub-Saharan Africa are both poorly governed and often transboundary in nature. For this reason, the WSSD has recommended partnerships of donors, technical agencies and NGOs as the best vehicle to assist developing countries to change both policies and practices in fisheries management and the governance of large marine ecosystems. Thus, a Strategic Partnership for a Sustainable Fisheries Investment Fund, focused on the LMEs of Sub-Saharan Africa (with a coalition consisting of WWF, FAO, and the World Bank Group), is being proposed in order to assist the coastal countries in the region to meet the targets for sustainable fisheries set by the WSSD, to complement the existing regional LME projects funded by GEF, and to ensure the health of the fisheries resource base upon which so many lives and livelihoods depend. This would be analgous to the Danube/Black Sea Basin Partnership for nutrient reduction except it would focus on single country interventions for policy reforms and investments for conserving living resources and their habitat in the 5 LMEs of SSA. The World Bank would be responsible for the preparation of the country-level investments for sustainable management of marine fisheries and their habitat by use of the World Bank’s ongoing country dialogue for development of regional and country programs and by use of the most applicable IBRD or IDA financing instrument, which would be combined with GEF co-financing. Once potential projects have been identified in a country, the World Bank and other donors would co-finance the project with the GEF (which would use the Sustainable Fisheries Investment Fund) at a ratio of 3 to 1. For example, the World Bank might finance country-level investments in institutional strengthening and restructuring (using technical assistance loans), alternative income opportunities and community development in rural fishing communities (based on a community-driven development model) and monitoring, control and surveillance activities (through specific investment loans), while the GEF-led Sustainable Investment Fund financed the implementation of small-scale fisheries management systems and networks of effectively managed marine/coastal protected areas. The World Bank would also be responsible for the establishment of a multi-donor Global Forum and Trust Fund for Sustainable Fisheries, which would evolve from the current Trust Fund for Sustainable Fisheries funded by the Government of Japan. The Global Forum would be the vehicle for coordination of different donors at the LME and regional level. The Global Trust Fund would be a separate fund from the GEF Sustainable Fisheries Investment Fund, receive its funding from interested bilateral and multilateral donors, but not from the GEF. It would undertake the upstream analytical work to guide the investments under GEF and other bi-lateral and multi-lateral sources (including the Bank) such as preparation of fisheries sector notes and adjustment and investment operations at the national level complementing the ecosystems management focus supported by the GEF. FAO would provide the technical expertise in the preparation of the policy sector notes and the country-level adjustment or investment operations. In these it would be guided by the agreed upon principles for sustainable fisheries management as provided in the Code of Conduct and in UNCLOS. WWF would provide the technical and operational expertise to prepare and implement the proposal preparation process; to foster the development of coastal and marine protected area networks; to utilize its existing network with stakeholders in countries throughout the region, including the governments, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, and others to ensure effective stakeholder participation and implement country-level activities, within the possibilities of the Bank’s procurement rules; and partner with the Global Forum and Trust Fund for Sustainable Fisheries to ensure that the ecosystem approach to living resources and habitat management is followed. Consistent with the Council-approved Danube/Black Sea Basin Partnership, a "Partnership" brief will be produced for Council approval containing the criteria for national subprojects, participation activities, and M & E requirements. Examples of several possible subprojects will be appended to the Council document. The proposal is for $60 mil from GEF over a ten year period to be combined with at least $205 million in cofinance. Only the first tranche of $20 mil GEF is being sought in the Partnership brief in a first tranche to last 4 years with a minimum of $70 mil in cofinance being mobilized. |Sub-Region:||Eastern Africa, Middle Africa, Northern Africa, SIDS (Africa), Southern Africa, Western Africa, Caribbean, Central America, Northern America, SIDS (Americas), South America, Antarctica, Central Asia, SIDS (Asia), South-Eastern Asia, Southern Asia, Western Asia, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, SIDS (Oceania), Small island developing States| There are currently no items in this folder. |Project Status||Under Implementation| Jul 17, 2009 12:00 OP8 - Water based Program OP2 - Costal Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems |Focal Area||International Waters| |GEF Allocation to project||5.60M US$| |Total Cost of the project:||127.24M US$| |Lead Implementing Agency||International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (WB)|

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Fishes and Forestry: Worldwide Watershed Interactions and Management Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd Editor(s): T. G. Northcote, G. F. Hartman Published Online: 26 NOV 2007 Print ISBN: 9780632058099 Online ISBN: 9780470995242 About this Book Many species of fish occupying inland waters reside in watersheds that were or still are surrounded by forests and are dependent in major ways upon such cover. The interactions between fishes and forests are complex, multifaceted, dynamic processes involving most inland surface waters, forests, subsurface waters, geology and soils, climate and its changes, and the biotic components of the relevant ecosystems. These interactions also include the aspects of forestry tied to human development, economics, population growth and even philosophies. Fishes and Forestry is truly a landmark publication. The editors, Professors Northcote and Hartman, have drawn together and carefully edited chapters written by 56 scientists from around the world, covering a vast wealth of information never before appearing within the covers of one book. Following an introductory chapter, this exceptional work is broadly divided into sections covering: the ecology of forests, streams, lakes and estuaries; fish biology and ecology; forestry activities and their effects on aquatic systems and fishes; 14 chapters covering examples of fish-forestry interactions from around the world and a final section covering means of effecting better fish-forestry interactions. Fishes and Forestry is an essential purchase for all those involved in inland fisheries, forestry and their interaction, including fisheries scientists, fish biologists, ecologists, environmental scientists and forestry scientists. Libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have several copies on their shelves.

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The preferred term to describe exercise-induced asthma is exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. While exercise causes the narrowing of the airways (bronchoconstriction), it’s just one of many triggers that can induce an asthma attack in those afflicted with the ailment. Allergies and infection are other common causes. But asthma should not be a reason to quit exercising or playing sports. With preventative actions and proper medications, asthmatics can live healthy, fitness-filled lives. Symptoms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction Indications you may have exercise-induced bronchoconstriction include: - Coughing and wheezing - Shortness of breath - Chest tightness and pain - Fatigue during exercise - Poor athletic performance - Feeling out of shape (when you aren’t) Diseases other than asthma or bronchoconstriction can cause these symptoms, so proper diagnosis by a physician is important. Factors contributing to symptoms: Strenuous exercise can cause inflammation and mucus in the airways. But other factors can increase the risk of an attack and they point to some sports that may be more connected to asthma than others. Factors include: - Cold or dry air - Air pollution or high pollen counts - Chlorine (swimming pools) - Chemicals used with ice rink resurfacing equipment - Respiratory infections - Activities with extended periods of deep breathing (soccer, long-distance running, swimming) Treating exercise-induced bronchoconstriction Doctors often prescribe medications to take shortly before exercising as well as daily for long-term maintenance. Additionally, patients can reduce the risk of an attack following these steps: - Do a 10-minute warm-up, varying intensity before you begin exercising. - Breathe through your nose so the air is warm and humidified before it enters your lungs. - Wear a scarf or face mask when exercising, especially in cold weather. - Avoid allergy triggers. - Do not exercise rigorously if you have a cold or respiratory infection. - Exercise regularly to maintain overall health. Schedule an appointment with Lake Norman Pulmonary & Critical Care if you feel your symptoms may indicate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. With a proper diagnosis and treatment plan, you’ll be back on the court, field, rink or track in no time.

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Pakistan and Nepal Culture Pakistan's culture shows how detailed their art can be transformed into their culture like this Bronze Dragon Lampstand. A very dangerous path over the thin bridge. This shows how Pakistan's geography has many high mountains and low plateaus. This a a funeral palace. The amount of fine touches and details on each building shows how they take their culture seriously. Many fabrics are drying because it is very important for women to wear this everyday of their lives in Pakistan. This jewelry is only made of rare ores from North-Eastern Pakistan. These hard workers from Pakistan have to deal with low pay, and they are exposed to lots of radiation and the smell from cleaning this breaking ship. Water in Nepal is a very important resource because many can not find a fresh source of water there. The children in Nepal go to school in these areas. It is amazing how the art on the walls speak to these children and tells them that school is a happy place to be. Many suffer to recover from the 7.5 magnitude earthquake that recently struck Nepal in 2015. Many lucky ones like this individual struggles to live in a tent after the earthquake that struck Nepal and destroyed his home. Credits: All media This user gallery has been created by an independent third party and may not always represent the views of the institutions, listed below, who have supplied the content. Walled City of Lahore Authority The Citizens Archive of Pakistan LIFE Photo Collection Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Mumbai City Museum Nepal Children's Art Museum Translate with Google

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10 Incredible Elephant Facts Known for their huge ears and long trunks, African elephants are found across sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of central and West Africa. Learn more about the world’s largest land mammal below. Their brains weigh about 5kg Elephants are considered some of the most intelligent animals on earth, with a brain much larger than any other land mammal. Elephant’s brains have complex folds which is thought to be a major factor in their intellect. Studies indicate that they are superior even to humans in keeping track of multiple objects in 3D space. They have a well developed hippocampus, a brain region responsible for emotion and spatial awareness. Newborn elephants weigh about 90kgs A very heavy baby compared to any other animal in Africa! Some newborn elephants take to sucking their trunk for comfort in the same way that humans suck their thumbs. Mothers will have a number of babysitters in the herd to help take care for the calf so that she has time to eat enough to produce sufficient milk. They live in matriarchal groups Female elephants live in groups of upwards of 15 animals. They are usually all related and led by the oldest in the group. Matriarchal elephant herds are considered one of the most closely knit societies of any animal, and a female will only leave if she dies or is forcibly removed. Pregnancy lasts 22 months Nothing about elephants is small, and their pregnancies are no exception. Elephants have the longest-known gestational period of any animal, lasting up to 680 days. Elephants are born with an advanced level of brain development, which they use to recognise the complex social structure of the herd and to learn to feed themselves with their trunks. Elephants can recognize themselves in a mirror. Elephants join only humans, apes and dolphins as animals that possess this kind of self-awareness – the ability to recognise oneself in a mirror. Adults drink about 200 litres of water per day Elephants spent up to 18 hours a day eating and drinking. Adults can drink up to 200 litres of water a day – about as much as a full standard bathtub holds! Elephants use their trunks like a snorkel when swimming Elephants are good swimmers and just like us are meant to breathe through their noses. Their extra long trunk provides an ideal snorkel when crossing deep rivers. Elephant trunks can have over 40,000 individual muscles If that sounds like a lot, it is. The human body has just 639 muscles. Total. These trunk muscles work together without bone support – much like the human tongue. Elephant trunks have incredible strength, flexibility and dexterity. This allows elephants to use them for delicate actions like picking up a single flower or as heavy-hitting as uprooting trees. Males leave the herd at around 12 years old Males will leave the matriarchal herd as they become adolescent and live in temporary bachelor herds until they are mature enough to live alone and jostle to the right to mate with different breeding females. Their closest relatives are the rock hyrax Unbelievably, the elephant’s closest living relative is the rock hyrax – a small furry mammal that lives in rocky landscapes across sub-Saharan Africa. We look forward to helping you plan your stay in Madikwe.

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This online database can be accessed on the Senior Library page of ASTRA. Bloom’s Literature features content from Harold Bloom (award winning literary critic and professor at Yale University) including essays and criticism on thousands of great writers and their works. To help students examine authors and their works, analyse character development and gain a visual insight of a story there is also an archive of more than 49,000 characters, articles on themes, timelines, images, 7000 video clips and more than 400 full-length videos of great literary performances . The Literary Classic eBook Shelf contains more than 800 full text classics. This is accessible 24/7, no check in or out required. The Shakespeare Centre covers every play in depth along with his sonnets and longer poems. Each play includes the full, searchable text, analysis of key passages, detailed synopses, in-depth character studies and much more. “The Play Today” section, offers an interesting perspective, comparing Shakespeare’s original works to some of the more contemporary adaptations. These essays examine how and why each play continues to be studied and why they are relevant today, discussing the significance found in the extraordinary themes and storylines, powerful characters and famous quotes of the original plays. This section also provides background information that will help students meet the challenges of understanding Shakespeare and his renowned works. Students of English, Literature and Classical Studies will find information for many of their works studied this year including: The Odyssey, The Iliad, The Things They Carried, Macbeth, Frankenstein, Great Gatsby, Much Ado About Nothing, Heart of Darkness, The Tragedy of Coriolanus, The Hobbit, Animal Farm, Lord of the Flies, Of Mice and Men, The Taming of the Shrew, Pride and Prejudice and Julius Caesar.

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The discussion of the Holocaust tends to raise common questions such as, "How could this happen?" or "Could this happen again?" Looking at the past we can observe the events that paved the way for disaster in Germany during World War II. During the early 1920's, following World War I, a young corporal by the name of Adolph Hitler led the fierce growing National Socialist German Workers Party. Hitler, an anti-Semitic, believed that the Jewish race was poisonous and lived off other races, weakening them. As the years passed by, Adolph Hitler's party grew and his word became absolute law among his followers. Due to the Treaty of Versailles, the German government was forced to pay reparations to France and England. This was very difficult after putting all their funds into the war. Since the German economy was sliding, Hitler and his party tried to overturn the government in November of 1923. Their efforts failed as they were suppressed. Hitler was tried for treason and convicted. According to Milton Meltzer, Hitler spoke out boldly, stating "I feel myself not a traitor, but a German who wished the best for his people" (14). While Adolph Hitler served a light sentence of nine months he wrote a great majority of his book, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). The book told of his early struggles through life and how he wanted to create a new Germany by expanding the German Empire eastward. Hitler wanted to move into areas where Germans already lived, such as Austria, Poland, and Russia. Hitler also went into great depth about the Jews and how they needed to be dealt with. Hitler blamed the Jews for losing WWI and all the other problems that faced Germany. In 1929 worldwide depression set in. Germany struggled, sinking into a major...

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The European Space Agency (Esa) is certainly very proud of its new observatory. It has been working on the venture for more than 20 years. "The mirror is an enormous piece of hardware," enthused Thomas Passvogel, Esa's programme manager on the Herschel space observatory. "It's a ceramic mirror; it's the biggest piece ever made from silicon carbide. It's very hard but much, much lighter than glass and the performance is excellent." This week, the finished observatory will be flown to Europe's Kourou spaceport in South America. There, it will be bolted to an Ariane rocket and hurled into orbit. It will take up a vantage point a million-and-a-half kilometres from Earth, to open up what scientists expect to be an utterly fascinating new vista on the Universe. "Very simply, the science pillars of Herschel are to understand better how stars and galaxies form and how they evolve," Göran Pilbratt, Esa's project scientist on Herschel, told BBC News. Hubble has viewed some near-infrared wavelengths. Its "successor", James Webb (2013), will seek infrared light also but with an even bigger mirror Unlike Hubble, which is tuned to see the cosmos in the same light that is visible to our eyes, Herschel will go after much longer wavelength radiation - in the far-infrared and sub-millimetre range. It will permit Herschel to see past the dust that scatters Hubble's visible wavelengths, and to gaze at really cold places and objects in the Universe - from the birthing clouds of new stars to the icy comets that live far out in the Solar System. Some of these targets, though, are frigid in the extreme (between five and 50K; or -268 to -223C); and for Herschel to register them requires an even colder state be achieved on the observatory itself. This involves the use of a cryostat. It is akin to a giant "thermos" bottle. Filled with more than 2,000 litres of liquid helium, its systems will plunge Herschel's science instruments into the deepest of chills. Critical detectors will be taken to just fractions of a degree above absolute zero (0K; -273C), from where they can make the most of their remarkable design performance. "Imagine one million, million, millionth of the brightness of a 60W lightbulb - that's what we can detect with one of our detectors," explained Professor Matt Griffin, who leads the international consortium behind SPIRE (Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver), one of Herschel's three instruments. "Turning that around - imagine observing one of our very faint sources; let's say a very distant galaxy. If we were to observe it with SPIRE for a billion years, we would collect enough energy to light that 60W lightbulb for just one-twentieth of a second," the Cardiff University, UK, researcher said. Herschel's other instruments are HIFI (the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared) and PACS (Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer). With the entire package, the observatory can investigate a broad range of wavelengths (55-672 microns), including a swathe that has hitherto been missed by orbiting telescopes. The classic "Pillars of Creation", great columns of gas and dust. Viewing the star-forming region at progressively longer wavelengths opens up new features (A) Visible light: Reflected light from the nebula is seen (0.5µm) (C) Even longer: Possible to see emission from the nebula itself (7µm) (D) Longer still: Different structures start to become apparent (50µm) Herschel's interest will be piqued near and far. Close to home, it will study the mountainous balls of ice, dust and rock (some of them comets) that orbit our Sun beyond Neptune. The nature of these "primitive" objects has an important bearing on the story of how our Solar System came into being. And beyond our little corner of space, Herschel's vision will allow it to see inside the clouds of gas and dust that give rise to stars in the Milky Way galaxy today, to see the conditions "in the womb". Studying these embryonic events will give astronomers further insights into the Solar System's beginnings 4.5 billion years ago. Once the liquid helium boils off, Herschel's instruments will go blind Another key target for Herschel's investigations will be those galaxies that thrived when the Universe was roughly a half to a fifth of its present age. It is a period in cosmic history when it is thought star formation was at its most prolific. Herschel will need to look deep into space to make these observations. The data will be used by scientists to test their models of how and when the galaxies formed their stars and how successive generations of those stars produced the abundance of heavy elements (everything heavier than hydrogen and helium) that now exist in the Universe. Professor Griffin summed up the Esa mission in this way: "Herschel is not about studying mature stars or galaxies; it is really about studying the processes by which they are created. "We know very little about that and we need to understand it in order to put together a picture of how the Universe we live in today grew from the earliest stages after the Big Bang." A double deal Herschel's launch will be doubly significant because it sees Esa loft two major science missions on a single rocket. The other passenger on the Ariane will be the Planck telescope, which will look at even longer wavelength (microwave) radiation. Herschel will share its ride with the Planck telescope One reason for the dual launch, says Esa's head of science projects, Jacques Louet, is logistics. Both telescopes have been designed to operate at the so-called Lagrange Point 2, a gravitational "sweet spot" in space where the observatories can stay fixed in the same location relative to the Earth and the Sun. "The other reason is that we have coupled them industrially," he told BBC News. "Both spacecraft share the same service module, so there is an economy in building them together. And because you build them together, you have basically the same timing on each mission. So, overall, I think it is a good strategy, but a risky strategy." At a combined value for Hershel and Planck of approximately 1.7 billion euros, you get an idea of just how risky this strategy is. If the rocket fails, both missions are lost. One is tempted to say "good luck"; but as Göran Pilbratt points out, when you have put as much effort into these missions as Esa has over the past 20 years, "luck doesn't come into it". This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. While you will be able to view the content of this page in your current browser, you will not be able to get the full visual experience. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so.

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Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative Eco-Home Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative set out to empower its members to lower energy consumption by giving them more information about how their homes consume energy. That educational mindset led them to construct a demonstration home inorder to provide them with a hands-on way to demonstrate that concept. This holistic approach to energy conservation starts with new methods of constructing the home using super-insulated walls and roof structural insulated panels (SIPS), correct building orientation with large overhangs and south facing porch for passive solar benefits, and large windows for natural daylighting. Renewable energy provided by a photovoltaic array and a wind turbine, along with a geothermal heat pump system and LED and fluorescent lighting allow the home to produce more energy than it consumes.

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Heart arrhythmia occurs when something interferes with the normal electrical activity within the cellular membrane of the cardiac tissue and muscle. Dr. Avni Sali recently wrote about the roles of nutrients in the treatment of arrhythmia, which is more commonly referred to as irregular heartbeat. Here’s a look at what the doctor recommends. Potassium and magnesium are essential electrolyte minerals that are involved in the electrical impulses of specialized cardiac cells called myocytes. Low levels of potassium and magnesium in the diet and in the bloodstream are sometimes associated with irregular heartbeat. Magnesium supplementation is beneficial in “most” arrhythmias according to Dr Sali. It depends on the type of irregular heartbeat the patient is experiencing. For example, tachycardia is faster than normal heartbeat usually described as palpitations. In one study, increasing daily potassium and mineral intake by 50% over the daily recommended intake decreased the tachycardia in some, but not all patients after three weeks. The doctor suggests that a study of longer duration might have shown better results, because it takes several weeks to increase blood magnesium levels in humans once supplementation begins. In other words, magnesium and potassium supplements may help reduce heart arrhythmia after several weeks of use. The supplements may be particularly beneficial for people taking diuretics (fluid reducers), because those medications deplete the body’s potassium and magnesium levels. Many cardiac patients take diuretics for therapeutic benefits, such as lower blood pressure. Dr Sali also mentions coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine and selenium, as well as herbal medicines in the article, but the main body of the article focuses on the benefits of omega-3 fish oils. He quotes the results of numerous studies that show fish oil supplementation can reduce heart arrhythmia and provide other benefits. People who eat fish regularly are known to have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and death from sudden cardiac arrest or stroke. Eating fish on a regular basis is not possible for all people, although the benefits of a healthier diet cannot be overestimated. Not all fish are sources of the beneficial omega-3 fatty acids. Salmon and tuna are the best known sources. Tilapia and other types of white fish are not good sources. Salmon can be expensive, especially if you choose wild caught instead of farmed. The wild caught is supposed to be healthier and higher in nutritional value than the farmed variety. Tuna is prone to be contaminated with mercury. So, fish oil supplements are often the best choice for people with heart arrhythmia and for anyone who wants to reduce their risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The supplements cost less. The better ones are distilled to remove impurities and the amount of omega-3 fatty acids provided by the supplement can be measured accurately. One can only estimate the amount of omega-3s and other nutrients in a single piece of fish. There are many other health benefits associated with regular fish oil use. Improving cardiovascular health and reducing heart arrhythmia are two of the most important, since heart disease is still one of our biggest killers.

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A person with synesthesia might feel the flavor of food on her fingertips, sense the letter J as shimmering magenta or the number 5 as emerald green, hear and taste a spouse’s voice as buttery golden brown. Synesthetes rarely talk about their peculiar sensory gift--believing either that everyone else senses the world exactly as they do, or that no one else does. Yet synesthesia occurs in one in twenty people, and is even more common among artists. In 1980, Richard Cytowic was having dinner at a friend's house, when his host exclaimed, "Oh, dear, there aren't enough points on the chicken." With that casual comment began Cytowic's journey into the condition known as synesthesia.The ten people in one million who are synesthetes are born into a world where one sensation (such as sound) conjures up one or more others (such as taste or color). Although scientists have known about synesthesia for two hundred years, until now the condition has remained a mystery. For decades, scientists who heard about synesthesia hearing colors, tasting words, seeing colored pain just shrugged their shoulders or rolled their eyes. Now, as irrefutable evidence mounts that some healthy brains really do this, we are forced to ask how this squares with some cherished conceptions of neuroscience. These include binding, modularity, functionalism, blindsight, and consciousness. The good news is that when old theoretical structures fall, new light may flood in. Far from a mere curiosity, synesthesia illuminates a wide swath of mental life.

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On Sunday night,the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change dropped an urgent report on the state of global warming. Simply put: The laws of the physical universe say that we can keep global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, the optimistic goal set out in the Paris Agreement, but we’re quickly running out of time. As in, we may reach that 1.5 in as little as a dozen years at the rate we’re spewing emissions. And the consequences will be disastrous. To correct course and avoid 1.5 C, or 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, we’ll need to cut emissions by half before 2030, and go carbon-neutral by 2050, the report says. That gives us three decades to transform our energy production into something unrecognizable, with renewable energy galore combined with carbon capture techniques like the bolstering of forests, and maybe even sucking the stuff out of the atmosphere and trapping it underground. We’ll have to change our behavior as individuals, too. Meaning, we’re looking at unprecedented change, what is essentially the restructuring of civilization. “The report has sent a very clear message that if we don't act now and have substantial reductions in carbon dioxide emissions over the next decade, we are really making it very challenging to impossible to keep warming below 1.5 degrees,” said the IPCC’s Jim Skea at a press conference announcing the report, a massive survey by almost 100 authors (and 1,000 reviewers) citing 6,000 studies. The 2015 Paris Agreement included the 1.5 goal at the urging of island nations, which rising seas are threatening to drown. The less ambitious—though still very daunting—goal is 2 degrees. Which, according to this new report, would be far more ruinous. At 2 degrees, 10 million more people will be at risk of rising seas than at 1.5 degrees. That extra half a degree also means significantly larger populations will be exposed to water shortages. You’re looking at an ever greater loss of biodiversity, worsening storms, ever more people thrust into poverty, and relentlessly shrinking yields for essential crops like rice and maize and wheat. Basically, a difference of just half a degree may not seem like much when you’re choosing what to wear for the day, but it’s going to make climate change far, far worse, a point this report drives home in exhaustive detail. “It shows that half a degree of global warming does matter and that limiting it to 1.5°C instead of 2°C would avoid several impacts, including increases in heatwaves and hot extremes in most inhabited regions, heavy precipitation in several regions, and droughts in some regions,” says Sonia Seneviratne, a climate change scientist at ETH Zurich. Plus, limiting warming would avoid certain irreversible changes related to sea level rise and the destruction of coral reefs. “Even more importantly,” Seneviratne adds, “it shows that limiting global warming to 1.5°C is still physically possible and could be in principle achieved, although it requires rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented changes in all aspects of society.” Still, the outlook is grim. The technological and social change the world needs dwarfs anything that’s come before in history. “It's not a happy report,” says Thanu Yakupitiyage, spokesperson for the climate advocacy group 350.org. “They're reporting on the real needs of the now. We are in the middle of the climate crisis.” “At the end of the day, what we're talking about is millions of lives at stake,” Yakupitiyage adds. “We're already seeing the ways in which people are impacted by heat waves, by rising sea levels, by wildfires, by hurricanes.” The Paris Agreement is a remarkable act of international cooperation to address climate change and these consequences of it, but the pledges made by individual nations are not enough to limit warming to 1.5 degrees, this report argues. It also makes clear that it’s not enough to promise that we’ll put more electric cars on the road, or mothball our coal energy plants, or that we’ll invest in more solar farms. Hitting that target will demand a massive rethinking of global energy consumption within a decade. A bit of borderline rosy news here: While the world at large may be struggling to meet the ambition of the Paris Agreement, cities have been leading the way in cutting emissions, competing with each other to deploy technologies like electric cars on massive scales, but also sharing knowledge of what works and what doesn’t when it comes to fighting climate change. Consider that in 2016 alone, Los Angeles cut its emissions by 11 percent, the equivalent of yanking 700,000 cars off the road. All the while, its economy actually grew. The IPCC report could be coming at a particularly convenient time. In December, leaders will gather in Poland for COP24, known more formally as the 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. And let’s just say they won’t not be talking about this new report. Janos Pasztor, executive director of the Carnegie Climate Geoengineering Governance Initiative and former UN assistant secretary-general for climate change, predicts that meeting “will be a significant next step to see what governments actually say in the context of the climate negotiations about this report.” The starkness of the report may also spark talk of more elaborate strategies for fighting climate change than cutting emissions. Scientists are also toying with the notion of geoengineering. This could entail carbon capture techniques or solar geoengineering to bounce the sun’s radiation back into space by spraying aerosols in the atmosphere or by brightening clouds. “There will be some pressure from some corners to increasingly look at options like solar geoengineering,” says Pasztor. “That's a fact of life. That doesn't mean necessarily that we will have to use solar geoengineering, but if you want to prudently manage global climate risk, then it's fair to say that one needs to look at all the options.” Geoengineering, though, comes with a slew of potential problems. You might spray foam on the ocean surface to reflect light back into space, but that could also change the weather. And the issue with such solar radiation management, or SRM, is that even in the best case, it doesn’t address the underlying problem. “Once emitted, CO2 stays in the atmosphere for millennia,” says Seneviratne. “Any approach related to SRM only mitigates some of the symptoms of climate change, but not its root cause, which is the elevated CO2 concentrations.” That means issues like ocean acidification, which is inflicting wide-ranging harm on marine life, would remain unaddressed. Again, we aren’t going to geoengineer our way out of this mess—cutting emissions is our number one priority. But as this new report makes abundantly clear, the disease we’ve unleashed on this planet is only getting worse, and we aren’t doing nearly enough to find the cure. - BitTorrent's creator wants to build a better Bitcoin - A brain-eating amoeba just claimed another victim - Meet the YouTube King of useless machines - Inside the Black Mirror world of polygraph job screenings - Your TV sounds awful. Upgrade with a soundbar - Looking for more? Sign up for our daily newsletter and never miss our latest and greatest stories

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Ali Qushji ARTICLES Turkish Contributions to Scientific Work in IslamLEARN MORE Turks have played an active part in the pursuit of science... Figure 1: An Armillary sphere (dhât al-halaq) located at the Istanbul Observatory founded by Taqi al-Din al-Rasid. Shahinshahnâme, Istanbul University Library, F. 1404. The Observation WellLEARN MORE Observation wells received much historical interest...

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Madeira, as an island, has a distinct habitat from other mainland continents and the butterflies that survived to a long distance migration or were transported somehow sometimes colonised the island. When adapting to their new habitat, species usually develop some skills or characteristics that distinguish them from their European, African or even American relatives. But the introduction of other butterfly species might threaten the native butterflies, as the case of Madeiran Large White Pieris brassicae wollastoni that is now probably extinct after the introduction, in the mid-seventies, of the congeneric Small White Pieris rapae (Aguiar & Karsholt, 2006) and as it is probably the case of the Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria, a widespread species in Europe which colonized the island in the 1970s and is now possibly threatening the Madeiran Speckled Wood Pararge xiphia (Jones & Lace 2008). Below is the checklist of butterflies of Madeira archipelago with a total of 17 species with confirmed records to Madeira archipelago, from which 5 are endemic species or subspecies to Madeira, and 1 species is endemic to Macaronesia region (underlined on the list below). Some of these species, depending on the season and weather, may be observed on a Full-day birdwatching tour as several habitats are visited and the naturalists tour leaders will not only look at birds but also butterflies and dragonflies. Join Madeira Wildlife Monthly Newsletter. All the updates on your email every month.

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Ferdinand V Facts Ferdinand V (1452-1516), or Ferdinand the Catholic, and his wife, Isabella I, were joint sovereigns of Castile. As Ferdinand II, he was king of Aragon. He laid the foundations of Spanish unity and imperial power. Born on March 10, 1452, at Sos, in Aragon, Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enriquez of Castile. In 1469 he married Isabella, heiress apparent to the Castilian crown. They became joint monarchs of Castile on the death of her brother Henry IV in 1474. In 1479 John II died, and Ferdinand became king of Aragon as well as of Castile (in whose government, however, he officially occupied second place). In the union of crowns thus achieved, Castile's growing wealth and larger population gave it predominance. At the same time the lands of the two crowns retained their separate constitutional identities; and while the Catholic Monarchs might achieve a measure of centralization in Castile, they were prevented from doing so in the Aragonese realms by a jealous defense of local fueros (liberties). In only one important respect did Ferdinand intervene in Aragonese politics—over all local protests he revived the moribund medieval Inquisition which, like the new Inquisition in Castile (after 1478), was placed under royal control. In both Castile and Aragon the Inquisition attacked the political and economic positions that had been won by middle-class conversos (Jews who had previously been forced to accept baptism). Conversos emigrated in large numbers; their place in commerce and finance tended to be taken by foreigners. In Castile, the Genoese, Flemings, and Germans grew fat on the wealth of the new Atlantic trades. Ferdinand and Isabella exerted unrelenting pressure on the papacy in order to gain control of the wealth and power of the Spanish Church. In 1486 they were handed full patronage rights over bishoprics to be established in the newly conquered Moorish lands in Granada. Papal bulls of 1493, 1501, and 1508 also made the Crown master of ecclesiastical appointments and revenues in the New World. Ferdinand and Isabella also gradually assumed control of major ecclesiastical offices in their realm, thus gaining an important new source of patronage and revenue. The sphere of government also saw a dramatic extension of royal power. At the Castilian Cortes (Parliament) of 1476 and 1480 the Catholic Monarchs won assent to a number of important measures. They revived and centralized a medieval urban police force, the hermandad. Nobles were deprived of a significant share of the revenues that they had alienated from the Crown. The Royal Council was reorganized, and the financial administration was purged and pruned. Henceforth government was conducted through an interlocking system of royal councils, while newly powerful royal secretaries tied the whole apparatus to the will of the sovereign. The Cortes also accepted a vigorous extension of royal control over municipal government. Finally, the higher court system was augmented and reorganized, restoring final determination of appeals to the Royal Council and the monarchs themselves. All of these changes were tied together and legitimized by the last great crusade of medieval Spain. This was the war of conquest launched against Moorish Granada in 1481 and successfully concluded in 1492. While Christendom was in retreat before the Turks to the east, Ferdinand achieved through force and diplomacy a signal triumph for the Faith to the south. The year 1492 was decisive for Spain in other ways. That year Isabella gave Christopher Columbus her support, thus launching a vast new crusade to the west. And the end of medieval Spanish religious pluralism was confirmed by the expulsion of all Jews refusing baptism. But while continued crusading appealed to religious zealots like Cardinal Jiménez de Cisneros, whom Ferdinand allowed to campaign against the Moors in North Africa (1505-1510), the King pursued traditional Aragonese interests in Spain and Italy. Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in 1494 but was defeated the following year by an Italian coalition in part engineered and aided by Ferdinand. And when another French king, Louis XII, desired to follow up his conquest of Milan (1500) by a renewed attempt on Naples, he too was caught in Ferdinand's net. Gulled into a Spanish alliance for the division of the Neapolitan kingdom between the two monarchs, Louis found himself driven out, and in 1504 he was forced to recognize Ferdinand's exclusive right to Naples. Louis declared himself twice deceived by Ferdinand, and the latter replied: "He lies! I have deceived him ten!" Ferdinand thus firmly established Spanish preponderance in the western Mediterranean. He also involved the kingdom in a series of Italian wars which were to continue through the middle of the 16th century. Isabella's death in 1504 made Ferdinand's position in Castile precarious. Pursuing their policies of isolating France diplomatically and of dynastic aggrandizement, the Catholic Monarchs had linked their five children with the royal houses of Portugal, England, and the empire. But only one of these unions bore fruit—that of their daughter Joanna the Mad and Philip of Burgundy. Adhering strictly to the lawful succession, Isabella willed Castile to Joanna (and Philip). Forced to retreat from Castile, in 1505 Ferdinand married Germaine de Foix, niece of Louis XII. But after the death of Philip of Burgundy in 1506, Ferdinand resumed his administration of Castile as regent for the insane Joanna. Using his wife's connection with the royal family of Navarre to bolster his claims, Ferdinand conquered the larger, Iberian part of that kingdom in 1512 and annexed it to Castile in 1515. Ferdinand died on Jan. 23, 1516, at Madrigalejo, Estremadura. Niccolò Machiavelli had already written: "We have in our day Ferdinand … who may … be called a new prince, since he has been transformed from a small and weak king into the greatest monarch in Christendom." Further Reading on Ferdinand V Townsend Miller, The Castles and the Crown: Spain, 1451-1555 (1963), is a stimulating biography of the Catholic Monarchs. The various aspects of their reigns can be best studied in J. H. Elliott, Imperial Spain, 1469-1716 (1963), and J. M. Batista in Roca's chapter, "The Hispanic Kingdoms and the Catholic Kings," in The New Cambridge Modern History, vol. 1: G. R. Potter, ed., The Renaissance, 1493-1520 (1957). The significance of the period in the framework of Spanish history is assessed in Jaime Vicens Vives, Approaches to the History of Spain (1952; 2d ed. 1960; translated and edited by Joan Connelly Ullman, 1967). For Ferdinand's successful Italian diplomacy see Garrett Mattingly, Renaissance Diplomacy (1955); for the crusade to the west see J. H. Parry, The Spanish Seaborne Empire (1966).

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One hundred thousand earthquakes happen on average around the world every month. Not all cause damage, but it only takes one strong earthquake to kill or injure thousands of people and cause millions of dollars of damage. There is usually at least one strong quake per year somewhere around the globe. For the unprepared, the consequences can be devastating. Are you ready for an earthquake? Are you prepared for the disruption in common services including fresh water, electricity, and healthcare? Do you have a plan and supplies to survive on your own until help arrives or services are restored? You can protect your family and reduce damage to your property by taking action now. This guide explains how to prepare for a earthquake, answers frequently asked questions about earthquakes, provides a link to the Earthquake Notification Service, and includes a list of resources related to earthquake preparedness and hazards. Continue reading below to learn the important steps you can take to prepare for an earthquake.

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The linguistic properties of stuttered speech Muthamia, Purity N MetadataShow full item record Stuttering can be defined as speech characterized by repetitions and prolongations of syllables, sounds and words, which lead to an abnormal set standard of speech. This study is a single case-study of a girl, aged four and half years, who manifests stuttering in her speech. This investigation seeks to verify the linguistic properties that are perceived to be inherently "difficult" for stutterers, particularly those living in a multilingual setting such as Nairobi. The subject under investigation is exposed to English, Kiswahili and to a limited extent to Kimeru and Kikuyu. The conceptual framework consisted of Anticipatory Struggle Theories. The main objectives of this study were to give a detailed analysis of the linguistic characteristics like the grammatical class, the length of the word and the position of a word in a sentence frequently stuttered as manifested in the speech of the subject under investigation. This entailed investigating whether the subject stuttered more severely in one language than on others. The data analyzed consisted of the spontaneous speech of the subject in different contexts and people. This was then collected through video- and/or tape recordings. The conclusions were that stuttering occurred most frequently on function words, word-initial sounds and multi-syllabic words. In addition, stuttering was more likely to occur in Kiswahili as compared to English, which we attribute to the subject's exposure to English being more than her exposure to Kiswahili. This thesis is divided into six chapters, each dealing with a particular aspect of the investigation. Chapter one the introduction, presents background information on stuttering, the statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, the hypotheses, significance and justification, scope and limitations, the methodology and the conceptual framework. Chapter two reviewed the available literature on stuttering. In particular, the chapter discussed studies which have been previously carried out on the linguistic properties of stuttered speech and the stages of development of stuttering. Chapter three focuses on the primary characteristics of stuttering. Chapter four looks at the phonological attributes of the stuttered linguistic elements. Chapter five analyzes the severity of stuttering in English as compared to Kiswahili as well as the structure of code-switched and code-mixed words produced during stuttering. Lastly, in chapter six conclusions and recommendations are given.

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supergenus BatrachosepsDavid Wake and Tom Devitt This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms. The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right. You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.close box The genus Batrachoseps includes 19 species of terrestrial lungless salamanders that are endemic to the Pacific Coast of North America. Because most of these species are highly elongate, these salamanders have earned the common names “slender salamanders” and “worm salamanders.” They are distributed throughout moist regions of California, where 16 species are endemic, with two species occurring in Oregon (1 endemic), and one extending into Baja California. Species of Batrachoseps are subfossorial or fossorial and can be found by turning logs and rocks on moist substrates. In parts of California, they are common in gardens and parks, and population densities are high in some coastal regions. Many species are morphologically cryptic, and were first identified with molecular studies. Distinguishing species on the basis of morphology alone is very difficult. Yanev (1978) found that clusters of populations identified by morphometric traits were more concordant with clusters generated from environmental differences than with clusters generated by allozyme variation. Species ranges are largely parapatric, but limited sympatry occurs. No more than two species have been found to occur sympatrically, and many sympatric pairs can be distinguished by small differences in body proportions (particularly in the overall degree of elongation, and in the size of limbs). Sympatric species belong to different major clades except for B. nigriventris and B. stebbinsi. The main synapomorphies for the genus Batrachoseps are the presence of only four toes on the hind foot (a trait that is found in three other plethodontid species, Hemidactylium scutatum and the close relatives Eurycea quadridigitata and Eurycea chamberlaini) and a freely projectile tongue attached anteriorly by an elongate genioglossus muscle (Wake, 1966). Batrachoseps also has higher numbers of trunk vertebrae (16-23) than all genera in the supergenus Bolitoglossa other than Oedipina, shows high levels of variation in number of trunk vertebrae within and between populations (Anderson, 1960; Jockusch, 1997; Yanev, 1978), and is the only plethodontid known to have variation in the number of caudosacral vertebrae (2-3; Wake, 1966). Batrachoseps is also characterized by a slender, rather than enlarged, tail base, and is able to autotomize and regenerate the tail anywhere along its length. Vertebrae are added to the tail throughout life, and tail length may greatly exceed trunk length in old individuals. Males have fewer, larger premaxillary teeth than females, and also have, on average, fewer trunk vertebrae (Anderson, 1960; Jockusch, 1997). Multivariate analysis of morphometric data shows that males of B. attenuatus are more robust than females, with slightly shorter trunks at a given size. This has not been investigated in other species. The diploid chromosome number is 26, a trait shared with the subgenus Batrachoseps, and diploid genome sizes range from 26.0-42.0 pg/haploid nucleus (Gregory, 2006; R. Mueller, pers. comm.). Batrachoseps are thought to be highly sedentary. Two mark-recapture studies have found maximum distances moved of less than 5 m (Anderson, 1960; Hendrickson, 1954). All members of the genus are direct developing. Oviposition is communal in at least three species (B. attenuatus, B. gregarius and B. major), and females do not attend the eggs (Jockusch and Mahoney, 1997). Females likely oviposit individually in B. wrightorum. Four species, B. campi, B. robustus, B. wrightorum, and northern populations of B. gregarius, oviposit in the spring, as is typical for other plethodontids in California. By contrast, most species of Batrachoseps, and southern populations of B. gregarius, oviposit in the fall or early winter, at the onset of the rainy season. There are three sets of Miocene fossils that have been assigned to Batrachoseps, although none are assignable to species. Peabody (1959) reported fossil trackways from Tuolumne Co., California. Clark (1985) identified isolated vertebrae from Turlock Lake, in the Central Valley of California, and from Pinole Tuff in the East San Francisco Bay Region. Interestingly, all of these individuals appear to have been relatively large—comparable to the largest specimens of Batrachoseps known. The coastal specimens are much larger than the B. attenuatus presently found in the area. Batrachoseps has been traditionally classified as a member of the subfamily (formerly tribe) Bolitoglossinae. With the removal of Hydromantes from this group, Batrachoseps is the only representative of the Bolitoglossinae that occurs outside of the Neotropics, and it is likely the sister taxon to all remaining members of the subfamily (supergenus Bolitoglossa). Two subgenera of Batrachoseps are recognized: the subgenus Plethopsis, containing three species (B. campi, B. robustus, and B. wrightorum) and the subgenus Batrachoseps, containing 16 species, one with two recognized subspecies. These are divided into four major species groups: the attenuatus group, including the single species B. attenuatus; the pacificus group, including B. gabrieli, B. luciae, B. gavilanensis, B. incognitus, B. minor, B. major (with two subspecies, B. m. major and B. m. aridus) and B. pacificus; the nigriventris group, including four described species, B. simatus, B. stebbinsi, B. nigriventris, and B. gregarius; and the relictus group, also including four species, B. diabolicus, B. regius, B. kawia, and B. relictus. Batrachoseps has been included in molecular studies of plethodontid relationships by Jackman et al. (1997), Chippindale et al. (2004), Frost et al. (2006), and Mueller et al. (2004). Macey (2005) discusses the results of parsimony analysis of the dataset of Mueller et al. (2004). The analysis of Frost et al. (2006) includes 2.3 kb of data from Mueller et al. for two species of Batrachoseps, but is based on a smaller sampling of taxa and characters than both Chippindale et al. (2004) and Mueller et al. (2004), so is not considered here. Mueller et al.’s (2004) dataset includes whole mitochondrial genome sequences for two species of Batrachoseps (one of each subgenus), four other bolitoglossines, and 16 non-bolitoglossine plethodontids. Using likelihood and Bayesian analyses of whole mitochondrial genomes, Mueller et al. recover Hemidactylium scutatum as the sister group to Batrachoseps with high support, making Bolitoglossinae paraphyletic. By contrast, in parsimony analyses, a monophyletic Bolitoglossinae is recovered, and H. scutatum is instead placed as the sister to all other plethodontids. Chippindale et al. (2004) analyzed 123 morphological characters and DNA sequence data from two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b and nadh 4) and one nuclear gene (recombination activation factor 1) from 31 plethodontids, including B. major and representatives of three Neotropical genera. Parsimony analysis of the morphological data matrix, as well as parsimony and model-based analyses of the molecular data, recovers a monophyletic Bolitoglossinae with strong support. None of the analyses resolve the placement of H. scutatum, but they reject the hypothesis that it is sister to Batrachoseps. The strong conflict between the sister group of Batrachoseps identified by Mueller et al. (2004) and by Chippindale et al. (2004) points to the need for additional work to resolve this discordance. Comparison of Batrachoseps and Hemidactylium If Batrachoseps and Hemidactylium are sister taxa, then two traits interpreted as synapomorphies for Batrachoseps above should be reinterpreted as synapomorphies for the larger clade formed by these two lineages: the presence of only four foes on the hind feet, and a projectile tongue attached anteriorly by an elongated genioglossus muscle (Mueller et al. 2004). While Batrachoseps and Hemidactylium share an elongated genioglossus muscle, they differ in other aspects of tongue morphology, including the degree of attachment between the cornua and first basibranchials (separated by connective tissue in Hemidactylium vs. fused together in Batrachoseps), and shape of the first basibranchial (broadest posterior to the attachment of the cornua in Hemidactylium vs. broadest anteriorly in Batrachoseps; Wake, 1966; see also Lombard and Wake, 1986). Furthermore, the genioglossus muscle is only slightly elongated in Hemidactylium (as in Ensatina), whereas it is extremely long and migrated posteriorly along the mandible in Batrachoseps. Communal oviposition sites have also been found in Hemidactylium. While Jockusch and Mahoney (1997) interpreted communal oviposition as a possible synapomorphy for the subgenus Batrachoseps, a close relationship between Hemidactylium and Batrachoseps would suggest an alternative, equally parsimonious interpretation of this character as ancestral for the larger clade, and possibly lost in the subgenus Plethopsis. Within Batrachoseps, the basal split is between subgenus Plethopsis and subgenus Batrachoseps. The three species in the subgenus Plethopsis are united morphologically by a set of ancestral characteristics, including paired premaxillae and a relatively robust habitus. Molecular data strongly support the monophyly of the group, but fail to resolve relationships among the three species. Cytochrome b sequence data recover a weakly supported sister group relationship between B. robustus and B. wrightorum when analyzed using parsimony, and a more strongly supported sister group relationship between B. robustus and B. campi when analyzed with other methods (Jockusch and Wake 2002). Jackman et al. (1997) also included all three species in the subgenus Plethopsis. Their morphological data do not support any resolution within the subgenus, and parsimony analysis of a shorter fragment of cytochrome b recovers B. wrightorum and B. campi as sister groups with weak bootstrap support. Several morphological synapomorphies distinguish the subgenus Batrachoseps from its sister group, including adult fusion of the premaxillae, loss of prefrontal bones, and reduction or loss of the preorbital processes of the vomer (Jackman et al. 1997; Wake 1989). Although no morphological characters supporting individual species groups have been identified, the four species groups are concordantly identified by allozyme and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (Yanev, 1980; Jockusch and Wake, 2002). B. attenuatus is sister to the rest of the subgenus. Among the other three groups, a sister group relationships between the relictus and nigriventris groups is strongly supported by analysis of partial mtDNA genomes (R. Mueller, pers. comm.). By contrast, allozyme data suggest that the relictus and pacificus groups are more closely related. Additional sources of information on relationships within species groups and variation in individual species include Jockusch et al. (1998, 2001), Miller et al. (2005), Wake and Jockusch (2000), Wake et al. (2002) and Yanev and Wake (1981). B. m. aridus is classified as endangered under the U.S. Endangered Species Act and by the State of California, and as critically endangered by the IUCN. B. m. aridus is known from only two canyons in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Riverside Co. in southern California, one of which has been set aside as a fully protected reserve for the species. One species (B. campi) is listed as endangered and four (B. regius, B. stebbinsi, B. simatus, and B. wrightorum) are listed as vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN. Both B. stebbinsi and B. simatus are also classified as threatened by the State of California, while B. relictus and B. campi are classified as species of special concern. B. wrightorum is threatened primarily by habitat loss, while the other species are listed primarily because of their restricted distributions. B. regius was originally known from only the Kings River drainage of the central Sierra Nevada, but mitochondrial DNA data suggest that its range extends to the Middle Fork of the Kaweah River, with one isolated population south of the river. B. simatus is endemic to the Kern River Canyon below Lake Isabella, and individuals have only been found at a few localities in the last three decades. B. relictus has also declined severely in the Kern River Canyon, where it has not been found since the early 1970s. It can still be found north of the Kern River, and its range extends to the Tule River drainage. B. stebbinsi occurs in the Transverse Ranges (Tehachapi Mountains) of southern California. Studies of mtDNA and allozyme variation identify two genetically distinct lineages, a northern lineage in the Walker Basin, south of Kern Canyon, and a more southwestern lineage extending from Fort Tejon State Park across the Tejon Ranch. Only a handful of individuals have been recorded in the last several decades. B. campi is restricted to the Inyo Mountains of California, where it has a relatively broad elevational range but is highly dependent on moist microhabitats in this arid environment; it appears to be less abundant than when it was first discovered. B. minor is another species with a highly restricted range that may have undergone a substantial population decline in the last several decades. This species occurs sympatrically with B. nigriventris in the central Coast Ranges. The two species used to have relatively similar abundances, but now, sighting of B. minor are rare, while B. nigriventris remains common in the region. Anderson PK. 1960. Ecology and evolution in island populations of salamanders in the San Francisco Bay region. Ecological Monographs 30:359–385. Chippindale PT, Bonett RM, Baldwin AS, Wiens JJ. 2004. Phylogenetic evidence for a major reversal in life history evolution in plethodontid salamanders. Evolution 58:2809-2822. Clark JM. 1985. Fossil plethodontid salamanders from the latest Miocene of California. Journal of Herpetology 19:41–47. Frost DR, Grant T, Faivovich J, Bain RH, Haas A, Haddad CFB, De Sá RO, Channing A, Wilkinson M, Donnellan SC. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297:1-370. Gregory TR. 2006. Animal Genome Size Database. http://www.genomesize.com. Hendrickson JR. 1954. Ecology and systematics of salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps. University of California Publications in Zoology 54:1-46. Jackman TR, Applebaum G, Wake DB. 1997. Phylogenetic relationships of bolitoglossine salamanders: a demonstration of the effects of combining morphological and molecular data sets. Molecular Biology and Evolution 14:883–891. Jockusch EL, Mahoney MJ. 1997. Communal oviposition and lack of parental care in Batrachoseps nigriventris with a discussion of the evolution of breeding behavior in plethodontid salamanders. Copeia 1997:697-705. Jockusch EL, Wake DB, Yanev KP. 1998. New species of Batrachoseps (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the Sierra Nevada, California. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Contributions in Science 472:1-17. Jockusch EL, Yanev KP, Wake DB. 2001. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of slender salamanders, genus Batrachoseps (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), from central coastal California with descriptions of four new species. Herpetological Monographs 15:54-99. Jockusch EL. 1997. Geographic variation and phenotypic plasticity of number of trunk vertebrae in slender salamanders, Batrachoseps (Caudata: Plethodontidae). Evolution 51:1964-1980. Jockusch EL, Wake DB. 2002. Falling apart and merging: the diversification of slender salamanders (Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the American West. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 76:361-391. Lombard RE, Wake DB. 1986. Tongue evolution in the lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae. IV. Phylogeny of plethodontid salamanders and the evolution of feeding dynamics. Systematic Zoology 35:532-551. Macey JR. 2005. Plethodontid salamander mitochondrial genomics: a parsimony evaluation of character conflict and implications for historical biogeography. Cladistics 21:194-202. Miller MP, Haig SM, Wagner RS. 2005. Conflicting patterns of genetic structure produced by nuclear and mitochondrial markers in the Oregon slender salamander (Batrachoseps wrighti): implications for conservation efforts and species management. Conservation Genetics 6: 275-287. Mueller RL, Macey JR, Jaekel M, Wake DB, Boore JL. 2004 Morphological homoplasy, life history evolution, and historical biogeography of plethodontid salamanders inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 101:13820–13825. Peabody FE. 1959. Trackways of living and fossil salamanders. University of California Publications in Zoology 63:1-72. Wake DB, Jockusch EL. 2000. Detecting species borders using diverse data sets: plethodontid salamanders in California. Pp. 95-119 in Bruce RC, Jaeger RG, Houck LD, eds. The Biology of Plethodontid Salamanders. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Wake DB. 1966. Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae. Memoirs of the southern California Academy of Science 4:1-111. Wake DB. 1989. Phylogenetic implications of ontogenetic data. In David B, Dommergues J-L, Chaline J, Laurin B, eds. Ontogenèse et Évolution. Geobios, Mémoire Spécial 12:369-378. Wake DB, Yanev KP, Hansen RW. 2002. A new species of slender salamander, genus Batrachoseps, from the southern Sierra Nevada of California. Copeia 2002:1016-1028. Yanev KP. 1978. Evolutionary studies of the plethodontid salamander genus Batrachoseps. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. Yanev KP. 1980. Biogeography and distribution of three parapatric salamander species in coastal and borderland California. Pp. 531-550 in Power DM, ed. The California Islands: Proceedings of a Multidisciplinary Symposium. Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Yanev KP, Wake DB. 1981. Genetic variation in a relict desert salamander, Batrachoseps campi. Herpetologica 37:16-28. University of California, Berkeley, California, USA University of California, Berkeley, California, USA Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to David Wake at Page copyright © 2007 David Wake, , and Elizabeth Jockusch All Rights Reserved. - First online 18 June 2007 - Content changed 18 June 2007 Citing this page: Wake, David and Tom Devitt. 2007. supergenus Batrachoseps. Version 18 June 2007 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/supergenus_Batrachoseps/65947/2007.06.18 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

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What our bodies understand The De-Stress Diet works to help our bodies receive what they have evolved with and therefore the diet and lifestyle that can optimise health. This is not 100% possible in the modern world, but knowledge of how our ancestors were living helps us move in the right direction. Our ancestors only made the transition from hunter-gatherers to farmers around a relatively recently 10,000 years ago. Before this time the diet that shaped our DNA and therefore the chemical expression of our bodies was simply what our ancestors could hunt down in the way of animal foods and find in terms of plant foods. With our growing population this was becoming unsustainable however and the end of the Ice Age at this time signalled the extinction of some animals through loss of their habitat and the proliferation of wild cereals and grasses with new pasture land. See Moving Away From The Stone Age for more information. Moving away from the Hunter-Gatherer lifestyle Some game had also been hunted to extinction, illustrating the new human impact on the environment. Agriculture – the settling down to grow crops and domesticate animals for food – was becoming a necessity; hunting and gathering can support maybe one person per square mile, whilst new farming techniques moved towards at least 100 times that. This ‘Agricultural Revolution’ (or ‘Neolithic’ era) signalled the end of the Stone Age (or ‘Paleolithic’ era) and the following chronological changes: - c.9,000 B.C. – previous use of wild grasses and cereals made them an obvious choice to become staple foods grown - c.9,000 B.C. – sheep and goats domesticated in the Near East, followed by pigs and cattle - c.7,000 B.C. – wheat, barley, legumes, fruit and nuts first cultivated resulting in sharp fall in meat consumption - c.5,000 B.C. – agriculture spread to all continents except Australia There has been a recent trend towards following the foodstuffs this diet would have consisted of and particularly those missing and introduced when we settled down to agricultural ways. The Stone Age, Hunter-Gatherer or Paleolithic Diet describes the foodstuffs eaten during this period, roughly 40,000-9,000 B.C.: - Evidence has shown that up to the beginning of the Neolithic Age, these Stone Age humans were surviving on a diet of 65% plant foods to 35% animal, with few grains, roots or legumes, which need farming and cooking. - From this point in history the worldwide ratio has changed to as much as 90% plant foods to 10% animal – not necessarily criticising the vegetarian aspect but rather the quality and type of plant foods eaten and considering whether they are providing the quality and relative amounts of proteins and fats that we need to not just survive, but function with optimal health To illustrate, the Stone Age, Hunter-Gatherer or Paleolithic Diet was characterised by: |Foods available||Foods not present| |Eggs||Beans and peas – pulses| |Insects (and larva)||Root vegetables that cannot be eaten raw – potato, tapioca, sweet potato, parsnips, yam| |Seafood – fish and shellfish||Refined sugars| |Root vegetables that can be eaten raw||Meats from sedentary or grain-fed animals| |Fruits||Separated fats and oils – only those present in foods| |Nuts||Foods containing yeast| |Herbs and spices||Dairy products| |Honey, maple syrup, date sugars – natural sugars||Juices, sugary drinks, coffee| The diet which we now eat predominantly, especially in developed countries, tends to have more in common with the left column above than the right. Links to this high intake of foods which our bodies may struggle to adapt to has resulted in a looking back to where we came from and examining whether our original natural diet may provide answers to finding our optimal health. Even an adaptation of the Hunter-Gatherer Diet can immediately put an emphasis onto foods in their most unadulterated states, at the very least recognising how processing and refining practices have increased alongside our rates of so-called ‘diseases of affluence’; type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity, certain cancers, asthma, alcoholism, allergies and depression. Citing specific sources: - Foley, Robert, (1995) Humans Before Humanity. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, Inc. - Groves, Colin (1993) “Our earliest ancestors.” In: Burenhult, Goran (ed.), The First Humans: Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers. - Burenhult, Goran (ed.) (1993a) The First Humans: Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers. - Scarre, Chris (ed.) (1993) Smithsonian Timelines of the Ancient World: A Visual Chronology from the Origins of Life to A.D. 1500. New York: Dorling Kindersley. - Eaton, S. Boyd; Shostak, Marjorie; Konner, Melvin (1988b) The Paleolithic Prescription: A Program of Diet and Exercise and a Design for Living. New York: Harper & Row. - Eaton, S. Boyd; Eaton, Stanley B. III; Konner, Melvin J.; Shostak, Marjorie (1996) “An evolutionary perspective enhances understanding of human nutritional requirements.” Journal of Nutrition, vol. 126 (1996), pp. 1732-1740. - Eaton, S. Boyd (1992) “Humans, Lipids, and Evolution.” Lipids, vol. 27, no. 10 (1992), pp. 814-820. - Palmqvist, Lennart (1993) “First Farmers of the Western World.” In: Burenhult, Goran (ed.) People of the Stone Age: Hunter-Gatherers and Early Farmers. New York: Harper-Collins Publishers. (pp. 17-21, 24-26, 28-29, 32-35) - Ulijaszek, Stanley J. (1992) “Human dietary change.” In: Whiten A. and Widdowson E.M. (editors/organizers), Foraging Strategies and Natural Diet of Monkeys, Apes, and Humans: Proceedings of a Royal Society Discussion Meeting held on 30 and 31 May, 1991. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. (pp. 111-119)

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Highlights - May 2001 Conditions across the tropical Pacific returned to normal during May 2001. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) across the tropical Pacific (Fig. T18) were remarkably normal during the month, with SST anomalies significantly different from zero only along the South American coast, and with all 4 Niņo region indices within 0.1°C of 0°C (Table T2). The equatorial oceanic thermocline remained deeper than normal in the western central Pacific and generally near normal in the eastern Pacific during the month (Fig. T15). Consistent with this pattern, oceanic temperatures were above normal throughout the western and central Pacific at thermocline depth and slightly below normal in the extreme eastern Pacific (Fig. T17). Tropical convection during May was near normal over the west-central and central Pacific [as inferred from positive anomalies of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)] and above normal over the western Pacific and Indonesia (Fig. T25). Over the past few months, the pattern of tropical convection over the western and central Pacific, which has persisted since mid-1998 has weakened (Fig. T11) as the cold episode has weakened. Elsewhere, convection was again enhanced over the southern part of the Sahel. The low-level (850 hPa) winds across the Pacific basin featured slightly enhanced easterlies over the western and central Pacific, and anomalous cross equatorial flow over the eastern Pacific (Fig. T20). Enhanced equatorial easterlies have persisted across the western and central Pacific since the onset of cold episode conditions in mid-1998 (Fig. T7), although the enhanced easterlies have weakened during each of the past three Northern Hemisphere summers (Fig. T7). At upper levels, an anomalous ridge-trough couplet was observed across the subtropical western and central South Pacific (Figs. T21, T22). This was associated with anomalous cross equatorial flow over the central Pacific and with slightly enhanced westerlies across this region (Table T1). The sea level pressure (SLP) pattern during May featured slightly positive SLP anomalies throughout most of the global Tropics (Fig. T19). This pattern was associated with small values of both the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) (-0.8) and equatorial SOI (0.8) (Table T1, Fig.

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By Tom Quiner What is a principle? It is an essential truth upon which other truths are based. Former U.S. Senator and Vice President of the United States, Al Gore, embraced a principle that human life begins at conception. He was clear and unequivocal: “It is my deep personal conviction that abortion is wrong. I hope that some day we will see the current outrageously large number of abortions drop sharply.” In 1987, he wrote to a constituent the following: “During my 11 years in congress, I have consistently opposed federal funding for abortions. In my opinion, it is wrong to spend federal funds for what is arguably taking of a human life. Let me assure you that I share your belief that innocent human life must be protected, and I am committed to furthering this goal.” Al Gore’s essential truth was clear: abortion kills a human being. The late Senator Edward Kennedy was even more eloquent in his defense of human life at its earliest stages: “While the deep concern of a woman bearing an unwanted child merits consideration and sympathy, it is my personal feeling that the legalization of abortion on demand is not in accordance with the value which our civilization places on human life. Wanted or unwanted, I believe that human life, even at its earliest stages, has certain rights which must be recognized — the right to be born, the right to love, the right to grow old.” What separates man from the animals? It is the ability to love. Senator Kennedy recognized that man is made in God’s image. What is God? Why God is an eternal exchange of love, says Pope Benedict XVI. Ted Kennedy acknowledged the right to life on the basis that every human being, from her or his conception, has the right to love. After all, God IS love. Mr. Kennedy’s support for the rights of the preborn was grounded in the longstanding tradition of American liberalism to watch out for the little guy, as powerfully confirmed with these words of compassion: “I share the confidence of those who feel that America is working to care for its unwanted as well as wanted children, protecting particularly those who cannot protect themselves. I also share the opinions of those who do not accept abortion as a response to our society’s problems — an inadequate welfare system, unsatisfactory job training programs, and insufficient financial support for all its citizens. When history looks back to this era it should recognize this generation as one which cared about human beings enough to halt the practice of war, to provide a decent living for every family and to fulfill its responsibility to its children from the very moment of conception.” Mssrs. Gore and Kennedy were joined in their commitment to life by other stalwarts of the Democratic Party. Former Congressman and presidential candidate, Richard Gephardt, was crystal clear in his support of the principle that human life begins at conception in these words from 1984: “Life is the division of human cells, a process that begins with conception…. The [Supreme Court’s abortion] ruling was unjust, and it is incumbent on the Congress to correct the injustice. I have always been supportive of pro-life legislation. I intend to remain steadfast on this issue…. I believe that the life of the unborn should be protected at all costs.” The Reverend Jesse Jackson, a man of God and former Democratic candidate for president, compared abortion to slavery: “There are those who argue that the right to privacy is of [a] higher order than the right to life … that was the premise of slavery. You could not protest the existence or treatment of slaves on the plantation because that was private and therefore outside your right to be concerned.” Mr. Jackson’s point is compelling. With soaring rhetoric, he extrapolated that unchecked abortion rights could create a “hell right here on earth” … “What happens to the mind of a person, and the moral fabric of a nation, that accepts the aborting of the life of a baby without a pang of conscience? What kind of a person and what kind of a society will we have 20 years hence if life can be taken so casually? It is that question, the question of our attitude, our value system, and our mind-set with regard to the nature and worth of life itself that is the central question confronting mankind. Failure to answer that question affirmatively may leave us with a hell right here on earth.” Even former President Bill Clinton, voiced his opposition to abortion in these remarks in 1986 when he was Governor of Arkansas: “I am opposed to abortion and to government funding of abortions. We should not spend state funds on abortions because so many people believe abortion is wrong.” Mr. Clinton’s remarks were revealing, though. You’ll notice that he wasn’t opposed to abortion based on an essential truth. Rather, he opposed it because enough voters thought it was wrong. Mr. Clinton revealed the true principle of his party. They weren’t truly concerned with the little guy. They were concerned about votes. They wanted power. They had their finger in the air to see which way the wind was blowing, and when it shifted direction, they abandoned their essential truth and embraced another. And so each of the men quoted above not only changed their mind on this subject, they became vocal supporters of unfettered abortion rights. This wasn’t a little issue like, say, the minimum wage. This was a life and death issue. And one by one, the party of the little guy abandoned their essential principle to win votes from a powerful and growing constituency, liberal, anti life feminists. For years, Democrats tried to straddle this issue in their Platform by calling for abortions to be “safe, legal, and rare.” But by 2008 and the arrival of Barack Obama, they dropped the charade. Their Platform, which expresses their current essential truths, is clear: “The Democratic Party strongly and unequivocally supports Roe v. Wade and a woman’s right to choose a safe and legal abortion, regardless of ability to pay, and we oppose any and all efforts to weaken or undermine that right.” Not only do they view abortion as a fundamental right, they have set the stage for taxpayers to fund their newest essential truth, regardless of the religious sensibilities of the electorate. The Democratic Party now says that the essential truth they so fervently embraced yesterday was wrong, that they have discovered a new essential truth in abortion. Who knows what they will believe in tomorrow? Anything is possible for a party that believes Truth is fluid. In the meantime, 54 million Americans are dead because of their abandonment of their principle and hell has come to earth. [This essay was originally published on February 26, 2012.]

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Visitors to the Eastern Townships are often struck by the number of churches they find. Indeed, it is not uncommon to find three or four, even five churches, of different denominations within close proximity to one another in a single village. In some cases, such as in Way's Mills, they stare at one another from opposite sides of the street. At one time, for example, five churches -- all clapboard, all white -- lined Main Street in Beebe Plain, where the Baptists, Anglicans, Methodists, Adventists and Roman Catholics all vied for their share of the faithful. Enthusiasts of the back roads are surprised to discover churches at the loneliest of crossroads, seemingly in the middle of nowhere. They soon realize, however, that that picturesque little church may be all that remains of a once thriving community. NEW ENGLAND INFLUENCE The older churches in the Townships are strongly reminiscent of New England. This is so for good reason, since it was during the first waves of settlement (c.1810s-1840s) that organized religion first took root in the region. Settlers from south of the border - in particular New Hampshire, Vermont, and Massachusetts - brought with them their faiths, and their architecture. The Universalist Church in Huntingville, for example, looks like it was transplanted from somewhere in New England. It dates to 1844. At first, the Eastern Townships, especially the region along the border, were served by itinerant preachers. Baptists, Methodists, Universalists, Congregationalists, and later Adventists all played a role in bringing God to the new settlements.** Evangelist ministers would hold meetings wherever it was convenient and wherever a sufficient number of followers could gather to hear the Word. Often this meant meeting in someone's home. In time, as communities took root, permanent places of worship, typically fairly plain in design and adornment, and usually made of wood, were built. The "established" Protestant denominations -- the Church of England (Anglican) and, to a lesser extent, the Church Scotland (Presbyterian) -- began to flourish really only after the arrival of significant numbers of immigrants from Great Britain in the 1830s and 1840s. Unlike other denominations, the Anglicans benefited from government support. St. Peter's in Cookshire is one of the more picturesque Anglican churches in the Townships. It was built in 1868 and is unusual in that it is built of fieldstone. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH With the arrival of large numbers of French Canadians in the second half of the 19th century, and the colonization of large tracts of land in the northern and eastern parts of the Eastern Townships, the Roman Catholic Church began to make inroads in the region. By the early 20th century, most of the larger towns had a Catholic church and corresponding Catholic parish. More often than not, the Catholic church was the tallest building in town. And unlike most of the more modest Protestant churches, many of the Catholic churches were built in brick or stone. Some, like the church in Tingwick, are quite elaborate. Of course, in the newer French Canadian settlements there were only Catholic churches. The importance of religion in the daily lives of Townshippers has declined as it has elsewhere in North America. As a result, many congregations are finding it difficult to survive. This is true both of the Catholic and the various Protestant (largely English-speaking) denominations. In the case of the English-speaking community, out-migration, assimilation, an aging population, low attendance rates, and rising costs associated with maintaining church property have forced the closure of many small churches. In some towns and rural areas, the number of parishioners has fallen so low that services are held only occasionally -- in some cases once or twice a year. Added to this is the difficulty (and expense) of finding ministers to serve these small communities. Yet, many churches have managed to survive, preserving their original vocation, albeit some with precariously small congregations and only occasional services. Many of the churches that have closed have been sold off and converted to other uses. They now serve as community centres, concert halls, town halls, even private homes, like the former United Church at Farnam's Corners. Some, like the former United Church in Tomifobia, have fallen into decay, a sign of a no longer viable community. Taken as a whole, these churches -- and former churches -- represent an important part of our architectural heritage, and an integral part of our physical landscape. *Note: In the 1920s, Canadian Methodists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians (at least some of them) joined to form the United Church of Canada.

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what is steady state condition in a circuit of capacitors Please find below the solution to the asked query: In capacitor circuit, after long time, the charge on a capacitor increases and reaches a limiting value. After that the capacitor will not allow any charge. So, the current flow in that branch will becomes zero. That is the reason why we say that Capacitor blocks DC. Hope this information will clear your doubts about the topic. If you have any more doubts just ask here on the forum and our experts will try to help you out as soon as possible.

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Cold Sores / Fever Blisters Cold sores, also known as fever blisters or oral herpes, appear on the lips, on the gums, or in the mouth. Cold sores are highly contagious and very common. Oral herpes (cold sores, fever blisters) and genital herpes are both caused by viruses in the herpes family. Cold sores can be triggered by stress, illness, exposure to the sun or wind, menstrual periods, dental treatment, or other events, but not every outbreak can be associated with a specific trigger. There is no cure for the virus that causes cold sores. Some people can reduce the number and severity of cold sores by figuring out what triggers them and avoiding those things. Like genital herpes, oral herpes can be spread to other people or to other parts of your body even when sores are not present. Even though there is no cure, you can minimize discomfort and transmission. The following information pertains to cold sores in or around the mouth. To find out more about genital herpes, click the link below. Signs and Symptoms - About 6 to 48 hours before a cold sore appears, you may feel itching, tingling, burning and/or pain at the outbreak site. You may run a low fever (less than 100.5 degrees F or 38 degrees C). This is called the prodromal period. You can transmit the viruses at this time even though sores aren't yet visible. Not everyone who gets cold sores will notice symptoms during the prodromal period. - Small, painful blisters appear. They break and ooze a clear fluid, form a painful sore, and then form a crust or a scab. Cold sores usually heal on their own. Herpes viruses are spread by touch. If you get cold sores, it is very important to wash your hands often and keep your hands away from your face. A cold sore is contagious during the prodromal period and when a sore is visible, but herpes viruses can be spread even when there are no symptoms or sores. The viruses can spread to other areas of the body and can be transmitted to the genital area during oral sex. If you touch a cold sore and then touch your eyes, your eyes could become infected, which can lead to major vision problems. Since cold sores are so contagious, avoid kissing and oral sex from the prodromal period until the sores are healed. - Don't rub or scratch a cold sore. If you apply medication, use a cotton swab. - Wash your hands frequently. Keep hands away from the eyes, mouth, and genitals. - Avoid spicy, salty, or acidic foods. - Take a non-prescription pain medication or hold a piece of ice on a sore. - Use an over-the-counter drying or soothing agent such as Anbesol, Orabase, or Blistex. Be sure to follow the package instructions and don't apply these products on your genitals or inside your mouth. - Apply an over-the-counter antiviral cream or gel such as Abreva. For best results, start using it as soon as prodromal sensations first occur, but definitely within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. - Remember, avoid kissing and oral sex from the prodromal period until the sores are completely healed. - Be advised: herpes viruses can be transmitted even when there are no prodromal sensations or visible sores. Over the Counter Medications for Cold Sores and Fever Blisters - Brand names listed as examples do not imply better quality over other brands. Generic equivalents may also exist. - Use only as directed on the package, unless your healthcare provider instructs you to do otherwise. - OTCs may interact with other medications or be potentially harmful if you have certain medical conditions. Talk to your pharmacist about options that are right for you. Cold Sores / Fever Blisters: Docosanol (example: Abreva®) CALL THE UHS NURSE ADVICE LINE AT (512) 475-6877 (NURS) IF YOU EXPERIENCE ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: - Pain that makes you unable to eat or drink - Sores on your genitals, near your eyes, or in or near your nose - Any indication that your eyes are infected such as redness, pain, or swelling - Signs of a secondary infection such as increased tenderness, swelling, greenish-yellow oozing (pus), or a fever of 100.5 F (38 degrees C) or higher - Sores that don't heal within two weeks or new sores continue to appear Forty Acres Pharmacy

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On this day (October 20), 1951, the Johnny Bright Incident occurred. If you aren’t familiar with this event, it was deemed as a racially motivated attack that took place during a collegiate football game. Johnny Bright, being both black and a talented athlete, pissed off most opponents, especially the players and coaches at Oklahoma A&M. Bright, a remarkable competitor who represented Drake University, was so talented that in the previous year (his junior year), he led the NCAA in total offensive yards. He was a great tailback, possessing both the ability to pass and run with the ball. In his junior year he passed for 1,168 yards and ran for 1,232 yards. At the start of his senior year, he was on the shortlist of players that were Heisman Trophy candidates. Wilbanks Smith, a Oklahoma A&M defensive tackle, would spend the entire game with one goal; the objective was simple, “Get that nigger!” It was no secret, student of Oklahoma A&M openly talked about how the coaches and players commonly tossed around phrases like the one above in reference to Johnny Bright. As the game started, Smith quickly laid Bright out. In fact, before the first seven minutes, Smith would have tackled Bright continually, knocking him unconscious three times. The last of these would be forever known as the Johnny Bright Incident. With the final blow, Smith broke Bright’s jaw. Now football injuries occur all the time, and in this time period, the equipment wasn’t all that great. So why the big deal? Instead of telling you, let me just show you–because a picture is worth 1,000 words. Johnny Bright is number 43. As you can see, the hit was very late. It occurred long after the ball had been handed off. Bright believes that the hit, as were all the hits before this, was because he was black. In an interview twenty-nine years later, he said, “There’s no way it couldn’t have been racially motivated.” Smith, however, says that the hits were not racially motivated. There is a great interview at The Daily O’Colley, entitled Without Rules: The Untold Story Of The Johnny Bright Incident. It is lengthy, but if you have twenty minutes, it is worth checking out. Whether the Johnny Bright Incident was due to racial hatred or not, this incident would change football for the better. Because of Bright’s injuries, the NCAA changed the rules regarding illegal blocks and mandated the use of protective helmets with face guards. Racism was still at large in 1951, so why was this such a big deal? The two photographers at the game from the Des Moines Register took these great pictures that spread through the media like wildfire, and eventually made the cover of Life Magazine.The photo sequence was so impressive, that photographers John Robinson and Don Ultang were given the Pulitzer Prize for Photography in 1952. And for Johhny Bright? Bright continued playing football, but he did so in Canada. He shattered many records and still to this day hold many. In an interview he told as to why he turned down his first round draft pick into the NFL. There was a tremendous influx of Southern players into the NFL at that time, and I didn’t know what kind of treatment I could expect.

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Cloud computing is quietly taking over the world and changing the way we use our computers forever. Whether you're storing your photo collection on Flickr or logging on to Gmail, everyone's now using the cloud, even if they don't realise it. But how does it work and how can we as web designers and developers make it work for us? Cloud computing runs on virtual servers. Rather than being a single physical box, a virtual server runs as part of a physical box. This type of virtualisation is nothing new and has long been a cost-effective entry-level solution. Virtual machines on the cloud run on clusters of servers. Again, this is nothing new: most medium-to-large server set-ups involve clustering. Hardware as a service The big difference with cloud hosting is that it packages all of this up so that it's 'Hardware as a Service' – the clustering, virtualisation and resilience are all a given. The virtual server on the cloud runs across many thousands of servers, in different data centres in different locations: an entire 'cloud' of servers. The move to cloud hosting requires a shift in mindset similar to that when stepping away from apps stored on your own machine to those managed on the web. In the same way that Google Docs means you no longer have to install Microsoft Word, and Spotify means you can listen to music without downloading it from iTunes, with cloud hosting there's no longer a need to lease a server: you can use as much or as little as you need. Hosting on the cloud The big player bringing cloud hosting to the masses is Amazon Web Services (AWS), and its timing couldn't be better. Economically, we're living in uncertain times. When it comes to upgrading a 12-month hosting contract or trying to justify another capital expenditure in terms of new hardware, painful decisions need to be made. But with cloud computing, there's less need to worry. Because you pay for what you use, rather than having to buy upfront what you think you only might use, cloud hosting provides the ultimate pay-as-you go hosting solution. Rather than compromise on performance or scalability, you can just host on the cloud… As Amazon's CTO, Werner Vogels, put it: "Anything is crappy, whether it's your hardware, your network, your operating system. Don't let anyone tell you that this stuff is unbreakable; if you have enough of these things sitting around, they all break all the time." This is the philosophy with which the Amazon infrastructure has been set up. As such, AWS cloud hosting is set up over 19 different data centres globally, each with different power connectivity, internet connectivity and geographical location. What happens if one of these data centres goes down? Well, they do go down all of the time: Amazon pulls the plug on one of its data centres monthly, as a real-life rehearsal of what would happen in a fire. Hosting security evolves In the old days, many a CTO used to think that the safest place to keep a server was in the office: that way, security could be ensured by fixing the latest in window locks and alarms and ensuring the night security guard had enough coffee. Of course, this approach was about as resilient as keeping your hard-earned cash under the floorboards. The next approach to hosting security was to put your server in a data centre, with managed security and support. This approach has proved sufficient for many, but it's as limiting as putting all your money in a bank. And as we've all become aware recently, having all of your savings in one bank is something to be discouraged – if it goes down, so does your business. Now imagine putting each one of your pounds into a different bank account. If you did, then should one of the banks fail, you'd carry on as normal. The same can be said for cloud hosting. Developing on the cloud At 3ev, we approach cloud hosting with enthusiasm, because essentially it enables our techies to get their hands on as many servers at any one time as they like. Previously, we had a couple of collocated live servers for all of our hosting requirements, and setting up an additional box to test something out on was painful, both in terms of expense and time. Additionally there was a certain level of commitment involved: we'd have had to have that server for a minimum of a month, when often we'd just want to set something up for an afternoon. Nowadays, on the cloud, the virtual machines look just like normal servers. You can ssh in, move stuff around and even install software. So what's actually different? First, it's brilliantly easy to take snapshots. You can take a snapshot of your data at any time you like and, because you can buy as much storage space as your requirements dictate, you can just keep going. Working with this level of agility means that if one of your sites needs some immediate and risky maintenance, this is easier than ever before. You can instantly clone it onto a new server – and work on the clone – in the "live" environment. With the cloud you always have spare servers sitting around, should you need them.

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Here’s an important health information that may help you or your loved one. Knowledge is power as they say but you must utilized that knowledge for it to benefit you. Have you heard of “Prediabetes”? Yes as the name says it will lead to full blown diabetes if not stopped. Unfortunately many people neglect annual medical checkup until they become sick and then find out they have diabetes or any illness. We tend to always be in denial and think that we will never get sick, the reality is that as human everyone is prone to getting sick no question about it. The original article was authored by Winnie Yu and reviewed by Brunilda Nazario, MD. It is sponsored by the American Diabetes Association. Prediabetes: 7 Steps to Take Now What to do to stop prediabetes from becoming diabetes. Getting diagnosed with prediabetes is a serious wake-up call, but it doesn’t have to mean you will definitely get diabetes. There is still time to turn things around. “It’s an opportunity to initiate lifestyle changes or treatments, and potentially retard progression to diabetes or even prevent diabetes,” says Gregg Gerety, MD, chief of endocrinology at St. Peter’s Hospital in Albany, N.Y. Making these seven changes in your daily habits is a good way to start. 1. Move More Becoming more active is one of the best things you can do to make diabetes less likely. If it’s been a while since you exercised, start by building more activity into your routine by taking the stairs or doing some stretching during TV commercials, says Patti Geil, MS, RD, author of What Do I Eat Now? “Physical activity is an essential part of the treatment plan for prediabetes because it lowers blood glucose levels and decreases body fat,” Geil says. Ideally, you should exercise at least 30 minutes a day, five days a week. Let your doctor know about your exercise plans and ask if you have any limitations. 2. Lower Your Weight If you’re overweight, you might not have to lose as much as you think to make a difference. In one study, people who had prediabetes did 30 minutes a day of moderate exercise and lost 5% to 7% of their body weight (just 10-14 pounds in someone who weights 200 pounds) cut their chances of getting diabetes by 58%. 3. See Your Doctor More Often See your doctor every three to six months, Gerety says. If you’re doing well, you can get positive reinforcement from your doctor. If it’s not going so well, your doctor can help you get back on track. “Patients like some tangible evidence of success or failure,” Gerety says. 4. Eat Better - Load up on fruits and vegetables, especially the less-starchy kinds such as spinach, broccoli, carrots, and green beans. - Add more high-fiber foods into your day. - Choose whole-grain foods instead of processed grains — for example, brown rice instead of white rice. Also, swap out high-calorie foods. “Drink skim milk rather than whole milk, diet soda rather than regular soda,” Geil says. “Choose lower-fat versions of cheese, yogurt, and salad dressings.” Instead of snacking on high-fat, high-calorie chips and desserts, choose fresh fruit, or whole wheat crackers with peanut butter or low-fat cheese, Geil says. 5. Make Sleep a Priority Not getting enough sleep regularly makes losing weight harder, says Theresa Garnero, author of Your First Year With Diabetes. A sleep shortfall also makes it harder for your body to use insulin effectively and may make type 2 diabetes more likely. Set good sleep habits. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Relax before you turn out the lights. Don’t watch TV or use your computer or smartphone when you’re trying to fall asleep. Avoid caffeine after lunch if you have trouble sleeping. 6. Get Support. Losing weight, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly is easier if you have people helping you out, holding you accountable, and cheering you on, says Ronald T. Ackermann, MD, MPH, an associate professor of medicine at Indiana University School of Medicine. Consider joining a group where you can pursue a healthier lifestyle in the company of others with similar goals. 7. Choose and Commit Having the right mind-set can help. Accept that you won’t do things perfectly every day, but pledge to do your best most of the time. “Make a conscious choice to be consistent with everyday activities that are in the best interest of your health,” Garnero says. “Tell yourself, ‘I’m going to give it my best. I’m going to make small changes over time.’”

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CC-MAIN-2017-30

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OpenAI Jukebox is a machine-learning model that works as an AI music generator. It can be trained on a dataset of existing music and then used to generate new, original compositions. The model can be fine-tuned to generate music in a specific style or to follow certain rules or guidelines. The music bot can be integrated into various applications such as music production software, games, and virtual assistants. OpenAI’s music generation model, known as the “Open AI Jukebox” has the potential to impact the music industry by enabling the creation of new, original music at a faster pace and potentially at a lower cost. It could also potentially be used to compose music for films, video games, and other media. However, it’s still a new technology, and it remains to be seen how it will be adopted and used in the industry. Additionally, it could also pose a threat to human musicians and composers in terms of job replacement. How does Open AI Jukebox work? OpenAI’s Jukebox is a neural network that generates music by learning to model the patterns and structure of existing songs and then using that knowledge to compose new pieces of music. It is based on a type of neural network called a transformer, which is trained using a large dataset of music recordings. The training process involves feeding the network with large amounts of raw audio data from songs and then using that data to train the network to recognize patterns and structure in the music. Once the network is trained, it can be used to generate new pieces of music by sampling from the learned patterns and structure. The jukebox can generate music in a variety of different styles and genres by conditioning the model on different types of music. It can also generate lyrics, and even singing voices with the help of a separate model called MuseNet which has been trained on a massive dataset of MIDI files, sheet music, and lyrics, along with the corresponding audio. Jukebox is still a new technology and it is not yet widely used in the music industry, but it has the potential to become an important tool for music creation and production in the future. How to use Open AI Jukebox? Currently, OpenAI’s Jukebox is not available for public use yet. But when it will be, there will be probably different ways to use it, but some possible methods include: - Using the Jukebox API: OpenAI provides an API that allows developers to access the Jukebox model and generate new music. With the API, developers can specify the style, genre, and other parameters of the generated music and integrate it into their own applications - Using the Jukebox web interface: OpenAI may also provide a web interface that allows users to interact with the Jukebox model and generate music without needing to write any code. This could be similar to a music creation software - Using the Jukebox in a DAW (Digital Audio Workstation): OpenAI could make Jukebox available as a plug-in for popular DAWs (Digital Audio Workstations) such as Ableton Live, Logic Pro, or FL Studio. This would allow musicians and producers to use the Jukebox model in their existing workflows It’s important to note that OpenAI’s Jukebox is still in development and the availability and methods of use may change What does Open AI Jukebox mean for the music industry? There are several potential benefits to using OpenAI’s music generation model in the music industry, including: - Increased productivity: The ability to quickly generate new music could lead to a faster pace of production and potentially lower costs for music creation - Creative inspiration: The model could be used as a tool to help musicians and composers come up with new ideas and inspiration for their work - Music composition for other media: The technology could be used to compose music for films, video games, and other media - Personalization: The model could be used to generate music that is tailored to a specific audience or market, which could lead to more personalized and effective marketing - Job opportunities: It could create new job opportunities for engineers, data scientists, and other experts in the field There are some ethical concerns about the usage of AI music generators Even while it may seem like a fun idea to create AI music generators, there are some ethical issues with AI-produced music. One concern is that AI might produce music that is plagiarized, which would be against the law. Issues like these are sensitive, as Lensa AI was accused of stealing works from artists last year. There is also worry that songs produced by AI would not be as creative or innovative as those produced by humans. The need for live musicians might decline as a result of this. To prevent AI from harming the industry, it will be crucial to take these ethical considerations into account as technology advances.

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CC-MAIN-2023-14

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What is a "mock trial" anyway? I am the captain of the Mock Trial team at my school and an avid student of law, yet more often than not, when explaining this to anyone other than an admissions officer, I am met with a blank stare and the question: what is Mock Trial?The simple definition I generally give is that Mock Trial is a mixture between debate and drama where students get to perform real cases in front of real Judges. In reality though, Mock Trial is so much more than that. The Mock Trial season generally runs from the weekend around January 26 to the weekend around March 21. Teams usually begin practices in November or December much like sports teams do pre-season workouts. The season begins when that year’s case is released. The case is the scenario and srt of events which the mock trial will be based on. For example, a gorilla bite at a children’s zoo or a meth lab fire which kills a college student. Each case consists of a series on non-disputed facts. 3 witness statements for each side, and five or six exhibits. Mock Trial students must then pick three students to be attorneys, three students to play the parts of the witnesses, and a student to act as the bailiff. Then the teams spend one month memorizing all the facts of the case, and building theories for both sides. They are judged not only on their knowledge of the law, but also their credibility, presentation of the facts, and knowledge of objections. After one month, the team will try they case in front of a panel of three real judges/attorneys in a real courtroom at the local courthouse while another high school or junior high team will plays the other side. Trials generally last three intense hours, during which the competitors cannot have any contact with the audience, their coach, or their witnesses. The idea is that students must rely 100% on their own knowledge when they are being cross examined (as witnesses) or handling objections and objecting (if attorneys). At the conclusion of the trial, the judges award two scores: one is the merits of the case or who would have won had it been a real case, and the other is the points based on each competitor. The team who wins points usually wins all three judges ballots and advances to the next round. Since most Mock Trials are done in a “sudden death” fashion, losing usually means the end of the season for the entire team. The goal for all teams in to win the state championship and to get to fly to the national competition that year, wherever they are held.

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CC-MAIN-2016-40

http://youthvoices.net/discussion/what-mock-trial-anyway?page=2

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Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis:Strategy for the African Region (document AFR/RC55/11) Regional Committee for Africa, 55. (2005). Control of Human African Trypanosomiasis:Strategy for the African Region (document AFR/RC55/11). WHO. Regional Office for Africa. http://www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/92864 DescriptionRegional Committee for Africa Fifty-fifth Session Maputo, Mozambique, 22–26 August 2005 Gov't Doc #AFR/RC55/R3 MetadataShow full item record Showing items related by title and MeSH subject. Control of human african trypanosomiasis: a strategy for the African Region: report of the Regional Director Regional Committee for Africa, 55 (AFR/RC55/11, 2011-06-23)1. Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by trypanosomes that are transmitted by the tsetse fly. HAT is the only vector-borne parasitic disease with a geographical distribution limited to the African continent. Populations in the age group 15-45 years living in remote rural areas are the most affected, leading to economic loss and social misery. 2. In the early 1960s, the prevalence of HAT had been reduced to very low levels (prevalence rate less than one case per 10 000 inhabitants). Unfortunately, due to lack of regular surveillance ... World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa (2016)WHO’s Atlas of African Health Statistics series is the most comprehensive and widely used source of information on the health situation in the African Region. It provides up-to-date information on the state of health in countries and covers critical areas of health outcomes; health services and systems; specific programmes and services, such as communicable, non-communicable, and epidemic prone diseases; key determinants of health; and progress on the MDGs. These data serve as baseline for monitoring progress on international agreed targets such ...

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CC-MAIN-2019-22

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Writing across the Curriculum Turning original ideas into insightful products From an original inspiration, students use their imaginations, careful analysis, and copious feedback–not only to edit, but also to rethink and transform their written work. MKA’s multidisciplinary and research-informed approach to helping students hone their writing skills is process-oriented: Students are expected to brainstorm, organize, draft, revise, rethink, and refine their writing. Through this feedback-driven process, students learn not only to improve their writing—so essential to their lives beyond MKA—but also to develop deeper expertise in the subject matter. Conferring with teachers, who act as guides and coaches, is essential to the writing process and is a hallmark of MKA’s program. Our faculty provide both reluctant and enthusiastic writers with the instruction and feedback they need to grow. Through intentional practice, students learn how to handle any writing challenge that they encounter—how to break down a writing assignment and get started, to form questions, to create a hypothesis or thesis, to seek and give help, and to process and use feedback to make adjustments. As a result, MKA graduates durable and confident writers, who consistently report that their college professors are impressed with their writing and that their peers seek them out as writing coaches. In MKA’s most recent young alumni survey, graduates gave the highest marks possible to their analytical writing skills, and many commented that the skills they learned at MKA are essential to their scholarly and professional lives. With this foundation, MKA graduates have the tools to tell any story they want. Through engaging, genre-based studies beginning in their earliest years at MKA, students come to think of themselves as writers—willing to take on the challenges of communicating effectively in both fiction and nonfiction. Through grade 5, a writing workshop approach (informed by research from Teachers College, Columbia University) ensures that students write every day to develop both a lasting writing habit and an understanding of the many different purposes for writing. Writing celebrations at the Primary School allow students to “publish” their writing for an audience of classmates and parents. Third-grade students learn the power of writing to achieve social change when they submit social action letters to the local newspaper or members of the community. As students move through the Middle and Upper Schools, teachers challenge them to make their arguments more profound and their writing more eloquent. Through a wide variety of assignments (from a paragraph to five–seven pages), students write critically, creatively, and personally. In-class essays ask students to condense their writing process and to formulate and convey their thinking quickly and fluently. Students are encouraged to publish their work in Voices and Visions: Art and Writing from the Middle School and Stylus, the Upper School literary magazine. Whether writing an analytical essay on Homer’s Odyssey or August Wilson’s play Fences, or a psychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield from J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye, students are consistently challenged to develop original theses and angles, never writing by formula or simply reiterating ideas discussed in class. In the Upper School, students are taught to incorporate close critical analysis of literary texts, literary criticism, and other outside research into their writing. Perhaps beyond all else, from personal narratives in the Primary School to the creative nonfiction junior memoir project, students are encouraged to develop their own voice and learn to tell their own story. MKA Writing Challenge A benchmark in MKA’s writing program, the Writing Challenge clarifies expectations and helps students to better understand their strengths and weaknesses as writers in an English/language arts context. It encourages students to strive for excellence as they hone both the technical and stylistic aspects of their writing. The Writing Challenge requires every student in grades 3, 5, 7, and 11 to write an in-school assignment that reflects the learning and writing process practiced most frequently at that grade level. For example, students in grade 3 take four writing workshop periods to draft a personal narrative with limited feedback from their teachers, whereas seventh-grade students independently outline and write a persuasive essay in response to a writing prompt. Juniors take the better part of a morning to read a short story and write an analytical essay in response, citing specific evidence from their reading. Each Writing Challenge piece is scored on the basis of six key criteria of good writing. For Middle and Upper Schools, these criteria are thesis/topic development, details/support, organization, style/voice, word choice, and grammar/mechanics. Unlike a typical class assignment, the Writing Challenge pieces are blind-scored by a large group of English/language arts teachers, and two teachers must agree on the assessment of each writing criterion. Students receive individual feedback, which facilitates goal-setting. Trends in students’ performance as a whole help to inform teachers in making curricular and instructional adjustments. Writing in social studies and history emphasizes thoughtful inquiry, careful analysis, and synthesis of ideas to ensure a viable and substantial thesis and coherent support through evidence-based argumentation. Students learn to think like historians as they use their writing to examine social and historical issues and trends from a variety of perspectives. As students develop their research skills, they are expected to draw from a variety of primary and secondary scholarly sources to interpret history and consider both historic and modern social implications. Frequent writing assignments, both informal and formal, provide opportunities for students to synthesize their thoughts and refine their ability to communicate their thinking clearly. Conferring with their teachers and using that feedback to refine their written work, students develop the critical thinking and writing skills essential to historians and scholars. Primary School students write down their insights and develop their own angles—whether communicating research findings related to a historical figure or writing a social action letter to a local government official. As they learn to think like historians, Middle School students write not only traditional research papers each year, but also analytical essays, document-based questions (DBQs), journals, and mock blogs. Frequent writing opportunities prepare eighth-grade students well for their major Colonial research paper, which involves a Williamsburg visit to gain firsthand understanding of their individually selected and developed topics. Middle School students often publish samples of their writing for social studies/history class in Voices and Visions: Art and Writing from the Middle School. Upper School students also write frequently in history class—for homework assignments, in-class essays, essays on exams, and DBQs, which require students to thoroughly analyze and make meaning of a variety of primary source documents. As students progress through each year’s research process, they further develop their ability to analyze findings and synthesize information into coherent support for a thesis of substance. The research curriculum culminates in the Junior Thesis, a significant, yearlong research project through which students become experts—able to converse and write in depth about topics of scholarly interest. Selected students are encouraged to submit their work for formal publication in MKA’s The Primary Source and in The Concord Review, an international publication that celebrates the finest scholarly research of high school students. At MKA, writing in science is both writing to learn and writing to communicate. As they practice communicating their findings to others in ways that are both insightful and scientifically accurate, students come to value clear communication, precise use of scientific vocabulary, and the writing process as a means of refining their thinking and analysis. Beginning in the Primary School and throughout their Middle School years, students write and receive feedback frequently. By consistently annotating their notes and their observations, students rethink, revise, and refine their understanding of scientific concepts. Middle School students learn to write formal lab reports one or two sections at a time and incorporate feedback to clearly convey their observations and scientific analysis. By the time students complete their eighth-grade independent science project, they have had a great deal of practice not only in conducting their own experiments, but also in writing about their scientific process and thinking. As Upper School students develop their critical thinking, they express their findings more succinctly and with better reasoning to support their conclusions. Upper School scientists write up full lab reports and focus their data analyses on drawing meaningful conclusions from their investigations. At times, this work is supported by library research to better understand the science they are studying or the laboratory work they are conducting. Students who choose to pursue AP and Science Research Honors courses additionally read and emulate the style of peer-reviewed articles as they write up their own research with the goal of reaching publication quality. Study of a modern world language (Chinese, French, or Spanish) focuses explicitly on developing students’ writing skills in conjunction with listening, speaking, and reading. Latin students also write frequently (in both Latin and English) to develop their critical thinking and refine their translation and interpretation skills. MKA students apply cross-curricular writing-process skills directly to their writing in world language class. Drafting and revising with the help of teacher feedback are hallmarks. Ultimately, a commitment to writing enables students to think more deeply about what they are studying and to think in another language. Students are exposed to a modern world language from Pre-K on and practice writing in the target language beginning in their Primary School years. The development of written expression takes on greater emphasis in Middle School as students learn to express themselves more coherently and with more precise use of vocabulary and grammatical structures. Upper School students who began their study in Primary or Middle School are able to compose several pages in the target language with relative ease—and with clarity and nuance. They write in a variety of genres, including journals, travel brochures, movie reviews, and analyses of short stories that they read in the target language. Students of Latin also do a significant amount of writing—in Latin and in English—to process and capture what they have learned. In addition to a variety of creative assignments, Latin students write essays that examine literary and rhetorical elements as well as historical context of the works they translate, and through their writing develop their own interpretations and critical analyses.

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CC-MAIN-2019-39

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Author(s): Marcus PM, Qiu SL Abstract Share this page Abstract The elastic behavior and stability of elemental crystals are studied in the neighborhood of a stable equilibrium state, also called a phase, at finite pressure p. It is shown that two kinds of elastic constants are needed to describe elasticity under pressure. One set, designated as c(ij),i,j = 1-6, determines stability or lack of it; another set, designated as c(ij)(p), describes the linear relation between small additional stresses and strains added to the crystal in equilibrium at p. The stress-strain coefficients c(ij)(p) differ from previous formulations of the stress-strain relations by Barron and Klein (1965 Proc. Phys. Soc. 85 523) and Wallace (1972 Thermodynamics of Crystals (New York: Wiley)), who give c(ij) as stress-strain coefficients. Hence we were led to verify the use of the c(ij)(p) using a first-principles numerical calculation example for face centered cubic Al at 1500 kbar. The Gibbs free energy G of the crystal under pressure is shown to provide both a simple definition of equilibrium and an efficient way to calculate all the elastic constants of a general crystal. A computer program finds stable phases by making jumps in structure from an arbitrary initial structure; the jumps converge to minima of G with respect to the structure. In the calculation, 21 elastic constants are evaluated from a special set of G values and the 6 × 6 elastic constant matrix is tested for stability. This article was published in J Phys Condens Matter and referenced in Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering

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CC-MAIN-2017-34

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Safe communications are one of the most critical areas for businesses operating in hazardous areas. Inherently, these companies need access to information and remain constantly informed on avoiding dangers of explosions and catastrophes, due to the complexity of operations involved. Explosions can be devastating and cause huge losses of life, property, and capital, and damage the environment. Oil refineries, petrochemical plants, mining quarries, chemical factories, and corn mills are prone to high risks, due to the presence of highly inflammable substances in large quantities. They need to be constantly monitored, to ensure safety and productivity. Explosion proof communication devices may be used to transmit images, data, and voice to monitor and control such places. Government Rules and Regulations on the Use of Safe Equipment in Hazardous Places Ensuring safe handling of hazardous substances in industrial areas has been a major concern for all the parties involved in the same. In the wake of industrial explosions in the oil and mining sector, governmental agencies and trade bodies of all major economies have discussed the need for stringent regulations. These regulations are centered on the use of explosion proof equipment in all major industries. All the major electrical product manufacturers have revamped their operations to account for these changes in regulations. As the oil and mining sector has witnessed a tremendous growth due to identification of substantial reserves in emerging countries, the explosion proof equipment market is expected to record high growth rates in this sector. A regulation is usually imposed by a governmental agency and trade units have to comply with them. The Dangerous substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulation (DSEAR) has been commissioned in the United Kingdom to prescribe safety regulations for industrial areas that have a potentially hazardous environment. Oil and Gas Industry One of the Primary Recipients of Explosion Proof Mobile Communication Devices Market. The country is the leading global exporter of oil and second largest producer in the world. More than 90% of the country’s budget revenues come from petroleum sector. These huge oil production capabilities are the major drivers of the global explosion proof equipment market. In Apr 2010, the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, commonly referred to as the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, occurred in the Gulf of Mexico on the British Petroleum operated Macondo Prospect. In this accident, eleven people went missing and were never found. The US Government estimated the total spillage was at 4.9 million barrels (US 210 million gallons; 780,000 m3). This massive oil spill affected the health, economy, and environment in a very severe way. The US government has laid out some stringent regulations about the policies and safety equipment to be used. These policies included the usage of explosion proof devices, to provide safety. The implementation of safety policies is anticipated to increase the dependence on explosion proof equipment, indirectly boosting the growth of the global market. North America Expected to Have One of the Highest Growth Compared to Other Regions The continuous efforts in this region to explore new mineral sites are driving demand for explosion proof communication devices. The United States is one of the largest oil producing nations in the world. As of 2015, petroleum and natural gas were the two largest sources of energy in the United States, contributing to over 60% of the energy consumption. The country currently generates about 9.2 million barrels of oil a day, about half of which is shale production. In addition, the congress recently lifted 40-year old oil export ban, which is expected to boost the US oil industry, thereby driving the demand for explosion proof communication devices in the country. Moreover, with the incidences of industrial explosions increasing in the recent times, US safety organizations are trying to implement the regulations strictly, contributing to the increased sales of explosion proof communication devices. Key Developments in the Market - August 2017 - Hytera has launched two handheld devices to provide optimal working environment safety in potentially explosive areas - May 2017 - Bechoff Automation has entered into the hazardous solutions industry. Its product portfolio has explosion proof control panels and PC devices, etc. Reasons to Purchase the Report - Growing government regulations act as a driver to the Global Explosion Proof Mobile Communication Devices Market scenario - Analyzing various perspectives of the market with the help of Porter’s five forces analysis - The Product type that is expected to dominate the market is analyzed in detail - The regions, which are expected to witness fastest growth during the forecast period are analyzed and estimated for growth - Identifying the latest developments, market shares, and strategies employed by the major market players - 3 months analyst support, along with the Market Estimate sheet (in Excel). This report can be customized to meet your requirements. Please connect with our Customer Service team, who will ensure you get a report that suits your needs 1.1 Key study deliverables 1.2 Market definition 1.3 Study Assumptions 2. Research methodology 3. Executive summary 4. Market insights 4.1 Market overview 4.2 Indusrty attractiveness- Porter's Five Forces Analysis 4.2.1 Threat of new entrants 4.2.2 Bargaining power of suppliers 4.2.3 Bargaining power of consumers 4.2.4 Threat of substitute products 4.2.5 Intensity of Competitive Rivalry 5. Market Dynamics 5.1 Market drivers 5.1.1 Need for Fast and Seamless Voice, Image and Data Transfer in Industries 5.1.2 Government Rules and Regulations on the Use of Safe Equipment in Hazardous Places 5.1.3 Awareness on Benefits of Mobile Communication in Hazardous Industries 5.2 Market Restraints 5.2.1 Safety Regulations Vary Across Different Geographies 6. Technological Overview 7. Global Explosion Proof Mobile Communication Devices Market Segmentation 7.1 By Products 7.1.1 Tablets and Smartphones 7.1.2 Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) 7.1.4 Two Way Radios 7.1.6 Headset and Microphone 7.2 By Industry 7.2.1 Oil & Gas 7.2.3 Manufacturing and Processing 7.2.4 Chemical and Pharmaceutical 7.3 By Geography 7.3.1 North America 7.3.4 Rest of the world 8. Vendor Market Share Analysis 9. Key Vendor Profiles 9.1 BARTEC Group 9.2 Ecom instruments 9.3 Airacom Ltd. 9.4 Emerson Process Management 9.6 Sonim Technologies Inc. 9.7 Panasonic Corp 9.8 JFE Engineering Corp 9.10 Kenwood Corp *List is Not Exhaustive 10. Investment analysis 10.1 Recent Mergers and Acquisitions 10.2 Investment Scenario and Opportunities 11. Future of Explosion Proof Mobile Communication Devices Market

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CC-MAIN-2019-09

https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/4591674/explosion-proof-mobile-communication-devices

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Built in 1774, Smithfield Plantation was the home of Revolutionary War patriot Colonel William Preston. The home, designed in the tidewater plantation style, provided a haven of aristocratic elegance and became the social and political center of this backcountry area. The glazed windows, Chinese Chippendale railings and an impressive mantel are a testament to Preston's effort and expense. Colonel Preston was instrumental in creating the fervor necessary for revolution, and as the surveyor for a succession of Virginia counties that extended to the Mississippi River, he played a critical role in the settlement of the "west," i.e., beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Prestons raised and educated their 12 children at Smithfield. Their descendants continued the family tradition of nation building with four Virginia governors, four senators, legislators, educators (founding of Virginia Tech and VMI) and military leaders (generals in the War of 1812 and Civil War). Today Smithfield's simple exterior belies the grandeur and turmoil of its past. Costumed interpreters share the culture and the lives of the early Prestons including Col. Preston's wife Susanna, after whom the house was named. Come learn the history of one of America's most influential families. Located adjacent to the Virginia Tech campus. Admission Fee: Tours are $8 adults, $5 students 13 -23, $4 children. Discounts for seniors, groups, and military. Last Updated: 2/3/2015 2:20 PM

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CC-MAIN-2015-35

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Reducing energy use on the farm Farms are, for the most part, pretty large energy users. Barns housing livestock, the use of sophisticated feeding or milking technology or climate control and water recycling systems in greenhouses – all require energy to keep going. So it’s no surprise, with energy costs on the rise, that many farmers are looking for ways to reduce or off-set their energy use. Terry Reesor is one such farmer. I met him last summer when I interviewed him for an article I was writing about solar energy. Here’s his story. Solar energy is generally considered to be good for both the environment and farm businesses. Not only are solar panel installations generating clean energy, they’re also a source of additional income for farmers and businesses. Terry Reesor of Reesor Seed and Grain near Stouffville, Ontario is certainly convinced. His two new solar panel microFIT installations came online this spring and he’s pleased with the impact the project has had¾ both on his energy consumption and on his bottom line. “We all need to consume less energy and once we had the panel built, its presence makes you more aware of what you’re using,” he says. “And it’s a good way to generate additional revenue.” Reesor has a roof mount unit on his grain elevator and a ground mount system installed on a hillside overlooking the company’s main building. The ground mount panel is connected into the provincial electricity grid; Reesor sells 100 per cent of his generated power to the grid at $0.80/kWh and buys back what he needs for his farm and business use at the standard consumer rate. “For us, this panel is an investment. Although we’re producing enough power on normal days to cover our own use, we buy back from the grid,” he says. The Ontario Power Authority, which buys the electricity, pays its solar generators quarterly and they can track their electricity production online at any time. The ground mount panel harvests the sun in two ways: when there is no sun, the panel lies flat and picks up reflection from the sun; when the sun is shining, it continually and automatically readjusts its angles to pick up the best, most direct light. Reesor originally caught the solar bug from his cousin, who had spent time in Africa as a missionary. Their church then decided to embark on a social responsibility project to lessen their environmental footprint and installed a rooftop solar panel. When he went to build his own installation, Reesor was able to access cost-share funding through the Greenbelt Green Energy Program for Agriculture (GGEPA) and the Canada-Ontario Farm Stewardship Program (COFSP). “The cost-share funding was helpful to us and we were really pleased to be approved for the program,” says Reesor. “It’s the kind of project that you like to see funded because there are so many benefits both for farmers and society.” GGEPA is funded by the Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation and administered by the Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association (OSCIA) to provide cost-share funding for farmers to implement best management practices that involve energy conservation and green energy generation. “I’m definitely a believer in solar energy and I would absolutely do this again,” he says. “In fact, I’m now a seller of solar units myself so many people were coming to see us about ours that I was doing the sales pitch all the time anyway.” Although there are three or four other solar panels in the area, Reesor says they are currently one of the only ones, if not the sole installation that is hooked up to the grid and working. Reesor Seed and Grain is a family-owned business in Durham Region that specializes in custom crop protection application, seed sales and grain storage and marketing. In addition to the farm supply business, the Reesors also crop 1,300 acres of corn, beans and wheat.

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CC-MAIN-2018-13

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The period of antiquities after Aristotle to the middle ages was marked by a retreat from the material world in an age of increasing uncertainty. The decline of the Greek state following invasions by the Romans and the eventual collapse of the Western Roman empire had led to several schools of thought that signaled a beacon for withdrawal rather than for growth. Taking this analogy further, such a beacon represents a negation of what was once held in the highest esteem: Institutions were dismantled. Money, power, and fame were discarded. Austerity measures were adopted as a self-sufficient way of life. Thus, the artistic theme foretells a coming darkness (dark ages), a regression back to nature, and a clinging to a hope for a new golden age in the future. The cynics rejected many institutions from marriage, private property, and all luxuries that appeal to the senses; they freed themselves of possessions, professed a love for virtue, and lived with nature. The rejection of the material life (shrinking the sphere of the known) and the rejection of values such as power/fame (negation of ideals) confines life to a much smaller space. The skeptics refuted all theses (both sides can be shown to be valid and thus the issue “grey” or both sides are invalid and thus negated) and neglected to produce a positive replacement. Thus, many of the stronger (rigid) claims in both metaphysics (first principles) and ethics, were shown to be untenable. The Epicureans claimed that all virtues were empty unless in the pursuit of pleasure; pleasure is further differentiated into passive/active facets where the former is achieved in a state of equilibrium (balance like a web/mesh) and preferred to the latter. The practical result is the absence of pain/suffering, the abstinence of public life, and a safety in friendship. The Stoics believed in a cyclic determinism where everything that happened will repeat in after a great conflagration (reduction of elements to fire). The Platonic elements were reintroduced through the conception of a “world-soul” that connects all things through Pneuma (fire-air). The human soul, which is pure reason (rational), partakes as a citizen of the world and is obliged to uphold its virtues and organization (universal brotherhood). Plotinus (neo-platonism) refines many of Plato’s concepts and differentiates the soul into the Holy trinity (“The One”, spirit, and soul). “The One”, as a transcendental being, is ineffable and cannot be defined with predicates but synonymous with the “Good” or “Potentiality”. The spirit is the first emanation of the “The One” and identifiable with ‘nous’ or mind; the image of the God illuminates the world of essence. The soul has two faces, one turned inwards toward the spirit. The other is turned outward to interface/manifest with the body/material. The good life is the former where the soul self-forgets as it turns inwards (towards union with the one) and merges with the spirit; both soul and spirit become simultaneously two and one.

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CC-MAIN-2018-30

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- This event has passed. World Space Week October 4, 2016 - October 10, 2016 An event every year that begins at 12:00am on day 4 of October, repeating indefinitely Since its United Nations declaration in 1999, World Space Week has grown into the largest public space #STEM event on Earth. More than 1,800 events in 73 countries celebrated the benefits of space and excitement about space exploration in 2015. With our new Theme “Remote Sensing – Enabling Our Future” we aim to inspire even more events around the world in October 2016. “The General Assembly declares 4 to 10 October World Space Week to celebrate each year at the international level the contributions of space science and technology to the betterment of the human condition” – UN General Assembly resolution, 6 December 1999

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CC-MAIN-2019-09

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September in Portland, Oregon, usually brings a slight chill to the air and an orange tinge to the leaves. This year, it brought smoke so thick it burned your throat and made your eyes strain to see more than 20 feet in front of you. As historic wildfires burned more than 1 million acres and displaced more than 40,000 people in Oregon, photos of the red haze cloaking the Pacific Northwest were spotlighted on national newscasts and ogled on social media. Portland’s air quality was the worst in the world for several days, peaking at an Air Quality Index of 486 on Sept. 13. In comparison, the mean AQI in September in Beijing, known for its smoggy skies, was 77. Just a year before, in September 2019, Portland enjoyed an average AQI more typical for the city: 22. The hazardous air of the 2020 fires brought a new awareness of air quality issues in areas that don’t normally have to think about them. It prompted fresh conversations about climate change, too: A Multnomah County news release called the wildfires a “full-on disaster siren that climate change is fully here.” But when the rain finally came on September 19 and cleared the air, Portlanders rejoiced in the ability to breathe deeply again. The climate conversation and talk of air quality slowly but surely fell out of the news cycle, replaced with the election and the pandemic. But what about the communities whose air is filled with dangerous emissions every day without the drama of an apocalyptic glow? What about the people who don’t get the reprieve of a breath of fresh air? Poor air quality can be seen in metro areas across the U.S., but the distribution of that burden overwhelmingly falls on communities of color. Communities in Texas and Michigan are home to some of the most polluted air in the country, but they are also home to groups that are fiercely fighting for—and making—change. Houston is known as the energy capital of America, but that title comes with industrial refineries and chemical plants that release toxic emissions into the air. Having grown up in East Houston, near smokestacks and petrochemical plants, Bryan Parras knows this particular toxic air well. He now works for the Sierra Club as a healthy communities organizer and environmental justice advocate. His job is to identify local issues and leverage Sierra Club resources to address them most effectively. “In some ways you’re like a triage doctor, stopping the bleeding and dressing wounds,” Parras explains. “In that process, you learn about the policy decisions that have led to things to begin with. You begin to understand the dynamics that people are dealing with, and you get a deeper grasp of the intersections of housing, environment, immigration status, and all these things.” Those intersections are clear in an ongoing case against Valero Energy, a midsize oil refinery that produces 235,000 barrels of oil and petroleum products per day in Houston’s Manchester neighborhood. Valero applied for a permit to emit poisonous hydrogen cyanide in its refining process in March 2018. To fight back, Manchester community representatives are seeking party status during the permit hearings with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. According to the CDC, exposure to this chemical asphyxiant interferes with nearly every organ in the body, especially the brain, heart, and lungs, and can be fatal in high concentrations. The toxin is better known in other contexts. Hydrogen cyanide has been used for lethal injection and is the primary component of Zyklon B, the gas used for mass murder in Nazi WWII gas chambers. Parras says Valero has long been emitting hydrogen cyanide into the air in the Manchester community, but the amount is unclear because the emission was only discovered, or revealed, after a change in EPA requirements during the Obama administration. The permit request is for 512 tons of hydrogen cyanide per year. To put that number in context, community leaders and elected officials in Denver were appalled when the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment imposed a new limit that allowed nearly 13 tons of hydrogen cyanide to be emitted in 2018. The permit request in Houston caught the attention of Texas Environmental Justice Advocacy Services (t.e.j.a.s.), an organization aiming to provide Texas communities with environmental and legislative expertise to advocate for environmental justice. The group’s co-directors, Juan and Ana Parras, founded the group in 1995. Bryan Parras is their son and a member of the t.e.j.a.s. board of directors. “[Valero] were releasing without a permit for over 10 years,” Ana says. “These people are just being dumped upon.” Houstonians Can’t Breathe Manchester is one of Houston’s oldest neighborhoods. It is surrounded on three sides by a chemical plant, synthetic rubber plant, oil refineries, and a car-crushing facility, all of which belly up to the Houston Ship Channel, one of the busiest sea ports in the world. The fourth side is a train yard. A 2019 study commissioned by Air Alliance Houston, an environmental advocacy organization, found that the city’s polluting facilities are routinely clustered in and around communities where most of the residents are people of color, or where more than 30% of households are considered low-income. Manchester qualifies as both. As of 2015, 82% of Manchester residents are Hispanic, 14% are Black, and 3% are White. Some 41% of residents make $25,000 or less per year. The Valero Energy plant is just two blocks from nearby residential homes—or “fence line communities” as Ana and Juan Parras describe them. A 2016 study from the Union of Concerned Scientists found that 90.2% of the Manchester population lives within 1 mile of at least one regulated industrial facility. The EPA estimates that each year, these types of facilities have about 150 catastrophic releases, which can be fires, explosions, or emissions that pose immediate and significant danger to people and the environment. The same study also found the Manchester neighborhood’s respiratory hazard index to be 2.56. That far exceeds the EPA’s acceptable level, which is less than 1.0. In comparison, Portland, Oregon, has an average respiratory hazard index of 0.57. T.e.j.a.s and two other community representatives have received standing in the administrative hearings for the Valero permit moving forward. But Ana Parras anticipates the case lasting well into 2021, and all the while, Valero continues to emit hydrogen cyanide unrestricted. Pushing Back Against Discrimination On a faster track is the Title VI language justice case t.e.j.a.s. filed against the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Title VI prohibits discrimination based on race, color, and national origin in programs that receive federal assistance. Many of the notifications for the community hearings for the Valero case were in English only, even though 70% of Manchester residents speak Spanish at home. Also, because there weren’t adequate translators, Spanish-speaking parents would bring their bilingual children—some as young as 7 years old—to the hearings to translate for them. In this case, t.e.j.a.s. is asking that all notifications be translated into languages congruent with the community demographics, not just the first notification as stated under the current rule. “In an unprecedented two weeks, we had a hearing,” Ana says. The case has the potential to change the national EPA rules, in addition to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality rule. “The system is hard to change,” Juan says, but if t.e.j.a.s. and other organizers stop fighting these systemic environmental ills, he says, the fence line communities will suffer even greater losses. “Community is always first.” Environmental Justice Hot Spots In Michigan, organizers with the Michigan Environmental Justice Coalition are using scientific research to find and calculate the impact of environmental racism in their state’s fence line communities. For years, MEJC members had been showing up to permit hearings for industrial polluters, mobilizing and providing support for the various communities that were at risk. After a while, the coalition realized a flaw in the permitting system. “We recognized that these permits were not being considered in relationship to each other,” says Jamesa Johnson-Greer, the climate justice director at MEJC. “So, when an air permit is considered for nitrous oxide, for example, that’s only considered for that one entity, and that’s not considering the fact that these polluting facilities might by near other polluting facilities that are also emitting the same nitrous oxide.” Those facilities are often concentrated in and around low-income neighborhoods of color. The coalition commissioned a cumulative impact study by the University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability. Researchers assigned an environmental justice score for each census tract in the state based on social, demographic, and environmental data. In 2019, the researchers reported hot spots of environmental injustice—communities around the state experiencing compounding impacts from 11 environmental factors, including the respiratory hazard index, diesel exposure, air toxics cancer risks, nearby hazardous waste facilities and regulated industrial facilities, as well as traffic proximity. Unsurprisingly, those hot spots were disproportionately clustered in communities of color that had higher levels of poverty, unemployment, and educational attainment (the percent of the population over 25 without a high school diploma) than the statewide average. The report confirmed some of what MEJC already knew, such as the intense air pollution in southwest Detroit, particularly the 48217 ZIP code, which is surrounded by more than two dozen industrial polluting facilities. The environmental justice scores around Detroit were as high as 87 out of 100. But there were also surprises, according to Johnson-Greer, like the fact that Grand Rapids, Michigan, had the highest EJ score in the state: 93.99. And despite the egregious water issues in Flint, Genesee County, where the city is located, didn’t even make the top 10% of census tracts. “That actually influenced the way we did our work this year,” Johnson-Greer says, “recognizing that we needed to go and talk to people in those areas who have been doing work around environmental justice or social justice and see what the issues were on the ground.” By developing relationships with environmental advocates in Grand Rapids, MEJC learned that the town has a long history of logging and paper mills, considered one of the most polluting industries in the world because of the high concentration of chemicals in the wastewater. Johnson-Greer says that recognizing the patterns and similarities across the EJ hot spots throughout the state can help highlight the weaknesses—and, thus, the starting points for equitable environmental transitions—in statewide and national environmental policies. In particular, she points to the importance of “prioritizing those communities that are most vulnerable and recognizing that those are the communities that we need to start resourcing immediately, because they have probably also been most under-resourced and have also been left behind in past policies.” A Shift in the Collective Consciousness For Bakeyah Nelson, the executive director of Air Alliance Houston, putting the most affected communities’ needs first means using a diversity of tactics. Air Alliance Houston supports community interests by advocating for long-term legislative solutions, like developing industrial zoning laws in Houston, and by responding as-needed to threats against local communities’ air quality, such as monitoring permits for new concrete batch plants so they can alert the nearby residents of their options to fight the permit. “In advocacy, I would say there is no one size fits all,” Nelson says. “It can be proactive; we can work with groups and coalitions to put forth state level legislation to try to prevent concrete batch plants from being placed near neighborhoods. But, on a day-to-day basis, it’s more reactive in that we are tracking the permits; we see a permit and then we respond.” With limited time and resources, striking an effective balance of reactive and proactive responses can be a challenge, says Bryan Parras of the Sierra Club. But Parras is inspired by the community he serves, as well as the overall shift in public conversation he’s seen around pollution and climate change over the past few years. While affluent White communities are typically untouched by environmental racism, they are now facing the unavoidable sign of climate change, as was the case with Portland in this year’s wildfires. That can prompt powerful empathy and is moving the needle toward action on environmental justice. “Despite all of the problems, you see some real change happening in the collective consciousness,” Parras says. “There is a growth, a renaissance of activism and participation in civic life that is really beautiful to see.” Isabella Garcia is a former solutions reporter and former editorial intern for YES! Media. Her work has appeared in The Malheur Enterprise and YES! Magazine. Isabella is based in Portland. She can be reached at isabellagarcia.website.

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The Ohio Department of Health has declared a statewide outbreak of hepatitis A, with the number of cases in 2018 on track to quadruple last year’s total. The health department says the increase is in cases linked to risk factors such as illegal drug use, homelessness and people who have been incarcerated – or people who have had contact with known cases. A number of Ohio’s hepatitis A cases have been linked to outbreaks in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and West Virginia. Symptoms include fatigue, low appetite, stomach pain, nausea, clay-colored stools and jaundice. The state health department has provided more than 5,000 doses of vaccine to local health departments, and declaring an outbreak ensures access to additional vaccine through the federal Centers for Disease Control. Ohio is reporting 79 hepatitis A cases so far this year, almost double the number of cases reported during all of last year. The Ohio Department of Health's county-by-county hepatitis A webpage will be updated today -- and every Monday -- at 2 p.m.

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CC-MAIN-2020-05

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The eye can be examined with relative ease as to both its function and its structure. A practical examination consists of the capability to relocate the orbit and the reaction of the pupil to light and accommodation. The function of the eye might be tested in numerous ways. The client may be asked to identify illuminated letter or items of varying sizes on exactly what is understood as the Snellen chart. On the other hand, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in a number of ways. Tension within the eyeball is measured by a "tonometer." In certain diseases, particularly in glaucoma, the tension in the eyeball is increased noticeably. It ought to be well kept in mind that a patient with an eye issue may have other problems. Frequently other physical conditions are primary and affect the eye as a repercussion. The appearance of the eye can signal the physician and the patient to troubles in some disturbances of other parts of the body even before other symptoms present themselves. Subsequently, one's reliance on sight is emphasized when one faces a possible or short-lived irreversible loss of this essential sense. Hence, when corrective procedures are looked for, specific types of vision correction such as contact lenses or eyeglasses are recommended. On the other hand, some individuals are troubled with the truth that they have some framed lenses or contact lenses in front of their eyes. For this factor, advanced surgeries were established to motivate decreased usage of contact lenses or glasses. Among which is the now popular LASIK eye surgery. Essentially, LASIK eye surgical treatment is the short term for "Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis." Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgery is another type of vision correction. The only difference is that with this type of surgical treatment, one's vision is corrected completely. With LASIK eye surgery, the refractive mistakes in the cornea are completely changed. This can be done using an "excimer laser." The main function of this surgical treatment is to create a threadlike, rounded "flap" in the cornea using a blade called "microkeratome." In a series of unfolding and laser processing, the cornea is finally reformed, enabling much better the eye to direct more light into the retina. Popularity vs. Disadvantages Amidst the growing appeal of LASIK eye surgery, there are still disadvantages that individuals need to know. Probably, the main reason why this kind of eye surgery has ended up being well accepted read what he said is because the majority of its cases had been successful. Nevertheless, in spite of its success, there are still some downsides. Here is the list: 1. It is an operation used to the most delicate part of the eye Because LASIK eye surgery involves the operation of the retina, which is among the most delicate portions of the eye, the majority of people say that the operation can be very risky. To puts it simply, a easy mistake could nearly trigger an person's lifetime loss of sight. Thus, it is necessary to think about lots of elements before choosing whether LASIK eye surgical treatment is the best restorative procedure one has to go through. 2. It is not a ideal treatment LASIK eye surgical treatment might fix your vision but it does not necessarily mean that it can offer you a twenty-twenty. Even if statistical reports show that 70% of the my website clients may have 20/20 vision, this does not necessarily indicate they have perfect vision as well. Offered all these things, it can be deduced that, in spite of the appeal of the operation, LASIK might not constantly be the perfect eye surgery the way many people view it Alternatively, the evaluation of the structural part of the eye might be made in several ways. It must be well kept in mind that a client with an eye problem may have other problems. Often other physical conditions are main and impact the eye as a repercussion. The appearance of the eye can inform the client and the physician to difficulties in some disturbances of other parts of the body even prior to other symptoms present themselves. Like its concrete counterpart, LASIK eye surgical treatment is another kind of vision right here correction.

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Owner: Antarctic Heritage Trust, New-Zealand. This artefact comes from the collection of c.18,000 artefacts at Terra Nova Hut, the expedition base built by Captain Robert Falcon Scott and party during his 1910-1913 expedition to Antarctica. This iron-alloy tin is heavily corroded; the label and the wrapper are significantly damaged over most of their surfaces as well, stained by corrosion and covered by a thick layer of old marmalade. During initial cleaning it was apparent it would be possible to remove the paper elements from the tin, allowing more comprehensive treatment of the paper, and the opportunity to clean and stabilize the metal (surface corrosion was converted and coated). The deteriorated food content was removed from the tin, and the paper, once washed and repaired, was replaced onto and around the tin.

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Finance is a field that requires strong analytical skills and attention to detail. While many people associate finance with stock trading, there are a variety of careers in finance beyond this, such as financial forecasting and investments for businesses and clients. As the finance and tech industries become increasingly intertwined, professionals who work in these areas can maximize returns on investments for individuals and organizations. This guide explores whether a career in finance is a good option, and answers frequently asked questions about finance. What Are the Benefits of a Career in Finance? First and foremost, a career in finance can pay very well. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the average salary for financial managers is $131,710. The median salary is only a starting point; many finance managers earn much more. In fact, top earners make salaries in the hundreds of thousands to millions. Many finance careers offer a high degree of job security. It is important to note that large institutions release the bottom third of their performers (give or take) yearly. Although there is a lot of volatility and uncertainty surrounding many of these positions, finance is still a secure field. The most recent developments in the area where finance and tech (fintech) intersect enable finance professionals to stay current in an evolving field. The ongoing requirement for employees who can evaluate investment opportunities will continue to spur demand for careers in finance. Doing well in a finance job can lead to many opportunities for advancement. For example, if you start out as a financial analyst and do your job well, you could eventually become a vice president or even the chief financial officer (CFO) of your company. Additionally, if you own a business, there is no limit to how much money you can make. Education for Finance Careers While a four-year college degree is not strictly required for all finance jobs, most employers prefer candidates who have one. This is due to the complexity of the work and typical responsibilities. Jobs with more responsibilities, such as managing teams and departments, might require a master’s degree. A bachelor’s degree is a good first step to building a career in finance. Common majors, besides finance degrees, are math, statistics, accounting, or business. You might also consider a master’s degree in finance (MF) or business administration (MBA) to help you advance in your career. You may wonder if finance is a good option for a career if you’re unsure of what job you want. A finance or accounting degree can lead to many different types of jobs, which is beneficial if you want to try out different professions during your career. Once you’re in one finance career, you can use your transferrable skills and knowledge to pivot to another. Skills You Need In order to have a successful career in finance, you must have strong math skills. This includes being able to understand and work with complex financial data, like statistics, financial reports, and budgets. This means being comfortable with mathematical concepts such as probability, calculus, and algebra. If you're not confident in your math skills, consider taking some refresher courses before embarking on a finance career. Hunger to learn The roles available in financial services usually involve giving information and advice, such as through journalism, data analysis, or customer service on complex systems. Since you will be expected to become an expert quickly, it is important that you show a willingness to learn all you can about your chosen field. A business’ financial outcome is largely dependent on the company’s performance as well as various other external factors that may or may not be within our control. Skilled finance professionals use their superforecasting skills to predict outcomes with great accuracy. Skilled finance professionals understand market dynamics and the effect that changes in these dynamics can have on the company’s financial performance. Since a company’s performance is directly related to business performance, finance professionals are expected to have the business acumen that can help in the decision-making process. They should be innovative enough to automate their mundane tasks so that they can focus on activities that will add more value to themselves as well as to the organization. Great communication skills With the need for today's finance professionals to communicate with others often through email, conference calls, chat, or in person, cubicles are no longer the only place they are restricted to. When communication is face-to-face, it requires interpersonal skills. Finance professionals are expected to have a good awareness of their written and oral communication skills. They should also have a good working knowledge of the financial jargon and acronyms that are in common usage. As finance involves numbers, anything that is wrongly communicated could affect the company’s brand in the external world. Analytical thinking is another important skill for finance professionals. You must be able to analyze data and identify trends to make sound decisions, and you need to always be ready to think critically and solve problems. Those who are not naturally analytical can improve their skills by working with a finance tutor, taking courses, and practicing on their own time. Attention to Detail Paying close attention to detail is of the utmost importance in finance as one small mistake can have a ripple effect, causing major financial implications. For example, if an error is made when inputting data into a spreadsheet, this could lead to an incorrect financial statement. If this occurs, personal financial investors or creditors could be given inaccurate information about the company's financial well-being, which could cause them to lose money. Therefore, it is essential to be precise and accurate when handling numbers in this career.

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July 4th is the day we celebrate the United States of America's founding and this year marks our 238th year as a nation. And while of course there is always lots of celebration in the form of food, fireworks and fun, it's also important to know some facts about the historical day. Some historians and authors believe that the actual Independence Day may be July 2nd. According to author Kenneth C. Davis, "John Adams wrote home to Abigail on the 3rd that this day, July 2 will go down in history." The president also described how the day should celebrated, much of what we still do today. He wrote, "The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America, It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells, Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more." And despite these words of significance for July 4th, the day didn't become a federal holiday until 1870, and it wasn't until 1938 that it became a paid legal holiday. Oddly enough, the 4th is also the anniversary of three presidential deaths, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson both died on July 4, 1826, and five years later James Munroe died as well. And though it's our national holiday, celebrations are not limited to our borders, Denmark and Norway celebrate the day because thousands of Danes and Norwegians emigrated to this country back in the early 1900s. Other nations like England, Portugal and Sweden hold festivities on or near American military bases or areas highly populated with American tourists. This day also marks the biggest hot-dog day of the year. Americans eat approximately 20 billion hot dogs a year, 155 million of which are consumed on the 4th. Its celebrations will also generate at least $190 million in beer sales, and ultimately causes over 1,000 injuries from fireworks. Happy 4th of July!

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The horse traitors Horses have become the meat of a bitter debate at the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge The majestic, free-spirited wild horses of Northern Nevada had sure made a mess of Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge. They’d stomped all over the creeks, muddying the delicate gravel spawning grounds for the Lahontan cutthroat trout. They’d nibbled away at much of the upland vegetation, robbing the native pronghorn antelope and mule deer of habitat and cover against predators. Sensitive grasslands had been turned to muck from so much of their trampling. Forget for a second that whole idea about horses being some noble, stirring symbol of the West. As U.S. Fish & Wildlife officials tell it, the herds that roam the 575,000-acre Sheldon refuge are more like a bunch of klutzy Clark Griswolds that, for all their harmless intentions, leave destruction in their wake. But it’s hardly a laughing matter. “It’s a desert out here, and the problem we’re having is that too many horses concentrate on all the water and damage the resources,” says refuge manager Brian Day. “They’re taking all the vegetation off and turning it into a big mudhole.” Not exactly what Mother Nature intended. “These horses are not wildlife,” says Day. “What we consider them is feral domestic livestock.” Today, refuge bosses figure there are about 1,500 of these “feral domestic livestock” lording over the area. Thus in recent years, wildlife officials began chipping away at the growing herd of wild horses at Sheldon. In the past two years, they took out about 1,100 of them. It’s not a terribly controversial decision in itself. Unlike the Bureau of Land Management, which is bound by law to manage horses on its lands, U.S. Fish & Wildlife is charged with keeping things comfortable for native species—and are required to regularly remove horses for the benefit of those species. In the case of Sheldon, a half-million-plus-acre refuge at the northwest border of Nevada, that includes the sage grouse, pronghorn antelope, mule deer, bighorn sheep and other animals. No spirited symbol of freedom on the list here; horses are deemed invaders. “The BLM, in my opinion, does a good job of managing wild horses, but that’s not part of our mission,” explains David Johnson, deputy project leader for the Sheldon/Hart Mountain National Wildlife Refuge Complex. “We’re accountable to the American public by following the processes in place and meeting our mission of managing this place for wildlife.” The June 19-20 roundup of about 330 horses was part of a broader plan. After officials rid the area of destructive cattle in the ‘90s, it was now the horses’ turn to go—not completely, but almost. In a bow to the public’s appetite for oohing and ahhing at wild horses, officials set a goal of keeping about 100 horses on the range. But what was supposed to have been just a routine culling sparked a stampede of outrage—and accusations of carelessness, callousness and cover-ups. Wild-horse activists say that in their zeal to curb the number of horses on Sheldon, federal officials ignored pleas to postpone the removal and needlessly ran to death several colts and foals. Further, they claim that the department’s scheme for mass adoptions will surely send some horses to the slaughterhouse. Why hate on the horses?, advocates wonder. It’s nothing personal, officials say; it’s part of the preservation program. Critics characterize the management culture of the wildlife refuge as a place where the view of wild horses isn’t that different from the way most people view rats. And the fact that wild horses are tough to rein in—they’re fast breeders with no predators to keep them in check—has given way to a dismissive, get-rid-of-’em attitude. “They arbitrarily said they wanted 100 horses on the refuge because that’s what they can tolerate and get away with,” says Jerry Reynoldson, president and founder of preservation group Wild Horses 4Ever. “If they had determined 100 is the right amount due to scientific research, I would support that. But how did they arrive at 100? What is the science behind that?” But even if wildlife officials’ reasoning was sound, some say their timing of the removal was tragically unsound. Head ’Em Up, Move ’Em Out The June horse removal at Sheldon was the latest round in a long, exhausting game of catch-up for U.S. Fish & Wildlife. For the past decade or so, the region’s wildlife managers had focused their work on 278,000-acre Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge just over the border in Oregon, where the horse population had gotten out of hand. “Due to limited funding, we had to make a conscious decision to determine where we were going to do our roundups, and we decided to concentrate on getting Hart Mountain horse-free. In the meantime, this population [in Sheldon] went through the roof,” Johnson says. Officials figure that in the mid-'90s, there were about 250 horses in Sheldon; over the next decade, the herds would supersize to more than 1,500. Day explains: “They don’t regulate their own numbers, and there’s nothing out that regulates them. We just didn’t have the time and resources to do it.” The roundup was a bit of long-overdue housekeeping for the sensitive land. Depending on with whom you talk, the June 19-20 capture at Sheldon either went off without a hitch or was a vision of horse hell—even to veteran cowhands, who’ve seen their share of roundups and adoptions. The timing was controversial from the start. While the breeding cycles of wild horses vary, by most accounts June is the tail end of foaling season, and the grim prospect of running merely weeks-old horses to death didn’t sit well with wild-horse activists, and even refuge workers were nervous about bad press. Despite pressure from animal welfare groups, including the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Fish & Wildlife went ahead—after all, the contractor upon whom they relied wasn’t available later. Paul Steblein, project leader for the Sheldon/Hart Mountain refuges, says only two foals died—one in the corral from injuries, one in the refuge from dehydration and exhaustion. Not true, says another eyewitness who wished to remain anonymous. Calling it a “disaster,” he says he saw six dead foals; they had apparently strayed during the roundup, got lost and presumably died of exhaustion. Three more found alive were taken to an Oregon veterinarian. It only proves, the witness says, the bad decision to round up near foaling season. He says not even the BLM, whose job is to gather horses, will round them up at such a sensitive time of year. Little wonder, he says, that security for the gather was tightened up this year—guarding the corrals and the horse trap—for fear that activists would try to document an episode in which bad timing becomes animal cruelty. He says that among the 330 or so horses gathered, nearly 60 were foals—about 18 percent—giving the lie to officials’ claim that they’re well out of horses’ birthing season. Despite that tight security, the witness managed to take photos, which are on the Web site of the American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign, an umbrella group of more than 30 horse-welfare organizations. The photos include what appear to be dead foals. “The numbers [of dead foals] purported [by critics] is very unlikely,” Steblein says when asked about the Web site’s photos. “We covered the area of the gather three times by helicopter [to check for lost foals].” He says that many horse-advocate groups are against any type of gathering and will spin and distort information for alarmist ends. “Irrespective of the politics of horse roundups, there were some major problems with this one,” counters Virginie Parant, the preservation group’s campaign director. “You’re just looking at pure animal cruelty. They did not have to let it come to this. There are responsible ways of handling things, but instead they let things go awry, and then conducted a completely irresponsible roundup.” Steblein disagrees. “If you look at their [American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign] Web pages, there are seemingly dozens more dead and injured, and that’s not the case. The injury and mortality rates of this gather are easily comparable to anything previous.” If the timing of the roundup initially sparked the indignation of horse activists, the Web fed the flames. In weeks leading up to the removal, a viral storm of angry e-mails and Internet postings took shape among wild-horse advocates—and was directed at federal officials. Talking to wildlife bosses, it’s clear this is largely a bitter propaganda war in which they find themselves hastily posting documents online to counter the sometimes-hysterical claims of overzealous horse advocates. Virginia-based wild-horse campaigner John Holland, for instance, has written that Sheldon broke federal law by not doing proper “environmental evaluation” studies before the June roundup. In response, last week Susan Saul, a regional outreach specialist for U.S Fish & Wildlife, posted three documents online to prove they’re following the National Environmental Policy Act—the 1977 Sheldon Horse Management Plan, the 1980 Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge Renewable Natural Resources Management Plan Final Environmental Impact Statement, and the 2000 Environmental Action Memorandum. “We’re not required to do an individual document for every horse gather,” she explains. She’s also put up fact sheets and articles explaining why the feds need to periodically cull the horses. The government will try to get the last word when it gets started on the Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservation Plan later this year. And if every last horse happens to disappear from the refuge? Officials point out there are more than 30 BLM herd-management areas within a 200-mile radius of the refuge. Other critics have said federal officials are being pressured to radically lower the horse count in order to raise the number of game animals—which brings in sought-after hunting-tag revenue. But wildlife officials point out it’s the state, not the federal government, that reaps the benefits, and the state denies leaning on the refuge to get rid of the horses. “We have always cooperated with our federal partners and provided input into their land-use planning process,” says Dave Pulliam, habitat bureau chief at the Nevada Department of Wildlife. “We have exerted no pressure on them to remove horses but have identified horses as having a negative impact on Sheldon in the past.” A Semantic Can Of … Horses According to BLM figures, in 1971—when the Wild Horse and Burro Act was passed—there were 17,300 wild horses in the United States. Their number peaked in 1981 at abouat 52,000—and then it plunged again. As of 2005, there were more than 27,000 wild horses roaming the states, mostly in Nevada. But it’s not as though wild horses are in danger of riding off into the sunset … right? Jerry Reynoldson of Wild Horses 4Ever says it’s not such a far-fetched notion. He says in 10 states, wild horse populations have dropped by 50 percent—not due to cautious horse management, but due to overzealous gathering that stems from flawed science pegging wild horses as the culprits for all sorts of environmental damage (whereas Reynoldson blames factors such as drought and previous cattle damage). But he cracks open a broader can of philosophical worms when he questions how government officials can arbitrarily decide what counts as a native species and what counts as a feral invader. Gee, goes the reasoning of the devil’s advocate, can’t humans be considered feral invaders, too? Such cheek aside, the rift in terminology reflects a rift in philosophy. According to officials at Sheldon, which was established in 1931, wild horses aren’t native. This particular refuge’s feral stock took root largely from escaped and freed U.S. Cavalry horses that were no longer needed as the military was gradually mechanized. By Reynoldson’s reasoning, the horses were there before the refuge was officially established, so why aren’t they considered native? Moreover, their connection to horses that evolved in North America over millions of years (and then disappeared about 10,000 years ago, then returned to the continent thanks to Spanish explorers) gives them a sort of grandfathered VIP pass to exist. “Any species that’s been there for thousands of years, born without any kind of human intervention—what kind of qualifier do they need?” Reynoldson says. “What kind of ecosystem would we be creating if we picked a winner and a loser in certain geographical areas? If something lives out there, was born out there and has been out there for thousands of years, how do you deny it’s wild?” Case in point: Reynoldson got in an argument recently with a friend over a skunk that lives in the woodpile behind Reynoldson’s house. Reynoldson called it a “wild skunk"; his friend balked at his definition of wild. But to Reynoldson, those all-too-human concepts of time and distance are silly yardsticks by which to judge what’s wild, what’s domestic, what’s feral, what’s natural and what’s not. “How far does the skunk have to live from town before he’s wild?” Reynoldson says. “I don’t know the answer, but it’s a question worth asking.” Virginie Parant of the American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign calls wild horses a “reintroduced native wildlife species.” “The argument that they’re non-native is an old and silly argument,” she says. Since their reintroduction to the continent by Spanish explorers, she says, “horses have been evolving on this continent for the past 500 years. These aren’t feral cats we’re talking about here.” Feral or wild, invaders or natives—it’s all the same to a Frenchman’s palate. Indeed, the most immediate fear of horse advocates is that the 300-plus horses gathered last month from the refuge are in danger of meeting their end not as the surprise birthday gift of a squealing pre-teen girl, but the slaughterhouse. To handle the load of horses, Fish & Wildlife has hired three bulk adopters, who are charged with finding homes for the equines—and are expected to do their own background checks and follow-up work. “It’s easy to accuse someone of sending horses to slaughter, even if it’s not true,” says the refuge’s David Johnson, anticipating the accusations. In order to counter the image that federal wildlife officers view the horses as mere vermin, he admits that on a previous horse roundup and adoption, 21 horses did end up at a slaughterhouse—but Johnson discovered the mistake in the nick of time and spent more than $20,000 of his own money to buy them back. “I’ve had people accuse me of not caring, and that’s not true. Our whole staff is very committed to seeing these horses don’t end up in slaughter. We’ve worked with these adoption agents, and we’ve screened them.” One adoption contractor, Gary Graham, has received particular scrutiny from wild-horse advocates because, in the past, he rented a corral in New Mexico that had been previously used to sell horses to “killer buyers,” or slaughterhouse agents. “If I moved into a bank robber’s house, would that make me a bank robber too? The fact I leased down there had nothing to do with slaughter.” Graham says he’s tired of the shrill accusations and hysteria. “It bothers me that people would stoop so low to make up something like that. I know what the real truth is, and I sleep well every night.” At least, perhaps, until the fall, when Fish & Wildlife has another roundup planned. This time, officials will be braced for criticism, whether it has a basis or not. “I think most everyone in the end cares about horses, but some of them want to stop the gather no matter what,” says Steblein. “They think all the horses should be out on the range and doing fine by themselves, which is not the case. They will eat out house and home.”

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One of the first wars that the young Dominion of Canada had to face was the Boer War of 1899-1902. Canada became involved in the conflict between the British Empire and the Dutch settlers (“Boers”) of the Boer Republics in South Africa, when the pro-Empire feelings of the English-Canadian population outweighed those of the more isolationist Quebecois, labour, and farmer groups. However, recognizing the divided nature of his country’s attitude towards the conflict, then-Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier compromised by calling for a volunteer-only force that would be Canada’s contribution to the British Empire’s efforts. Learn more about Canadian efforts in the Second Boer War here and here. Thus, the Second (Special Service) Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry (2 RCRI) was formed. Consisting of 1000 men evenly-split between eight companies, the enthusiastic but mostly untrained troops were, in the words of their commanding officer Lt. Col. William Otter, “capable of not much more than forming ranks and marching without getting out of step too often.” Despite their inexperience, the 2 RCRI gave an excellent account of themselves in their first major engagement, the Battle of Paardeberg, a drift on the north side of the Modder River between 18-27 February 1900. The Canadians were responsible for creeping near the Boer lines at 2am on the 27th. Just as they were about to reach the Boers, they hit a tripwire, resulting in a fusillade of lead being fired into them by the Dutch settlers. The phrase “Retire!” was heard, and some of the Canadians began to retreat to their lines. Some members of the two Maritime companies remained in place and continued to fire into the Boer lines. This sustained fire was sufficient to convince the Boers’ General Cronje of his position’s futility and he soon surrendered his 4,000-strong element of the Boer army. Considering the two Canadian Maritime companies consisted of no more than 250 men – mostly new recruits – it was no surprise that the morale boost to the British and Canadian contingents was quite significant. The 2 RCRI and subsequent Canadian contributions soon achieved a reputation for being able to punch above their weight. Despite the lack of “barrack yard polish,” “they more than make up for it in spirit and dash and a certain air of self-reliant readiness to hold their own,” opined Lt. E.W.B. Morrison of the Royal Canadian Field Artillery. Also from Western Canada came the Strathcona’s Horse mounted rifles, a roughly 500-men and 600-horse regiment raised and funded entirely by a private individual: Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, or simply known as Lord Strathcona. Comprised of experienced riders and North-West Mounted Police (the precursor to today’s Royal Canadian Mounted Police), the Strathcona’s required relatively little training and were one of the most battle-ready forces to enter the South African theatre. Their mobility and hardiness made them one of the most effective forces available to the British, especially in the latter phase of the war when the Boers, having realized their inability to face British forces head-on, turned to hit-and-run guerrilla operations. Main photo: Members of the Royal Canadian Regiment crossing Paardeberg Drift in South Africa (Credit: LAC M#3194539).

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The aim of the experiment is determination of a mount of bismuth in Pepto-Bismol antacid tablets using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer instrument (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) instrument. As well as to see the interpretation of the resultant data from the instruments programs using curves and correct calculations. Bismuth one of the most important components to treat gastro-intestinal illness, for example, diarrhoea, heartburn. Bismuth is found in sea water. However, increase of bismuth in the body could be effect on the liver and kidney () There are some techniques used to determine amount of bismuth, First, atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS), this a technique for quantitative fixing of minerals by transference of a sample to atomic steam and gauge of absorption at a wavelength specified to the trace of benefit. Atomic absorption spectroscopy is one of the most considerable equipment in analytical chemistry, the(AAS) is use the absorption of light to gauge the concentration of gas -phase atoms. The analyte concentration is measured from the value of absorption. The determination of known concentration with standard by using calibration curves after calibrating the instrument. (AAS) has a lot of uses in chemistry, for example, water analysis, clinical analysis pharmaceuticals. Second, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ICP-OES is an analytical technique used to metals and it is a type of Spectroscopy that uses the inductively coupled plasma to produce atoms and ions. ICP-OES is a trace-level, racial analysis technique that uses emission spectrum a sample to determine. can determine the samples through inserted into the plasma in a method that desolates, ionizes by their characteristic emission lines. The uses of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy ICP-OES is trace analysis of water samples, environmental soil, Minerals and Healthcare. There are some problems such as the much high temperature ensures that the sample matrix does not produce any interfering components that vigoro hinder the analysis. In addition, it is difficult to get accurate result without using the original standard, as well as there is no information on chemical form of sample.

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Interactive map: "Your warming world" Call it the new normal. Last year was the ninth warmest on record across the globe, according to NASA's annual analysis of surface temperatures. But by recent standards, it was nothing special: all but one of the hottest 10 years have happened since 2000. The single exception – 1998 – was influenced by a very strong El Niño, in which warm water from the western Pacific spreads to the east, increasing the transfer of heat from the oceans to the atmosphere. The global average figures from the annual analysis of surface temperatures, released today by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, tell only part of the story. Local and regional changes can be even more extreme. To visualise how temperature has changed around the globe, take a peek at New Scientist's interactive map of the entire historical temperature record from the NASA analysis. Watch the video to get started. Although 2012 was not a record breaker in global terms, it was an extreme year for the Arctic and North America, with temperatures exceeding 3 °C above the average for NASA's baseline period of 1951 to 1980. Last week, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration announced that 2012 was the warmest year on record for the continental US. NASA's analysis confirms this conclusion. According to team leader James Hansen, an unusually warm spring dried out the soil across much of the country, leaving little moisture to moderate summer temperatures through evaporative cooling. Still, the steady rise in global average temperature seems to have levelled off in the past few years. One reason may be that the El Niño conditions that prevailed in the first half of the decade gave way to La Niña, which reduces heat transfer from the oceans. If so, prepare for more record-breaking years when El Niño returns. If you would like to reuse any content from New Scientist, either in print or online, please contact the syndication department first for permission. New Scientist does not own rights to photos, but there are a variety of licensing options available for use of articles and graphics we own the copyright to.

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How do you calculate battery capacity in amp-hours (Ah) at different “C” rates? For instance, I know that a battery with a capacity of 200 Ah at C/20 has a different capacity at C/100. When you size a PV system with a battery bank of, say, 800 Ah, how do you tell what C-rate the battery bank is using? C-rates are also called “hourly rates,” and are based on the length of time of discharge. A C/20 rate means that battery capacity is calculated based on completely discharging it over the course of 20 hours. So, if you have a 1,000 amp-hour battery bank, charging or discharging at 50 amps would be a C/20 rate (1,000 Ah ÷ 50 A = 20 hrs.). standard for comparing deep-cycle battery capacity is at the C/20 rate, because it approximates the 24-hour discharge period of most off-grid systems. Many battery manufacturers’ data sheets also provide capacity information for C/5 and C/100 rates, which are useful in other industries. It is possible to calculate battery capacity at any given C-rate, if you know Peukert’s exponent for the battery. Peukert was a German scientist who derived the formula for the relationship between battery capacity and discharge rate. Battery manufacturers do not typically provide Peukert data on their spec sheets, but it may be available by contacting them. It = C × [C ÷ (I × H)] k – 1; where H = rated discharge time in hours; C = rated capacity at that discharge rate; I = actual discharge current in amps; k = Peukert exponent It = effective capacity at the discharge rate “I” Most flooded lead-acid batteries have a Peukert exponent between 1.2 and 1.4, while most absorbed glass mat (AGM) batteries are between 1.05 and 1.2—but keep in mind that these figures will increase as the batteries age. Peukert’s exponent for a given battery can also be calculated if the manufacturer provides you with the capacity ratings at two different discharge rates. That math is complicated, but there’s a helpful spreadsheet (and detailed information on applying Peukert’s law) at renewable energy system will be charging or discharging at different C-rates throughout the course of any given 24 hours. With a battery monitoring system that logs data to a computer spreadsheet, it’s possible to calculate the C-rate at any given instant. And though it seems strange, your usable battery bank capacity is continuously changing. Fortunately for the typical home RE system owner, discharge C-rates are, on average, quite low. Consider a 48 V battery bank of 1,000 Ah in a system that’s designed to provide 10 kWh of backup energy per day. Those 10 kWh equal 208 Ah. This divided by 24 hours equals 8.7 A. That’s a daily average rate of C/115 (1,000 ÷ 8.7), far slower than the C/20 rate used for comparison when selecting batteries. It’s true that large loads that are used during those 24 hours will increase Peukert effects and reduce usable battery capacity, but this example is also figured with no solar input. On sunny days, the C-rate of discharge will be even slower. Folks working with electric vehicles must pay closer attention to Peukert’s law. A typical EV’s battery bank has much lower capacity than one in a typical solar home, since both battery weight and bulk must be minimized in vehicles. Also, use battery energy at very high rates—under some conditions, the battery might be fully discharged in less than an hour. For solar energy applications, simply using proper system sizing guidelines such as online spreadsheets or consultation with your local RE dealer will keep the batteries’ C-rates reasonable, usually much better than C/20. Peukert’s exponent will only raise its ugly head if you drastically undersize your battery bank for your loads, or in specialized applications like electric vehicles.

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Urinary tract infection symptoms are unpleasant at best. UTI’s are mostly found in women. They are bladder (cystitis) and kidney (nephritis) infections usually caused by the introduction of bacteria into the urethra. Infection is easily transmitted because of the closeness of the anus, the vagina and the urethra. UTI's can also be caused by sexually transmitted diseases. Besides drinking plenty of water to flush out the infection and improving hygiene for protection, various nutrients are also beneficial. Here’s what you can do to help prevent UTI’s. Clean up your lifestyle. Stop smoking, decrease stress, exercise regularly and drink plenty of pure water. Water helps to keep the urinary system clean and functioning properly. After a bowel movement, wiping from the front to the back lessens the possibility of infection. Avoid processed and fried foods, sugars, salt, alcohol, caffeine products, etc. Change your diet to a whole food program to improve your immunity. Eat organic whole grains, free-ranging meats, plenty of fresh fish and lots of colorful fruits and vegetables. And eat garlic regularly or take a good quality garlic supplement high in allicin – it helps to control nasty bacteria. Keep your fat consumption below 30% of your diet. For more information see Top Ten Healthy Habits For Youth and Regeneration. Even when you do the best you can, it’s still hard to get everything you need from the foods you eat. Get yourself on a good whole food, natural multi-vitamin complex. Increase your intake of quality essential oils, the EPA and DHA in the Omega-3 family. These beneficial fatty acids improve glandular and hormonal output which positively affects your overall health. Vitamin B complex helps your body handle the stress of daily life. Garlic (non-deodorized only) and Acidophilus complex help to maintain a healthy bacterial balance in your body. And vitamins A, C & E, selenium and phytonutrients are great antioxidants. For the Health, Weight Loss and Natural Nutrition Newsletter, click here. Click here for the Site Map Articles you might also enjoy - PMS (Premenstrual Syndrome) Symptoms How “GO” and “NO” Can Help You Manage Your Weight © Copyright Moss Greene. All Rights Reserved. Note: The information contained on this website is not intended to be prescriptive. Any attempt to diagnose or treat an illness should come under the direction of a physician who is familiar with nutritional therapy.

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Scientists have discovered the existence of a type of particle that’s never previously been observed, which demonstrates unprecedented chemical stability for its kind. It’s big news for chemists and physicists – but the achievement isn’t just exciting for theoretical scientists, because, if researchers can figure out how to make it in the lab, it could also enable new kinds of consumer products, such as aluminium-ion batteries. The new discovery is the modelling of what’s called a tri-anion particle, so-called because they contain three more electrons than protons. While these have been found before, they’ve always been atomically unstable in the gas phase due to their surplus of electrons – that is, until now. Researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University used computer modelling to show that stable tri-anions are in fact possible – at least hypothetically – as long as you’ve got the right molecular ratios of the elements boron and beryllium paired with the chemical compound cyanogen. Tri-anion particles are usually unstable in the gas phase because their extra electrons means they dispel additional electrons due to strong electrostatic repulsion, which interrupts chemical reactions. But a team led by physicist Puru Jena used quantum mechanical calculations to show that a molecule called BeB11(CN)12 is actually chemically stable – so robust in fact, that they described it in their paper as exhibiting “colossal stability”. “This is very important in this field, nobody has ever found such a tri-anion,” says Jena. “Not only can it keep three electrons but the third electron is extremely stable.” The researchers also had success substituting cyanogen for the chemical compounds thiocyanate (SCN) and borate (BO) . “The implication of the extraordinary stability of the above tri-anions is that one can regard this class of clusters as super-pnictogens,” the researchers write, “analogous to super-halogens discovered more than 30 years ago.” Pnictogens are a class of chemicals including nitrogen and phosphorus that have three unpaired electrons in their outermost electron shell, and which are known for their stability. What that means in terms of industrial applications is that they could be used to develop new kinds of aluminium-ion batteries, with the tri-anion helping to make the battery conductive by moving from one of its electrodes to the other. Much like with di-anions – particles that have two additional electrons – tri-anions could be used for much more than just batteries, however. “Such particles are very important for many reasons. Number one, they make salts. Secondly, they are used in all kinds of chemical compounds, such as those in floor cleaners as oxidising agents that kill bacteria,” Jena says. “They are also used to purify air, which is a billion-dollar industry, and in mood enhancers, similar to what Prozac does. The potential uses are endless.” To be clear, the results are only based on computer modelling for now, so someone still needs to physically create the particle in the lab. But perhaps the most exciting part of the discovery is that now that we know these colossally stable kinds of particles are possible, it will encourage scientists to look for what other kinds of never-before-seen molecular arrangements are out there. “The guiding principles we have used in this paper will help with the design of other tri-anions,” Jena says. “The question is: What do we do with this knowledge?” It sounds like it won’t be long before we find out. The findings are reported in Angewandte Chemie.

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by Associate Clinician Felicia Pasquale I frequently have new clients tell me they just got their blood test results back from their doctor and their vitamin D levels are low, even though they have been taking a vitamin D supplement for months, or even years. There is a good explanation for this! In order for your body to absorb vitamin D, you must be able to digest fats, have proper kidney and liver function, and have adequate calcium and vitamin K. Vitamin D is a fat soluble vitamin. Therefore, you must have optimal digestion in order to absorb vitamin D. That means your body must produce enough enzymes and hydrochloric acid in order to digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Enzymes and HCL are only the start of the digestive process. The digestive system works in a synchronized fashion; each metabolic action is a precursor for the next. Everyone needs to be on their game. Optimal liver function is also essential to digestion. The liver makes bile. Bile breaks down fats. The liver sends bile to the gallbladder for storage. The gallbladder concentrates the bile and secretes it into the small intestines when needed. Bile breaks down large fat molecules into smaller ones, allowing the small intestines to absorb the nutrient. Vitamin D is dissolved in fat molecules. Not only does the liver produce bile that aids vitamin D absorption, but the liver also converts the inactive form of vitamin D to the active form, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. The kidneys then convert 25-Hydroxyvitamin D to the most potent form of vitamin D, 1.25 dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of vitamin D encourages calcium absorption in the intestines as well. Vitamin D is essential for bone health, optimal mood, and immune function. Vitamin D enables the building of calcium in the bone. A process called bone remodeling allows the body to have access to calcium when needed. During this process, osteoclasts break down the old bone, allowing it to re-absorb into the tissues of the body, while osteoblasts allow the bone to rebuild, taking calcium from the tissues. Without proper vitamin D, bone remodeling is not optimal, causing weak bones. In addition to vitamin D, vitamin K2 actives osteocalcin, which is produced by the osteoblast (bone building) activity. Osteocalcin is needed to bind calcium into the matrix of the bone. This is another reason why I have my clients bring in their vitamin D supplement that they are taking, to make sure it has all the co-factors needed to absorb the vitamin D in the supplement. Not all supplements are created equal. In addition to lacking ideal digestion, kidney or liver function, clients can actually be taking a vitamin D supplement that their body cannot absorb. This can cause problems. If the body can’t absorb the supplement, it will cause undue stress on the body in its efforts to eliminate it. If it cannot be eliminated, it will store the excess in an organ. That’s why it is very important to have a supplement tested on each individual to see if it is appropriate. It is not always necessary to take a vitamin D supplement to absorb what is necessary. You can acquire vitamin D through exposure to the sun. The ultraviolet rays in the sun activate a cholesterol-like substance in the skin, which, through a few metabolic processes, converts to vitamin D3. We know the liver and kidneys secrete an enzyme that converts vitamin D3 to an active version that our body can assimilate. Ideal exposure to the sun would be 15 to 20 minutes per day, 3 to 4 times per week, mostly on the face. Every person has bio-individual needs. A good rule of thumb is to stay out in the sun half the time it would take for the skin to burn. No sunscreen or sunblock should be worn, as this will prevent the vitamin D absorption. For individuals who are prone to burning, stay in the sun 5 minutes, then 10 minutes, then 15 minutes, continuing to work their way up until they can manage the sun without getting burnt. Between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. is the best time to be exposed to the sun. Ultraviolet rays are the greatest between these times. Summer is the most ideal time to get maximum exposure to ultraviolet rays, although getting sun on your face during spring, fall, and winter can definitely help. The sun will not only help vitamin D absorption, but also will improve mood. Increased sunlight exposure activates a brain hormone called serotonin. Serotonin produces feelings of well-being. Vitamin D strengthens the immune system by providing nourishment to tissues and cells in the body, allowing optimal cellular function. Cells are like little cities. The DNA of a cell is the mayor of the city. It gives the cell instructions on how it is to function. Other functions of the cell include the garbage man, the lysosome. They remove waste from the cell. The cellular membrane is the wall of the city with guards. They let good guys (nutrients) in and prevent bad guys (toxins and pathogens) from coming in. Without a properly running city or cell, there is chaos and dysfunction, which ultimately leads to disease. Increasing vitamin D to proper levels involves more than just taking a random vitamin D supplement. Digestion must be corrected. Stressors must be removed from the liver and kidneys so they can detoxify. Proper nutrition must be taken to allow the liver and the kidneys to function optimally. Lastly, every effort needs to be made to get some type of sun exposure, as well as eating a whole food diet rich in vital nutrients.

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The cap and trade legislation supported by the Obama administration is a stealth strategy for a massive long-term tax increase. It is a large tax on all American households, and the tax burden rises in future years without any need for further legislation. It will evolve into an enormous new source of tax revenue for the government. A cap and trade system is supposed to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by raising the price of CO2-intensive goods and services like gasoline, electricity, and a wide range of industrial products. This, in theory, will induce consumers to shift their spending to services and products that involve lower levels of CO2 emissions. It achieves these price increases by requiring firms that create CO2 in their production process, or sell goods like gasoline that create CO2 when used, to have a permit per ton of CO2 emission. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that reducing the level of CO2 to 15 percent less than the total level of U.S. emissions in 2005 would require permit prices that would increase the cost of living of a typical household by $1,600 a year. To put that $1,600 carbon tax in perspective, a typical family of four with earnings of $50,000 now pays an income tax of about $3,000. The tax imposed by the cap and trade system is therefore equivalent to raising the family's income tax by about 50 percent. (Some advocates of a cap and trade program argue that the cost to households could be much less than $1,600 if the government uses the tax revenue to finance transfers to low income households and tax cuts to others, but since there is no way to know how the future revenue would actually be used, the only number we have to consider is the $1,600 direct increase in the burden on households.) The Waxman-Markey bill that recently passed the House Energy and Commerce Committee would cause an even greater initial rise in the cost of living by its requirement to cut CO2 emissions to 17 percent less than the 2005 level of emissions rather than the 15 percent reduction assumed in the CBO estimates. (European officials are, moreover, calling for the United States to agree to a much bigger initial cut--20 percent less than the U.S. emission level in 1990.) As the legislated CO2 reduction increases automatically after 2020, the price of the permits would rise to further limit consumers' demand for CO2-intensive goods and services. The Waxman-Markey legislation requires the CO2 level in 2050 to be an amazing 83 percent less than it was in 2005, and a study by the EPA estimates that the price of the permit would rise from about $20 a ton in 2020 to more than $75 a ton in 2050. The higher permit costs would be reflected in the prices that households would pay for CO2-intensive goods and services. Rises in the cost of living would be greater for households that use more energy and CO2-intensive goods and services. The implied rate of the cap and trade carbon tax would therefore rise with income. In that way it would act like an income tax--reducing the reward for additional effort by putting a tax wedge between the individuals' additional work effort and the resulting increase in their standard of living. But while it would collect more tax from higher income households, the cap and trade tax would be a relatively heavier burden on lower-income and middle-income households. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that spending on "carbon based energy" is 21.4 percent of income among households in the lowest income quintile but only 4.1 percent of income in the highest income quintile. Although the cap and trade plan that President Obama proposed during the campaign called for auctioning all of the CO2 permits, members of Congress in heavily industrialized states and in states that use coal to generate electricity refused to support the plan unless the auction process was eliminated. To get their support, Waxman and Markey agreed to a fundamental change in the structure of the program. Instead of auctioning the permits, about 85 percent of them would initially be given away to a variety of firms. (Since a firm that had excess permits would be able to sell them to other firms, the price of the permit would still be determined by what firms were willing to pay for excess permits, just as it would be in an auction system.) Electricity distributors would get the largest amount--more than 30 percent of the total permits. If electricity regulators required these distributors to pass along the benefit of the free permits to consumers in the form of lower electricity prices, this source of CO2 would not be reduced. That would require raising the cost of other CO2-intensive products to achieve the required overall reduction in CO2. The proposed cap and trade plan also provides an escape hatch for firms that emit CO2. Instead of reducing their own emissions or buying permits at auction or from other firms, they could pay others to take actions that reduce global CO2 emission. They could, for example, pay for the planting of trees to absorb CO2 emissions from the atmosphere or pay firms in other countries that are not covered by CO2 caps to reduce their CO2 emissions. The Financial Times estimates that the regulated European market for such carbon offset credits will increase to more than $60 billion next year. Such offset activities are obviously difficult to monitor. It is even more difficult to judge the extent to which these extra CO2 reductions would have occurred without the financial inducements. The Waxman-Markey legislation provides that the annual giveaway of permits would eventually phase down so that more than half of all permits would be auctioned after 2050. This would create a massive rise in tax revenue that could finance new government spending without the need for any new tax legislation. The Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution estimates that just stabilizing CO2 emissions at the current level could produce revenue of more than $470 billion a year (in today's prices) by 2050. They estimate it would be a 9 percent increase in total non-CO2 federal tax revenue, an amount equivalent to $200 billion a year in today's economy. The rise in the prices of U.S. goods would make them less competitive. American firms would suffer in export markets and domestically in competition with goods imported from countries that do not impose such a high implicit tax on CO2 emissions. There would no doubt be pressure to impose tariffs on imports from other countries that have lower carbon costs. This might be welcomed by the unions that now seek to use foreign labor practices as an excuse for tariffs on imports, but countervailing tariffs based on carbon content would hurt American consumers and threaten our global trading system. And, despite the high cost to American households and the economy, the proposed cap and trade plan would do little to deal with concerns about global warming. Although there is a broad scientific consensus that the increasing level of total global CO2 emissions is raising temperatures, which could have significant adverse long-term effects, the potential U.S. reduction of CO2 would not be enough to prevent those adverse effects unless China, India, and other rapidly industrializing countries also agreed to major reductions in their CO2 emissions. The proponents of enacting a U.S. cap and trade program at the present time "to show U.S. leadership" so that other countries will follow are naïve to think that China and India will agree to major CO2 reductions without financial inducements. The Chinese and Indians have stressed their opposition to any major reduction in their CO2 emissions and have given no indication that their position would change if we enacted limits on our CO2 emissions. It would be a big mistake to enact legislation before the international meeting in Copenhagen in December where these issues can be discussed and a negotiation could begin. The initial shift from an auction process to giving away permits is just one of many departures the Waxman-Markey bill makes from the type of pure cap and trade system that appeals to many economists. They favor cap and trade over administrative regulations like automobile mileage standards and smokestack scrubber requirements because the uniform price of permits allows every amount of CO2 reduction to be achieved at the least cost to the economy. The 900-page Waxman-Markey bill imposes a wide array of costly administrative regulations that should be unnecessary if CO2 is limited by a cap and trade plan. Fifteen percent of electricity must be produced with renewable technologies, including wind, solar, and biofuels. Household appliances must meet various efficiency standards. The Obama administration has added a 39-mile-per-gallon fleet efficiency standard for new automobiles. To the extent that these rules restrict behavior, the result will be a more expensive way of reducing CO2 than a pure cap and trade arrangement. The combination of permit giveaways to selected firms, separate administrative regulations aimed at CO2 reduction, and a market for offset credits means that the Waxman-Markey bill lacks the efficiency virtues of the classic cap and trade system. Some of its supporters may not care that it reduces U.S. emissions inefficiently and does little to reduce global warming as long as it produces a large future source of government revenue. If cap and trade legislation is passed, it should be for a relatively limited period of time like five or ten years rather than the 40-plus year horizon in the Waxman-Markey bill. We need to see how the system works in practice. In particular, it is not clear how CO2 monitoring and compliance will work in all of the participating countries. Scientific knowledge in this field is changing rapidly, and our approach to global warming should be flexible as we learn more. One important approach being explored by scientists, geo-engineering, is not even recognized in the Waxman-Markey legislation or in the administration's original proposal. (Geo-engineering uses a variety of technologies to offset the warming effects of the level of CO2 in the atmosphere.) If one or more of the geo-engineering methods is successful, it will be possible to have higher levels of CO2 emissions without the adverse environmental effects. And the higher level of CO2 will allow a higher level of economic activity and a higher standard of living. Governments around the world should be devoting more research funds to promising ideas. If there is to be a U.S. cap and trade plan to reduce CO2 emissions, it would be best to avoid the big revenue creation of permit auctions and the arbitrary congressional granting of free permits to favored industries and firms. Tradable electronic permits should instead be distributed directly to all households. This distribution could reflect the average spending on CO2-intensive goods in different income groups and geographic areas. Individuals could then sell the permits through an organized auction exchange. The payments that they received would offset most of the adverse effects on their standard of living of the higher prices that they would have to pay for CO2-intensive goods and services. Such a system of individual permit distribution would reduce CO2 with all of the efficiency advantages of a pure cap and trade system but without increasing taxes and enlarging government. Martin Feldstein, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers under President Reagan, is a professor at Harvard University.

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From the moment it emerged for public use, the Internet has proven itself as a vast source of information in all areas of social life. That wealth of information is of great use and value for journalists, especially investigative journalists, in conduct of investigations and preparation of their reports. On the other hand, the open nature of internet, its interactivity and the opportunity that social networks and social media offer to all people to act as reporters, when they find themselves at the right place in the right time, demands great care and vigilance by the journalists to confirm and verify the online sources of information they use. The Verification Handbook for Investigative Journalism, prepared and published by the European Journalism Centre, is intended primarily for investigative journalists, but also for all journalists that rely on online sources and face questions about the credibility and veracity of those sources. The Handbook collects in one place series of useful advise, procedures and case studies, prepared by experienced journalists and editors with long experience of work in traditional and online media. The Handbook, in PDF format, is attached to this article.

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The study described in the release concerns the effect of nicotine on mice. Pregnant mice were given nicotine late in pregnancy. The offspring had reductions in hearing ability. The study went further, though, to implicate this as a specific developmental problem. The timing of exposure makes a difference. Nicotine apparently damages the acetylcholine receptors in the developing brain in utero, preventing normal hearing response in the adult. The implication for human medicine is that pregnant smokers who are given a nicotine patch to prevent other harmful effects from cigarette smoke may still be at risk for infants whose hearing may be impaired by third-trimester exposure to the nicotine from the patch.

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There are three major joints to consider when teaching a Squat: the hip, the knee, and the ankle. If any one of these three joints is limited in its range of motion (ROM), then any of the squatting poses will be awkward and uncomfortable. You can do some simple ROM tests with your students who are struggling with these poses. The first and easiest joint to test is the hip. Pavanamuktasana, or Leg Cradle, is a simple exercise that can help you assess hip ROM. The student should lie on her back, bend her right knee, and use her hands to try to hug her right thigh to her ribs. She should test this on each side, and then hug both knees to the ribs at the same time. If she can do this, then her hips have sufficient ROM to do a Squat. In fact, if our student could hug her knees this way and we were able to roll her up off her back and onto her feet, she would actually be in the Squat. The next joint to consider is the knee. The pose that tests its ROM is a simple lunge, called Crescent Pose, or Anjaneyasana. In Taoist Yoga, it is called Dragon Pose. The student first kneels with his right foot in front and his left knee on the floor. Placing his hands on the floor for balance, he should slowly bend his right knee to lower himself closer to the floor. At the same time, he should lean forward and press his ribs to his right thigh to help push deeper into the lunge. His arms should be on each side of his right leg for balance. He should keep leaning, bending his knee and leaning forward until the back of his right thigh (his hamstrings) press against his right calf. If he can do this, then his knee has the ROM for a Squat. In fact, he is already doing a Squat with his front leg. If we could bring his left leg forward into the same position, he would be squatting. Help your student test both sides. Please note that it is okay for the heel of the front foot to come off the ground in this test. We are testing the ROM of the knee, not the ankle. The final joint to consider, and the one most likely cause difficulties, is the ankle. Specifically, we need to test how far the ankles can dorsiflex, or bend upward. The test for this is also the Crescent Pose, the same pose we used to test the knee. The student kneels with the right foot forward and left knee on the floor. But this time when he bends his knee leans forward; we want him to stop at just the point where the front heel starts to raise off of the floor. This is the limit of his ankle flexibility. If a student's heel starts to come off of the floor before the back of the upper leg (hamstrings) is pressing the calf muscle, then squatting will be difficult or impossible to do with the heels down. The Principle of Counterbalance Why must the ankle be flexible to do a flat-footed Squat? Couldn't a student compensate with loose hip or knee? No. Most yoga students have adequate flexibility in the hips and knees to do a Squat, but many can't do it because of the ankles. The reason for this is the principle of counterbalance. This principle is most easily demonstrated by standing with legs straight and bending forward with a flat back. Doing this is the middle of the room is no problem for most people. One needn't be very flexible, just flexible enough to hinge forward a little below horizontal. But here is the trick: Try to do this while standing with your back against a wall, legs straight, and heels touching the wall. You will find this impossible to do without falling forward. Why? When we stand straight with feet together, we unconsciously balance equal amounts of weight on the front and back of our feet. When we lean forward in the middle of the room, we bring much more weight in front, but we unconsciously move our hips backward just enough to counterbalance the weight of the torso. This is why we don't fall forward even when we hold our spines parallel to the floor. Our hips shift backward just enough to counterbalance the torso. When we are standing against the wall, it is impossible for us to shift our hips back. So when we lean our torsos forward, we fall. What has this to do with the Squat? When we bend our knees and sink into a Squat, our hips shift backward. This must be counterbalanced by bending the knees forward. But we will only be able to bend our knees forward until the ankle has run out of ROM. After that, the only way to bend the knees forward is to allow the heels to lift. You can demonstrate how the knees need to bend forward to counterbalance the hips by trying to perform a Squat while facing a wall. Stand facing a wall with your knees about six inches away from the wall. Now try to squat. Your knees will bend until they contact the wall. Then, if you try to squat further, you will fall backward because you have no forward counterbalance. Knees or Torso When teaching Uktasana, look around the room and observe who is able to hold the spine nearly vertical and who is leaning awkwardly. You should observe that those who are nearly vertical have more ankle flexion, and those who are leaning forward have less. The less flexible their ankles, the more a student has to lean the torso forward to counterbalance her hips. Shape of the Bones Limit the Ankle The most important factor in determining how far an ankle flexes is the shape of the bones. When doing the Crescent Pose as a test for ankle ROM, ask your student to focus on the feeling at the top of the foot, the joint where the shinbone meets the foot. When these bones make contact, they are in a state of compression, and this is the end of the ankle's ROM. What to Do? The best help to offer a student with limited ankle mobility is to have them stand with their heels on a slight elevation, such as a thin block or rolled towel, when it is time for squatting poses. This adds ROM because they are starting from a slightly pointed foot position. You might also teach variations of the Squat done while balanced on the balls of the feet. This takes more strength and balance, but many students find it a pleasant alternative to doing Squats with the heels down. Another option is to allow students to turn their feet out and open their knees wide. This makes it easier to lean the torso forward between the legs. This helps counterbalance the hips. The final option is to just leave your students alone and encourage them to do the best they can, even if they are always going to lean forward when squatting. Paul Grilley has been studying and teaching yoga since 1979.

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What animals are in danger? The Earth is currently experiencing its sixth major animal extinction event. One out of four mammals and over 40 percent of amphibians are threatened with extinction due to human activity, ie., habitat destruction, over exploitation, climate change, pollution, as well as human overpopulation. Join Alexa Answers Help make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the worldLEARN MORE

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Table of Contents - Objectives of Business Environmental Analysis - Process of Business Environment Analysis Objectives of Business Environmental Analysis Business Environmental analysis has three basic objectives, which are as follows: 1. Help understanding Existing Environment It is important that one must be aware of the existing environment. Business Environment analysis should provide an understanding of current and potential changes taking place in the micro environment. Micro environment specifies the type of products to be offered, the technology to be adopted and the productive strategies to be used to face the global competition. 2. Provision of Data for Strategic Decision-making Business Environment analysis should provide necessary data for strategic decision-making. Mere collection of data is not adequate. The data so collected must be used for strategic decision-making. 3. Facilitating Strategic Linking in Organizations Business Environment analysis should facilitate and foster strategic linking in organizations. Process of Business Environment Analysis The process of Business environment analysis involves many steps, which are as follows: - Collection of necessary information. - Scanning and searching of information. - Getting information by spying. - Forecasting the conditions. - Observing the environment. We shall now discuss each one of them briefly. 1. Collection of necessary Information Collection of necessary information is the first stage in the process of business environment analysis. It involves the observation of various factors prevailing in a particular area also. If an environment is to be analyzed, written as well as the verbal information from various sources with regard to the elements of environment for that particular business is to be collected first. 2. Scanning and Searching of Information Scanning and searching is an important technique of business environment analysis. Once the necessary information has been collected, it should be put to scanning. Besides, the search for other relevant information also continues. This technique gives results as to the hypothesis already established. This helps the analyst to know as to what are the conditions prevailing for a particular business at a time. 3. Getting Information by Spying Spying is also one of the techniques of business environment analysis. When the activities of a particular business are to be analyzed and such information cannot be collected by traditional methods, the technique of spying is resorted to. This happens especially when business rivalry exists. Mostly, this technique is used to collect competitive information. 4. Forecasting the Conditions Scanning provides a picture about the past and the present. However, strategic decision-making requires a future orientation. Forecasting is the scientific guesswork based upon some serious study. So it helps to know how a business in particular and conditions in society in general are going to take shape. 5. Observing the Environment One can analyze a business environment by merely observing it. The observation reveals various conditions prevailing at a particular point of time. This is helpful in understanding the existing environment in its entirety so that suitable decisions can be taken. Assessment is made to determine implications for the organization’s current and potential strategies. Assessment involves identifying and evaluating how and why current and projected environmental changes affect or will affect strategic management of the organization. It aims at answering questions, like what are the key issues presented by the environment? what are the implications of such issues for the organization?

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