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Last December, the respected journal “Oceanography” published projections ( see graphic below ) for this rising acidity, measured by falling pH | Dynamic patterns and ecological impacts of declining ocean pH in a high-resolution multi-year dataset. | 1 | [
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The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers. | The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 Mya, and then intensified during the Pleistocene about 3 Mya. | 0 | [
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“Arctic land stores about twice as much carbon as the atmosphere. | The amount of carbon sequestered in permafrost is four times the carbon that has been released to the atmosphere due to human activities in modern time. | 1 | [
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“The chain of events that links the melting Arctic with weather to the south begins with rising global temperatures causing more sea ice to melt. | The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. | 0 | [
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The authors seem to have jumped right into statistical analysis without proposing a physical mechanism that works. | Presently, oceans are CO2 sinks, and represent the largest active carbon sink on Earth, absorbing more than a quarter of the carbon dioxide that humans put into the air. | 0 | [
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Ice Sheet losses are overestimated. | The IPCC projects that ice mass loss from melting of the Greenland ice sheet will continue to outpace accumulation of snowfall. | 1 | [
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While the link between cosmic rays and cloud cover is yet to be confirmed, more importantly, there has been no correlation between cosmic rays and global temperatures over the last 30 years of global warming. | In 2013, a laboratory study by Svensmark, Pepke and Pedersen published in Physics Letters A showed, that there is in fact a correlation between cosmic rays and the formation of aerosols of the type that seed clouds. | 1 | [
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The knock-on consequences affect national security, as the scale of the challenges involved, such as pandemic disease outbreaks, are overwhelming. | A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft, is a jet airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. | 0 | [
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Cooks ’97% consensus’ disproven by a new peer | These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory. | 0 | [
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Unlike the simple example of positive feedback we learned in high school, the increase from every round of feedback gets smaller and smaller, in the case of the enhanced greenhouse effect. | This releases more stored carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can naturally re-absorb, as well as reducing the overall forest area on the planet, creating a positive feedback loop. | 1 | [
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Scientists have known for some time, from multiple lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate, primarily through greenhouse gas emissions. | The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. | 1 | [
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The costs of inaction far outweigh the costs of mitigation. | This phrase next appeared in a November 1957 report in The Hammond Times which described Roger Revelle's research into the effects of increasing human-caused CO 2 emissions on the greenhouse effect: "a large scale global warming, with radical climate changes may result". | 0 | [
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Marine life has nothing whatsoever to fear from ocean acidification.” | Calcium carbonate also becomes more soluble at lower pH, so ocean acidification is likely to have profound effects on marine organisms with calcareous shells, such as oysters, clams, sea urchins, and corals, because their ability to form shells will be reduced, and the carbonate compensation depth will rise closer to the sea surface. | 1 | [
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“Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat. | Increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide and ozone have correspondingly strengthened their absorption and emission of infrared radiation, causing the rise in average global temperature since the mid-20th century. | 0 | [
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“During ice ages, caused by wobbles in the Earth’s orbit, sea levels dropped more than 400 feet as ice piled up on land. | Sea levels drop due to the removal of large volumes of water above sea level in the icecaps. | 1 | [
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Final data for 2016 sea level rise have yet to be published. | Between 1900 and 2016, the sea level rose by 16–21 cm ( 6.3–8.3 in ). | 1 | [
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Less energy is escaping to space : Carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) acts like a blanket; adding more CO2 makes the 'blanket' thicker, and humans are adding more CO2 all the time. | The reason for this is that human activities are adding CO2 to the atmosphere faster than natural processes can remove it ( see carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere for a complete explanation ). | 1 | [
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The decline in tree-ring growth is openly discussed in papers and IPCC reports. | In 2007 climate scientists of the IPCC concluded that there was at least a 90% probability that atmospheric increase in CO2 was human-induced, mostly as a result of fossil fuel emissions but, to a lesser extent from changes in land use. | 0 | [
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In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995 | Nature considered that emails had not shown anything that undermined the scientific case on human-caused global warming or raised any substantive reasons for concern about the researchers' own papers. | 1 | [
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In fact, in recent years when cosmic rays should have been having their largest cooling effect on record, temperatures have been at their highest on record. | The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) in Louisville on July 24, 1952, while the lowest is −17 °F (−27.2 °C) in northern Floyd County on January 27, 1940. | 0 | [
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the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events ( Jens Raunsø Jensen ) | But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation. | 1 | [
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While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control. | Physical evidence shows that the variation in Earth's climate is much more extreme than the variation in the intensity of solar radiation calculated as the Earth's orbit evolves. | 1 | [
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Scientists project that the Arctic will be ice-free in the summer of 2013. | Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. | 1 | [
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Without carbon dioxide, all life on Earth would die | In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. | 0 | [
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With that in mind, they propose a plausible and terrifying “2050 scenario” whereby humanity could face irreversible collapse in just three decades. | Chalmers' argument is that it seems plausible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe and observe about a human being must be true of the zombie. | 1 | [
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That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations. | These, together with other anthropogenic drivers, are "extremely likely" (where that means more than 95% probability) to have been the dominant cause of the observed global warming since the mid-20th century. | 0 | [
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It shows that ECS is probably between two and 4.5 degrees, possibly as low as 1.5 but not lower, and possibly as high as nine degrees. | Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated at 60 - 120 ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at 120 ECTS credits or not credit rated. | 1 | [
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Multiple lines of independent evidence indicate humidity is rising and provides positive feedback. | Self-verification is the drive to reinforce the existing self-image and self-enhancement is the drive to seek positive feedback. | 1 | [
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We’ve contacted them to ask more details about the size of the Sif. | La Niña is the positive and cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and is associated with cooler-than-average sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. | 0 | [
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Stress from unusually warm ocean water heated by man-made climate change and the natural El Nino climate pattern caused the die-off. | However, over time the term has evolved and now refers to the warm and negative phase of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and is the warming of the ocean surface or above-average sea surface temperatures in either the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. | 1 | [
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In fact, the authors go on to estimate climate sensitivity from their findings, calculate a value between 2.3 to 4.1°C. | The consensus theory of the scientific community is that the resulting greenhouse effect is a principal cause of the increase in global warming which has occurred over the same period, and a chief contributor to the accelerated melting of the remaining glaciers and polar ice. | 0 | [
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The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather | In contrast to the melting of the Arctic sea ice, sea ice around Antarctica has been expanding as of 2013[update]. | 0 | [
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Policy makers who want to help the residents of the Marshall Islands today should look at improving the islands’ resilience | "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet". | 0 | [
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Temperature errors in the Great Lakes region are not incorporated in any of the global mean temperature records. | Geostatistical algorithms are often incorporated in GIS software applications. | 1 | [
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The connection between the vanishing Arctic ice and extreme summer weather in the northern hemisphere is probable, according to scientists, but not yet as certain as the winter link. | Europe also saw the 2013-2014 Atlantic winter storms in Europe which has been linked to the cold winter in North America. | 1 | [
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When accelerating ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica are factored into sea level projections, the estimated sea level rise by 2100 is between 75cm to 2 metres. | For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm ( 2 ft ) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm ( 3 ft ). | 1 | [
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The CO2 that nature emits (from the ocean and vegetation) is balanced by natural absorptions (again by the ocean and vegetation). | Paleoclimatology uses a variety of proxy methods from the Earth and life sciences to obtain data previously preserved within rocks, sediments, boreholes, ice sheets, tree rings, corals, shells, and microfossils. | 0 | [
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"The observed data show that CFCs conspiring with cosmic rays most likely caused both the Antarctic ozone hole and global warming... | Robert Watson found this "very disappointing" and said "We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy." | 0 | [
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The projection that much of the Great Barrier Reef could perish within the next few decades could turn out to be too pessimistic, since other research has shown that some species of corals are surprisingly resilient to the stress from changing ocean temperatures. | Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths, but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures. | 1 | [
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for every renewable energy job that the State manages to finance, Spain’s experience...reveals with high confidence, by two different methods, that the U.S. should expect a loss of at least 2.2 jobs on average | In essence, a tropical monsoon climate tends to either see more rainfall than a tropical savanna climate or have less pronounced dry seasons. | 0 | [
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Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done. | Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. | 1 | [
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Weather Channel co-founder John Coleman provided evidence that convincingly refutes the concept of anthropogenic global warming. | The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. | 0 | [
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Hocker is claiming that his model shows that the long-term upward trend in CO2 is explained by temperature, when his methods actually removed the long-term trend. | Any imbalance results in a change in temperature. | 1 | [
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But his results are evidence that the actual climate sensitivity is about 3°C for a doubling of atmospheric CO2. | Export-oriented manufacturing previously contributed to a much larger share of economic output, peaking at 36.9 per cent of GDP in 1985 and falling to less than 1 per cent in 2017. | 0 | [
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Ironic' study finds more CO2 has slightly cooled the planet | CO2 in the mesosphere acts as a cooling agent by efficiently radiating heat into space. | 1 | [
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While there are uncertainties with climate models, they successfully reproduce the past and have made predictions that have been subsequently confirmed by observations. | The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97.1% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming. | 0 | [
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unadjusted data suggests that temperatures in Australia have only increased by 0.3 degrees over the past century, not the 1 degree usually claimed | They proposed that changes in air circulation patterns have led to increased upwelling of warm, deep ocean water along the coast of Antarctica and that this warm water has increased melting of floating ice shelves at the edge of the ice sheet. | 0 | [
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But as that upper layer warms up, the oxygen-rich waters are less likely to mix down into cooler layers of the ocean because the warm waters are less dense and do not sink as readily. | The Spörer Minimum has also been identified with a significant cooling period between 1460 and 1550. | 0 | [
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Renewables can't provide baseload power. | By the 1970s, scientists were becoming increasingly aware that estimates of global temperatures showed cooling since 1945, as well as the possibility of large scale warming due to emissions of greenhouse gases. | 0 | [
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Human additions of CO2 are in the margin of error of current measurements and the gradual increase in CO2 is mainly from oceans degassing as the planet slowly emerges from the last ice age. | Antilla 2005: "One problematic trend of the US media has been the suggestion that substantive disagreement exists within the international scientific community as to the reality of anthropogenic climate change; however, this concept is false…Although the science of climate change does not appear to be a prime news topic for most of the 255 newspapers included in this study…articles that framed climate change in terms of debate, controversy, or uncertainty were plentiful." | 0 | [
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This small warming is likely a result of the natural alterations in global ocean currents which are driven by ocean salinity variations. | Coral that loses a large fraction of its zooxanthellae becomes white (or sometimes pastel shades in corals that are pigmented with their own proteins) and is said to be bleached, a condition which, unless corrected, can kill the coral. | 0 | [
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In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier. | During the late 20th century, a scientific consensus evolved that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere cause a substantial rise in global temperatures and changes to other parts of the climate system, with consequences for the environment and for human health. | 0 | [
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The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain. | With the production of CO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, oceans are becoming more acidic since CO2 dissolves in water and forms the acidic bicarbonate ion. | 1 | [
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"A July 6, 2007 study published in the journal Science about Greenland by an international team of scientists found DNA “evidence that suggests the frozen shield covering the immense island survived the Earth’s last period of global warming,” according to a Boston Globe Article. ... | The higher CO2 levels led to an additional climate warming ranging between 0.1° and 1.5 °C. | 0 | [
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In Alaska, brown bears are changing their feeding habits to eat elderberries that ripen earlier. | Grizzlies in Alaska supplement their diet of salmon and clams with sedge grass and berries. | 1 | [
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Renewable energy investment kills jobs | The Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research is a climate research centre in Bergen, Norway. | 0 | [
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'Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959. | According to the NOAA, Mauna Loa is the world's oldest continuous CO2 monitoring station, and the world's primary benchmark site for measurement of the gas. | 1 | [
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The global surface mean temperature-change data no longer have any scientific value and are nothing more than a propaganda tool to the public. | It is a major aspect of climate change and has been demonstrated by direct temperature measurements and by measurements of various effects of the warming. | 1 | [
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The motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides variability on time scales from years to centuries. | It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. | 0 | [
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world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990 | Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade. | 1 | [
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The bottom line is there’s no solid connection between climate change and the major indicators of extreme weather | The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the Canada Basin (between Alaska/Canada and the Alpha Ridge), Makarov Basin (between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), Amundsen Basin (between Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges), and Nansen Basin (between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the Franz Josef Land). | 0 | [
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Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project. | It is "extremely likely" that this warming arises from "human activities, especially emissions of greenhouse gases" in the atmosphere. | 0 | [
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Small amounts of very active substances can cause large effects. | The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is much lower than it was when plants emerged onto land during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. | 0 | [
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Water levels correlate with sunspots | The warmest year on record is 2012, with a mean temperature of 57.4 °F (14.1 °C). | 0 | [
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Modellers assume carbon dioxide drives climate change | Massive peat burn is speeding climate change. | 1 | [
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Fundamental physics and global climate models both make testable predictions as to how the global climate should change in response to anthropogenic warming. | The defining characteristic of all scientific knowledge, including theories, is the ability to make falsifiable or testable predictions. | 1 | [
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"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | This is predicted to produce changes such as the melting of glaciers and ice sheets, more extreme temperature ranges, significant changes in weather and a global rise in average sea levels. | 0 | [
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“We almost take forests as a given but we lose forest every year, which means we are diminishing them as a carbon sink. | acting as a carbon sink. | 1 | [
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But by far the largest greenhouse gas is water vapour, which makes 95 per cent of the total. | The most common gases in Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen ( 78% ), oxygen ( 21% ), and argon ( 0.9% ). | 1 | [
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A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island. | For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend ( for 1979–2002 ) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the ( modeled ) UHI contribution. | 1 | [
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The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites, and by natural thermometers. | Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise. | 0 | [
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'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider. | The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations that is dedicated to providing the world with objective, scientific information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of the risk of human-induced climate change, its natural, political, and economic impacts and risks, and possible response options. | 1 | [
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For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles. | Despite one of the strongest El Nino ever recorded in the Pacific Ocean, a largely positive North Atlantic Oscillation prevailed over Europe during the Winter of 2015-2016. | 0 | [
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It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness. | Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination. | 0 | [
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Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions. | The Framework Convention was agreed on in 1992, but global emissions have risen since then. | 0 | [
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The Conservatives' recent budget made no mention of climate change. | (the angle between the equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane) is the maximum value of δ for the Sun and the average maximum value for the Moon over an entire 18.6 year cycle. | 0 | [
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The exception to this ice loss is Antarctic sea ice which has been growing despite the warming Southern Ocean. | Increased sea ice extent does not indicate that the Southern Ocean is cooling, since the Southern Ocean is warming. | 1 | [
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Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016. | In March 2017, the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of an 800-kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures, an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change. | 1 | [
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Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades. | Interpretation of ice core and clam shell data suggests that between 800 and 1300, the regions around the fjords of southern Greenland experienced a relatively mild climate several degrees Celsius higher than usual in the North Atlantic, with trees and herbaceous plants growing, and livestock being farmed. | 0 | [
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Global warming is an increasingly urgent problem. | Climate Change and Financial Instability Seen as Top Global Threats. | 1 | [
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“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health. | When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems. | 1 | [
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"In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | Findings show that Greenland has lost 3.8 trillion tonnes of ice since 1992, enough to raise sea levels by almost 11mm (1.06cm). | 0 | [
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Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa. | "The potential volume of oceanic methane hydrates with variable external conditions". | 0 | [
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The top five countries for passenger aviation-related carbon emissions were rounded out by China, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. | In Europe, the average airline fuel consumption per passenger in 2017 was 3.4 L / 100 km ( 69 mpg‑US ), 24% less than in 2005, but as the traffic grew by 60% to 1,643 billion passenger kilometres, CO₂ emissions were up by 16% to 163 million tonnes for 99.8 g / km CO₂ per passenger. | 1 | [
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Trudeau's carbon tax will raise gas prices by 11 cents/litre. | The main balancing feedback to global temperature change is radiative cooling to space as infrared radiation, which increases strongly with increasing temperature. | 0 | [
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Evidence is building that net cloud feedback is likely positive and unlikely to be strongly negative. | Climate change threatens to diminish crop yields, harming food security, and rising sea levels may flood coastal infrastructure and force the abandonment of many coastal cities. | 0 | [
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“So now we’re able to explain from natural factors how we’ve had the 20th Century warming. | Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures. | 0 | [
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If we halve the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere, all life dies. | With a weaker jet stream, the Polar vortex has a higher probability to leak out of the polar area and bring extremely cold weather to the middle latitude regions. | 0 | [
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If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming. | Among papers expressing a position on AGW, an overwhelming percentage ( 97.2% based on self-ratings, 97.1% based on abstract ratings ) endorses the scientific consensus on AGW. | 1 | [
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Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet | Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. | 1 | [
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Water vapour is the most dominant greenhouse gas. | In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in September. | 0 | [
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The main reason behind this mid-century cooling was global dimming due to anthropogenic sulfate aerosol emissions. | "Climate change skepticism" and "climate change denial" refer to denial, dismissal or unwarranted doubt of the scientific consensus on the rate and extent of global warming, its significance, or its connection to human behavior, in whole or in part. | 0 | [
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In 1999 New Scientist reported a comment by the leading Indian glaciologist Syed Hasnain, who said in an email interview with this author that all the glaciers in the central and eastern Himalayas could disappear by 2035. | — WWF p. 29 On page 2, the WWF report cited an article in the 5 June 1999 issue of New Scientist which quoted Syed Hasnain, Chairman of the International Commission for Snow and Ice ( ICSI ), saying that most of the glaciers in the Himalayan region will vanish within 40 years as a result of global warming. | 1 | [
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and three Nobel economic laureates support direct investment in technology rather than a carbon tax. | The Yale economist William D. Nordhaus has spent the better part of four decades trying to persuade governments to address climate change, preferably by imposing a tax on carbon emissions. | 1 | [
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Scientists say the recent climate agreement negotiated in Paris is not remotely ambitious enough to forestall a significant melting of Greenland and Antarctica, though if fully implemented, it may slow the pace somewhat.” | The potential for major sea level rise depends mostly on a significant melting of the polar ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica, as this is where the vast majority of glacial ice is located. | 1 | [
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parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable | At current rates, sea level would be high enough to make the Maldives uninhabitable by 2100. | 1 | [
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Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960 | One such method, based on principles of dendroclimatology, uses the width and other characteristics of tree rings to infer temperature. | 1 | [
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They all confirm the original hockey stick conclusion : the 20th century is the warmest in the last 1000 years and that warming was most dramatic after 1920. | They judge that global mean surface air temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 °C over the last 100 years, broadly consistent with prediction of climate models, but also of the same magnitude as natural climate variability. | 1 | [
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Most likely the primary control knob on climate change is the ocean waters and this environment that we live in. | Scleractinian skeletons are composed of a form of calcium carbonate known as aragonite. | 0 | [
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