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‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California. | Wetlands can be dry during the dry season and abnormally dry periods during the wet season, but under normal environmental conditions the soils in a wetland will be saturated to the surface or inundated such that the soils become anaerobic, and those conditions will persist through the wet portion of the growing season. | 1 | [
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Warmer seasons or triennial phases are followed by an atmosphere that is rich in CO2, reflecting the gas solving or exsolving from water, and not photosynthesis activity. | Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in the upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere. | 1 | [
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What they find is sea level rise has been steadily accelerating over the past century. | However scientists have found that ice is being lost, and at an accelerating rate. | 1 | [
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There is a link between climate change and the NSW bushfires. | "Climate change could impact the poor much more than previously thought". | 0 | [
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The idea that climate change is producing heat records across the Earth is among the most egregious manipulations of data in the absurd global warming debate. | Both the American East Coast and parts of the American Midwest had record high temperatures, killing two people on the 8th. | 0 | [
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Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change. | Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot. | 1 | [
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This could mean the landmark Paris Climate Agreement – which seeks to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius ( 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit ) above pre-industrial levels – may not be enough to ward off catastrophe. | In 2015 all UN countries negotiated the Paris Agreement, which aims to keep climate change well below 2 °C. | 1 | [
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The research also revealed how large areas of the polar ice caps could collapse and significant changes to ecosystems could see the Sahara Desert become green and the edges of tropical forests turn into fire-dominated savanna. | Water that is saltier or cooler will be denser, and will sink in relation to the surrounding water. | 0 | [
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The human contribution can be up to 30 percent or so of the total rainfall coming out of the storm | We show that at the present-day warming of 0.85 °C about 18% of the moderate daily precipitation extremes over land are attributable to the observed temperature increase since pre-industrial times, which in turn primarily results from human influence. | 1 | [
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Water levels correlate with sunspots. | Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46. | 0 | [
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The increase in temperatures since 1975 is a consistent feature of all reconstructions. | These reconstructions have consistently shown a slow long term cooling trend changing into relatively rapid warming in the 20th century, with the instrumental temperature record by 2000 exceeding earlier temperatures. | 1 | [
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It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback. | "More recently, evaporation over lakes has steadily been increasing, largely due to increases in water surface temperature," Gronewold said. | 0 | [
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'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider. | Like landfill gas, biogas is mostly methane and carbon dioxide, with small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen. | 0 | [
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Greenland ice sheet won't collapse | The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. | 0 | [
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While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual. | Researchers have warned that current economic modeling may seriously underestimate the impact of potentially catastrophic climate change and point to the need for new models that give a more accurate picture of potential damages. | 1 | [
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While there are many drivers of climate, CO2 is the most dominant radiative forcing and is increasing faster than any other forcing. | The expansion phase of a pulsation is caused by the blocking of the internal energy flow by material with a high opacity, but this must occur at a particular depth of the star to create visible pulsations. | 0 | [
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This means the jet stream meanders more, with big loops bringing warm air to the frozen north and cold air into warmer southern climes.” | The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area, but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses. | 1 | [
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Just 0.7% of the world’s forests are coastal mangroves, yet they store up to 10 times as much carbon per hectare as tropical forests. | Later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States, beginning in 2007. | 0 | [
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Most people expect this year will see a record low in the Arctic’s summer sea-ice cover. | The Arctic sea ice minimum is the day in a given year when Arctic sea ice reaches its smallest extent, occurring at the end of the summer melting season, normally during September. | 1 | [
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Armed conflicts over resources may become a reality, and have the potential to escalate into nuclear war. | The Soviets suppressed the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and later more escalating crises occurred, such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ), the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, which was perhaps the closest the two sides came to nuclear war. | 1 | [
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Warming causes more moisture in the air which leads to more extreme precipitation events. | One of the strongest predictions of the greenhouse effect is that the stratosphere will cool. | 0 | [
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...there [is] anecdotal and other evidence suggesting similar melts from 1938-43 and on other occasions. | Observation with satellites show that Arctic sea ice area, extent, and volume have been in decline for a few decades. | 0 | [
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Rather, global polar bear numbers have been stable or slightly improved.” | These feedbacks can change the role of the oceans in taking up atmospheric CO 2 making it very difficult to predict how the ocean carbon cycle will operate in the future. | 0 | [
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Tree-ring proxy reconstructions are reliable before 1960, tracking closely with the instrumental record and other independent proxies. | The deviation of some tree ring proxy measurements from the instrumental record since the 1950s raises the question of the reliability of tree ring proxies in the period before the instrumental temperature record. | 1 | [
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The killer proof that CO2 does not drive climate is to be found during the Ordovician- Silurian and the Jurassic-Cretaceous periods when CO2 levels were greater than 4000 ppmv ( parts per million by volume ) and about 2000 ppmv respectively. | The Triassic ( / traɪˈæs.ɪk / try-ASS-ik ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago ( Mya ), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.3 Mya. | 1 | [
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Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections. | For example, in 2007 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) projected a high end estimate of 60 cm ( 2 ft ) through 2099, but their 2014 report raised the high-end estimate to about 90 cm ( 3 ft ). | 1 | [
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Global warming is increasing the magnitude and frequency of droughts and floods. | Climate change also increases droughts and heat waves that inhibit plant growth, which makes it uncertain whether this balancing feedback will persist in the future. | 1 | [
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Medieval Warm Period was warmer than the climate warming today. | The Medieval Warm Period ( MWP ) also known as the Medieval Climate Optimum, or Medieval Climatic Anomaly was a time of warm climate in the North Atlantic region lasting from c. 950 to c. 1250. | 1 | [
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On a world scale coral reefs are in decline. | Reconstructions have consistently shown that the rise in the instrumental temperature record of the past 150 years is not matched in earlier centuries, and the name "hockey stick graph" was coined for figures showing a long-term decline followed by an abrupt rise in temperatures. | 0 | [
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“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere. | The upper temperature level is given by the soil or water surface of the earth, which absorbs the incoming sun radiation and warms up, evaporating water. | 1 | [
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Therefore human emissions upset the natural balance, rising CO2 to levels not seen in at least 800,000 years. | The current scientific consensus on climate change is that the Earth underwent global warming throughout the 20th century and continues to warm. | 0 | [
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A number of independent studies using near-global satellite data find positive feedback and high climate sensitivity. | Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. | 0 | [
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They concluded that trends toward rising climate damages were mainly due to increased population and economic activity in the path of storms, that it was not currently possible to determine the portion of damages attributable to greenhouse gases, and that they didn’t expect that situation to change in the near future. | While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas ( GHGs ) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. | 1 | [
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The melting of the Greenland ice sheet is already contributing significantly to sea level rise, and new research is highlighting that the melting of Arctic sea ice can alter weather conditions across Europe, Asia and North America.’” | The communique issued at the conclusion of the summit stated that the United States "is not in a position to join the consensus" of the other G7 countries on policies regarding climate change and the Paris Agreement. | 0 | [
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IPCC overestimate temperature rise. | Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. | 1 | [
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Climate change is not making natural disasters worse | The new storm, previously a white spot in Hubble images, turned red in May 2008. | 0 | [
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A South African paper has found a 21 year cycle synchronous with the solar cycle ( Alexander 2007 ). | The Milankovitch cycles are a set of cyclic variations in characteristics of the Earth's orbit around the Sun. | 1 | [
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UAH atmospheric temperatures prove climate models and/or surface temperature data sets are wrong | The greater the eccentricity the greater the temperature fluctuation on a planet's surface. | 0 | [
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Extreme weather events are being made more frequent and worse by global warming. | The effects of global warming include rising sea levels, regional changes in precipitation, more frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves, and expansion of deserts. | 1 | [
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Continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century. | It said that Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. | 1 | [
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Ice berg melts, ocean level remains the same. | The melting of floating ice raises the ocean level ( PDF ). | 1 | [
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a study that totally debunks the whole concept of man-made Global Warming | In 2013, 1,216 people died due to the heat. | 0 | [
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Scientists used to think that ice sheets could take millennia to respond to changing climates | This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial. | 0 | [
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Without human intervention, the concentration of CO2 has climbed as high as 7,000 parts per million (ppm) in prior eras, whereas at present the concentration is just over 400 ppm. | Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of potentially harmful consequences for marine organisms such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms and causing coral bleaching. | 0 | [
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Mass coral bleaching is a new phenomenon and was never observed before the 1980s as global warming ramped up. | The slight rise in P50 that occurs with temperature change allows oxygen pressure to remain high in the capillaries, allowing for elevated diffusion of oxygen into the mitochondria during periods of high oxygen consumption. | 0 | [
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If anyone claims to be part of the 97 percent, it means they disagree with the contrarian argument that humans are having a minimal impact on global warming. | "Global CO 2 emissions: annual increase halves in 2008". | 0 | [
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Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003. | In 2005 the society sponsoring these annual meetings became the International Association for the Study of Environment, Space, and Place, and in 2009 the book series gave way to a peer-reviewed journal, Environment, Space, Place, published semiannually and currently edited by C. Patrick Heidkamp, Troy Paddock, and Christine Petto of Southern Connecticut State University. | 1 | [
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Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat. | The reflection of energy into space resulted in a global cooling, triggering the Pleistocene Ice Age. | 0 | [
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For what appears to be the first time since scientists began keeping track, sea ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic are at record lows this time of year. | Another example of scientific research which suggests that previous estimates by the IPCC, far from overstating dangers and risks, have actually understated them is a study on projected rises in sea levels. | 0 | [
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In our lifetime, there has been no correlation between carbon dioxide emissions and temperature | In that sense, the ice core CO2-temperature correlation remains an appropriate demonstration of the influence of CO2 on climate. | 1 | [
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A drop in volcanic activity caused warming. | According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is "extremely likely" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. | 0 | [
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‘If we do nothing to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions, the kind of extreme heat we saw this past summer will be the norm when my young son is a grown man.’ | CO 2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm ( asymmetric stretching vibrational mode ) and 14.99 µm ( bending vibrational mode ) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a significant role in influencing Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. | 1 | [
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It’s usually taken to be the fact that as carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere increase, the 1 per cent of CO2 that’s the heavier carbon isotope ratio c13 declines in proportion. | Surfaces in the urban areas tend to warm faster than those of the surrounding rural areas. | 0 | [
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The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century. | In his first paper on the matter, he estimated that global temperature would rise by around 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) if the quantity of CO 2 was doubled. | 0 | [
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CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing. | Energy from the Sun heats this layer, and the surface below, causing expansion of the air. | 0 | [
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When you read Phil Jones' actual words, you see he's saying there is a warming trend | In fact, if one ignores the unusual El Nino year of 1998, one sees a cooling trend. | 1 | [
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The claim sea level isn’t rising is based on blatantly doctored graphs contradicted by observations. | For instance, Mercer published a study in 1978 predicting that anthropogenic carbon dioxide warming and its potential effects on climate in the 21st century could cause a sea level rise of around 5 metres ( 16 ft ) from melting of the West Antarctic ice-sheet alone. | 1 | [
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‘Heatwaves are far more intense than when my parents were growing up in the 1950s. | "Mars Melt Hints at Solar, Not Human, Cause for Warming, Scientist Says". | 0 | [
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Using satellite data rather than tide-gauge data that is normally used to measure sea levels allows for more precise estimates of global sea level, since it provides measurements of the open ocean. | Ultrasound ( acoustic ) and radar tide gauges measure sea level, tides and wave direction in coastal and offshore tide gauges. | 1 | [
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Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records. | Global warming is the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. | 1 | [
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Weather Channel Co-Founder John Coleman Calls Global Warming a Hoax | A pair of studies in Nature have said that, as of 2017, none of the major industrialized nations were implementing the policies they had envisioned and have not met their pledged emission reduction targets, and even if they had, the sum of all member pledges (as of 2016) would not keep global temperature rise "well below 2 °C". | 0 | [
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One of the main areas of contention is the existence of two strange climate episodes known as The Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and the Little Ice Age. | The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F) at the VVC weather station and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and Domodedovo airport on July 29, 2010 during the unusual 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. | 0 | [
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In the sugarcane region of El Salvador, as much as one-fifth of the population has chronic kidney disease, including over a quarter of the men, the presumed result of dehydration from working the fields they were able to comfortably harvest as recently as two decades ago. | During this period of time, little to no ice was present on Earth with a smaller difference in temperature from the equator to the poles. | 0 | [
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“Sea level rise is global. | There is evidence of reversals in the prevailing polarity (meaning changes in cool surface waters versus warm surface waters within the region) of the oscillation occurring around 1925, 1947, and 1977; the last two reversals corresponded with dramatic shifts in salmon production regimes in the North Pacific Ocean. | 0 | [
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A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change. | While ‘climate change’ can be due to natural forces or human activity, there is now substantial evidence to indicate that human activity – and specifically increased greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions – is a key factor in the pace and extent of global temperature increases. | 0 | [
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Last year’s warmth was manifested across the planet, from the warm tropical ocean waters off the coast of northeastern Australia, where the Great Barrier Reef experienced its worst coral bleaching event on record and large scale coral death, to the Arctic, where sea ice hit regular monthly record lows and overall temperatures were also the warmest on record, at least from January through September 2016. | In the context of the current world economic crisis, many experts now argue that a massive push to develop renewable sources of energy could create millions of new jobs and help the economy recover while simultaneously improving the environment, increasing labour conditions in poor economies, and strengthening energy and food security. | 0 | [
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If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised. | Over several decades of development, models have consistently provided a robust and unambiguous picture of significant climate warming in response to increasing greenhouse gases. | 1 | [
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Methane is the only cause of climate change. | These variations can affect global average surface temperature by redistributing heat between the deep ocean and the atmosphere and/or by altering the cloud/water vapor/sea ice distribution which can affect the total energy budget of the earth. | 0 | [
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Climate skeptics argue temperature records have been adjusted in recent years to make the past appear cooler and the present warmer, although the Carbon Brief showed that NOAA has actually made the past warmer, evening out the difference. | It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050. | 0 | [
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Europe and Asia emit most of the soot from burning coal, wood, dung, and diesel in open fires or without particulate filters in stoves, chimneys, smokestacks, and exhaust pipes. | It is a product of combustion of fuel such as natural gas, coal or wood. | 1 | [
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“We indicated 23 years ago — in our 1994 Nature article — that climate models had the atmosphere’s sensitivity to CO2 much too high,” Christy said in a statement. | They did note that the agreement between the observations and the intermediate scenario was accidental because the climate sensitivity used was higher than current estimates. | 1 | [
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When the PDO last switched to a cool phase, global temperatures were about 0.4C cooler than currently. | The 2014 flip from the cool PDO phase to the warm phase, which vaguely resembles a long and drawn out El Nino event, contributed to record-breaking surface temperatures across the planet in 2014. | 1 | [
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"A United Nations report has identified the world's rapidly growing herds of cattle as the greatest threat to the climate, forests and wildlife. ... | The number of PhD graduates has grown substantially in many countries since 2000, PhD Graduates still represent a relatively small, elite group within most countries — around 1.1% of adults among OECD countries. | 0 | [
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“The Northern Hemisphere jet stream […] flow is stronger when that temperature difference is large. | Two errors include the melting of Himalayan glaciers (see later section), and Dutch land area that is below sea level. | 0 | [
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A World Heritage site, it is currently under assault from unusually hot ocean temperatures,” | The city experiences hot, humid summers, and chilly to cold winters. | 1 | [
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It is clear, then, that greening is emerging as a factor with the potential to blunt some of the worst impacts of human greenhouse gas emissions. | European Science Foundation in a 2007 position paper states : There is now convincing evidence that since the industrial revolution, human activities, resulting in increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have become a major agent of climate change ... On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. | 1 | [
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Back in the late 1980s, the UN claimed that if global warming were not checked by 2000, rising sea levels would wash entire counties away. | Since the Industrial Revolution anthropogenic emissions – primarily from use of fossil fuels and deforestation – have rapidly increased its concentration in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. | 0 | [
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Barack Obama told the U.S. Coast Guard Academy "that the number one threat to the military and the world today is global warming." | All 19 climate scientists who had seen the movie or had read the homonymous book said that Gore accurately conveyed the science, with few errors. | 0 | [
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‘While volcanic eruptions are natural events, it was the timing of these that had such a noticeable effect on the trend. | The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora created global climate anomalies that became known as the Year Without a Summer because of the effect on North American and European weather. | 1 | [
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With more CO2 in the atmosphere, the challenge [ feeding 2.5 billion more people ] can and will be met. | In the modern era, emissions to the atmosphere from volcanoes are approximately 0.645 billion tonnes of CO 2 per year, whereas humans contribute 29 billion tonnes of CO 2 each year. | 1 | [
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Australian households will benefit to the tune of $550 a year if the carbon tax is axed. | The Earth has been in an Ice House Climate for the last 30 million years. | 0 | [
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In the past, warming has never been a threat to life on Earth. | If such an event were to occur oriented towards the Earth, the massive amounts of gamma radiation could significantly affect the Earth's atmosphere and pose an existential threat to all life. | 1 | [
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Despite the logarithmic relationship between CO2 and surface temperatures, atmospheric CO2 levels are rising so fast that unless we dramatically decrease our emissions, global warming will accelerate over the 21st Century. | To keep warming below 2 °C, more stringent emission reductions in the near-term would allow for less rapid reductions after 2030. | 1 | [
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Domino-effect of climate events could move Earth into a ‘hothouse’ state | The most severe damage came from a 30-plus-foot storm surge along the Mississippi coast and the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana and breaks in the levies along a canal in New Orleans. | 0 | [
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While many scientists have acknowledged the mismatch between model predictions and actual temperature observations, few have really challenged the validity of the models themselves. | This result went against a similar study of 19 models which found that discrepancies between model predictions and actual temperature were likely due to measurement errors. | 1 | [
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President Donald Trump sent a video message to Belgian citizens criticizing their government for being part of the Paris Climate Change Agreement. | In June 2017, Trump announced the withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in the world to not ratify the agreement. | 1 | [
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When CO2 levels were higher in the past, solar levels were also lower. | These anoxic periods occurred at a time of low global temperatures ( although CO 2 levels were high ), in the midst of a glaciation. | 1 | [
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Since 1965, more parts of the U.S. have seen a decrease in flooding than have seen an increase. | These predictions can be tested at a later time, and if they are incorrect, this may lead to revision, invalidation, or rejection of the theory. | 0 | [
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While geologists have studied events in the past similar to what appears to be happening today, scientists are largely unsure of what lies ahead. | Although anoxic events have not happened for millions of years, the geological record shows that they happened many times in the past. | 1 | [
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There is no question whatsoever that the CO2 increase is human-caused. | Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years. | 1 | [
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'The UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change misled the press and public into believing that thousands of scientists backed its claims on manmade global warming, according to Mike Hulme, a prominent climate scientist and IPCC insider. | There is widespread support for the IPCC in the scientific community, which is reflected in publications by other scientific bodies and experts. | 1 | [
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The melting Greenland ice sheet is already a major contributor to rising sea level and if it was eventually lost entirely, the oceans would rise by six metres around the world, flooding many of the world’s largest cities. | An increase in temperature from greenhouse gases leading to increased water vapor (which is itself a greenhouse gas) causing further warming is a positive feedback, but not a runaway effect, on Earth. | 0 | [
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An exponential increase in CO2 will result in a linear increase in temperature | Temperature will increase respiration exponentially to a maximum, at which point respiration will decrease to zero when enzymatic activity is interrupted. | 1 | [
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CO2 does not cause climate change, it RESPONDS to it [...] | In the three decades following 1978, the combination of solar and volcanic activity is estimated to have had a slight cooling influence. | 0 | [
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“The oceans, which absorb more than 90% of the extra CO2 pumped into the atmosphere“ | Most of the CO 2 taken up by the ocean, which is about 30% of the total released into the atmosphere, forms carbonic acid in equilibrium with bicarbonate. | 1 | [
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When you account for all of the costs associated with burning coal and other fossil fuels, like air pollution and health effects, in reality they are significantly more expensive than most renewable energy sources. | Artificial gasolines and other renewable energy sources currently require more expensive production and processing technologies than conventional petroleum reserves, but may become economically viable in the near future. | 1 | [
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Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped. | At the photosphere, the temperature has dropped to 5,700 K and the density to only 0.2 g / m3 ( about 1 / 6,000 the density of air at sea level ). | 1 | [
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Observed sea levels are actually tracking at the upper range of the IPCC projections. | The global warming observed over the past 50 years is due primarily to human-induced emissions of heat-trapping gases. | 0 | [
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“Global warming alarmists’ preferred electricity source – wind power – kills nearly 1 million bats every year (to say nothing of the more than 500,000 birds killed every year) in the United States alone. | In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century. | 0 | [
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