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Schizophrenia: A byproduct of the brain’s complex evolution? New genetic evidence, published in the journal Schizophrenia, suggests that the condition is an “unwanted side effect” of the evolution of the complex human brain. The human brain is complex, and in its equally complex evolution, schizophrenia may have come up as ‘an unwanted side effect.’ More and more studies have been illuminating the genetic components of schizophrenia, a condition that affects about 1 percent of the world’s population. The largest twin study of schizophrenia put 79 percent of the risk of the condition down to genes, while another believed that genetic mutations in the brain’s glial cells may be responsible for the disorder. Now, a new study conducted by three researchers from the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health in Parkville, Australia, finds genetic changes in a frontal brain area commonly linked with schizophrenia traits, supporting the theory that the condition may be an undesired side effect of the human brain’s evolution. Prof. Brian Dean, of Swinburne University’s Centre for Mental Health in Hawthorne, Australia, as well as the Florey Institute, is the new study’s corresponding author. Altered gene expression found in frontal pole Prof. Dean and colleagues conducted a postmortem examination of the brains of 15 people who had schizophrenia and 15 who did not. The scientists measured the levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) in the frontal pole of the brain, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the cingulate cortex. Using mRNA levels, the researchers predicted genetic pathways “that would be affected by the changes in gene expression.” Schizophrenia risk gene plays key role in early brain development Scientists identify a risk gene for the condition. In the brains of people who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia, the researchers found 566 instances of changes in genetic expression in the frontal pole of the brain and surrounding areas, which are regions known to be involved in schizophrenia-related traits. As the study authors explain, “The frontal pole is critical in maintaining the cognitive flexibility that underpins human reasoning and planning abilities,” which are two functions “that are impaired in individuals with [schizophrenia].” New genetic pathway uncovered The study also uncovered a genetic pathway in the brain’s so-called Brodmann area that comprised interactions between 97 genes. “A better understanding of changes in this pathway could suggest new drugs to treat the disorder,” says Prof. Dean. He goes on to explain the findings, saying, “It’s thought that schizophrenia occurs when environmental factors trigger changes in gene expression in the human brain.” Such potential environmental triggers for epigenetic changes include pregnancy and delivery complications, as well as psychosocial stressors such as growing up in a dysfunctional family. “Though this is not fully understood,” adds Prof. Dean, “our data suggest the frontal area of the brain is severely affected by such changes.” “There is the argument that schizophrenia is an unwanted side effect of developing a complex human brain and our findings seem to support that argument.” Prof. Brian Dean “A major finding of this study,” the authors continue, “is that […] no gene had altered levels of expression in all three regions of the cortex from subjects with [schizophrenia].” According to them, this means that in terms of gene expression, schizophrenia-related molecular changes are not uniform across the cortex. “These data also raise the possibility that the symptoms of [schizophrenia] that are thought to result from the dysfunction of different cortical regions could be due to changes in gene expression specific to the cortical region thought to be central to the genesis of a symptom,” they say.

To create a new EventDomain this operation is used. If it is not possible to support the given QoSProperties or AdminProperties an exception is raised, which list the properties not supported. For more information see the cosNotification user's guide.

Q: Find a hypergraph such that $|e|$ even, $|e\cap f|$ odd, and $|E|>|V|$ Here is a problem I have been working on (it comes from the standard "odd-town" problem. The idea is to show that the analogy for "even-town" doesn't work). Find a hypergraph such that the edges have even size, the intersection of any two edges has odd size, and there are strictly more edges then vertices. Some things to note: any two edges must intersect, since empty intersection is even. In any intersecting linear space, $|E|=|V|$. Since our graph is intersecting, it must NOT be a linear space. That is, at least two vertices are not connected by any edge. The Fisher inequality says that if the intersection of any two edges is $\lambda>0$, then $|E|\le |V|$. Thus, there must be more than one possible "intersection size." From trying cases, I believe you need at least five vertices to find such a hypergraph. Any suggestions would be much appreciated. A: It turns out no such counterexample can exist. Look at theorem $2$ in this pdf

Q: argument missing && || operators in parenthesis but still working I have come across this piece of code where the if statement contains an argument without && and/or || operators. if (event.target.scrollTop > 0 !== isViewScrolled) { //do something } How is it possible that this works? What is the logic contained in the parentheses? A: (event.target.scrollTop > 0 returns a bool, so javascript just checks if this bool is equal to isViewScrolled A: Check operator precedence https://developer.mozilla.org/en/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Operator_Precedence According to the above > (greater than) has higher precedence than != (inequality) so the event.target.scrollTop > 0 !== isViewScrolled is equivalent to (event.target.scrollTop > 0) !== isViewScrolled Although both are equivalent it's best to include parentheses where the order of evaluation is not clear.

Q: find couple of objects from a dataframe How can I avoid the two for loops and optimize my code to be able to handle big data? import pandas as pd import numpy as np array = np.array([[1,'aaa','bbb'],[2,'ccc','bbb'],[3,'zzzz','bbb'],[4,'eee','zzzz'],[5,'ccc','bbb'],[6,'zzzz','bbb'],[7,'aaa','bbb']]) df= pd.DataFrame(array) l=[] for i in range(len(df)): for j in range(i+1,len(df)): if (df.loc[i][1] == df.loc[j][1]) & (df.loc[i][2] == df.loc[j][2]): l.append((df.loc[i][0],df.loc[j][0])) A: Group by the second and third column. Then use the combination function: chain and combinations. from itertools import combinations list(chain(*df.groupby(by=[1, 2])[0].apply(lambda x: combinations(x, 2)))) [('1', '7'), ('2', '5'), ('3', '6')] Change the dataset a bit. array = np.array([[1,'aaa','bbb'],[2,'ccc','bbb'],[3,'zzzz','bbb'], [4,'eee','zzzz'],[5,'ccc','bbb'],[6,'zzzz','bbb'], [7,'aaa','bbb'], [8, "aaa", "bbb"], [9, 'zzzz','bbb']]) df = pd.DataFrame(array) list(chain(*df.groupby(by=[1, 2])[0].apply(lambda x: combinations(x, 2)))) [('1', '7'), ('1', '8'), ('7', '8'), ('2', '5'), ('3', '6'), ('3', '9'), ('6', '9')] list(chain(*df.groupby(by=[1, 2])[0].apply(lambda x: combinations(x, 2)))) 1.67 ms ± 34.8 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)

Kanye West, born Kanye Omari West, is a genius lyricist and rapper and self-proclaimed "voice of a generation". He attended Chicago State University, but dropped out, stating that college was too easy for a genius of his caliber. When asked about his performance in high school, he responded by saying "Have you ever had sex with a Pharaoh? I put the pussy in a sarcophagus." Like all other rappers, he became famous due to someone more famous and talented, Jay-Z in this case. West was involved in a near-fatal car crash in 2002, when, on his was home, a phoenix fell from the sky and crashed into his car. In November, 2010, West released a documentary about the car crash called "Runaway". On an interview discussing the documentary, Kanye mentioned that becoming the greatest rapper ever was on his "bucket list" Rise to Yeast Kayne was named after Mae West as he had an inflated opinion of himself. Kanye was a producer for many no-names in the late 90's, most of whom are not even worth mentioning. We could sit here and list Kanye's small-time producing in this time period, but you've never heard of any of these people, we promise. So let's save both our time by fast forwarding to 2000. Kanye became famous through meeting Jay-Z, who quickly noticed Kanye's ass-kissing talent. Kanye always idolized Jay-Z, and told him how much he wanted to be just like him. Jay-Z, although already successful and famous, felt drawn in by Kanye's ass-kissing, which did wonders for Jay's ego. After all, who wouldn't want someone following them around telling them how great they are? This lead to Jay signing Kanye as a producer. Kanye has ever since felt that Jay-Z was his Big Brother. Kanye West's first career productions came on Jay-Z's 2001 debut album The Blueprint, released on September 11, 2001. West produced some of the greatest hits on that album, such as Heart of the City and I.Z.Z.O. Kanye also thought he was “the shit” (but nobody knew of him yet) and starting “smoking them miracle herbs” and developed an addiction to them. Kanye documents his rise to fame in a 13-hour interview named "Last Call" on his 2004 Album The College Dropout. Throughout the course of the interview, he frequently interrupts his story to yell "This is the last call for alcohol!!!", hence the title. < Fiamce Kanye was a producer for many no-names in the late 90's, most of whom are not even worth mentioning. We could sit here and list Kanye's small-time producing in this time period, but you've never heard of any of these people, we promise. So let's save both our time by fast forwarding to 2000. Kanye became famous through meeting Jay-Z, who quickly noticed Kanye's ass-kissing talent. Kanye always idolized Jay-Z, and told him how much he wanted to be just like him. Jay-Z, although already successful and famous, felt drawn in by Kanye's ass-kissing, which did wonders for Jay's ego. After all, who wouldn't want someone following them around telling them how great they are? This lead to Jay signing Kanye as a producer. Kanye has ever since felt that Jay-Z was his Big Brother. Kanye West's first career productions came on Jay-Z's 2001 debut album The Blueprint, released on September 11, 2001. West produced some of the greatest hits on that album, such as Heart of the City and I.Z.Z.O. Kanye also thought he was “the shit” (but nobody knew of him yet) and starting “smoking them miracle herbs” and developed an addiction to them. Kanye documents his rise to fame in a 13-hour interview named "Last Call" on his 2004 Album The College Dropout. Throughout the course of the interview, he frequently interrupts his story to yell "This is the last call for alcohol!!!", hence the title. Controversy What happened? In the midst of Hurricane Katrina, there was a well publicized event in which Kayne West accused the president of hating black people. This was untrue. However rumor has it that fellow actor (and rising rap starlet) Hurricane Katrina Jones professed to Kayne West that he does in fact hate the way black people are sometimes treated, and Mexicans, and Jews, and Arabs. The President later responded to West's comments with a note he wrote all by himself, and in early 2006 publicly asked Kanye if he would stop burning crosses on the White House lawn. Since December of 2006, no one knows if they even still talk to each other, which is sad, since they used to call each other every day.

Norman Peterkin George Norman Peterkin (Liverpool, 21 December 1886 - Guildford, 15 December 1982), known to all as Norman, was an English composer and music publisher. He is perhaps best known today for his brief song “I heard a piper piping”. Peterkin was born in Liverpool and was mostly self-taught in music. He started work with the local organ builder Rushworth & Dreaper in the late 1900s, moving to their Singapore office in 1911, and later to Hong Kong. While there he established himself as a pianist and also began to compose, much influenced by Cyril Scott. He returned to England in 1918. In 1924 he became second-in-command to Hubert Foss at the Oxford University Press Music Department (which had published some of his songs), taking over as head of department when Foss resigned in 1941. The strain of keeping things going almost alone throughout the war exhausted him, and he asked for early retirement at the end of 1947. He was succeeded at OUP by Alan Frank. As a composer, Peterkin wrote mostly songs and a few short piano pieces. Most of these were composed during his stay abroad, on his return to Liverpool in the early 1920s and then on to London. His contemporaries there were Peter Warlock and Bernard van Dieren. He also became friendly with Kaikhosru Sorabji and Elizabeth Poston, whom he encouraged. Sorabji dedicated four of his works to Peterkin. Recordings The Songs of Norman Peterkin Charlotte de Rothschild (soprano), Adrian Farmer (piano) Lyrita Records References Category:1886 births Category:1982 deaths Category:English composers See also Klemm, Gustav.Norman Peterkin: The Man and his Music, in Monthly Musical Record, 1933. Chisholm, Alastair. A tribute to Norman Peterkin, 1982.

Deputies said the woman can be seen removing a large amount of silver necklaces from a spinning display rack and then concealing them in her purse. An inventory check revealed a total of 20 necklaces missing from the store, worth $504.80, deputies said. Authorities said the loss prevention employee told deputies copies of video from the Wells Road, Oakleaf and Ortega Target stores show the same woman stealing merchandise and leaving the store. Deputies described the woman as in her early 20s with a slim build, brown hair and wearing a black shirt and skirt with dark boots. Deputies said she was seen carrying two purses, one of which is large and gray with a black lower bottom portion. The store said she carried that bag when she was in the other Target stores as well, deputies said. She left the store's parking lot in a silver four-door car that had a missing hubcap on the front, deputies said. Anyone with information about the woman's identity is asked to contact the Clay County Sheriff's Office. Copyright 2012 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

LAUSD parents, teachers fight mainstreaming of disabled kids Protesters line Balboa Boulevard in front of the office of LAUSD board member Tamar Galatzan, Wednesday, July 24, 2013. Parents and Teachers United for Action picketed to oppose the district's transitioning of special education students to regular education campuses. (Michael Owen Baker/Staff Photographer) LAKE BALBOA - Waving signs and chanting "Our kids, our choice," scores of Los Angeles Unified parents and teachers protested the looming transfer of hundreds of disabled students from special-education centers to traditional schools, as the district complies with laws to integrate students who have physical and developmental challenges. The protesters oppose the merger of four special-education centers with nearby traditional schools, a move that will affect about 300 disabled youngsters when school starts next month. Opponents of the plan say the district will be segregating rather than integrating their kids by putting them in unsafe situations and setting them up for teasing or bullying. They say they want it to be their choice, not the district's, to transfer their kids to a traditional campus. "They are celebrated at special-education centers for their abilities, not their inabilities," said Rhonda Berrios of West Hills, whose 19-year-old son, Michael, is profoundly autistic. "They have dances, and basketball and baseball teams and cheerleading squads ... The district wants to throw them into a one-size-fits-all environment, and that would be a travesty if this happens." Advertisement Michael is now enrolled at Leichman Special Education Center in Reseda, which under the district's plan will begin shifting high school students to traditional campuses in 2014. Berrios and others demonstrated for about 90 minutes in the sweltering heat on behalf of their children and those who might lose what they see as the advantages of a protected environment. Tom Williamson of North Hills said his son Blair, who has Down syndrome, learned self-confidence and life skills during the years he spent at Leichman. Blair, now a 34-year-old actor, has credits that include roles on "CSI" and "Scrubs." "He learned to go from classroom to classroom, and to the cafeteria," Williamson said. "He was given freedom and independence that he wouldn't have had at a general education campus." The 100-or-so demonstrators targeted the office of school board member Tamar Galatzan, saying four of the district's 14 special-ed centers are located in her west San Fernando Valley district. Her office is also next door to the shuttered West Valley Special Ed Center, a building that now houses Daniel Pearl High. Protesters complained that Galatzan did nothing to block the closure of West Valley, although that was never a board decision. Galatzan was working at her full-time job as a city prosecutor on Wednesday and was not at her LAUSD office, a spokeswoman said. Questions were referred to Sharyn Howell, executive director of LAUSD's Special Education Division, which serves about 83,000 students.Howell noted that the district is bound by federal and state law, as well as a federal consent decree, to mainstream more special-education students and give handicapped youngsters more opportunities to interact with kids at traditional campuses. "We're talking about physical education, arts types of programs, computer labs and library time," she said. "This is a chance to get the students with their siblings, cousins and neighborhood kids at a general-education site." They will continue to have classroom lessons that are appropriate for their level of learning, along with the aides, nurses, therapists and other supports they've had in the past, she added. Los Angeles Unified spends nearly $1.5 billion annually on special-education programs, which have shifted over the years from stand-alone centers to mainstream classrooms. Beginning last year, preschoolers who might previously have been enrolled in special-ed centers started their education at a traditional school.Several demonstrators say they believe district officials are trying to whittle down the enrollment so they can eventually close all of the centers -- a move that Howell has previously denied.The district currently operates 14 special-ed centers, which last year served 2,190 students. Under the plan set to take effect in August, Miller Special Ed Center in Reseda will transfer about 100 students to Cleveland High but will continue to provide its career-training program for ages 18-22. About two dozen youngsters from Lull Special Education Center in Encino will enroll in Reseda High, the first step in transforming the facility to one for elementary students only. Next year, middle schoolers will go to Madison.Fifty kids at McBride School in Venice will go to Grand View Elementary, and Banneker School, near downtown L.A., will send 60 youngsters to Avalon Gardens.The Frances Blend School will merge with Van Ness Elementary in the Larchmont area, affecting about 40 blind and visually impaired students. This story has been updated to correct the district's plan for Leichman Special Education Center.

Russia puts sweeping ban on U.S., E.U. food imports Russia retaliated against western sanctions with a sweeping ban on food imports, marking a new low point in relations between the two since the end of the Cold War. Under instructions from President Vladimir Putin, the government said it would ban for a year all imports of meat and poultry, seafood, milk and dairy products including cheese, fruit, vegetables and vegetable oil-based products from the U.S., E.U., Australia and Norway–all of whom have imposed sanctions of their own on Russia for the annexation of Crimea and its perceived role in stoking the violent uprising in eastern Ukraine. There was no action to restrict the crucial flow of oil and gas exports, which are vital for the E.U. economy and for the Russian budget. Nor did the government announce any ban on overflight of Siberian airspace, although it did consider it. Even so, the step signals a radical departure from Russia’s previous policy of trying to avoid harm to its own economy, which has never recovered its pre-crisis rates of growth, and which stagnated in the first half of this year. “We hoped until the last minute that our colleagues would understand that sanctions are a blind alley that do no-one any good. But they didn’t understand and…we were forced to take reciprocal measures,” Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev told cabinet in a televised meeting. The move is extraordinary, in as much as Russia has found it much easier, since the collapse of the Soviet Union, to buy food than to produce it. It currently imports some 40% of its food, and the E.U. is its biggest trading partner, buying €3.3 billion ($4.4 billion) of fruit and vegetables last year and another €3.3 billion in meat and dairy products. The U.S. shipped $1.3 billion of food products to Russia last year, according to the USDA. But the ban seems likely to rebound on Russian consumers too, despite comments Wednesday by Putin urging the need to avoid that. Russia’s domestic producers are hardly in a position to replace all the items that will be lost over the next year (documented with curious delight here by state news agency Itar-Tass). Even if imports can be substituted, they will likelier be more expensive than what they have replaced, which is in itself a development that will hit ordinary Russians, who have grown used to Italian Mozzarella cheese and Norwegian shrimp. Inflation is already running above target at 7.5% and food accounts for 29% of the basket of goods and services tracked by statistics office Rosstat. The government claimed that the measures would be an opportunity for domestic producers, but such claims met with scorn by critics. “Those who think sanctions will help Russian producers – remember the car industry. They’ve been ‘helping’ it with duties for 20 years,” Alexei Navalny, an opposition blogger and politician, said via his Twitter account. Whatever else happens, there is a large chance that the sanctions could be undermined by either an unwillingness or an inability to enforce them. For example, there is little to stop Belarus–which sits between Poland and Russia–from re-exporting Polish fruit and vegetables to Russia, possibly by passing them off as its own. Neither Belarus nor Kazakhstan, which are both in a customs union with Russia, have announced any sanctions, and Belarus in particular is in such a parlous economic state that it can ill afford to pass up opportunities to make a fast buck with such tricks. The news agency RIA Novosti reported that Russian officials would meet with their counterparts in Belarus August 12 to discuss the matter.

Microbial systems biology: new frontiers open to predictive microbiology. The field of Systems Biology is a rapidly evolving area of research. It follows on from the previous experimental and theoretical 'omics' revolution in biology. Now that we have through the use of these tools many 'indices' of biological systems available the next step is to actually start composing the systems that these indices specify. In this paper we will discuss the developments in the field of Systems Biology as they pertain to predictive food microbiology and give an example of state of the art current approaches. The data discussed in the case study deal with the resistance of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae towards environmental temperature changes through adaptation of its metabolism, protein signalling and gene-expression. The results are integrated and its implications for the definition of new experiments discussed; the iteration between experiment driven model definition and model driven experimentation being characteristic for contemporary Systems Biology approaches. The stress condition discussed represents in no way a practical situation in food microbiology but what it teaches may well be applied in such cases. We will indicate how the latter may be achieved.

Q: C program incrementing variable with for loop I am trying to learn the C programming language on my own and have to depend on the internet for some help. I am playing around with one variable and a for loop; incrementing the variable by 1, each iteration of the loop. In this example, I am confused by the fact that the variable is not 1 in the first iteration of the loop. It's like the arguement was skipped on the first pass. I don't understand. // This is a test of for loops #include <stdio.h> main () { int a; for (a = 0; a < 10; a++) { printf("%d\n", a); } return 0; } A: Maybe it's easiest to understand as follows. In C, a loop written like this: for (a = 0; a < 10; a++) { printf("%d\n", a); } is equivalent to this: a=0; while (a<10) { printf("%d\n", a); a++; } The for-loop notation is meant to collect up all of the loop control information at the top of the loop as written, but the parenthesized part after the keyword "for" is not executed as a group of statements before the body, it's treated as if it were written as shown in the while loop. You can also write an infinite loop like this in C: for (;;) { printf("Hello forever\n"); } which is equivalent to: while (1) { printf("Hello forever\n"); }

Colón Department, Córdoba Colón Department is a department of Córdoba Province in Argentina. The provincial subdivision has a population of about 171,067 inhabitants in an area of , and its capital city is Jesús María, which is located from Buenos Aires. Settlements Agua de Oro Ascochinga Colonia Caroya Colonia Tirolesa Colonia Vicente Agüero Dumesnil El Manzano Estación General Paz Estación Juárez Celman Jesús María La Calera La Granja Malvinas Argentinas Mendiolaza Mi Granja Río Ceballos Saldán Salsipuedes Tinoco Unquillo Villa Allende Villa Cerro Azul Category:Departments of Córdoba Province, Argentina

1. Technical Field The present invention relates generally to air conditioning systems and more particularly to an air conditioning system and a method which detects a low-charge state. 2. Discussion Modern air conditioning systems typically include a compressor, a condenser, a throttling device and an evaporator. Operation of the compressor adds heat to a gaseous refrigerant as well as increases its pressure. High-temperature, high-pressure gaseous refrigerant exiting the compressor is delivered to the condenser where excess heat is removed, causing the refrigerant to condense to a relatively low-temperature, high-pressure liquid refrigerant. The liquid refrigerant is then discharged to the expansion valve. The expansion valve meters the amount of refrigerant that is discharged to the evaporator, causing the low-temperature, high-pressure liquid refrigerant to change to a lower-temperature, low-pressure gaseous state. A blower forces air over a heat exchanger surface on the evaporator causing the gaseous refrigerant to absorb heat, cooling the air. Gaseous refrigerant is then returned to the compressor. To maintain the performance of the air conditioning system, it is necessary that the system be properly charged (i.e., the system must have a quantity of refrigerant that exceeds a predetermined minimum amount). If the air conditioning system looses a sufficient amount of refrigerant, the air conditioning system will not cool the air to the maximum extent possible. Furthermore, operation of the air conditioning system in a low-charge state may damage the compressor, which is typically the most expensive component of the air conditioning system. Conventional air conditioning systems do not include a means for detecting a low-charge state. Consequently, it is necessary to rely on the perception and judgment of the users of these systems to detect symptoms that are characteristic of a low-charge state. The symptom most readily detected with such systems is an output temperature of air exiting the evaporator that is xe2x80x9cwarmer than normalxe2x80x9d. Unfortunately, as the loss of refrigerant from an air conditioning system is usually gradual, the user is not likely to notice the change in the output temperature until a substantial amount of refrigerant has been lost from the system. Complicating matters is that technicians responsible for trouble-shooting and maintaining these air conditioning systems have no direct means for detecting a low-charge state. As such, the technician is typically forced to employ a decision-making process having several steps of relatively low reliability to develop a plan for dealing with the observations of the air conditioning system user. The process usually includes the verification that the output temperature is relatively high and the re-charging the air conditioning system. Recharging the air conditioning system is a time consuming process, requiring that the refrigerant in the air conditioning system first be evacuated and then a proper quantity of fresh refrigerant be delivered to the air conditioning system. This process typically requires several hours to complete, tying up not only the technician, but also other resources such as the tooling, equipment and possibly even a service bay. Considering modern standards of accuracy and repeatability, this trouble-shooting process renders it highly likely that some air conditioning systems are being recharged unnecessary. Furthermore, it is also likely that other air conditioning systems may not be being serviced when necessary. To avoid these situations, some air conditioning systems have proposed the use of a dedicated sensor in an attempt to more reliably detect a low-charge state. One such system relies on a low-pressure switch placed between the compressor and the evaporator. This system is premised on the fact that the liquid refrigerant delivered from the evaporator to the compressor will have a relatively lower pressure if the compressor is operated in a low-charge state. Not only does this approach add a considerable amount of cost to the air conditioning system, this approach requires a substantial reduction in the pressure of the refrigerant delivered to the compressor before a low-charge state is detected. Accordingly, it is possible in a system of this type that the low-charge state will go undetected for a considerable period of time, permitting the compressor to be operated repeatedly and damaged. A second system relies on a sub-cool temperature sensor placed between the expansion valve and the condenser which monitors the temperature of the gaseous refrigerant delivered to the expansion valve. While this arrangement has been shown to be effective at detecting a low-charge state, it is extremely costly, being approximately three times more expensive than the low-pressure switch discussed above. Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for an air conditioning system which is able to detect a low-charge condition in a reliable manner and at a relatively low cost. It is one object of the present invention to provide a method for detecting a low-charge state in an air conditioning system which provides early yet reliable results. It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for detecting a low-charge state in an air conditioning system which may be economically incorporated into an air conditioning system. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method for detecting a low-charge state in an air conditioning system which employs the slope of the difference between the ambient temperature and the evaporator temperature to determine the existence of a low-charge state. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for detecting a low-charge state in an air conditioning system which employs the temperature of the evaporator to determine the existence of a low-charge state. It is a further object of the present invention to provide an air conditioning system which detects a low-charge state in a reliable yet economical manner. In one preferred form, the present invention provides a method for detecting a low-charge state in an air conditioning system. The method includes the steps of detecting a temperature of air exiting an evaporator and responsively producing an evaporator temperature signal; detecting an ambient air temperature and responsively producing an ambient air temperature signal; detecting at least one operational characteristic of the air conditioning system and responsively producing an operational signal in response thereto; and receiving the evaporator temperature signal, the ambient air temperature signal and the operational signal and responsively detecting a low-charge condition of the air conditioning system. An air conditioning system having a controller which prevents a compressor from cycling on the detection of a low-charge state is also provided.

Broadening consent--and diluting ethics? Biobank research is potentially fruitful. It is argued that broad consent is acceptable for future research on biological material because a) the benefit is high, b) it pays respect to people's autonomy, c) it is consistent with current practices and d) because the risk is low. Furthermore, broad consent should be allowed if information is handled safely, people can withdraw and expanded research should be approved by an ethics review board. However, these arguments are flawed and the criteria for broad consent are either too restrictive to allow any research or fail to address important challenges with biobank research. Broad consent for biobank research can hide substantial ethical challenges and threaten trust in research. This does not mean that biobank research should be abandoned or that people cannot authorise future research on donated biological material.

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (abbreviated Li-NMC, LNMC, NMC or NCM) are mixed oxides of lithium, nickel, manganese and cobalt. They have the general formula LiNixMnyCozO2. The most important representatives have a composition with x + y + z = 1 and are closely related to lithium cobalt(III) oxide (LiCoO2) and have a layered structure like these. Nowadays, NMCs they are among the most important storage materials for lithium ions in lithium ion batteries. They are used there on the positive pole side, which acts as the cathode during discharge. Use of NMC accumulators NMC batteries are found in most electric cars. NMC batteries were installed in the BMW ActiveE in 2011/2011, and from 2013 in the BMW i8. Electric cars with NMC batteries include, as of 2020: Audi e-tron GE, BAIC EU5 R550, BMW i3, BYD Yuan EV535, Chevrolet Bolt, Hyundai Kona Electric, Jaguar I-Pace, Jiangling Motors JMC E200L, NIO ES6, Nissan Leaf S Plus, Renault ZOE, Roewe Ei5, VW e-Golf and VW ID.3. There are only a few electric car manufacturers that do not use NMC in their traction batteries. The most important exception is Tesla, as Tesla uses NCA batteries for its vehicles. However, the home storage Tesla Powerwall is said to be based on NMC. NMC is also used for mobile electronics such as mobile phones/smartphones, laptops in most pedelec batteries. For these applications, batteries with lithium cobalt oxide LCO were still used almost exclusively in 2008. Another application of NMC batteries are battery storage power stations. In Korea, for example, two such storage systems with NMC for frequency regulation were installed in 2016: one with 16 MW capacity and 6 MWh energy and one with 24 MW and 9 MWh. In 2017/2018, a battery with over 30 MW capacity and 11 MWh was installed and commissioned in Newman in the Australian state of Western Australia. Properties of NMC accumulators The cell voltage of lithium ion batteries with NMC is 3.6–3.7 V. References Category:Manganese compounds Category:Lithium compounds Category:Nickel compounds Category:Cobalt compounds Category:Oxygen compounds

Q: How email sending works during user self registration in WSO2 IS? I checked the axi2.xml file and output-event-adapter.xml file. For email OTP, it is mentioned to configure email in axis2.xml file https://docs.wso2.com/display/IS570/Configuring+Email+OTP. But for user self-registration, it is asked to configure email in output-event adapter.xml file. https://docs.wso2.com/display/IS570/Self-Registration+and+Account+Confirmation. Why there are two places for email configuration? How sending email notification works in user self-registration in WSO2 IS 5.7.0? Thanks in advance! A: WSO2IS contains an email sending module with WSO2IS which is based on Axis2. This handles the email notifications in Email OTP.[1,2] Those configurations are stored in axis2.xml.But for instances like Ask Password Account Confirmation and user self-registration. WSO2 Is uses email event adapters[3]. These adapters get the configuration from output-event-adapter.xml. In the above image global adapter configs are defined in the output-event-adapters.xml. And each adapter created per tenant holds a connection with the configured smtp server. When a tenant needs to send an email it publish the content to the relevant stream[5] This stream creates the mapping to the relevant publisher using the stream wso2 is resolves the publisher. These publishers are defined in IS-HOME/repository/deployment/server/eventpublishers these publishers specify the relevant adapter which has a connection with the SMTP server. It sends the email using that connection. This is how email sending handled in user self-registration. This has been further explained in[4]. As WSO2 IS has those two different mechanisms to handle notification you have to configure in two places for email OTP and account confirmation.As WSO2IS deprecating the Axis2 Based notification model. if you enabled the property <Parameter name="useEventHandlerBasedEmailSender">true</Parameter> As per the documentation[6]. You can use the configurations in the output-event-adapter.xml for email otp. [7] But this supports after identity server 5.8.0. 1. https://github.com/wso2-extensions/identity-outbound-auth-email-otp/blob/f6ebf84f35d9da526077a0bfe220665e71baa7ec/component/authenticator/src/main/java/org/wso2/carbon/identity/authenticator/emailotp/EmailOTPAuthenticator.java#L1708 [2]. https://github.com/wso2/carbon-identity-framework/blob/34bb9053787020dbc901d17d7ee4290f075e6542/components/identity-mgt/org.wso2.carbon.identity.mgt/src/main/java/org/wso2/carbon/identity/mgt/mail/DefaultEmailSendingModule.java#L73 [3]. https://github.com/wso2/carbon-analytics-common/blob/5.2.x/components/event-publisher/event-output-adapters/org.wso2.carbon.event.output.adapter.email/src/main/java/org/wso2/carbon/event/output/adapter/email/EmailEventAdapter.java [4]. http://mail.wso2.org/mailarchive/architecture/2019-September/032587.html [5].https://github.com/wso2-extensions/identity-event-handler-notification/blob/master/components/event-handler-notification/org.wso2.carbon.identity.event.handler.notification/src/main/java/org/wso2/carbon/identity/event/handler/notification/DefaultNotificationHandler.java#L284 [6]. https://docs.wso2.com/display/IS580/Configuring+Email+OTP [7]. https://github.com/wso2-extensions/identity-outbound-auth-email-otp/pull/26/files#diff-868475e354da25fd06fae3b3a9ebe6e5R272

East Brunswick Township East Brunswick Township may refer to the following townships in the United States: East Brunswick Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey East Brunswick Township, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania

/**************************************************************************/ /* */ /* This file is part of Frama-C. */ /* */ /* Copyright (C) 2007-2019 */ /* CEA (Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies */ /* alternatives) */ /* */ /* you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU */ /* Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software */ /* Foundation, version 2.1. */ /* */ /* It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, */ /* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of */ /* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the */ /* GNU Lesser General Public License for more details. */ /* */ /* See the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 */ /* for more details (enclosed in the file licenses/LGPLv2.1). */ /* */ /**************************************************************************/ #ifndef _SYS_TIMEX_H #define _SYS_TIMEX_H 1 #include "features.h" #include "stdint.h" #include "time.h" __PUSH_FC_STDLIB __BEGIN_DECLS #define ADJ_OFFSET 0x0001 #define ADJ_FREQUENCY 0x0002 #define ADJ_MAXERROR 0x0004 #define ADJ_ESTERROR 0x0008 #define ADJ_STATUS 0x0010 #define ADJ_TIMECONST 0x0020 #define ADJ_TICK 0x4000 #define ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT 0x8001 #define MOD_OFFSET ADJ_OFFSET #define MOD_FREQUENCY ADJ_FREQUENCY #define MOD_MAXERROR ADJ_MAXERROR #define MOD_ESTERROR ADJ_ESTERROR #define MOD_STATUS ADJ_STATUS #define MOD_TIMECONST ADJ_TIMECONST #define MOD_CLKB ADJ_TICK #define MOD_CLKA ADJ_OFFSET_SINGLESHOT #define STA_PLL 0x0001 #define STA_PPSFREQ 0x0002 #define STA_PPSTIME 0x0004 #define STA_FLL 0x0008 #define STA_INS 0x0010 #define STA_DEL 0x0020 #define STA_UNSYNC 0x0040 #define STA_FREQHOLD 0x0080 #define STA_PPSSIGNAL 0x0100 #define STA_PPSJITTER 0x0200 #define STA_PPSWANDER 0x0400 #define STA_PPSERROR 0x0800 #define STA_CLOCKERR 0x1000 #define STA_RONLY (STA_PPSSIGNAL | STA_PPSJITTER | STA_PPSWANDER | \ STA_PPSERROR | STA_CLOCKERR) #define TIME_OK 0 #define TIME_INS 1 #define TIME_DEL 2 #define TIME_OOP 3 #define TIME_WAIT 4 #define TIME_ERROR 5 #define TIME_BAD TIME_ERROR struct timex { unsigned int modes; int64_t offset; int64_t freq; int64_t maxerror; int64_t esterror; int status; int64_t constant; int64_t precision; int64_t tolerance; struct timeval time; int64_t tick; int64_t ppsfreq; int64_t jitter; int shift; int64_t stabil; int64_t jitcnt; int64_t calcnt; int64_t errcnt; int64_t stbcnt; int tai; int32_t _padding[11]; }; extern int adjtimex(struct timex *buf); extern int ntp_adjtime(struct timex *buf); __END_DECLS __POP_FC_STDLIB #endif

Browse Forum Posts by Tags I guess it is time to share one of my shopping/husband stories. Ike and I have been married almost 40 years. several years ago on Superbowl Sunday I went to Joann's. When I got there they were having a 50% off on quilting fabric. I figured I could always use backing fabric so I bought 3 1/2 yard...

[Cytotoxic action of alkylating agents in human tumor cells and its relationship to apoptosis]. Various anticancer agents have been known to induce apoptosis in certain types of human tumor cells. The fact that a variety of agents, which attack different cellular targets, induce common apoptotic cell death suggests that the nature of initial damage is not directly involved in apoptosis. The mechanism by which a damage leads to apoptosis is not known. However, modulation of this process may affect the outcome of anticancer drug treatment. This article briefly reviewed the studies of endogenous as well as exogenous factors which modulate apoptosis, and then described the characteristics of cell death induced by alkylating agents. O6-Alkylguanine, a major cytotoxic DNA damage produced by simple alkylating agents, can be repaired by the cellular enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). About one-fifth of human tumor cell strains lack the MGMT activity and termed as Mer- cells. Mer- cells are hypersensitive to alkylating agents like chloroethyl nitrosoureas (CNUs), compared with repair-proficient Mer+ cells. It is suggested that identification of a factor which suppresses the MGMT gene expression in CNU-resistant Mer+ cells, may enable us to convert these Mer+ cells to Mer- phenotype, thus resulting in much higher sensitivity of Mer+ cells to CNUs.

Baseline Characteristics of the Fellow Eye in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Post Hoc Analysis of the VIEW Studies. The aim was to describe baseline characteristics of the fellow eye of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). A pooled, post hoc analysis of patients with nAMD enrolled in the VIEW studies was carried out. The VIEW studies compared intravitreal aflibercept (monthly or every 2 months after 3 monthly injections) with monthly ranibizumab. Baseline choroidal neovascularization (CNV) status of fellow eyes and baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and lens status of all eyes were evaluated. Additional analyses evaluated the presence of drusen and pigment in fellow eyes. When comparing both eyes, baseline BCVA was worse in 23.8% of fellow eyes and in 75.2% of study eyes. Lens status of fellow eyes and study eyes was similar. Baseline visual acuity of the study eye and that of the fellow eye were not correlated. Most fellow eyes had signs of early AMD, with 34.6% (n = 843) of fellow eyes having evidence of scarring. In patients in the VIEW studies, most fellow eyes had evidence of AMD, highlighting the importance of examining both eyes, with close follow-up thereafter, in order to detect and treat CNV earlier as needed.

A program in Quickbasic for the estimation of cardiac output. The current program in Quickbasic provides a valid and reliable computational method for the estimation of cardiac output, using the CO2 rebreathe method. In addition, this program will save time through speed of execution. Furthermore, the program can be used with IBM microcomputers as well as IBM compatible microcomputers.

Weed Break Wednesday: Should Marijuana Be Legal? States like Oregon, Washington and Colorado have already passed legislation that directly contradicts federal law. At the federal level, marijuana is today still classified as a schedule 1 substance. Even though new rulings will aid in protecting marijuana patients and businesses from federal recourse, the debacle over marijuana’s future in the U.S. is far from over. Many support the legalization of marijuana for pragmatic reasons. Taxing marijuana sales brings much needed revenue to states and counties. Some argue regulating marijuana will help to snuff out the black market and undermine the vicious drug cartels cycle. Alternative medicine uses call for more improved access for research of cannabis health benefits. Some groups have aligned philosophically to argue, as was the case in Mexico, that access to cannabis is a basic human right, protected constitutionally. Generationally and over time, as indicated by Pew Research Center, marijuana legalization has gained support in public opinion polls. What do you think? Should Marijuana Be Legal? Why? Why not? For what purpose? Please add your comments below. We’d love to hear from you. We may even feature you.

Cal Poly San Luis Obispo College of Architecture and Environmental Design The California Polytechnic State University College of Architecture and Environmental Design (or CAED) is one of Cal Poly San Luis Obispo's six colleges. Cal Poly's CAED program has nearly 1,900 students and is one of the largest programs in the United States. The college offers bachelor's degrees in five departments, as well as two master's degree programs. General information In the 2014 edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools" published by the leading architecture and design journal DesignIntelligence, Cal Poly was rated the No. 1 undergraduate architecture program in the nation. The landscape architecture program is ranked No. 1 in the Western region and No. 4 in the nation. Departments Architectural Engineering Department Head Allan Estes. The Architectural Engineering department is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology to offer Bachelor of Science (BS) degrees. Architecture Department Head Margot McDonald.The Architecture department is accredited by the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB), and offers both Bachelor of Architecture (BArch) and Masters of Science in Architecture (MS-Arch) degrees. The undergraduate program is a five-year program. About one in twenty architects in the United States, and one in five in California, are graduates of Cal Poly. The journal DesignIntelligence has continually ranked the architecture program among the top 10 in the nation in its annual edition of "America's Best Architecture & Design Schools. More specifically, Cal Poly's undergraduate architecture program placed sixth in 2007, fourth in 2008, third in 2009, third in 2010, fourth in 2011, fourth in 2012, and fifth in 2013. In 2014, Cal Poly's program ranked first. City and Regional Planning Department Head Hemalata Dandekar.The City and Regional Planning department is accredited by the Planning Accreditation Board and offers Bachelor of Science in City and Regional Planning (BSCRP) and Master of City and Regional Planning (MCRP) degrees. Construction Management Department Head Allan J. Hauck.The Construction Management department is accredited by the American Council for Construction Education. Landscape Architecture Interim Department Head Omar Faruque.The Landscape Architecture department is accredited by the Landscape Architectural Accreditation Board and offers Bachelor of Landscape Architecture (BL Arch) degrees. Admissions For freshmen entering Fall 2017, the College of Architecture and Environmental Design accepted 38% of applicants (805 accepted/2,114 applied); entering freshmen had an average GPA of 3.97, average ACT Composite of 29, and average SAT score of 1314. See also Architecture Landscape architecture Urban planning Regional planning Environmental design California Polytechnic State University Notes References Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo - College of Architecture and Environmental Design, university-directory.eu External links California Polytechnic State University California Polytechnic State University College of Architecture & Environmental Design Category:Universities and colleges in San Luis Obispo County, California Category:Buildings and structures in San Luis Obispo, California Category:California Polytechnic State University Category:Architecture schools in California Category:Landscape architecture schools Category:Educational institutions established in 1948 Category:1948 establishments in California

The Path of Denominationalism: Authority in the Church Previously we examined the concept of a denomination as being an institution, or an organizational structure that exists independently of any individuals. We saw from the Scriptures that the church that Christ established was not to resemble such institutions but ought to remain simply the collective of Christians that exist (the “church universal”) or a collective of Christians that live in a specific geographical level (the “church local”). Let us now continue the discussion of the path of denomination where we left off and discuss the ways that authority is viewed within denominations and, if necessary, how to avoid such perceptions. All denominations will certainly claim that their authority is derived from the Scriptures and that they are the church that is presented in them; the truth of the matter, however, is more often than not much different. They may use the Scriptures and quote Scriptures to demonstrate their belief, but are their beliefs actually from the Bible or are they placed upon the Bible by the ideas of men? In practice, we may see that many denominations will use one of two different sources for authority: for simplicity’s sake, let us call these two sources a “cult of personality” and “collective determination.” We may define a “cult of personality” as the belief in the words of an individual or a collective of individuals that are believed to possess authority through an understanding that they may have received of through power supposedly granted by virtue of a position held. We see the first kind of a “cult of personality,” one or more who have received some form of understanding, in many groups that were founded by an individual or a group of individuals because of such ideas, like the Lutheran church or the many Calvinist churches that exist today. The members of these churches say that the Scriptures are their sole authority in their lives, yet the Lutherans consider the Book of Concord as authoritative, for example, and the Calvinists will often refer to the works of Calvin or other men like him for their belief system. The second kind of a “cult of personality,” involving power that supposedly is derived from a position held, is seen most clearly in groups with an “ecclesiastical hierarchy,” such as the Roman Catholic church and the Church of England. The “bishops” and other figures in these churches are seen as figures of authority, supposedly given the authority that was vested in Peter in Matthew 16:19: “I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; and whatever you bind on earth shall have been bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall have been loosed in heaven.” Therefore, the members of these denominations look up to these individuals as those holding keys of authority and will believe and do whatever these individuals tell them to do. We may define “collective determination” as the belief in the authority of a decision made when reached by a collective of individuals that represent the members of a denomination. This is seen especially in many Protestant denominations today, with “synods” of the “pastors” and other such individuals in a denomination meeting to make decisions and statements that are binding upon the whole denomination. Often times it will be said that these are not meetings of the denomination necessarily, but a meeting of the heads of individual “churches” that meet to determine what is truth, supposedly similar to the events of Acts 15. In reality, a meeting of the heads of various churches of a denomination to determine what is truth and a meeting of the heads of churches for the same reason is the exact same idea and really the exact same thing. Now that we have examined our terms, do we see that the church ought to place its authority in a “cult of personality” or in a “collective determination?” Let us see if it is so. Many may appeal to the account in Acts 15 about the meeting of the elders of Jerusalem and of the Apostles, yet this meeting was nothing like what goes on today: in Jerusalem, only the church of Jerusalem had representatives, and the decisions made in that meeting were not of the volition of the elders or the Apostles but of the Holy Spirit. Others may point to 1 Timothy 3:15, especially in defense of “collective determination”: but in case I am delayed, I write so that you will know how one ought to conduct himself in the household of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and support of the truth. It is argued that since the church is the pillar and support of the truth, the decisions made by the church are the truth. This verse says no such thing, however– it simply states that the church, the true collective of Christians that follow Christ and are known to Him, are the pillar and support of the truth. They do not receive the truth by being a part of the church, but are a part of the church because they have learned the truth and rejoice in it. The Scriptures teach in Colossians 3:17 where the authority for the Christian lay: Whatever you do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks through Him to God the Father. We are told further about where the authority for the Christian’s actions are in 2 Timothy 3:16-17: All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work. These truths are further exemplified by the attitude of Luke toward the Bereans in Acts 17:11: Now these were more noble-minded than those in Thessalonica, for they received the word with great eagerness, examining the Scriptures daily to see whether these things were so. We have seen that the Scriptures have spoken: we must not do any action while on Earth unless it is done by the authority of the Lord Jesus. We read about His will and desire for us in the Scriptures, and we must examine the Scriptures to confirm the words that we shall hear. Unfortunately, Christians are always in danger of following after either a “cult of personality” or a “collective determination.” Many times we will look back and consider certain preachers or such men from the past with high esteem and will use his words almost as if they are authoritative because that individual spoke them. Some may even do this with individuals yet living, believing that a preacher or an elder perhaps is such a great Christian that whatever he says must be true. I have seen many times that Christians believe that a practice is justifiable because the elders of their local congregation have approved the action and therefore it must be okay. It is also very possible for Christians to believe something to be true or to believe that a practice ought not be done because every other Christian in their local area believes it. Brethren, we must constantly make sure that we do not walk down the path of denominationalism by following after the beliefs of an individual or believing something because everyone else believes it– if we are going to believe that something is true and right in the sight of God, we must do so because we have searched the Scriptures to see if it is so, and that we may perform the action in confidence that it is done properly in the name of our Lord. Goodreads Meta Today’s Scripture And God’s anger was kindled because he went; and the angel of YHWH placed himself in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him (Numbers 22:22). Today’s Meditation “Satan” conjures up a picture of a red satyr-like figure with horns and a trident. “Satan” is a Hebrew word meaning “adversary”; it is used to refer to the angel of YHWH who stood opposed to Balaam. It is also used to refer to human opponents. Satan is thus to be understood as our adversary.

The 2012 Reds Hall of Fame Induction Weekend honored the first baseman Sean Casey, Dan Driessen and the late John Reilly, the members of the Class of 2012 with a host of activities and events including meet and greet sessions, a block party, an on-field question and answer program starring Big Red Machine Hall of Famers, an on-field induction ceremony and an extravagant Induction Gala. The weekend's event's kicked off on Friday night as the new inductees were joined by 15 returning Hall of Fame members for a meet and greet session in the museum. A second session took place Saturday morning. In total, close to 1,500 fans packed the museum for the two sessions. As the Saturday meet and greet session was underway, the second game day block party of the year featuring live music and refreshments was in full swing with thousands of fans gathering on the west side of the ballpark to enjoy the festivities. The loudest cheer from the crowd went to Sean Casey who made a brief appearance on stage to thank the fans for being there. With the block party moving along at full tilt, ballpark gates opened and the sold out crowd filed in, the first 25,000 receiving a commemorative Sean Casey bobblehead. The capacity crowd was treated to the official induction of Casey, Driessen and Reilly in a pre-game ceremony during which Driessen and Casey addressed the crowd and received their Hall of Fame plaques. The weekend was capped off by the Hall of Fame Induction Gala presented by cincyfavorites.com at the Duke Energy Convention Center. A sold-out audience of over 1,400 was treated to an elegant dinner and a memory and humor-filled program that brought the Reds past and present together like never before. Moving speeches from Driessen and Casey highlighted the evening which ended with the traditional red jacket presentation as the new inductees donned their jackets for the first time, surrounded by the other members of the Reds Hall of Fame fraternity. The audience stood as one as the red-jacketed assemblage of Hall of Famers smiled and waved, acknowledging the cheers that celebrated not only the triumphant end to the Gala and the weekend but much more so, the accomplishments of the men in the red jackets who have brought so much joy to generations of Reds fans. This story was not subject to the approval of Major League Baseball or its clubs.

Monday, August 29, 2011 Buying Liquor Online-A Cost-effective Solution With the changing lifestyle of individuals, several premium quality liquors have come into vogue. This growing popularity of varied adult beverages among youngsters has led to the increase in number of stores, which encourage the individuals to buy wine online as well as buy beer online. With these online stores, shopping has become an easy task, wherein the individuals do not have to leave their home for purchasing requisite items. In addition to clothes and other items, individuals nowadays are indulged in buying food and beverages such beer and wine online. There are several reasons why individuals prefer buying beer and wine online. In this era of internet shopping, the major advantage to buy beer online and buy wine online via the Internet is convenience. The convenience, which assures no need of leaving the house, is exactly why so many people are choosing online stores for buying liquor. Moreover, in addition to convenience and comfort of buying from home, individuals are also benefited with an availability of numerous options. In this virtual world, several online stores provide discounts for purchasing more bottles. Not only this, with the aid of online stores, individuals purchase different varieties of imported beverages, which are not easily available with the local dealers. Prior to making any final purchase from these stores, individuals can shop around the web for the best deals possible. These virtual online stores also facilitate the clients with free shipping services in least possible time frame. When individuals buy wine online they must make sure that the wine the delivery address is correctly mentioned along with other requisite details. For more information, log on to http://www.ebottleo.com.au/ About Me Interior Painting Dubai services design creatively styled wall coverings, that carry the potential to enhance the look and feel of an ambiance They also help the establishments of the hospitality sector by furnishing them with adequate Towel & Linen Supplies.

Clinical Science-linking basic science to disease mechanisms. For more than 50 years, Clinical Science has been at the interface linking basic science to disease mechanisms. Here, Rhian Touyz, the Editor-in-Chief, describes the journal, its aims and scope, and recent developments.

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The Art of Making Pickles When Brian Crane (BA ’73) married Diana Long (BS ’73), she gave him the best possible dowry: her parents. Bud and Ardella Long, of Pocatello, Idaho, unintentionally became the models for Earl and Opal Pickles, the beloved stars of Crane’s nationally syndicated cartoon strip, Pickles. “As I started drawing Pickles, I began to recognize my in-laws’ personalities in Earl and Opal,” Crane explains. “They bicker back and forth but are totally devoted to each other and depend on each other for their happiness. They are always doing things that find their way into the strip.” His in-laws, for instance, once started wearing magnetic bracelets for their health, but whenever they ate, their silverware stuck to the bracelets. “It was hilarious and so typical,” Crane says. “Configurations of their magnetic adventure made it into 30 of my strips.” Another incident took place at the Long’s cabin. Bud discovered he hadn’t brought along any shaving cream, so he lathered his face with toothpaste. Opal: What were you doing in the bathroom for so long? Earl: Shaving. Opal: Is that a new aftershave you’re wearing? Earl: No. I was out of shaving cream, so I used toothpaste instead. Opal: Ah . . . That would explain why you smell so minty fresh. Decent Folks “I like his characters,” says Drabble cartoonist Kevin Fagan. “What I really like about Brian’s work is that he is funny and uplifting at the same time. You feel good about these characters. They are decent folks.” In the foreword to the first of Crane’s five Pickles books, legendary Peanuts cartoonist Charles Schulz reflected the same sentiment: “I think it would be very comforting to have Earl and Opal for neighbors.” Schulz also correctly predicted the comic strip’s longevity.Pickles premiered in 1990 and 21 years later remains a popular feature nationwide. According to Crane’s editor, Amy Lago of the Washington Post Writers Group, Pickles ranks in the top 10 in almost every market in which it appears and, more usually, in the top three, often coming in first. Pickles is found in nearly 800 markets, making it one of the most widely syndicated comic strips today. An Impossible Dream Crane’s success with the strip fulfills a childhood dream. He grew up reading and loving comic strips. His favorites were Al Capp’s Li’l Abner and Pogo by Walt Kelly. “They were really funny,” he says, “and as I got older, I liked them on a second level, where I could appreciate their brilliant political and social satire. I still think they are two of the greatest comic strips of all time.” He cannot remember a time when he did not want to join their ranks. “I broke my arm when I was 12, and the doctor tried to distract me by asking me what I wanted to be when I grew up. The first answer out of my mouth was ‘comic strip artist,’ but even as I said it, it seemed like an impossible dream.” Crane’s first drawings were for his own amusement, often funny faces drawn in the margins of his school papers. Around fifth grade, he showed a drawing to a friend who laughed so hard milk spurted from his nose. “That was probably the greatest single encouragement I ever got to pursue a career in cartooning,” Crane says. Earl: The phone company called to say our payment was declined. Opal: What?! Earl: The credit card company closed my account. They say according to their records, I’m deceased. Opal: Deceased? Really? Earl: Yeah, can you believe that? Opal: Well, you have to admit that’s an easy mistake to make. Launching the Pickles Family Crane’s fortunes began to change when a job creating greeting cards convinced him he had a talent for funny ideas. “I had never thought of myself as a writer,” Crane says, “but I actually enjoyed doing that as much or more than the artwork.” That pleasure, and his growing disillusionment with doing ads for companies and products in which he didn’t believe, made Crane reconsider his old dream of cartooning. “I was almost 40 and thought if I didn’t try now, I probably never would,” he says. Crane began to learn the process of getting syndicated by reading the autobiography of Mort Walker, known for the strip Beetle Bailey. As he read about making samples, sending submissions, trying to get a syndicate’s attention, and finding a market, he thought he would have better odds at the lottery. And he was right, says his editor. “The odds of being picked up for syndication are about 5,000 to 3,” Lago explains. “And being successful enough to make a nice living is like winning the Mega Millions.” Crane decided to give it a shot anyway, since the cost would be nothing more than a little ink and paper. “I figured it was a better midlife option than buying a red Ferrari,” he says. First he had to create his characters. “Trying to decide who I was going to write about was a major decision,” he says. “It’s not like writing a book with a set of characters you can leave behind after you’re finished. In a comic strip, you could be writing about these characters the rest of your life, so it’s important they have legs that can inspire you for a long time. I have always liked older people, because they remind me of grandparents. I drew an older lady and my personal lightbulb went on.” The first characters were more crotchety than Opal and Earl have become, and he tried to find a name, like Crabtree, that would depict a cranky old couple. Nothing seemed right until he watched a football game in which one of the players had the last name of Pickles. Thus the Pickles family was born. Crane sent samples of his cartoons to three major syndicates. The first rejected him. The second rejected him. “The third rejection really hurt his feelings,” says his wife, Diana, “because it felt so personal.” “It wasn’t a case of the third time is a charm. It was three strikes, you’re out,” he says. Crane was ready to abandon his dream, but his wife insisted he try again. “It’s really great to be married to someone who has more faith in your abilities than you do,” Crane says. “So I sent some examples to the Washington Post Writers Group.” The syndicate liked his work and sent samples to newspaper contacts nationwide for evaluation. Then he waited. “It takes considerable manpower to promote you, and there are many others from which to choose,” he says. “It’s a big commitment, and I wasn’t surprised when, after several months, I had not heard from the Washington Post group.” When the call finally came telling him they wanted him to sign a contract, Crane felt a combination of euphoria and uncertainty. He asked himself, “Can I really do this? Do I have the ideas to do this for a month, let alone years and years? I think I was having the art world’s version of writer’s block, but I was smart enough to portray a confidence I didn’t really feel.” Earl: So you’re saying that married men live about 10 years longer than unmarried men. . . . Therefore, in all likelihood I’d probably be dead now if it weren’t for you. Opal: Correct. Earl: Hmm. Opal: I believe the phrase you’re searching for is “thank you.” The Graying of America Crane believes he found a niche for the graying of America, and the editors saw the marketing potential for it. He was cautioned not to quit his day job, however, and when he asked an editor how many papers would run his strip, she said probably about 50. That would get them enough return on their investment, but not enough to ensure his security. He took their advice. Crane would work all day at the advertising agency, have dinner with his family, and head to an improvised studio in his garage, where he worked on the strip for four hours. When Pickles reached 60 papers, he cut his day job down to four days a week, and five years later he became a cartoonist full-time. Joining the ranks of professional cartoonists, Crane began meeting his new colleagues—at comic strip conventions and elsewhere. Among them was the late Charles Schulz. “He was very encouraging to me,” says Crane. “He used to have a Christmas ice-skating show in Santa Rosa [California], and he always had one night just for cartoonists. . . . He was generous and seemed surprised by his success.” “Brian is a gentle guy and very quiet,” says Schulz’ widow, Jean, who runs the Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center in Santa Rosa. Crane often loans original strips to the museum, and he has taught master classes and served as a cartoonist-in-residence at the center. “He does not possess a huge ego,” says Jean Schulz, “something that often happens with artists who become as successful as Brian.” Crane, born among the first wave of baby boomers, is also starting to get insights from the man in the mirror. “I inspire myself a lot, including a day I walked my dog in the park. After some time, I looked down and noticed I was holding an empty leash. My dog had slipped out of her collar without me noticing and was off sniffing a tree somewhere. Meanwhile, I was greeting others and holding an empty leash. People must have thought I was crackers.” Every morning Crane awakes ready to live his dream. He does not always know what the day will bring, but more than two decades of strips give him the confidence that his next idea is about to emerge. “I hope I can do this until I die,” he says. “I’m still pinching myself after 20 years. I would like nothing better than someday dropping dead into a bottle of ink.”

OUR WORKER Our carpenters are well known worldwide, many of them have traveled to some parts of the world just to reassembly our products in the countries of destination. They are full of experiences, incomparable. Trust and experience definitely maintain our quality. Contact us now Notice: JavaScript is required for this content. Bali SMB Carpenter A rapid demand from time to time whether we are able to manufacture other wooden products , not only selling raw material. To accommodate this demand and inquiry we think we should move on by set a new division which will focus on custom made wooden products. So here we are Bali SMB carpenter.

--- name: Bug Report about: Create a report to help us improve --- ### Describe the bug A clear and concise description of what the bug is. ### To Reproduce Steps to reproduce the behavior: 1. Go to '...' 2. Click on '...' 3. Scroll down to '...' 4. See error ### Expected behavior A clear and concise description of what you expected to happen. ### Screenshots If applicable, add screenshots to help explain your problem. ### Desktop (please complete the following information): * OS: [e.g. iOS] * Browser [e.g. Chrome, Safari] * Version [e.g. 22] ### Smartphone (please complete the following information): * Device: [e.g. iPhone 8] * OS: [e.g. iOS 12.0.0] * Browser [e.g. Stock browser, Safari] * Version [e.g. 22] ### Additional context Add any other context about the problem here.

MEDLINE Search Strategies for Literature on Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders. PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: The purpose of this study is to examine the professional health literature on Asian American/Pacific Islanders in MEDLINE, review the guiding indexing principles used in MEDLINE, and present suggestions on how to most effectively search for material in the database. SEARCH METHODS USED: The authors conducted database searches in MEDLINE and examined the National Library of Medicine indexing principles related to Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders to develop database search strategies. SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FINDINGS: Two factors which contribute to the difficulty in identifying health literature on Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders are the small amount of material published when compared to other ethnic groups and the complex nature of indexing in MEDLINE that may create problems for less experienced database searchers. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Additional journal publications concerning Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, a more thorough understanding of how the literature on this group is best retrieved from MEDLINE, and the development of more user&shy;friendly approaches to the National Library of Medicine databases will aid researchers interested in this ethnic group. KEY WORDS: Asian Americans, MEDLINE, periodicals, databases, bibliographic

Q: Rails 3 extract the domain of a link with a regex and print it in parens, Rails -v 3.2.3 I'm working with an app that is supposed to display a description & url of a submitted link, I am using regex operators, which is something i am very new too. here is my views code: (<%= if link.url =~ /(:\/\/) ([^\/]*)/ then $2 else "wrong URL" end %>) however with every link i submit, the url is always wrong URL.... is this because $2 is the wrong regex operator? or is the /(:\/\/) ([^\/]*)/ section incorrect in Rails 3? A: Kill that space in the middle! The regex you're showing expects a space between the :// and the sub.domain.tld chunks; since no URLs have that, the regex won't match anything. The simplest change should be: /(:\/\/)([^\/]*)/ Or, to clean it up a little more (you don't need the first pair of parentheses): (<%= if link.url =~ /:\/\/([^\/]*)/ then $1 else "wrong URL" end %>) Hope that helps!

1. Field The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for driving a pneumatically operated implantable device, such as an artificial heart. 2. Discussion of Related Art Artificial hearts are typically constructed with right and left ventricles that function generally like and may replace the right and left ventricles of a native heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the subject's body and delivers this blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs of a subject and delivers this blood throughout the subject's body. Each ventricle of the artificial heart 100, like that shown in FIG. 1, includes a movable diaphragm 102 that is positioned between an air chamber 104 and a blood chamber 106 within the ventricle. The air chamber includes a single inlet/outlet 108 that is in fluid communication with a pneumatic driver. A blood inlet valve 110 provides a one-way entrance into the blood chamber 106 from the circulatory system of a subject and a blood outlet valve 112 provides a one-way outlet from the blood chamber. To replicate the systole of a native heart, pressurized air is provided to the air chamber in each ventricle of the artificial heart. The pressurized air displaces the diaphragm within the ventricle, reducing the volume of the blood chamber and causing blood to be ejected through the outlet valve and into the circulatory system of the subject. To replicate the diastole of a native heart, pressure is relieved from the air chamber of the ventricle, which allows blood to enter the blood chamber from the circulatory system of the subject. One example of an artificial heart is the CARDIOWEST Total Artificial Heart (TAH-t), as illustrated in FIG. 1. The TAH-t has left 114 and right 116 ventricles with a displacement of 70 cubic centimeters each. The TAH-t is used as a bridge-to-transplant type device, whereby the TAH-t is configured to replace a diseased heart on a temporary basis until a subject receives a transplanted human heart. The TAH-t may potentially, however, also be used as a permanent replacement for a native heart.

On the mechanism of action of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The oxidation of 6-methyltetrahydropterin and tetrahydrobiopterin coupled to the formation of tyrosine by phenylalanine hydroxylase generates a precursor species to the quinonoid product that is tentatively identified as a 4a-hydroxy adduct based on its spectral similarity to the 4a-hydroxy-6-methyl-5-deazatetrahydropterin. The rate of appearance of this intermediate and that of tyrosine are equal and hydroxylase catalyzed in accord with the completion of the hydroxylation event. This observation, which confirms and extends an earlier one by Kaufman [Kaufman, S. (1975) in Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines (Pfleiderer, W., Ed.) p 291, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin], serves to link the reaction courses followed by pterin and pyrimidine cofactor analogues and supports the hypothesis that the 4a position is a site of O2 attachment. Thus, as expected, no prereduction of the enzyme was observed in anaerobic experiments utilizing stoichiometric amounts of enzyme and tetrahydropterin in the presence or absence of 1 mM phenylalanine. Activation of the hydroxylase by 1 mM lysolecithin leads to oxidation of the tetrahydropterin in the absence of phenylalanine. A ring-opened pyrimidine analogue of the tetrahydropterin, 2,5-diamino-4-[(meso-1-methyl-2-aminopropyl)amino]-6-hydroxypyrimidine, was studied to examine the possibility of tetrahydropterin ring opening in the enzymatic reaction prior to 4a-hydroxy adduct formation. However, no hydroxylase-catalyzed ring closure was observed.

Death and Diamonds (film) Death and Diamonds () is a 1968 German thriller film directed by Harald Reinl and starring George Nader, Carl Möhner, and Heinz Weiss. It was part of the Jerry Cotton series of films about an FBI agent. It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin. The film's sets were designed by the art director Ernst H. Albrecht. Location shooting took place in Los Angeles, Berlin and the Dalmatian coast. Plot Jerry Cotton goes undercover to take out a criminal organisation including its bosses. Disguised as a British specialist for alarm systems he joins the gang which has a preference for diamonds. Taking part in their current activities he tries to get to their leaders. Although he works as prudent as he can he arouses suspicion and becomes a target himself. Cast References Bibliography External links Category:1968 films Category:West German films Category:1960s action thriller films Category:1960s heist films Category:1960s sequel films Category:1960s spy thriller films Category:German action thriller films Category:German sequel films Category:German spy thriller films Category:German heist films Category:German-language films Category:Films directed by Harald Reinl Category:Films set in the United States Category:Films based on crime novels Category:Films based on German novels Category:Constantin Film films Category:Films shot at Tempelhof Studios

Tiran, Iran Tiran (, also Romanized as Tīrān; also known as Tehrān, Tihrān, and Tirūn) is a city in and the capital of Tiran and Karvan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 15,673, in 4,431 families. References Category:Populated places in Tiran and Karvan County Category:Cities in Isfahan Province

Preliminary studies on the use of solid-phase immunosorbent techniques for the rapid detection of Wesselsbron virus (WSLV) IgM by haemagglutination-inhibition. Serum samples from 446 randomly selected persons belonging to different age groups and locations in Nigeria were tested for the presence of WSLV IgM using the flavivirus haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test adopted to the solid-phase immunosorbent technique (SPIT). 61 (14%) persons had IgM to WSLV only, while 9 (2%) persons had heterologous IgM to WSLV and two other flaviviruses, namely yellow fever and Uganda S viruses. There was a high prevalence of IgM in people of younger age groups than those in older groups. The majority of the IgM positive sera (67 (96%) of the 70 positive sera reacted to high titres (>21:80). With the conventional HI tests, 314 (70%) of the total sera tested had HI antibodies to one or more flaviviruses (yellow fever, West Nile, Potiskum, Zika and Uganda S) out of which 305/314 (97%) had antibodies to 3 or more flaviviruses used in the tests. Although SPIT may not be as sensitive as the conventional HI test, it was found to be more specific and could be adopted for the detection of early WSLV infections in flavivirus hyperendemic environments.

Claire Zulkey (Zulkey.com) joins Stephen, Andrew, Leonard and RJ to discuss tinned fish, the films of Peter Watkins and folk music. They then all complain about cellular smart-tele-phones like old people. 2011, EVERYONE! Oh – also, the show will now be produced every other week.

Car -1 -1 -10 575 171 597 191 1.51 1.59 3.86 -1.10 0.79 55.82 -1.57 0.01

I finished season three of Breaking Bad last night. Chris, I certainly wanted it to keep going and resolve some stuff, but I'm okay with waiting. I was still engaged through the season as a whole. Now I'm onto Mad Men. I just watched the BD version of FOTR. My overall impression was that it looked pretty good and noticeably better than the DVD version in some scenes. In the scenes I’ve demoed a lot I could tell that the audio was remixed so the voices weren’t drowned out by the music however, there were still several scenes where that still happened. There were only a couple scenes that looked abnormally blue mainly in the snow and in a few dark scenes. But otherwise it wasn’t distracting even though I was looking for it. OTOH the image sharpness seemed very inconsistent. Some scenes look crystal clear while the next one might look a little soft or hazy. IMO this was far more noticeable than any blue tinting. I felt it was downright distracting at times. Afterwards I popped the DVD version in my other Oppo and chaptered through doing an A/B comparison. For picture quality there is no comparison, the BD strikingly superior in every way both on my 134” screen and 46” HDTV, more noticeable on the screen of course. OTOH I didn’t notice nearly the same improvement in the audio quality. LFE and surround sound seemed the same. As I already noted there were some scenes where the music was toned down a bit on the BD version so that it didn’t overpower everything else but there were still a few places where it did. So based on what I saw and heard I would certainly upgrade for the picture quality alone but don’t do it if you’re looking only for a better audio experience. I've only watched select scenes from Fellowship so far, but they were enough to remind me how much the movies annoy me. I think I'm regretting my purchase. Ha ha. I finished season 4 of Mad Men. There sure are some compelling TV series these days. It's getting harder and harder to sit through movies when it feels so much more rewarding to watch shows that have the opportunity to develop the characters that much more. I can't remember what show I was going to work on next. Hmm.... I got my friend to start watching Friday Night Lights and Curb Your Enthusiasm with me, so it will be nice to revisit those. It's nice to be able to alternate between Larry David being a dork and the amped up drama of Friday Night Lights. I watched "Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole" last night. I was very impressed with the quality of this movie. The reviews had said that this movie had the best quality ever seen in both video and audio. I was a little reluctant to buy it because others had said that the story sucked, but I disagree. The story wasn't bad at all. I got this movie yesterday for $9.66 after store discount and using $10 worth of BB rewards coupons. I saw that "Falling Skies" was on after "Leverage". I didn't check it out yet, but I'll give it a shot and report back. EDIT: I'll tack on here. Has any anime fan watched either The Girl Who Leapt through Time, or Summer Wars? I'm thinking about give each of them a rent. I've watched both and like them both. The Girl Who Leapt through Time is funny at the beginning but a little bit sad in the end while Summer Wars is about family and love. Neither of them is for children. Highly recommended if you like Japanese anime. Talking about animes, I used to love them when I was younger but then haven't watched any in like 10 years. So a couple of weeks ago I decided to look on the net for a few recommendations. I ended up buying Evangelion 1.11 and Afro Samurai. I watched both this weekend. I really liked Afro Samurai. I's a 5 episodes movie that lasts about 2 hours. The story is very good with the development of both the main character and the plot so are the video and audio. As for Evangelion, I was expecting more. While the Video and Audio are top notch (a little more LFE wouldn't hurt), I found the story a bit confusing and not that rich. Given that I am not familiar with the older show, I might not understand everything and it seems that the whole story will be developed throughout 5 movies. I will most definitely buy Afro Samurai Resurrection and will probably download Evangelion 2.22 before buying it. Another that I just bought on Ebay is Paprika, supposedly a good scifi anime, I'll let you know.

The reason that I was quite silent during the last days is called WACK. It is something that my colleague Manfred Weber and me here at coma2 are working on. We think that it might be quite useful. WACK means "Window Application Control Kit" and does what it says: Windows. But we think that it will do that quite well and flexible. It will be a component, it will be free and it will be available soon on quasimondo.com. Unfortunately I have to leave in a hurry, so here is something I quickly hacked together... Comments are welcome indeed. You guys might be interested in checking out my application framework for ideas and inspiration. I am currently building FlashOS2, which includes a set of flash RAD "modules", including: the OS (basically a resource and settings loading, initializing and management system), windows, menus, tooltips, content panes, debugger, screen manager, and more - all built around documented APIs. You will be able to view information on it within the next day or two at my site http://gskinner.com/ (which should be going live today or tomorrow - it's late by a few days *grin*). FlashOS2 is a complete re-write, and re-think of my FlashOS1 project (Flash 5), which is still accessible at http://zeroera.com/ This isn't meant to be a personal plug. Just thought you might be interested to see a similar project. Of course I know FlashOS - who doesn't? It's great and I guess that we will not get close to what you have already accomplished. I already wondered when you would release the MX version of it. I'm looking forward to see how you solved certain things... Finally got the new gskinner.com site up (though missing a lot of content). Has some limited info on FlashOS2, including some early screen shots, descriptions, and an older entity map. The new site is actually built in FlashOS2 - though it only uses a few of it's resources. I'll also be open-sourcing a lot of FlashOS1 (much to my own embarassment - it's not the best code on earth) in the near future, along with some of my other past projects. btw: your site isn't displaying properly today in IE5.2 for MacOS10.2. Can send you a screen grab if you'd like. I am going to be looking over both projects as we need this for a RAD template engine we need for an e-learning project. I have been watching closely FlashOS X :) but I would love to hear more on WACK.

A case report of an adolescent with cluster headaches following neck trauma: Coincidence or trigger? Posttraumatic headaches usually have tension-type or migraine-like characteristics. A correlation between head trauma and cluster headaches (CH) has been previously reported. CH in children are rare and require thorough differential diagnosis. We present an original case of a 15-year-old boy with cluster headaches associated with allodynia probably evoked by a neck trauma. Severe headache attacks started one month after neck trauma. At the beginning clinical presentation of our patient's headaches was very misleading. Headaches were bilateral and associated with infection. Initial diagnosis of sinusitis was made. During further observation headaches have become unilateral with typical for CH associated symptoms and additionally with allodynia. Other causes of secondary CH like cervicogenic headaches, brain tumor and vascular malformation have been excluded. The boy has undergone prophylactic treatment based on flunarizine and gabapentin with good result. Possible pathogenesis of our patient's headaches has been proposed and diagnostic traps discussed.

Q: Update value in JSON object using NodeJS I've got a JSON object that's being submitted to a AWS Lambda NodeJS function. This JSON object has an apostrophe in one of the fields that I need to escape before it's being inserted into a MySQL database. The object needs to stay intact as it's being stored as a JSON object in the database. I've looked at string replace functions but those won't work since this is a JSON object natively. I'm sure there is a simple answer here, I'm just very new to NodeJS and haven't found a way after searching around for a few hours. Thanks in advance! The field I need to update is 2.1 below: Example of the BAD JSON Object: { "field1": "ABCD1234DEFG4567", "field2": "FBI", "fieldgroup": { "1.1": "ABCD", "1.2": 20170721, "1.3": "ABCD", "2.1": "L'astName, FirstName M" } } Example of the FINAL JSON object: { "field1": "ABCD1234DEFG4567", "field2": "FBI", "fieldgroup": { "1.1": "ABCD", "1.2": 20170721, "1.3": "ABCD", "2.1": "L''astName, FirstName M" } } A: const o = { "field1": "ABCD1234DEFG4567", "field2": "FBI", "fieldgroup": { "1.1": "ABCD", "1.2": 20170721, "1.3": "ABCD", "2.1": "L'astName, FirstName M" } }; const preparedObject = prepare(o); console.log(JSON.stringify(preparedObject, null, 4)); function prepare(o) { const replacedStrings = Object.keys(o) .filter(key => typeof o[key] === "string") .reduce((accu, key) => ({ ...accu, [key]: o[key].replace("'", "''") }), {}); const preparedChildren = Object.keys(o) .filter(key => typeof o[key] === "object") .reduce((accu, key) => ({ ...accu, [key]: prepare(o[key]) }), {}); return { ...o, ...replacedStrings, ...preparedChildren }; }

Background {#Sec1} ========== Bronchopleural fistula (BPF) is a relatively infrequent but potentially fatal complication of pulmonary resection. BPF can be divided into peripheral or central, based on the location of the leakage, and BPF occurs in about 1.5 to 28 % of pneumonectomy cases, and is associated with high death rate \[[@CR9], [@CR30]\]. It is estimated that incidence of BPF after pneumonectomy and lobectomy for lung cancer is 4.5--20 % and 0.5 %, respectively, and the incidence of BPF is highest after right pulmonary resection and right lower lobectomy \[[@CR31]\]. The etiology of BPF includes incomplete tumor resection, use of steroids, intraoperative infection and prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation as major risk factors of BPF \[[@CR31]\]. The clinical manifestations of BPF can be frequently classified as acute, subacute, and chronic. An acute BPF presents as tension pneumothorax, with pleural cavity communicating abnormally with the airways, and is associated with purulent sputum expectoration, dyspnea, and reduction in established pleural effusion \[[@CR22]\]. The presentations of subacute and chronic BPF are commonly related to a pleural space with infection, manifesting as a more invisible form with fever, dry cough, and malaise with different levels of respiratory disorder \[[@CR33]\]. Traditional treatments of BPF include thoracotomy after drainage and primary repair, which is based on vascularized muscular flaps and omental grafts tissues \[[@CR20]\]. Amplatzer vascular plug, which was originally designed for the transcatheter closure of vascular structures, has also been reported as a safe and effective method to treat small postoperative BPF \[[@CR9]\]. Fruchter et al. also found that the technique of Amplatzer double-disk occluder implantation may be suitable for both large and small BPFs which originate from the main bronchi and lobar bronchi, respectively \[[@CR8]\]. Additionally, endoscopic approaches and bronchoscopy are common methods of treating BPF to avoid thoracotomy \[[@CR27], [@CR36]\]. Bronchofiberscope (BFS) is a precision instrument employed to diagnose bronchial diseases using of the light guide composed by the fine fibers formed by tens of thousands of high transmittance glass or acrylic resin \[[@CR12], [@CR16]\]. BFS is designed to offer advantageous features such as easy operation method, clear vision, mild trauma, tolerance of surgery by patients, and high safety profile, which reduces or avoids complications associated with tracheotomy and prevents local infection \[[@CR25], [@CR32]\]. Clinically, BFS has multiple uses, including removing foreign bodies, eliminating secretions, treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma, central lung cancer, alveolar cell carcinoma, esophageal fistula, hemoptysis, obstruction, assisting endotracheal intubation treatment and placing gastric tube \[[@CR1], [@CR11], [@CR21]\]. Previous studies have revealed that BFS is also an excellent diagnostic tool for early detection of various intrabronchial injuries, and the attached biopsy sampling feature is helpful in the identification of early lesions, and to carry out poly excision surgery for the studies on bronchus and lung diseases \[[@CR15], [@CR18], [@CR19]\]. Previous studies reported various treatment methods for BPF using BFS, and the methods include gelfoam, shot put plugs, and tissue adhesives. However, these methods have significant deficiencies, evident from the fact that treatment fistula under 3 mm was efficient using these methods, but they show poor efficacy in treatment of BPF beyond 3 mm, particularly those beyond 10 mm \[[@CR6], [@CR28], [@CR35], [@CR37]\]. Phenol, also named carbolic acid, is a sweet-smelling colorless liquid used to prepare resins, preservatives, fungicides, drugs (e.g., aspirin), and also is used to disinfect surgical instruments \[[@CR4], [@CR24], [@CR38]\]. 88 % carbolic acid was found to be efficacious with all alopecia areata patients and can be considered as a treatment of choice for stable alopecia areata \[[@CR3]\]. Moreover, spot peel with 88 % phenol can be a cost-effective procedure for idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis, which can be combined with other medical therapies \[[@CR26]\]. There are no studies using carbolic acid to treat BPF with the help of BFS at present. Therefore, we investigated the efficiency of carbolic acid treatment of BPF in post-pulmonectomy patients, by instilled 100 % carbolic acid with the aid of BFS. Methods {#Sec2} ======= Ethics statement {#Sec3} ---------------- This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang. The informed written consent was collected from each eligible patient and the whole study was performed based on the Declaration of Helsinki \[[@CR14]\]. Study population {#Sec4} ---------------- A total of 12 patients with post-pulmonectomy BPF were enrolled at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang between February 2009 and March 2012. Orificium fistulae were confirmed by bronchoscope and the average diameter was 4.5 mm. The eligible patients included eight males and three females, with an average age of 56 years (range, 45 \~ 71 years). Three patients had BPF after the right pneumonectomy, six after the left pneumonectomy, one after the right middle and low lobectomy and two after left upper lobectomy. Preoperotive preparation {#Sec5} ------------------------ Electrocardiogram, routine blood tests and biochemical examination were performed in all the patients. Patients were fasted for 4 \~ 6 h in preparation for surgery and received 10 mg diazepam and 1 mg atropine via intramuscular injection about 30 min before operation. In addition, 1 % lidocaine was used for nasopharyngeal anesthesia by nebulizer. Intraoperative methods {#Sec6} ---------------------- All patients were instructed to take supine position except 2 patients with short breath in sitting position. The BFS (Olympus BF1T40) was inserted into the trachea through nasal cavity. Heart rate, blood pressure and SpO2 was monitored. Patients received local nasopharyngeal anesthesia with 2 % lidocaine to alleviate irritant reaction. The bronchus around the suture was bubbling when the patient breathed deeply. The fistula was observed via BFS. After the drainage of secretion, hematocele or pus around the BPF, a bronchoscopy biopsy forceps was used for removing necrotic tissues and a 1.8 mm flexible tube was guided through the biopsy hole. The distal end of BFS was brought out and fixed 0.3 cm above the fistula. With breath holding, 100 % carbolic acid solution (0.5--1.0 ml) was instilled to bronchial mucosa through the BFS. The bronchial mucosa became pale after treatment and finally the flexible tube and bronchoscope were removed. Postoperative and histological observation {#Sec7} ------------------------------------------ After the surgery, the patients were treated with closed drainage of thoracic cavity, anti-inflammatory, symptomatic and supportive treatments. Gas discharge in thoracic drainage tube was observed, and fistula healing were measured via BFS. The treatments were repeated if there was gas discharge from thoracic drainage tube, or further observations were made. Patients could leave hospital after blood routine test showing no evidence of dyspnea, fever, positive culture of fluid drainage (3 times). Paraffin sections (4 \~ 6 μm) of bronchial stump were stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the irritation of bronchial stump after instilled with carbolic acid solution. Results {#Sec8} ======= Outcome characteristics of BPF {#Sec9} ------------------------------ In the 12 patients with BPF, the median diameter of the BPF orifice was 4.5 mm, according to the intraoperative observation. Specifically, 3 patients showed a fistula diameter of 3 mm or smaller, 6 patients showed a fistula diameter of 3 \~ 5 mm, and 3 patients exhibited a fistula diameter of 5 mm or larger, 1 of whom had a fistula diameter of 7 mm (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}). Serious complications, such as haemorrhage, severe dyspnea and SpO2 declines, did not occur in all the 12 patients during bronchoscopic therapy. Of note, BPF orifices in 5 patients closed after 5 treatments with carbolic acid, 1 patient through 2 treatments, 1 patient through 3 treatments, 2 patients through 4 treatments and 3 patients through 7 treatments (Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Follow-up was conducted for six months after bronchoscopy. Based on the data collected, the average treatment time of the 12 patients was calculated as 20 min and the average time of fistula closure was 30 days. Importantly, the cure rate was 100 %.Table 1Characteristics and outcomes of BPF patientsAge\ (y)GenderInitial symptomSurgical methodBronchopleural fistulaeSize (mm)Treatment timesCure time (d)Follow up148maleLow feverRight PNY3535alive256maleHigh feverRight PNY3.5535alive350maleBlood sputumLeft PNY1321alive471maleIrritating coughLeft upper LBY1.5428alive557femaleLow feverRight upper LBY4535alive665maleFever/air bubbleLeft PNY5749unknown764maleCough/feverLeft PNY7749alive859maleCough/feverRight PNY1214alive962maleLow feverLeft upper LBY4749alive1058maleFever/sputumLeft PNY5535alive1145maleLow feverLeft PNY3.5428alive1256malesputumLeft PNY4535alive*BPF* bronchopleural fistula, *y* years, *PNY* pneumonectomy, *LBY* lobectomy, *d* daysFig. 1The treatment process of carbolic acid: **a** the BPF (about 1 mm); **b** infused by the carbolic acid; **c** BPF narrowed after 2 times instillation, and bubbles appeared after carbolic acid infused with saline; **d** repositioned the fistula, and three times later the BPF healed. Note: BPF, bronchopleural fistula HE staining {#Sec10} ----------- HE staining was performed to observe bronchial stumps stimulated by carbolic acid infusion. The biopsy showed that the white flat hyperplasia tissue (bronchial stumps tissue) after carbolic acid treatment was inflammatory granulation tissue. Furthermore, it was found that the tissue was loose and dropsical, with a small amount of proliferation of irregularly distributed fibroblast, small vascular proliferation, a large number of plasma cells and lymphocyte infiltration, and a small amount of irregularly arranged squamous epithelial hyperplasia, as shown in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}.Fig. 2Results of HE staining observing bronchial stumps tissues stimulated by carbolic acid infusion. Note: HE, hematoxylin and eosin Discussion {#Sec11} ========== BPF is defined as an abnormal communication between a lobar or the main bronchus and the pleural space, and continues to be a severe surgery complication, which is related to high morbidity and mortality \[[@CR13]\]. Risk factors associated with BPF incidence are fever, steroid use, anemia, leukocytosis and tracheostomy, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Haemophilus influenzae in sputum and bronchoscopy for sputum suction or mucus plugging \[[@CR2]\]. Recently, a number of flexible bronchoscopic techniques have been used to seal BPFs. These materials include cyanoacrylate-based glues, absorbable gelatine sponge, vascular embolisation devices, and fibrin compounds \[[@CR7], [@CR10]\]. In this study, we describe a novel approach of using carbolic acid for the closure of fistulas. Carbolic acid has a strong reaction with mucosal tissues, and pure carbolic acid corrodes mucosa completely in 60 s. When carbolic acid contacts the mucosal surface, the mucosa tissues is rapidly degenerated (pale), and mucosal inflammation stimulate exudation and proliferation, finally resulting in the closure of fistula \[[@CR34]\]. Carbolic acid is widely used for disinfecting appendiceal stump in appendicitis operation and in the treatment of suspected TB contaminants in tuberculosis surgery \[[@CR5], [@CR17]\]. We describe a simple, safe and effective way to instill 100 % carbolic acid through BFS in the treatment of BPF. The 12 patients treated with carbolic acid successfully reached fistula closure, with the total effective rate at 100 % without any adverse reactions of hemoptysis and dyspnea. A reasonable explanation might be that carbolic acid is relatively safe, a small amount of acid liquid overflow will not cause serious injuries to normal mucosal \[[@CR29]\]. A number of advantages are embodied in the instillation of carbolic acid under BFS. First, this method is easy to perform and, based on it success rate in this study, likely to be readily accepted by the patients, and patient hospitalization is unnecessary if they are in good condition. Second, for patients who have larger fistula with significant pleural effusion and sputum, this therapeutic tool can rapidly relieve the symptoms and avoid aspiration pneumonia. Third, the fistula location, size, shape can be clearly orientated. Finally, it can help reduce operative risks, decrease mortality rate as well as the cost of treatment for BPF \[[@CR13]\]. Our results also revealed that the healing time of fistula is positively correlated to its size. Based on the clinical observations of series of cases, we summarize that fistula \< 5 mm healed in much shorter time compared to fistula ≥ 5 mm. However, if the size of fistula exceeded certain limit, it might be difficult to heal due to the potential lack of healthy mucosa to stimulate proliferation and regenerate tissue \[[@CR23]\]. Our study presents clear evidence that use of carbolic acid for BPF treatment under the inspection of BFS is safe and 100 % effective. However, our findings need to be interpreted with caution due to limitations in the study. A limitation is the small number of patients with BPF who underwent BFS. Therefore, our study contained a relatively smaller sample size, which might restrict the application of our results to a wider population. Further studies using large sample size and better study designs will be necessary to confirm our findings. Conclusion {#Sec12} ========== In conclusion, we achieved 100 % efficacy in treatment of BPF with carbonic acid through BFS, with BPF size ranging from 3--7 mm in diameter. The described procedure is simple, safe and an effective choice for BPF patients, with little pain and at relatively low cost. **Competing interests** The authors declare that they have no competing interests. **Authors' contributions** Z Wang and YY Liu carried out the molecular genetic studies, HB Yu participated in the sequence alignment and Q Luo drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. We would like to acknowledge the reviewers for their helpful comments on this paper.

South Korean ladies' soccer dynamo Park Eun-Seon is good at her sport. Real good. Like, man good. At least, according to a cabal of her fellow women's soccer league players, who have threatened to stop playing unless the league subjects Park to a humiliating gender test and releases the results to the public. »11/08/13 3:10pm 11/08/13 3:10pm

Florida Department of CorrectionsJulie L. Jones, Secretary Average Sentence Length of Admissions: 4.7 Years Most (56.7%) of those admitted to prison this fiscal year were sentenced to three years or less. The average sentence for everyone admitted to prison this fiscal year was 4.7 years. For calculation purposes, those sentenced to 50 years or longer, life or death was coded as 50-year sentences. Men who received death sentences are housed on death row at either Union C. I. or Florida State Prison. Women on death row are located at Lowell Annex. Anyone sentenced to prison today for a crime committed on or after October 1, 1995 will have served 85% of their sentence or more by the time they are released. Sentence Length for Current Commitment Sentence Length White Males White Females Black Males Black Females Other Males Other Females Total Percent Cumulative Percent Gt 1 To 2 Years 6,447 1,480 5,971 751 497 48 15,194 39.2% 39.2% Gt 2 To 3 Years 2,936 496 2,791 287 221 23 6,754 17.4% 566% Gt 3 To 5 Years 3,179 428 3,275 213 273 11 7,379 19.0% 75.6% Gt 5 To 10 Years 2,137 220 2,283 135 192 11 4,978 12.8% 88.5% Gt 10 To 20 Years 1,160 91 1,298 64 119 5 2,737 7.1% 95.6% Gt 20 Years Or More 692 22 892 24 63 0 1,693 4.4% 100.0% Data Unavailable 282 64 201 39 32 1 619 Total 16,833 2,801 16,711 1,513 1,397 99 39,354 100.0% Average** 4.6 2.7 5.2 3.1 5.0 2.8 4.7 Median** 2.2 1.7 2.5 1.9 2.5 2.0 2.2 * GT - Greater than, LE - less than or equal to. ** Sentence lengths of 50 years or longer, life, and death are coded as 50 years for calculations of averages and medians. Sentence lengths for Whites remained about the same in FY 2008-09. The same measure increased slightly for Blacks. The average sentence lengths of "Others" such as Chinese, Native American, Japanese and those of Latin descent were the lowest this last fiscal year than any other year in the five year comparison.

Patient-based surveying: a cost-effective approach for reaching large markets. Member-based surveying is an important tool for managed care companies to discern newer and better ways in which to keep their current members satisfied, develop products that will attract new members, and to gauge changes of course in health consumer opinion. This article discusses a consumer friendly and cost-effective method to survey members and the general public that has produced a very positive response for a modest investment. The response rate will likely improve over time as the method gains broader acceptance.

Q: Simple probability inequality to show How can I show that $ P(A \cup B) P(A\cap B) \le P(A) P(B)$ for any events A and B? I have tried using the inclusion/exclusion principle and using conditional probability but I keep going round in circles. Thanks A: Let $X=A\backslash B$, $Y=A\cap B$, $Z=B\backslash A$ be three disjoint events and $x=P(X)$, $y=P(Y)$, $z=P(Z)$ ($x,y,z \geq 0$). Then: $$P(A)=x+y\\P(B)=y+z\\P(A\cup B)=x+y+z\\P(A\cap B)=y$$ So $$P(A)P(B)-P(A\cup B)P(A\cap B)=\\(x+y)(y+z)-y(x+y+z)=\\xy+xz+y^2+yz-xy-y^2-yz = \\ xz \geq 0$$ Thus: $$P(A)P(B)\geq P(A\cup B)P(A\cap B)$$

Norm Solomon on the Green Party’s Presidential Campaign The 2004 Presidential Race: Green Dreams The Green Party and the ’04 Presidential Campaign The Green Party makes no secret that it is different and radical: a multi-decade effort to bring justice and fairness into politics and into every facet of society. Norm Solomon simply won’t admit that the Green Party is unique, growing in a new paradigm that the old decaying parties refuse to acknowledge — and missing out on this truth leads Solomon to make mistakes in his views about the Greens. by Norman Solomon Activists have plenty of good reasons to challenge the liberal Democratic Party operatives who focus on election strategy while routinely betraying progressive ideals. Unfortunately, the national Green Party now shows appreciable signs of the flip side — focusing on admirable ideals without plausible strategy. Running Ralph Nader for president is on the verge of becoming a kind of habitual crutch — used even when the effect is more damaging than helpful. The Progress Report — Ralph Nader has run for president less often than Ronald Reagan, George Bush Sr., or Richard Nixon. So what? Is there a rule that says Nader is not allowed to run? It’s impossible to know whether the vote margin between Bush and his Democratic challenger will be narrow or wide in November 2004. I’ve never heard a credible argument that a Nader campaign might help to defeat Bush next year. A Nader campaign might have no significant effect on Bush’s chances — or it could turn out to help Bush win. With so much at stake, do we really want to roll the dice this way? The Progress Report — Who is this “we” that is rolling the dice? Each political party nominates a candidate for president. That’s their business. If you want to participate, join a party and be active. We’re told that another Nader campaign will help to build the Green Party. But Nader’s prospects of coming near his nationwide 2000 vote total of 2.8 million are very slim; much more probable is that a 2004 campaign would win far fewer votes — hardly an indicator of, or contributor to, a growing national party. The Progress Report — That is a reasonable point against nominating Nader, and Green Party members are taking it into consideration. Nader is not currently a Green Party member, and his selection as that party’s nominee for president is not at all certain. It appears to me that the entire project of running a Green presidential candidate in 2004 is counter-productive. Some faithful will be energized, with a number of predictably uplifting “super rallies” along the way, but many past and potential Green voters are likely to consciously drift away. Such a campaign will generate much alienation and bitterness from natural constituencies. Ironically, the current Green party-building agenda looks like a scenario for actually damaging the party. The Progress Report — How does Norm Solomon reach this conclusion? He does not say. Green organizers often insist that another presidential run is necessary so that the party can energize itself and stay on the ballot in various states. But it would be much better to find other ways to retain ballot access while running stronger Green campaigns in selected local races. Overall, I don’t believe that a Green Party presidential campaign in 2004 will help build a viable political alternative from below. Some activists contend that the Greens will maintain leverage over the Democratic Party by conveying a firm intention to run a presidential candidate. I think that’s basically an illusion. The prospect of a Green presidential campaign is having very little effect on the Democratic nomination contest, and there’s no reason to expect that to change. The Democrats are almost certain to nominate a “moderate” corporate flack (in which category Howard Dean should be included). A few years ago, Nader and some others articulated the theory that throwing a scare into the Democrats would move them in a more progressive direction. That theory was disproved after November 2000. As a whole, congressional Democrats have not become more progressive since then. The Progress Report — True, the Democrats have not indicated that they have learned much of anything from the 2000 or the 2002 elections. That is a rather telling point against the Democrats, not the Greens. There has been a disturbing tendency among some Greens to conflate the Democratic and Republican parties. Yes, the agendas of the two major parties overlap. But they also diverge. And in some important respects, any of the Democratic presidential contenders would be clearly better than Bush (with the exception of Joseph Lieberman, whose nomination appears to be quite unlikely). For the left to be “above the fray” would be a big mistake. It should be a matter of great concern — not indifference or mild interest — as to whether the Bush gang returns to power for four more years. I’m not suggesting that progressives mute their voices about issues. The imperative remains to keep speaking out and organizing. As Martin Luther King Jr. said on April 30, 1967: “When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, militarism and economic exploitation are incapable of being conquered.” The left should continue to denounce all destructive policies and proposals, whether being promoted by Republicans or Democrats. At the same time, we should not gloss over the reality that the Bush team has neared some elements of fascism in its day-to-day operations — and forces inside the Bush administration would be well-positioned to move it even farther to the right after 2004. We don’t want to find out how fascistic a second term of George W. Bush’s presidency could become. The current dire circumstances should bring us up short and cause us to re-evaluate approaches to ’04. The left has a responsibility to contribute toward a broad coalition to defeat Bush next year. The Progress Report — This talk about “right versus left” merely serves to divide people when they should be united. The old right-left distinction ceased to be meaningful long ago. As the Green Party of Ontario says, “Rather than Left-Right, the new axis can be described as a green-grey spectrum. Green values include decentralization, sustainability, community-control, and diversity, while grey values are centralization, unsustainable industrial processes, trans- national control, and monoculture.” There are some Green Party proposals for a “safe states” strategy, with the party’s presidential nominee concentrating on states that seem sure to go for either Bush or the Democrat. But it’s not always clear whether a state is “safe” (for instance, how about California?). And the very act of a Green campaign focusing on some “safe states” might render a few of those states more susceptible to a Bush upset win. An additional factor is that presidential campaigns are largely nationwide. In 2000, despite unfair exclusion from the debates and the vast majority of campaign news coverage, Nader did appear on national radio and TV to a significant extent. And of course, more than ever, the Internet is teeming with progressive websites, listservs and e-mail forwarding. It doesn’t seem very practical to run as a national candidate while effectively urging people in some states not to vote for you when they see your name on the ballot — even if the candidate is inclined toward such a strategy. And that’s a big “if.” For all its talk of democratic accountability, the Green Party is hooked into the old-fashioned notion that a candidate, once nominated, decides how and where to campaign. It’s ironic that the party is likely to end up with a presidential candidate who will conduct the campaign exactly as he chooses, with no built-in post-nomination accountability to any constituency or group decision-making. Kind of sounds like the major parties in that respect; choose the candidate and the candidate does whatever he wants from that point forward. The Progress Report — Whether Norm Solomon likes it or not, candidates’ campaigns are not mere puppets controlled by a centralized party. We concur that the “safe states” strategy is a pack of nonsense — no political party should have to tie itself in knots just to be seen as nice by other political parties. Why should the Green Party cut down its own campaigns just to help the Democrats? Remember, please — the Democrats in New Mexico attempted to ban the Green Party. The Democrats in Maine attampted to ban the Green Party. You can’t get much less friendly than that. What national Democrats have deplored those attempts? No doubt, too many Democratic Party officials have been arrogant toward Green Party supporters. “Democrats have to face reality and understand that if they move too far to the right, millions of voters will defect or vote for third-party candidates,” Tom Hayden pointed out in a recent article . “Democrats have to swallow hard and accept the right of the Green Party and Ralph Nader to exist and compete.” At the same time, Hayden added cogently, “Nader and the Greens need a reality check. The notion that the two major parties are somehow identical may be a rationale for building a third party, but it insults the intelligence of millions of blacks, Latinos, women, gays, environmentalists and trade unionists who can’t afford the indulgence of Republican rule.” The Progress Report — Norm Solomon cannot have it both ways. Sometimes he indicates that the Green Party is a trivial band of naive idealists, but at other times he implies that it has terrific power to determine the outcome of the 2004 election. Let’s be consistent, shall we? The presidency of George W. Bush is not a garden-variety Republican administration. By unleashing its policies in this country and elsewhere in the world, the Bush gang has greatly raised the stakes of the next election. The incumbent regime’s blend of extreme militarism and repressive domestic policy should cause the left to take responsibility for helping to oust this far-right administration — rather than deferring to dubious scenarios for Green party-building. The Progress Report — Again with this left-right trap. Greens have said it a thousand times — the Green Party is neither left nor right, but out in front. Norm Solomon’s descriptions and criticisms are off the mark, because the Greens do not fit into his left-right paradigm. Greens have recognized the new paradigm where “grey versus green” makes sense, not “left versus right.” When Norm Solomon finally gets his hands around this concept (and he will), his remarks will be sharper and clearer. In an August essay, Michael Albert of Z Magazine wrote: “One post election result we want is Bush retired. However bad his replacement may turn out, replacing Bush will improve the subsequent mood of the world and its prospects of survival. Bush represents not the whole ruling class and political elite, but a pretty small sector of it. That sector, however, is trying to reorder events so that the world is run as a U.S. empire, and so that social programs and relations that have been won over the past century in the U.S. are rolled back as well. What these parallel international and domestic aims have in common is to further enrich and empower the already super rich and super powerful.” Albert pointed out some of the foreseeable consequences of another Bush term: “Seeking international Empire means war and more war — or at least violent coercion. Seeking domestic redistribution upward of wealth and power, most likely means assaulting the economy via cutbacks and deficits, and then entreating the public that the only way to restore functionality is to terminate government programs that serve sectors other than the rich, cutting health care, social services, education, etc.” And Albert added: “These twin scenarios will not be pursued so violently or aggressively by Democrats due to their historic constituency. More, the mere removal of Bush will mark a step toward their reversal.” Looking past the election, Albert is also on target: “We want to have whatever administration is in power after Election Day saddled by a fired up movement of opposition that is not content with merely slowing Armageddon, but that instead seeks innovative and aggressive social gains. We want a post election movement to have more awareness, more hope, more infrastructure, and better organization by virtue of the approach it takes to the election process.” I’m skeptical that the Green Party’s leadership is open to rigorously pursue a thoroughgoing safe-states approach along the lines that Albert has suggested in his essay . Few of the prominent Green organizers seem sufficiently flexible. For instance, one Green Party leader who advocates “a Strategic States Plan” for 2004 has gone only so far as to say that “most” of the party’s resources should be focused on states “where the Electoral College votes are not ‘in play.’” Generally the proposals coming from inside the Green Party seem equivocal, indicating that most party leaders are unwilling to really let go of traditional notions of running a national presidential campaign. I’m a green. But these days, in the battle for the presidency, I’m not a Green. The Progress Report — Sorry, Norm Solomon, you are not a green or a Green, because you insist on seeing Greens as just a bunch of forward-thinking sincere Democrats. You need to open up a new space in your mind where the Greens fit. It is not convenient nor easy to do this, but more and more Americans are doing it each day. Here in the United States, the Green Party is dealing with an electoral structure that’s very different from the parliamentary systems that have provided fertile ground for Green parties in Europe. We’re up against the winner-take-all U.S. electoral system. Yes, there are efforts to implement “instant runoff voting,” but those efforts will not transform the electoral landscape in this decade. And we should focus on this decade precisely because it will lead the way to the next ones. By now it’s an open secret that Ralph Nader is almost certain to run for president again next year. Nader has been a brilliant and inspirational progressive for several decades. I supported his presidential campaigns in 1996 and 2000. I won’t in 2004. The reasons are not about the past but about the future. _____________________ Norman Solomon is co-author of “Target Iraq: What the News Media Didn’t Tell You.” For an excerpt and other information, go to: www.contextbooks.com/new.html#target We are Hanno Beck, Lindy Davies, Fred Foldvary, Mike O'Mara, Jeff Smith, and assorted volunteers, all dedicated to bringing you the news and views that make a difference in our species struggle to win justice, prosperity, and eco-librium. I think that Ralph Nader should run again. I mean there’s a chance that it might take away votes from the democratic party and give more to George Bush. But even the democrats have taken actions against the greens. Norm Solomon shouldn’t think of greens as naive, he is not a green, so he should just accept the greens as not being just another democratic party but a party of their own. Solomon is right. We can’t afford a Bush victory in 2004. There is a time for plurality, and there is a time for concensus. If Bush wins the next election, all HELL is liable to break loose before 2008. It is imperative that we (and here Fred, I am referring to moderates, liberals, and progressives alike) temporarily abandon our differences, and unite to GET BUSH OUT OF POWER. If we don’t, we and the whole rest of the world are in for big trouble. The leaders of the Green Party know this, or at least they should know it. I don’t see how they can in good conscience run a candidate in competition with Bush’s opposition, no matter how unsatisfactory that opposition might be. The Greens are long on ideals, and short on strategy. Good strategy for them at this point, would be to endorse wholeheartedly the Democrats’ Kucinich; to publicly avail Kucinich of all the Greens’ considerable resources of PR and enthusiasm. To make a Kucinich nomination the condition for Green support of the Democrats. This would put both Kucinich AND the Greens in the media spotlight, which is exactly where they both need to be. Also, it would exert considerable pressure on the Democratic nominating process. Then, even if Kucinich loses the nomination to Dean or Kerry (which he probably would), a broad and ideologically cogent coalition will have been formed. And the Greens would still be free to, at the last moment, urge their supporters to vote for WHOEVER is opposing George Bush. I like your call for unity and consensus. You remark that the Greens don’t seem to be very interested in that, but my question is, are the Democrats? The Democrats have a much larger political party, and so far, there has been no “unity” talk emanating from them to the Greens — instead there has been continued scolding, threats, inaction on issues such as instant runoff voting, and — worst of all — attempts to ban the Green Party outright. Dennis Kucinich is the best member of Congress and the best of the announced Democratic candidates for president. It would be very reasonable for Green Party members to support his campaign, except for one thing. The Green Party is a political party, not a pressure group. Can you name some occasions when the Democratic Party officially endorsed a non-Democrat? Or when the Republican Party officially endorsed a non-Republican? Each of those parties has had more than 100 years to set such precedents. But, whether we like it or not, the business of a political party is to promote its own candidates. If the Green Party has the right to exist at all, then it has the right to nominate a Green for president. More than a right, in fact — an obligation, to its own members and to the future of the world. If the Democrats want a different arrangement, they’d better change their behavior and sit down at the bargaining table. But I don’t expect that. Advertise here. Arts & Letters Geonomics is … a POV that Spain’s president might try. A few blocks from my room in Madrid at a book fair to promote literacy, Sr Zapatero, while giving autographs and high fives to kids, said books are very expensive and he’d see about getting the value added tax on them cut down to zero. (El Pais, June 4; see, politicians can grasp geo-logic.) But why do we raise the cost of any useful product? Why not tax useless products? Even more basic: is being better than a costly tax good enough? Our favorite replacement for any tax is no tax: instead, run government like a business and charge full market value for the permits it issues, such as everything from corporate charters to emission allowances to resource leases. These pieces of paper are immensely valuable, yet now our steward, the state, gives them away for nearly free, absolutely free in some cases. Government is sitting on its own assets and needs merely to cash in by doing what any rational entity in the economy does – negotiate the best deal. Then with this profit, rather than fund more waste, pay the stakeholders, we citizenry, a dividend. Thereby geonomics gets rid of two huge problems. It replaces taxes with full-value fees and replaces subsidies for special interests with a Citizens Dividend for people in general. Neither left nor right, this reform is what both nature lovers and liberty lovers need to promote, right now. shaped by reality. In the 1980′s, the Swedish government doubled its stock transfer tax. Tax receipts, however, rose only 15%, since traders simply fled to London exchanges. Fearing a further exodus, the Swedish government quickly rescinded the tax altogether. (The New York Times, April 20) That willingness to tax anything leads us astray. Pushing us astray is that unwillingness to pay what we owe: rent for land, our common heritage. Assuming land value is up for grabs, we speculate. We cap the property tax on both land and buildings and the rate at which assessments can go up; while real market values rise quicker, assessments can never catch up. Our stewards, the Bureau of Land Management, routinely sell and lease sites below market value, often to insiders, says the Government Accounting Office. Once we grasp that rent is ours to share, we’ll collect it all, rather than let it enrich a few, and quit taxing earnings, which do belong to the individual earner. That shift is geonomic policy. the study of the money we spend on the nature we use. When we pay that money to private owners, we reward both speculation and over-extraction. Robert Kiyosaki’s bestseller, Rich Dad’s Prophecy, says, “One of the reasons McDonald’s is such a rich company is not because it sells a lot of burgers but because it owns the land at some of the best intersections in the world. The main reason Kim and I invest in such properties is to own the land at the corner of the intersection. (p 200) My real estate advisor states that the rich either made their money in real estate or hold their money in real estate.” (p 141, via Greg Young) When government recovers the rents for natural advantages for everyone, it can save citizens millions. Ben Sevack, Montreal steel manufacturer, tells us (August 12) that Alberta, by leasing oil & gas fields, recovers enough revenue to be the only province in Canada to get by without a sales tax and to levy a flat provincial income tax. While running for re-election, provincial Premier Ralph Klein proposes to abolish their income tax and promises to eliminate medical insurance premiums and use resource revenue to pay for all medical expense for seniors. After all this planned tax-cutting and greater expense, they still expect a large budget surplus. Even places without oil and gas have high site values in their downtowns, and high values in their utility franchises. Recover the values of locations and privileges, displace the harmful taxes on sales, salaries, and structures, then use the revenue to fund basic government and pay residents a dividend, and you have geonomics in action. close to the policy of the Garden Cities in England. Founded by Ebenezer Howard over a century ago, residents own the land in common and run the town as a business. Letchworth, the oldest of the model towns, serves residents grandly from bucketfuls of collected land rent (as does the Canadian Province of Alberta from oil royalty). A geonomic town would pay the rent to residents, letting them freely choose personalized services, and also ax taxes. Both geonomics and Howard were inspired by American proto-geonomist Henry George. The movement launched by Howard today in the UK advances the shift of taxes from buildings to locations. A recent report from the Town and Country Planning Association proposes this Property Tax Shift and their journal published research in the potential of land value taxation by Tony Vickers (Vol. 69, Part 5, 2000). (Thanks to James Robertson) a new field of study offered in place of economics, as astronomy replaced astrology and chemistry replaced alchemy. Conventional economics, in which GNP can do well while people suffer, is a bit too superstitious for my renaissance upbringing. If I’m to propitiate unseen forces, it won’t be inflation or “the market”; let it be theEgyptian cat goddess. At least then we’d have fewer rats. Meanwhile, believing in reason leads to a new policy, also christened geonomics. That’s the proposal to share (a kind of management, the “nomics” part) the worth of Mother Earth (the “geo” part). If our economies are to work right, people need to see prices that tell the truth. Now taxes and subsidies distort prices, tricking people into squandering the planet. Using land dues and rent dividends instead lets prices be precise, guiding people to get more from less and thereby shrink their workweek. More free time ought to make us happy enough to evolve beyond economics, except when nostalgic for superstition. of interest to Dave Lakhani, President Bold Approach (Mar 8) and Matt Ozga (Jan 29): “I write for the Washington Square News, the student run newspaper out of New York University. Geonomics seems like it has great significance, especially in this area. When was geonomics developed, and by whom?” About 1982 I began. Two years later, Chilean Dr Manfred Max-Neef offered the term geonomics for Earth-friendly economics. In the mid-80s, a millionaire founded a Geonomics Institute on Middlebury College campus in Vermont re global trade. In the 1990s, CNBC cablecast a show, Geonomics, on world trade as it benefits world traders. My version of geonomics draws heavily from the American Henry George who wrote Progress & Poverty (1879) and won the mayoralty of New York but was denied his victory by Tammany Hall (1886). He in turn got lots from Brits David Ricardo, Adam Smith, and the French physiocrats of the 1700s. My version differs by focusing not on taxation but on the flow of rents for sites, resources, sinks, and government-granted privileges. Forgoing these trillions, we instead tax and subsidize, making waste cheap and sustainability expensive. To quit distorting price, replace taxes with “land dues” and replace subsidies with a Citizens Dividend. Matt: “This idea of sharing rents sounds, if not explicitly socialist, at least at odds with some capitalist values (only the strong survive & prosper, etc). Is it fair to say that geonomics has some basis in socialist theory?” A closer descriptor would be Christian. Beyond ethics into praxis, Alaska shares oil rent with residents, and they’re more libertarian than socialist. While individuals provide labor and capital, no one provides land while society generates its value. Rent is not private property but public property. Sharing Rent is predistribution, sharing it before an elite or state has a chance to get and misspend it, like a public REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) paying dividends to its stakeholders – a perfectly capitalist model. What we should leave untaxed are our sales, salaries, and structures, things we do produce. more transformation than reform; it’s a step ahead. Harvard economics students this year did petition to change the curriculum, in the wake of the English who caught the dissension from across The Channel. French reformers, who fault conventional economics for conjuring mathematical models of little empirical relevance and being closed to critical and reflective thought, reject this “autism” – or detachment from reality – and dub their offering “post-autistic economics”. Not a bad name, but again, academics define themselves by what they’re not, not by what they are, unlike geonomists. We track rent – the money we spend on the nature we use – and watch it pull all the other economic indicators in its wake. We see economies as part and parcel of the ecosystem, similarly following natural patterns and able to self-regulate more so than allowed, once we quit distorting prices. To align people and planet, we’d replace taxes and subsidies with recovering and sharing rents. an economic policy based on the earth’s natural patterns. Eco-systems self-regulate by using feedback loops to keep balance. Can economies do likewise? Why don’t they now produce efficiently and distribute fairly? The answers lie in the money we spend on the earth we use. To attain people/planet harmony, that financial flow from sites and resources must visit each of us. Our agent, government, must collect this natural rent via fees and disburse the collected revenue via dividends. And, it must forgo taxes on homes and earnings, and quit subsidies of either the needy or the greedy. As our steward, government must also collect Ecology Security Deposits, require Restoration Insurance, and auction off the occasional Emissions Permit. And that’s about it – were nature our model. a manual. The world did not come without a way for people to prosper, and the planet to heal and stay well; that way is geonomics. Economies are part of the ecosystem. Both generate surpluses and follow self-regulating feedback loops. A cycle like the Law of Supply and Demand is one of the economy’s on/off loops. Our spending for land and resources – things that nobody made and everybody needs – constitutes our society’s surplus. Those profits without production (remember, nobody produced Earth) can become our commonwealth. To share it, we could pay land dues in to the public treasury (wouldn’t oil companies love that?) and get rent dividends back, a la Alaska’s oil dividend. Doing so let’s us axe taxes and jettison subsidies. Taxes and subsidies distort price (the DNA of exchange), violate quid pro quo by benefiting the well-connected more than anyone else, reinforce hierarchy of state over citizen, and are costly to administer (you don’t really need so much bureaucracy, do you?). Conversely, land dues motivate people to not waste sites, resources, and the ecosystem while rent dividends motivate people to not waste themselves. Receiving this income supplement – a Citizens Dividend – people can invest in their favorite technology or outgrow being “economan” and shrink their overbearing workweek in order to enjoy more time with family, friends, community, and nature. Then in all that free time, maybe we could figure out just what we are here for. a discipline that, compared to economics, is as obscure as Warren Buffett’s investment strategy, compared to conventional investment theory, about which Buffett said, “You couldn’t advance in a finance department in this country unless you taught that the world was flat.” (The New York Times, Oct 29). The writer wondered, “But why? If it works, why don’t more investors use it?” Good question. Geonomics works, too. Every place that has used it has prospered while conserving resources. Yet it remains off the radar of many wanna-be reformers. Gradually, tho’, that’s changing. More are becoming aware of what geonomics studies – all the money we spend on the nature we use. Geonomics (1) as an alternative worldview to the anthropocentric, sees human economies as part of the embracing ecosystem with natural feedback loops seeking balance in both systems. (2) As an alternative to worker vs. investor, it sees our need for sites and resources making those who own land into landlords. (3)As an alternative to economics, it tracks the trillions of “rent” as it drives the “housing” bubble and all other indicators. And (4) as an alternative to left or right, it suggests we not tax ourselves then subsidize our favorites but recover and share society’s surplus, paying in land dues and getting back “rent” dividends, a la Alaska’s oil dividend. Letting rent go to the wrong pockets wreaks havoc, while redirecting it to everyone would solve our economic ills and the ills downstream from them. People must learn to stop whining so much and feel enough self-esteem to demand a fair share of rent, society’s surplus, the commonwealth.

Q: Difference between Formatter and Factory Function ​Hello, Please explain what is the difference between Factory and Formatter function. Because as I see both can be used to format or manipulate the output results. How to choose between both of them ? Regards, Mayank A: Factory functions allows you to create different types of controls in runtime. Let's assume that you have a list and you want to display different type of list items according to your list index for instance, or maybe to some value that you have in your model. Factory functions allows you to do it in the binding way. Formatters are some kind of an helper functions which receive and input and return an output. The most popular examples are date and time that you receive date in form A and return date in form B. formatter functions are defined on a property level so if you have a field in your list item which display a date you can use formatter in order to do a very simple manipulation to this date

Share this post Link to post Question: do all users have to apply the fix specifically, or delete the file manually? Or is this going to be sorted out automatically for most people - if not it's true that it will put people off this product. do all users have to apply the fix specifically, or delete the file manually? Or is this going to be sorted out automatically for most people - if not it's true that it will put people off this product. You can either delete the file manually or use the utiility - the action will be the same. Unfortunately it is not going to be solved by itself for those, who updated from the bad updates. Share this post Link to post Sorry but I cant find any option labelled "self defense" Might it have any other label? I was not able to update and three times I have received the windows XP error notification and then Kaspersky has shut down. This is not just during updating but when the computer has not been connected to the internet. I have run the attachment on this forum and can now update but could the other 'shut downs' when not connected be related to this. Edited November 22, 2006 by macdaithi Share this post Link to post Sorry but I cant find any option labelled "self defense" Might it have any other label? I was not able to update and three times I have received the windows XP error notification and then Kaspersky has shut down. This is not just during updating but when the computer has not been connected to the internet. I have run the attachment on this forum and can now update but could the other 'shut downs' when not connected be related to this. 2. Make a folder called Kav 6.0 on the desktop and unzip KisKavRemove into this,, then uninstall Kaspersky, reboot into safemode and run the tool (doubleclick on "avp_remove.cmd" for the 6.0 tool). Only works if installed in the default c:\ location with windows! Link to post It gives me waring that some protection components failed to start, and i think its somthing about Web Anti-Virus. am attaching a pic so u can see wat am exactly meaning and i hope i can got a solution. Share this post Link to post Hi, I'm running KIS version 300 with b,c,d,e updates and have had no problems updateing at all today, my question is even though I have not had a problem do I still need to run the CleanupUpdCfg.zip posted earlier to prevent any further issues arrising later, also do I need to uncheck the Self-Defense box in services or do I just leave everything well alone if KIS is running OK. Important Information We use cookies to make your experience of our websites better. By using and further navigating this website you accept this. Detailed information about the use of cookies on this website is available by clicking on more information.

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/* * Copyright (c) 2004-2008 Chelsio, Inc. All rights reserved. * * This software is available to you under a choice of one of two * licenses. You may choose to be licensed under the terms of the GNU * General Public License (GPL) Version 2, available from the file * COPYING in the main directory of this source tree, or the * OpenIB.org BSD license below: * * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or * without modification, are permitted provided that the following * conditions are met: * * - Redistributions of source code must retain the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer. * * - Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above * copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following * disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials * provided with the distribution. * * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS * BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN * ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN * CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE * SOFTWARE. */ #ifndef T3_CPL_H #define T3_CPL_H #if !defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) && !defined(__BIG_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) # include <asm/byteorder.h> #endif enum CPL_opcode { CPL_PASS_OPEN_REQ = 0x1, CPL_PASS_ACCEPT_RPL = 0x2, CPL_ACT_OPEN_REQ = 0x3, CPL_SET_TCB = 0x4, CPL_SET_TCB_FIELD = 0x5, CPL_GET_TCB = 0x6, CPL_PCMD = 0x7, CPL_CLOSE_CON_REQ = 0x8, CPL_CLOSE_LISTSRV_REQ = 0x9, CPL_ABORT_REQ = 0xA, CPL_ABORT_RPL = 0xB, CPL_TX_DATA = 0xC, CPL_RX_DATA_ACK = 0xD, CPL_TX_PKT = 0xE, CPL_RTE_DELETE_REQ = 0xF, CPL_RTE_WRITE_REQ = 0x10, CPL_RTE_READ_REQ = 0x11, CPL_L2T_WRITE_REQ = 0x12, CPL_L2T_READ_REQ = 0x13, CPL_SMT_WRITE_REQ = 0x14, CPL_SMT_READ_REQ = 0x15, CPL_TX_PKT_LSO = 0x16, CPL_PCMD_READ = 0x17, CPL_BARRIER = 0x18, CPL_TID_RELEASE = 0x1A, CPL_CLOSE_LISTSRV_RPL = 0x20, CPL_ERROR = 0x21, CPL_GET_TCB_RPL = 0x22, CPL_L2T_WRITE_RPL = 0x23, CPL_PCMD_READ_RPL = 0x24, CPL_PCMD_RPL = 0x25, CPL_PEER_CLOSE = 0x26, CPL_RTE_DELETE_RPL = 0x27, CPL_RTE_WRITE_RPL = 0x28, CPL_RX_DDP_COMPLETE = 0x29, CPL_RX_PHYS_ADDR = 0x2A, CPL_RX_PKT = 0x2B, CPL_RX_URG_NOTIFY = 0x2C, CPL_SET_TCB_RPL = 0x2D, CPL_SMT_WRITE_RPL = 0x2E, CPL_TX_DATA_ACK = 0x2F, CPL_ABORT_REQ_RSS = 0x30, CPL_ABORT_RPL_RSS = 0x31, CPL_CLOSE_CON_RPL = 0x32, CPL_ISCSI_HDR = 0x33, CPL_L2T_READ_RPL = 0x34, CPL_RDMA_CQE = 0x35, CPL_RDMA_CQE_READ_RSP = 0x36, CPL_RDMA_CQE_ERR = 0x37, CPL_RTE_READ_RPL = 0x38, CPL_RX_DATA = 0x39, CPL_ACT_OPEN_RPL = 0x40, CPL_PASS_OPEN_RPL = 0x41, CPL_RX_DATA_DDP = 0x42, CPL_SMT_READ_RPL = 0x43, CPL_ACT_ESTABLISH = 0x50, CPL_PASS_ESTABLISH = 0x51, CPL_PASS_ACCEPT_REQ = 0x70, CPL_ASYNC_NOTIF = 0x80, /* fake opcode for async notifications */ CPL_TX_DMA_ACK = 0xA0, CPL_RDMA_READ_REQ = 0xA1, CPL_RDMA_TERMINATE = 0xA2, CPL_TRACE_PKT = 0xA3, CPL_RDMA_EC_STATUS = 0xA5, NUM_CPL_CMDS /* must be last and previous entries must be sorted */ }; enum CPL_error { CPL_ERR_NONE = 0, CPL_ERR_TCAM_PARITY = 1, CPL_ERR_TCAM_FULL = 3, CPL_ERR_CONN_RESET = 20, CPL_ERR_CONN_EXIST = 22, CPL_ERR_ARP_MISS = 23, CPL_ERR_BAD_SYN = 24, CPL_ERR_CONN_TIMEDOUT = 30, CPL_ERR_XMIT_TIMEDOUT = 31, CPL_ERR_PERSIST_TIMEDOUT = 32, CPL_ERR_FINWAIT2_TIMEDOUT = 33, CPL_ERR_KEEPALIVE_TIMEDOUT = 34, CPL_ERR_RTX_NEG_ADVICE = 35, CPL_ERR_PERSIST_NEG_ADVICE = 36, CPL_ERR_ABORT_FAILED = 42, CPL_ERR_GENERAL = 99 }; enum { CPL_CONN_POLICY_AUTO = 0, CPL_CONN_POLICY_ASK = 1, CPL_CONN_POLICY_DENY = 3 }; enum { ULP_MODE_NONE = 0, ULP_MODE_ISCSI = 2, ULP_MODE_RDMA = 4, ULP_MODE_TCPDDP = 5 }; enum { ULP_CRC_HEADER = 1 << 0, ULP_CRC_DATA = 1 << 1 }; enum { CPL_PASS_OPEN_ACCEPT, CPL_PASS_OPEN_REJECT }; enum { CPL_ABORT_SEND_RST = 0, CPL_ABORT_NO_RST, CPL_ABORT_POST_CLOSE_REQ = 2 }; enum { /* TX_PKT_LSO ethernet types */ CPL_ETH_II, CPL_ETH_II_VLAN, CPL_ETH_802_3, CPL_ETH_802_3_VLAN }; enum { /* TCP congestion control algorithms */ CONG_ALG_RENO, CONG_ALG_TAHOE, CONG_ALG_NEWRENO, CONG_ALG_HIGHSPEED }; enum { /* RSS hash type */ RSS_HASH_NONE = 0, RSS_HASH_2_TUPLE = 1, RSS_HASH_4_TUPLE = 2, RSS_HASH_TCPV6 = 3 }; union opcode_tid { __be32 opcode_tid; __u8 opcode; }; #define S_OPCODE 24 #define V_OPCODE(x) ((x) << S_OPCODE) #define G_OPCODE(x) (((x) >> S_OPCODE) & 0xFF) #define G_TID(x) ((x) & 0xFFFFFF) #define S_QNUM 0 #define G_QNUM(x) (((x) >> S_QNUM) & 0xFFFF) #define S_HASHTYPE 22 #define M_HASHTYPE 0x3 #define G_HASHTYPE(x) (((x) >> S_HASHTYPE) & M_HASHTYPE) /* tid is assumed to be 24-bits */ #define MK_OPCODE_TID(opcode, tid) (V_OPCODE(opcode) | (tid)) #define OPCODE_TID(cmd) ((cmd)->ot.opcode_tid) /* extract the TID from a CPL command */ #define GET_TID(cmd) (G_TID(ntohl(OPCODE_TID(cmd)))) struct tcp_options { __be16 mss; __u8 wsf; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8:5; __u8 ecn:1; __u8 sack:1; __u8 tstamp:1; #else __u8 tstamp:1; __u8 sack:1; __u8 ecn:1; __u8:5; #endif }; struct rss_header { __u8 opcode; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 cpu_idx:6; __u8 hash_type:2; #else __u8 hash_type:2; __u8 cpu_idx:6; #endif __be16 cq_idx; __be32 rss_hash_val; }; #ifndef CHELSIO_FW struct work_request_hdr { __be32 wr_hi; __be32 wr_lo; }; /* wr_hi fields */ #define S_WR_SGE_CREDITS 0 #define M_WR_SGE_CREDITS 0xFF #define V_WR_SGE_CREDITS(x) ((x) << S_WR_SGE_CREDITS) #define G_WR_SGE_CREDITS(x) (((x) >> S_WR_SGE_CREDITS) & M_WR_SGE_CREDITS) #define S_WR_SGLSFLT 8 #define M_WR_SGLSFLT 0xFF #define V_WR_SGLSFLT(x) ((x) << S_WR_SGLSFLT) #define G_WR_SGLSFLT(x) (((x) >> S_WR_SGLSFLT) & M_WR_SGLSFLT) #define S_WR_BCNTLFLT 16 #define M_WR_BCNTLFLT 0xF #define V_WR_BCNTLFLT(x) ((x) << S_WR_BCNTLFLT) #define G_WR_BCNTLFLT(x) (((x) >> S_WR_BCNTLFLT) & M_WR_BCNTLFLT) #define S_WR_DATATYPE 20 #define V_WR_DATATYPE(x) ((x) << S_WR_DATATYPE) #define F_WR_DATATYPE V_WR_DATATYPE(1U) #define S_WR_COMPL 21 #define V_WR_COMPL(x) ((x) << S_WR_COMPL) #define F_WR_COMPL V_WR_COMPL(1U) #define S_WR_EOP 22 #define V_WR_EOP(x) ((x) << S_WR_EOP) #define F_WR_EOP V_WR_EOP(1U) #define S_WR_SOP 23 #define V_WR_SOP(x) ((x) << S_WR_SOP) #define F_WR_SOP V_WR_SOP(1U) #define S_WR_OP 24 #define M_WR_OP 0xFF #define V_WR_OP(x) ((x) << S_WR_OP) #define G_WR_OP(x) (((x) >> S_WR_OP) & M_WR_OP) /* wr_lo fields */ #define S_WR_LEN 0 #define M_WR_LEN 0xFF #define V_WR_LEN(x) ((x) << S_WR_LEN) #define G_WR_LEN(x) (((x) >> S_WR_LEN) & M_WR_LEN) #define S_WR_TID 8 #define M_WR_TID 0xFFFFF #define V_WR_TID(x) ((x) << S_WR_TID) #define G_WR_TID(x) (((x) >> S_WR_TID) & M_WR_TID) #define S_WR_CR_FLUSH 30 #define V_WR_CR_FLUSH(x) ((x) << S_WR_CR_FLUSH) #define F_WR_CR_FLUSH V_WR_CR_FLUSH(1U) #define S_WR_GEN 31 #define V_WR_GEN(x) ((x) << S_WR_GEN) #define F_WR_GEN V_WR_GEN(1U) # define WR_HDR struct work_request_hdr wr # define RSS_HDR #else # define WR_HDR # define RSS_HDR struct rss_header rss_hdr; #endif /* option 0 lower-half fields */ #define S_CPL_STATUS 0 #define M_CPL_STATUS 0xFF #define V_CPL_STATUS(x) ((x) << S_CPL_STATUS) #define G_CPL_STATUS(x) (((x) >> S_CPL_STATUS) & M_CPL_STATUS) #define S_INJECT_TIMER 6 #define V_INJECT_TIMER(x) ((x) << S_INJECT_TIMER) #define F_INJECT_TIMER V_INJECT_TIMER(1U) #define S_NO_OFFLOAD 7 #define V_NO_OFFLOAD(x) ((x) << S_NO_OFFLOAD) #define F_NO_OFFLOAD V_NO_OFFLOAD(1U) #define S_ULP_MODE 8 #define M_ULP_MODE 0xF #define V_ULP_MODE(x) ((x) << S_ULP_MODE) #define G_ULP_MODE(x) (((x) >> S_ULP_MODE) & M_ULP_MODE) #define S_RCV_BUFSIZ 12 #define M_RCV_BUFSIZ 0x3FFF #define V_RCV_BUFSIZ(x) ((x) << S_RCV_BUFSIZ) #define G_RCV_BUFSIZ(x) (((x) >> S_RCV_BUFSIZ) & M_RCV_BUFSIZ) #define S_TOS 26 #define M_TOS 0x3F #define V_TOS(x) ((x) << S_TOS) #define G_TOS(x) (((x) >> S_TOS) & M_TOS) /* option 0 upper-half fields */ #define S_DELACK 0 #define V_DELACK(x) ((x) << S_DELACK) #define F_DELACK V_DELACK(1U) #define S_NO_CONG 1 #define V_NO_CONG(x) ((x) << S_NO_CONG) #define F_NO_CONG V_NO_CONG(1U) #define S_SRC_MAC_SEL 2 #define M_SRC_MAC_SEL 0x3 #define V_SRC_MAC_SEL(x) ((x) << S_SRC_MAC_SEL) #define G_SRC_MAC_SEL(x) (((x) >> S_SRC_MAC_SEL) & M_SRC_MAC_SEL) #define S_L2T_IDX 4 #define M_L2T_IDX 0x7FF #define V_L2T_IDX(x) ((x) << S_L2T_IDX) #define G_L2T_IDX(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_IDX) & M_L2T_IDX) #define S_TX_CHANNEL 15 #define V_TX_CHANNEL(x) ((x) << S_TX_CHANNEL) #define F_TX_CHANNEL V_TX_CHANNEL(1U) #define S_TCAM_BYPASS 16 #define V_TCAM_BYPASS(x) ((x) << S_TCAM_BYPASS) #define F_TCAM_BYPASS V_TCAM_BYPASS(1U) #define S_NAGLE 17 #define V_NAGLE(x) ((x) << S_NAGLE) #define F_NAGLE V_NAGLE(1U) #define S_WND_SCALE 18 #define M_WND_SCALE 0xF #define V_WND_SCALE(x) ((x) << S_WND_SCALE) #define G_WND_SCALE(x) (((x) >> S_WND_SCALE) & M_WND_SCALE) #define S_KEEP_ALIVE 22 #define V_KEEP_ALIVE(x) ((x) << S_KEEP_ALIVE) #define F_KEEP_ALIVE V_KEEP_ALIVE(1U) #define S_MAX_RETRANS 23 #define M_MAX_RETRANS 0xF #define V_MAX_RETRANS(x) ((x) << S_MAX_RETRANS) #define G_MAX_RETRANS(x) (((x) >> S_MAX_RETRANS) & M_MAX_RETRANS) #define S_MAX_RETRANS_OVERRIDE 27 #define V_MAX_RETRANS_OVERRIDE(x) ((x) << S_MAX_RETRANS_OVERRIDE) #define F_MAX_RETRANS_OVERRIDE V_MAX_RETRANS_OVERRIDE(1U) #define S_MSS_IDX 28 #define M_MSS_IDX 0xF #define V_MSS_IDX(x) ((x) << S_MSS_IDX) #define G_MSS_IDX(x) (((x) >> S_MSS_IDX) & M_MSS_IDX) /* option 1 fields */ #define S_RSS_ENABLE 0 #define V_RSS_ENABLE(x) ((x) << S_RSS_ENABLE) #define F_RSS_ENABLE V_RSS_ENABLE(1U) #define S_RSS_MASK_LEN 1 #define M_RSS_MASK_LEN 0x7 #define V_RSS_MASK_LEN(x) ((x) << S_RSS_MASK_LEN) #define G_RSS_MASK_LEN(x) (((x) >> S_RSS_MASK_LEN) & M_RSS_MASK_LEN) #define S_CPU_IDX 4 #define M_CPU_IDX 0x3F #define V_CPU_IDX(x) ((x) << S_CPU_IDX) #define G_CPU_IDX(x) (((x) >> S_CPU_IDX) & M_CPU_IDX) #define S_MAC_MATCH_VALID 18 #define V_MAC_MATCH_VALID(x) ((x) << S_MAC_MATCH_VALID) #define F_MAC_MATCH_VALID V_MAC_MATCH_VALID(1U) #define S_CONN_POLICY 19 #define M_CONN_POLICY 0x3 #define V_CONN_POLICY(x) ((x) << S_CONN_POLICY) #define G_CONN_POLICY(x) (((x) >> S_CONN_POLICY) & M_CONN_POLICY) #define S_SYN_DEFENSE 21 #define V_SYN_DEFENSE(x) ((x) << S_SYN_DEFENSE) #define F_SYN_DEFENSE V_SYN_DEFENSE(1U) #define S_VLAN_PRI 22 #define M_VLAN_PRI 0x3 #define V_VLAN_PRI(x) ((x) << S_VLAN_PRI) #define G_VLAN_PRI(x) (((x) >> S_VLAN_PRI) & M_VLAN_PRI) #define S_VLAN_PRI_VALID 24 #define V_VLAN_PRI_VALID(x) ((x) << S_VLAN_PRI_VALID) #define F_VLAN_PRI_VALID V_VLAN_PRI_VALID(1U) #define S_PKT_TYPE 25 #define M_PKT_TYPE 0x3 #define V_PKT_TYPE(x) ((x) << S_PKT_TYPE) #define G_PKT_TYPE(x) (((x) >> S_PKT_TYPE) & M_PKT_TYPE) #define S_MAC_MATCH 27 #define M_MAC_MATCH 0x1F #define V_MAC_MATCH(x) ((x) << S_MAC_MATCH) #define G_MAC_MATCH(x) (((x) >> S_MAC_MATCH) & M_MAC_MATCH) /* option 2 fields */ #define S_CPU_INDEX 0 #define M_CPU_INDEX 0x7F #define V_CPU_INDEX(x) ((x) << S_CPU_INDEX) #define G_CPU_INDEX(x) (((x) >> S_CPU_INDEX) & M_CPU_INDEX) #define S_CPU_INDEX_VALID 7 #define V_CPU_INDEX_VALID(x) ((x) << S_CPU_INDEX_VALID) #define F_CPU_INDEX_VALID V_CPU_INDEX_VALID(1U) #define S_RX_COALESCE 8 #define M_RX_COALESCE 0x3 #define V_RX_COALESCE(x) ((x) << S_RX_COALESCE) #define G_RX_COALESCE(x) (((x) >> S_RX_COALESCE) & M_RX_COALESCE) #define S_RX_COALESCE_VALID 10 #define V_RX_COALESCE_VALID(x) ((x) << S_RX_COALESCE_VALID) #define F_RX_COALESCE_VALID V_RX_COALESCE_VALID(1U) #define S_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR 11 #define M_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR 0x3 #define V_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR(x) ((x) << S_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR) #define G_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR(x) (((x) >> S_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR) & M_CONG_CONTROL_FLAVOR) #define S_PACING_FLAVOR 13 #define M_PACING_FLAVOR 0x3 #define V_PACING_FLAVOR(x) ((x) << S_PACING_FLAVOR) #define G_PACING_FLAVOR(x) (((x) >> S_PACING_FLAVOR) & M_PACING_FLAVOR) #define S_FLAVORS_VALID 15 #define V_FLAVORS_VALID(x) ((x) << S_FLAVORS_VALID) #define F_FLAVORS_VALID V_FLAVORS_VALID(1U) #define S_RX_FC_DISABLE 16 #define V_RX_FC_DISABLE(x) ((x) << S_RX_FC_DISABLE) #define F_RX_FC_DISABLE V_RX_FC_DISABLE(1U) #define S_RX_FC_VALID 17 #define V_RX_FC_VALID(x) ((x) << S_RX_FC_VALID) #define F_RX_FC_VALID V_RX_FC_VALID(1U) struct cpl_pass_open_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 opt0h; __be32 opt0l; __be32 peer_netmask; __be32 opt1; }; struct cpl_pass_open_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __u8 resvd[7]; __u8 status; }; struct cpl_pass_establish { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 tos_tid; __be16 l2t_idx; __be16 tcp_opt; __be32 snd_isn; __be32 rcv_isn; }; /* cpl_pass_establish.tos_tid fields */ #define S_PASS_OPEN_TID 0 #define M_PASS_OPEN_TID 0xFFFFFF #define V_PASS_OPEN_TID(x) ((x) << S_PASS_OPEN_TID) #define G_PASS_OPEN_TID(x) (((x) >> S_PASS_OPEN_TID) & M_PASS_OPEN_TID) #define S_PASS_OPEN_TOS 24 #define M_PASS_OPEN_TOS 0xFF #define V_PASS_OPEN_TOS(x) ((x) << S_PASS_OPEN_TOS) #define G_PASS_OPEN_TOS(x) (((x) >> S_PASS_OPEN_TOS) & M_PASS_OPEN_TOS) /* cpl_pass_establish.l2t_idx fields */ #define S_L2T_IDX16 5 #define M_L2T_IDX16 0x7FF #define V_L2T_IDX16(x) ((x) << S_L2T_IDX16) #define G_L2T_IDX16(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_IDX16) & M_L2T_IDX16) /* cpl_pass_establish.tcp_opt fields (also applies act_open_establish) */ #define G_TCPOPT_WSCALE_OK(x) (((x) >> 5) & 1) #define G_TCPOPT_SACK(x) (((x) >> 6) & 1) #define G_TCPOPT_TSTAMP(x) (((x) >> 7) & 1) #define G_TCPOPT_SND_WSCALE(x) (((x) >> 8) & 0xf) #define G_TCPOPT_MSS(x) (((x) >> 12) & 0xf) struct cpl_pass_accept_req { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 tos_tid; struct tcp_options tcp_options; __u8 dst_mac[6]; __be16 vlan_tag; __u8 src_mac[6]; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8:3; __u8 addr_idx:3; __u8 port_idx:1; __u8 exact_match:1; #else __u8 exact_match:1; __u8 port_idx:1; __u8 addr_idx:3; __u8:3; #endif __u8 rsvd; __be32 rcv_isn; __be32 rsvd2; }; struct cpl_pass_accept_rpl { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 opt2; __be32 rsvd; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 opt0h; __be32 opt0l_status; }; struct cpl_act_open_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 opt0h; __be32 opt0l; __be32 params; __be32 opt2; }; /* cpl_act_open_req.params fields */ #define S_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI 9 #define M_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI 0x3 #define V_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI(x) ((x) << S_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI) #define G_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI(x) (((x) >> S_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI) & M_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI) #define S_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI_VALID 11 #define V_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI_VALID(x) ((x) << S_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI_VALID) #define F_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI_VALID V_AOPEN_VLAN_PRI_VALID(1U) #define S_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE 12 #define M_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE 0x3 #define V_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE(x) ((x) << S_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE) #define G_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE(x) (((x) >> S_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE) & M_AOPEN_PKT_TYPE) #define S_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH 14 #define M_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH 0x1F #define V_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH(x) ((x) << S_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH) #define G_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH(x) (((x) >> S_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH) & M_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH) #define S_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH_VALID 19 #define V_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH_VALID(x) ((x) << S_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH_VALID) #define F_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH_VALID V_AOPEN_MAC_MATCH_VALID(1U) #define S_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN 20 #define M_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN 0xFFF #define V_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN(x) ((x) << S_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN) #define G_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN(x) (((x) >> S_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN) & M_AOPEN_IFF_VLAN) struct cpl_act_open_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 atid; __u8 rsvd[3]; __u8 status; }; struct cpl_act_establish { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 local_port; __be16 peer_port; __be32 local_ip; __be32 peer_ip; __be32 tos_tid; __be16 l2t_idx; __be16 tcp_opt; __be32 snd_isn; __be32 rcv_isn; }; struct cpl_get_tcb { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be16 cpuno; __be16 rsvd; }; struct cpl_get_tcb_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd; __u8 status; __be16 len; }; struct cpl_set_tcb { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __u8 reply; __u8 cpu_idx; __be16 len; }; /* cpl_set_tcb.reply fields */ #define S_NO_REPLY 7 #define V_NO_REPLY(x) ((x) << S_NO_REPLY) #define F_NO_REPLY V_NO_REPLY(1U) struct cpl_set_tcb_field { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __u8 reply; __u8 cpu_idx; __be16 word; __be64 mask; __be64 val; }; struct cpl_set_tcb_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd[3]; __u8 status; }; struct cpl_pcmd { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd[3]; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 src:1; __u8 bundle:1; __u8 channel:1; __u8:5; #else __u8:5; __u8 channel:1; __u8 bundle:1; __u8 src:1; #endif __be32 pcmd_parm[2]; }; struct cpl_pcmd_reply { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd; __be16 len; }; struct cpl_close_con_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rsvd; }; struct cpl_close_con_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd[3]; __u8 status; __be32 snd_nxt; __be32 rcv_nxt; }; struct cpl_close_listserv_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd0; __u8 cpu_idx; __be16 rsvd1; }; struct cpl_close_listserv_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd[3]; __u8 status; }; struct cpl_abort_req_rss { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rsvd0; __u8 rsvd1; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd2[6]; }; struct cpl_abort_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rsvd0; __u8 rsvd1; __u8 cmd; __u8 rsvd2[6]; }; struct cpl_abort_rpl_rss { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rsvd0; __u8 rsvd1; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd2[6]; }; struct cpl_abort_rpl { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rsvd0; __u8 rsvd1; __u8 cmd; __u8 rsvd2[6]; }; struct cpl_peer_close { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rcv_nxt; }; struct tx_data_wr { __be32 wr_hi; __be32 wr_lo; __be32 len; __be32 flags; __be32 sndseq; __be32 param; }; /* tx_data_wr.flags fields */ #define S_TX_ACK_PAGES 21 #define M_TX_ACK_PAGES 0x7 #define V_TX_ACK_PAGES(x) ((x) << S_TX_ACK_PAGES) #define G_TX_ACK_PAGES(x) (((x) >> S_TX_ACK_PAGES) & M_TX_ACK_PAGES) /* tx_data_wr.param fields */ #define S_TX_PORT 0 #define M_TX_PORT 0x7 #define V_TX_PORT(x) ((x) << S_TX_PORT) #define G_TX_PORT(x) (((x) >> S_TX_PORT) & M_TX_PORT) #define S_TX_MSS 4 #define M_TX_MSS 0xF #define V_TX_MSS(x) ((x) << S_TX_MSS) #define G_TX_MSS(x) (((x) >> S_TX_MSS) & M_TX_MSS) #define S_TX_QOS 8 #define M_TX_QOS 0xFF #define V_TX_QOS(x) ((x) << S_TX_QOS) #define G_TX_QOS(x) (((x) >> S_TX_QOS) & M_TX_QOS) #define S_TX_SNDBUF 16 #define M_TX_SNDBUF 0xFFFF #define V_TX_SNDBUF(x) ((x) << S_TX_SNDBUF) #define G_TX_SNDBUF(x) (((x) >> S_TX_SNDBUF) & M_TX_SNDBUF) struct cpl_tx_data { union opcode_tid ot; __be32 len; __be32 rsvd; __be16 urg; __be16 flags; }; /* cpl_tx_data.flags fields */ #define S_TX_ULP_SUBMODE 6 #define M_TX_ULP_SUBMODE 0xF #define V_TX_ULP_SUBMODE(x) ((x) << S_TX_ULP_SUBMODE) #define G_TX_ULP_SUBMODE(x) (((x) >> S_TX_ULP_SUBMODE) & M_TX_ULP_SUBMODE) #define S_TX_ULP_MODE 10 #define M_TX_ULP_MODE 0xF #define V_TX_ULP_MODE(x) ((x) << S_TX_ULP_MODE) #define G_TX_ULP_MODE(x) (((x) >> S_TX_ULP_MODE) & M_TX_ULP_MODE) #define S_TX_SHOVE 14 #define V_TX_SHOVE(x) ((x) << S_TX_SHOVE) #define F_TX_SHOVE V_TX_SHOVE(1U) #define S_TX_MORE 15 #define V_TX_MORE(x) ((x) << S_TX_MORE) #define F_TX_MORE V_TX_MORE(1U) /* additional tx_data_wr.flags fields */ #define S_TX_CPU_IDX 0 #define M_TX_CPU_IDX 0x3F #define V_TX_CPU_IDX(x) ((x) << S_TX_CPU_IDX) #define G_TX_CPU_IDX(x) (((x) >> S_TX_CPU_IDX) & M_TX_CPU_IDX) #define S_TX_URG 16 #define V_TX_URG(x) ((x) << S_TX_URG) #define F_TX_URG V_TX_URG(1U) #define S_TX_CLOSE 17 #define V_TX_CLOSE(x) ((x) << S_TX_CLOSE) #define F_TX_CLOSE V_TX_CLOSE(1U) #define S_TX_INIT 18 #define V_TX_INIT(x) ((x) << S_TX_INIT) #define F_TX_INIT V_TX_INIT(1U) #define S_TX_IMM_ACK 19 #define V_TX_IMM_ACK(x) ((x) << S_TX_IMM_ACK) #define F_TX_IMM_ACK V_TX_IMM_ACK(1U) #define S_TX_IMM_DMA 20 #define V_TX_IMM_DMA(x) ((x) << S_TX_IMM_DMA) #define F_TX_IMM_DMA V_TX_IMM_DMA(1U) struct cpl_tx_data_ack { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 ack_seq; }; struct cpl_wr_ack { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 credits; __be16 rsvd; __be32 snd_nxt; __be32 snd_una; }; struct cpl_rdma_ec_status { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd[3]; __u8 status; }; struct mngt_pktsched_wr { __be32 wr_hi; __be32 wr_lo; __u8 mngt_opcode; __u8 rsvd[7]; __u8 sched; __u8 idx; __u8 min; __u8 max; __u8 binding; __u8 rsvd1[3]; }; struct cpl_iscsi_hdr { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 pdu_len_ddp; __be16 len; __be32 seq; __be16 urg; __u8 rsvd; __u8 status; }; /* cpl_iscsi_hdr.pdu_len_ddp fields */ #define S_ISCSI_PDU_LEN 0 #define M_ISCSI_PDU_LEN 0x7FFF #define V_ISCSI_PDU_LEN(x) ((x) << S_ISCSI_PDU_LEN) #define G_ISCSI_PDU_LEN(x) (((x) >> S_ISCSI_PDU_LEN) & M_ISCSI_PDU_LEN) #define S_ISCSI_DDP 15 #define V_ISCSI_DDP(x) ((x) << S_ISCSI_DDP) #define F_ISCSI_DDP V_ISCSI_DDP(1U) struct cpl_rx_data { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 rsvd; __be16 len; __be32 seq; __be16 urg; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 dack_mode:2; __u8 psh:1; __u8 heartbeat:1; __u8:4; #else __u8:4; __u8 heartbeat:1; __u8 psh:1; __u8 dack_mode:2; #endif __u8 status; }; struct cpl_rx_data_ack { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 credit_dack; }; /* cpl_rx_data_ack.ack_seq fields */ #define S_RX_CREDITS 0 #define M_RX_CREDITS 0x7FFFFFF #define V_RX_CREDITS(x) ((x) << S_RX_CREDITS) #define G_RX_CREDITS(x) (((x) >> S_RX_CREDITS) & M_RX_CREDITS) #define S_RX_MODULATE 27 #define V_RX_MODULATE(x) ((x) << S_RX_MODULATE) #define F_RX_MODULATE V_RX_MODULATE(1U) #define S_RX_FORCE_ACK 28 #define V_RX_FORCE_ACK(x) ((x) << S_RX_FORCE_ACK) #define F_RX_FORCE_ACK V_RX_FORCE_ACK(1U) #define S_RX_DACK_MODE 29 #define M_RX_DACK_MODE 0x3 #define V_RX_DACK_MODE(x) ((x) << S_RX_DACK_MODE) #define G_RX_DACK_MODE(x) (((x) >> S_RX_DACK_MODE) & M_RX_DACK_MODE) #define S_RX_DACK_CHANGE 31 #define V_RX_DACK_CHANGE(x) ((x) << S_RX_DACK_CHANGE) #define F_RX_DACK_CHANGE V_RX_DACK_CHANGE(1U) struct cpl_rx_urg_notify { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 seq; }; struct cpl_rx_ddp_complete { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 ddp_report; }; struct cpl_rx_data_ddp { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be16 urg; __be16 len; __be32 seq; union { __be32 nxt_seq; __be32 ddp_report; }; __be32 ulp_crc; __be32 ddpvld_status; }; /* cpl_rx_data_ddp.ddpvld_status fields */ #define S_DDP_STATUS 0 #define M_DDP_STATUS 0xFF #define V_DDP_STATUS(x) ((x) << S_DDP_STATUS) #define G_DDP_STATUS(x) (((x) >> S_DDP_STATUS) & M_DDP_STATUS) #define S_DDP_VALID 15 #define M_DDP_VALID 0x1FFFF #define V_DDP_VALID(x) ((x) << S_DDP_VALID) #define G_DDP_VALID(x) (((x) >> S_DDP_VALID) & M_DDP_VALID) #define S_DDP_PPOD_MISMATCH 15 #define V_DDP_PPOD_MISMATCH(x) ((x) << S_DDP_PPOD_MISMATCH) #define F_DDP_PPOD_MISMATCH V_DDP_PPOD_MISMATCH(1U) #define S_DDP_PDU 16 #define V_DDP_PDU(x) ((x) << S_DDP_PDU) #define F_DDP_PDU V_DDP_PDU(1U) #define S_DDP_LLIMIT_ERR 17 #define V_DDP_LLIMIT_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_LLIMIT_ERR) #define F_DDP_LLIMIT_ERR V_DDP_LLIMIT_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_PPOD_PARITY_ERR 18 #define V_DDP_PPOD_PARITY_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_PPOD_PARITY_ERR) #define F_DDP_PPOD_PARITY_ERR V_DDP_PPOD_PARITY_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_PADDING_ERR 19 #define V_DDP_PADDING_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_PADDING_ERR) #define F_DDP_PADDING_ERR V_DDP_PADDING_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_HDRCRC_ERR 20 #define V_DDP_HDRCRC_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_HDRCRC_ERR) #define F_DDP_HDRCRC_ERR V_DDP_HDRCRC_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_DATACRC_ERR 21 #define V_DDP_DATACRC_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_DATACRC_ERR) #define F_DDP_DATACRC_ERR V_DDP_DATACRC_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_INVALID_TAG 22 #define V_DDP_INVALID_TAG(x) ((x) << S_DDP_INVALID_TAG) #define F_DDP_INVALID_TAG V_DDP_INVALID_TAG(1U) #define S_DDP_ULIMIT_ERR 23 #define V_DDP_ULIMIT_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_ULIMIT_ERR) #define F_DDP_ULIMIT_ERR V_DDP_ULIMIT_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_OFFSET_ERR 24 #define V_DDP_OFFSET_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_OFFSET_ERR) #define F_DDP_OFFSET_ERR V_DDP_OFFSET_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_COLOR_ERR 25 #define V_DDP_COLOR_ERR(x) ((x) << S_DDP_COLOR_ERR) #define F_DDP_COLOR_ERR V_DDP_COLOR_ERR(1U) #define S_DDP_TID_MISMATCH 26 #define V_DDP_TID_MISMATCH(x) ((x) << S_DDP_TID_MISMATCH) #define F_DDP_TID_MISMATCH V_DDP_TID_MISMATCH(1U) #define S_DDP_INVALID_PPOD 27 #define V_DDP_INVALID_PPOD(x) ((x) << S_DDP_INVALID_PPOD) #define F_DDP_INVALID_PPOD V_DDP_INVALID_PPOD(1U) #define S_DDP_ULP_MODE 28 #define M_DDP_ULP_MODE 0xF #define V_DDP_ULP_MODE(x) ((x) << S_DDP_ULP_MODE) #define G_DDP_ULP_MODE(x) (((x) >> S_DDP_ULP_MODE) & M_DDP_ULP_MODE) /* cpl_rx_data_ddp.ddp_report fields */ #define S_DDP_OFFSET 0 #define M_DDP_OFFSET 0x3FFFFF #define V_DDP_OFFSET(x) ((x) << S_DDP_OFFSET) #define G_DDP_OFFSET(x) (((x) >> S_DDP_OFFSET) & M_DDP_OFFSET) #define S_DDP_URG 24 #define V_DDP_URG(x) ((x) << S_DDP_URG) #define F_DDP_URG V_DDP_URG(1U) #define S_DDP_PSH 25 #define V_DDP_PSH(x) ((x) << S_DDP_PSH) #define F_DDP_PSH V_DDP_PSH(1U) #define S_DDP_BUF_COMPLETE 26 #define V_DDP_BUF_COMPLETE(x) ((x) << S_DDP_BUF_COMPLETE) #define F_DDP_BUF_COMPLETE V_DDP_BUF_COMPLETE(1U) #define S_DDP_BUF_TIMED_OUT 27 #define V_DDP_BUF_TIMED_OUT(x) ((x) << S_DDP_BUF_TIMED_OUT) #define F_DDP_BUF_TIMED_OUT V_DDP_BUF_TIMED_OUT(1U) #define S_DDP_BUF_IDX 28 #define V_DDP_BUF_IDX(x) ((x) << S_DDP_BUF_IDX) #define F_DDP_BUF_IDX V_DDP_BUF_IDX(1U) struct cpl_tx_pkt { WR_HDR; __be32 cntrl; __be32 len; }; struct cpl_tx_pkt_lso { WR_HDR; __be32 cntrl; __be32 len; __be32 rsvd; __be32 lso_info; }; /* cpl_tx_pkt*.cntrl fields */ #define S_TXPKT_VLAN 0 #define M_TXPKT_VLAN 0xFFFF #define V_TXPKT_VLAN(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_VLAN) #define G_TXPKT_VLAN(x) (((x) >> S_TXPKT_VLAN) & M_TXPKT_VLAN) #define S_TXPKT_INTF 16 #define M_TXPKT_INTF 0xF #define V_TXPKT_INTF(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_INTF) #define G_TXPKT_INTF(x) (((x) >> S_TXPKT_INTF) & M_TXPKT_INTF) #define S_TXPKT_IPCSUM_DIS 20 #define V_TXPKT_IPCSUM_DIS(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_IPCSUM_DIS) #define F_TXPKT_IPCSUM_DIS V_TXPKT_IPCSUM_DIS(1U) #define S_TXPKT_L4CSUM_DIS 21 #define V_TXPKT_L4CSUM_DIS(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_L4CSUM_DIS) #define F_TXPKT_L4CSUM_DIS V_TXPKT_L4CSUM_DIS(1U) #define S_TXPKT_VLAN_VLD 22 #define V_TXPKT_VLAN_VLD(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_VLAN_VLD) #define F_TXPKT_VLAN_VLD V_TXPKT_VLAN_VLD(1U) #define S_TXPKT_LOOPBACK 23 #define V_TXPKT_LOOPBACK(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_LOOPBACK) #define F_TXPKT_LOOPBACK V_TXPKT_LOOPBACK(1U) #define S_TXPKT_OPCODE 24 #define M_TXPKT_OPCODE 0xFF #define V_TXPKT_OPCODE(x) ((x) << S_TXPKT_OPCODE) #define G_TXPKT_OPCODE(x) (((x) >> S_TXPKT_OPCODE) & M_TXPKT_OPCODE) /* cpl_tx_pkt_lso.lso_info fields */ #define S_LSO_MSS 0 #define M_LSO_MSS 0x3FFF #define V_LSO_MSS(x) ((x) << S_LSO_MSS) #define G_LSO_MSS(x) (((x) >> S_LSO_MSS) & M_LSO_MSS) #define S_LSO_ETH_TYPE 14 #define M_LSO_ETH_TYPE 0x3 #define V_LSO_ETH_TYPE(x) ((x) << S_LSO_ETH_TYPE) #define G_LSO_ETH_TYPE(x) (((x) >> S_LSO_ETH_TYPE) & M_LSO_ETH_TYPE) #define S_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS 16 #define M_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS 0xF #define V_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS(x) ((x) << S_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS) #define G_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS(x) (((x) >> S_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS) & M_LSO_TCPHDR_WORDS) #define S_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS 20 #define M_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS 0xF #define V_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS(x) ((x) << S_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS) #define G_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS(x) (((x) >> S_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS) & M_LSO_IPHDR_WORDS) #define S_LSO_IPV6 24 #define V_LSO_IPV6(x) ((x) << S_LSO_IPV6) #define F_LSO_IPV6 V_LSO_IPV6(1U) struct cpl_trace_pkt { #ifdef CHELSIO_FW __u8 rss_opcode; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 err:1; __u8:7; #else __u8:7; __u8 err:1; #endif __u8 rsvd0; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 qid:4; __u8:4; #else __u8:4; __u8 qid:4; #endif __be32 tstamp; #endif /* CHELSIO_FW */ __u8 opcode; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 iff:4; __u8:4; #else __u8:4; __u8 iff:4; #endif __u8 rsvd[4]; __be16 len; }; struct cpl_rx_pkt { RSS_HDR __u8 opcode; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 iff:4; __u8 csum_valid:1; __u8 ipmi_pkt:1; __u8 vlan_valid:1; __u8 fragment:1; #else __u8 fragment:1; __u8 vlan_valid:1; __u8 ipmi_pkt:1; __u8 csum_valid:1; __u8 iff:4; #endif __be16 csum; __be16 vlan; __be16 len; }; struct cpl_l2t_write_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 params; __u8 rsvd[2]; __u8 dst_mac[6]; }; /* cpl_l2t_write_req.params fields */ #define S_L2T_W_IDX 0 #define M_L2T_W_IDX 0x7FF #define V_L2T_W_IDX(x) ((x) << S_L2T_W_IDX) #define G_L2T_W_IDX(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_W_IDX) & M_L2T_W_IDX) #define S_L2T_W_VLAN 11 #define M_L2T_W_VLAN 0xFFF #define V_L2T_W_VLAN(x) ((x) << S_L2T_W_VLAN) #define G_L2T_W_VLAN(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_W_VLAN) & M_L2T_W_VLAN) #define S_L2T_W_IFF 23 #define M_L2T_W_IFF 0xF #define V_L2T_W_IFF(x) ((x) << S_L2T_W_IFF) #define G_L2T_W_IFF(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_W_IFF) & M_L2T_W_IFF) #define S_L2T_W_PRIO 27 #define M_L2T_W_PRIO 0x7 #define V_L2T_W_PRIO(x) ((x) << S_L2T_W_PRIO) #define G_L2T_W_PRIO(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_W_PRIO) & M_L2T_W_PRIO) struct cpl_l2t_write_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd[3]; }; struct cpl_l2t_read_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be16 rsvd; __be16 l2t_idx; }; struct cpl_l2t_read_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __be32 params; __u8 rsvd[2]; __u8 dst_mac[6]; }; /* cpl_l2t_read_rpl.params fields */ #define S_L2T_R_PRIO 0 #define M_L2T_R_PRIO 0x7 #define V_L2T_R_PRIO(x) ((x) << S_L2T_R_PRIO) #define G_L2T_R_PRIO(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_R_PRIO) & M_L2T_R_PRIO) #define S_L2T_R_VLAN 8 #define M_L2T_R_VLAN 0xFFF #define V_L2T_R_VLAN(x) ((x) << S_L2T_R_VLAN) #define G_L2T_R_VLAN(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_R_VLAN) & M_L2T_R_VLAN) #define S_L2T_R_IFF 20 #define M_L2T_R_IFF 0xF #define V_L2T_R_IFF(x) ((x) << S_L2T_R_IFF) #define G_L2T_R_IFF(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_R_IFF) & M_L2T_R_IFF) #define S_L2T_STATUS 24 #define M_L2T_STATUS 0xFF #define V_L2T_STATUS(x) ((x) << S_L2T_STATUS) #define G_L2T_STATUS(x) (((x) >> S_L2T_STATUS) & M_L2T_STATUS) struct cpl_smt_write_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd0; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 mtu_idx:4; __u8 iff:4; #else __u8 iff:4; __u8 mtu_idx:4; #endif __be16 rsvd2; __be16 rsvd3; __u8 src_mac1[6]; __be16 rsvd4; __u8 src_mac0[6]; }; struct cpl_smt_write_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd[3]; }; struct cpl_smt_read_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __u8 rsvd0; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8:4; __u8 iff:4; #else __u8 iff:4; __u8:4; #endif __be16 rsvd2; }; struct cpl_smt_read_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 mtu_idx:4; __u8:4; #else __u8:4; __u8 mtu_idx:4; #endif __be16 rsvd2; __be16 rsvd3; __u8 src_mac1[6]; __be16 rsvd4; __u8 src_mac0[6]; }; struct cpl_rte_delete_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 params; }; /* { cpl_rte_delete_req, cpl_rte_read_req }.params fields */ #define S_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX 8 #define M_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX 0x7FF #define V_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX(x) ((x) << S_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX) #define G_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX(x) (((x) >> S_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX) & M_RTE_REQ_LUT_IX) #define S_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE 19 #define M_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE 0x7FF #define V_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE(x) ((x) << S_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE) #define G_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE(x) (((x) >> S_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE) & M_RTE_REQ_LUT_BASE) #define S_RTE_READ_REQ_SELECT 31 #define V_RTE_READ_REQ_SELECT(x) ((x) << S_RTE_READ_REQ_SELECT) #define F_RTE_READ_REQ_SELECT V_RTE_READ_REQ_SELECT(1U) struct cpl_rte_delete_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd[3]; }; struct cpl_rte_write_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8:6; __u8 write_tcam:1; __u8 write_l2t_lut:1; #else __u8 write_l2t_lut:1; __u8 write_tcam:1; __u8:6; #endif __u8 rsvd[3]; __be32 lut_params; __be16 rsvd2; __be16 l2t_idx; __be32 netmask; __be32 faddr; }; /* cpl_rte_write_req.lut_params fields */ #define S_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX 10 #define M_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX 0x7FF #define V_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX(x) ((x) << S_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX) #define G_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX(x) (((x) >> S_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX) & M_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_IX) #define S_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE 21 #define M_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE 0x7FF #define V_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE(x) ((x) << S_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE) #define G_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE(x) (((x) >> S_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE) & M_RTE_WRITE_REQ_LUT_BASE) struct cpl_rte_write_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd[3]; }; struct cpl_rte_read_req { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 params; }; struct cpl_rte_read_rpl { RSS_HDR union opcode_tid ot; __u8 status; __u8 rsvd0; __be16 l2t_idx; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8:7; __u8 select:1; #else __u8 select:1; __u8:7; #endif __u8 rsvd2[3]; __be32 addr; }; struct cpl_tid_release { WR_HDR; union opcode_tid ot; __be32 rsvd; }; struct cpl_barrier { WR_HDR; __u8 opcode; __u8 rsvd[7]; }; struct cpl_rdma_read_req { __u8 opcode; __u8 rsvd[15]; }; struct cpl_rdma_terminate { #ifdef CHELSIO_FW __u8 opcode; __u8 rsvd[2]; #if defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN_BITFIELD) __u8 rspq:3; __u8:5; #else __u8:5; __u8 rspq:3; #endif __be32 tid_len; #endif __be32 msn; __be32 mo; __u8 data[0]; }; /* cpl_rdma_terminate.tid_len fields */ #define S_FLIT_CNT 0 #define M_FLIT_CNT 0xFF #define V_FLIT_CNT(x) ((x) << S_FLIT_CNT) #define G_FLIT_CNT(x) (((x) >> S_FLIT_CNT) & M_FLIT_CNT) #define S_TERM_TID 8 #define M_TERM_TID 0xFFFFF #define V_TERM_TID(x) ((x) << S_TERM_TID) #define G_TERM_TID(x) (((x) >> S_TERM_TID) & M_TERM_TID) /* ULP_TX opcodes */ enum { ULP_MEM_READ = 2, ULP_MEM_WRITE = 3, ULP_TXPKT = 4 }; #define S_ULPTX_CMD 28 #define M_ULPTX_CMD 0xF #define V_ULPTX_CMD(x) ((x) << S_ULPTX_CMD) #define S_ULPTX_NFLITS 0 #define M_ULPTX_NFLITS 0xFF #define V_ULPTX_NFLITS(x) ((x) << S_ULPTX_NFLITS) struct ulp_mem_io { WR_HDR; __be32 cmd_lock_addr; __be32 len; }; /* ulp_mem_io.cmd_lock_addr fields */ #define S_ULP_MEMIO_ADDR 0 #define M_ULP_MEMIO_ADDR 0x7FFFFFF #define V_ULP_MEMIO_ADDR(x) ((x) << S_ULP_MEMIO_ADDR) #define S_ULP_MEMIO_LOCK 27 #define V_ULP_MEMIO_LOCK(x) ((x) << S_ULP_MEMIO_LOCK) #define F_ULP_MEMIO_LOCK V_ULP_MEMIO_LOCK(1U) /* ulp_mem_io.len fields */ #define S_ULP_MEMIO_DATA_LEN 28 #define M_ULP_MEMIO_DATA_LEN 0xF #define V_ULP_MEMIO_DATA_LEN(x) ((x) << S_ULP_MEMIO_DATA_LEN) #endif /* T3_CPL_H */

1. Field of the Invention Embodiments of the present invention relate to an exhaust gas control system for an internal combustion engine. 2. Description of Related Art An air purifier has been known that includes: an air purification catalyst that is disposed in an air passage and purifies air; and a microwave irradiator that is disposed on an upstream side of the air purification catalyst in the air passage and irradiates the air purification catalyst with a microwave at a specified frequency, in which the air purification catalyst includes a carrier substrate and a catalytic substance that is disposed on the carrier substrate and purifies the air, in which the carrier substrate contains a heating body that can absorb the microwave, and in which the heating body absorbs the microwave from the microwave irradiator and thereby generates heat (see Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2006-158947 (JP 2006-158947 A), for example). Typically, the catalytic substance does not function as a catalyst until it reaches an activation temperature or higher. Thus, in JP 2006-158947 A, the heating body generates the heat by using the microwave and heats the carrier substrate, and the catalytic substance on the carrier substrate is thereby heated to the activation temperature or higher.

Tag: Prince Harry Two years of marriage in and the rest of a lifetime to go for Meghan Markle and Prince Harry. The famous pair officially rang in their second wedding anniversary on Wednesday while fans recalled their world-famous nuptials inside St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle on that picturesque day in May 2018. And, as royal enthusiasts well know, a lot has happened since the two officially tied the knot and became husband and wife, notably their first child, Archie Harrison, and more recently, their headline-making exit from life as senior royals. The family of three has since relocated to Calif., reportedly staying in a mansion owned by Tyler Perry. While it’s unclear whether they’re guests or renting the property for the time-being, the two have been keeping a low profile in recent months—particularly after retiring their @SussexRoyal Instagram account in late March—save for occasional glimpses of their ongoing virtual work with their patronages and charitable endeavors. Considering the nature of life right now amid the coronavirus pandemic, it’s no surprise the couple kept their anniversary celebrations fuss-free. “They are just powering down,” a royal insider told E! News. “No calls, no Zoom meetings, no work. Just hanging out as a family. Keeping things simple.” However, that doesn’t mean their anniversary went without gifts. David Fisher/Shutterstock “They generally follow traditional anniversary gift giving,” a source shared. “The second year is cotton and they each put their own spin on it. They are very thoughtful and romantic gift givers.” Cotton material is said to symbolize both comfort and strength and inspires the metaphor of married pairs becoming more woven together over time. The couple commemorated their first wedding anniversary publicly last year by sharing never-before-seen photos of their milestone day. “Thank you for all of the love and support from so many of you around the world,” they said in a joint statement on Instagram at the time. “Each of you made this day even more meaningful.” Prince William and Kate Middleton change their names on social media accounts – and it's praised by fans “This year, they both gave each other gifts based on cotton,” the insider told People. “Undoubtedly, it was a very creative and romantic gesture as all their gifts are to one another. “They love to do their own take on traditional wedding gifts,” the insider added. Archie's best moments as Prince Harry and Meghan celebrate his first birthday “The first anniversary was paper, and Meghan wrote out the wedding speech and had it framed for him.” According to wedding lifestyle website The Knot, cotton represents how close and interconnected a married couple will be in the beginning of their marriage and demonstrates how husbands and wives can become more flexible as they grow. Paper, meanwhile, represents the fragile beginnings of a marriage, but, if protected, can survive for “a lifetime”. It comes after reports that the couple are living in a £14.5million home owned by producer and actor Tyler Perry in Los Angeles. The eight bedroom house in Beverly Hills is owned by Diary Of A Mad Black Woman star Tyler Perry and is believed to cost $18million. Although Harry and Meghan have never been seen with Tyler, they are thought to have connected with him through their mutual friend Oprah Winfrey. Read More Prince Harry and Meghan Markle Prince Harry and Meghan Markle 'took… Meghan Markle 'baked strawberries an… Loose Women stars slam Meghan Markle… Prince Harry feels 'rudderless' afte… A source said: "Meghan and Harry have been extremely cautious to keep their base in LA under wraps. "Their team helped them choose the location for their transition to Los Angeles wisely. Inside Meghan Markle and Prince Harry's £14.7m LA house they are rumoured to be staying in owned by Tyler Perry Meghan Markle and Prince Harry set to face huge challenge that'll put their marriage to the test "Beverly Ridge has its own guarded gate and Tyler's property has a gate of its own which is watched by their security team. "Beverly Ridge is an excellent place to keep out of view. The neighbours are mostly old money and mega rich business types rather than show business gossips. "It goes without saying that the location is stunning – just one of the most beautiful and desirable areas in LA," the insider continued to tell Daily Mail TV. The Duke and Duchess of Sussex have just marked their second wedding anniversary and if last year is anything to go by, Prince Harry was in for a sweet surprise from wife Meghan. Much was said last year about Harry’s gift to his wife – an eternity ring – but Meghan’s gift was kept a secret, until now. Prince Harry and Meghan celebrated their second wedding anniversary in Los Angeles According to PEOPLE, Meghan, who has impeccable handwriting and was once a freelance calligrapher, wrote out their wedding speech and framed it for Harry – what a way to mark their paper wedding anniversary! Last year was definitely an anniversary to remember, not only was it their first but just weeks before they had welcomed their first child into the world – Archie Harrison. To mark his birth and their anniversary, Harry gifted Meghan an eternity ring, which she first wore when introducing their son to the world in Windsor Castle. The couple introduced their first child to the world weeks before their first anniversary New mum Meghan wore her sparkling accessory next to her Welsh gold wedding band and her three-stone diamond engagement ring. Eternity rings symbolize everlasting love and are usually given by a spouse to their wife to commemorate a milestone wedding anniversary or to celebrate the welcoming of a new child. The ring is also typically covered in diamonds in an infinite loop around the band. This year, the pair celebrated their seconf wedding anniversary in Los Angeles, where they are self-isolating with Archie since moving there from Canada in mid-March. The couple are residing at a £15million mansion owned by Tyler Perry in the Beverly Ridge Estate of LA and have been given small sneak peek’s inside. Most recently, Harry and Meghan showed off one of the mansion’s rooms during a video call with the Crisis Text Line team. Attendee Ricky Neil shared a picture on Instagram of the call and it showed Meghan and Harry sitting next to each other with two large black lamps visible from behind. A large painting could also be seen, as well as wooden panelling on the walls. Prince Harry and Meghan Markle are thought to be living in luxury inside the Beverly Hills mega-mansion owned by film tycoon Tyler Perry. It was reported recently that the couple, who relocated to Los Angeles when they stepped down from senior royal duties, have been staying in the Tuscan-style villa that is worth £14.7m ($18m). Along with eight bedrooms and 12 bathrooms, a glimpse inside the lavish abode provided by the film studio owner's Instagram page reveals that Harry and Meghan could be enjoying such features like a sunken bath, a separate chapel, a nursery and the sweeping views of the LA skyline. Get exclusive celebrity stories and fabulous photoshoots straight to your inbox with OK's daily newsletter. You can sign up at the top of the page. Tyler's property sits within a 22-acre plot of land in the ultra-exclusive Beverly Ridge Estates guard-gated community. And scrolling back through the 50-year-old's feed reveals an incredible insight into the sprawling home that Meghan, 38, and Harry, 35, may possibly have been staying during the coronavirus lockdown. Back in 2016 when celebrating his son Aman's christening, Tyler welcomed famous faces including his pal Oprah who is his son's godmother, to his specially built chapel. Meghan Markle's dazzling wedding day jewellery and how she may not be able to borrow from the Queen again The ceremony took place inside the building which sits within the 22 acres of his property and is a replica of a church his mother attended as a child. As well as that, there's an enormous pool which has stunning views of the city and surrounding hills. There's also plenty of space to host a soiree with restaurant style seating and umbrellas to protect guests from the LA sunshine. In another snap of the view, Tyler shared a picture from a terrace area he calls the "back deck" in 2013 of storm clouds gathered above. In the same year, the film studio owner also proved he had taste when it came to bathing in style, as he took a dip in a sunken bath. Situated in the middle of one of the 12 bathrooms the circular basin sits in the middle with a huge chandelier hanging above. There's also a nursery elsewhere in the property, that could be perfect as Archie's room, as it was once set up for Tyler's now 5-year-old son Aman who he shares with wife Gelila Bekele. Tyler proudly posted about his back garden which was overflowing with flowers and greenery, overlooking LA. And there's more than space to take his dogs on a long walk without ever leaving the property, which proves perfect for Meghan who has her two pet pooches. Download OK! magazine's FREE app and get all the latest gossip straight to your phone Get celebrity exclusives, at home tours, fashion and beauty news and clever cleaning hacks straight to your inbox! Despite being in lockdown there would be plenty of space to hold a party, as Tyler proved when he invited several of his famous friends round to celebrate his 45th birthday – and had Stevie Wonder play at his piano in his living room. Meanwhile the Duke and Duchess of Sussex have the option of several cosy nooks in Tyler's property, including a spacious room where the Diary Of A Mad Black Woman star puts up his Christmas tree. There's the huge kitchen with a centre island that would be the ideal spot for Meghan and Harry to whip up some family dinners. Especially as it goes largely unused by Tyler, who confessed he needed some cooking lessons when it came to making Thanksgiving dinner. And when Meghan and Harry are making phone calls as part of their remaining duties to raise spirits during the COVID-19 pandemic, there's a study for them which boasts incredible mahogany furniture and comfy leather chairs. Although Harry and Meghan have never been seen with Tyler and they have not confirmed they are living there, they are thought to have connected with him through their mutual friend Oprah Winfrey. A source said: "Meghan and Harry have been extremely cautious to keep their base in LA under wraps. Their team helped them choose the location for their transition to Los Angeles wisely. "Beverly Ridge has its own guarded gate and Tyler's property has a gate of its own which is watched by their security team. It is an excellent place to keep out of view. The neighbours are mostly old money and mega rich business types rather than show business gossips. "It goes without saying that the location is stunning – just one of the most beautiful and desirable areas in LA," the insider continued to tell Daily Mail TV. Meghan Markle and Prince Harry have been secretly volunteering at L.A. based charity Project Angel Food. Here’s how they’re helping the city’s most vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic. On Wednesday, April 15, Prince Harry and Meghan Markle stepped out to deliver meals — and a smile — to some Los Angeles residents living with critical illnesses. But it wasn’t the first time they’ve volunteered at Project Angel Food, a non-profit charity that cooks, prepares and delivers meals to people in need. “The Duke and Duchess wanted to be of service on Easter, and they decided to volunteer at Project Angel Food and give our drivers a break that day,” Richard Ayoub, Project Angel Food’s executive director, told HollywoodLife EXCLUSIVELY. “They loved the experience so much that they came back on Wednesday, and did more deliveries.” “I think their whole goal was to be of service,” Richard explained to HL. “That was their main goal, their secondary goal was to relieve our drivers of some of their workload, because our drivers delivered to 50 to 60, people a day. Ant their third goal was to hopefully give someone a smile.” Richard, who was there to give Meghan and Harry the tour, called the couple “totally down to earth” and told HL that it was all a big surprise. “It was very surprising and really pretty spectacular that this is the first organization, not only in L.A., but in the United States, that they wanted to work with, and that happened to be Project Angel Food.” “I greeted them on Easter Sunday. It’s the best Easter Sunday I’ve ever had. And I gave them a tour of the kitchen. And they talked to our chefs. And they were very, very highly engaged. They asked questions, they asked about the meal production, about the medically tailored meals, about how many we do a week, who are the clients, and what are they going through. And then they talked to chefs and asked the chefs how long they had worked with us. They were really spectacular.” “One of the first questions I asked them, before we went into the kitchen, was how would you like to be referred to as Duke and Duchess? And they immediately interrupted me and said no, as Harry and Meghan.” Not only were they interested in learning all about the charity, they were also very hands on. “They drove in their own vehicle,” Richard told HL. “They took our food, a week’s worth of food delivered to each client. And they also took non perishable food, because we’re delivering it to every client, just in case of emergency and we can’t get to them, that they have food.” “I think that Meghan wants to show Harry L.A. through the eyes of philanthropy and through the eyes of Project Angel Food. They really are concerned about vulnerable people. You know, especially with COVID. Our clients are the ones who are most prone to get the virus. And if they get it. They may die because most are over the age of 60, and they have heart disease, lung disease, diabetes. And Meghan and Harry, they were really interested in meeting the clients and talking to them and seeing how they were doing.” Although Meghan was already familiar with Project Angel Food, Richard told HL that it was her mother, Doria Ragland, that suggested they help out at the highly respected charity. “Meghan says that because she lived in L.A. she knew about Project Angel Food. And they wanted to do something to volunteer on Easter, and she was talking to her mother and her mother said Project Angel Food needs help.” Richard told HL that helping out during COVID-19 is a big concern for the couple. “They really care about people and about making the world a better place. And COVID is going on, and so, I think they thought Project Angel Food takes care of these people, let’s go see some of them. And they were really impressed with the gratitude that they received on behalf of Project Angel Food, people were just gushing about how this service is so important to them right now. “When they came to see us they didn’t take any pictures or do anything for publicity. I think they just did it because those are the kinds of people they are, that’s what they do. Harry’s whole life has been service and that’s just who they are.” Although Meghan and Harry didn’t bring their 11-month-old son, Archie Harrison Mountbatten Windsor, along for their volunteering, as soon as they were done they back to playing with there beloved baby. “After Easter they called me and said well we did all our deliveries and we’re gonna go play with Archie now,” Richard told HL. Since it’s inception in 1989, Project Angel Food as served over 12 million meals to more than 20,000 people. But with COVID-19 the need is even greater. “Right now we’re feeding 1,600 people a day but we are going to be adding 400 more people this month,” Richard told HL, “so we’re really in need of donations right now.” This website uses cookies to improve your user experience and to provide you with advertisements that are relevant to your interests. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies.Ok

<ul> <li>br</li> <li>em</li> <li>strong</li> <li>code</li> <li>a</li> <li>img</li> <li>hr</li> <li>ul, ol</li> <li>pre</li> <li>div</li> <li>p</li> <li>blockquote</li> <li>h1 ~ h6</li> </ul>

The Alameda County Historical Society was founded in 1965 "to foster and encourage interest in the history of Alameda County; to publish and to aid in the publication of materials designed to preserve historical data and to increase the general knowledge of the history of the county; to provide opportunities for sociability among members of the Society; and to encourage coordination and cooperation with other history organizations." ACHS is recognized by the IRS as a 501(c)(3), a tax-exempt, non-profit organization. Hosting quarterly dinners with guest speakers on aspects of Alameda County history. Field trips to historically significant sites and communities in Alameda County, such as Mission San Jose, the USS Potomac, and Ardenwood Farm. Producing keepsake publications that are made available free to ACHS members. Keepsake booklets have included The Chinese Laborers of Lake Chabot and The Peraltas and Their Houses. Placing plaques at important Alameda County historic sites. ACHS plaques have been installed at several locations, including the Peralta houses in Oakland and San Leandro and at the Alameda County Courthouse. Assisting in the preservation of the Joaquin Miller Abbey, a National Historic Landmark located in the Oakland Hills. The Historical Society does not currently maintain a research library or archives. Any questions concerning original research should be directed to other, collecting institutions within Alameda County such as the Oakland History Room at the Oakland Public Library or the Berkeley Historical Society. Likewise, if you want to donate historical documents, photographs, or artifacts to an institution, your local historical society or museum can help you identify an appropriate repository for your donation.

Lack of evidence of systemic inflammatory rheumatic disorders in symptomatic women with breast implants. Breast implants containing silicone have been used for approximately 30 years for breast augmentation or reconstruction. In general, the implants have been well tolerated and reports have indicated a high degree of patient satisfaction. Nonetheless, there have been anecdotal reports of patients with musculoskeletal complaints that have been attributed to silicone breast implants. To investigate this further, we prospectively examined 70 women with silicone breast implants who had complaints that they or their referring physicians thought were related to their implants. On clinical examination, the majority of the patients had fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, or soft-tissue rheumatism. One patient had rheumatoid arthritis, which predated her implants, and one had Sjõgren's syndrome. Because many of our patients had myalgic symptoms, we further evaluated these patients by measuring circulating levels of soluble factors including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor, which have been previously found to be elevated in patients with inflammatory diseases. We found that the levels of these molecules in women with silicone breast implants were not different from those seen in normal subjects and were significantly less than those seen when examining chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. In summary, our clinical and laboratory evaluation of symptomatic breast implant patients argues against an association of silicone breast implants with a distinctive rheumatic disease or a systemic inflammatory disorder. Given these findings and the clinical picture, it is our impression that most symptomatic women with silicone breast implants have well-delineated noninflammatory musculoskeletal syndromes. Moreover, these data fail to support the concept that their symptoms are due to a systemic inflammatory response related to their implants.

WiFi Headache New research has refuted ideas that individuals who grew up with cats are at larger risk of psychological illness. Study why preservatives and additives in food like high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) are bad on your health as well as find out how to avoid it in your weight loss program. Our section on mental health has info on where to go for help and support, and what you can do to take care of good psychological health. Topics introduced include health as a human right, universal health care, and primary health care. All adults aged forty-74 should be supplied an NHS Health Test every 5 years, which incorporates an assessment of your diabetes threat. America lives in a continuing Yellow Alert standing or worse, while different nations in the world undergo day by day assaults from terrorists. Schooling is a superb device for managing and even preventing illness and damage by serving to the affected person and family perceive the risk elements of community health points and the right way to cut back them. The CDC estimates that 25 p.c of people ages sixty five and older reside with diabetes, a major senior health risk. In the event of excess mucous buildup there are two elements that must be taken care of and rapidly: Your current health state of affairs needs to be gotten underneath management, and it needs to be discovered why things went so drastically improper, so that a distinct set of preventative measures will be put in place to cease it from occurring again. Once this has been established the abuser can then use the strong evidence of an official analysis and prescribed treatment to prove that they were telling the reality about their sufferer all alongside, when if truth be told they are clearly the one who has psychological health issues and probably wants medicine or professional help. This text appears to be like at some global features of health issues, such as the affect of poverty and inequality, the nature of patent rules on the WTO, pharmaceutical company interests, in addition to some global health initiatives and the changing nature of the global health issues being faced.

Effects of haptic supplementation on postural stability in unilateral vestibular loss patients. The effects of haptic supplementation on postural stability during upright standing with vision were investigated in 11 unilateral vestibular loss (UVL) patients and compared to 12 age-marched controls. All the participants were instructed to grip a fixed or mobile stick. In the mobile conditions, the lower extremity of the stick was in contact with a slippery or a rough surface. Postural stability was assessed by the root mean square (RMS) and the velocity of the center of foot pressure (CoP) displacements in both antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) directions. Results showed that RMS was larger in UVL patients than in aged-matched participants in AP direction. However, in the mobile stick conditions, only the rough surface improved postural stability. In addition, RMS was more sensitive to haptic supplementation than CoP velocity. The present study confirms the importance of haptic information in the multi-sensory (re) weighting process underlying postural control in UVL patients.

Q: How to set margin of ImageView using code, not xml I want to add an unknown number of ImageView views to my layout with margin. In XML, I can use layout_margin like this: <ImageView android:layout_margin="5dip" android:src="@drawable/image" /> There is ImageView.setPadding(), but no ImageView.setMargin(). I think it's along the lines of ImageView.setLayoutParams(LayoutParams), but not sure what to feed into that. Does anyone know? A: android.view.ViewGroup.MarginLayoutParams has a method setMargins(left, top, right, bottom). Direct subclasses are: FrameLayout.LayoutParams, LinearLayout.LayoutParams and RelativeLayout.LayoutParams. Using e.g. LinearLayout: LinearLayout.LayoutParams lp = new LinearLayout.LayoutParams(LinearLayout.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT, LinearLayout.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT); lp.setMargins(left, top, right, bottom); imageView.setLayoutParams(lp); MarginLayoutParams This sets the margins in pixels. To scale it use context.getResources().getDisplayMetrics().density DisplayMetrics A: image = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.imageID); MarginLayoutParams marginParams = new MarginLayoutParams(image.getLayoutParams()); marginParams.setMargins(left_margin, top_margin, right_margin, bottom_margin); RelativeLayout.LayoutParams layoutParams = new RelativeLayout.LayoutParams(marginParams); image.setLayoutParams(layoutParams); A: All the above examples will actually REPLACE any params already present for the View, which may not be desired. The below code will just extend the existing params, without replacing them: ImageView myImage = (ImageView) findViewById(R.id.image_view); MarginLayoutParams marginParams = (MarginLayoutParams) image.getLayoutParams(); marginParams.setMargins(left, top, right, bottom);

The present invention relates generally to articulated chairs and, more particularly, to an articulated chair operable to move between a generally upright patient entry/exit position and a reclined patient examination and treatment position. Articulated examination and treatment chairs are used to position a patient to a variety of different positions which may be selected in accordance with the particular procedure being performed and with reference to the preferences of the particular operator or doctor. For dental procedures, by way of example, the chair may be moved between a generally upright patient entry/exit position and a reclined patient examination and treatment position. The chair has a seat section and a back section that provide a comfortable support surface for the patient throughout movement of the chair. Arm rests are provided on opposite sides of the chair to support the patient""s arms as the chair is moved through the various positions. To provide patient comfort, the arm rests must move or tilt to accommodate the change in position of the patient as the patient moves through the various positions. To accomplish this need, arm rests have either been connected for pivotal movement with the seat section or the arm rests are pivotally connected to the back section through a rotatable shaft and linkages. In the generally upright patient entry/exit position of known examination and treatment chairs, the arm rests obstruct the patient""s entry into or exit from the chair. Therefore, the arm rests are constructed either to be temporarily removed or to pivot out of the way to allow patient to enter or exit the chair. Either of these solutions has a tendency to be cumbersome, especially for handicapped and elderly patients. Therefore, there is a need for an chair that improves patient entry or exit while providing comfort to the patient during movement of the chair between entry/exit and examination and treatment positions. The present invention overcomes the foregoing and other shortcomings and drawbacks of examination and treatment chairs heretofore known. While the invention will be described in connection with certain embodiments, it will be understood that the invention is not limited to these embodiments. On the contrary, the invention includes all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the present invention. An examination and treatment chair in accordance with the principles of the present invention is operable to move between a generally upright patient entry/exit position and a reclined patient examination and treatment position. The chair includes a chair support for supporting a seat section and back section of the chair. The back section is mounted for pivotal movement relative to the chair support between a generally upright position and a reclined position. A pair of arm rests are rigidly connected to the back section for movement with the back section between the generally upright position and the reclined position. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, the arm rests are automatically positioned to allow a patient unobstructed entry into or exit from the chair when the back section is moved to the generally upright position. The arm rests are automatically positioned to support the patient""s arms when the back rest is moved to the reclined position. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, the back section includes a back frame and a back cushion supported on the back frame. The arm rests may be integrally formed with the back frame such as by a unitary casting of the back frame and the arm rests or, alternatively, the arm rests may be rigidly connected to the back frame. The back frame and foam cushion are dished so that the arm rests and the dished or contoured back section comfortably cradle the patient in a natural, relaxed position to maximize patient comfort and reduce patient anxiety. The chair of the present invention provides a patient with unobstructed entry into or exit from the chair in the generally upright patient entry/exit position and a natural, relaxed and comfortable support in the reclined patient and treatment position. The foam cushion provides patient comfort in the lumbar region of the patient""s back and forces the patient""s shoulders back, which naturally elevates the patient""s chin and puts the patient in a good working position. The above and other objects and advantages of the present invention shall be made apparent from the accompanying drawings and the description thereof.

Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy of ADHD children's performance, self-evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a cognitive task. The effects of 0.3 mg/kg methylphenidate (MPH) and expectancy regarding medication on the performance and task persistence of 60 boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were investigated. In a balanced-placebo design, boys in 4 groups (received placebo/drug crossed with told placebo/drug) completed the task in success and failure conditions. Medication improved participants' task persistence following failure. Participants' task performance was not affected by whether they thought they had received medication or placebo. Children made internal attributions for success and made external attributions for failure, regardless of medication or expectancy. These findings confirm previous reports that it is the pharmacological activity of MPH that affects ADHD children's self-evaluations and persistence. The results contradict anecdotal reports that MPH causes dysfunctional attributions and confirm previous studies showing that medication does not produce adverse effects on the causal attributions of children with ADHD.

Jimmy Joe has been driving a school bus, and creating music with the kids to make the ride fun and entertaining, since 1998. His wife Chrissie wrote her very first songs when her son Kieran was born and continues to write children's songs, even though Kieran is now a grumpy teen-ager. For over seven years they dreamed of making a children's CD together. The recording became a reality in 2016 after a successful crowdsourcing campaign. They are thrilled to be sharing these songs with the world, to the delight of children (and adults) everywhere.

Disordered expression of HOX genes in human non-small cell lung cancer. We hypothesized that the disordered tissue architecture in cancer results from the cells executing the program designed during ontogeny in a spatio-temporally inappropriate manner. HOX genes are known as master regulators of embryonic morphogenesis, and encode transcription factors which regulate the transcription of the downstream genes to realize the program of body plan. In this study, we quantified the expression levels of 39 HOX genes in 41 human non-small cell lung cancer (non-SCLC) and non-cancerous lung tissues by a comprehensive analysis system based on the real-time RT-PCR method. We found that the expression levels of HOXA1, A5, A10 and C6 in squamous cell carcinoma tissues (and HOXA5 and A10 in adenocarcinoma tissues) were significantly higher than those in the non-cancerous tissues. Comparison of HOX gene expressions between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tissues showed higher expressions of HOXA1, D9, D10 and D11 in squamous cell carcinoma tissues than in adenocarcinoma tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that HOXA5 and A10 proteins were localized in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma tissues. These results suggest that the disordered patterns of HOX gene expressions were involved not only in the development of non-SCLC but also in the histologically aberrant diversity such as adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Have you ever received an invitation from your friends to play Candy Crush or Candy Crush Saga? Candy Crush is a “puzzle adventure” where you “switch and match your way through hundreds of levels.” (king.com) I have and still get invitations to play this game. At first I tried to be annoyed, as tradition expects, but I couldn’t be for long because these requests came from my very good friends and family. I also realized that I do much the same thing. I may not have shared Candy Crush or similar games, but I have shared other things that I’ve enjoyed and valued — often urging others to take a look and try them out. Such as, for example, books. Besides that, I was curious. Not about Candy Crush itself, but about whether I could play a different game; one that wasn’t about taking a break or switching off from everyday chores (as I do when reading fiction or playing board games, and on a rare occasion some simple online ones), but could I have as much fun (or perhaps even more) as people do playing games, with the various projects I wanted to pursue? Yes, I was contemplating gamification — even before I knew what it meant. Sometime later I discovered that when you gamify your life you extract “the fun and addicting elements found in games” (Yu-kai Chou). That was exactly what I wanted! I wanted to make progress with activities I was passionate about, and make time for them. We all allow ourselves a bit of time to play, don’t we? So why not combine the projects I was excited about with the fun elements of a game? Could I play at “writing a book?" At the same time, I wondered if I could make the tasks I thought I didn’t enjoy but had to do (like applying for a new passport or cleaning and tidying our house), if not enjoyable, then at least a little bit fun by gamifying them. It’s now been more than two years since I started a continuous gamification of my life. I’ve learned a lot along the way, including the fact that in addition to gamification there are other essential skills and approaches that can help make life, and what it brings along the way, fun and doable. These discoveries, and the reactions of people to the experiences I’ve shared with them, have motivated me to write a book, and to follow a friend’s advice to turn it into a crowd-funding project. Why this project is unique: This book is not about gamifying just one activity and bringing elements of games into parts of our lives. It is about bringing game design, and the fun connected with it, to all areas of our lives, as well as gamifying project, time, and life-management. The book will also have an emphasis on game design. By understanding how games and gamification frameworks function, you will be able to create your own, or use and combine the models of others to create multiple fun project designs of your own. As a byproduct it will help you take your attention off what you want to avoid, or don’t like, and instead focus on what you want to achieve. And to do so in a continuously gameful manner. How it is different to other books on gamification: There are many brilliant books on gamification, some of them written by scholars and gamification pioneers. This book does not compete with them. This book will complement them. It will add to the existing literature because gamification is not considered on its own here — it is supported by two other vital approaches, which result in the following skills when applied: the ability to be here, to live in the moment, and the ability to identify the next smallest step to be taken, which is an integral part of kaizen, “a Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement of working practices, personal efficiency, etc.” (oxforddictionaries.com) By combining living in the moment, kaizen, and gamification to manage your projects — and your life — this book will be the first of its kind, enabling you to turn any activity into a fun, effortless, and successful game. And there is another difference: I am not a gamer. That is, I rarely play games. I play board games from time to time with my family, and of all the online games, I only play Minesweeper, and even that less than a handful of times a year. The most popular books on gamification are written by gamers who are also game designers, often of video games. I am neither a gamer nor a game designer. I last played a video game probably twenty years ago, and I don’t feel compelled to play one anytime soon. I would play if someone invited me, but only to enjoy their company, rather than from a keenness to play games. And even upon the repeated requests mentioned above, I’ve never wanted to play Candy Crush, although I do enjoy its bright colors and cheerful design, occasionally stopping to watch my son playing it. So this book also has a unique perspective. It is written by someone with no great passion for games themselves, but who is keen to play games and have fun with everything else there is to do: both things to get excited about, and those one might find tedious. How you can help me shape my book: The book will show how various activities can be gamified and my lessons learned from them. So far, the notes I’ve made and articles I’ve written have concentrated on the projects from my gamified life as a writer, consultant, business owner, mother, wife, daughter, sister, aunt, and friend. So far I’ve addressed and plan to address writing, dealing with edits and feedback from someone else, self-editing, editing and revising someone else’s work, household, attending to family matters, structuring and managing a project, learning languages, helping a child gamify and complete his homework assignment, and more. You as a reader can help me by identifying other topics to address, providing more ideas for gamification using the approach shown in the book (which in the spirit of Candy Crush I’ve started to think of as “Project Crush”). About the author: Victoria Ichizli-Bartels is a writer and specialist in business development, information technology, semiconductor physics, and electronic engineering. She is the founder of Optimist Writer, a writing, publishing and consulting business. She grew up in Moldova, lived in Germany for twelve years, and now lives in Aalborg, Denmark, with her husband and two children. Since 2015 Victoria has published an array of books, both fiction and non-fiction. Before that she authored a Ph.D. thesis and many other scientific and technical publications. Victoria published her first book on gamification in 2016 (even before she’d heard of the concept), entitled 5 Minute Perseverance Game: Play Daily for a Month and Become the Ultimate Procrastination Breaker. The book was judged “outstanding" in all categories and received a remarkable review in the 25th Annual Writer’s Digest Self-Published Book Awards, 2017.

export class KeyboardControls { constructor(visualizer, bindings) { this.visualizer = visualizer; this.keyState = {}; this.keyBindings = bindings; this.el = null; this._onKeyUp = null; this._onKeyDown = null; } attach(el) { if (!el) el = document.body; this.el = el; // Make element focusable el.querySelector("canvas").setAttribute("tabindex", 0); this._onKeyUp = (e) => { if (document.activeElement.tagName == "INPUT") return; if (typeof this.keyBindings[e.code] !== "undefined") { const event = this.keyBindings[e.code]; if (typeof event === "function") { event(); } else { this.keyState[event] = false; if (!this.visualizer.isPlaying() && Object.values(this.keyState).every((v) => !v)) { } } e.preventDefault(); } }; this._onKeyDown = (e) => { if (document.activeElement.tagName == "INPUT") return; if (typeof this.keyBindings[e.code] !== "undefined") { const event = this.keyBindings[e.code]; if (typeof event !== "function") { this.keyState[event] = true; if (!this.visualizer.isPlaying()) { // Run the Pixi event loop while keys are down this.visualizer.application.start(); } } e.preventDefault(); } }; el.addEventListener("keyup", this._onKeyUp); el.addEventListener("keydown", this._onKeyDown); } destroy() { this.el.removeEventListener("keyup", this._onKeyUp); this.el.removeEventListener("keydown", this._onKeyDown); this.visualizer = null; } handleKeys(dt) { dt *= this.visualizer.timeStep * this.visualizer.scrubSpeed * 50; if (this.keyState["scrubBackwards"]) { this.visualizer.pause(); this.visualizer.advanceTime(-dt); this.visualizer.render(); } else if (this.keyState["scrubForwards"]) { this.visualizer.pause(); this.visualizer.advanceTime(dt); this.visualizer.render(dt); } if (this.keyState["panUp"]) { this.visualizer.camera.panBy(0, 1); } else if (this.keyState["panDown"]) { this.visualizer.camera.panBy(0, -1); } if (this.keyState["panLeft"]) { this.visualizer.camera.panBy(1, 0); } else if (this.keyState["panRight"]) { this.visualizer.camera.panBy(-1, 0); } if (this.keyState["zoomIn"]) { this.visualizer.camera.zoomBy(0.5, 0.5, dt); } else if (this.keyState["zoomOut"]) { this.visualizer.camera.zoomBy(0.5, 0.5, -dt); } } }

Q: why AJAX redirects to the new page in PHP I have a form: <form class="searchForm"> <div class="box_style_1"> <h4><?= Yii::t("common", "Age"); ?></h4> <? echo '<b class="badge">3</b> ' . Slider::widget([ 'name'=>'age', 'value'=>'250,650', 'sliderColor'=>Slider::TYPE_GREY, 'pluginOptions'=>[ 'min'=>3, 'max'=>21, 'step'=>1, 'range'=>true ], ]) . ' <b class="badge">21</b>'; ?> <br /><br /> <input type="submit" value="Search" class="searchByAge"/> <br /><br /> </div> </form> And want to show the result in console.log: $('.searchByAge').on('click', function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var range = $('.form-control').val(); var min = range.split(',')[0]; var max = range.split(',')[1]; //alert(min+' '+max); $.ajax({ type: 'POST', url: '/age/'+min+'/'+max, data: $('.searchForm').serialize(), success: function (data) { console.log(data); }, error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorMessage) { console.log(errorMessage); // Optional } }); }) and that's my AJAX code. But when I click on Search button it redirects me to the new page and nothing in the console log. I do not know what is wrong in my code. I return a JSON from the '/age/min_age/max_age' page, but the result shows in the new page. How can I fix this problem? A: change code to below. change input type submit to button <input type="button" value="Search" class="searchByAge"/> also wrap your code in $(document).ready(); Make sure to add jQuery library from correct path. $(document).ready(function(){ $('.searchByAge').on('click', function(e){ e.preventDefault(); var range = $('.form-control').val(); var min = range.split(',')[0]; var max = range.split(',')[1]; //alert(min+' '+max); $.ajax({ type: 'POST', url: '/age/'+min+'/'+max, data: $('.searchForm').serialize(), success: function (data) { console.log(data); }, error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorMessage) { console.log(errorMessage); // Optional } }); }); });

Infections in the immunocompromised rheumatologic patient. Immunocompromised patients with rheumatic diseases have an increased risk of infections. A major risk factor for infection seems to be the immunosuppressive therapy used. Newer therapies for RA may lead to increased rates of infection by opportunistic pathogens such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Because disease manifestation may mimic signs and symptoms of infection, prompt diagnosis may be difficult. Familiarity with the likely infections and their causes should aid in obtaining the appropriate culture specimens.

John Ruppert's striking composite photos of Icelandic terrain on display at Grimaldis Gallery C. Grimaldis Gallery C. Grimaldis Gallery Tim Smith, The Baltimore Sun For most of John Ruppert's career, metal sculpture has been a major focus, but he has added photography to his pursuits lately. Some of the results can be sampled and savored in an exhibit at C. Grimaldis Gallery titled "The Iceland Project." The Massachusetts-born artist, who has a studio in Druid Hill, was one of the first winners of the $25,000 Baker Prize in 2009. He has been a faculty member at the University of Maryland, College Park, since 1987 and chair of its art department for the past 15 years. Ruppert spent a month in Iceland and took a large number of shots that he subsequently fused to create "multiple image composites" of the stark, often sculptural terrain. The manipulative process is evident not just in the strangely colored skies, but also in subtle nuances that reveal themselves on closer inspection. In a few of the works, the presence of human culture can be barely detected — a low fence winding through a desolate hilltop, for example, in "Laki Ridge," a work that jolts with its avocado green sky. Another such jolt is delivered by "Black Lake, Orange Sky/Kleifarvatn." This 40-by-40-inch print is 95 percent sky; at the bottom of the print, the placid lake creates a striking horizon line. Ruppert has spoken of choosing "turbulent" hues for the skies as a way to suggest how things might have looked when Iceland was formed. And since that North Atlantic country remains very much geologically alive, the vibrancy in such photos becomes all the more telling. Even in pieces without surprising celestial hues, there are unusual elements to be found. A horizontal view of a sea wall takes on the quality of a bold abstract canvas, with rock edges where brusque brush strokes would be. A vertical image of a waterfall is separated into sections, like a splice of movie film, and seems to roll like one, too. One of the most impressive works, "Hekla," is a long panoramic view (20x1091/2 inches) that captures Iceland's most active volcano in the distance with rolling, lunar-like hills in the foreground. A bank of white clouds hovers around the peak, complementing the blankets of snow running along the mountainside. But not everything in the sky seems naturally cumulus. It looks as if bits of snow have peeled off the earth and floated up to meet the clouds. Another compelling composite, "Inside Crater/Laki," is a landscape in rich colors and shades. There's a painterly aspect to this — think late-Monet — right down to the bits of blurring where different photos have been gently meshed. Ruppert's methods can be more upfront. In "Glacier Crevasse/Svinafellsjokull," the beautifully composed image of weather-beaten snowpacks and bits of earth suddenly gains an extra edge when you spot the serrated side of a photo used to create one side of a hill. The digital manipulation in these works does not make them less real, but, in a way, more personal. You sense an artist trying to encompass not just everything he saw in this wildly interesting place, but everything he felt, everything he wanted to grasp. A few of the pieces that were in the exhibit when it opened are in Florida with the Grimaldis booth at the Art Miami fair, but are due back next week. Even without them, "The Iceland Project" provides an absorbing journey.

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus. Introduction ============ Ganglion cysts are soft tissue masses that arise from the joint capsule and tendons which are commonly seen on the dorsal side of the hand and wrist \[[@REF1]\]. One of the treatment options is surgical excision \[[@REF2]\]. Surgery is usually performed with local anesthesia infiltration in sedated-unsedated patients or under general anesthesia. In recent years, ultrasound (US) guidance has made distal peripheral nerve blocks of the upper extremity technically safe and feasible options to achieve anesthesia for hand and wrist surgery \[[@REF3]\]. Nowadays, US-guided regional blocks should be the first choice for such surgical procedures where the possible risks of general anesthesia and the necessity of clear airways are considered \[[@REF4]\]. US-guided nerve blocks have many advantages, such as the avoidance of nerve damage, with a clear definition of nerves from the surrounding structures, control of the distribution of local anesthetics, visualization of needle position, faster block onset time, improved block qualities, and a reduction in the volumes of local anesthetics \[[@REF5]-[@REF6]\]. The success rate of regional anesthesia has increased when performed under ultrasound guidance. Ultrasound identifies nerves easily, which cannot be defined by surface anatomic landmarks and alternative sites can be determined by scanning the nerve along its route \[[@REF6]-[@REF7]\]. Forearm blocks may especially be useful for minor surgeries of the hand. However, background data are limited regarding the performance of a peripheral nerve blockade at the level of the upper arm for hand surgery. There is also a lack of reports about the optimal sites for needle insertion regarding US-guided radial nerve blocks. Most studies about median, ulnar, and radial nerves present these blocks as rescue techniques for a failed or incomplete proximal (infraclavicular, axillary, interscalene, or supraclavicular) upper extremity block \[[@REF4],[@REF8]-[@REF11]\]. The mid-humeral region enables anesthesiologists to selectively administer local anesthetics to different nerves and block the four main nerves of the upper extremity separately \[[@REF12]\]. This technique may have advantages over proximally performed approaches, such as the avoidance of needle trauma to central structures, decreased motor blockade, and smaller amounts of local anesthetic drugs used to achieve anesthesia for a narrower area \[[@REF4]\]. In this case report, we present three cases of US-guided radial nerve blocks performed at the mid-humeral region. Efficient surgical anesthesia was achieved for ganglion cyst excision at the hand dorsum using the minimal dose of local anesthesia. We discuss the potential indications and advantages of a US-guided radial nerve block at the mid-humeral region for patients undergoing hand surgery. Case presentation ================= Written informed consent has been obtained from all patients for the anesthetic/surgical procedures and for the publication of this case report. All patients underwent the excision of ganglion cysts at the dorsum of the hand (Figure [1](#FIG1){ref-type="fig"}). {#FIG1} Standard monitorization (electrocardiogram, blood pressure, pulse oximetry) was applied at the block room. An intravenous cannula was placed and infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution was started. The patients were sedated by administering 0.03 mg/kg of midazolam and 0.5 µg/kg of fentanyl intravenously. After sedation, the position of the arm was set at the 90 degrees abduction of the arm and 90 degrees of the forearm on the surgery table. The ultrasound probe was placed transversally at the mid-humeral region, on the posterolateral aspect of the arm. The needle was entered from the lateral side of the arm in the medial direction within the plane of the ultrasound beam (Figure [2](#FIG2){ref-type="fig"}). {#FIG2} The block area was sterilized with iodine solution and the US transducer was covered with a sterile cap. We performed needle insertion at the mid-humeral region, which is located midway between the anterior process of the acromion and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus, as described by Foxall et al. \[[@REF6]\]. The radial nerve could be visualized easily by locating the ultrasound probe on the posterolateral aspect of the arm at this level. A 13 MHz linear transducer was used (LOGIQ P5®, General Electric, USA). The radial nerve was visualized as an oval, heterogeneous structure that consisted of hypoechoic and hyperechoic structures, which represent the nerve fascicles and connective tissue. Using the in-plane technique, a 22 Ga 8 cm echogenic needle (Stimuplex® Ultra 360® Braun, Melsungen, Germany) was introduced into the mid-humeral region, aiming to enter the fascial plane next to the radial nerve. After the localization of the needle tip on the radial nerve, 0.15 ml/kg of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected. The distribution of the local anesthetic drug and the tip of the needle was visualized in real time during the procedure, aiming to spread around the nerve (Figure [3](#FIG3){ref-type="fig"}). {#FIG3} We did not use a nerve stimulator, as the nerve was clearly identified under ultrasound guidance. The patients were followed up with pinprick tests after the blocks for loss of sensation. The incisions were within the sensory dermatomal innervation area of the radial nerve (Figure [4](#FIG4){ref-type="fig"}). {#FIG4} Case 1 A 33-year-old female patient presented with complaints of swelling and pain in the dorsum of the right hand. She had a 2x2 cm mass and a soft cystic lesion, which was diagnosed as a ganglion cyst at the dorsum of the hand (Figure [1](#FIG1){ref-type="fig"}). Past medical history was unremarkable with American Society Anesthesiology (ASA) classification I. Surgical history examination revealed two cesarian-section operations. Ten milliliters of local anesthetic (bupivacaine 0.5%) was administered to encircle the radial nerve without entering the humeral side. Surgical anesthesia was achieved at the 25th minute after local anesthetic administration. A mild motor block was observed, as the patient could move her hand parallel to gravity. The patient was cooperative and reported minor discomfort during the excision of the cyst from its base where it originated, but there was no need for additional analgesic drugs during the surgery. There were no symptoms of cardiovascular, respiratory, or central nervous system side-effects. The surgery proceeded uneventfully and lasted about 20 minutes. The block was considered successful without the necessitation of conversion to general anesthesia. Case 2 A 28-year-old female patient with complaints of swelling in the wrist dorsum of the right hand. The patient\'s medical and surgical history was unremarkable and evaluated as ASA I class. Fifteen milliliters of local anesthesia (10 ml bupivacaine 0.5 % and 5 ml lidocaine 2%) was administered around the radial nerve under ultrasound guidance. The block procedure was uneventful. The patient was cooperative during the operation and did not report pain at the beginning of the surgery. During the excision of the cyst from its base, the patient complained of discomfort. Fentanyl 50 µg intravenous was administered and 3 milliliters of 2% prilocaine was infiltrated to the surgical area. The surgery lasted 30 minutes, uneventfully. The block was considered successful without the need for conversion to general anesthesia. Case 3 A 24-year-old male patient with a complaint of swelling at the wrist dorsum of the right hand was diagnosed with a ganglion cyst. The patient was evaluated as ASA I class with no remarkable medical and surgical history. After identifying the radial nerve under ultrasound guidance, 10 milliliters of 0.5% bupivacaine was administered. There were no symptoms of side effects during the block procedure. The patient reported minor discomfort, which was resolved with the administration of 50 µg intravenous fentanyl and infiltration of 3 milliliters 2% prilocaine into the surgical area. The surgical procedure was completed in 30 minutes without any complications. The block was considered successful, with no need of conversion to general anesthesia. Discussion ========== In this case report, a US-guided radial nerve block was applied from the mid-humeral level, which allowed sufficient surgical anesthesia for the excision of the ganglion cyst from the dorsal side of the hand. The course of the radial nerve in the distal part of the upper arm has a great variety \[[@REF13]\]. The radial nerve passes obliquely across the back of the humerus between the lateral and medial heads of the triceps. It enters the anterior compartment from the deltoid tuberosity to the lateral epicondyle and passes between the brachioradialis and brachialis muscles \[[@REF6]\]. It usually divides approximately 2-3 cm proximal to the elbow. The radial nerve can be easily visualized as a single structure 5 cm proximal to the elbow lateral to the humerus and curves posterior at about 15 cm proximal from the medial epicondyle \[[@REF7],[@REF13]\]. The nerve could be scanned at this level and can be found slightly posterolateral. The deep branch is sometimes difficult to visualize by ultrasound \[[@REF14]\]. The superficial radial nerve is cutaneous, whereas the deep branch forms the posterior interosseous nerve and mainly supplies motor function. The deep branch also supplies sensation to the interosseous membrane, the periosteum of the radius and ulna, and the extensor surfaces of the carpal joints \[[@REF6]\]. At the mid-humeral level, the four main nerves are anatomically well-separated. This allows for the selective administration of local anesthetics on both the radial and the musculocutaneous nerves with the ulnar and median nerves \[[@REF12]\]. Before its division into two terminal branches, a mid-humeral radial nerve block would produce more widespread anesthesia of the wrist and can be used for anesthesia in a wider variety of surgery \[[@REF6]\]. Foxall et al. reported the ease of identification of the radial nerve at the distal third level of the arm \[[@REF6]\]. We could easily visualize the radial nerve at the mid-humeral level just posterior to the humerus as a single, separate, and bright hyperechoic, oval-shaped structure. When it is slightly scanned to distally closer to the elbow, it becomes more distant to the humerus and can be blocked at this level, before it travels into the intermuscular septum. Reports about ultrasound-guided radial nerve blocks in the literature are rare and limited to very few anecdotal reports. These reports are limited to performance in emergency departments to provide analgesia for the reduction of distal radius fractures \[[@REF15]-[@REF18]\]. Blocking the radial nerve at the mid-humeral region has the advantage of blocking the motor function that the radial nerve innervates as well, which may be preferable in many operations. However, in certain operations, such as tendon repair, preservation of motor function may be desired intraoperatively. The maintenance of motor function is an important advantage of distal nerve blocks over proximal blocks. A more distal nerve block may be preferred to block the sensory function of the nerve. Also, a differential infraclavicular block (by using a low-dose local anesthetic) may be performed in such cases. The general advantages of distal peripheral nerve blocks could be expressed as: Distal approaches to upper extremity blocks need a lower amount of local anesthetic drugs with a blockade of a specific area. These approaches also avoid the risk of inadvertent puncture to critical structures, such as pleura or big vessels, which may occur when a proximal block is applied \[[@REF3],[@REF5]\]. Distal peripheral nerve blocks allow the preservation of proximal muscle function of the upper limb and patients may be discharged earlier from the hospital \[[@REF19]\]. These blocks may be suitable in patients where local anesthetic infiltration is contraindicated, such as in cases of infection or suspected malignancy. The surgical site anatomy is preserved and may provide for better operating conditions by not causing tissue distortion with infiltrated local anesthetic \[[@REF4]\]. Selective blockade of the specific nerve may shorten the time for anesthetic administration \[[@REF4]\]. The disadvantages are that distal nerve blocks would not prevent tourniquet pain. Peripheral nerve blocks may not always be sufficient for all surgical procedures on the forearm that involve wider surgical areas \[[@REF3]\]. Among our cases, two cases needed additional local anesthetic infiltration during the surgery. This may be due to a wider surgical dissection that exceeded beyond the analgesic area of radial nerve block. A proximal, brachial plexus block is an alternative for operations of the hand in which larger surgical areas involve multiple peripheral nerve sensory dermatomes. Conclusions =========== Our experience with an ultrasound-guided mid-humeral radial nerve blockade suggests that this block provides successful surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia for the excision of dorsal-side ganglion cysts of the hand when applied from the mid-humeral region. This regional anesthesia technique may be a feasible and more comfortable alternative to general anesthesia for patients undergoing hand surgery. A mid-humeral radial nerve block has the advantage of requiring a lower amount of local anesthetic drug and less motor block of the arm, which is favorable for outpatient settings. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Consent was obtained by all participants in this study

External vs endoscopic approach for inverted papilloma of the sino-nasal cavities: a retrospective study of 136 cases. Endoscopic removal, with or without external technique, can be performed in a majority of inverted papilloma cases. This method has subsequent recurrence rates that are comparable to those of more aggressive external techniques and it is more cost efficient with less morbidity. To analyze the clinical outcomes of our 21-year experience (1986-2006) in treating inverted papillomas using different treatment modalities. The patients were divided into a conventional surgery group (CSG) and an endoscopic surgery group (ESG) and were staged according to the system developed by Krouse. A retrospective assessment was performed. The recurrence rates were 4.3% in ESG and 9.5% in CSG. There was no significant difference in the recurrence rates according to the treatment modality used and the Krouse stage in the two groups. Mean operation time was 72.93+/-18.51 min in the ESG and 112.02+/-56.52 min in the CSG. Mean period of hospital stay was 4.66+/-1.75 days in the ESG and 9.54+/-4.79 days in the CSG. The complication rate was 3.2% in the ESG and 33.3% in the CSG. There was a significant difference in the operation time, length of hospital stay, and complication rate in the two groups.

export function union<T>(...sets: Set<T>[]): Set<T> { const result = new Set<T>() for (const set of sets) { for (const item of set) { result.add(item) } } return result } export function intersection<T>(set: Set<T>, ...sets: Set<T>[]): Set<T> { const result = new Set<T>() top: for (const item of set) { for (const other of sets) { if (!other.has(item)) continue top } result.add(item) } return result } export function difference<T>(set: Set<T>, ...sets: Set<T>[]): Set<T> { const result = new Set<T>(set) for (const item of union(...sets)) { result.delete(item) } return result }

HMS Arrow Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Arrow, after the projectile: , a 20-gun sloop launched in 1796 that the French frigates and captured near Gibraltar on 4 February 1805; she sank the same day , a 14-gun cutter launched at Deptford Dockyard on 7 September 1805, and converted to a breakwater in May 1815. Broken up in May 1828. , a 10-gun cutter launched at Portsmouth on 14 March 1823 and broken up in January 1852. , a 477-ton wooden screw dispatch vessel launched at Leamouth on 26 June 1854 and sold on 19 May 1862. , an Ant-class iron gunboat launched at Greenwich on 22 April 1871 and sold on 1 March 1922. , launched 1929, was an destroyer that served in World War II and was damaged beyond repair in Algiers harbour in 1944 when an ammunition ship exploded. The hulk was broken up in May 1949. , launched 1974, was a Type 21 frigate that served in the Falklands War. She was sold to Pakistan in 1994 and renamed . The Royal Australian Navy had a 146-ton patrol boat . Launched on 17 February 1968, it was wrecked on 25 December 1974 at Darwin, Australia during Cyclone Tracy. Battle honours Ships named Arrow have earned the following battle honours: Copehagen, 1801 Cape Tenez, 1805 San Sebastian, 1813 Crimea, 1854−55 Norway, 1940 Atlantic, 1940−43 North Sea, 1942 Libya, 1942 Malta Convoys, 1942 Sicily, 1943 Falkland Islands, 1982 References Category:Royal Navy ship names

Translations Muhsin Khan Pickthall Yusuf Ali Quran Project Do you not see [i.e., know] that to Allāh prostrates whoever is in the heavens and whoever is on the earth and the sun, the moon, the stars, the mountains, the trees, the moving creatures and many of the people? But upon many the punishment has been justified. And he whom Allāh humiliates – for him there is no bestower of honour. Indeed, Allāh does what He wills. Muhsin Khan See you not that to Allah prostrates whoever is in the heavens and whoever is on the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the mountains, and the trees, and Ad-Dawab (moving living creatures, beasts, etc.), and many of mankind? But there are many (men) on whom the punishment is justified. And whomsoever Allah disgraces, none can honour him. Verily! Allah does what He wills. Pickthall Hast thou not seen that unto Allah payeth adoration whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the hills, and the trees, and the beasts, and many of mankind, while there are many unto whom the doom is justly due. He whom Allah scorneth, there is none to give him honour. Lo! Allah doeth what He will. Yusuf Ali Seest thou not that to Allah bow down in worship all things that are in the heavens and on earth,- the sun, the moon, the stars; the hills, the trees, the animals; and a great number among mankind? But a great number are (also) such as are fit for Punishment: and such as Allah shall disgrace,- None can raise to honour: for Allah carries out all that He wills. 1. Lessons/Guidance/Reflections/Gems When we reflect on this verse we find countless creatures, some of which we know and some we do not; and we glance at an infinite number of worlds, many of which we do not begin to know; as also an endless variety of mountains, trees and beasts that live on earth, man’s abode. All these, without exception, join a single procession that prostrates itself in humble submission to God, addressing its worship, in perfect harmony, to Him alone. And out of all these creatures, man alone has a special case, as people diverge: “a great number of human beings [bow down in worship], but a great number also will inevitably have to suffer punishment,” because of their rejection of the truth. Thus, man stands out on his own, unique in that great, harmonious procession. The verse concludes with a statement making clear that whoever deserves punishment will inevitably be humbled and disgraced: “He whom God shall disgrace will have none who could bestow honour on him.” How could such a person be honoured when all honour and respect are granted by God. In other words, anyone who submits to any being other than God Almighty, to whom the entire universe willingly submits, will be disgraced. 6. Frequency of the word 7. Period of Revelation As this Surah contains the characteristics of both the Makkan and the MadÄ«nan Surahs the commentators have differed as to its period of revelation but in the light of its style and themes we are of the opinion that a part of it (v. 1-24) was sent down in the last stage of the Makkan life of the Prophet a little before migration and the rest (v. 25-78) during the first stage of his Madinah life. That is why this Surah combines the characteristics of both the Makkan and the Madinah Surahs. According to Ibn Abbas, Mujahid, Qatadah and other great commentators, v. 39 is the first verse that grants the Muslims permission to wage war. Collections of hadith and books on the life of the Prophet confirm that after this permission actual preparations for war were started and the first expedition was sent to the coast of the Red Sea in Safar 2 A.H. which is known as the Expedition of Waddan or Al-Abwa.

Details Heavy duty gate handle that is an excellent choice for all your gates needs. Large plastic handle keeps you safe from shock. Strong internal spring will keep great tension on the wire or tape you use to make the gate. This is just slightly different from the 665300 handle as it was made by a different manufacturer and it has a rounded hook and a little bit longer metal shaft at the other end. The picture is the same as the 665300 but the handle is a bit different. Same high quality but at a slightly lower price. Plated means that the metal parts of the handle are zinc plated (coated in zinc) to help reduce oxidation

/* * Copyright 2010-2020 Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"). * You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * A copy of the License is located at * * http://aws.amazon.com/apache2.0 * * or in the "license" file accompanying this file. This file is distributed * on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either * express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing * permissions and limitations under the License. */ package com.amazonaws.services.rekognition.model.transform; import com.amazonaws.services.rekognition.model.*; import com.amazonaws.transform.SimpleTypeJsonUnmarshallers.*; import com.amazonaws.transform.*; import com.amazonaws.util.json.AwsJsonReader; /** * JSON unmarshaller for POJO Emotion */ class EmotionJsonUnmarshaller implements Unmarshaller<Emotion, JsonUnmarshallerContext> { public Emotion unmarshall(JsonUnmarshallerContext context) throws Exception { AwsJsonReader reader = context.getReader(); if (!reader.isContainer()) { reader.skipValue(); return null; } Emotion emotion = new Emotion(); reader.beginObject(); while (reader.hasNext()) { String name = reader.nextName(); if (name.equals("Type")) { emotion.setType(StringJsonUnmarshaller.getInstance() .unmarshall(context)); } else if (name.equals("Confidence")) { emotion.setConfidence(FloatJsonUnmarshaller.getInstance() .unmarshall(context)); } else { reader.skipValue(); } } reader.endObject(); return emotion; } private static EmotionJsonUnmarshaller instance; public static EmotionJsonUnmarshaller getInstance() { if (instance == null) instance = new EmotionJsonUnmarshaller(); return instance; } }

698 F.2d 1221 Moorev.Union Mut. Life Ins. Co. 80-1633 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Sixth Circuit 2/5/82 1 E.D.Mich. AFFIRMED

--- abstract: 'We present here, for the first time, a 2D study of the overshoot convective mechanism in nova outbursts for a wide range of possible compositions of the layer underlying the accreted envelope. Previous surveys studied this mechanism only for solar composition matter accreted on top of carbon oxygen (C-O) white dwarfs. Since, during the runaway, mixing with carbon enhances the hydrogen burning rates dramatically, one should question whether significant enrichment of the ejecta is possible also for other underlying compositions (He, O, Ne, Mg), predicted by stellar evolution models. We simulated several non-carbon cases and found significant amounts of those underlying materials in the ejected hydrogen layer. Despite large differences in rates, time scales and energetics between the cases, our results show that the convective dredge up mechanism predicts significant enrichment in all our non-carbon cases, including helium enrichment in recurrent novae. The results are consistent with observations.' date: Released 2012 June 28 title: 'Convective overshoot mixing in Nova outbursts - The dependence on the composition of the underlying white dwarf' --- \[firstpage\] convection-hydrodynamics,binaries:close-novae,stars:abundances Introduction {#intro} ============ Almost all classical and recurrent novae for which reliable abundance determinations exist show enrichment (relative to solar composition) in heavy elements and/or helium. It is now widely accepted that the source for such enrichment is dredge up of matter from the underlying white dwarf to the accreted envelope. A few mechanisms for such mixing were proposed to explain the observations : Mixing by a diffusion layer, for which diffusion during the accretion phase builds a layer of mixed abundances ([@pk84; @kp85; @IfMc91; @IfMc92; @FuI92]); Mixing by shear instability induced by differential rotation during the accretion phase [@Du77; @kt78; @Macd83; @lt87; @ks87; @ks89]; Mixing by shear gravity waves breaking on the white dwarf surface in which a resonant interaction between large-scale shear flows in the accreted envelope and gravity waves in the white dwarf’s core can induce mixing of heavy elements into the envelope [@Rosner01; @alex02; @Alex2D] and finally - Mixing by overshoot of the convective flow during the runaway itself [@woo86; @saf92; @sha94; @gl95; @glt97; @Ker2D; @Ker3D; @glt2007; @Cas2010; @Cas2011a; @Cas2011b]. In this work we focus on the last of these mechanisms that proved efficient for C-O white dwarfs. Mixing of carbon from the underlying layer significantly enhances the hydrogen burning rate. The enhanced burning rate drives higher convective fluxes, inducing more mixing [@gl95; @glt97; @glt2007; @Cas2010; @Cas2011a; @Cas2011b]. Therefore, the fact that the underlying layer is rich in C is a critical feature of all the overshoot convective models that have been analyzed up to this work. According to the theory of stellar evolution for single stars, we expect the composition of the underlying white dwarf to be C-O for masses in the range $0.5-1.1 M\sun$ and ONe(Mg) for more massive white dwarfs [@GpGb01; @dom02; @Gb02]. Observations show enrichment in helium, CNO, Ne, Mg and heavier elements [@sst86; @Gehrz98; @Gehrz08; @Ili02]. For recurrent novae, helium enrichment can achieve levels of $40-50\%$ [@web1987; @anu2000; @diaz2010]. High helium abundances can simply be explained as the ashes of hydrogen burning during the runaway [@Hernanz2008], but one can not exclude the possibility that the source of He enrichment is dredge up from an underlying helium layer. We therefore found it essential to study nova outbursts for which the composition of the underlying layer is different from C-O. The models studied here extend the work we publish in the past. As a first step we study here the runaway of the accreted hydrogen layer on top of a single white dwarf, changing only its composition. Having a fixed mass and radius we can compare the timescales, convective flow, energetics and dredge up in the different cases. A more comprehensive study which varies the white dwarf’s mass with compositions is left to future work (CO, ONe(Mg) or He rich). The present study is limited to 2D axially symmetric configurations. The well known differences between 2D and 3D unstable flows can yield uncertainties of few percents on our results, but can not change the general trends, as previous studies showed reasonable agreement between 2D and 3D simulations with regard to integral quantities, although larger differences persist in the local structure ( [@Cas2011b]). We therefore regard our present results as a good starting point to more elaborated 3D simulations. In the next section we describe the tools and the setup of the simulations. In subsequent sections we describe the results for each initial composition and then summarize our conclusions. Tools and initial configurations {#tools} ================================ All the 2D simulations presented in this work start from a 1D hydrostatic configurations, consisting of a $1.147 M\sun$ CO core with an outer layer of $~10^{-4}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ composed of CO, ONe(mg) or helium, according to the studied case as we explained in the introduction. The original core was built as a hydrostatic CO politrop that cooled by evolution to the desired central temperature ($2\times10^7 {\rm K}$). The 1D model evolves using Lagrangian coordinates and does not include any prescription for mixing at the bottom of the envelope. The core accretes matter with solar abundance and the accreted matter is compressed and heated. Once the maximal temperature at the base of the accreted envelope reaches a temperature of $9\times10^7 {\rm K}$, the whole accreted envelope $3.4\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ and most of the underlying zone $4.7\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ , are mapped onto a 2D grid, and the simulations continue to runaway and beyond using the 2D hydro code VULCAN-2D [@liv93]. This total mass of $8.1\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$ is refered as the total computed envelope mass. Using same radial zoning in the 1D grid and in its 2D counterpart, the models preserve hydrostatic equilibrium, accurate to better than one part in ten thousand. Since the configurations are unstable, non radial velocity components develop very quickly from the small round-off errors of the code, without introducing any artificial initial perturbation. Further computational details of the 2D simulations are as follows. The inner boundary is fixed, with assumed zero inward luminosity. The outer boundary follows the expansion of the envelope taking advantage of the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) semi-Lagrangian option of the VULCAN code whereas the burning regions of the grid at the base of the hydrogen rich envelope are purely Eulerian. More details are presented in Glasner et al. (2005, 2007). The flexibility of the ALE grid enables us to model the burning zones at the bottom of the hydrogen rich envelope with very delicate zones in spite of the post-runaway radial expansion of the outer layers. The typical computational cell at the base of the envelope, where most of the burning takes place, is a rectangular cell with dimensions of about $ 1.4 km \times 1.4 km $ . Reflecting boundary conditions are imposed at the lateral boundaries of the grid. Gravity is taken into account as a point source with the mass of the core, and the self gravity of the envelope is ignored. The reaction network includes 15 elements essential for the hydrogen burning in the CNO cycle, it includes the isotopes: H, He, He Be, B, C, C, N, N, N, O, O, O , O and F. Results ======= In order to compare with 1D models and with previous studies we present here five basic configurations: 1\) The outburst of the 1D original model without any overshoot mixing. 2\) An up to date model with an underlying C-O layer. 3\) A model with a Helium underlying layer. 4\) A model with an underlying O(Ne) layer. 5\) A toy model with underlying Mg. This model demonstrates the effects of possible mixing of hydrogen with $^{24}$Mg on the runaway. (In a realistic model the amounts of Mg in the core are expected to be a few percents ([@GpGb01; @siess06]), but higher amounts can be found in the very outer layers of the core ([@berro94] ). The computed models are listed in Table \[tab:models\]. In the next sections we present the energetics and mixing results for each of the models in the present survey. Model $Underlying$ $T_{max}$ $Q_{max}$ $remarks$ ------- -------------- ----------- ------------ ---------------------------------------- m12 - $2.05 $ $ 4.0 $ 1D m12ad CO $2.45 $ $ 1000.0 $ - m12ag He $ - $ $ - $ - m12dg He $ - $ $ - $ $T_{base}=1.5\times10^8 K$ m12al O $ - $ $ - $ - m12bl O $ - $ $ - $ $T_{base}=1.05\times10^8 K$ m12cl O $ - $ $ - $ $T_{base}=1.125\times10^8 K$ m12dl O $2.15 $ $ 82.4 $ $T_{base}=1.22\times10^8 K$ m12kk O $ - $ $ - $ Mg rates m12jj O $2.46 $ $1000.0 $ Mg rates+ $T_{base}=1.125\times10^8 K$ : Parameters of the Simulated Initial Configurations[]{data-label="tab:models"} $T_{max}$; maximal achieved temperature \[$10^8$ Kelvin\]. $Q_{max}$; maximal achieved energy generation rate \[$ 10^{42} erg/sec$\] The 1D original model --------------------- The initial (original) model, composed of a $1.147 M\sun$ degenerate core, accretes hydrogen rich envelope at the rate of $1.0 \times 10^{-10} {\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}/year$. When the temperature at the base of the accreted envelope reaches $9\times10^7 {\rm K}$ the accreted mass is $3.4\times10^{-5}\,{\ensuremath{M_{\odot}}}$. We define this time as t=0, exceptional test cases are commented in Table \[tab:models\]. Convection sets in for the original model a few days earlier, at $t=-10^6 sec$, when the base temperature is $3\times10^7 {\rm K}$. The 1D convective model assumes no overshoot mixing; therefore, convection has an effect only on the heat transport and abundances within the convective zone. Without the overshoot mixing burning rates are not enhanced by overshoot convective mixing of CO rich matter. As a reference for the 2D simulations, we evolved the 1D model all through the runaway phase. The time to reach the maximal energy production rate is about $ 2400 sec $, the maximal achieved temperature is $2.05\times10^8 K$, the maximal achieved burning rate is $4.0\times10^{42} erg/sec$ and the total nuclear energy generated up to the maximum production rate (integrated over time) is $0.77\times10^{46} erg $. The C-O underlying layer ------------------------ We summarize here the main results of the underlying C-O case (computed already in [@glt2007] and repeated here), which is the most energetic case. A comparison of the history of the burning rate (Fig. \[co\]) with Figure 3 in [@glt2007] confirms that our current numerical results agree with those of our earlier publication. In this figure (Fig. \[co\]) we also present the amount of mixing at various stages of the runaway. The main effects of the convective underlying dredge up are: - The convective cells are small at early stages with moderate velocities of a few times $ 10^{6} $ cm/sec. As the energy generation rate increases during the runaway, the convective cells merge and become almost circular. The size of the cells is comparable to the height of the entire envelope, i.e. a few pressure scale heights. The velocity magnitude within these cells, when the burning approaches the peak of the runaway, is a few times $ 10^{7} $ cm/sec. - The shear convective flow is followed by efficient mixing of C-O matter from the core to the accreted solar abundant envelope. The amount of C-O enrichment increases as the burning becomes more violent and the total amount of mixing is above $30\%$ (Fig. \[co\]). - Mixing induces an enhanced burning rate, relative to the non mixing 1D case, by more than an order of magnitude. The maximum rate grows from $ 4.0\times10^{42} erg/sec $ to $ 1000.0\times 10^{42} erg/sec $. The enhanced rates raise the burning temperature and shorten the time required to reach the maximal burning rate. The maximal achieved temperature increases from $ 2.05\times 10^8 K$ to $ 2.45\times 10^8 K$ and the rise time to maximum burning decreases from $ 2440 sec $ to $ 140 sec $. The total energy production rates of the 1D and the 2D simulations are given in Fig. \[co\]. The enhanced burning rate in the 2D case will give rise, at later stages of the outburst, to an increase in the kinetic energy of the ejecta. Unfortunately, since the hydro solver time step is restricted by the Courant condition we can not run the 2D models through to the coasting phase. A consideration of the integrated released energy at the moment of maximal burning rate reveals that the burning energy grows from $ 0.77\times 10^{46} erg$ in the 1D model to $ 1.45\times 10^{46} erg$ in the 2D model, a factor of 2. Another interesting feature of the 2D C-O simulations is the appearance of fluctuations, observed during the initial stages of the runaway (Fig. \[co\]). Such fluctuations are not observed in the 1D model. The fluctuations are a consequence of the mixing of the hot burning envelope matter with the cold underlying white dwarf matter. The mixing has two effects. The first is cooling as we mix hot matter with cold matter. The second is heating by the enhancement of the reaction rate. It is apparent that in this case, after a small transient, the heating by enhanced reaction rates becomes dominant and the runaway takes place on a short timescale. For other underlying compositions the effect is a bit more complicated. We discuss this issue in the next subsections. The Helium underlying layer --------------------------- {width="84mm"} \[Qhelium\] The helium enrichment, observed in recurrent nova (without enrichment by heavier isotopes) and in other classical nova was mentioned in the past as an obstacle to the underlying convective overshoot mechanism ([@lt87]). Helium is the most abundant end product of the hydrogen burning in nova outbursts and it does not enhance the hydrogen burning in any way. In recurrent novae, helium may be accumulated upon the surface of the white dwarfs. If so, can the dredge-up mechanism lead to the observed helium enrichment ? We examine this question using the case m12ag in Table \[tab:models\]. Energetically, as expected, the model follows exactly the 1D model (Fig. \[Qhelium\]). The slow rise of the burning rate in this case makes the 2D simulation too expensive. To overcome this problem we artificially ’jump in time’ by jumping to another helium model at a later stage of the runaway, in which the 1D temperature is $1.22\times10^8 {\rm K}$. The rise time of this model is much shorter, and by adjusting its time axis to that of the 1D model the two curves in Fig. \[Qhelium\] may be seen to coincide. The fluctuations of the 2D curve are absent in its 1D counterpart, both because the latter has no convection and because the 1D simulation is performed using implicit algorithm with much larger time steps. The precise way in which the 2D evolution agrees with the 1D evolution increases our confidence in the validity of the 2D simulations.       The convective flow is indeed moderate but overshoot mixing is observed at a certain level (Fig. \[Xhelium\]). In the first (slower) phase (m12ag in Table \[tab:models\]) the level of mixing is small, converging to about $10\%$. In the later (faster) phase (m12dg in Table \[tab:models\]) the mixing rate increases in step with the increasing burning rate and the higher velocities in the convective cells. However, as the rates are still low relative to the C-O case, the added amount of mixing is again about $10\%$, summing up to a total amount of about $20\%$. Since we begin with matter of solar composition, the total He mass fraction at the end of the second phase exceeds $40 \%$. The color maps of the absolute value of the velocity in the 2D models at different times along the development of the runaway are presented in Fig. \[fig:flow-he\]. In the first slower phase (model m12ag Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is low and grows mildly with time. The convective velocities are converging to a value of a few $ 10^{6} $ cm/sec and the cell size is only a bit larger than a scale height. In the second (faster) phase (model m12dg Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is somewhat higher and is seen to grow with time. The convective velocities are increasing with time up to a value of about $1.5\times10^{7} $ cm/sec. The convective cells in the radial direction converge with time to an extended structure of a few scale heights. The ONe(Mg) underlying layer ---------------------------- The rate of proton capture by oxygen is much slower and less energetic than the capture by carbon but it still has an enhancing effect relative to the 1D model without mixing (Fig. \[Qoxygen\]). This can be well overstood once we notice that for the initial temperature of the 2D model i.e. $ 9.0\times 10^7 K$ the energy generation rate by proton capture by oxygen is more than three orders of magnitude lower than the energy generation rate by carbon capture (Fig. \[fig:Qcapture\]). We can also observe that the energy generation rate for capture by oxygen stays much smaller than the energy generation rate for capture by carbon for the entire range of temperature relevant to nova outbursts. For this range, we also notice that the capture by Ne is lower by an order of magnitude than the capture rate by O. Being interested only in the energetics, convective flow and mixing by dredge up, we choose to seperate varibles and study the case of a pure O underlying layer as a test case (ignoring any possible Mg that is predicted by evolutionary codes). We computed the model for an integrated time of 300 seconds (about one million time steps). The trend is very clear and we can extrapolate and predict a runaway a bit earlier and more energetic than the 1D case. Again, we could not continue that 2D simulation further due to the very low burning rates and a small hydrodynamical time step. As before, we computed three different phases, where each of them starts from a different 1D model along its evolution. The maximal 1D temperatures at the base of the burning shell, when mapped to the 2D grid, are : $ 1.05\times 10^8 K$, $ 1.125\times 10^8 K$ and $ 1.22\times 10^8 K$ respectively (Table \[tab:models\]). All three phases start with a transient related to the buildup of the convective flow. In Fig. \[Qoxygen\] we shifted the curves of burning rates in time in a way that permits a continuous line to be drawn. Along this continuous line, evolution proceeds faster towards a runaway than the 1D burning rate, also shown in Fig. \[Qoxygen\]. ![Log of the total energy production rate for all the oxygen models compared to the 1D model and to the CO model. The models with initial temperature higher than the default temperature of $ 9\times10^7 K $ were shifted in time in order to produce a smooth continuous line.[]{data-label="Qoxygen"}](v-q-oxygen-new.eps){width="84mm"} ![Log of the energy generation rate for proton capture on: C, O, Ne, and Mg, the rate is calculated for $\rho=1000.0$ gr/cc.[]{data-label="fig:Qcapture"}](Qcapture.eps){width="84mm"} We computed the last phase, with an initial base temperature of $ 1.22\times 10^8 K$ , for 350 sec until it reached a maximum. The maximal achieved temperature is $ 2.15\times 10^8 K$ and the maximal achieved burning rate is $ 82.4\times 10^{42} erg/sec $. As expected, this case lies somewhere between the 1D case and the C-O model. The convective flow resembles the C-O case, a significant feature being the strong correlation between the burning rate and the convective velocities. Most importantly for the case of an underlying oxygen layer, dredge up of substantial amounts of matter from the core into the envelope occurs in all our simulations. The trends are about the same as for the C-O models (Fig. \[Xoxygen\]). The correlation of the amount of mixing with the intensity of the burning is easily observable. Approximate models for Mg underlying layer {#mgreac} ------------------------------------------ Nova outbursts on massive ONe(Mg) white dwarfs are expected to be energetic fast nova [@sst86; @Gehrz98; @Gehrz08; @Ili02]. The problem we face is whether, in absence of the enhancement by C, the overshoot mixing mechanism can generate such energetic outbursts by mixing the solar abundance accreted matter with the underlying ONe(Mg) core. Based upon examination of the energy generation rate of proton capture reactions $(p,\gamma)$ on C, O, Ne , and Mg the results shown in Fig. \[fig:Qcapture\] make it evident that only Mg can compete with C in the range of temperatures relevant to nova runaways. Therefore, in spite of the fact that the abundance of Mg in the core sums up to only a few percent ([@GpGb01; @siess06]), the high capture rate might compensate for the low abundances and play an important role in the runaway. Furthermore, previous studies show that in the outer parts of the core, the parts important for our study, Mg is more abundant and can represent up to about $25 \%$ ([@berro94]). Restricting ourselves to the reaction network that includes only 15 elements we assume, as a demonstration, an artificial case of a homogeneous underlying layer with only one isotope (Mg). For this homogeneous layer model we replaced the energy generation rate of proton capture by O with the values of proton capture by Mg Fig. \[fig:Qcapture\]. To check our simplified network, we present in Fig. \[fig:Mg-rates\] the rates computed by a 216 elements network and our modified 15 elements rates, both for a mixture of $90\%$ solar matter with $10\%$ Mg. The difference is much smaller than the difference inside the big network between this mixture and a mixture of $90\%$ solar matter with $10\%$ C-O core matter. Therefore our simplified network is a good approximation regarding energy production rates. ![Log of the total energy production rate for $\rho=1000.0$ gr/cc of a mixture that contains $90\%$ solar matter mixed with $10\%$ of Mg. Red:15 elements net used for the 2D model; Blue: The rates given by a full net of 216 elements. The Black line gives the rates of $90\%$ solar matter mixed with $10\%$ of CO core matter (see text). []{data-label="fig:Mg-rates"}](Mg-rates.eps){width="84mm"} The crossing of the curves in Fig. \[fig:Mg-rates\] reveals a striking and very important feature - at temperatures less than $1.3\times10^{8}$K a mixture of $10\%$ carbon and $90\%$ solar compostion burns roughly ten times faster than a mixture of $10\%$ magnesium with the same solar composition gas. Above that temperature the rates exchange places and magnesium enhancement dominates C-O enhancement. This emphasizes the importance of a proper treatment of the effects of the $^{24}$Mg abundance in explosive burning on ONe(Mg) white dwarfs. In a future work, we intend to study more realistic models with the inclusion of a detailed reaction network. In Fig. \[Qmagnesium\] we present the total burning rates in our toy model, together with the rates of previous models. As can be expected, the enhancement of the burning in this toy model, relative to the 1D model, is indeed observed. However, the development of the runaway although faster than in the underlying O model is still much slower than the rise time of the C-O model. This result is easily overstood via the discussion above, as the initial burning temperature in the model is only ( $9\times10^7 {\rm K}$). At that temperature, the energy generation rate for proton capture on Mg is lower by almost three orders of magnitude relative to the energy generation rate by proton capture on C. The rates are about the same when the temperature is $1.3\times10^8 {\rm K}$ and from there on the magnesium capture rate is much higher. In order to demonstrate that this is indeed the case we calculated another 2D magnesium model in which the initial maximal 1D temperature was $1.125\times10^8 {\rm K}$. The rise time of this model is very short, even shorter than the rise time of the C-O model. One should regard those two simulations as two phases of one process - slow and fast. The maximal achieved temperature is $ 2.45\times 10^8$K and the maximal achieved burning rate is $ 1000.0\times 10^{42} erg/sec $, similar to the C-O case. ![Log of the total energy production rate for all the magnesium models compared to the CO model the 1D model and the oxygen model. The model with initial temperature higher than the default temperature of $ 9\times10^7 K $ is not shifted in time (see text). []{data-label="Qmagnesium"}](v-q-magnesium.eps){width="84mm"}       In order to better understand the convective flow for the case with underlying Mg we generated color maps of the absolute value of the velocity (speed) in the 2D models at different times along the development of the runaway (Fig. \[fig:flow-mg\]). The two Mg cases show extremely different behavior. In the first case (model m12kk Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is low and it grows mildly with time. The convective velocities are converging to a value of a few $ 10^{6} $ cm/sec and the cell size is only a bit bigger than a scale height. In the second case (model m12jj Table \[tab:models\]), the burning rate is high and it grows rapidly with time. The convective velocities are increasing with time up to a value of a few $10^{7} $ cm/sec. The convective cells in the radial direction converge to a structure of a few scale heights. In accordance with our previous cases, the magnesium toy model dredge up substantial amounts of matter from the core to the envelope. There is a one to one correlation with the convective velocities. The amount of mixing at the slow initial stages (model m12kk) are small and tend to converge to a few percents. The amount of mixing at the late fast stages grows rapidly with time (Fig. \[Xmagnesium\]). We present here only the general trend detailed results will be presented in a forthcoming study. conclusions {#conclu} =========== We present here, for the first time, detailed 2D modeling of nova eruptions for a range of possible compositions beneath the accreted hydrogen layer. The main conclusion to be drawn from this study is that **[significant enrichment (around $30 \%$) of the ejected layer, by the convective drege-up mechanism, is a common feature of the entire set of models, regardless of the composition of the accreting white dwarf]{} . On the other hand, the burning rates and therefore the time scales of the runaway depend strongly on the composition of the underlying layers. There is also a one to one correlation between the burning rate, the velocities in the convective flow, and the amount of temporal mixing. Therefore, second order differences in the final enrichment are expected to depend on the underlying composition. Specific results for each case are as follows :** a\) Since the energy generation rate for the capture of protons by C is high for the entire temperature range prevailing both in the ignition of the runaway and during the runaway itself, the underlying carbon layer accelerates the ignition and gives rise to C-O enrichment in the range of the observed amounts. b\) For the densities and temperatures prevailing in nova outbursts helium is an inert isotope. Therefore, it does not play any role in the enhancement of the runaway. Nevertheless, we demonstrate that once the bottom of the envelope is convective, the shear flow induces substantial amounts of mixing with the underlying helium. The eruption in those cases is milder, with a lower burning rate. For recurrent nova, where the timescales are too short for the diffusion process to play a significant role, the observed helium enrichment favor the underlying convection mechanism as the dominant mixing mechanism. Future work dealing with more realistic core masses (1.35-1.4 solar masses) for recurrent novae will give better quantitative predictions that will enable us to confront our results with observational data. c\) The energy generation rate for the capture of a proton by O is much lower than that of the capture by C for the entire temperature range prevailing in the ignition of the runaway and during the runaway itself. Underlying oxygen, whenever it is present, is thus expected to make only a minor contribution to the enhancement of the runaway. As a result the time scale of the runaway in this case is much larger than that of the C-O case. Still, the final enrichment of the ejecta is above $40 \% $, (Fig. \[Xoxygen\]). The energy generation rate by the capture of a proton by Ne is even lower than that of capture rate by O. We therefore expect Ne to make again only a minor contribution to the enhancement of the runaway, but with substantial mixing. d\) Nova outbursts on massive ONe(Mg) white dwarfs are expected to be energetic fast nova. In this survey we show that for the range of temperatures relevant for the nova runaway the only isotope that can compete with the C as a source for burning enhancement by overshoot mixing is Mg. From our demonstrating toy model, we can speculate that even small amounts of Mg present at the high stages of the runaway can substantially enhance the burning rate, leading to a faster runaway with a significant amount of mixing. 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/* TEMPLATE GENERATED TESTCASE FILE Filename: CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53a.c Label Definition File: CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805.string.label.xml Template File: sources-sink-53a.tmpl.c */ /* * @description * CWE: 122 Heap Based Buffer Overflow * BadSource: Allocate using malloc() and set data pointer to a small buffer * GoodSource: Allocate using malloc() and set data pointer to a large buffer * Sink: snprintf * BadSink : Copy string to data using snprintf * Flow Variant: 53 Data flow: data passed as an argument from one function through two others to a fourth; all four functions are in different source files * * */ #include "std_testcase.h" #include <wchar.h> #ifdef _WIN32 #define SNPRINTF _snwprintf #else #define SNPRINTF snprintf #endif #ifndef OMITBAD /* bad function declaration */ void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_badSink(wchar_t * data); void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_bad() { wchar_t * data; data = NULL; /* FLAW: Allocate and point data to a small buffer that is smaller than the large buffer used in the sinks */ data = (wchar_t *)malloc(50*sizeof(wchar_t)); data[0] = L'\0'; /* null terminate */ CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_badSink(data); } #endif /* OMITBAD */ #ifndef OMITGOOD /* good function declaration */ void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_goodG2BSink(wchar_t * data); /* goodG2B uses the GoodSource with the BadSink */ static void goodG2B() { wchar_t * data; data = NULL; /* FIX: Allocate and point data to a large buffer that is at least as large as the large buffer used in the sink */ data = (wchar_t *)malloc(100*sizeof(wchar_t)); data[0] = L'\0'; /* null terminate */ CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53b_goodG2BSink(data); } void CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_good() { goodG2B(); } #endif /* OMITGOOD */ /* Below is the main(). It is only used when building this testcase on * its own for testing or for building a binary to use in testing binary * analysis tools. It is not used when compiling all the testcases as one * application, which is how source code analysis tools are tested. */ #ifdef INCLUDEMAIN int main(int argc, char * argv[]) { /* seed randomness */ srand( (unsigned)time(NULL) ); #ifndef OMITGOOD printLine("Calling good()..."); CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_good(); printLine("Finished good()"); #endif /* OMITGOOD */ #ifndef OMITBAD printLine("Calling bad()..."); CWE122_Heap_Based_Buffer_Overflow__c_CWE805_wchar_t_snprintf_53_bad(); printLine("Finished bad()"); #endif /* OMITBAD */ return 0; } #endif

One of the most vexing questions in African-American history is whether free African Americans themselves owned slaves. The short answer to this question, as you might suspect, is yes, of course; some free black people in this country bought and sold other black people, and did so at least since 1654, continuing to do so right through the Civil War. For me, the really fascinating questions about black slave-owning are how many black “masters” were involved, how many slaves did they own and why did they own slaves? The answers to these questions are complex, and historians have been arguing for some time over whether free blacks purchased family members as slaves in order to protect them—motivated, on the one hand, by benevolence and philanthropy, as historian Carter G. Woodson put it, or whether, on the other hand, they purchased other black people “as an act of exploitation,” primarily to exploit their free labor for profit, just as white slave owners did. The evidence shows that, unfortunately, both things are true. {snip} In a fascinating essay reviewing this controversy, R. Halliburton shows that free black people have owned slaves “in each of the thirteen original states and later in every state that countenanced slavery,” at least since Anthony Johnson and his wife Mary went to court in Virginia in 1654 to obtain the services of their indentured servant, a black man, John Castor, for life. And for a time, free black people could even “own” the services of white indentured servants in Virginia as well. Free blacks owned slaves in Boston by 1724 and in Connecticut by 1783; by 1790, 48 black people in Maryland owned 143 slaves. One particularly notorious black Maryland farmer named Nat Butler “regularly purchased and sold Negroes for the Southern trade,” Halliburton wrote. Perhaps the most insidious or desperate attempt to defend the right of black people to own slaves was the statement made on the eve of the Civil War by a group of free people of color in New Orleans, offering their services to the Confederacy, in part because they were fearful for their own enslavement: “The free colored population [native] of Louisiana … own slaves, and they are dearly attached to their native land … and they are ready to shed their blood for her defense. They have no sympathy for abolitionism; no love for the North, but they have plenty for Louisiana … They will fight for her in 1861 as they fought [to defend New Orleans from the British] in 1814-1815.” These guys were, to put it bluntly, opportunists par excellence: As Noah Andre Trudeau and James G. Hollandsworth Jr. explain, once the war broke out, some of these same black men formed 14 companies of a militia composed of 440 men and were organized by the governor in May 1861 into “the Native Guards, Louisiana,” swearing to fight to defend the Confederacy. Although given no combat role, the Guards—reaching a peak of 1,000 volunteers—became the first Civil War unit to appoint black officers. When New Orleans fell in late April 1862 to the Union, about 10 percent of these men, not missing a beat, now formed the Native Guard/Corps d’Afrique to defend the Union. {snip} {snip} So what do the actual numbers of black slave owners and their slaves tell us? In 1830, the year most carefully studied by Carter G. Woodson, about 13.7 percent (319,599) of the black population was free. Of these, 3,776 free Negroes owned 12,907 slaves, out of a total of 2,009,043 slaves owned in the entire United States, so the numbers of slaves owned by black people over all was quite small by comparison with the number owned by white people. {snip} {snip} So why did these free black people own these slaves? It is reasonable to assume that the 42 percent of the free black slave owners who owned just one slave probably owned a family member to protect that person, as did many of the other black slave owners who owned only slightly larger numbers of slaves. {snip} {sni} {snip} Halliburton concludes, after examining the evidence, that “it would be a serious mistake to automatically assume that free blacks owned their spouse or children only for benevolent purposes.” {snip} In other words, most black slave owners probably owned family members to protect them, but far too many turned to slavery to exploit the labor of other black people for profit. {snip} If we were compiling a “Rogues Gallery of Black History,” the following free black slaveholders would be in it: John Carruthers Stanly—born a slave in Craven County, N.C., the son of an Igbo mother and her master, John Wright Stanly—became an extraordinarily successful barber and speculator in real estate in New Bern. As Loren Schweninger points out in Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915, by the early 1820s, Stanly owned three plantations and 163 slaves, and even hired three white overseers to manage his property! He fathered six children with a slave woman named Kitty, and he eventually freed them. Stanly lost his estate when a loan for $14,962 he had co-signed with his white half brother, John, came due. After his brother’s stroke, the loan was Stanly’s sole responsibility, and he was unable to pay it. {snip} Antoine Dubuclet and his wife Claire Pollard owned more than 70 slaves in Iberville Parish when they married. According to Thomas Clarkin, by 1864, in the midst of the Civil War, they owned 100 slaves, worth $94,700. During Reconstruction, he became the state’s first black treasurer, serving between 1868 and 1878. Andrew Durnford was a sugar planter and a physician who owned the St. Rosalie plantation, 33 miles south of New Orleans. In the late 1820s, David O. Whitten tells us, he paid $7,000 for seven male slaves, five females and two children. He traveled all the way to Virginia in the 1830s and purchased 24 more. Eventually, he would own 77 slaves. When a fellow Creole slave owner liberated 85 of his slaves and shipped them off to Liberia, Durnford commented that he couldn’t do that, because “self interest is too strongly rooted in the bosom of all that breathes the American atmosphere.” {snip} Most of us will find the news that some black people bought and sold other black people for profit quite distressing, as well we should. But given the long history of class divisions in the black community, which Martin R. Delany as early as the 1850s described as “a nation within a nation,” and given the role of African elites in the long history of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, perhaps we should not be surprised that we can find examples throughout black history of just about every sort of human behavior, from the most noble to the most heinous, that we find in any other people’s history. The good news, scholars agree, is that by 1860 the number of free blacks owning slaves had markedly decreased from 1830. In fact, Loren Schweninger concludes that by the eve of the Civil War, “the phenomenon of free blacks owning slaves had nearly disappeared” in the Upper South, even if it had not in places such as Louisiana in the Lower South. {snip} Share This We welcome comments that add information or perspective, and we encourage polite debate. If you log in with a social media account, your comment should appear immediately. If you prefer to remain anonymous, you may comment as a guest, using a name and an e-mail address of convenience. Your comment will be moderated. Owning a black slave is useless. It took three of them to do the work of one person. The biggest mistake in world history: bringing Africans to the western hempishere. AutomaticSlim Agreed. And we’ve been paying for that mistake it ever since. Like an albatross around our necks. Jedi Mind Tricks And to think the only thing they’d know is the jungle if the White man, and the Arab never took them out of it. YngveKlezmer Exactly. Cannibalism is practiced to this very day in the Congo. We will never take the jungle out of them. As Jared Taylor so candidly observed after Hurricane Katrina, the jungle returns very quickly in our absence. Participated would be a better word. Where there is money to be made, you will find them. Formerly_Known_as_Whiteplight Uh no; some Jews took part, naturally, as they were the most involved ethnic group in merchandizing in Western Europe since Roman times. They sure taught the Dutch how to do it, and it was the Dutch that brought the first slaves to the American Colonies when New York was still New Amsterdam. The Dutch were the first and first most successful non-Jewish international traders, founding and settling South Africa because it was on their route to India and points East. But the funniest thing about this article is the idea that we ought to be surprised that blacks sold blacks. Whites have sold whites, Chinese sold Chinese, etc. This idea of projecting PC attitude retrospectively is about as nonobjective and unscholarly possible. MarkLuger I have a list of 15 slave ships owned by Jews. I also have a dvd of Professor Tony Martin explaining how Dutch jews ran the slave trade. Before they got involved with black slaves; jews kidnapped white girls from Europe and sold them to the Middle East. What is the obsession with black slaves? The slaves lived longer than the orphans yanks placed in coal mines and textile mills until 1900; and the slaves were better off than people in Africa are right now. Thanks for the email; have you seen David duke’s website? How about http://www.theneworder.org Katherine McChesney According to my brother-in-law from Holland, the Dutch originated the black slave trade. MarkLuger According to professor Tony Martin from Boston college Dutch Jews ran the black slave trade. Did you know there are over 300,000 girls used as sex slaves in America right now. The sex slave industry starts in Hollywood and Las Vegas and operates in the biggest cities in Amercia. I have alist of 15 slave ships owned by jews, would you like to see it? Formerly_Known_as_Whiteplight I have a list of even more white Europeans who not only had slave ships, but in earlier days sold other white Europeans to North Africans; it’s called “well known history,” opposed to your cadre of David Duke’s mythologizing obsession with Jews and Israel. MarkLuger David Duke did not bankrupt this nation; DD did not run Hollywood for the last 50 years like your heroes the smoes; Adolf Hitler did more for this world than all the smoes in the last 2000 combined. Daisy You have an obsession with mythologizing jews and Israel. HamletsGhost Dutch Jews. Formerly_Known_as_Whiteplight I have Dutch friends, too. They said the Jews were only financiers at first because only Jews had the money because Christians were forbidden to handle money early on and the Jews had always been traders. These David Duke guys manufacture phoney data without missing a beat. I have several books on the history of slave trade that tell the story, quite different from David Duke and his minions. HamletsGhost I’m not a minion of David Duke, but if he speaks the truth, you should pay more attention to him than to your Dutch friends. Is it phoney to note that the first synagogue in the United States was founded not in New York, but in Newport, R.I., a major port for the trianglular slave-sugar-rum trade? The fact that so many people reflexively jump to the Jews’ defense even without hearing the charge evokes the same reactions of people who vehemently insist that Jews don’t control Hollywood, although spending 5 minutes watching the credits roll after every flick should make that question a no-brainer. In the 90s, a British journalist by the name of Cash noted exactly that, and the flurry of threats disguised as criticism wrought an apology and an admission from him that yes, the Emperor’s new clothes are indeed magnificent. Le Gaulois You’re absolutely correct and Duke’s data is actually well documented and backed up by Jewish sources in most cases. Incidentally, he has easily exposed the well known FACT that the Jews indeed control Hollywood by simply quoting Joel Stein who bragged all about it in his L.A Times column: If it walks like a duck, quacks like a duck, looks like a duck, guess what ? Daisy Try reading An Empire of Their Own; How the Jews Invented Hollywood if you’re interested in the history of it. A Gentile While there are Jews involved, they are NOT at the top of the pyramid, so to speak. Jews back in Jesus’ time said “We have no king but Caesar.” Today it’s “we have no king but the pope.” Seriously. The Vatican has long had a policy of anti-Semitism (even HITLER admitted this). Jews are just a front. Sadly so many are willing to sell out. Why do you think the Rothschilds are known as the pope’s bankers? What better way to stir up fury against the Jews (thus setting the stage for the Great Tribulation, known as JACOB’S Trouble) than to make them your scapegoats? HamletsGhost Seriously? What Jews proclaim they have “no king but the pope”. Can you even name one? Seriously you need to put away the Jeeboo juice. Seriously. saxonsun Ah, and it’s also the other way around: Many condemn the Jews because they hate them for being Jews. HamletsGhost Spoken like a true gliberal. I suppose you condemn blacks because you hate them for being black. Daisy The jews, the Lobby, and their minions manufacture phoney data without missing a beat. Neither side of the conflict you’re commenting on is innocent of this. “According to my brother-in-law from Holland, the Dutch originated the black slave trade.” If that verifiable or is that just the prevailing white self-hatred confession taught in the schools there from early childhood? saxonsun The first slave ship to come here was a Dutch slaver in 1619; that’s been my understanding. Dyrewulf That is not true. The blacks in Africa that captured and sold other blacks were muslims. josh Dont forget the jews YngveKlezmer The lyrics of the song “Jet to Jet”, by the 80’s metal band Alcatrazz, express it best: “Black man’s burden is well on his shoulders, keeps him well in his place. 200 pounds worth of N*&^*r weight, it smacks him in the face. There’s no way he should stand for this”–Graham Bonnett, an Englishman, was the lyricist, telling the truth about Black-White race relations in this great song. We have been laboring under the burden of their laziness, ineptitude, and sociopathy for far too long, and we Whites are the ones bearing an albatross. guest We could fix this mistake if we ever make up our minds to do it. MikeS More like a shock collar on each of our necks that is activated by a button issued by the NAACP to all blacks upon birth. StillModerated Africans: the cement overshoes of civilization. fakeemail Again, the cheap labor. saxonsun Cheap labor? They don’t work that much. MBlanc46 The work of Robert Fogel at least puts your claim in serious doubt. Sherman_McCoy “Time on the Cross” was an interesting book, though I don’t see why if it’s claims that blacks were as valuable chattel relatively well treated and worked less than did Northern industrial workers are violently objected to, should be seen as more believable than his widely accepted claim of black productivity. In any case, it appears that blacks WERE obviously more useful as slaves than they are as welfare parasites and murderous, rapacious thugs. josh A Univ of Chicago economist,with a Nobel in his pants, GaryBecker,claims that the back slaves ate a better diet than the white immigrants up North.The slaves were well treated. The Latin American slaves,OTOH,OY VEY!!!!! MBlanc46 Also, “Without Consent or Contract”, c. 1990, which is a smoother read than “TotC”. YngveKlezmer Biggest mistake indeed. Slackin’ is what they do best. Our type of work ethic is just not in their temperament. Even the well educated ones have the same desire to slack off as much as possible. Take a White supervisor out of the equation, especially, and next to nothing is accomplished, regardless of the task at hand. LastBastionOfHope I always wonder what the reaction of our forefathers would be if they could see that blacks now hold whites hostage in their own country. They would probably be absolutely shocked and reinstate slavery. josh As everyone here knows by now,slaves were often easily procured by offering payment in desired goods to the African chiefs,who would gladly sell off their own subjects. I think something similar is happening RIGHT NOW. I call it The Grand Bargain. Its simple. The black leadership knows immigration is a disaster fior blacks.Yet they happily-even slavishly,heh heh– go along. Obama is crazy for immigration. He knows damn well that a huge segment of the black populace is literally finished. their is no place for them. NONE. They will live in EBT depravity forever,devolving into a nation of Shitaviouses. Yet blacks go along and say NOTHING,as long as they get theirs. saxonsun This is why we keep black males in prison as long as possible. Can you imagine the nightmare if they were on our streets? refocus Was it not the King of England and those support that institution who forced the slaves into the new world? Did the Founders; Washington, Jefferson, Franklin, try to get rid of slavery but could not as the monied interests would not support manumission and repatriation along with the revolution? Northerner Whether or not that’s actually true, the more important part to slave owners was that they didn’t have to pay them. slaves were never needed That is exactly why African slavery was such a major misguided mistake from the gitgo in the newly opened western hemisphere and total economic insanity not to mention the massive costs and upkeep that bankrupted 50% of large plantations. Hired help paid wages and sharecropping was by far a more eco superior system. Obviously slavery was also a white labor force killer and a major reason non-elite whites lived in such rural poverty in the south as opposed to the north where industrialization jobs were plentiful It was a bad system and never needed. The major blame goes on the African tribal chiefs who not only cashed in off slavery to the west but killed 2 birds with one stones by cleansing their rejects and undesirables. saxonsun And no one speaks about the poor white problem in this country and how released slaves greatly contributed to it. jay11 You’ll NEVER see this information taught in a class on ‘Afro-American Studies’. MBlanc46 It’s in many of the standard works on slavery, e.g., Stampp and Genovese. The only people don’t know it are those who don’t look for it. panjoomby blacks must’ve been better behaved back then – b/c who on god’s green earth would want to own one today? yuck. YngveKlezmer I doubt it. On those farms where a White family only had several Blacks on hand as slaves, the same thing happened as happens now. When one, or just a few Blacks are amongst a large number of Whites, and we vastly outnumber them, the strength of our European culture positively influences them, and their behavior improves. It is like when you have one or two Blacks in a room with 10 Whites. Those Blacks start to act a lot more White because our culture is the dominant force. Remove 8 of those Whites, though, and replace them with 8 Blacks in the same room, and those Blacks that had acted so nicely around us beginning acting like the other Blacks, and Black culture prevails. The Whites end up leaving the room by choice, and primitve Black culture returns. Tom Iron Everything with them is an imitation. When, as you say, they’re acting right, it’s only because they’re outnumbered, not because of any in depth concept of proper behavior. Jss Well what makes blacks owning slaves less terrible then Whites owning slaves is blacks at least weren’t racist against there slaves. It’s like when blacks rape and murder Whites. It’s not as bad as what happened to Tanya Brawley and Traybon because at least when Blacks are killing and raping us it isn’t racist. pcmustgo Blacks always break out this apples and oranges argument when I mention islamic enslavement of blacks…. “Well, at least the muslims didn’t force them to lose their culture…” Really? Whatever, Jss, the point is don’t blame us all when 99% of us aren’t descended from slave owners. Maybe you could spend some time learning about different European cultures- Germans, French, Italians, Spaniards, Norwegians, Russians, Polish… We’re not just “white”. I won’t hold my breath JDInSanDiego The muslims castrated them. How’s that for preserving their culture? ladyL I don’t know what your race/ethnicity is, but as a Descendant of African American Slaves I say that this is not true. If anyone of a race commits a crime against someone of another race and their motives are based on that person being different it is racism. For a Black person to treat a White person ( or one that “appears” to be so) with ignorance and disrespect it is NO different when it is done to them. This a lie that is bought and sold and adds to “the white man owes me all he has and ever will have simply because my people were brought here on a ship, made to work 16 hour days in the hot sun for free, beaten and hung…….” This is not correct behavior. I nor my husband were raised to act this way and nor will my children. I apologize if you were treated badly by people of my race. Tom Iron Well, slavery had its day. But that day is long over. What would anyone want a black for a slave for nowadays? They can’t do any productive work in this society that exists today. They’re just here hanging out and carrying on until we finally get tired of putting up with their antics and finally get rid of them, one way or another. Luca Actually, slavery is alive and well in that wonderful continent of Africa. They like to tout that Africa is known as the birthplace of Man, but it seems it’s the birthplace of slavery too. They always forget to mention that. Nathanwartooth It’s also still useful there because they aren’t out of the stone age yet. The more advanced the civilization the less use they have for slaves. Katherine McChesney NOT out of Africa. Don’t fall for their story that ‘Yacov’ separated us from the blacks because we were ‘crazy’. This ‘Out of Africa’ lie/myth promotes all their believes that they are the superior race. Their grandiosity knows no bounds. TeutonicKnight67 …and the birthplace of AIDS. StillModerated And ebola virus. ultimate penal colony Africa was the birthplace of slavery not man but there are plenty of dead ape skulls that evolutionist atheists refer to as early first humans that is total BS unless they were from the original single human race who washed down there from Mesopotamia during the great flood 4500 yrs ago according to the ancient jew Book. Africa was nothing more than the original ultimate penal colony for wild animals and the wild Ham race similar to penal colonies in Australia where the worse criminals were dropped off permanently by the British Empire. Maybe they got the idea from the Torah. The US military uses Guantanamo Naval base in south Cuba as its proxy penal colony for muslim nutbags but needs to begin sending its own convicted urban criminal murdering thugs there to save billions who would quickly become meek lmice plus cure any fag activity or risk beheadment using sharp objects. If they thought bringing back the death penalty would help prevent capital crime in America they never tried Gitgo. Katherine McChesney I think blacks are just like children, immature, lazy by nature, like to play, demanding, attracted to junk, excitable, mean-spirited when they don’t get their way, manipulative, insecure…well, you get the picture. They’re stuck in a permanent childhood. Torshammar Yes. They lack control of their own emotions. They act on impulse. They are like children. And we keep paying for them. Let’s stop doing that permanently and live together as Whites. As one without the other. joegoofinoff Yes, I’m reading a book published in 1901 written by a black guy entitled, “The American Negro,” authors name, William Hannibal Thomas. If he lived today, he’d be right there with Mr. Taylor. His condemnation of black behavior is total. There was never a Klansman who ever said anything more harsh than this black man about black people. Also, he condemns to the high heavens those Whites (liberals of his time) who think they were helping blacks but in reality are hurting them worse than the worst racist. “From the experience of all ages and nations, I believe, that the work done by free men comes cheaper in the end than the work performed by slaves. Whatever work he does, beyond what is sufficient to purchase his own maintenance, can be squeezed out of him by violence only, and not by any interest of his own.” MBlanc46 That’s probably not the case when the work is cotton culture on the gang system. MBlanc46 Or sugar production in Louisiana. Nathanwartooth Why have slaves when you can import millions of non natives to drive down the labor costs? Oh the people here wont work for 2 dollars an hour? Time to offshore or import people. Luca A surprisingly honest piece from Prof Gates, who was most famously dishonest and wrong when dealing with the Cambridge police in 2009. Of course it became much more dishonest when the Idiot in Chief announced that the Cambridge police “acted stupidly”. In this piece Gates asserts that some blacks bought family members as an at of benevolence to free them and this is true; some did. But what would have been nice and a bit more balanced is if he also had stated that far more white abolishionists and religious organizations, did this and on a far greater scale. Most of the blacks who owned slaves, especially in Louisiana, were not altogether black per se but mulatto, quadroon or further miscegenated. African Americans are very conscious of skin tone and percentage of white blood and the lighter ones have frequently felt superior to their darker brethren. Turns out blacks are racist toward other (darker) blacks too. AutomaticSlim Not so sure I would refer to him as a professor. I wouldn’t give much credit to anyone whose field of “expertise” ends in the word “studies”. MBlanc46 His PhD is in English literature from Cambridge. AutomaticSlim Perhaps, but his wikipedia page states that he was a lecturer in “afro-american studies” at Yale and Duke prior to joining Harvard as a “professor of English”. And then if you scroll down to the books he has written, you will notice that none of them have anything to do with English Literature, but rather are the typical black-studies kind of garbage you would expect from a guy like this. Books with titles such as “Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man”. Katherine McChesney and he probably promotes Afrocentrism. MBlanc46 His earlier books were lit crit, focusing on Afro-American literature. He’s become something of a public figure and television celebrity and his more recent work has been directed at the more general audience. His PhD is a real one (his first book is basically his dissertation), he’s a real scholar, and not an Afro-Centrist. AutomaticSlim All of the titles I saw had something to do with blacks, in one way or another. He even had a book with the word “monkey” in the title. Is he an actual PhD, or like so many “Professors”, Black and White, “Ph.D. (cand)?” To me, the title “Professor” refers to a professor who does not have a doctorate. fred He be studyin’ dat ole willy shakespeare? To be oh not to be,dass da question!! Sherman_McCoy To be fair, he doesn’t look to be much more than a quarter black. though the victim mentality is obviously strong in him. Luca I had to deal with a fool like him at work who accused me of not dealing fairly with blacks. This guy looked Egyptian but had an English name, he must have been 1/16th black; he was probably Creole.. I told him I didn’t even know he was black. I guess I neglected to give him special treatment. You know that ol’ one drop rule, they’ll wear that race card out even if they can only claim 1/16th of it. torshammar I’ve experienced the same on numerous occasions. Let’s put an end to it. Luca He should have studied law. That Cambridge cop was right to call him outside and he was wrong to rant and rave. No one ever mentions this, but if a cop thinks someone broke into your home and you are the homeowner, you could have a perp hiding in the closet or somewhere else, so it’s wise to ask the homeowner to come outside while the cops search the home. Someone should have mentioned this to him and the Kenyan, but then it would have shattered the narrative the media was trying to portray. And I am still promulgating the theory that Gates planned this in advance because he wanted an incident with a cop. That’s because he wanted the publicity, as he was becoming yesterday’s news in the universe of black studies talking heads. He just never expected actually to be arrested. AutomaticSlim That’s a very reasonable theory given all the hoaxes these “black studies” types undertake on college campuses. Also reasonable considering that blacks have a world class reputation for engaging in cheap stunts and theater in order to get people to pay attention to them. Luca Al except Rev. Al Sharptongue, he is a true man of principle and morals. (gag) Daisy From the start I thought that it was intentional but I never considered ‘planned.’ I assumed the Obama presidency profoundly disconcerted africanistas; no longer could they exploit black victimology. Plus, it was so displacing in terms of attention, glory, power and so I sensed, given the timing particularly, intent to provoke. If he planned it, though, he would have needed to get arrested to actually make news. I don’t think he necessarily needed to be arrested, but he wanted and in fact needed to be accosted. From then, open trap, and there would come running the Boston media and soon after the national media. pcmustgo ditto in caribbean, mulatto elite YngveKlezmer Because they know that White genes mean better intellect and behavior, and this is why Black men who are climbing the socioeconomic ladder love to miscegenate with White women. We Whites should all be repulsed by this, as the White party involved in miscegenation is literally throwing their heritage in the garbage. The result will not only not be in the likeness of the White parent, but will surely have an inferior intellect to what would be possible with a racially pure White child. Even if the White parent is not the sharpest tool in the shed, the roll of the dice of genetics means that the odds are against the Mulatto having a stronger intellect. This is why miscegenation used to be against the law, and still should be. Nathanwartooth Well to be fair the subtext of the article was that many Blacks bought slaves to help people but Whites did not. You can’t hide the past but you can change how it is presented. Daisy Gates says it would be ‘fair to assume’ that 43% of the black slaveholders bought family members as that was the percentage of black owners having one or just a few slaves. I don’t know that asserting that all of that 43% were benevolent is justified; many whites owned just one or a couple slaves. “If you love someone, set them free.” If these black owners really loved their slaves they wouldn’t have ‘owned’ them but would have simply freed them. He also makes another sketchy conclusion, asserting that it was an act of progress that fewer blacks owned slaves over time, but it seems obvious this may have been due to whites increasingly refusing to sell to them as the Civil War loomed. sbuffalonative This article is why Mr. Gates is persona non-grata in the black community. Sometimes he tells the truth and blacks appreciate only the truths that fit their black-and-white agenda. In other words, most black slave owners probably owned family members to protect them, but far too many turned to slavery to exploit the labor of other black people for profit. So blacks exploited black labor for their own benefit. This isn’t shocking. What’s surprising is how blacks have managed to keep this quiet for this long. Blacks have been enslaving blacks for centuries. They’re still doing it today. In some black nations, it’s not even questioned. YngveKlezmer Mr. Gates is either lying, or expressing self-serving bias with this. I am inclined to believe that he is engaging in the former. Blacks do not have the same reverence for the truth that we do, and education does not change this in them. sbuffalonative When it comes to black history which places blacks an unfavorable light, blacks turn to the idea of ‘nuanced’ history. It works like this: While whites are evil incarnate, blacks can be forgiven and excused for their past sins because their are always reasons for their actions. Blacks are, by nature, good and kind people who have been forced to do bad things because ‘the (blue eyed) devil made them do it’. This is nothing more than Mr. Gates’ attempt to blunt an historical fact that portrays blacks in a bad light anarchyst “Nuanced” history also applies to those of the “tribe” that STILL make excuses for their “invention”–communism. They still state that communism is viable “if properly applied”. Communism eventually “turned” on its “inventors . . . StillModerated Whenever I talk philosophy with a “freed slave” I always get Marx and Engels. A clever black man is usually a college indoctrinated parrot. Pelagian This proves that slavery has/had nothing to do with racism? Next argument, please …. shawnmer What it “proves” is that it wasn’t an exclusively white sin, even here at ground zero for supposed white evil, pre-Civil War America. You know, you’d almost think that, to your mind, the “racism” you want to morally preen over was a greater misdeed than the slavery itself. MBlanc46 “What it “proves” is that it wasn’t an exclusively white sin”. Well said. Jss You are taking a simplistic view of slavery. While black on black slavery was unfortunate it was less relevant in the historical context because only White on black slavery was racist and White racism is the only thing past or present that is wrong in the world. Do you think what happened to Shannon Newsom was as bad as what happened to Crystal whatever from the duke lacrosse case? If you do you are a racist, white supremacist, neo nazi Klansman. You see if you stop looking through the post neo colonial, social pan optical, social dialectic of patriarchal economic matrix’s you will see that anytime blacks do something wrong its just a construct of White oppression. So in the name of racial justice and healing we racist Whites need to pay all blacks on the planet reparations for black on black slavery. I swear hear in Brooklyn, we attract a lot of these sociologist types who move into black neighborhoods and then whine about other whites moving in and gentrifying them. Many whites have a “Dancing with Wolves”, “I’m here to Rescue the Blacks/Oppressed Non-White People martyr complex”. YngveKlezmer If we pay them back for slavery, than we are paying them back for former injustices committed. If we pay them back for injustices, the right and just thing would be for them to pay us back for the injustices committed against us. This would mean that they owe millions of us for having worked harder than we need to at our jobs while Black co-workers slack off and are not punished due to their race, and they owe millions of us for bullying us just for being White in school, and for acting of savage violence committed against us just because we are White. A prime example is the present conditions in South Africa. Whites are the victims of a genocide campaign. Should not every BLack who has hurt a killed a White in that country be required to pay reparations to that WHite, or to their family?? libertarian 1234 These people live, breath, sleep and eat slavery and racism 24/7 to the exclusion, ALMOST, of everything else. And everything they do wrong, everything they fail in, every pathology within their group, is blamed on these two things…..perpetrated by whitey of course. They do as they do, because they’re basically arrogant and have a delusionally inflated image of themselves, so they need to blame their failures on something besides their own incompetence. The only other alternative they have is to admit they can’t cut it in a first world society, and they’re not about to admit that. Besides the perks they get from the radicals on the left and their status as privileged subjects of the empire are too good to give up. Notice that this Gates, or Farrakhan, or Jesse or Al, or Tavist Smiley, or Cornel West or Michael Dyson, et al, never mention that blacks in other societies outside of the US, whose ancestors were never slaves, don’t do any better than US blacks. I’m wondering what kind of excuses they would give in response to that? It would be interesting to hear, if for no other reason than to get a good laugh. These people live, breathe, sleep and eat slavery and racism 24/7 to the exclusion, ALMOST, of everything else. Me to NAACP executive: “Look at this. I have a time machine. I’m going to get into it, go back in time, and totally stop black slavery.” NAACP to me: “Noooooooo! Don’t do that! I’m making too good of a living!” As he takes a baseball bat to my flex capacitor. pcmustgo They’re also (dangerously) dumb enough to believe all their afro-centrist and left-wing fairy tales. Luis Even the Bantus playing professional sports and getting paid millions of dollars to do it, never lose that “slave” and ‘plantation” mentality. Never. Case in point: During the last NBA lockout, Commissioner David Stern was accused of acting like he was holding Bantus down on the plantation. Such simple people getting paid at the very least hundreds of thousands of dollars if not millions, when there is absolutely nothing else that they could be doing which gives them a minimum salary which puts them clearly in the Top 1% of income earners (and usually more)…then the big bad commissioner locks them out…what else are they to think? Don’t expect their wee little brains to grok first world nuances about organized labor disputes. YngveKlezmer Actually, Blacks in their native Africa have a far worse standard of living than they do in our country. Even Blacks in Detroit or Gary are far better off than they would be in Africa. Gates, Tavis Smiley, Farrakhan, Obama, and all of the rest of the high profile Blacks who play these race games know this. They are race hustlers, and are willful in what they are doing. Their intent is to steal as much as they can from our European societies, Ross Kardon Muhammed Ali said this about American slavery “I’m glad my ancestors were on that boat!” KevinPhillipsBong “I’m wondering what kind of excuses they would give in response to that? It would be interesting to hear, if for no other reason than to get a good laugh.” I can tell you what they’d say. They’d say its because Africans cannot repay the billions in loans made to them by Western nations, therefore modern Africans are living in a sort of continental debtor’s prison. How can the poor starving sub-Saharans attain first world status when they start out so far in debt? In other words, they’d say its whitey’s fault. guest This info will never make it in the “revisioned” history books. Those who try to distort history aim to keep it anti-white, and they won’t want this info about black slave-owners come to light. They want us to be blind and deceived into believing what they want us to see as factual and to never question them. pcmustgo This is why I want CONTROL OF THE HISTORY BOOKS ARE CHILDREN ARE TAUGHT WITH as number one priority for Tea Party people and people concerned about the plight of Euro-Americans. This is the number one issue to seize on. We have millions of people being brainwashed to hate whites. AutomaticSlim I do not mind so much that they hate me. My problem is that way too many of my kind do not accept the reality of the situation. MBlanc46 I don’t know whether Stampp and Genovese count as “revisioned” but you’ll find it there. Paleoconn White countries were the first ones to abolish slavery. Only 2% of Whites owned slaves in the USA. Many Whites were indentured servants or slaves or serfs through history. See Jim Goad’s Redneck Manifesto and another book he references They Were White And They Were Slaves. The Cherokee also owned black slaves. Also, 95% of trans-Atlantic slave trade was not for the USA. And finally black slaves traders pleaded with England to not abolish slavery in the early 1800s. But keep believing what they teach in school that all Whites owned all the blacks as slaves, and no blacks were slave-owners and no Whites were slaves. eduard They were white and they were slaves – written by Michael Hoffman II, and well worth reading. pcmustgo That’s why I want our number cause and goal to be to create a movement to get textbook writers and teachers to embrace and teach what you just said. You forgot the 1,000 year muslim slave trade part though…And the african tribal slavers enslaving other tribes. And that it still exists there. Paleoconn Agreed, and the fact that slavery among these peoples go on to this very day, but do-gooder liberals like to moralize on White man’s past transgressions rather than focus on the evil present in the here and now. It is why we will continue to hear about how bad Apartheid was (even though millions of black Africans moved there under the Apartheid regime), but we won’t hear a peep about the shithole the country is degenerating to each day under bantu rule. Again, like I mentioned, attempting to save face after his anti-white, racist personal attack against that innocent white cop. The__Bobster Freed slaves had a great rate of slave ownership than did Whites. And the lead rabble rouser on the Amistad, Cinque, became a slave trader himself. Snowhitey And Henry Louis Gates has also admitted on “The Root” website that it was only 378,000 Africans that were brought to what is now the United States as slaves. Liberals refuse to believe this and state it was anywhere from several million to as many as 20 million over several centuries. I believe South America received more than North American, far more. You see, the figure 378,000, which turned into about 42,000,000 today, just doesn’t seem as horrific so they change it without any consequences. Our history is not distorted by the revisionists, it is completely and totally changed. pcmustgo Gates has been writing these articles almost as an apology to white folk after the gates-gate incident where he falsely accused a cop of racism. Throwing us a bone, atoning, at least to save public face. He wrote another great article a bit after that about how the myth blacks push about “africans not knowing how cruel the slave trade was to their fellow africans” as joke given that the children of African chiefs would ride aboard these ships to get an education in europe. And not in the cargo section, like the rest of the slaves. And they had to have seen the poor treatment. Gates does this as if to say, “I’m not a Black Racist after all!” But I guess whites have to be happy anytime Blacks “throw us a bone”. They’re never very fair minded to the rest of the time. MBlanc46 I don’t know which liberals you’re talking about, but c. 400,000 is the generally accepted figure in the literature on the subject. Snowhitey No one mentioned literature although I am quite confident there are thousands of books that distort the actual figures. Here’s a good place to start. The liberal website “The Stranger.” “During the period of slavery the slave population in the slave states was around 25%. According to shipping records in London over 12 million slaves passed through London on their way to america until slavery was outlawed in England in 1810. London was only one of several major ports of “export”. France outlawed it earlier in 1789, the USA not until after the Civil War, free labor was good for business. The total number of slaves imported into the US has been reliably estimated as being around 20 to 30 million during the approximate 300 years we had slavery.” The way blacks breed, we’d have about 300,000,000 of them in this country alone. Although it often seems there are that many. The Internet is filled with comments like this one. Time to take off the paper bag. MBlanc46 I tend to read real books rather than Internet sites. The information is very much better. I’m talking about the major researchers researchers of the last fifty years such as Stampp, Fogel, and Genovese. You mention “thousands of books that distort the actual figure”, but you don’t give a single citation. MikeofAges The United States banned the importation of slaves in 1808. Maybe 60,000 were imported illegally between then and 1860. Maybe about 250,000 imported during the first 20 years under the constitution. About 400,000 between 1600 and the 1787. The rest went elsewhere in the Americas, to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies primarily. sbuffalonative This is why Gates is hated by blacks. While he tries to frame historical issues in terms of black suffering, he does try to stick with factual data; ie. the true number of blacks slaves was lower than blacks want to believe and blacks did own slaves. He was vilified by blacks for his PBS series, Wonders of the African worldhttp://www.pbs.org/wonders/ because he interviewed African descendants involved in the slave trade. He tried to get them to apologies but they wouldn’t. He gave a lecture that was broadcast on c-span and after he was almost lynched by the angry black mob. YngveKlezmer Of course they owned other Blacks as slaves, and of course their motivations were not altruistic, as Sharpton, Jackson, and Farrakhan would love for us White follks to believe. The primary reason Blacks became slaves was that Africa was, and still is, in a constant state of tribal warfare. When the European ships first arrived in the African ports, Europeans were offered African slaves for sale. These slaves had been held in bondage by rival African tribes in interior areas, and had been treated far worse by their fellow Africans than they would be by their White purchasers. In comparison, in fact, White Southerners were downright humane in their treatment of their slaves when compared to treatment at the hands of their fellow Africans. In keeping with their European cultural heritage, White Southerners, by and large, treated Blacks as people, fed them well and made sure they had good living quarters, and only expected what was reasonable, that their slaves would be good workers. Interviews of former Black slaves, done around 1900, in fact, reflected that at least 70% of then former slaves had nothing but good memories of their White masters. They had been fed and clothed well, and treated with respect and kindness. Many, in fact, chose not to leave the White families they had worked for after the Emancipation Proclamation freed them, because they had had a good life in slave days, and obviously feared having to make their own way in the world. How much better a testimony could one ask for to the benevolence of European Americans?? We racial realists who have been around Blacks know their temperament, and how difficult they are. My suspicion is that, most often, the White slave master was far too kind to his Black slaves, and that the slaves tended to slack off as much as possible, and were actually a burden on the farming operation. When slaves were beaten, most likely it was the case of a good man who lost his temper, and for good reason. Work simply had not been done despite a first rate meal, massive amounts of food or goods had been stolen, a Wife or Daughter had been harassed or even sexually violated, etc. In the case of the Black slave masters mentioned in this article, my suspicion is that true slavery was probably the rule with their slavery, with daily beatings, a rudimentary diet, sexual slavery of the young women, etc. After all, this has always been, and always will be the way society operates in Africa. In Liberia, where most former American slaves lived upon resettlement in Africa after Emancipation Proclamation, slavery was shamefully brutal, not even comparable to the good old American South. Athling One can imagine the fun had blacks been in a position to own whites as slaves. Bill Dietyl Somehow I dont think Whites would have been treated very well. The women would have been sexual toys and the men used for target practise. Northerner Blacks may have had black slaves, and African leaders may have been involved in the slave trade sending blacks to America… but at the end of the day, the degree / magnitude of interracial slavery by white slave owners of blacks is the only thing people care about. The kicker is that this isn’t ancient history; It happened in a time when clear records were kept and is close enough to the present that people still remember. When England merchant banker Rothchilde came up with the idea to finance slavery he knew it was not needed and a terrible economic idea and a death knell to the entire western hemisphere but saw an opportunity to scam elite landowners looking for cheap labor while charging as high as 50,000 in todays prices for each slave from Africa. Noone knows what tribal chiefs sold them off for who were usually their captives in warfare or rejects of the tribes, but it was probably very little. Clearly there was a mass sales market over 250 yrs that European nations bought these rejects off the chieftains involving tens of millions as tribal leaders purged and cleansed their African continent of their undesirables and hocked them off to plague the western nations creating a boondoggle of immense size that has only gotten worse and allowed the introduction of the scavenger Marx and his peasant tool Lincoln who never attended a day of school or college in his life and posed as a fake lawyer only after being discharged from the Mex American war by US Military Academy grads Gen Robert E Lee and Gen Jefferson Davis after only a few months going AWOL in cowardly fashion in 1848. Lincoln then went to Springfield IL to try his hand at politics since politics and religion are the last refuge of the scoundrel. America was doomed. Thor Bonham So they actually should be paying themselves reparations, eh ? 5Sardonicus Of course, blacks owned slaves in the ante-bellum South. Blacks were complicit in the slave trade in Africa, which couldn’t exist without their cooperation. I suspect that slavery is still practiced in some African backwaters. Whites are foolish to feel guilty for historical slavery. Particularly, as it was universally practiced and was eliminated by Europeans before most other countries. Daisy Whites don’t feel internal guilt so much as they are shamed by the powers-that-be for not feeling it. bigone4u I doubt that even one in a hundred college students knows that blacks owned and still own slaves. Spread this info around and cite the source of the original article, which appears to be a pro-black website. If you cite Amren as the source, you will be dismissed by many liberals. sbuffalonative Yes, always use original source material. In this case, The Roots article by [black] academic Henry Louis Gates Jr. If you cite AR, they’ll dismiss your arguments as racist. If you cite a black author, then they have to debate you. donkey butt arrogant Gates Gates is a jackass arrogant pos who thinks he is above the law and should have been arrested and thrown in jail by the cops for disorderly conduct and impersonating a human being. Their biggest problem is arrogance and cockiness these days. What a joke they are. Of course they owned slaves. They are lying hypocrites if they say otherwise. Indians were big time slave owners too especially the Cherokee tribes. the real root Did black people own slaves by Root? The real “root” was white slave traders bought tens of millions of black slaves off African tribal chiefs. Where did Gates mention that? And thank G-d for white slave traders as otherwise there would not be a single black in the west had it not been for them and the slave owning chiefs selling their rejects. josh I wonder,do black pimps own white hookers to “exploit” them or to protect them? Katherine McChesney To disgrace them. Daisy Good point. Free Travel For blacks WE DO OWE BLACKS FOR BRINGING THEM HERE: We need to do the right thing. We need to offer EVERY black who feels mistreated in America a FREE one way ticket back to Africa along with $25,000 cash money. All they need to do to qualify is Renounce Their U.S. Citizenship which they do not seem to appriciate and sign documents that they will never return to the USA, with very serious consequences if they do, not free housing, health care and welfare like we give our “South of The Border invaders (sic) but serious time on a Chain Gang before Deportation. At $25,000 each we will be coming our billions of dollars ahead. Few people know it costs $50,000 a year to keep a black incarcerated in prison. Dede Anderson You Do Realize That You are also Not native to America. Hence the Word Native Americans or The Indigenous People of America. Just as Africans were brought here, So were Europeans although most came. Which would mean Technically You do not OWN or have any rights to America, only the Native/Indigenous People that were here way before Columbus So Called Discovered it, Would have the so Called rights to America. So if your giving out tickets to Africa, Give yourself one as well and head back to Europe. HamletsGhost This information will remain buried like all other instances of blacks’ true nature, because it doesn’t fit the bill of “Blacks good, whites bad” that young people have drummed into their heads daily. I read about blacks’ ownership of slaves a long time ago and also heard the excuse that they did it to “protect” their family members from whites. But on closer inspection, it doesn’t really hold up. If slaves were freed legally, they could enjoy the same legal protection that their equally free family members already enjoyed. What law worked for one would also protect the other. More likely is the fact that by owning their family, blacks could more easily control them. Looking at black family dynamics today, there seems to be a surfeit of controlling behavior, jealousy, and physical abuse. What better way for a black man to keep his woman from leaving him and his children obedient than to legally own them and have the right to whip them or sell them if they got too “uppity”. There was a book published on this subject in the early 1990s, before it became so political, or at least as tainted as the subject is now called “Black Masters.” I kick myself for not getting a copy back then. MarkLuger Who cares if black guys had to work and live with black women 100’s of years ago/? My race dropped napalm on Dresden for no reason, does anyone cry about that?? All we hear is waaaa, I’s had to work and libs wif a black woman, waaaa. My feeling is that the whole history of slavery is one that is very problematic to understand or right about. Think about it this way…100 years from now, if there are still people around to document our times, they will no doubt see that many black people were in prison. And they will wonder…those people were so racist, so evil, so cruel, so barbaric as to have these enormous prisons, and people kept in them! And they will have museums where people will go and you and the kids can take a picture where you are “behind bars” or something like that. But of course, from our perspective, we know the truth. We lock up rapists and murderers and drug dealers! And black people happen to be those things! It’s like when you hear about lynchings, and everybody today, in our “enlightened” age thinks it was horrific and those poor blacks and those evil southerners, etc. But many of those lynchings were for criminal, violent activity! The townspeople were actually just protecting themselves, keeping themselves safe. It’s sort of the same with slavery. No doubt many aspects of it were bad. But, also, alot of those blacks had it much better than they would have had it belonging to some tribe in Africa. Ross Kardon Why did free blacks own slaves? To work in their fields, plantations, mines, factories, workshops, and other purposes, just like any white slave owner. How would the public, both blacks and whites, react if a mainstream movie, or prime time TV mini-series about American slavery were made, in which the “massa” himself is a free black man? For example, I remember back in 1977, the release of the TV mini-series “Roots” caused serious racial problems. It was not until recently, I learned that “Roots” was plagiarized by Alex Haley from the Harold Courtlander novel “The African”. Of course, most people do not study history on their own like I do for a hobby, and are very prone to believing about history what they have learned in school, see in movies, and on TV dramas, which is often historically inaccurate. It was black Africans themselves who originated the black slave trade. Simply put, one tribe would raid the village of an enemy tribe and sell the people they caught to white merchant ship captains off the coast of Africa. After 1808, slave trading from the United States was technically illegal, but there were still slave smuggling ships from the United States up until the Civil War, because of the money to be made. Unfortunately, slavery is still going on today, Now it is called, human trafficking. Organizations like Free the Slaves, and other human rights groups, are modern-day abolitionists who are now fighting it. But this makes me wonder, what if a benefit fundraiser to fight human trafficking was held at the Apollo Theater in Harlem, NYC? slavery a bad economic system Africans were the original slave owners. Sneaky tribal chief con artists sold tens of millions of their rejects most who were captives or inferiors in the tribe. Otherwise they would have been cannibalized. Foolish white slaves trader merchants sucked into the gimmick shipped them west and of course the western elite were gullible to fall for this trick when slaves were needed like a hole in the head and the worst of economy systems. These white Shem race Europeans could have enslaved the migrant Asian mongoloid Japheth race who had crossed over the Bering ice bridge 1000 yrs earlier but were tricked into going to Africa and buying the Ham servant race as they were called in the Torah’s Genesis. It was a heb Rothchilde trick. Since his parents were missionarys to Japan where he got hooked on the yellow mongoloid pagans Amren’s Taylor was obviously a rebel like all offspring of these types. The preachers daughter or son was always the wild child when unchained. This is why he rejects any white man religion controvery discussion and protects so called hebs who have a disconnect with WMR although missionary’s all have a superiority complex when it comes to their belief system.. In the end slavery was the worst eco system and opened the door to Marx and his tool Lincoln. The rest is bloody history and inferior genetics. G. Carter Woodson is such a BSer on this point. To “own” someone as a matter of “benevolence” toward your kinfolk. Pure crap! If one were “benevolent” one would buy and then immediately release and free forever (“emancipate”) one’s family member. The fact that the kept them as slaves long enough to have them listed on a decennial census puts the lie to that. Black americans bought and sold slaves for the same reasons black africans always have: to make money! Black in Haiti keep slaves to this very day for the same reason: they are cheap exploitable labor. Google “restavek”. Sherman_McCoy If blacks were treated as they deserve, in terms of criminal prosecutions, television depictions, report of their inferior IQ’s, the real reasons they cannot keep up with whites in school, then I would not hate them nearly as much as I do. The denial of reality is what turns people into extremists, not fair treatment. ladyL I am interested to know examples of the treatment blacks deserve. I am also interested as to why. Thank you! gates is a pos Gates is one useless lying arrogant pos who unquestionably came from one of the worst rejected inferior lines in Africa who were the first to be sold and board the western bound ship by tribal chiefs snickering and trying to hold back their laughter while signing a big relief to have his kind purged completely. Clearly Gates was the original Kunte Kinte but not the Hollywood fiction and only a wimpy runt bed wetter. guest Did blacks own black slaves 150+ years ago? YES. Do blacks own black slaves in the United States, right now, today? ALSO YES! When visiting Louisiana years ago I took a tour of an old plantation and was surprised to find out that the slave owner was a brown skinned woman. She was Creole, which is a mixture of African, Indian, and European, in some cases. If you ask ten Louisianans what a Creole is, you will get ten different answers. In either case, Laura looks Indian. Some of the family members are of French descent, so apparently they were not against intermarriage between the races. Well, I’ll be darned. Black people exploiting other Buh-lacks. Hey, wait a minute. Aren’t 99% of pimps and heroin dealers in and to the Schwartz menschen Black? Oh, honky Whitey made me do it, somehow connected with slavery and past exploitation. Patrick Boyle Slavery of course was a universal economic strategy. It is not just restricted to humans much less just whites. Social insects also raid other colonies and steal slaves. Human slavery began probably with the neolithic revolution. Hunter-gatherers can’t take slaves out on hunting parties but slaves are valuable as soon as you invent agriculture. So the black activist Gates chooses to state that blacks owned slaves in the US, implying that they only did so because they were imbeded in a white slave culture. But blacks also had slavery back in Africa. They probably got slavery later than Europeans because they got agriculture later. Gates wants to associate whiteness with slave owning but it is more true to say that whiteness is associated with ending slavery. Gates is a bigot. Pelagian Is there a good history of slavery going back to biblical times that offers a defense of 19th century American slavery? Or at least a good contextualization of it? I want to read-up. Thanks. slavery was a bad mistake Slavery was a catastrophic mistake and needed like a hole in the head. Did the slave traders and slave buyers really and truly think this whole thing out before they jumped into it head first getting suckered by the tribal chiefs getting rid of their rejects conning them off on the white man who paid as much as 50,000 in todays dollars for every single slave to do incredibly easy soft labor 8-12 months out of the year picking cotten or cleaning house while getting everything paid for and the biggest part getting out of that god awful wretched hellhole jungle 3rd world existence? Clearly they were happy to get away from the stench of the jungle otherwise they would have all returned to that wretched hellhole Africa in 1821 with Liberia or in 1865 or other times. Blacks in America need to get on ther hands and knees and kiss the feet of the white elite for taking out of hellish African savage misery and bringing them into the light and same for the Europeans who colonized the African jungles and upgraded their lives. No wonder the free slaves in 1865 showed their affection and eternal appreciation keeping the last names of their former owners and even gong to work for them for wages. They certainly never returned to Africa where they were not wanted. Dont believe all the revisionist lies about abuse of slaves as they were treated with respect and dignity otherwise not a single reparation lawsuit was ever filed by an ex-slave and they still carry the surnames of their master to this day in 2013. Why do they give the tribal chiefs a free pass who sold them off and of course they owned slaves. Ever heard of white slavery? White slaves built and maintained Europe for thousands of years. That should have never ended. Whites never needed black slaves for anything. It was the worst of the worst economic systems and opened the door for satanic Marx. Had blacks remained in Africa they would be happy. Ignorance is bliss. MikeofAges Nobody want to remember that human beings once lived in the real world. You ate what you grew, raised, gathered or hunted. Or didn’t eat at all. Anything you had that was made was made by someone you could see with your own eyes, or at someone like the people you could see in your daily world. People want to believe things that are not real because they want to live in a mental world which is not real, but want to believe that it is real. If you want to believe in a false present and false future, then you need a false past to go with it. If people wanted to live in the real world, they’d be yelling for job, any reasonable job, and a paycheck at the end of the week. Then, again, in the world today, maybe it makes more sense to yell for a bigger handout. Worldwide, the economic system seems incapable of creating jobs. Johnwharl I’ll like to own a few white people. Ella You never hear about slavery of White Europeans along the Barbary Coast (North Africa). Sex slave trade for White women does not leave enough shock to these PC scholars. White males were shipped off to the quarries if captured through raids. So-called scholars claim it’s not racism since Whites only have the power to oppress non-Whites. They must assume that all Europeans were rich from stolen wealth. saxonsun Yes, the Arabs took about a million whites into slavery–they devastated many parts of Europe. You never hear about it. Also, whites were considered stupid by the Arabs and less valuable. Talk about racism. candidhandle Forgive me, but here are the facts: afroids, negroid sub saharan africans by any name, were, pay attention, LIVE STOCK, not members of civilized society. negroes sold negroes, and played on the morality of whites to create a parasite on the body social, the afroid negro. Lincoln wanted to send them back to africa, but the militant blackoids murdered him, and now the beastial negro is polluting the body politic. may obama and his ilk reap what they sow. the gated communties will be happy hunting grounds for the underclass that voted the demons in office. ha, the last laugh will be so sweet. 7 shots for a drunk affirmative action hire means 8 shots missed and the elite will have their asses in a bind. have to use pencils to fight with. ha. American Patriot Lets not forget that the vast bulk of the slave catchers & sellers in Africa were African……and that slavery when finally stamped out in Africa by the Brits returned full force after 1960 once the White Man put his burden of civilizing the uncivilisable down. BTW, slavery has never left the areas ruled by moslems. gates tells the truth for once Shhh .. keep it quiet ok? Tribal chiefs who sold off all the slaves to the white man owned a billion slaves too and still do … Joseph If these benevolent black slave owners kept black slaves “to protect that person”, what would prevent them from emancipating them voluntarily even if they stayed with the family. This is the usual noise from the left; “If we do it it is not the same”. Alexandra Isn’t this the guy that had the beer summit with Obama? Fed Up I would like to recommend a few good books for AmRen people to read: >”48 Liberal Lies about American History” by Larry Schweikart. “The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Civil War” by H. W. Crocker III. Also “Death By Liberalism”, by J. R. Dunn. These books, as a number of others in this genre will certainly open your mind and refocus your thinking. (No, I am not selling them, nor have a financial interest — I am just tired of the liberal lying we get from all directions in today’s politically correct [NOT] world!) Fed Up What neither liberals nor Blacks will admit: Slavery would have ended by the beginning of the 20th Century. If only for the simple reason slavery stacked the deck against Whites who did not own slaves of their own. Because a White worker could not compete effectively wage-wise against a slave doing the same job. saxonsun He had an article–can’t remember where–that castigated blacks for refusing to see the truth about their precious ancestors selling them. JD Read the book , the politically incorrect guide to the south and why it will rise again, The author makes a lot of good points on slavery. Such as, the first person to ever legally own a slave in America was a black man named Anthony Johnson, some of the largest slave owners were blacks, whites did not mistreat their slaves, just like they dont mistreat there property today. They were only whipped or hung if they had commited a crime, just like they do still today, in Africa. lugnut Freed black slaves mostly in La and the north had to pay to buy their relatives and others from white slave owners. Many people mistakenly assume black people owned slaves, because they found their names on bills of sale. Just because their names of people whose freedom they purchased were found on bills of sale, doesn’t mean they were slave owners, or they treated them as slaves.. Where do you think all these “black slave owners” would live anyway? There were only 135 free black people in the entire south at different times and they were mostly the offspring of their owners, their white fathers. Most were freed by their white fathers leading up to the civil war. Many wills would states, if they died, their mixed children would be freed. Blacks couldn’t own anything in the south during slavery. It wasn’t until after around 1880 before blacks could have the land left to them by their white fathers. I may be among the few who actually spent many hours talking to a former slave and i learned through her the real truth. She was one of them. lugnut Oh, this is a kluxer confederate revisionist article. Your forefathers brought slaves here, because there couldn’t do the jobs themselves. Everything you have, even today, slaves did that, slaves built the foundation of this country and without my ancestors, you’d still be dirt poor. And the fact is, your ancestors were child molesters. When i did my DNA and African American research, nearly all of the little black girls were around the age of 13 when they gave birth to the owner’s babies. That means, the owners started messing with them earlier than 13. The average age of bed wenches ( just an excuse to get a small child in their beds) was from 8 to 13 years old. By the end of the civil war, most of what was the black slaves, had white in them. Some southern heritage huh? jtrose As a slave owner once said,’ I got more out of my ex slave paying him, then I did when I own him”

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Nicholas GRANT, Defendant-Appellant. Nos. 99-12052, 99-13303. United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. July 10, 2001. Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. (Nos. 98-00198-CR-T-26C and 93-00083-CR-T-26B), William J. Castagna, Judge. Before CARNES and RONEY, Circuit Judges, and ALAIMO*, District Judge. CARNES, Circuit Judge: Nicholas Grant appeals his convictions for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, use of a firearm during a drug-trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), and failure to appear, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1). These questions are presented: whether Grant's appeal on the conspiracy and firearms charges was timely; whether there was sufficient evidence to convict him on the failure to appear and the conspiracy charges; and whether statements of an alleged co-conspirator exculpating Grant were inconsistent statements admissible for purposes of impeachment pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 806. We answer all three questions "yes." The affirmative answer to the third one requires that we reverse Grant's conviction on the conspiracy and use of a firearm charges. I. BACKGROUND A. FACTS In early 1993, United States Customs Service Special Agent Louis Mozas met with Deosie Wilson and discussed Wilson's plan to have Mozas smuggle 2000 pounds of marijuana from Jamaica into the United States, which Wilson would then sell. Jamaican police seized the marijuana which was to be smuggled in, however, so the transaction was not consummated. Mozas next advised Wilson that Mozas would be smuggling one hundred kilograms of cocaine from Columbia, for which he would be paid 18,000 pounds of marijuana. Wilson agreed to market that marijuana * Honorable Anthony A. Alaimo, U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Georgia, sitting by designation. for Mozas. Upon inspection, Wilson deemed the marijuana to be of poor quality, but set out to market it anyway. Mozas also advised Wilson that he had 15 kilograms of cocaine, and Wilson agreed to assist in selling it. Wilson departed for Jamaica on March 12, 1993, and returned to Tampa on March 18, 1993. Mozas picked up Wilson at the Tampa airport and took him to an undercover residence in Homosassa, Florida. In connection with his planned purchase of the cocaine from Mozas, Wilson advised Mozas that $100,000 had been transferred into Wilson's bank account and that the funds would be available the next day. On March 19, 1993, Mozas accompanied Wilson to a bank in Homosassa, Florida and was present when Wilson obtained a cashier's check for $100,000. Mozas and Wilson then returned to the undercover residence. Later that same afternoon, Mozas dropped Wilson off at the same bank. Wilson remained inside the bank for between one to five minutes before leaving with the occupants of a waiting Nissan Pathfinder. Undercover agents followed the Pathfinder, which drove by the undercover residence and then to a restaurant. A short while later, Wilson and Grant were observed leaving the restaurant and entering the Pathfinder. The agents followed the Pathfinder as it returned to the undercover residence, where Wilson was dropped off. The agents then followed the Pathfinder as it returned to the restaurant. Wilson arrived at the undercover residence carrying a bundle underneath his shirt. The agreement between Mozas and Wilson provided that Wilson would purchase 10 kilograms of cocaine from Wilson at $15,000 per kilogram, or $150,000 total. Wilson went into a bedroom at the residence and, upon his return, produced a vinyl pouch containing $50,000 in United States currency. Mozas then instructed Detective Michael Joyner to bring the cocaine to the residence. Joyner brought the cocaine and Wilson showed him the $100,000 cashier's check and $50,000 cash. Wilson told Mozas that Grant was in Homosassa Springs, but that Grant did not want to meet anyone. Wilson then put down $15,000, left with one kilogram of cocaine, and was arrested immediately thereafter. Wilson was talking on a cell phone at the time of his arrest and the person to whom he was speaking was exclaiming "police, police, police." Within one minute of being informed that Wilson had been arrested, the undercover agents observing the Pathfinder saw Grant and his brother quickly run from the restaurant and depart in the Pathfinder. Grant drove slowly by the location where Wilson was being arrested and then fled the area at approximately 80 miles per hour. After a brief chase, Grant was arrested and a search of the Pathfinder revealed two loaded semi-automatic pistols, one in the glove compartment and another in a duffle bag on the floor in front of the back seat, and an open briefcase containing $11,208. After his arrest, Grant told Customs Special Agent Phillip Aston that while he was in Jamaica Wilson had contacted him about participating in a marijuana transaction. Grant did not, however, mention anything about a cocaine transaction. Grant also told Aston that on March 18, 1993, he had traveled from Jamaica to Miami with approximately $16,000 in cash. Grant had a passport bearing his photograph and name which documented that he had left Jamaica on March 18, 1993. Grant admitted to Aston that he had been speaking to Wilson on the telephone before Grant had run from the restaurant, but claimed that he and his brother had decided that they did not want to participate in Wilson's transaction anymore and had decided to leave. Grant was released on bond on March 26, 1993. Four days later, he was indicted on one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Grant pleaded not guilty at his arraignment. The United States requested a show cause hearing for revocation of Grant's bond on the grounds that he had failed to comply with the conditions of his release. The magistrate judge scheduled a show cause hearing for May 17, 1993. On May 4, 1993, the clerk's office sent notice of that scheduled hearing to Grant. After Grant failed to appear for the show cause hearing, a warrant was issued for his arrest. On February 16, 1998, a detective assigned to a Customs task force arrested Grant at the Miami International Airport. At the time of his arrest, Grant possessed two Jamaican driver's licenses—both bearing his photograph, but one in his name and one in the name of Rory Roberts. Grant was advised of his rights and agreed to be interviewed. During that interview, Grant stated that there was a fugitive warrant issued for his arrest and that he needed to use a different name to avoid arrest and prosecution in the United States. He explained to the detective that the fugitive warrant was the result of an arrest that had occurred in Tampa on a charge of attempting to purchase cocaine from undercover Customs agents and that he failed to appear in court and had fled to Jamaica in order to avoid prosecution on that charge. B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY A superseding indictment was returned on March 19, 1998 charging Grant with one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846, and one count of use of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Grant was convicted by a jury on both counts on May 19, 1998. On May 14, 1998 Grant was indicted for failing to appear at the May 17, 1993 show cause hearing, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1). After a bench trial, Grant was convicted of that charge on October 7, 1998. At a consolidated sentencing hearing on June 18, 1999, Grant was sentenced to imprisonment for 145 months for the conspiracy conviction, 60 months for the firearms conviction, and 6 months for the failure to appear conviction, all sentences to run consecutively. Grant filed a motion for a new trial and a renewed motion for judgment of acquittal, both of which were denied. Grant appeals his convictions on several grounds. Among other things, he argues that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions on the failure to appear and the conspiracy charges. Grant also argues that evidence which would have impeached testimony elicited from Wilson at trial was improperly excluded, in violation of Federal Rule of Evidence 806.1 II. DISCUSSION A. THE JURISDICTIONAL QUESTION As a threshold matter, we must decide whether Grant's appeal of the conspiracy and firearms charges is timely. After Grant's consolidated sentencing hearing, the district court entered one judgment as to both cases. The judgment bore the district court case numbers for the conspiracy and firearms charges (93-83-CR- T-26B) and for the failure to appear charges (98-198-CR-T-26C). The judgment was entered on June 24, 1999 as to case number 98-198-CR-T-26C, and on June 28, 1999 as to case number 93-83-CR-T-26B. On June 28, 1999, Grant filed a notice of appeal which stated that he was appealing "the Judgment and Committment [sic] entered in this action on June 18, 1999."2 The notice of appeal, however, bore only one case number, 98-198-CR-T-26C (the failure to appear case). On August 31, 1999, Grant filed a second notice of appeal bearing case number 93-83-CR-T-26B (the 1993 drug case), along with a "motion to submit an out-of-time appeal," which indicated that case number 93-83-CR-T-26B had been inadvertently omitted from the first notice of appeal due to a clerical error. On October 1, 1999, the district court granted the motion to file out of time. "The timely filing of a notice of appeal is a mandatory prerequisite to the exercise of appellate 1 Because of our holding on this issue, we need not decide the other issues Grant raises in his appeal, including Brady violations and an Apprendi challenge to his sentencing. 2 Although the district court judge signed the judgment on June 22, 1999, the judgment states that the date of imposition of sentence is June 18, 1999, which was the date that the sentence was orally pronounced. Cf. United States v. Morrison, 204 F.3d 1091, 1093-94 (11th Cir.2000) ("imposition of sentence" in Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(c) means the oral pronouncement of it, not the time the written judgment is entered). jurisdiction." United States v. Ward, 696 F.2d 1315, 1317 (11th Cir.1983) (citations omitted). Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b)(1)(A), a defendant in a criminal case must file a notice of appeal within 10 days after the entry of the judgment. Grant's second notice of appeal, regarding the 1993 drug case, was not filed within this 10 day window. Rule 4(b) authorizes a 30 day extension upon a finding by the district court that the failure to file within the original period resulted from "excusable neglect." Fed. R.App. P. 4(b)(4). Grant's second notice of appeal, however, was filed on August 31, 1999, more than 30 days late, and therefore does not fall within the Rule 4(b)(4) window, either. Nonetheless, Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 3(c)(4) provides that "[a]n appeal must not be dismissed for informality of form or title of the notice of appeal." The advisory committee notes to that Rule state that "so long as the function of notice is met by the filing of a paper indicating an intention to appeal, the substance of the rule has been complied with." Fed. R.App. P. 3 advisory committee note. Further, "the [R]ule makes it clear that dismissal of an appeal should not occur when it is otherwise clear from the notice that the party intended to appeal." Id.; see also Smith v. Barry, 502 U.S. 244, 248-49, 112 S.Ct. 678, 682, 116 L.Ed.2d 678 (1992) ("If a document filed within the time specified by Rule 4 gives the notice required by Rule 3, it is effective as a notice of appeal."). Although Grant's first notice of appeal only references case number 98-198-CR-T-26C, it also states that he appeals "from the Judgment and Committment [sic] entered in this action on June 18, 1999." As we have mentioned, a consolidated sentencing hearing on both cases was held in the district court, and there was only one judgment and commitment order entered for both cases. That leads us to conclude that a timely notice of appeal was filed from the single judgment and commitment order, even though that notice of appeal mentioned only one of the two case numbers. We hold that Grant's first notice of appeal indicates an intent to appeal both cases and that we do have jurisdiction. See Cobb v. Lewis, 488 F.2d 41, 44 (5th Cir.1974) ("Courts of appeals have discretion, when the interests of substantive justice require it, to disregard irregularities in the form or procedure for filing a notice of appeal."), abrogated on other grounds, Kotam Elects., Inc. v. JBL Consumer Prods., Inc., 93 F.3d 724 (11th Cir.1996). B. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE TO CONVICT ON THE FAILURE TO APPEAR CHARGE Grant argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction for failure to appear in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 3146(a)(1), because there was no direct evidence that he received notice of the May 17, 1993 hearing on the order to show cause. He suggests that we conduct a de novo review of the evidence. We cannot try the case de novo but instead must sustain the verdict if there is substantial evidence to support it. Glasser v. United States, 315 U.S. 60, 80, 62 S.Ct. 457, 469, 86 L.Ed. 680 (1942). In deciding whether there was, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and give the government the benefit of all reasonable inferences and credibility choices. Id.; United States v. Middleton, 690 F.2d 820, 827 (11th Cir.1982). The evidence shows without dispute that the clerk's office sent Grant notice of a hearing on an order to show cause concerning modification or revocation of his bond, which was scheduled for May 17, 1993, and that Grant did not appear at that hearing. He was arrested almost five years later, and at the time of his arrest he was using an alias. He also told the arresting detective that he had skipped bond and fled the country in order to avoid prosecution. He admitted to the detective that he knew there was a warrant issued for his arrest and said that he had been using a false name to avoid arrest. He specifically said that he had failed to appear in court. That is more than sufficient evidence to support the conviction. C. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE TO CONVICT ON THE CONSPIRACY CHARGE Next, Grant contends that there was insufficient evidence to establish that he knowingly agreed to join or participate in a conspiracy with Wilson to possess and distribute cocaine and marijuana.3 He argues that his presence and association with Wilson, coupled with evidence of flight, is insufficient to sustain his conspiracy conviction. In order to establish the existence of a drug conspiracy between Grant and Wilson, the government must prove that there was an agreement between the two of them to violate the narcotics laws. See United States v. Farris, 77 F.3d 391, 394 (11th Cir.1996); United States v. Blasco, 702 F.2d 1315, 1330 (11th Cir.1983). The existence of a conspiracy can be established by either direct evidence or circumstantial evidence, such as inferences drawn from conduct. Farris, 77 F.3d at 394; Blasco, 702 F.2d 1330. The evidence supporting Grant's involvement in the conspiracy, viewed in the light most favorable to the conviction, is as follows. Grant traveled from Jamaica to Florida on March 18, 1993, the same day that Wilson traveled from Jamaica to Florida to conduct the cocaine transaction and one day before the transaction occurred. Grant then met Wilson at a bank, they left the bank together, and they drove by the residence where 3 Grant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction on the firearms charge. the cocaine transaction was to occur. Grant and Wilson then went to a restaurant, and after a short while Grant drove Wilson, who now possessed $50,000 in currency, to the residence of the undercover agent. At that residence, Wilson took delivery of one kilogram of cocaine and left after telling the agent that he was going to deliver the cocaine to the buyer. At the time of Wilson's arrest, almost immediately after his departure from the residence, he was on the telephone with Grant. Following his arrest, Grant admitted to the agent that while he was in Jamaica he had been contacted by Wilson to come to the United States to participate in a marijuana transaction. Grant was arrested after a high-speed flight from the area following Wilson's arrest, and there were loaded weapons and a large amount of cash in the vehicle. Grant later fled the country in order to avoid prosecution. Based on this evidence, a reasonable jury could find beyond a reasonable doubt, as the jury in this case did, that Grant was guilty of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine and marijuana. See Farris, 77 F.3d at 394-95. D. THE RULE 806 ISSUE At trial, the government used as evidence against Grant statements that had been made by co-conspirator Wilson during the course of the conspiracy. Those statements were admitted under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E), which allows co-conspirator statements to be admitted as substantive evidence against a defendant. Agent Mozas testified extensively regarding statements Wilson had made to him during the course of the conspiracy while Mozas was acting undercover. Those statements involved: (1) Wilson's plans to import marijuana into the United States; (2) Wilson's claims that he had a partner in Jamaica who was his neighbor; (3) Wilson's comments that he had buyers who would assist him in distributing marijuana and cocaine; and (4) Wilson's intent, after purchasing one kilogram of cocaine from the undercover agent, to take the cocaine to his partner for testing and evaluation. The statements of Wilson that Mozas testified about on direct examination did not directly mention Grant, but on cross-examination when asked whether Grant was ever present during any of the transactions between the undercover agents and Wilson, Mozas testified that Wilson had told him Grant was in Homosassa Springs and did not want to meet with anyone. Grant attempted to impeach the Wilson conspiracy statements that had been put into evidence through Mozas' testimony by introducing an affidavit which an attorney for Grant had obtained from Wilson in Jamaica. The affidavit was executed after the conspiracy ended and following Wilson's deportation to that country. The affidavit contained Wilson's sworn statements: that Grant had no knowledge of Wilson's actions in consummating the drug deal with the agents; that Wilson had falsely told the undercover agents he had a partner because Wilson did not want them to think he was acting alone; that Wilson had asked Grant to meet him in Tampa to loan him money; that none of the $50,000 in cash Wilson possessed came from Grant; and that Wilson had lied to the undercover agents about Grant not wanting to meet with anyone because Wilson was carrying a large amount of cash and wanted the undercover agents (whom he believed to be criminals) to think he had a partner. The district court refused to admit any of Wilson's affidavit statements, however, finding that they were not inconsistent, as required by Rule 806, with the statements of Wilson admitted through Mozas' testimony. Federal Rule of Evidence 806 provides, in relevant part: When a hearsay statement, or a statement defined in Rule 801(d)(2)(C), (D), or (E), has been admitted in evidence, the credibility of the declarant may be attacked, and if attacked may be supported, by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if declarant had testified as a witness. Evidence of a statement or conduct by the declarant at any time, inconsistent with the declarant's hearsay statement, is not subject to any requirement that the declarant may have been afforded an opportunity to deny or explain. Fed.R.Evid. 806. The government's principal argument mirrors the district court's reasoning that none of the statements in Wilson's affidavit are inconsistent with or contradictory to Wilson's conspiracy statements which were admitted through Mozas' testimony. The government points out that none of Wilson's conspiracy statements which were admitted at trial specifically identify Grant as Wilson's partner or as the source of any money used in the transaction. The only testimony that specifically identifies Grant, which was that Wilson had told the agents Grant was in Homosassa Springs and did not want to meet anyone, was elicited by Grant on cross-examination of Wilson and was not, the government contends, contradicted by anything in Wilson's affidavit. The government's conception of inconsistency is too narrow. Although Grant was specifically identified by Mozas only during cross-examination, his testimony in its entirety did circumstantially link Grant to the conspiracy. At the very least, it indicated that Wilson had a co-conspirator. The government attempted to avoid Rule 806 by carefully ensuring that Mozas, in testifying about Wilson's statements during the conspiracy, never specifically identified Grant as Wilson's co-conspirator, at least on direct examination, and then presenting other evidence indicating that Grant was Wilson's co-conspirator.4 Wilson's statements in the proffered affidavit, however, indicate that he had no co-conspirator and, further, that Grant had no involvement in Wilson's drug transactions. The Rule 806 test is not whether the inconsistent statements relate to the identity of co-conspirators; that's not what the Rule says. Instead, it says that "any" evidence is admissible "which would be admissible ... if [the] declarant had testified as a witness" from the stand. Fed.R.Evid. 806. If Wilson had been called as a witness and testified, for example, that he was taking the cocaine he was buying to his partner to test and evaluate it, his affidavit statements indicating that he had lied to the agents when he told them he had a partner would surely be admissible. Likewise, if Wilson had testified and during cross-examination had said that Grant did not want to meet with anyone, his affidavit statement that he had lied about that would be admissible to impeach him. The test is whether the out-of-court statements would have been admissible for impeachment purposes had the co-conspirator statements been delivered from the witness stand by the co-conspirator himself, not as hearsay about what he said during the conspiracy but as contemporaneous in-court statements. The government's position in this case echos its unsuccessful argument in United States v. Wali, 860 F.2d 588 (3d Cir.1988), which involved a remarkably similar Rule 806 issue. That case involved Abdul Wali's conviction on charges of conspiracy to import Schedule I controlled substances in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846 & 963. Wali, 860 F.2d at 589. An undercover DEA agent testified at Wali's trial as to statements made during the conspiracy by a drug kingpin, Stanley Karl Esser, which implicated a person named "Hadji" as the source of narcotics. Id. The district court, however, denied Wali's attempt to impeach Esser's credibility by admitting inconsistent statements Esser had made to the undercover DEA Agent and to Dutch authorities which exonerated Wali. Id. at 589-90. On appeal, the government argued that Esser's exculpatory statements were not inconsistent and therefore not admissible pursuant to Rule 806, because in his inculpatory co-conspirator statements "Esser 4 That other evidence included the fact that Grant traveled from Jamaica to Florida on the same day that Wilson did, met Wilson at a bank and left with him, and they drove by the undercover residence together. Grant and Wilson also went to a restaurant together, before Grant drove Wilson, who possessed $50,000 in cash, to the undercover residence. At the time of his arrest, Wilson was on the telephone with Grant, and Grant admitted that while he was in Jamaica Wilson had contacted him to come to the United States to participate in a marijuana transaction. Grant was also arrested after a high-speed flight shortly after Wilson's arrest in a vehicle containing two firearms and a large amount of cash. Grant later fled the country to avoid prosecution. never stated that Abdul Wali was either the source of his narcotics or the 'Hadji' who supplied him." Id. at 591. The government claimed that Wali's identity as the "Hadji" who supplied the narcotics was established only circumstantially through evidence other than the co-conspirator statements. Id. The Third Circuit rejected that argument, holding that although Esser's co-conspirator statements never specifically identified Wali as the "Hadji" who was the source of his narcotics, the government had used those statements to prove the existence of a conspiracy to import drugs, thereby inculpating Wali. Id. The Third Circuit's analysis in Wali is sound and fits snugly onto our facts. The government used Wilson's co-conspirator statements to help establish the existence of a conspiracy to distribute cocaine and marijuana, which is one of the elements of the crime charged against Grant. The statements in Wilson's affidavit were inconsistent with the existence of any conspiracy at all, and for that reason were inconsistent with his co-conspirator statements. The government's first fallback argument is that even if the co-conspirator statements of Wilson admitted at trial were inconsistent with the affidavit statements, the affidavit is inadmissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 4035 because its probative value is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. That is not the ground upon which the district court excluded the evidence. Nonetheless, the government maintains that the affidavit evidence would be unfairly prejudicial because the statements, if believed, would provide Grant with a complete defense, rather than merely impeaching Wilson's co-conspirator statements admitted through Mozas. Rule 403 is an "extraordinary remedy," United States v. Utter, 97 F.3d 509, 514-15 (11th Cir.1996) (citation omitted), whose "major function ... is limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect," United States v. Cross, 928 F.2d 1030, 1048 (11th Cir.1991) (internal quotation omitted). The Rule carries a "strong presumption in favor of admissibility." United States v. Church, 955 F.2d 688, 703 (11th Cir.1992). Wilson's inculpatory co-conspirator statements were important pieces of evidence in the government's case. The impeaching statements in the affidavit would serve to cast doubt on Wilson's credibility and would have significant 5 Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides, in relevant part: Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice ... Fed.R.Evid. 403. probative value for that purpose. Whatever prejudice to the government that might occur from admitting the affidavit statements could not substantially outweigh their probative value, anymore than it could if those affidavit statements had been admitted for impeachment following live testimony of Wilson to the same effect as his co-conspirator statements. The evidence of the affidavit statements could do no more than impeach and could not provide "a complete defense" if the government requested the limiting instruction to which it would have been entitled. See Weeks v. Angelone, 528 U.S. 225, 234, 120 S.Ct. 727, 733, 145 L.Ed.2d 727 (2000) ("A jury is presumed to follow its instructions."). The government's second fallback argument is that Wilson's affidavit statements were properly excluded from evidence because they were particularly unreliable, even though that was not the basis of the district court's ruling. The government points out that Wilson continued to inculpate Grant in the conspiracy after his arrest and before a federal grand jury, and only gave statements exculpating Grant after he had been deported to Jamaica and was no longer subject to prosecution for perjury.6 The government maintains that because the statements in the affidavit were so unreliable, admitting them would not have affected the outcome of the trial—sort of a harmless error argument. The government's argument on this point is more than a little inconsistent with its Rule 403 argument that the affidavit statements were terribly prejudicial to its case. Putting that inconsistency aside, however, Rule 806 made the statements admissible for impeachment purposes, and the point of admitting inconsistent statements to impeach is not to show that they are true, but to aid the jury in deciding whether the witness is credible; the usual argument of the party doing the impeaching is that the inconsistent statements show the witness is too unreliable to be believed on important matters. See United States v. Graham, 858 F.2d 986, 990 n. 5 (5th Cir.1988) ("[T]he hallmark of an inconsistent statement offered to impeach a witness's testimony is that the statement is not hearsay within the meaning of the term, i.e., it is not offered for the truth of the matter asserted, see Fed.R.Evid. 801(c); rather, it is offered only to establish that the witness has said both 6 Federal Rule of Evidence 806 provides that if the credibility of the declarant is attacked, it may be supported by any evidence which would be admissible for those purposes if he testified as a witness. We have no occasion to express a view upon whether the other out-of-court statements of Wilson, such as his grand jury testimony, will be admissible once his affidavit statements come into evidence. Likewise, we do not have occasion to decide at this time whether, by giving affidavit statements as Wilson did in this case, a co-conspirator waives his privilege against self-incrimination. Nor do we express any view on whether, if the government attempts to depose the co-conspirator affiant or call him to the stand, and he refuses to answer questions on the subject matter addressed in his affidavit statements, those statements must be stricken. 'x' and 'not x' and is therefore unreliable."). Given all the circumstances of this case, that strategy might well have worked to undermine the probative effect of Wilson's co-conspirator statements to such an extent that the verdict on the conspiracy charge would have been different. For that reason, we reverse Grant's conviction on that charge. As to Grant's conviction for using a firearm during a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), the conspiracy was the only drug trafficking crime that the indictment alleged as that essential element of the firearms charge. Accordingly, the exclusion of the affidavit statements also requires reversal of Grant's conviction on the firearms charge. III. CONCLUSION There was sufficient evidence to support Grant's conviction for failure to appear and we AFFIRM his conviction on that charge. We do have jurisdiction over Grant's appeal of the conspiracy and firearms charges, and there was sufficient evidence to support Grant's conviction on those charges. However, the district court erroneously excluded Wilson's statements contained in his affidavit and, accordingly, we REVERSE the judgment of conviction and sentence for both the conspiracy and firearms charges, and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

MK Arena It first opened in 2014 for the National Badminton Championships and has since hosted everything from exhibitions to car launches. Milton Keynes is an easy to access part of the country, located centrally between Birmingham and London, with over 18 million people within an hours drive. The Arena is built into the Stadium MK, a 30,500 seat stadium, which is the home of the MK Dons Football Club and the 304 bedroom DoubleTree by Hilton Milton Keynes.

WARREN ELLIS is a graphic novelist and author of the NYT best-selling novel GUN MACHINE. His graphic novel GLOBAL FREQUENCY is being developed for television by Jerry Bruckheimer and FOX. He is the writer of the graphic novel RED, adapted into the film starring Bruce Willis and Helen Mirren. His next book is NORMAL from FSG. 28. The Maiden Published May 20, 2011 by Warren Ellis Listen to what the ghosts are telling you. A man called James Douglas gave the Maiden, an early form of guillotine, to the court of Mary Queen Of Scots in the 1500s. Legend has it that he was also the first person to be executed with it. As a rule, Western societies tend to need people like you to give the concepts behind digital cities to them.

[The effects of cognitive behavioral anger management program on self-consciousness and anger in Korean military man]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cognitive behavioral anger management intervention in order to increase self-consciousness and decrease anger among Korean military men. A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. Ninety two soldiers were screened for unhealthy anger expression using a questionnaire. Among them, 26 soldiers who showed unhealthy anger expression were selected for this study. They were matched by rank and assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group received the intervention three consecutive times, once a week and for 120 minutes per session. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention for anger (the State-Trait Anger Scale) and self-consciousness (Self-consciousness Scale). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi- square-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcox on signed rank test. There was no statistically significant decrease in anger or increase in self-consciousness between the two groups following treatment. However, there was a significant increase in private self-consciousness in the treatment group after the intervention(p=.006). The cognitive behavioral anger management program improves private self-consciousness in soldiers. However, Additional research is needed to explore whether long-term intervention is more effective for anger control in the military setting. The findings from this study suggest that more attention should be given to mental health care for Korean soldiers.

Stars With Tax Problems California tax authorities said Anderson owes $524,241 in personal income taxes. The Franchise Tax Board included the “Baywatch” star on a list of the state’s 500 biggest income-tax delinquents posted Friday. A call to Anderson’s tax attorney, Robert Leonard, wasn’t immediately returned. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images According to E! Online, Richie owes the federal government $1.1 million in unpaid taxes and that a lien has been issued warning that the singers’ assets may be seized if he doesn’t pay up in a timely manner. A message seeking comments from Richie’s publicist wasn’t immediately returned Saturday. Stars With Rax Problems Photo by Christopher Polk/Getty Images “Girls Gone Wild” founder, Joe Francis owes $794,000 in taxes. Francis also spent 10 months in jail in 2007 for tax evasion. The plea deal also required him to make restitution. 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Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Theo Wargo/Getty Images for Heart Truth NEW YORK (CBS SF/AP) – Records show supermodel Christie Brinkley owes $531,000 in back taxes, and the IRS has filed a lien against her. The Daily News of New York reports that the tax lien was filed Nov. 21 on a mansion in Bridgehampton on New York’s Long Island, where she lives. A spokeswoman for Brinkley says the star was surprised to hear the lien had been filed. Spokeswoman Claire Mercuri says: “Christie Brinkley … has instructed her team to resolve the matter immediately.” Brinkley says in a statement the lien was a “result of an error” and pledges it will be paid in full by Wednesday, December 6th. Brinkley says she regrets not paying more attention to her accounting. She says she’s been focused on her parents, who are dealing with “serious health issues.” Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Larry Busacca/Getty Images for Overture Films Actor Wesley Snipes, seen at the premiere of “Brooklyn’s Finest” in New York on March 2, 2010, was sentenced to three years in prison in 2008 for failing to file Federal income tax returns. Free while appealing the conviction, he has yet to serve time. Stars With Tax Problems Photo credit should read Scott Nelson/AFP/Getty Images Richard Hatch, the very first winner of CBS’ “Survivor” reality TV show, spent several years in prison after being convicted by a Rhode Island jury of evading taxes on his “Survivor” winnings, other appearance fees and rentals from property he owns. Stars With Tax Problems Scott Nelson/AFP/Getty Images Paul Hogan in “Crocodile Dundee,” was prevented from leaving his native Australia for two weeks this summer over a long-simmering tax problem that still is to be resolved. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images Pete Rose, pictured at a book signing Jan. 8, 2004, in Ridgewood, N.J., spent five months in jail in the 1990s for failure to report income he received from selling autographs and memorabilia, and from horse racing winnings. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Paul Hawthorne/Getty Images Hotel magnate Leona Helmsley, seen April 27, 2004 in New York, was convicted of tax evasion in 1989 and spent 18 months in prison. When she died in 2007, she left behind an estate of $4 billion, part of which went to her dog. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Michael Loccisano/Getty Images Actor Sean Connery is in hot water in Spain over the sale of a beach home. On Oct. 15, 2010, the 80-year-old actor claimed his age and ill health prevented him from attending a hearing at which Spanish magistrates are investigating allegations of tax evasion and money-laundering involving the sale of the Costa del Sol property. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Rick Diamond/Getty Images Willie Nelson, pictured at the Glastonbury Festival on June 25, 2010, was told by the IRS in 1990 that he owed $32 million in back taxes, penalties and interest. He paid it off in three years by selling most of his assets, borrowing from friends and turning over to the IRS all proceeds from his next album “The IRS Tapes: Who’ll Buy My Memories:?” He later sued his management team. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Andrew H. Walker/Getty Images In August of 2010, the IRS reportedly filed a tax lien against British model Naomi Campbell, claiming she owes $63,487 for taxes assessed in 2009. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Ethan Miller/Getty Images Singer Marc Anthony, accused of failing to file tax returns for five years, agreed to pay $2.5 million in back taxes, interest and penalties in 2007. He blamed the failure on his financial management team, which included his own brother. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Ben Pruchnie/Getty Images Singer and former Haitian presidential candidate Wyclef Jean, pictured here on Aug. 19, 2010, owes the IRS $2.1 million, according to The Smoking Gun, which claims the government filed tax liens against Jean for income not reported in 2006, 2007 and 2008. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Taylor Hill/Getty Images Oscar-winning actor Nicolas Cage has sold off some of his homes in an effort to pay taxes he owes the U.S. Government. Cage has blamed his tax problems on a former business manager against whom he has filed a filed a $20 million civil lawsuit. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Jamie Squire/Getty Images Race car driver Helio Castroneves, seen winning the IndyCar Series’ Grand Prix of Sonoma auto race,Aug. 24, 2008. The fall 2007 winner of “Dancing With The Stars” was acquitted last year of charges that he used offshore accounts to avoid paying taxes on the income he earned from a $15 million Penske licensing deal. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Jason Merritt/Getty Images Actor Chris Tucker allegedly owes a boatload of money to the IRS: more than $11 million in unpaid taxes, according to a celebrity website. According to TMZ, officials at the Internal Revenue Service filed documents with the Los Angeles County Recorder’s Office stating Tucker owes $11,571,909.26 in federal tax debts for the years 2001, 2002 and 2004 through 2006. It’s not the first time the Rush Hour star had issues with the IRS. TMZ previously reported that Tucker had a $3.5 million lien filed against him by California state tax authorities in 2009. Stars With Tax Problems Photo by Larry Busacca/Getty Images for Overture Films Rapper Ja Rule admitted Tuesday that he failed to pay taxes on more than $3 million in income, pleading guilty to tax evasion in federal court in New Jersey. The platinum-selling rapper earned the money between 2004 and 2006 while he lived in Saddle River, an upscale community in northern New Jersey.

An investigation of penetration depth control using parallel opposed ultrasound arrays and a scanning reflector. A theoretical study of penetration depth control in superficial hyperthermia utilizing parallel opposed linear ultrasound arrays and a double-faced (V-shaped) scanning reflector is presented. This is a dual array system (DAS), where one array operates at a low frequency and the other at a high frequency (1 and 5 MHz, respectively in this study). The arrays are positioned facing each other and both are aimed at a double-faced scanning reflector which distributes the energy over the scanned surface. Each reflecting surface is angled at 45 degrees with respect to the sound propagation direction so that both beams are deflected in the same direction toward the treatment volume. The system was designed to be compatible for combined operation with a medical linear accelerator for the delivery of simultaneous thermoradiotherapy. It is demonstrated that by varying the excitation magnitude of one array relative to the other, it is possible to control the magnitude of absorbed energy as a function of depth, and thus improved control of the heating pattern in all three spatial dimensions is obtained. This improvement is demonstrated with bio-heat transfer simulations which show how penetration depth control translates into control of temperature distributions. The simulations also show that the DAS is able to produce more uniform temperature distributions in highly perfused tissue.

Understanding Islam Series Understanding Islam Series will be happening at Redlands Peace Academy starting Tuesday April 10th at 7pm. Please come and learn about your Muslim co-worker/neighbor/pharmacist and possibly your physician

Does matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry allow analysis of carbohydrate heterogeneity in glycoproteins? A study of natural human interferon-gamma. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a dimeric, secretory glycoprotein produced by T-lymphocytes. The glycan micro-heterogeneity of natural human IFN-gamma was characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI/MS) combined with glycosidase digestion. The glycan structures at the two potential glycosylation sites, asparagine 25 and 97, differ in composition and heterogeneity. The glycan at Asn 25 consists of a mixture of hybrid structures and fucosylated complex bi-, tri- and tetra-antennary structures, whereas the glycan at Asn 97 is more heterogeneous and consists of a mixture of high mannose structures, hybrid structures and unfucosylated complex bi- and tri-antennary structures. The contribution to the observed glycan heterogeneity by prompt and metastable fragmentation was evaluated by treatments with different exoglycosidases and by comparison of linear, reflected and delayed extraction MALDI/TOF mass spectra. Heterogeneity observed with the matrices alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone was compared. Most of the heterogeneity can be attributed to native structure diversity and only to a minor extent to mass spectrometric fragmentation such as fragmentational loss of sialic acid residues.

Poisoning of sheep by seeds of Crotalaria retusa: acquired resistance by continuous administration of low doses. Seeds of Crotalaria retusa containing 6.84% (dry weight) of monocrotaline (MCT) were administered experimentally to sheep. Three sheep that received 136.8mg MCT/kg bw daily for 70 days had no clinical signs. Five out of six sheep ingesting single doses of 205.2 and 273.6mg MCT/kg bw died with acute (three sheep) or chronic intoxication (two sheep). Acute intoxicated sheep had periacinar liver necrosis and chronic intoxicated sheep liver fibrosis and megalocytosis. Another three sheep had no clinical signs after the ingestion of 20 daily doses of 136.8mg MCT/kg, followed by seven doses of 273.6mg MCT/kg, and one single dose of 342mg MCT/kg. These experiments demonstrated that sheep are susceptible to acute intoxication by MCT being intoxicated by a single oral dose of approximately 205.2mg/kg. In contrast, they develop strong resistance to MCT after the daily ingestion of non lethal doses (136.8mg/kg). It is suggested that chronic poisoning does not occur by the repeated ingestion of non acutely toxic doses, but probably by the ingestion of single toxic doses. It is also suggested that sheep do not become intoxicated with the ingestion of C. retusa in the vegetative non-seeding stage.

All relevant data are within the the paper and its Supporting Information file. Introduction {#sec001} ============ There is strong evidence that insufficient physical activity (PA) is associated with increased risk of developing lifestyle-related diseases and premature death \[[@pone.0175190.ref001]\]. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is not consistently defined, but includes: overweight, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in various combinations \[[@pone.0175190.ref002]\]. The presence of MetS carries a high risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes \[[@pone.0175190.ref003]\]. Importantly, MetS is also associated with physical inactivity, further aggravating the risk of cardiovascular events \[[@pone.0175190.ref004]\]. The definition of PA is "any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure" and can be categorized as e.g. a household, occupational, leisure time, and sporting activity \[[@pone.0175190.ref005]\]. Exercise is PA with the objective to improve or maintain physical fitness components and is categorized in terms of the type, frequency, duration, intensity, and purpose \[[@pone.0175190.ref006]\]. The internationally recommended minimum level of PA \[[@pone.0175190.ref007]\] is moderate-intensity aerobic PA 150 min per week or, alternatively, vigorous-intensity aerobic PA 75 min per week, which has been associated with a clinically relevant risk reduction. Additional health benefits can be achieved by increased PA, above the national recommendation levels \[[@pone.0175190.ref008]\]. Despite the evidence-based positive effects of regular PA on health, implementing PA as an integrated method of treatment in health care remains a major challenge \[[@pone.0175190.ref009]\]. The Swedish National Board of Health's guidelines for disease prevention methods recommend the use of individual-based dialogue, written information, training diaries, a pedometer, and structured follow-up when the patient's PA level is insufficient \[[@pone.0175190.ref010]\]. An example of such a treatment strategy is physical activity on prescription (PAP), which is individually tailored for each patient and prescribed for preventive and therapeutic purposes as a first-line treatment. Meta-analyses of international PAP studies show varying results, with small to medium positive intervention effects when comparing increased PA levels with usual care. However, there is uncertainty due to the lack of high quality studies and further research is needed with more homogenized, comparable PAP interventions, longer follow-up, and objective measures of outcome \[[@pone.0175190.ref011], [@pone.0175190.ref012]\]. Swedish lifestyle interventions, including PAP, has shown to be cost-effective \[[@pone.0175190.ref013], [@pone.0175190.ref014]\] and the Swedish PAP intervention method had positive effects on PA levels, body composition, cardio metabolic risk factors, and health related quality of life (HRQOL) \[[@pone.0175190.ref015], [@pone.0175190.ref016]\]. Although scientific evidence has resulted in clinical treatment guidelines \[[@pone.0175190.ref010]\] and there are some evaluated Swedish PAP studies \[[@pone.0175190.ref015]--[@pone.0175190.ref018]\], PA is still underutilized as a treatment strategy in Swedish health care \[[@pone.0175190.ref019], [@pone.0175190.ref020]\]. There is still a lack of knowledge about PAP interventions suitable for different patient groups to improve their PA level and health outcomes. Further studies are needed evaluating clinical feasible PAP strategies on a large sample \[[@pone.0175190.ref021]--[@pone.0175190.ref023]\]. In primary care in the city of Gothenburg, health care centers have implemented PAP-treatment, individualized for patients with metabolic risk factors, with the purpose of increasing the PA level and health benefits. This specific model of PAP-treatment in daily clinical work has not been evaluated and may add new insights on how the extent of the intervention affects the PA level and health status. The aim of this observational study was to explore the association between PAP-treatment and the PA level of patients with metabolic risk factors and the relationship between changes in the PA level and health outcomes, including metabolic risk factors and HRQOL at the 6-month follow-up. Methods {#sec002} ======= Study design {#sec003} ------------ This is a prospective, longitudinal observational study with a 6-month follow-up of PAP-treatment in a daily clinical primary care practice. The present study is part of an ongoing study with a 5 year follow-up. Study population {#sec004} ---------------- The study population included 444 patients, aged 27--85 years. The patients were selected as a convenience sample from 15 primary health care centers in Gothenburg center/west. The patients agreed with their health care provider to participate in the study before they were prescribed PA and were included prospectively from 2010 to 2014. The population of central/western Gothenburg is 220 000 and has a higher socio-economic status compared with Gothenburg overall \[[@pone.0175190.ref024]\]. The inclusion criteria were: physically inactive, having at least one component of MetS present, and receiving PAP-treatment. The patients also had to understand the Swedish language to fill in the questionnaires. Intervention {#sec005} ------------ The patient was informed of the possibility to receive treatment with PAP by written information in the waiting room and orally by their caregiver. All authorized personnel were educated on the effects of PA according to the *Physical activity in the prevention and treatment of disease* (FYSS) \[[@pone.0175190.ref025]\] and the concept of the Swedish PAP model. Authorized personnel, mainly nurses, at the health care centers prescribed PA to the patients. The PAP included a dialogue with the patient, based on the principles of motivational interviewing (MI) \[[@pone.0175190.ref026]\]. Each patient's previous and current level of PA and their preferences for different kinds of PAs were elucidated. Furthermore, the patient's motivation, self-efficacy, and readiness to change PA behaviour were evaluated. This information served as the basis for the selection of the type and volume of the PA. The volume of the chosen PA was determined using the FYSS reference book, and the most suitable activity was prescribed at the appropriate relative intensity using the Borg's rate of perceived exertion scale \[[@pone.0175190.ref027]\] as well as duration and frequency. To help the patient to choose a suitable PA, a registry of the local supply of PA's was presented. It was possible to recommend two different types of PA in the PAP. This resulted, for each patient, in an individually tailored PA recommendation planned in dialogue with the patient and followed by a structured follow-up. The patients were offered individually adjusted support during the 6 month intervention period, either by revisits or telephone contacts. Measurements {#sec006} ------------ The measurements described below were conducted when PA was first prescribed as well as at the 6-month follow-up. ### PA level {#sec007} The PA level was the primary outcome and four questionnaires were used due to the known complexity of PA assessments. 1. Self-assessment was according to the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and American Heart Association (AHA) public health recommendations. The patient responded to two PA questions (ACSM/AHA questionnaire), where 30 min of moderate-intensity PA per day resulted in 1 point and 20 min of more vigorous-intensity PA per day resulted in 1.7 point during each specific day of the week. A value of \<5 points indicated an inadequate PA level \[[@pone.0175190.ref028]\]. 2. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) assessed the level of PA during the last 7 days. This instrument is extensively tested and translated into Swedish and can assess vigorous- and moderate-intensity PA, walking, and sitting time \[[@pone.0175190.ref029], [@pone.0175190.ref030]\]. 3. The Saltin-Grimby Physical Activity Level Scale (SGPALS) assessed leisure time PA during the past year at four different levels, from sedentary/physically inactive to vigorous physically active \[[@pone.0175190.ref031]\]. The levels have been validated against e.g. metabolic risk factors \[[@pone.0175190.ref032], [@pone.0175190.ref033]\] and the SGPALS has been published in an updated Swedish form \[[@pone.0175190.ref034]\]. 4. A six-grade PA scale, which is a further development of the SGPALS (Frändin/Grimby), was used and includes household activities \[[@pone.0175190.ref035]\]. This scale correlates with physical performance and self-assessed fitness and is used to classify PA among the elderly \[[@pone.0175190.ref036]\]. ### Anthropometrics {#sec008} Body weight was measured with light clothing and without shoes to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electric scale (Carl Lidén AFW D300, Jönköping, Sweden). Body height was measured in an upright position without shoes to the nearest 0.5 cm using a scale fixed to the wall (Personmått PEM 136, Hultafors, Sweden), and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Waist circumference (WC), to the nearest 0.5 cm, was measured in a standing exhaled position, with a measuring-tape (Kirchner Wilhelm, Aspberg, Germany) placed on the patient's skin between the lower rib and the iliac crest. ### Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure (SBP, DBP) {#sec009} The SBP and DBP were measured in mmHg according to guidelines \[[@pone.0175190.ref037]\] after 5 min rest with the patient seated with a blood pressure sphygmomanometer (Omron HEM-907, Kyoto, Japan) attached to the right upper arm at the level of the heart. ### Blood samples {#sec010} Blood samples were used to measure (in mmol/l) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) after an overnight fast, triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (Chol), High Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Values were analyzed according to the European Accreditation system \[[@pone.0175190.ref038]\]. ### The cut-off values of MetS components {#sec011} Cut-off values were according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) classification and were: WC \>88 cm for women, \>102 cm for men; BP ≥130/85 mm Hg; FPG ≥6.1 mmol/l; TG ≥1.7 mmol/l; or HDL \<1.3 mmol/l for women, \<1.0 mmol/l for men \[[@pone.0175190.ref039]\]. ### Health related quality of life {#sec012} The HRQOL was assessed with the Swedish version of the Short Form 36 (SF-36 Standard Swedish Version 1.0), which includes 36 questions \[[@pone.0175190.ref040]\]. It generates eight health concepts: physical functioning (PF), role physical functioning (RP), bodily pain (BP), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF), role emotional functioning (RE), and mental health (MH). The health concepts were converted to 0--100 points, where higher values represented a better HRQOL. The different health concepts of the SF-36 were also grouped into a physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS). The SF-36 has shown good to excellent internal consistency and reliability and was validated in a representative sample of the Swedish population \[[@pone.0175190.ref040]\]. ### Readiness to change the PA level {#sec013} The readiness to change the PA level was measured at baseline using three questions estimated on a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS): How prepared are you? How important is it to you? How confident are you to succeed (self-efficacy)? The questions were derived from MI and behaviour change counseling, according to Rollninck et al. \[[@pone.0175190.ref041], [@pone.0175190.ref042]\], where higher values on the VAS indicated increased readiness to change. ### Support from the PAP-responsible nurse {#sec014} The support from the nurse responsible for the PAP was assessed at the 6-month follow-up by questioning the patient about the frequency of visits at the health care center. Statistical analysis {#sec015} ==================== Interval and ratio data are presented as the mean (m) and the dispersion as a standard deviation (SD) or 95% confidence interval (CI). Nominal and ordinal data were presented as the median (md) and minimum---maximum (min---max). A per-protocol analysis was used and differences between baseline and the 6-month follow-up, within the group, were analyzed using the paired sample t-test or Wilcoxon sign-rank test, based on the data level. Subgroup analyses between women *vs*. men and the completed group *vs*. dropout group were performed using the independent sample t-test or Mann Whitney U-test. A standardized measure of effect size (*d*) in the within-subject comparisons ($Cohen^{\prime}s\,~d_{z} \times \sqrt{2}$) was reported to quantify the degree of differentiation in values between baseline and the 6-month follow-up. The effect size was considered small when *d* = 0.2--0.3, as medium when *d* = 0.5, and as large when *d* = 0.8 \[[@pone.0175190.ref043]\]. In regression analysis, both multivariate and univariate methods were used to evaluate associations between changes in the PA level and changes in health outcomes, when adjusting for potential confounders. The predictor of interest was change in PA level, calculated as a Delta (Δ)-value (6-month value minus baseline value), and the PA level at baseline, age, sex, social situation, economy, education, and smoking were examined as potential confounders. The outcomes could be classified into two clusters. The first cluster contained Δ-values of the metabolic risk factors (BMI, WC, SBP, DBP, FPG, TG, Chol, HDL, LDL) and the second cluster contained Δ-values of self-reported health, using the SF-36 HRQOL (PF, RP, BP, GH, VT, SF, RE, MH, PCS, MCS). Univariate multiple linear regression was used to check whether or not a change in PA was significantly correlated with the nineteen independent variables, one at a time, when all the potential confounders were considered. Multivariate linear regression was then used to test if changes in PA were significantly associated with the two clusters (change in metabolic risk factors and change in self-rated health) and not just the specific variables in the clusters. The significance was tested using a regression-based MANOVA and test-statistic for Pillai's trace. Assumptions of normality, linearity, and outliers were checked using residual plots. All data in regression analysis were analyzed using SPSS for Windows, version 23 (IBM Corp. Armonk, NY, USA). A *p*-value \<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The patient's contact frequency with the PAP-responsible nurse was categorized in 1--2, 3--5, 6--10, 11--20, and ≥21 contacts. All statistical analyses, except the regression analysis, were calculated in SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp. in Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at *p* ≤0.05. Ethical aspects {#sec016} =============== The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Gothenburg, Sweden (Dnr 678--14). Results {#sec017} ======= Study population {#sec018} ---------------- Of the 444 included individuals, 368 completed the 6 months of follow-up. The dropout rate was 17% ([Fig 1](#pone.0175190.g001){ref-type="fig"}). {#pone.0175190.g001} Baseline characteristics {#sec019} ------------------------ The mean age of the study population was 57 years, with 56% female. Overweight/obesity was present in 91%, hypertension in 78%, and 58% had hyperlipidemia ([Table 1](#pone.0175190.t001){ref-type="table"}). Two components of MetS, WC (\>88 cm for women, \>102 cm for men) and BP (≥130/85 mm Hg) were present in 72% and WC (\>88 cm for women, \>102 cm for men) and TG (≥1.7 mmol/l) in 53%. At baseline, 61% were taking medications for components of MetS, including 54% for hypertension and 22% for hyperlipidemia. The PA level was estimated to be low, using all four PA instruments. A total of 36% of subjects were sedentary according to SGPALS, 80% reported PA equivalent to a 30 min brisk walk three times per week or less and 47% reported ≤1 time per week, according to the ACSM/AHA questionnaire ([Table 2](#pone.0175190.t002){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t001 ###### Baseline characteristics of the follow-up and dropout group. {#pone.0175190.t001g} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Variable[^a^](#t001fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} Follow-up\ Dropout\ *p* value[^b^](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} (n = 368) (n = 76) ------------------------------------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------- **Age**---years 57.4 (10.9) 57.6 (13.1) 0.955 **Sex** **0.011** Female 198 (53.8) 53 (69.7) Male 170 (46.2) 23 (30.3) **Nationality** 0.915 Sweden 312 (86.0) 62 (84.9) Other 51 (14.0) 11 (15.1) **Social situation** 0.144 Single 135 (37.9) 35 (48.6) Married/ cohabit 205 (57.6) 33 (45.8) Other 16 (4.5) 4 (5.6) **Economy**---perceived 0.467 Good 213 (59.3) 36 (50.7) Neither nor 107 (29.8) 19 (26.8) Bad 39 (10.9) 16 (22.5) **Education** 0.117 Elementary grade 69 (19.2) 14 (19.4) Upper secondary school 131 (36.4) 36 (50) University college 160 (44.4) 22 (30.6) **Tobacco** 0.871 Smokers 34 (9.5) 10 (13.9) Non-smokers 229 (63.8) 41 (56.9) Ex-smokers 96 (26.7) 21 (29.2) **Part of metabolic syndrome** Overweight/Obesity 333 (90.5) 71 (93.4) 0.245 Hyperglycemia 144 (39.1) 30 (39.5) 0.672 Hypertension 293 (79.6) 53 (69.7) 0.117 Hyperlipidemia 212 (57.6) 41 (53.9) 0.801 Other diagnosis Mental health, depression 52 (14.1) 13 (17.1) 0.446 Musculoskeletal disorders 58 (15.8) 19 (25) **0.040** Other 155 (42.1) 38 (50) 0.172 **Drug treatment** Overweight/Obesity 1 (0.3) 1 (1.3) 0.207 Hyperglycemia 46 (12.5) 13 (17.1) 0.246 Hypertension 196 (53.3) 40 (52.6) 0.901 Hyperlipidemia 77 (20.9) 17 (22.4) 0.694 Other drug treatment Mental health, depression 52 (14.1) 12 (15.8) 0.642 Musculoskeletal disorders 49 (13.3) 11 (14.5) 0.723 Other 132 (35.9) 35 (46.1) 0.064 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ^a^ Age data are given as mean (standard deviation) and data for other variables are given as number (percentage). ^b^ Difference between follow-up and dropout group. *P*-value for age was determined by an independent samples *t*-test and all the other characteristics were determined by Mann-Whitney U-test. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t002 ###### Baseline characteristics in anthropometrics, metabolic risk factors, physical activity level and health related quality of life---Follow-up and dropout group. {#pone.0175190.t002g} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable[^a^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} Follow-up\ Dropout\ *p* value[^b^](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} (n = 368) (n = 76) ------------------------------------------------ -------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------- BMI, kg/m^2^ 32.0 (5.2) 33.0 (5.8) 0.104 Waist circumference, cm 107.9 (13.1) 109.2 (13.5) 0.423 Blood pressure, mm/Hg: Systolic 137.3 (17.4) 135.8 (19.3) 0.515 Diastolic 82.7 (10.2) 79.6 (9.9) **0.017** Metabolic components, mmol/l: Fasting plasma glucose 6.3 (1.9) 6.3 (1.8) 0.894 Triglycerides 1.7 (1.0) 1.8 (0.9) 0.597 Cholesterol 5.6 (1.2) 5.6 (1.2) 0.949 HDL 1.4 (0.4) 1.4 (0.6) 0.549 LDL 3.6 (1.1) 3.6 (1.0) 0.734 Physical activity level, score: ACSM/AHA questionnaire 1.7 (1.5) 1.7 (1.4) 0.975 HRQOL SF-36, score: Physical functioning 81.1 (18.3) 70.4 (24.1) **0.001** Role limitation, physical 69.9 (37.3) 58.1 (42.1) **0.030** Bodily pain 67.0 (26.7) 55.1 (28.1) **0.001** General health 60.5 (20.4) 53.5 (20.1) **0.009** Vitality 52.4 (23.2) 44.7 (23.6) **0.010** Social function 78.9 (25.2) 68.8 (29.2) **0.007** Role limitation, emotional 72.9 (39.0) 58.6 (45.2) **0.015** Mental health 72.1 (19.9) 65.8 (21.9) **0.016** Physical component summary 45.7 (9.9) 41.4 (10.8) **0.001** Mental component summary 44.4 (13.1) 40.0 (14.6) **0.012** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BMI, body mass index; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. ^a^ Data are given as mean (standard deviation). ^b^ Difference between follow-up and dropout group. *P*-value for the variables was determined by an independent samples *t*-test. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. A higher proportion of women and musculoskeletal disorders and a lower level of SF-36 HRQOL were seen in the dropout group (Tables [1](#pone.0175190.t001){ref-type="table"} and [2](#pone.0175190.t002){ref-type="table"}). There was a significantly lower SF-36 value, not presented in table, for BP (*p* = 0.048) among women compared with men in the dropout group. A lower DBP was also present in the dropout group ([Table 2](#pone.0175190.t002){ref-type="table"}). In a subgroup analysis between men and women, inferior values were seen in metabolic health (DBP, FPG, TG, Chol, HDL) for men and in HRQOL (PF, BP, SF, RE, MH, PCS) for women at baseline ([Table 3](#pone.0175190.t003){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t003 ###### Baseline characteristics in anthropometrics, metabolic risk factors, physical activity level and health related quality of life---Men and women. {#pone.0175190.t003g} -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable[^a^](#t003fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} Men\ Women\ *p* value[^b^](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} (n = 193) (n = 251) ------------------------------------------------ -------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------- BMI, kg/m^2^ 32.2 (5.0) 32.1 (5.6) 0.788 Waist circumference, cm 113 (12.4) 104 (12.5) **\<0.001** Blood pressure, mm/Hg: Systolic 137.4 (17.1) 136.7 (18.2) 0.668 Diastolic 83.5 (10.9) 81.1 (9.4) **0.016** Metabolic components, mmol/l: Fasting plasma glucose 6.6 (2.2) 6.0 (1.5) **0.003** Triglycerides 2.0 (1.2) 1.5 (0.7) **\<0.001** Cholesterol 5.4 (1.2) 5.7 (1.2) **0.004** HDL 1.2 (0.4) 1.6 (0.5) **\<0.001** LDL 3.5 (1.0) 3.7 (1.1) 0.168 Physical activity level, score: ACSM/AHA questionnaire 1.8 (1.5) 1.7 (1.5) 0.403 HRQOL SF-36, score: Physical functioning 83.2 (17.5) 76.3 (20.9) **\<0.001** Role limitation, physical 71.5 (36.2) 65.1 (39.8) 0.087 Bodily pain 69.2 (26.5) 61.7 (27.4) **0.005** General health 59.4 (19.5) 59.2 (21.4) 0.911 Vitality 52.5 (23.2) 50.0 (23.6) 0.275 Social function 80.0 (24.4) 75.0 (27.3) **0.049** Role limitation, emotional 76.0 (36.8) 66.2 (42.6) **0.011** Mental health 73.2 (19.2) 69.3 (21.0) **0.049** Physical component summary 46.2 (9.6) 44.0 (10.5) **0.035** Mental component summary 45.0 (12.4) 42.7 (14.2) 0.071 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BMI, body mass index; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HDL, high density lipoprotein; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. ^a^ Data are given as mean (standard deviation). ^b^ Difference between men and women. *P*-value for the variables was determined by an independent samples *t*-test. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. The three questions regarding the readiness to change PA levels were: How prepared? (mean 81.4 mm, SD 17.7 mm), How important? (mean 83.9 mm, SD 17.9 mm), and How confident? (self-efficacy) (mean 64.3 mm, SD 23.9 mm). A subgroup analyses between the completed group *vs*. dropout group showed significantly lower values for the dropout group regarding confidence to succeed (65.9 mm *v* 56.3 mm, 95% CI: 2.7--16.6, *p* = 0.007). Six-month follow-up {#sec020} ------------------- Statistically significant positive changes were reached using all four PA instruments ([Table 4](#pone.0175190.t004){ref-type="table"}). The most commonly prescribed PA modality overall was moderate intensity walking, 30--44 min, 2--5 times/week. At the 6-month follow-up, 270 patients (73%, *d-value* = 1.17) in the study group had increased their PA level, measured with the ACSM/AHA questionnaire and a total of 153 patients (42%) had improved their PA from inadequate to sufficient, according to the public health recommendations of the ACSM/AHA. There were also significant improvements in BMI, WC, SBP, FPG, TG, Chol, and LDL with small *d*-values except for women's WC reaching a medium *d*-value at the 6-month follow-up. The SF-36 showed a significant increase in 6 of 8 health concepts: RP, GH, VT, SF, RE, and MH and in the physical and mental component summary with small *d*-values ([Table 5](#pone.0175190.t005){ref-type="table"}). 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t004 ###### Descriptive statistics and differences for physical activity level at baseline and 6-months follow-up. {#pone.0175190.t004g} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable\ Baseline 6-months follow up Mean difference\ 95% CI *p* value (n) (6-months---baseline) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------------- ----------------------- --------- --------------------------------------------------- ACSM/AHA questionnaire, score (361)[^a^](#t004fn002){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.75 (1.55) 4.57 (3.29) 2.8 (3.4) 2.5;3.2 **\<0.001**[^c^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} IPAQ 1--3, score (236)[^b^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 1 (1--2) 2 (1--2) \- \- **\<0.001**[^d^](#t004fn005){ref-type="table-fn"} IPAQ 1--3, category, No (%)  • Low 222 (62.4) 130 (47.3) \- \-  • Moderate 134 (37.6) 145 (52.7) \- \-  • High 0 0 \- \- SGPALS 1--4, score (337)[^b^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 2 (1--3) 2 (1--3) \- \- **\<0.001**[^d^](#t004fn005){ref-type="table-fn"} SGPALS 1--4, category, No (%)  • 1 158 (36.5) 66 (19.2) \- \-  • 2 268 (61.9) 223 (65.1) \- \-  • 3 7 (1.6) 54 (15.7) \- \-  • 4 0 0 \- \- Frändin/Grimby 1--6, score (338)[^b^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 3 (1--5) 3 (1--6) \- \- **\<0.001**[^d^](#t004fn005){ref-type="table-fn"} Frändin/Grimby 1--6, category, No (%)  • 1 31 (7.1) 7 (2.0) \- \-  • 2 75 (17.3) 41 (12.0) \- \-  • 3 243 (56.0) 169 (49.1) \- \-  • 4 81 (18.7) 107 (31.1) \- \-  • 5 4 (0.9) 17 (4.9) \- \-  • 6 0 3 (0.9) \- \- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CI, confidence intervals; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; IPAQ; International Physical Activity Questionnaire ^a^Values are given as mean (standard deviation). ^b^Values are given as median (minimum-maximum). ^c^*P* values were determined by a paired samples *t*-test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up. ^d^*P* values were determined by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t005 ###### Descriptive statistics and differences for anthropometric-, metabolic characteristics and health related quality of life at baseline and 6-month follow-up. {#pone.0175190.t005g} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Variable[^a^](#t005fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Baseline 6-months follow up Mean difference\ 95% CI *p* value[^b^](#t005fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} Cohen's *d*[^c^](#t005fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} (n) (6-month---baseline) ------------------------------------------------- -------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- BMI, kg/m^2^ (353) 32.0 (5.2) 31.7 (5.4) -0.3 (1.7) -0.5;-0.1 **0.001** 0.25 Waist circumference, cm (352) 107.8 (13.2) 106.2 (13.9) -1.7 (5.8) -2.3;-1.1 **\<0.001** 0.41  • female (187) 103.4 (12.2) 101.4 (13.2) -2.1 (5.9) -2.9;-1.2 **\<0.001** 0.50  • male (165) 112.8 (12.6) 111.6 (12.6) -1.3 (5.6) -2.1;-0.4 **0.005** 0.32 Blood pressure, mm/Hg: Systolic (358) 137.5 (17.3) 133.9 (16.2) -3.6 (16.4) -5.3;-1.9 **\<0.001** 0.31 Diastolic (358) 82.8 (10.1) 82.5 (9.3) -0.4 (9.9) -1.4;0.6 0.466 0.05 Metabolic components, mmol/l: Fasting plasma glucose (352) 6.26 (1.92) 6.01 (1.44) -0.3 (1.2) -0.4;-0.1 **\<0.001** 0.29 Triglycerides (355) 1.69 (0.99) 1.59 (0.88) -0.1 (0.8) -0.2;0.0 **0.016** 0.18 Cholesterol (358) 5.57 (1.21) 5.39 (1.16) -0.2 (0.9) -0.3;-0.1 **\<0.001** 0.27 HDL (357) 1.41 (0.45) 1.43 (0.45) 0.0 (0.3) 0.0;0.1 0.196 0.10 LDL (353) 3.63 (1.06) 3.52 (1.03) -0.1 (0.8) -0.2;0.0 **0.009** 0.20 HRQOL SF-36, score: Physical functioning (335) 81.3 (18.1) 81.8 (19.1) 0.4 (14.1) -1.1;2.0 0.558 0.04 Role limitation, physical (323) 70.0 (37.4) 77.4 (33.3) 7.4 (39.7) 3.1;11,8 **0.001** 0.26 Bodily pain (334) 67.3 (26.6) 69.6 (27.2) 2.3 (22.9) -0.2;4.7 0.069 0.14 General health (335) 60.7 (20.2) 64.2 (20.8) 3.6 (14.4) 2.0;5.1 **\<0.001** 0.35 Vitality (333) 52.6 (23.1) 58.3 (21.6) 5.7 (19.4) 3.6;7.8 **\<0.001** 0.42 Social function (334) 79.2 (25.2) 83.6 (21.8) 4.4 (24.6) 1.8;7.1 **0.001** 0.26 Role limitation, emotional (324) 73.4 (38.8) 77.8 (36.2) 4.4 (39.0) 0.2;8.7 **0.042** 0.16 Mental health (333) 72.2 (19.8) 74.3 (18.8) 2.2 (16.3) 0.4;3.9 **0.017**[^b^](#t005fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 0.19 Physical component summary (318) 45.8 (9.9) 46.8 (9.9) 1.0 (8.0) 0.1;1.9 **0.029** 0.17 Mental component summary (318) 44.6 (13.2) 46.6 (11.8) 2.0 (10.9) 0.8;3.2 **0.001** 0.19 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CI, confidence intervals; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. ^a^Values are given as mean (standard deviation). ^b^*P* values were determined by a paired samples *t*-test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up. ^c^Effect size in within-subjects comparisons ($\text{Cohen's }d_{\text{z}}\, \times \sqrt{2}\, = \text{Cohen's }d$) was measured quantifying the degree of differentiation in values between baseline and 6-months follow-up. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. A multivariate regression analysis showed positive significant associations between changes in the PA level and the health outcomes of metabolic risk factors (Pillai's Trace = 0.063, *p* = 0.032) and SF-36 HRQOL (Pillai's Trace = 0.095, *p*\<0.001) at the 6-month follow-up. Univariate linear regression analysis showed positive significant associations between changes in the PA level and the BMI ([Table 6](#pone.0175190.t006){ref-type="table"}), and the SF-36: RP, BP, GH, VT, SF, MH, PCS, and MCS ([Table 7](#pone.0175190.t007){ref-type="table"}). The univariate regression models could only partially explain how the changes in the PA level were related to metabolic risk factor outcomes (R^2^-values 0.03--0.05) and health concepts in the SF-36 (R^2^-values 0.03--0.12). 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t006 ###### Results for univariate linear regression analysis investigating the association between change in PA and metabolic risk factors at 6-month follow-up[^a^](#t006fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}. {#pone.0175190.t006g} Dependent variable Independent variable β 95% CI *p* value ----------------------------------- ---------------------- -------- --------------- ----------- Δ BMI, kg/m^2^ Δ Change PA -0.069 -0.128;-0.010 **0.022** Δ Waist circumference, cm Δ Change PA -0.124 -0.340;0.091 0.256 Δ Blood pressure systolic, mm/Hg Δ Change PA 0.489 -0.108;1.086 0.108 Δ Blood pressure diastolic, mm/Hg Δ Change PA 0.277 -0.083;0.637 0.131 Δ Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.035 -0.076;0.006 0.097 Δ Triglycerides, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.013 -0.039;0.014 0.341 Δ Cholesterol, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.025 -0.059;0.008 0.135 Δ HDL, mmol/l Δ Change PA 0.001 -0.007;0.009 0.739 Δ LDL, mmol/l Δ Change PA -0.012 -0.042;0.017 0.410 PA, physical activity according to ACSM/AHA questionnaire; β, change in value; CI, confidence intervals; Δ, the difference between 6-month value and start value; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein. ^a^Adjusted for PA level at baseline, age, sex, social situation, economy, education and smoking. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t007 ###### Results for univariate linear regression analysis investigating the association between change in PA and health related quality of life (SF-36) at 6-month follow-up[^a^](#t007fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}. {#pone.0175190.t007g} Dependent variable Independent variable β 95% CI *p* value ------------------------------ ---------------------- ------- -------------- ------------- HRQOL SF-36, score: Δ Physical functioning Δ Change PA 0.432 -0.077;0.941 0.096 Δ Role limitation, physical Δ Change PA 1.713 0.289;3.138 **0.019** Δ Bodily pain Δ Change PA 1.184 0.380;1.988 **0.004** Δ General health Δ Change PA 0.785 0.265;1.306 **0.003** Δ Vitality Δ Change PA 1.702 1.017;2.388 **\<0.001** Δ Social function Δ Change PA 1.435 -0.561;2.309 **0.001** Δ Role limitation, emotional Δ Change PA 1.004 -0.449;2.456 0.175 Δ Mental health Δ Change PA 1.171 0.576;1.765 **\<0.001** Δ Physical component summary Δ Change PA 0.338 0.048;0.628 **0.022** Δ Mental component summary Δ Change PA 0.659 0.265;1.053 **0.001** PA, physical activity according to ACSM/AHA questionnaire; β, change in value; CI, confidence intervals; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey; Δ, the difference between 6-month value and start value. ^a^Adjusted for PA level at baseline, age, sex, social situation, economy, education and smoking. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. In a within subgroup analysis between men and women, there were improved metabolic risk factor values for both men (6 of 9 measured parameters) and women (5 of 9) at the 6-month follow-up. Increased HRQOL values were seen in 2 of 10 health concepts among men and 7 of 10 among women ([Table 8](#pone.0175190.t008){ref-type="table"}). In a between group analysis, not presented in table, women increased their PA level more than men. 10.1371/journal.pone.0175190.t008 ###### Descriptive statistics and differences for anthropometric-, metabolic characteristics, physical activity level and health related quality of life at baseline and 6-month follow-up---Men and women. {#pone.0175190.t008g} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable[^a^](#t008fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Men Women (n; men/women) ------------------------------------------------- ------- ------------- ------------- ------- ------------- ------------- BMI, kg/m^2^ (164/189) -0.18 -0.43;0.06 0.139 -0.39 -0.64;-0.14 **0.002** Waist circumference, cm (165/187) -1.26 -2.12;-0.39 **0.005** -2.09 -2.94;-1.23 **\<0.001** Blood pressure, mm/Hg: Systolic (166/192) -3.38 -5.74;-1.01 **0.005** -3.76 -6.21;-1.29 **0.003** Diastolic (166/192) -0.04 -1.59;1.51 0.957 -0.68 -2.08;0.72 0.342 Metabolic components, mmol/l: Fasting plasma glucose (161/191) -0.36 -0.56;-0.14 **0.001** -0.17 -0.33;-0.01 **0.032** Triglycerides (163/192) -0.18 -0.33;0.02 **0.020** -0.03 -0.10;0.04 0.417 Cholesterol (163/195) -0.23 -0.37;-0.07 **0.003** -0.14 -0.27;-0.01 **0.039** HDL (164/193) 0.02 -0.03;0.07 0.464 0.02 -0.01;0.05 0.213 LDL (161/192) -0.17 -0.30;-0.03 **0.017** -0.08 -0.20;0.04 0.184 Physical activity level, score: ACSM/AHA questionnaire (168/193) 2.44 1.97;2.91 **\<0.001** 3.16 2.63;3.68 **\<0.001** HRQOL SF-36, score: Physical functioning (153/182) -1.2 -3.53;1.05 0.286 1.9 -0.14;3.89 0.068 Role limitation, physical (148/175) 6.2 -0.02;12.41 0.051 8.5 2.4;14.64 **0.007** Bodily pain (152/182) 2.8 -0.71;6.31 0.117 1.8 -1.62;5.32 0.294 General health (153/182) 3.2 0.98;5.51 **0.005** 3.8 1.72;5.99 **\<0.001** Vitality (152/181) 6.2 3.70;8.71 **\<0.001** 5.3 2.10;8.58 **0.001** Social function (153/181) 2.5 -1.11;6.18 0.172 6.1 2.27;9.88 **0.002** Role limitation, emotional (146/178) 0.2 -5.62;6.08 0.939 7.9 1.76;13.97 **0.012** Mental health (152/181) 0.2 -2.32;2.67 0.888 3.8 1.35;6.28 **0.003** Physical component summary (144/174) 1.0 -0.29;2.27 0.128 1.0 -0.25;2.22 0.117 Mental component summary (144/174) 0.9 -0.81;2.53 0.311 3.0 1.28;4.72 **0.001** ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CI, confidence intervals; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ACSM, American College of Sports Medicine; AHA, American Heart Association; IPAQ; International Physical Activity Questionnaire; HRQOL SF-36, Health Related Quality of Life 36-Item Short Form Health Survey. ^a^Values are given as mean. ^b^*P* values were determined by a paired samples *t*-test for the difference between baseline and 6-months follow up. Statistical significance was set at *p*≤ 0.05. During the first 6 month period, excluding the start visit, 80% of the patients received PAP support from caregivers 1--2 times, either through visits at the health care center or by telephone contact ([Fig 2](#pone.0175190.g002){ref-type="fig"}). {#pone.0175190.g002} Discussion {#sec021} ========== The main results of this study were the improvements in PA level, metabolic risk factors, and self-reported quality of life at the 6 month follow-up of PAP-treatment in primary health care for 27--85 year olds, having at least one component of MetS. Multivariate regression analysis also showed positive significant associations between changes in the PA level and health outcomes, similar to previous studies \[[@pone.0175190.ref044], [@pone.0175190.ref045]\]. To explore the association between PAP-treatment and the PA level, four self-reported questionnaires were used and all showed significant increments in the PA level. The difference measured with the ACSM/AHA questionnaire had a *d* value (*d* = 1.17) that indicated a large effect size. The finding that several PA instruments showed positive changes increases the dependability of the overall result and may be important since the concept of PA is contextualized, complex and difficult to measure \[[@pone.0175190.ref046]\]. Two previous meta-analyses \[[@pone.0175190.ref011], [@pone.0175190.ref012]\] regarding the clinical effects of PAP-interventions also demonstrated difficulties with measuring PA due to heterogeneity in the quality and nature of the studies. In addition, several of the included studies had a fixed short-time intervention (10--12 weeks) \[[@pone.0175190.ref047]--[@pone.0175190.ref050]\] and were linked to predetermined activities, e.g. leisure center-based or community walk programs \[[@pone.0175190.ref048]--[@pone.0175190.ref051]\], and not individualized to the needs and opinions of the patients. There was also uncertainty about the customized structured support and follow-up during the intervention. The lack of patient-related individualization of the PAP-intervention may have influenced the outcome. This present study was a totally individualized intervention and the PAP-treatment consisted of individual-based dialogue with the patient, an individually tailored recommendation of PA, and customized, structured support over 6 months. The majority of the patients chose a PA to be carried out, on their own, in everyday life near their residential area or workplace. The majority of the patients received PAP support 1--2 times during the 6 month period; thus, the effort made by the primary health care workers was small and the cost was relatively low \[[@pone.0175190.ref052]\]. The present study showed significant improvements in the majority of metabolic risk factors, measured at the 6-month follow-up and positive associations between changes in the PA level and metabolic health outcomes. Previous PAP studies have shown some, but varied outcomes regarding metabolic risk factors \[[@pone.0175190.ref047], [@pone.0175190.ref049], [@pone.0175190.ref050]\] in within group analyses, but often non-significant effects in the between group analysis. Though, Kallings et al. \[[@pone.0175190.ref015]\], in a Swedish PAP study among elderly subjects, showed an increase in metabolic health in both within- and between group analyses with patient-individualized PAP-intervention versus usual care. In this study, the results were even more obvious with regard to the effects on metabolic risk factors and may strengthen the individualization perspective of the PAP-treatment. The relatively small effect sizes regarding changes in metabolic parameters can be explained by the existing dose-response relationship between PA level and health outcomes \[[@pone.0175190.ref044], [@pone.0175190.ref045]\]. In this study, 42% of the patients reached the public health recommendations and the most commonly prescribed exertion was moderate intensity. A more extensive increase in PA level among the patients not reaching the public health recommendations or PA on a vigorous-intensity level possibly would have increased the effect size. Even HRQOL, measured with the SF-36, was significantly improved for 8 of 10 health concepts with a small effect size (*d*) and five of the concepts considered clinically relevant \[[@pone.0175190.ref053]\]. Small differences on the SF-36 health survey (i.e. 3- to 5-points) are considered clinically important even if the effect size is estimated as small \[[@pone.0175190.ref054], [@pone.0175190.ref055]\]. Importantly, the improvements in our study were associated with changes in the PA level. Several previous PAP studies found improvements in quality of life \[[@pone.0175190.ref017], [@pone.0175190.ref047], [@pone.0175190.ref049], [@pone.0175190.ref051], [@pone.0175190.ref056]--[@pone.0175190.ref058]\]. However, the studies that used the SF-36 reported smaller numbers of improved health concepts, with the exception of two Swedish studies showing significant positive changes in the majority of health concepts at 6 months \[[@pone.0175190.ref059]\] and 2 years follow-up \[[@pone.0175190.ref060]\]. This study found similar changes in HRQOL, although the inclusion criteria were different. However, the amount of PAP support is only reported in the present study, where 80% of the patients received support from caregivers 1--2 times during the 6 month period. Although univariate regression models showed positive significant associations, they could not explain all the changes in health outcomes. An increased PA level explained 3--5% of the metabolic health effects and 3--12% of the health effects in the HRQOL SF-36. However, the role of PA is difficult and complex to measure and not fully clarified due to its multifactorial effects. The relatively low correlation between changes in physical fitness and metabolic risk factors has been discussed due to exercise-induced improvements in body composition, e.g. reduced abdominal visceral fat, per se, has positive effects on the metabolic risk profile \[[@pone.0175190.ref061]\]. There were some differences in baseline characteristics between those who could be followed up at 6 months and the dropout group. The most interesting findings were that women with an additional musculoskeletal diagnosis and lower self-reported quality of life (BP *p* = 0.048), were more frequent in the dropout group. This might give an indication that some patients are in need of more enhanced support to increase their PA level or would benefit from a period of rehabilitation before or in combination with a PAP intervention. There were some differences between men and women, within the study group, with inferior values in metabolic variables for men and HRQOL for women at baseline. At the 6 month follow-up, the women had increased their PA and HRQOL values more than men; whereas, the improvements in metabolic parameters were similar between the groups. In contrast, previous studies of lifestyle interventions have shown that men were more likely to increase their PA level \[[@pone.0175190.ref062], [@pone.0175190.ref063]\]. The most common recommendation for PAP was for PA to be carried out in everyday life (e.g. taking walks) near the subject's residential area or workplace, a recommendation which may be suitable for many women. These gender-related differences should be considered when individualizing the intervention and support for the patient. Various subgroup analyses are needed to explore the possible needs for the patient to succeed when making this behavioral change. Limitations {#sec022} ----------- The dropout rate was 17% between baseline and the 6-month follow-up, and this may be normal in this type of study \[[@pone.0175190.ref059], [@pone.0175190.ref064]\]. Importantly, the present study was a "daily clinical work" survey with ordinary primary health care patients visiting their local health care center where the personnel had no extra time to manage this part of their duties. A per-protocol analysis was used where the drop-out group was excluded from the analysis between the baseline and 6-month follow-up, a method that increases the risk of bias. Although, when using an intention to treat analysis (ITT) that includes the dropout group, there would be a risk of attributing characteristics to the patients in the dropout group that they did not have. The ITT analysis has been criticized for potentially leading to a biased treatment effect \[[@pone.0175190.ref065], [@pone.0175190.ref066]\]. This survey was an observational, follow-up study in daily clinical practice without any control group. The lack of a control group complicates the interpretation of estimating the effects of the PAP-intervention on the increased PA level and positive health effects. However, the results in this study are comparable to other studies evaluating intervention groups in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) \[[@pone.0175190.ref015], [@pone.0175190.ref064]\] and two Swedish PAP studies without a control group that reported increased PA levels \[[@pone.0175190.ref016], [@pone.0175190.ref059]\]. Notably, a review assessing the impact of RCTs versus an observational study design revealed no differences in effect estimates (pooled ratio of odds ratios of 1.08) \[[@pone.0175190.ref067]\]. In addition, there are limitations of RCTs due to the possible lack of external validity resulting in non-appropriate evidence on which clinical decisions are based \[[@pone.0175190.ref068], [@pone.0175190.ref069]\]. An observational study design requires caution concerning bias that can undermine the internal validity \[[@pone.0175190.ref070]\]. The study population was non-consecutively included. No data were collected for patients with the same inclusion criteria who visited the health care centers and were not included in the study. It is not possible to estimate how many patients, in total, were candidates for treatment with PAP. The risk of selection bias increases when including patients more willing to change their PA level. The patients estimated high values for how prepared they were and how important it was to increase their PA level, but lower values for the confidence (self-efficacy) to succeed. The dropout group had even lower values for self-efficacy (*p* = 0.007), which is predictive for exercise adherence and compliance in both the adoption and maintenance of PA among adults \[[@pone.0175190.ref071], [@pone.0175190.ref072]\]. The PAP-treatment method is patient-centered and dependent on the patient's attitude to change living habits and the health care professional's ability to evaluate what stage of change the patient is in. The PAP method probably has the most potential for patients in contemplation or preparation stages \[[@pone.0175190.ref073]\]. Using multiple measurements to assess the outcomes may incur a risk for type I errors. However, multiple predefined outcomes in this study were needed to indicate several effects and they seem to be justified without the need for adjustment \[[@pone.0175190.ref074]\]. Measuring PA seems to be a complex issue with methodological problems due to the diversified designs of several studies \[[@pone.0175190.ref075]\]. Using self-reported questionnaires may increase the risk of recall or social desirability bias, but is both practical and valid \[[@pone.0175190.ref064]\]. In this study, we used four self-reported instruments, and all showed similar results. Conclusions {#sec023} =========== This observational study indicated that an individual-based PAP-treatment has the potential to change people's PA behavior with improved metabolic risk factors and self-reported quality of life at the 6-month follow-up. The PAP-treatment proved to work in daily clinical primary care with educated, authorized personnel, structured routines, and readily available information for both patients and workers. If implemented widely, PAP-treatment has the potential to become an important method and may result in major health benefits for physically inactive, sedentary patients with a minimum effort from healthcare professionals. However, further research about the outcome of PAP-treatment strategies is needed regarding individualized, well-defined interventions and long term follow-up in RCTs. Supporting information {#sec024} ====================== ###### Source data file. (XLSX) ###### Click here for additional data file. The authors gratefully acknowledge the PAP-responsible co-workers at Närhälsan Askim HCC, Capio HCC Axess, Carlanderska HCC, Närhälsan Frölunda HCC, Närhälsan Gibraltargatan HCC, Närhälsan Högsbo HCC, Johannesvården HCC, Närhälsan Kungshöjd HCC, Närhälsan Kungssten HCC, Närhälsan Majorna HCC, Närhälsan Masthugget HCC, Närhälsan Opaltorget HCC, Närhälsan Slottsskogen HCC, Närhälsan Styrsö HCC and Västerleden HCC for skilful assistance in this study. Helpful advice on study modeling and clinical planning were provided by Gunilla Sigurdsdotter, Carin Häggström and Britt-Marie Finbom Forsgren. The authors would like to thank Irja Burhöi, Susy Caraza Rivera and Sara Gustavsson for technical assistance with data processing and statistical analyzes. [^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [^2]: **Conceptualization:** SL LH ÅC.**Data curation:** SL ÅC.**Formal analysis:** SL ÅC MEHL MB LH.**Investigation:** SL ÅC.**Methodology:** SL LH ÅC MB.**Project administration:** SL.**Resources:** SL ÅC.**Software:** SL ÅC.**Validation:** SL ÅC MB MEHL LH.**Writing -- original draft:** SL ÅC MB MEHL LH.**Writing -- review & editing:** SL ÅC MB MEHL LH.

Section 91H of the NSW Crimes Act makes it an offence to possess, produce or disseminate child abuse material. The offence carries a maximum penalty of 10 years imprisonment in the District Court or 2 years in the Local Court. ‘Child abuse material’ is material that depicts or describes, in a way that reasonable persons would regard as being offensive: a child victim of torture, a child apparently engaged in sexual activity or a sexual pose, or in the presence of another engaged in sexual activity or a sexual pose, or a child’s genitalia. Pleading Not Guilty If you don’t agree with the allegations, it is important for your lawyer to fight for the case to be dropped as early as possible. This can be achieved by: Obtaining any statements and materials that support your case, Writing and advising the prosecution of any inconsistencies or other weaknesses in the case against you, Advising that the material cannot be described as child abuse material because it is not contrary to accepted moral standards, or that the material is for a literary, artistic, educational, journalistic, medical, legal or scientific purposes, Advising that you have a valid defence, and Pressing for the withdrawal of the case. If the prosecution refuses, your criminal lawyer should be experienced at winning child abuse material cases similar to yours. Defences Your lawyer can advise you if any of the following defences apply: Innocent Possession, Production or Dissemination It a defence if you did not know, and could not be reasonably expected to have known, that you possessed, produced or disseminated the material. Removing the Material It is a defence if you got rid of the material as soon as you became aware it was there. Classified Material It is a defence if the material was given a rating such as M, MA or R. Public Benefit and Law Enforcement It is a defence if the material was possessed, produced or disseminated for the benefit of the public. Conduct is for the public benefit if necessary for the enforcement of laws or administration of justice. Approved Research It is a defence if approval was obtained from the Attorney General and he material did not go beyond that approval. Duress This is when you are forced to possess, produce or disseminate child abuse material under a threat of physical violence or death. Pleading Guilty If you wish to plead guilty to a child abuse material charge, any of the following penalties may apply: Non Conviction Order This means that you are guilty but the court does not impose a criminal conviction upon you. The court will look a range of matters when deciding whether to grant a ‘section 10 dismissal or conditional release order’ – including the incident itself, the lead-up to the incident, your general character and your personal circumstances. Good behaviour bond This means that you cannot commit any further offences for the duration of the bond. The bond may have additional conditions, such as seeing a Community Corrections officer and complying with their directions. Community service order This means that you must undertake a specific number of hours of unpaid work over a 12 month period. The maximum is 500 hours. Community service orders are not available to all defendants or for all ‘sex offences’. Your lawyer will be able to advise whether community service is available to you. Intensive correction order This means that you come under the supervision of the Department of Corrections and are required to undertake 32 hours of community service work per month. You may also be required to undertake rehabilitation programs, attend conferences and be subjected to urinalysis and monitoring. Intensive correction orders can last up to 2 years. Intensive correction orders are not available to all defendants or for all ‘sex offences’. Your lawyer will be able to advise whether an intensive correction order is available to you. Home detention This means that you must generally stay at home for the duration of your sentence, subject to exclusions such as approved work or attending medical appointments or counselling. Home detention orders can last up to 18 months. Home detention orders are not available to all defendants or for all ‘sex offences’. Your lawyer will be able to advise whether home detention is available to you. Suspended sentence This is when you are sentenced to a period of imprisonment, but are not actually sent to prison as long you comply with any conditions and do not commit any further offences. Suspended sentences can last up to 2 years. Full time prison This is when you are sent to gaol. Full time imprisonment can only be imposed if no other alternative is appropriate in the circumstances. Call our experienced criminal lawyers today for a free first appointment where we can discuss your child abuse material case and advise you of the best way forward.

In vitro assessment of anticryptosporidial efficacy and cytotoxicity of adenosine analogues using a SYBR Green real-time PCR method. The aims of this study were to provide a cost-effective and valuable method for evaluating drug efficacy against Cryptosporidium parvum using a quantitative SYBR Green real-time PCR (qPCR) and to assess the efficacy of adenosine analogues as drug templates. C. parvum HNJ-1 strain growing in human ileocaecal adenocarcinoma cells was employed as an in vitro culture system. To normalize the DNA extraction efficiency, a specific plasmid was added to each sample before DNA purification; the genomic DNA of infected cells was quantified by qPCR using specific primers to confirm drug efficacy and cytotoxicity. To determine the mechanism of action, enzymatic inhibition analyses were conducted using C. parvum S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (CpSAHH) recombinant protein. The dose-dependent growth inhibition of C. parvum was confirmed; 50% effective concentrations of neplanocin A (NPA) and 2-fluoroadenosine (2FA) were 139 μM and 0.842 μM, respectively. Cytotoxicity evaluation showed that the 50% growth inhibition concentration of 2FA was 1.18 μM; NPA did not exhibit any cytotoxicity up to 200 μM. The screening system revealed the specific but marginal efficacy of NPA and showed 2FA to be cytotoxic. Recombinant CpSAHH inhibition analyses showed that NPA competitively inhibited CpSAHH activity (K(i )= 0.395 μM), whereas 2FA did not. This novel qPCR system confirmed not only drug efficacy against C. parvum but also cytotoxicity to host cells. Moreover, since the SYBR Green method is cost effective, it could therefore be used in a wide variety of clinical and research-oriented applications of Cryptosporidium analysis.

--- abstract: 'We analyze heat and charge transport through a single-level quantum dot coupled to two BCS superconductors at different temperatures to first order in the tunnel coupling. In order to describe the system theoretically, we extend a real-time diagrammatic technique that allows us to capture the interplay between superconducting correlations, strong Coulomb interactions and nonequilibrium physics. We find that a thermoelectric effect can arise due to the superconducting proximity effect on the dot. In the nonlinear regime, the thermoelectric current can also flow at the particle-hole symmetric point due to a level renormalization caused by virtual tunneling between the dot and the leads. The heat current through the quantum dot is sensitive to the superconducting phase difference. In the nonlinear regime, the system can act as a thermal diode.' author: - Mathias Kamp - Björn Sothmann title: 'Phase-dependent heat and charge transport through superconductor-quantum dot hybrids' --- \[sec:intro\]Introduction ========================= Understanding, manipulating and managing heat flows at the nanoscale is of crucial importance for modern electronics where Joule heating constitutes a major nuisance in the operation of computer chips. Heat transport can occur via electrons [@giazotto_opportunities_2006], phonons [@li_colloquium:_2012] and photons [@meschke_single-mode_2006; @ronzani_tunable_2018]. A promising direction to achieve control over thermal transport by electrons is phase-coherent caloritronics [@martinez-perez_coherent_2014; @fornieri_towards_2017] in superconducting circuits. Phase-coherent caloritronics is based on the observation that not only the charge current depends on the phase difference across the junction via the Josephson effect [@josephson_possible_1962] but that also the heat current is sensitive to the phase difference [@maki_entropy_1965; @maki_entropy_1966; @guttman_phase-dependent_1997; @guttman_thermoelectric_1997; @guttman_interference_1998; @zhao_phase_2003; @zhao_heat_2004]. The phase-dependent contribution to the heat current arises from Andreev like processes where an incident electronlike quasiparticle above the superconducting gap is reflected as a holelike quasi particle and vice versa. Recently, phase-coherent heat transport in superconducting circuits has been observed experimentally [@giazotto_josephson_2012]. The possibility to control heat currents via magnetic fields has led to a number of proposals for phase-coherent caloritronic devices such as heat interferometers [@giazotto_phase-controlled_2012; @martinez-perez_fully_2013] and diffractors [@giazotto_coherent_2013; @guarcello_coherent_2016], thermal rectifiers [@giazotto_thermal_2013; @martinez-perez_efficient_2013; @fornieri_normal_2014; @fornieri_electronic_2015], transistors [@giazotto_proposal_2014; @fornieri_negative_2016], switches [@sothmann_high-efficiency_2017] and circulators [@hwang_phase-coherent_2018], thermometers [@giazotto_ferromagnetic-insulator-based_2015; @guarcello_non-linear_2018] as well as heat engines [@marchegiani_self-oscillating_2016; @hofer_autonomous_2016; @vischi_coherent_2018] and refrigerators [@solinas_microwave_2016; @marchegiani_-chip_2017]. Experimentally, heat interferometers [@giazotto_josephson_2012; @fornieri_nanoscale_2016; @fornieri_0_2017], the quantum diffraction of heat [@martinez-perez_quantum_2014], thermal diodes [@martinez-perez_rectification_2015] and a thermal router [@timossi_phase-tunable_2018] have been realized so far. Apart from potential applications in caloritronic and thermal logic [@paolucci_phase-tunable_2018], phase-coherent heat transport can also serve as a diagnostic tool that allows one, e.g., to probe the existence of topological Andreev bound states [@sothmann_fingerprint_2016]. ![\[fig:model\]Schematic sketch of our setup. A single-level quantum dot is tunnel coupled to two superconducting electrodes at temperatures $T_\text{L}$ and $T_\text{R}$.](Systemsetup.pdf){width="\columnwidth"} So far, the theoretical and experimental investigation of phase-coherent heat transport has been restricted to systems such as tunnel barriers and point contacts where the effects of electron-electron interactions can be neglected. While such setups already offer a lot of interesting physics, this raises the question of how Coulomb interactions can affect phase-dependent heat currents. In this paper, we address this important question by analyzing phase-coherent heat and charge transport through a thermally biased hybrid structure consisting of a strongly interacting single-level quantum dot tunnel coupled to superconducting electrodes, cf. Fig. \[fig:model\]. Superconductor-quantum dot hybrids have received a lot of attention, see Ref. [@de_franceschi_hybrid_2010] and [@martin-rodero_josephson_2011] for recent reviews on experiments and theory, respectively. In particular, there are investigations of the Josephson effect through quantum dots [@van_dam_supercurrent_2006; @jarillo-herrero_quantum_2006; @jorgensen_critical_2007; @baba_superconducting_2015; @szombati_josephson_2016; @probst_signatures_2016], multiple Andreev reflections [@levy_yeyati_resonant_1997; @buitelaar_multiple_2003; @cuevas_full_2003; @nilsson_supercurrent_2011; @rentrop_nonequilibrium_2014; @hwang_hybrid_2016], the interplay between superconducting correlations and the Kondo effect [@clerk_loss_2000; @buitelaar_quantum_2002; @avishai_superconductor-quantum_2003; @eichler_even-odd_2007; @lopez_josephson_2007; @karrasch_josephson_2008], the generation of unconventional superconducting correlations in quantum dots [@sothmann_unconventional_2014; @kashuba_majorana_2017; @weiss_odd-triplet_2017; @hwang_odd-frequency_2017], Cooper pair splitting [@recher_andreev_2001; @hofstetter_cooper_2009; @herrmann_carbon_2010; @hofstetter_finite-bias_2011; @das_high-efficiency_2012; @schindele_near-unity_2012] and the generation of Majorana fermions [@leijnse_parity_2012; @sothmann_fractional_2013; @fulga_adaptive_2013; @deng_majorana_2016]. Thermoelectric effects in superconductor-quantum dot hybrids have been studied in the absence of Coulomb interactions [@kleeorin_large_2016]. Here, we use a superconductor-quantum dot hybrid as a playground to investigate the interplay between superconductivity, strong Coulomb interactions and thermal nonequilibrium. Compared to tunnel junctions, quantum dots offer additional tunability of their level position by gate voltages. We extend a real-time diagrammatic approach [@konig_zero-bias_1996; @konig_resonant_1996; @schoeller_transport_1997; @konig_quantum_1999; @governale_real-time_2008; @governale_erratum:_2008] to describe thermally-driven transport which allows us to treat Coulomb interactions exactly and to perform a systematic expansion in the tunnel coupling between the dot and the superconducting leads. It allows for a treatment of superconducting correlations induced on the dot via the proximity effect and captures renormalization effects due to virtual tunneling which affect transport already in lowest order of perturbation theory. We evaluate charge and heat currents both in linear and nonlinear response. In particular, we find a thermoelectric effect in the vicinity of the particle-hole symmetric point which arises from the proximity effect. Furthermore, our device can act as an efficient thermal diode in nonlinear response. The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. \[sec:model\], we introduce the model of our setup. The real-time diagrammatic transport theory used to investigate transport is introduced in Sec. \[sec:method\]. We present the results of our analysis in Sec. \[ssec:linear\] for the linear and in Sec. \[ssec:nonlinear\] for the nonlinear transport regime. Conclusions are drawn in Sec. \[sec:conclusion\]. \[sec:model\]Model ================== We consider a single-level quantum dot weakly tunnel coupled to two conventional superconducting electrodes. Both superconductors are kept at the same chemical potential $\mu=0$ but at different temperatures $T_\text{L}$ and $T_\text{R}$ resulting in a nonequilibrium situation. The system is described by the total Hamiltonian $$H=\sum_{\eta=\text{L,R}}\left(H_\eta+H_{\text{tun},\eta}\right)+H_\text{dot},$$ where $\eta$ denotes the left (L) and right (R) superconductor. The superconducting leads are characterized by the mean-field BCS Hamiltonian $$\label{eq:BCS} H_\eta=\sum_{{\mathbf{k}}\sigma} \varepsilon_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}} a^\dagger_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma} a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}+\Delta_\eta e^{i\phi_\eta }\sum_{{\mathbf{k}}}a_{\eta -{\mathbf{k}}{\uparrow}}a_{\eta {\mathbf{k}}{\downarrow}}+\text{H.c.},$$ where $a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}^\dagger$ ($a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}$) denotes the creation (annihilation) operator of an electron with momentum ${\mathbf{k}}$, spin $\sigma$ and kinetic energy $\varepsilon_{\eta {\mathbf{k}}}$ in lead $\eta$. The second term on the right-hand side of Eq. describes the BCS pair interaction on a mean-field level. The two superconducting order parameters are characterized by their absolute value $\Delta_\eta$ and their phase $\phi_\eta$. The temperature dependence of $\Delta_\eta$ is determined by the solution of the self-consistency equation for the order parameter which can be found only numerically. However, it can be approximated with an accuracy of better than 2% by $$\Delta_\eta(T_\eta)=\Delta_{0} \tanh \left(1.74 \sqrt{\frac{T_{c}}{T_\eta}-1}\right),$$ in the whole temperature range from 0 to the critical temperature $T_{c}$. The latter is connected to the superconducting order parameter at zero temperature via ${k_\text{B}}T_{c}\approx 0.568 \Delta_{0}$. The single-level quantum dot is described by the Hamiltonian $$H_\text{dot}=\sum_\sigma \varepsilon c_\sigma^\dagger c_\sigma+U c_{\uparrow}^\dagger c_{\uparrow}c_{\downarrow}^\dagger c_{\downarrow}.$$ While the first term describes the energy of the dot level $\varepsilon$ that can be tuned by applying a gate voltage, the second term denotes the Coulomb interaction that has to be supplied in order to occupy the dot with two electrons at the same time. We remark that the dot spectrum is particle-hole symmetric at $\varepsilon=-U/2$. For later convenience, we introduce the detuning $\delta=2\varepsilon+U$ from the particle-hole symmetric point. The tunneling Hamiltonian which couples the dot to the superconducting leads is given by $$H_\text{tun}=\sum_{\eta {\mathbf{k}}\sigma}t_\eta a_{\eta{\mathbf{k}}\sigma}^\dagger c_\sigma+\text{H.c.}$$ Here, $t_\eta$ denotes a tunnel matrix element which we assume to be energy and momentum independent. It is connected to the tunnel coupling strength $\Gamma_\eta=2\pi|t_\eta|^2\rho_\eta$ where $\rho_\eta$ denotes the density of states of lead $\eta$ in the normal state. \[sec:method\]Real-time diagrammatic transport theory ===================================================== In order to describe transport through the quantum-dot setup, we make use of a real-time diagrammatic technique [@konig_zero-bias_1996; @konig_resonant_1996; @schoeller_transport_1997; @konig_quantum_1999] for systems with superconducting leads with a finite gap [@governale_real-time_2008; @governale_erratum:_2008]. It allows us to treat nonequilibrium physics, superconducting correlations and strong Coulomb interactions exactly while performing a systematic expansion in the dot-lead couplings. In the following, we are going to extend this diagrammatic framework to allow for the calculation of thermally-driven charge and heat currents through quantum dot-superconductor hybrids on equal footing. The central idea of the diagrammatic approach is to integrate out the noninteracting leads and to describe the remaining quantum dot system by its reduced density matrix. The reduced density matrix $\rho_\text{red}$ has matrix elements $P^{\chi_1}_{\chi_2}={\langle \chi_1|}\rho_\text{red}{|\chi_2\rangle}$. For the system under investigation, the nonvanishing density matrix elements are given by the probability to find the quantum dot empty, $P_0$, occupied with a single electron with spin $\sigma$, $P_\sigma$, or doubly occupied, $P_d$. Furthermore, the coupling to the superconductors gives rise to finite off-diagonal density matrix elements $P^d_0$ and $P^0_d$ that describe the coherent superposition of the dot being empty and occupied with two electrons. The generation of these coherent superpositions is a hallmark of the superconducting proximity effect on the quantum dot. The time evolution of the reduced density matrix is given by the generalized master equation which in the stationary limit reads $$0=-i(E_{\chi_1}-E_{\chi_2})P^{\chi_1}_{\chi_2}+\sum_{\chi_1'\chi_2'}W^{\chi_1\chi_1'}_{\chi_2\chi_2'}P^{\chi_1'}_{\chi_2'},$$ where $E_\chi$ is the energy of the many-body dot state $\chi$. The first term describes the coherent evolution of the dot states. The second term arises due to the dissipative coupling to the superconductors. The generalized transition rates $W^{\chi_1\chi_1'}_{\chi_2\chi_2'}$ are obtained from irreducible self-energy diagrams of the dot propagator on the Keldysh contour [@governale_real-time_2008; @governale_erratum:_2008], cf. also Appendix \[app:RTD\] for a detailed explanation of the connection between diagrams and physical processes. By expanding both the density matrix elements as well as the generalized transition rates up to first order in the tunnel couplings, we find that the coherent superpositions $P^0_d$ and $P^d_0$ are finite to lowest order in $\Gamma_\eta$ only if the empty and doubly occupied dot states are nearly degenerate, $\delta\lesssim\Gamma_\eta$ [@sothmann_influence_2010]. For this reason, we are going to restrict ourselves to the analysis of transport in the vicinity of the particle-hole symmetric point to first order in the tunnel coupling in the following. The generalized master equation can be brought into a physically intuitive form by introducing the probabilities to find the dot occupied with an even and odd number of electrons, $${\mathbf{P}}=\left(\begin{array}{c} P_\text{e}\\P_\text{o} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c} P_0+P_d \\ P_{\uparrow}+P_{\downarrow}\end{array}\right),$$ as well as a pseudospin degree of freedom that characterizes the coherences between empty and doubly occupied dot and, thus, the superconducting proximity effect on the quantum dot $$\begin{aligned} I_x&=\frac{P^0_d+P^d_0}{2},\\ I_y&=i\frac{P^0_d-P^d_0}{2},\\ I_z&=\frac{P_0-P_d}{2}.\end{aligned}$$ The generalized master equation can be decomposed into one set of equations that arises from the time evolution of the dot occupations and another set due to the pseudospin. The former is given by $$\label{eq:MEP} 0 =\sum_\eta \left[\left(\begin{array}{cc} -Z^-_\eta & Z^+_\eta \\ Z^-_\eta & -Z^+_\eta \end{array}\right){\mathbf{P}} + \left(\begin{array}{c} 4X^-_\eta \\ -4X^-_\eta \end{array}\right){\mathbf{I}}\cdot {\mathbf{n}}_\eta\right],$$ where $$X^\pm_\eta=\pm\frac{\Gamma_\eta}{\hbar}\frac{\Delta_\eta \Theta(U/2-\Delta_\eta)}{\sqrt{(U/2)^2-\Delta_\eta^2}}f_\eta(\pm U/2),$$ $$Z^\pm_\eta=\frac{\Gamma_\eta}{\hbar}\frac{U\Theta(U/2-\Delta_\eta)}{\sqrt{(U/2)^2-\Delta_\eta^2}}f_\eta(\pm U/2),$$ with the Fermi function $f_\eta(\omega)=[\exp(\omega/({k_\text{B}T}_\eta))+1]^{-1}$. ${\mathbf{n}}_\eta=(\cos\phi_\eta,\sin\phi_\eta,0)$ denotes a unit vector whose direction is determined by the phase of the superconducting order parameters. Interestingly, in Eq.  the dot occupations are coupled to the pseudospin degree of freedom. This is in direct analogy to the case of a quantum dot weakly coupled to ferromagnetic electrodes where the dot occupations are linked to the spin accumulation in the dot [@konig_interaction-driven_2003; @braun_theory_2004]. The second set of equations is given by a Bloch-type equation for the pseudospin, $$ 0 =\left(\frac{d{\mathbf{I}}}{dt}\right)_\text{acc}-\frac{{\mathbf{I}}}{\tau_\text{rel}}+{\mathbf{I}}\times{\mathbf{B}}.$$ The first term, $$\left(\frac{d{\mathbf{I}}}{dt}\right)_\text{acc}=\sum_\eta \left(X^-_\eta P_\text{e}+X^+_\eta P_\text{o}\right){\mathbf{n}}_\eta,$$ describes the accumulation of pseudospin on the dot due to tunneling in and out of electrons. The second term characterizes the relaxation of the pseudospin due to electron tunneling on a time scale given by $\tau_\text{rel}^{-1}=\sum_\eta Z^-_\eta$. Finally, the last term gives rise to a precession of the pseudospin in an effective exchange field, $${\mathbf{B}}=B_\text{L}{\mathbf{n}}_\text{L}+B_\text{R}{\mathbf{n}}_\text{R}+\delta {\mathbf{e}}_z,$$ which arises from virtual charge fluctuations on the dot as well as from a detuning away from the particle-hole symmetric point. The exchange field contribution from the two leads is given by $$\label{eq:Bex} B_\eta=\frac{2\Gamma_\eta}{\pi\hbar}\int'd\omega\frac{\Delta_\eta\Theta(|\omega|-\Delta_\eta)}{\sqrt{\omega^2-\Delta_\eta^2}}\frac{f_\eta(\omega)}{\omega+U/2}\operatorname{sign}\omega,$$ where the prime indicates the principal value. The integral can be solved analytically as an infinite sum over Matsubara frequencies, see Appendix \[app:Bex\] for details. The interplay of pseudospin accumulation, pseudospin relaxation and pseudospin precession in the exchange field leads to a nontrivial pseudospin dynamics on the dot which acts back on the dot occupations via Eq. . It is this nontrivial pseudospin behavior that gives rise to interesting transport properties of the system under investigation. The charge on the quantum dot is related to the $z$ component of the pseudospin via $Q_\text{dot}=e(1-2I_z)$. This allows us to connect the time evolution of $I_z$ directly to the charge current flowing between the dot and lead $\eta$ via $$\label{eq:Ic} I^e_\eta=-2e(Z_\eta^-I_z-I_xB_{\eta,y}+I_yB_{\eta,x}).$$ We remark that the real-time diagrammatic approach conserves charge currents automatically. Therefore, we define $I^e=I^e_\text{L}=-I^e_\text{R}$ in the following. In analogy to the charge, we can relate the average dot energy to the probability to find the dot with an odd occupation, $E_\text{dot}=-UP_\text{o}/2$, to derive for the heat current between the dot and lead $\eta$ $$I^h_\eta=-\frac{U}{2}\left(Z^+_\eta P_\text{o}-Z^-_\eta P_\text{e}+4X^-_\eta {\mathbf{I}}\cdot{\mathbf{n}}_\eta\right).$$ We remark that in the absence of any bias voltage there is no Joule heating and, hence, heat and energy currents are equal to each other. This implies that heat currents are conserved such that we can define $I^h=I^h_\text{L}=-I^h_\text{R}$. \[sec:results\]Results ====================== In this section, we are going to analyze the charge and heat currents flowing through the system in response to an applied temperature bias. We will first focus on the linear-response regime and then turn to a discussion of nonlinear transport. \[ssec:linear\]Linear response ------------------------------ For the sake of concreteness, we consider a symmetric quantum-dot setup. To this end, we define the temperatures of the superconducting leads as $T_\eta=T+\Delta T_\eta$ with the reference temperature $T$ and the temperature bias $\Delta T_\text{L}=-\Delta T_\text{R}\equiv \Delta T/2$. The tunnel couplings are chosen equal, $\Gamma_\text{L}=\Gamma_\text{R} \equiv\Gamma/2$. Furthermore, we assume that the two superconducting order parameters have the same absolute value, $\Delta_\text{L}(T)=\Delta_\text{R}(T)=\Delta$, and set their phases as $\phi_\text{L}=-\phi_\text{R}\equiv\phi/2$. To zeroth order in $\Delta T$, i.e., in thermal equilibrium the occupation probabilities of the dot are given by Boltzman factors $P_\chi^{(0)}\propto e^{-E_\chi/{k_\text{B}T}}$. At the same time, the pseudospin accumulation on the dot vanishes exactly. In consequence, there is no charge and heat current flowing through the system. Since we consider only tunnel events that are first order in the tunnel coupling, there is no supercurrent through the quantum dot [@governale_real-time_2008]. The latter would manifest itself as a phase-dependent equilibrium contribution to the charge current. It requires, however, the coherent transfer of Cooper pairs through the dot and, hence, higher order tunnel processes. ![\[fig:Iclin\]Linear-response charge current $I^e$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters are $U=4{k_\text{B}T}$ and $\Delta=1.75{k_\text{B}T}$.](Icharge_lin_phi.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:Iclin\]Linear-response charge current $I^e$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters are $U=4{k_\text{B}T}$ and $\Delta=1.75{k_\text{B}T}$.](Icharge_lin_delta.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} A finite temperature bias $\Delta T$ generates a finite pseudospin accumulation on the dot. To first order in $\Delta T$ the accumulation is along the direction ${\mathbf{n}}_\text{L}-{\mathbf{n}}_\text{R}$, i.e., a finite pseudospin component $I^{(1)}_y$ is generated due to nonequilibrium tunneling of electrons. The magnitude of the pseudospin accumulation is limited by the pseudospin relaxation term $-{\mathbf{I}}/\tau_\text{rel}$. In addition, the effective exchange field ${\mathbf{B}}$ gives rise to a precession of the accumulated pseudospin and leads to finite pseudospin components $I^{(1)}_x$ and $I^{(1)}_z$. According to Eq. , the pseudospin accumulation leads to a finite charge current given by $$\label{eq:Ielin} I^e=-e\frac{2B_0 X_1^-Z_0^-\sin^2\frac{\phi}{2}}{Z_0^-\frac{\delta}{\hbar}+2[(Z_0^-)^2+B_0^2\cos^2\frac{\phi}{2}]\tan\beta}\frac{\Delta T}{T}.$$ Here, we introduced the expansions $$\begin{aligned} X^\pm_\eta&=X^\pm_0+X^\pm_1\frac{\Delta T_\eta}{T}+\mathcal O(\Delta T_\eta^2),\\ Z^\pm_\eta&=Z^\pm_0+Z^\pm_1\frac{\Delta T_\eta}{T}+\mathcal O(\Delta T_\eta^2),\\ B_\eta&=B_0+B_1\frac{\Delta T_\eta}{T}+\mathcal O(\Delta T_\eta^2),\end{aligned}$$ as well as the angle $\beta=\arctan (I^{(1)}_y/I^{(1)}_x)$ which can be written as $$\tan\beta=\frac{2\hbar}{\delta Z^-_0}\left[(Z_0^-)^2-4(X_0^-)^2\cos^2\frac{\phi}{2}\right].$$ The thermoelectric charge current Eq.  arises in the vicinity of the particle-hole symmetric point. It relies crucially on the superconducting proximity effect and the resulting pseudospin accumulation on the dot because the Fermi functions in the generalized transition rates $W^{\chi_1\chi_1'}_{\chi_2\chi_2'}$ are evaluated at the particle-hole symmetric point $\delta=0$ and, therefore, do not lead to any thermoelectric effect. It is, thus, the pseudospin accumulation that introduces a nontrivial $\delta$ dependence into the master equation via the effective exchange field ${\mathbf{B}}$. In consequence, the thermoelectric current vanishes for $\Delta\to0$, i.e., in the absence of superconductivity in the leads. In Fig. \[fig:Iclin\] (a), the charge current is shown as a function of the phase difference $\phi$. At zero phase difference, the charge current vanishes independently of the detuning $\delta$ because there is no pseudospin accumulation on the quantum dot. In contrast, at $\phi=\pi$ the charge current becomes maximal due to the strong pseudospin accumulation on the dot. Figure \[fig:Iclin\] (b) shows the charge current as a function of the detuning $\delta$. For $\delta=0$ the charge current vanishes due to particle-hole symmetry. For positive (negative) values of the detuning the charge current takes positive (negative) values indicating electron (hole) transport. The maximal current occurs for a phase difference of $\phi=\pi$ and detuning $\delta=\pm2\hbar Z^-_0$ and takes the value $I^e=-(e B_0 X_1^-\Delta T)/(2Z_0^- T)$. The maximum current is exponentially suppressed in $U/({k_\text{B}T})$ due to the requirement of thermally excited quasiparticles. At the same time, it is *not* enhanced by the divergence of the superconducting density of states close to the gap. For large detunings, the strong exchange field along the $z$ direction averages out the pseudospin accumulation along the $x$ and $y$ direction. As a consequence, the charge current tends to zero. ![\[fig:Ihline\]Linear-response heat current $I^h$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters as in Fig. \[fig:Iclin\].](Iheat_lin_phi.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} ![\[fig:Ihline\]Linear-response heat current $I^h$ as a function of (a) phase difference $\phi$ and (b) detuning $\delta$. Parameters as in Fig. \[fig:Iclin\].](Iheat_lin_delta.pdf "fig:"){width="\columnwidth"} The heat current driven by a finite temperature bias $\Delta T$ is given by $$I^h=-\frac{U}{2}\left(Z^+_1+4I^{(1)}_yX_0^-\sin\frac{\phi}{2}\right)\frac{\Delta T}{T}.$$ It consists of two contributions. The first one is independent of the phase difference $\phi$ and depends only on the tunnel coupling $\Gamma$, the Coulomb interaction $U$ and the superconducting order parameter $\Delta$. In contrast, the second contributions is sensitive to the phase difference $\phi$ and, thus, gives rise to a phase-coherent flow of heat which arises from the superconducting proximity effect on the dot. In consequence, it vanishes in the limit $\Delta\to0$. Interestingly, the phase-dependent part of the heat current is proportional to $I^{(1)}_y$, i.e., it provides in principle direct information about the pseudospin accumulation on the dot. We remark that just like the charge current the heat current is also exponentially suppressed in $U/{k_\text{B}T}$. At the same time, however, it is enhanced by the increased superconducting density of states close to the gap. Hence, for the system heat currents in units of $\Gamma U/\hbar$ tend to be much larger than charge currents in units of $e\Gamma/\hbar$. The phase dependence of the heat current is shown in Fig. \[fig:Ihline\](a). At $\phi=0$, the heat current is maximal and takes the value $I^h=-UZ_1^+ \Delta T/(2T)$. The minimal heat current occurs at $\phi=\pi$ since $X^0_-$ is negative while the pseudospin accumulation $I^{(1)}_y$ is positive. This $\phi$ dependence of the thermal conductance differs from that of a tunneling Josephson junction which exhibits a maximum of the thermal conductance at $\phi=\pi$ [@maki_entropy_1965; @maki_entropy_1966]. It rather resembles the phase-dependent thermal conductance of a transparent or topological Josephson junction which also has a minimum at $\phi=\pi$ [@zhao_phase_2003; @zhao_heat_2004; @sothmann_fingerprint_2016]. The ratio between the minimal and maximal heat current is given by $1-4\Delta^2/U^2$, i.e., it can be maximized by tuning the superconducting gap via the average temperature to be close to the Coulomb energy $U$. At the same time, this is also the regime where the relative modulation of the heat current becomes largest. The $\delta$ dependence of the heat current is depicted in Fig. \[fig:Ihline\](b). The largest modulation of the heat current occurs for $\delta=0$. In this case, the exchange field component along the $z$ axis vanishes which would otherwise reduce $I^{(1)}_y$ and thus the modulation amplitude. For the same reason, the modulation of the thermal conductance is strongly suppressed for large detunings $\delta\gg\Gamma$. \[ssec:nonlinear\]Nonlinear response ------------------------------------ ![\[fig:Icnonlinear\]Charge current $I^e$ in units of $10^{-3}e\Gamma/\hbar$ as a function of phase difference $\phi$ and detuning $\delta$. The red line indicates a vanishing charge current. Parameters are $\Delta_0=2.32{k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $U=5{k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $\Gamma_\text{R}=4\Gamma_\text{L}$ and $T_\text{R}=T_\text{L}/2$.](Icharge_nonlin.pdf){width="\columnwidth"} We now turn to a discussion of transport in the nonlinear regime where a large temperature bias is applied across the system. The resulting charge current is shown as a function of phase difference and detuning in Fig. \[fig:Icnonlinear\]. Interestingly, for a phase difference $\phi\neq 0,\pi$, there is a finite charge current at the particle-hole symmetric point $\delta=0$. This finite thermoelectric effect can be understood as follows. If the dot is empty (doubly occupied), electrons can virtually tunnel on (off) the dot and back. These virtual tunneling events give rise to a renormalization of the dot level energies which is captured by the real-time diagrammatic technique. Importantly, in the presence of Coulomb interactions, the renormalization is different for the empty and doubly occupied state and, thus, can break particle-hole symmetry effectively. Hence, similarly to charge transport in quantum-dot spin valves [@konig_interaction-driven_2003; @braun_theory_2004; @hell_spin_2015], thermoelectric effects in superconductor-quantum dot hybrids constitute an important case where interaction-induced renormalization effects have a drastic impact on transport properties. Using Eq.  the condition for a vanishing current can be cast into the compact form $$\frac{Z^-_\text{L}}{Z^-_\text{R}}=\frac{B_\text{L}\sin\left(\varphi-\frac{\phi}{2}\right)}{B_\text{R}\sin\left(\varphi+\frac{\phi}{2}\right)},$$ where $\varphi$ denotes the $\delta$-dependent angle between the pseudospin and the $x$ axis. It illustrates the interplay between pseudospin relaxation and precession that influences the nonlinear charge current in a nontrivial way and is indicated by the red line in Fig. \[fig:Icnonlinear\]. The nonlinear heat current behaves qualitatively similar to the linear-response case, i.e., it exhibits a minimum at phase difference $\phi=\pi$ and detuning $\delta=0$. We remark that the amplitude of the heat current oscillation is reduced in the nonlinear regime because the heat current at $\phi=\pi$ increases stronger with the temperature bias than the heat current at $\phi=0$. ![\[fig:heatdiode\]Nonlinear heat current as a function of the asymmetry $a$. Parameters are $\Delta_0=2.32 {k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $U=4.64{k_\text{B}T}_\text{L}$, $\delta=10\Gamma$ and $T_\text{R}=0.1T_\text{L}$.](Iheat_asym.pdf){width="\columnwidth"} In the nonlinear regime, an asymmetric quantum-dot setup with $\Gamma_\text{L}\neq\Gamma_\text{R}$ can act as a thermal diode where the heat currents in the forward and backward direction are different. To discuss this effect in more detail, we introduce the asymmetry of tunnel couplings as $a=(\Gamma_\text{L}-\Gamma_\text{R})/(\Gamma_\text{L}+\Gamma_\text{R})$. The heat current in the forward direction is given by $I^h(a)$ while in the backward direction it is given by $I^h(-a)$. This definition is equivalent to denoting the forward (backward) direction as the one for which $T_\text{L}>T_\text{R}$ ($T_\text{L}<T_\text{R}$) at fixed tunnel couplings as long as $\Delta_{0,\text{L}}=\Delta_{0,\text{R}}$. Figure \[fig:heatdiode\] shows the nonlinear heat current as a function of the asymmetry parameter $a$. For negative values of $a$, the heat current increases with $a$ while for positive values of $a$ it has a pronounced maximum. This nontrivial dependence on $a$ is most pronounced when the Coulomb energy is slightly larger than the superconducting gap. Since the heat current is not an even function of $a$, the system can rectify heat with a large heat current in the forward direction and a small heat current in the backward direction. For the chosen parameters we find that rectification efficiencies $I^h(a)/I^h(-a)\approx50$ can be achieved at the maximum forward heat current. In order to understand the mechanism behind the thermal rectification, let us first consider the case of a single-level quantum dot coupled to two normal metal electrodes. At the particle-hole symmetric point, the heat current depends on the tunnel couplings via $\Gamma_\text{L}\Gamma_\text{R}/(\Gamma_\text{L}+\Gamma_\text{R})$. Hence, the heat current is an even function of the asymmetry $a$, $I^h(+a)=I^h(-a)$, such that thermal rectification does not occur. For the superconducting system, the dependence of the heat current on the tunnel barriers is modified by the BCS density of states and is given by $$\frac{\Gamma_\text{L}\Gamma_\text{R}}{\Gamma_\text{L}\sqrt{U^2-4\Delta_\text{R}^2}+\Gamma_\text{R}\sqrt{U^2-4\Delta_\text{L}^2}}.$$ Hence, due to the temperature dependence of the superconducting gap the heat current exhibits a nontrivial dependence on the asymmetry $a$ which forms the basis of the heat rectification mechanism. In addition, the coherent pseudospin dynamics of the dot can enhance the thermal diode effect for a finite phase difference $\phi$. As can be seen in Fig. \[fig:heatdiode\] it can increase the rectification efficiency by nearly a factor of 4 if the tunnel coupling asymmetry is adjusted to maximize the heat current in the forward direction. We remark that the enhancement of the rectification efficiency comes at the price of a slightly reduced heat current in the forward direction compared to the case $\phi=0$. \[sec:conclusion\]Conclusions ============================= We have analyzed thermally-driven transport through a superconductor-quantum dot hybrid in the sequential tunneling regime. We find that in linear response a finite thermoelectric effect can be generated close to the particle-hole symmetric point due to the superconducting proximity effect on the dot. In addition, there is a phase-dependent heat current through the quantum dot which in linear response is sensitive to the pseudospin accumulation in the dot, i.e., it provides direct access to information about the proximity effect on the dot. In nonlinear response, an interaction-induced level renormalization due to virtual tunneling gives rise to a finite thermoelectric response at the particle-hole symmetric point. Furthermore, the system can act as a thermal diode which is based on the temperature-dependence of the superconducting gap as well as the superconducting proximity effect. Finally, we comment on potential experimental realizations of our proposal. For superconducting electrodes based on Al, the zero-temperature gap is given by , while the critical temperature is . Hence, the device should be operated at temperatures around while the Coulomb interaction should be of the order of . Assuming furthermore tunnel couplings of the order of , we estimate charge currents of the order of and heat currents of the order of which are both within the reach of present experimental technology [@fornieri_nanoscale_2016; @timossi_phase-tunable_2018; @dutta_thermal_2017]. We thank Fred Hucht for valuable discussions and Stephan Weiss and Sun-Yong Hwang for feedback on the manuscript. We acknowledge financial support from the Ministry of Innovation NRW via the “Programm zur Förderung der Rückkehr des hochqualifizierten Forschungsnachwuchses aus dem Ausland”. This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. NSF PHY-1748958. \[app:RTD\]Real-time diagrammatics ================================== ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-1.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-2.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-3.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} ![\[fig:diagrams\]Diagrams corresponding to different transitions in our setup system. Horizontal lines describe the forward and backward propagation of the dot on the Keldysh contour. Dots indicate tunneling vertices. Dashed lines correspond to tunneling lines which arise from Wick contractions of reservoir operators. Due to the presence of superconducting leads there are both normal (a), (b) and anomalous (c), (d) tunneling lines.](Diagrams-4.pdf "fig:"){width=".2\textwidth"} In this Appendix, we discuss the connection between real-time diagrams and the underlying physical processes. For a details on the diagrammatic theory for superconducting systems we refer the reader to Ref. [@governale_erratum:_2008]. Real-time diagrams consist of horizontal lines describing the forward and backward propagation of the quantum dot along the Keldysh contour. Dots on the Keldysh contour correspond to tunneling vertices where an electron is created (annihilated) on the dot and annihilated (created) in one of the superconductors. When we integrate out the noninteracting lead degrees of freedom, pairs of tunneling vertices get connected by tunneling lines. In superconducting systems, two different types of tunneling lines arise (i) normal lines which connect a vertex that creates an electron on the dot with a vertex that annihilates a dot electron and (ii) anomalous lines where two vertices that both annihilate (create) a dot electron are connected. The anomalous lines arise because the BCS Hamiltonian is diagonalized by Bogoliubov quasipartices which are superpositions of electrons and holes. Physically, they describe Andreev reflection processes where two electrons on the dot are created (annihilated) while a Cooper pair in the superconductor is annihilated (created). Let us now focus on first order diagrams as depicted in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\]. Diagrams such as the one in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](a) describe the transition between two diagonal density matrix elements. They correspond to the usual transition rates that are obtained via Fermi’s golden rule in conventional rate equation approaches. Diagrams such as shown in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](b) yield the diagonal elements of the rate matrix. While in rate equation approaches they are typically set by hand to be $W_{\chi,\chi}^{\chi,\chi}=-\sum_{\chi'\neq\chi}W_{\chi',\chi}^{\chi',\chi}$ in order to ensure the conservation of probability, they appear naturally in the diagrammatic framework and, thus, provide an additional consistency check of the results. In superconducting systems, additional diagrams involving anomalous tunneling lines such as the ones depicted in Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](c) and (d) appear. They give rise to finite off-diagonal density matrix elements describing coherent superpositions of the dot being empty and doubly occupied and, hence, capture the superconducting proximity effect on the quantum dot. We emphasize that the proximity effect occurs already in first order in the tunnel coupling via these diagrams as they give rise to the coherent transfer of a Cooper pair between the dot and the superconductor. However, the proximity effect on the dot does not give rise to a supercurrent through the system in first order. A finite supercurrent relies on the coherent coupling between the two superconducting leads which for our setup can occur only in second- and higher-order processes. This is different in the case of a simple superconducting tunnel junctions where a finite supercurrent occurs already in first order [@josephson_possible_1962]. Diagrams such as Fig. \[fig:diagrams\](d) give rise to a level renormalization of the empty and doubly occupied state relative to each other and, thus, contribute to the exchange field in Eq. . \[app:Bex\]Exchange field integral ================================== The integral appearing in the expression for the exchange field  can be solved analytically by performing the substitution $\omega\operatorname{sign}\omega=\Delta\cosh\alpha$. Subsequently, the residue theorem can be applied to the rectangle with corner points $(-R,R,R+2\pi i, -R+2\pi i)$ and taking the limit $R\to\infty$. While the contribution from the vertical edges vanishes, the top and bottom edge yield identical contributions. This allows us to express the exchange field integral as the infinite sum $$B_\eta=\sum_{n=0}^\infty8\Gamma_\eta {k_\text{B}T}_\eta\frac{U}{[4(2n+1)^2\pi^2{k_\text{B}T}_\eta^2+U^2]}\frac{\Delta_\eta}{\sqrt{(2n+1)\pi^2{k_\text{B}T}_\eta^2+\Delta_\eta^2}}.$$ For our numerical results, we have evaluated the sum by taking into account the first 10.000 summands. [87]{}ifxundefined \[1\][ ifx[\#1]{} ]{}ifnum \[1\][ \#1firstoftwo secondoftwo ]{}ifx \[1\][ \#1firstoftwo secondoftwo ]{}““\#1””@noop \[0\][secondoftwo]{}sanitize@url \[0\][‘\ 12‘\$12 ‘&12‘\#12‘12‘\_12‘%12]{}@startlink\[1\]@endlink\[0\]@bib@innerbibempty [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/RevModPhys.78.217) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/RevModPhys.84.1045) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nature05276) [ ()](\doibase 10.1038/s41567-018-0199-4) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1007/s10909-014-1132-6) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nnano.2017.204) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.15.921) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.258) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.3849) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.12691) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.2717) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.077003) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.134503) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nature11702) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1063/1.4750068) [****,  ()](\doibase doi:10.1063/1.4794412) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.094506) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.054522) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1063/1.4846375) [****,  ()](\doibase doi:10.1063/1.4804550) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1063/1.4875917) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1063/1.4915899) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1063/1.4893443) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.134508) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1088/1367-2630/aa60d4) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.044062) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.4.044016) [ ()](http://arxiv.org/abs/1807.03186), [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.054014) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.235420) [ ()](http://arxiv.org/abs/1806.01568),  [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.224521) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1209/0295-5075/124/48005) [****, ()](\doibase 10.1038/nnano.2015.281) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nnano.2017.25) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/ncomms4579) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nnano.2015.11) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04906) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.10.024003) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.081407) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nnano.2010.173) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1080/00018732.2011.624266) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nature05018) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nature04550) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1021/nl071152w) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1063/1.4936888) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nphys3742) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.155445) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.R6137) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.057005) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.187001) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1021/nl203380w) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.235110) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1088/1367-2630/18/9/093024) [****, ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.9109) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.256801) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.041301) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.126602) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.045132) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.024517) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.90.220501) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.95.174516) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.064529) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.161408) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.165314) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/nature08432) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.026801) [****, ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.136801) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/ncomms2169) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.157002) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.86.134528) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/085018) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1088/1367-2630/15/4/045020) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1126/science.aaf3961) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1038/srep35116) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.1715) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.16820) @noop [**]{}, Habilitation thesis (, ) @noop [**]{} (, , ) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.134513) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.069902) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.205314) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.166602) [****, ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.195345) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevB.91.195404) [****,  ()](\doibase 10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.077701)

December 02, 2015 THE HEART OF ENGLISH FOOTBALL What is it with logos and rebrands? They cause such unnecessary stress. Some poor, pleasant bloke with a beard and a massive pair of headphones quietly arranges a few artwork files, adds some copy and reveals it to the world – it triggers the default seven day hysteria zone of anger, debate and piss-taking in social media. At first glance it appeared that the English Defence League had re-branded under the leadership of Michael Dawson and Stephen Warnock, but having put that to bed, there is a lot to be intrigued by the move. Now that the hysteria window has closed, I think it’s time to give the lads at Futurebrand a break. The English domestic game is in rude financial health, and the EFL should take great pride in developing a league with the fourth largest attendance in the world. There is talk in the press release about global identity, stakeholders, focus groups, having meetings with Johnstone’s Paints about it – but the heart of it is the opening quote. "The new EFL name rightly emphasises the central role our clubs play at the heart of English professional football,” says Shaun Harvey. Quite right too. We like leaving our houses and watching football in the fresh air with our own eyes. Can we do it at Rochdale on a Tuesday night? Unequivocally yes. Football clubs are at the heart of local communities, supported by local people. There is pride, a shared identity, a warmth from simply being together in the English Football League that is to be cherished. The heart of English professional football is a lovely, and accurate turn of phrase. Of course though, it’s hard not to discuss the English Football League without bringing the Barclays Premier League into the fold. As a Queens Park Rangers fan, I feel highly qualified to comment on the club’s relationship with both. Here we have a club with a fanbase essentially stretching in a thin strip from Ladbroke Grove to Heathrow, and a crowd of 18,000. Fans of the club are at their happiest when the team is passing the ball, playing attacking attractive football, the players are smiling and the shirt has a clear, broad blue hoop. That is it. With that approach they won the Championship in 2011, and that strip of West London smiled. A local joyful experience that had nationwide moment in the sun. Yet the promised-land is the global multinational Barclays Premier League, where clubs are owned by oligarchs, sovereign funds and betting firms that happen to be located in Leicester or Stoke. As those clubs become global commodities, they risk a fraying of ties between fans and communities, something the Premier League are acutely aware of. The more money gets made selling shirts in Malaysia, the more disingenuous the ‘clubs in the community’ initiatives can appear. Without depth and graft, they have all the faux-empathy of a community pinboard in your local, global conglomerate, Starbucks. Roughly 35 chairmen will use the phrase “take our rightful place in the Barclays Premier League,” in their programme notes; mistakenly thinking fans only care about success. We want to win. We want to be on Match of the Day each weekend. It’s nice to have the grandeur and the status. But it is not as important as the shared identity and love of the club, wherever it finds itself. But you can’t fall deeply in love without the highs and lows. The heart of English football pumping vigorously through the English Football League makes all of football’s vital organs function better – so flat caps off to them, and good luck.

FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS October 9, 2008 FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court KEVIN SANCHEZ, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. No. 08-2018 (D.C. No. 1:06-CV-01121-WJ-CG) TOM HAVEL, Administrator, (D. N.M.) San Juan County Detention Center; MYA DONALDSON, Administrator, Medical Department San Juan County Detention Center, Defendants-Appellees. ORDER AND JUDGMENT * Before TACHA, PORFILIO, and TYMKOVICH, Circuit Judges. Plaintiff appellant Kevin Sanchez filed a complaint in district court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming that he received negligent medical treatment while he was incarcerated in the San Juan County New Mexico Detention Center. The * After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. district court adopted the findings and proposed disposition of the magistrate judge and granted summary judgment to defendants based on grounds of both claim and issue preclusion, and plaintiff appeals. “On account of [plaintiff’s] pro se status, we liberally construe his filings, but hold him to the same rules of procedure as other litigants.” Davis v. Kan. Dep’t of Corrs., 507 F.3d 1246, 1247 n.1 (10th Cir. 2007). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and, after our de novo review of the grant of summary judgment, Simms v. Okla. ex rel. Dep’t of Mental Health & Substance Abuse Servs., 165 F.3d 1321, 1326 (10th Cir. 1999), we affirm. In May 2006, plaintiff brought a state-court action against defendant Havel and Correctional Healthcare Management alleging false imprisonment and medical negligence. Because plaintiff’s claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations, the state court dismissed all of his claims with prejudice. Sanchez v. Havel, No. CV-06-562-3 (N.M. 11th Judicial Dist. Ct. filed Nov. 7, 2006) (Sanchez I). Plaintiff then filed the instant action in federal court making substantially the same allegations regarding medical negligence that he did in state court but including Mya Donaldson as an additional defendant. With regard to the claims against defendant Havel, the district court correctly concluded that the doctrine of claim preclusion barred plaintiff’s attempt to relitigate the issues he raised in Sanchez I. It also correctly determined that issue preclusion similarly barred the claims against defendant Donaldson. We -2- therefore affirm the judgment of the district court for substantially the reasons stated by that court. Plaintiff’s argument that the district court erred in failing to order defendants to produce pertinent medical records is unavailing because plaintiff cannot proceed with this action in the first instance. Further, there is no factual support for plaintiff’s charge that the court was biased against him because of his inmate status or because he was not a state or city employee. Plaintiff’s charge in his “closeing [sic] statement and facts” that certain individuals conspired to intercept his outgoing legal mail was not included in the complaint and thus not before the district court. As such, it will not be considered on appeal. Walker v. Mather (In re Walker), 959 F.2d 894, 896 (10th Cir. 1992). To the extent plaintiff asserts error in the court’s denial of his motion to reopen the case, construed as a Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion, we find no abuse of discretion in that decision. See Butler v. Kempthorne, 532 F.3d 1108, 1110 (10th Cir. 2008). Plaintiff’s motion for judgment in his favor is DENIED. Plaintiff’s motion for leave to proceed on appeal without prepayment of costs or fees is GRANTED. Plaintiff is reminded of his obligation to continue making partial payments pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b) until the filing fee is paid in full. -3- The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Entered for the Court Timothy M. Tymkovich Circuit Judge -4- 

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